,,iii  #aaf? ,,congress  #a/ ,session   
,s4 ,,res4 #dbi  ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,!
 ,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,novemb] #ah1         
#bjai,mr4 ,s*um] 7= ,ms4 ,h>ris 7=      
h]self1 ,mr4 ,blum5?al1 ,mr4 ,book]1    
,mrs4 ,fe9/e91 ,ms4 ,hirono1 ,mr4 ,wyd51
 & ,ms4 ,w>r577 submitt$ ! foll[+       
resolution2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to ! ,committee
 on ! ,judici>y  ,,resolution           
,recogniz+ ! importance ( ! ,civil      
,rights ,act ( #ahff & ! laws d]iv$ f ! 
,civil ,rights ,act ( #ahff4  ,:]eas1 9 
! aft]ma? ( ! ,civil ,w>1 ! reunifi$    
,unit$ ,/ates /ruggl$ to recon/ruct !   
w>-torn ,/ates & e/abli% laws grant+    
newly fre$ slaves ! same rights af=d$ to
 ,:ite citiz5s2 ,:]eas ! recon/ruction (
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates foll[+ ! conclusion ( !
 ,civil ,w> necess>ily includ$ !        
integration ( newly emancipat$ ,african 
,am]icans into broad] society &1 ) t    
emancipation1 ! receipt by ^? emancipat$
 ,african ,am]icans ( civil & legal     
protections2 ,:]eas1 z a response to !  
unc]ta9 & unequal /atus ( newly fre$    

slaves1 ! #ac? ,am5dm5t to !            
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 ratifi$
 by ! ,/ates on ,decemb] #f1 #ahfe1     
=mally aboli%+ slav]y )9 ! ,unit$       
,/ates1 or any place subject to _!      
jurisdiction2 ,:]eas1 on ,april #i1     
#ahff1 ,congress ov]rode a ,presid5tial 
veto to enact ! ,act ( ,april #i1 #ahff 
7commonly kn[n z & ref]r$ to 9 ?is      
preamble z ! ,civil ,rights ,act (      
#ahff7 7#ad ,/at4 #bg1 *apt] #ca71 a law
 writt5 to protect & cl>ify ! newly     
be/[$ rights ( p]sons ( ,african desc5t2
 ,:]eas ! ,civil ,rights ,act ( #ahff   
decl>$ t all p]sons born 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates are entitl$ to be citiz5s1 )\t   
reg>d to race1 color1 or previ\s        
condition ( slav]y or involunt>y        
s]vitude2 ,:]eas ! ,civil ,rights ,act (
 #ahff 0 enact$-- 7#a7 to e/abli% t all 
p]sons born 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are to be 
consid]$ citiz5s2  7#b7 to cle>ly def9e 
! rights gu>ante$ by ,unit$ ,/ates      
citiz5%ip2 &  7#c7 to make x unlawful = 
any p]son to deprive ano!r p]son ( ^?   

rights on ! basis ( race2  ,:]eas !     
,civil ,rights ,act ( #ahff s]v$ ! role 
( ov]rid+ ,black ,codes1 laws enact$ 9  
s\!rn ,/ates to re/rict ! fre$om (      
,african ,am]icans & keep =m]ly enslav$ 
p]sons f ?riv+ 9 society2 ,:]eas ! fir/ 
section ( ! ,civil ,rights ,act ( #ahff 
creat$ an av5ue = citiz5s :o fell victim
 to int5tional racial discrim9ation by  
all[+ a citiz5 to g be=e a ,f$]al c\rt &
 allege t ! citiz5 0 discrim9at$ aga9/  
:ile engag+ 9 lawful activity2 ,:]eas ! 
fir/ section ( ! ,civil ,rights ,act (  
#ahff 0 us$ to *all5ge ! laws e/abli%$  
by s\!rn ,/ates to limit ! rights &     
opportunities ( newly fre$ slaves2      
,:]eas1 "u section #aigg ( ! ,revis$    
,/atutes 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aiha71 :i* is  
d]iv$ f section #af ( ! ,act ( ,may #ca1
 #ahgj 7commonly kn[n z & ref]r$ to 9   
?is preamble z ! ,en=cem5t ,act ( #ahgj7
 7#af ,/at4 #adj1 *apt] #aad7 & ! fir/  
section ( ! ,civil ,rights ,act ( #ahff1
 ,african ,am]ican citiz5s are giv5 ! "r
 to en=ce contracts1 give evid5ce 9     

c\rt1 sue & be su$1 & pur*ase1 sell1 &  
convey real & p]sonal prop]ty2 ,:]eas1 9
 #aige1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt recogniz$ 9    
,johnson v4 ,railway ,express ,ag5cy1   
,inc41 #dba ,u4,s4 #ded 7#aige71 t      
section #af ( ! ,en=cem5t ,act ( #ahgj  
all[$ = private employ]s to be held     
acc\ntable = discrim9ation )9 _! ranks2 
,:]eas section #aigg ( ! ,revis$        
,/atutes 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aiha7 applies  
to all contracts1 includ+ ^? betwe5     
employ] & employee1 & has become a vital
 tool = employm5t discrim9ation         
claimants2 ,:]eas section #aigg ( !     
,revis$ ,/atutes 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aiha7  
/&s z "o ( ! only laws protect+ aga9/   
employ]s op5ly discrim9at+ on ! basis ( 
race :5 contract+ ) o!r p>ties2 ,:]eas x
 is well e/abli%$ t section #aigg ( !   
,revis$ ,/atutes 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aiha7  
has be5 invok$ to *all5ge race          
discrim9ation 9 employm5t matt]s & has  
held bad actors acc\ntable = contract   
discrim9ation2 ,:]eas1 9 #aihi1 9       
,patt]son v4 ,mc,lean ,cr$it ,union1    

#dia ,u4,s4 #afd 7#aihi71 ! ,supreme    
,c\rt n>r[ly int]pret$ section #aigg ( !
 ,revis$ ,/atutes 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aiha7 
to apply only to contract =mation1 f9d+ 
t only c]ta9 po9ts 9 a contractual      
engagem5t c\ld be subject to !          
protections af=d$ 9 t section2 ,:]eas ! 
rul+ 9 ,patt]son v4 ,mc,lean ,cr$it     
,union1 #dia ,u4,s4 #afd 7#aihi71       
function$ z a major setback to ensur+ t 
all aspects ( ! int]action betwe5 an    
employee or individual ) a bus9ess w\ld 
be free ( racial discrim9ation2 ,:]eas1 
9 #aiia1 ,congress1 by /atute1 z "p ( ! 
,civil ,rights ,act ( #aiia 7,public    
,law #ajb-aff2 #aje ,/at4 #ajga71       
disagre$ ) a ple?ora ( ,supreme ,c\rt   
decisions t und]m9$ ,f$]al              
antidiscrim9ation laws & *all5g$ !      
re/rictive int]pretation ( section #aigg
 ( ! ,revis$ ,/atutes 7#db ,u4,s4,c4    
#aiha7 express$ by ! ,supreme ,c\rt 9   
,patt]son v4 ,mc,lean ,cr$it ,union1    
#dia ,u4,s4 #afd 7#aihi72 ,:]eas ! #bjjh
 decision 9 ,,cbocs ,we/1 ,inc4 v4      

,humphries1 #eec ,u4,s4 #ddb 7#bjjh71   
fur!r det]m9$ t section #aigg ( !       
,revis$ ,/atutes 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aiha7  
prohibits n only direct discrim9ation1 b
 retaliation aga9/ ^? alleg+            
discrim9ation2 ,:]eas ! int5t (         
,congress is cle> ?r\gh ! legislative   
hi/ory ( section #aigg ( ! ,revis$      
,/atutes 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aiha71 :i*     
def9itively illu/rates t ! law 0 meant  
to provide & en=ce robu/ protection     
aga9/ race discrim9ation 9 contract+2   
,:]eas section #aigg ( ! ,revis$        
,/atutes 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aiha7-- 7#a7 9 
subsection 7a71 provides t all p]sons )9
 ! jurisdiction ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all h
 ! same "r 4 4 4 to make & en=ce        
contracts 4 4 4 z is enjoy$ by :ite     
citiz5s2 &  7#b7 9 subsection 7b71      
def9es make & en=ce contracts to include
 ! mak+1 p]=mance1 modification1 &      
t]m9ation ( contracts1 & ! enjoym5t (   
all b5efits1 privileges1 t]ms1 &        
conditions ( ! contractual relation%ip2 
,:]eas section #aigg ( ! ,revis$        

,/atutes 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aiha7 cle>ly   
enum]ates ! protections af=d$ to        
m9orities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :5 contract+
 ) bus9esses & makes cle> t all aspects 
( ! creation1 modification1 & t]m9ation 
( contracts are subject to ! scrut9y ( t
 section2 ,:]eas ! mo/ direct           
int]pretation ( section #aigg ( !       
,revis$ ,/atutes 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aiha7  
ensures t all racial m9orities 9 !      
,unit$ ,/ates be grant$ ! opportunity to
 ent] into contractual agreem5ts free ( 
discrim9ation2 & ,:]eas section #aigg ( 
! ,revis$ ,/atutes 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aiha7
 s]ves z a critically important tool to 
ensure t no p]son is d5i$ ! ability to  
contract ) ano!r on ! basis ( race3 ,n[1
 !re=e1 be x  ,t ! ,s5ate-- 7#a7        
recognizes & honors ! hi/orical         
significance ( section #aigg ( ! ,revis$
 ,/atutes 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aiha7 & !     
in/rum5tal contributions ( t law to !   
pursuit ( equal protection = all citiz5s
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2  7#b7 reaffirms its 
commitm5t to ! #ac?1 #ad?1 & #ae?       

,am5dm5ts to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates1 to ! ,act ( ,april #i1 #ahff    
7commonly kn[n z & ref]r$ to 9 ?is      
resolv+ clause z ! ,civil ,rights ,act (
 #ahff7 7#ad ,/at4 #bg1 *apt] #ca7 7& ! 
laws d]iv$ f t ,act71 & to ! civil      
rights & lib]ties ( all racial m9orities
 across ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 &  7#c7        
reaffirms ! congressional int5t beh9d ! 
fir/ section ( ! ,civil ,rights ,act (  
#ahff 7& ! laws d]iv$ f t ,act71 :i* 01 
& rema9s1 ! protection ( ! rights (     
m9orities seek+ refuge f racial         
discrim9ation 9 bus9ess4