,,iii  #aaf? ,,congress  #a/ ,session   
,s4 ,,res4 #djd  ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,!
 ,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,octob] #ca1 #bjai,mr4
 ,c>d9 7= himself1 ,ms4 ,coll9s1 ,mr4   
,m55dez1 ,mr4 ,s*atz1 ,mr4 ,m>key1 ,mr4 
,:iteh\se1 ,mr4 ,udall1 ,mr4 ,blum5?al1 
,mrs4 ,%ahe51 ,mrs4 ,gillibr&1 ,mr4     
,durb91 ,mr4 ,re$1 ,mr4 ,coons1 ,mr4    
,b5net1 ,mr4 ,book]1 ,ms4 ,w>r51 ,mr4   
,leahy1 ,mr4 ,br[n1 ,mr4 ,c>p]1 ,ms4    
,/ab5[1 ,ms4 ,hirono1 ,mr4 ,ka9e1 ,mrs4 
,fe9/e91 ,ms4 ,klobu*>1 ,ms4 ,h>ris1    
,ms4 ,baldw91 ,mr4 ,m]kley1 ,mr4        
,murphy1 ,ms4 ,smi?1 ,mr4 ,van ,holl51  
,mr4 ,s&]s1 ,mr4 ,w>n]1 & ,ms4 ,hassan7 
submitt$ ! foll[+ resolution2 :i* 0     
ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ,=eign        
,relations  ,,resolution  ,express+ !   
s5se ( ! ,s5ate t ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld  
"w 9 coop]ation ) ! int]national        
community & cont9ue to ex]cise global   
lead]%ip to address ! causes & effects (
 climate *ange1 & = o!r purposes4       
,:]eas ! cons5sus among climatologi/s & 
sci5ti/s /udy+ ! effects ( atmosph]ic   

*ange1 includ+ ! ,int]gov]nm5tal ,panel 
on ,climate ,*ange1 ! ,national ,academy
 ( ,sci5ce1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological 
,survey1 ! ,national ,oceanic &         
,atmosph]ic ,adm9i/ration 7,,noaa71 !   
,national ,a]onautics & ,space          
,adm9i/ration 7,,nasa71 & o!r ag5cies )9
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,global ,*ange ,rese>* 
,program1 h det]m9$ t ! impact ( climate
 *ange w include widespread effects on  
heal? & welf>e1 includ+ increas$        
outbreaks f wat]borne diseases1 m       
dr\ghts1 dim9i%$ agricultural           
production1 sev]e /orms & floods1 heat  
waves1 wildfires1 & a sub/antial rise 9 
global sea levels2 ,:]eas ! objective ( 
! #aiib ,unit$ ,nations ,framework      
,conv5tion on ,climate ,*ange 7,,unfccc7
 is to /abilize gre5h\se gas            
conc5trations 9 ! atmosph]e at a level t
 w prev5t dang]\s human int]f]5ce ) !   
climate sy/em2 ,:]eas1 "u ! ,,unfccc1 ! 
,unit$ ,/ates is obligat$ to report its 
progress on r$uc+ emissions2 ,:]eas !   
,s5ate provid$ its advice & cons5t to ! 

,,unfccc by division1 ) two-?irds (     
,s5ators pres5t vot+ 9 ! affirmative1 on
 ,octob] #g1 #aiib2 ,:]eas1 9 #bjaa1 at 
! #ag? ,conf]5ce ( ! ,p>ties 7,,cop #ag7
 to ! ,,unfccc 9 ,durban1 ,s\? ,africa1 
p>ties agre$ to negotiate an agreem5t by
 ! end ( #bjae to r$uce emissions 9 !   
po/-#bjbj p]iod2 ,:]eas ! ,,unfccc calls
 on p>ties to submit int5d$ nationally  
det]m9$ contributions outl9+ volunt>y   
individual t>gets = emissions r$uctions 
by ! "t p>ties conv5$ 9 ,p>is on        
,novemb] #cj1 #bjae1 = ! #ba/ ,conf]5ce 
( ! ,p>ties 7,,cop #ba7 to ! ,,unfccc2  
,:]eas1 prior to complet+ ! multilat]al 
,p>is ,agreem5t on int]national         
coop]ation to address climate *ange1    
done at ,p>is ,decemb] #ab1 #bjae1 #ahg 
nations1 repres5t+ m ?an #ig p]c5t (    
global gre5h\se gas emissions1          
volunt>ily submitt$ nationally det]m9$  
goals & plans to r$uce _! gre5h\se gas  
pollution2 ,:]eas1 accord+ to rese>* &  
data analysis conduct$ indep5d5tly by   
,,noaa1 ,,nasa1 ! ,met ,(fice ,hadley   

,c5tre = ,climate ,sci5ce & ,s]vices ( !
 ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ! ,japan ,meteorological
 ,ag5cy1 & ,b]keley ,e>?1 ea* ( ! ye>s  
#bjad ?r\gh #bjah rank among ! five     
w>me/ ye>s on record2 ,:]eas1 accord+ to
 ,,nasa1 #ah ( ! #ai w>me/ ye>s on      
record h occurr$ s9ce #bjjj2 ,:]eas1    
accord+ to ,,noaa1 #bjai w likely be !  
second w>me/ ye> on record1 mak+ ! la/  
six ye>s ! w>me/ ye>s on record2 ,:]eas 
! ,unit$ ,/ates-,*9a ,jo9t ,ann\ncem5t  
on ,climate ,*ange ( ,novemb] #bjad     
includ$ a ,unit$ ,/ates goal to r$uce   
its emissions by #bf-bh p]c5t bel[ #bjje
 levels by #bjbe & a ,*9ese goal to peak
 emissions output by #bjcj & increase ! 
use ( non-fossil fuels to #bj p]c5t (   
its ov]all en]gy portfolio by #bjcj2    
,:]eas1 "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates-,india ,jo9t 
,ann\ncem5t on ,climate & ,clean ,en]gy 
( ,janu>y #bjae1 ! two c\ntries pl$g$ to
 increase coop]ation on clean en]gy     
f9anc+ & developm5t & ,india committ$ to
 phase out use ( hydr(luoroc>bons &     
increase promotion ( en]gy effici5cy    

tools & reaffirm$ its commitm5t to add  
#ajj gigawatts ( sol> capacity by #bjbb2
 ,:]eas small isl& /ates1 ^: p are among
 ! mo/ vuln]able to climate *ange1 are  
?reat5$ ) p>tial or virtually total     
inundation by imm95t rises 9 sea level &
 increas$ int5sity & frequ5cy ( /orms2  
,:]eas ,unit$ ,/ates int]national       
lead]%ip on ! global /age ?r\gh\t !     
,unit$ ,nations ,framework ,conv5tion on
 ,climate ,*ange's #ba/ ,conf]5ce (     
,p>ties process result$ 9 unprec$5t$    
int]national coop]ation & engagem5t on !
 developm5t ( ! ,p>is ,agreem5t2 ,:]eas 
! ,p>is ,agreem5t receiv$ cons5sus      
approval f ! m ?an #aij delegates to !  
,unit$ ,nations ,framework ,conv5tion on
 ,climate ,*ange's #ba/ ,conf]5ce (     
,p>ties2 ,:]eas ! ,p>is ,agreem5t rea*$ 
its ?re%olds = entry into =ce fa/] ?an  
any o!r multilat]al int]national        
agreem5t ( comp>able size & scope2      
,:]eas1 z ( ! date ( introduction ( ?is 
resolution1 #ahg ( ! #aig p>ties to !   
,p>is ,agreem5t h (ficially jo9$ !      

agreem5t1 demon/rat+ ! urg5cy &         
importance ! global community places on 
address+ climate *ange2 ,:]eas /udies   
conduct$ by ! ,,nasa ,e>? ,obs]vatory   
det]m9$ t z ! oceans h w>m$1 pol> ice   
has melt$ & por\s l&masses h subsid$1   
global mean sea level has ris5 by #h    
in*es 7#bj c5timet]s7 s9ce #ahgj1 & !   
rate ( sea level rise is fa/] n[ ?an at 
any "t 9 ! pa/ #b1jjj ye>s1 hav+ d\bl$ 9
 ! pa/ two decades1 putt+ #ee to #fj    
p]c5t ( ,unit$ ,/ates citiz5s :o live 9 
c\nties t\*+ ! ,atlantic or ,pacific    
,ocean1 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 or ! ,great  
,lakes at risk f ! effects ( sea level  
rise2 ,:]eas ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,def5se has  
id5tifi$ climate *ange z a ?reat        
multipli] t w increase global in/ability
 & conflict1 ) ! pot5tial to increase   
t]rorism2 ,:]eas ! #bjad ,quadr5nial    
,def5se ,review /ates t the impacts (   
climate *ange may increase ! frequ5cy1  
scale1 & complexity ( future missions1  
includ+ def5se support to civil         
au?orities1 :ile at ! same "t und]m9+ ! 

capacity ( our dome/ic in/allations to  
support tra9+ activities1 & notes t--   
7#a7 climate *ange may exac]bate wat]   
sc>city & lead to %>p increases 9 food  
co/s2  7#b7 ! pressures caus$ by climate
 *ange w influ5ce res\rce competition   
:ile plac+ additional burd5s on         
economies1 societies1 & gov]nance       
in/itutions ar\nd ! _w2 &  7#c7 ^!      
effects are ?reat multipli]s t w        
aggravate /ressors abroad su* z pov]ty1 
environm5tal degradation1 political     
in/ability1 & social t5sions--conditions
 t c enable t]rori/ activity & o!r =ms (
 viol5ce2  ,:]eas ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,def5se 
report1 ,national ,security             
,implications ( ,climate-,relat$ ,risks 
& a ,*ang+ ,climate--  7#a7 /ates t     
global climate *ange w h wide-rang+     
implications = ,unit$ ,/ates national   
security int]e/s ov] ! =eseeable future 
because x w aggravate exi/+ problems1   
su* z pov]ty1 social t5sions1           
environm5tal degradation1 ineffectual   
lead]%ip1 & weak political in/itutions1 

t ?reat5 dome/ic /ability 9 a numb] (   
c\ntries2 &  7#b7 id5tifies f\r g5]al   
areas ( climate-relat$ risks3 p]si/5tly 
recurr+ conditions su* z flood+1 dr\ght1
 & high] temp]atures2 m frequ5t & m     
sev]e extreme wea!r ev5ts2 sea level    
rise & temp]ature *anges2 & decreases 9 
,arctic ice cov]1 type1 & ?ickness2     
,:]eas ! ,director ( ,national          
,intellig5ce's #bjag ,global ,tr5ds     
,report det]m9$ t-- 7#a7 *anges 9 !     
climate w produce m extreme wea!r ev5ts 
& put great] /ress on humans & critical 
sy/ems1 includ+ oceans1 fre%wat]1 &     
biodiv]sity2  7#b7 ^! *anges1 9 turn1 w 
h direct & indirect social1 economic1   
political1 & security effects2 &  7#c7  
extreme wea!r c trigg] crop failures1   
wildfires1 en]gy black\ts1 infra/ructure
 breakd[n1 supply *a9 breakd[ns1        
migration1 & infecti\s disease          
outbreaks1 & w be m pron\nc$ z p        
conc5trate 9 climate vuln]able          
locations1 su* z cities1 coa/al areas1 &
 wat]-/ress$ regions2  ,:]eas !         

,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has det]m9$ t  
climate *ange is likely to dim9i%       
cont9u$ progress on global food security
 ?r\gh production disruptions t lead to 
local availability limitations & price  
increases1 int]rupt$ transport conduits1
 & dim9i%$ food safety1 among o!r       
causes2 ,:]eas1 accord+ to ! ,_w ,bank1 
approximately #a1fjj1jjj1jjj p curr5tly 
live 9 c\ntries & regions ) absolute    
wat] sc>city & ! numb] is expect$ to    
rise to #b1hjj1jjj1jjj p by #bjbe due to
 ! effects ( climate *ange2 ,:]eas a    
#bjah special report ( ! ,int]gov]nm5tal
 ,panel on ,climate ,*ange on ! impacts 
( global w>m+ ( #a4e degrees ,celsius   
above pre-indu/rial levels & relat$     
global gre5h\se gas emission pa?ways    
f\nd ) high confid5ce1 9 ! context (    
/r5g!n+ ! global response to ! ?reat (  
climate *ange1 su/a9able developm5t1 &  
ef=ts to eradicate pov]ty1 t--  7#a7    
human activities are e/imat$ to h caus$ 
approximately #a4j degree ,celsius (    
global w>m+ above pre-indu/rial levels1 

) a likely range ( #j4h degrees ,celsius
 to #a4b degrees ,celsius2  7#b7 global 
w>m+ is likely to rea* #a4e degrees     
,celsius betwe5 #bjcj & #bjeb if global 
w>m+ cont9ues to increase at ! curr5t   
rate2 &  7#c7 climate-relat$ risks =    
natural & human sy/ems are high] =      
global w>m+ ( #a4e degrees ,celsius ?an 
at pres5t1 b l[] ?an at #b degrees      
,celsius2 &  ,:]eas ! ,f\r? ,national   
,climate ,assessm5t 7,,nca#d7 complet$ 9
 ,novemb] #bjah1 develop$ by ! ,unit$   
,/ates ,global ,*ange ,rese>* ,program1 
9 collaboration & coop]ation ) #ac      
,f$]al ag5cies1 to advance und]/&+ ( !  
*ang+ ,e>? sy/em & maximize effici5cies 
9 ,f$]al global *ange rese>*--  7#a7    
concludes t-- 7,a7 ! evid5ce (          
human-caus$ climate *ange is ov]:elm+ & 
cont9ues to /r5g!n2  7,b7 ! impacts (   
climate *ange are int5sify+ across !    
,unit$ ,/ates2  7,c7 climate-relat$     
?reats to ! physical1 social1 & economic
 well-be+ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ris+2 & 
7,d7 the impacts & co/s ( climate *ange 

are already be+ felt 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 
& *anges 9 ! likelihood or sev]ity ( "s 
rec5t extreme wea!r ev5ts c n[ be       
attribut$ ) increas+ly high] confid5ce  
to human-caus$ w>m+2 &  7#b7 includes   
summ>y f9d+s t-- 7,a7 ! quality &       
quantity ( wat] available = use by p &  
ecosy/ems across ! ,unit$ ,/ates are be+
 affect$ by climate *ange1 increas+     
risks & co/s to agriculture1 en]gy      
production1 indu/ry1 recreation1 & !    
environm5t2  7,b7 impacts f climate     
*ange on extreme wea!r & climate-relat$ 
ev5ts1 air quality1 & ! transmission (  
disease ?r\gh insects & pe/s1 food1 &   
wat] increas+ly ?reat5 ! heal? &        
well-be+ ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1       
p>ticul>ly vuln]able populations2  7,c7 
climate *ange increas+ly ?reat5s !      
livelihoods1 economies1 heal?1 &        
cultural id5tities ( indig5\s           
communities by disrupt+ int]connect$    
social1 physical1 & ecological sy/ems2  
7,d7 ! ag+ & det]iorat+ infra/ructure ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates is fur!r /ress$ by      

increases 9 heavy precipitation ev5ts1  
coa/al flood+1 heat1 wildfires1 & o!r   
extreme ev5ts1 z well z *anges to av]age
 precipitation & temp]ature2 &  7,e7 )\t
 adaptation1 climate *ange w cont9ue to 
degrade infra/ructure p]=mance ov] ! re/
 ( ! c5tury1 ) ! pot5tial = cascad+     
impacts t ?reat5 ! economy1 national    
security1 & ess5tial s]vices ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates & ! heal? & well-be+ ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates p3 ,n[1 !re=e1 be x  ,t x is !   
s5se ( ! ,s5ate t ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld--
 7#a7 "w 9 coop]ation ) ! int]national  
community & cont9ue to ex]cise global   
lead]%ip 9 our %>$ responsibilities1    
includ+ hold+ p>ties acc\ntable = meet+ 
_! commitm5ts1 & address ! causes &     
effects ( climate *ange2  7#b7 rema9    
p>ty to ! ,p>is ,agreem5t & ! ,,unfccc2 
7#c7 reass]t /rong lead]%ip 9 implem5t+ 
! ,p>is ,agreem5t2  7#d7 z ackn[l$g$ 9 !
 ,nationally ,det]m9$ ,contribution     
submitt$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates to !        
,,unfccc 9 #bjae1 take action to        
sub/antially accel]ate ! curr5t pace (  

gre5h\se gas emission r$uctions 9 ord]  
to a*ieve1 or surpass1 ! emissions      
r$uction t>get ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2  7#e7 
ensure t ! developm5t ( ! policies &    
proc$ures prescrib$ by ! ,p>is ,agreem5t
 a*ieve maximum b5efits = ! ,unit$      
,/ates2 &  7#f7 implem5t its commitm5ts 
"u ! ,p>is ,agreem5t & ! ,,unfccc4