,,iii  #aaf? ,,congress  #a/ ,session   
,s4 ,,res4 #bcc  ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,!
 ,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,june #e1 #bjai,mrs4  
,blackburn 7= h]self1 ,mr4 ,tillis1 ,mr4
 ,lank=d1 ,mr4 ,cornyn1 ,mr4 ,cotton1   
,mr4 ,braun1 ,mr4 ,grassley1 ,ms4 ,ern/1
 ,mr4 ,rubio1 ,mr4 ,hawley1 ,mr4 ,scott 
( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & ,mr4 ,cruz7 submitt$ !
 foll[+ resolution2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to !   
,committee on ! ,judici>y  ,,resolution 
,recogniz+ ! importance ( protect+      
fre$om ( spee*1 ?\ght1 & expression at  
in/itutions ( high] education4  ,:]eas !
 ,fir/ ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates gu>antees t ,congress %all
 make no law ''' abridg+ ! fre$om (     
spee*2 ,:]eas1 9 ,healy v4 ,james1 #djh 
,u4,s4 #afi 7#aigb71 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates held t ! ,fir/ ,am5dm5t 
to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates     
applies 9 full =ce on ! campuses (      
public colleges & univ]sities2 ,:]eas1 9
 ,widm> v4 ,v9c5t1 #ded ,u4,s4 #bfc     
7#aiha71 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates obs]v$ t ! campus ( a public     

univ]sity1 at lea/ = its /ud5ts1        
possesses _m ( ! *>act]i/ics ( a public 
=um2 ,:]eas l[] ,f$]al c\rts h also held
 t ! op51 outdoor areas ( ! campuses (  
public colleges & univ]sities are public
 =ums2 ,:]eas section #aab7;a77#b7 ( !  
,high] ,education ,act ( #aife 7#bj     
,u4,s4,c4 #ajaa;a7a77#b77 conta9s a s5se
 ( ,congress not+ t an in/itution (     
high] education %\ld facilitate ! free &
 op5 ex*ange ( ideas1 /ud5ts %\ld n be  
intimidat$1 h>ass$1 disc\rag$ f speak+  
out1 or discrim9at$ aga9/1 /ud5ts %\ld  
be treat$ equally & fairly1 & no?+ 9 ?is
 p>agraph %all be con/ru$ to modify1    
*ange1 or infr+e ^u any con/itutionally 
protect$ religi\s lib]ty1 fre$om1       
expression1 or association2 ,:]eas1     
despite ! cl>ity ( ! applicable legal   
prec$5t & ! vital importance ( protect+ 
public colleges 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z true
 m>ketplaces ( ideas1 ! ,f\ndation =    
,individual ,rights 9 ,education has    
f\nd t approximately #a 9 #aj ( ! top   
colleges & univ]sities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates

 qu>ant9e /ud5t expression to s-call$   
free spee* zones1 & a survey ( #dff     
s*ools f\nd t almo/ #cj p]c5t ma9ta9    
sev]ely re/rictive spee* codes t cle>ly 
& sub/antially prohibit con/itutionally 
protect$ spee*2 ,:]eas1 accord+ to !    
,am]ican ,civil ,lib]ties ,union        
7,,aclu71 ,spee* codes adopt$ by        
gov]nm5t-f9anc$ /ate colleges &         
univ]sities am\nt to gov]nm5t c5sor%ip1 
9 violation ( ! ,con/itution4 ,& !      
,,aclu believes t all campuses %\ld     
adh]e to ,fir/ ,am5dm5t pr9ciples       
because academic fre$om is a b$rock (   
education 9 a free society42 ,:]eas !   
,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 z "p ( its        
commitm5t to free & op5 inquiry 9 all   
matt]s1 issu$ a /atem5t 9 :i* x         
gu>antees all memb]s ( ! ,univ]sity     
community ! broade/ possible latitude to
 speak1 write1 li/51 *all5ge1 & le>n1 & 
m ?an #ej univ]sity adm9i/rations &     
faculty bodies h endors$ a v]sion ( !   
,*icago ,/atem5t2 ,:]eas1 9 ,decemb]    
#bjad1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,hawaii at ,hilo  

settl$ a lawsuit = #ej1jjj aft] x 0 su$ 
9 ,f$]al c\rt = prohibit+ /ud5ts f      
prote/+ ! ,national ,security ,ag5cy    
unless ^? /ud5ts 7 /&+ 9 ! t9y1         
flood-prone free spee* zone at !        
univ]sity2 ,:]eas1 9 ,july #bjae1       
,cali=nia ,/ate ,polyte*nic ,univ]sity1 
,pomona1 settl$ a lawsuit = #ce1jjj aft]
 x 0 su$ 9 ,f$]al c\rt = prohibit+ a    
/ud5t f h&+ out fly]s ab\t animal abuse 
outside ( ! free spee* zone at !        
univ]sity1 compris+ less ?an #j4ja p]c5t
 ( campus2 ,:]eas1 9 ,may #bjaf1 a      
/ud5t-pla9tiff settl$ h] lawsuit aga9/  
,bl9n ,college 9 ,texas = #ej1jjj aft]  
adm9i/rators told h] %e ne$$ special    
p]mission to advocate = ,second ,am5dm5t
 rights outside ( ! t9y free spee* zone 
at ! college2 ,:]eas1 9 ,febru>y #bjag1 
,georgia ,gw9nett ,college agre$ to     
modify its re/rictive spee* policies    
aft] two /ud5ts su$ 9 ,f$]al c\rt to    
*all5ge a requirem5t t /ud5ts obta9     
prior au?orization f adm9i/rators to    
engage 9 expressive activity )9 ! limits

 ( a t9y free spee* zone1 compris+ less 
?an #j4jjae p]c5t ( campus2 ,:]eas1 9   
,m>* #bjag1 ,middlebury ,college /ud5ts 
& prote/]s f ! community prev5t$ an     
invit$ speak] f giv+ 8 pres5tation & !n 
attack$ 8 c> & assault$ a pr(essor z !  
two attempt$ to leave1 result+ 9 !      
pr(essor suff]+ a concussion2 ,:]eas1 9 
,janu>y #bjah1 ,kellogg ,community      
,college 9 ,mi*igan settl$ a lawsuit =  
#ee1jjj = arre/+ two /ud5ts = h&+ out   
copies ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates :ile talk+ ) _! fell[ /ud5ts on a
 sidewalk2 ,:]eas1 9 ,june #bjah1 !     
,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan agre$ to *ange its
 re/rictive spee* code on ! same day !  
,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice fil$ a
 /atem5t ( int]e/ 9 support ( a lawsuit 
9 ,f$]al c\rt *all5g+ ! con/itutionality
 ( ! spee* code ( ! univ]sity2 ,:]eas1 9
 ,decemb] #bjah1 ! ,los ,angeles        
,community ,college ,di/rict1 a         
#i-;campus community college di/rict t  
includes ,pi]ce ,college1 settl$ a      
lawsuit = #bbe1jjj & *ang$ its          

re/rictive spee* policies aft] x 0 su$ 9
 ,f$]al c\rt = prohibit+ a ,pi]ce       
,college /ud5t f di/ribut+              
,spani%-language copies ( ! ,con/itution
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates on campus unless he  
/ood 9 ! free spee* zone1 :i* compris$  
approximately #j4jjc p]c5t ( ! total    
area ( ! #dbf acres ( ! college2 ,:]eas1
 9 ,decemb] #bjah1 ! ,univ]sity (       
,cali=nia1 ,b]keley1 home ( ! #aifjs    
campus free spee* movem5t1 settl$ a     
lawsuit = #gj1jjj & *ang$ its re/rictive
 policies aft] x 0 su$ 9 ,f$]al c\rt =  
s+l+ out "o /ud5t gr\p1 ap>t f o!r /ud5t
 gr\ps1 ) ! imposition ( /rict] rules = 
invit+ high-pr(ile public speak]s2      
,:]eas ! ,/ates ( ,virg9ia1 ,miss\ri1   
,arizona1 ,k5tucky1 ,colorado1 ,utah1   
,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,t5nessee1 ,florida1     
,georgia1 ,l\isiana1 ,s\? ,dakota1 &    
,i[a h pass$ legislation prohibit+      
public colleges & univ]sities f qu>ant9+
 expressive activities on ! op5 outdoor 
areas ( campuses to mislead+ly label$   
free spee* zones2 & ,:]eas free spee*   

zones h be5 us$ to re/rict political    
spee* f all p>ts ( ! political spectrum 
& h ?us inhibit$ ! free ex*ange ( ideas 
at campuses across ! c\ntry3 ,n[1 !re=e1
 be x ,t ! ,s5ate-- 7#a7 recognizes t   
free spee* zones & re/rictive spee*     
codes are inh]5tly at odds ) ! fre$om ( 
spee* gu>ante$ by ! ,fir/ ,am5dm5t to ! 
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2  7#b7   
recognizes t in/itutions ( high]        
education %\ld facilitate & recommit    
!mselves to protect+ ! free & op5       
ex*ange ( ideas2  7#c7 recognizes t     
fre$om ( expression & fre$om ( spee* are
 sacr$ ideals ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t mu/ be
 vigor\sly safegu>d$ 9 a _w increas+ly  
ho/ile to democracy2  7#d7 enc\rages !  
,secret>y ( ,education to promote       
policies t fo/] spirit$ debate1 academic
 fre$om1 intellectual curiosity1 &      
viewpo9t div]sity on ! campuses ( public
 colleges & univ]sities2 &  7#e7        
enc\rages ! ,attorney ,g5]al to def5d & 
protect ! ,fir/ ,am5dm5t across public  
colleges & univ]sities4