,,ii #aaf? ,,congress #a/ ,session ,s4 #fd ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,janu>y #i1 #bjai,ms4 ,klobu*> 7= h]self & ,mr4 ,grassley7 introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 read twice & ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y ,a ,,bill ,to prohibit br& "n drug companies f comp5sat+ g5]ic drug companies to delay ! entry ( a g5]ic drug into ! m>ket1 & to prohibit biological product manufactur]s f comp5sat+ biosimil> & int]*angeable companies to delay ! entry ( biosimil> biological products & int]*angeable biological products4 #a4 ,%ort title ,?is ,act may be cit$ z ! ,pres]ve ,access to ,af=dable ,g5]ics & ,biosimil>s ,act4 #b4 ,congressional f9d+s & decl>ation ( purposes 7a7 ,f9d+s ,congress f9ds ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,9 #aihd1 ! ,drug ,price ,competition & ,pat5t ,t]m ,re/oration ,act 7,public ,law #ih-dag7 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is ,act z ! #aihd ,act71 0 enact$ ) ! int5t ( facilitat+ ! e>ly entry ( g5]ic drugs :ile pres]v+ inc5tives = innovation4 7#b7 ,prescription drugs make up approximately #aj p]c5t ( ! national heal? c>e sp5d+4 7#c7 ,initially1 ! #aihd ,act 0 successful 9 facilitat+ g5]ic competition to ! b5efit ( consum]s & heal? c>e pay]s1 al?\gh #hh p]c5t ( all prescriptions disp5s$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are g5]ic drugs1 !y acc\nt = only #bh p]c5t ( all exp5ditures4 7#d7 ,g5]ic drugs co/ sub/antially less ?an br& "n drugs1 ) disc\nts (f ! br& price av]ag+ #hj to #he p]c5t4 7#e7 ,f$]al doll>s curr5tly acc\nt = ov] #dj p]c5t ( ! #cbe1jjj1jjj1jjj sp5t on retail prescription drugs1 & ?is %>e is expect$ to rise to #dg p]c5t by #bjbe4 7#f7 7,a7 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 ! int5t ( ! #aihd ,act has be5 subv]t$ by c]ta9 settlem5t agreem5ts 9 :i* br& "n companies transf] value to _! pot5tial g5]ic competitors to settle claims t ! g5]ic company is infr++ ! br&$ company's pat5ts4 7,b7 ,^! rev]se paym5t settlem5t agreem5ts-- 7i7 all[ a br&$ company to %>e its monopoly pr(its ) ! g5]ic company z a way to protect ! br&$ company's monopoly2 & 7ii7 h unduly delay$ ! m>ket+ ( l[-co/ g5]ic drugs contr>y to free competition1 ! int]e/s ( consum]s1 & ! pr9ciples und]ly+ antitru/ law4 7,c7 ,because ( ! price disp>ity betwe5 br& "n & g5]ic drugs1 su* agreem5ts are m pr(itable = bo? ! br& & g5]ic manufactur]s ?an competition & w become increas+ly common unless prohibit$4 7,d7 ,^! agreem5ts result 9 consum]s los+ ! b5efits t ! #aihd ,act 0 int5d$ to provide4 7#g7 ,9 #bjaj1 ! ,biologics ,price ,competition & ,innovation ,act 7,public ,law #aaa-adh7 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is ,act z ! ,,bpcia71 0 enact$ ) ! int5t ( facilitat+ ! e>ly entry ( biosimil> & int]*angeable foll[-on v]sions ( br&$ biological products :ile pres]v+ inc5tives = innovation4 7#h7 ,biological drugs play an important role 9 treat+ _m s]i\s illnesses1 f canc]s to g5etic disord]s4 ,!y are also exp5sive1 repres5t+ m ?an #dj p]c5t ( all prescription drug sp5d+4 7#i7 ,competition f biosimil> & int]*angeable biological products promises to l[] drug co/s & increase pati5t access to biological m$ic9es4 ,b rev]se paym5t settlem5t agreem5ts also ?reat5 to delay ! entry ( biosimil> & int]*angeable biological products1 :i* w\ld und]m9e ! goals ( ,,bpcia4 7b7 ,purposes ,! purposes ( ?is ,act are-- 7#a7 to enhance competition 9 ! ph>maceutical m>ket by /opp+ anticompetitive agreem5ts betwe5 br& "n & g5]ic drug & biosimil> biological product manufactur]s t limit1 delay1 or o!rwise prev5t competition f g5]ic drugs & biosimil> biological products2 & 7#b7 to support ! purpose & int5t ( antitru/ law by prohibit+ anticompetitive practices 9 ! ph>maceutical indu/ry t h>m consum]s4 #c4 ,unlawful comp5sation = delay 7a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,f$]al ,trade ,commission ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #dd et seq47 is am5d$ by ins]t+ aft] section #bf 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #eg;c-#b7 ! foll[+3 #bg4 ,pres]v+ access to af=dable g5]ics & biosimil>s 7a7 ,9 g5]al 7#a7 ,en=cem5t proce$+ ,! ,commission may initiate a proce$+ to en=ce ! provisions ( ?is section aga9/ ! p>ties to any agreem5t resolv+ or settl+1 on a f9al or int]im basis1 a pat5t infr+em5t claim1 9 connection ) ! sale ( a drug product or biological product4 7#b7 ,presumption & violation 7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,subject to subp>agraph 7,b71 9 su* a proce$+1 an agreem5t %all be presum$ to h anticompetitive effects & %all be a violation ( ?is section if-- 7i7 an ,,&a fil] or a biosimil> biological product application fil] receives any?+ ( value1 includ+ an exclusive lic5se2 & 7ii7 ! ,,&a fil] or biosimil> biological product application fil] agrees to limit or =ego rese>*1 developm5t1 manufactur+1 m>ket+1 or sales ( ! ,,&a product or biosimil> biological product1 z applicable1 = any p]iod ( "t4 7,b7 ,exception ,subp>agraph 7,a7 %all n apply if ! p>ties to su* agreem5t demon/rate by cle> & conv9c+ evid5ce t-- 7i7 ! value describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a77i7 is comp5sation solely = o!r goods or s]vices t ! ,,&a fil] or biosimil> biological product application fil] has promis$ to provide2 or 7ii7 ! procompetitive b5efits ( ! agreem5t outweigh ! anticompetitive effects ( ! agreem5t4 7b7 ,limitations ,9 det]m9+ :e!r ! settl+ p>ties h met _! burd5 "u subsection 7a77#b77;,b71 ! fact f9d] %all n presume-- 7#a7 t entry w\ld n h occurr$ until ! expiration ( ! relevant pat5t or /atutory exclusivity2 or 7#b7 t ! agreem5t's provision = entry ( ! ,,&a product or biosimil> biological product prior to ! expiration ( ! relevant pat5t or /atutory exclusivity means t ! agreem5t is procompetitive4 7c7 ,exclusions ,no?+ 9 ?is section %all prohibit a resolution or settlem5t ( a pat5t infr+em5t claim 9 :i* ! consid]ation grant$ by ! ,,nda hold] or biological product lic5se hold] to ! ,,&a fil] or biosimil> biological product application fil]1 respectively1 z "p ( ! resolution or settlem5t includes only "o or m ( ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,! "r to m>ket ! ,,&a product or biosimil> biological product 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates prior to ! expiration (-- 7,a7 any pat5t t is ! basis = ! pat5t infr+em5t claim2 or 7,b7 any pat5t "r or o!r /atutory exclusivity t w\ld prev5t ! m>ket+ ( su* ,,&a product or biosimil> biological product4 7#b7 ,a paym5t = reasonable litigation exp5ses n to exce$ #g1ejj1jjj4 7#c7 ,a cov5ant n to sue on any claim t ! ,,&a product or biosimil> biological product infr+es a ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t4 7d7 ,en=cem5t 7#a7 ,en=cem5t ,a violation ( ?is section %all be treat$ z a violation ( section #e4 7#b7 ,judicial review 7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,any p>ty t is subject to a f9al ord] ( ! ,commission1 issu$ 9 an adm9i/rative adjudicative proce$+ "u ! au?ority ( subsection 7a77#a71 may1 )9 #cj days ( ! issuance ( su* ord]1 petition = review ( su* ord] 9-- 7i7 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rt ( ,appeals = ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia ,circuit2 7ii7 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rt ( ,appeals = ! circuit 9 :i* ! ultimate p>5t entity1 z def9$ 9 section #hja4a7;a77#c7 ( title #af1 ,code ( ,f$]al ,regulations1 or any successor !reto1 ( ! ,,nda hold] or biological product lic5se hold] is incorporat$ z ( ! date t ! ,,nda or biological product lic5se application1 z applicable1 is fil$ ) ! ,commission] ( ,food & ,drugs2 or 7iii7 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rt ( ,appeals = ! circuit 9 :i* ! ultimate p>5t entity ( ! ,,&a fil] or biosimil> biological product application fil] is incorporat$ z ( ! date t ! ,,&a or biosimil> biological product application is fil$ ) ! ,commission] ( ,food & ,drugs4 7,b7 ,treatm5t ( f9d+s ,9 a proce$+ = judicial review ( a f9al ord] ( ! ,commission1 ! f9d+s ( ! ,commission z to ! facts1 if support$ by evid5ce1 %all be conclusive4 7e7 ,antitru/ laws ,no?+ 9 ?is section %all modify1 impair1 limit1 or sup]s$e ! applicability ( ! antitru/ laws z def9$ 9 subsection 7a7 ( ! fir/ section ( ! ,clayton ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #ab7;a771 & ( section #e ( ?is ,act to ! ext5t t section #e applies to unfair me?ods ( competition4 ,no?+ 9 ?is section %all modify1 impair1 limit1 or sup]s$e ! "r ( an ,,&a fil] or biosimil> biological product application fil] to ass]t claims or c\nt]claims aga9/ any p]son1 "u ! antitru/ laws or o!r laws relat+ to unfair competition4 7f7 ,p5alties 7#a7 ,=feiture ,ea* p>ty t violates or assi/s 9 ! violation ( ?is section %all =feit & pay to ! ,unit$ ,/ates a civil p5alty suffici5t to det] violations ( ?is section1 b 9 no ev5t great] ?an #c times ! value receiv$ by ! p>ty t is reasonably attributable to ! violation ( ?is section4 ,if no su* value has be5 receiv$ by ! ,,nda hold] or biological product lic5se hold]1 ! p5alty to ! ,,nda hold] or biological product lic5se hold] %all be suffici5t to det] violations1 b 9 no ev5t great] ?an #c times ! value giv5 to ! ,,&a fil] or biosimil> biological product application fil] reasonably attributable to ! violation ( ?is section4 ,su* p5alty %all accrue to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & may be recov]$ 9 a civil action br\ght by ! ,commission1 9 its own "n by any ( its attorneys designat$ by x = su* purpose1 9 a di/rict c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates aga9/ any p>ty t violates ?is section4 ,9 su* actions1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates di/rict c\rts are emp[]$ to grant m&atory injunctions & su* o!r & fur!r equitable relief z !y deem appropriate4 7#b7 ,cease & desi/ 7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,if ! ,commission has issu$ a cease & desi/ ord] ) respect to a p>ty 9 an adm9i/rative adjudicative proce$+ "u ! au?ority ( subsection 7a77#a71 an action br\ght pursuant to p>agraph 7#a7 may be comm5c$ aga9/ su* p>ty at any "t be=e ! expiration ( #a ye> aft] su* ord] becomes f9al pursuant to section #e7;g74 7,b7 ,exception ,9 an action "u subp>agraph 7,a71 ! f9d+s ( ! ,commission z to ! mat]ial facts 9 ! adm9i/rative adjudicative proce$+ ) respect to ! violation ( ?is section by a p>ty %all be conclusive unless-- 7i7 ! t]ms ( su* cease & desi/ ord] expressly provide t ! ,commission's f9d+s %all n be conclusive2 or 7ii7 ! ord] became f9al by reason ( section #e7;g77#a71 9 :i* case su* f9d+ %all be conclusive if support$ by evid5ce4 7#c7 ,civil p5alty ,9 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( ! civil p5alty describ$ 9 ?is section1 ! c\rt %all take into acc\nt-- 7,a7 ! nature1 circum/ances1 ext5t1 & gravity ( ! violation2 7,b7 ) respect to ! violator1 ! degree ( culpability1 any hi/ory ( violations1 ! ability to pay1 any effect on ! ability to cont9ue do+ bus9ess1 pr(its e>n$ by ! ,,nda hold] or biological product lic5se hold]1 comp5sation receiv$ by ! ,,&a fil] or biosimil> biological product application fil]1 & ! am\nt ( comm]ce affect$2 & 7,c7 o!r matt]s t ju/ice requires4 7#d7 ,rem$ies 9 addition ,rem$ies provid$ 9 ?is subsection are 9 addition to1 & n 9 lieu (1 any o!r rem$y provid$ by ,f$]al law4 ,no?+ 9 ?is p>agraph %all be con/ru$ to affect any au?ority ( ! ,commission "u any o!r provision ( law4 7g7 ,def9itions ,9 ?is section3 7#a7 ,agreem5t ,! t]m agreem5t means any?+ t w\ld con/itute an agreem5t "u section #a ( ! ,%]man ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #a7 or section #e ( ?is ,act4 7#b7 ,agreem5t resolv+ or settl+ a pat5t infr+em5t claim ,! t]m agreem5t resolv+ or settl+ a pat5t infr+em5t claim includes any agreem5t t is ent]$ into )9 #cj days ( ! resolution or ! settlem5t ( ! claim1 or any o!r agreem5t t is cont+5t ^u1 provides a cont+5t condition =1 or is o!rwise relat$ to ! resolution or settlem5t ( ! claim4 7#c7 ,,&a ,! t]m ,,&a means an abbreviat$ new drug application fil$ "u section #eje7;j7 ( ! ,f$]al ,food1 ,drug1 & ,cosmetic ,act 7#ba ,u4,s4,c4 #cee7;j77 or a new drug application fil$ "u section #eje7;b77#b7 ( ! ,f$]al ,food1 ,drug1 & ,cosmetic ,act 7#ba ,u4,s4,c4 #cee7;b77#b774 7#d7 ,,&a fil] ,! t]m ,,&a fil] means a p>ty t owns or controls an ,,&a fil$ ) ! ,food & ,drug ,adm9i/ration or has ! exclusive rights "u su* ,,&a to di/ribute ! ,,&a product4 7#e7 ,,&a product ,! t]m ,,&a product means ! product to be manufactur$ "u ! ,,&a t is ! subject ( ! pat5t infr+em5t claim4 7#f7 ,biological product ,! t]m biological product has ! mean+ giv5 su* t]m 9 section #cea7;i77#a7 ( ! ,public ,heal? ,s]vice ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bfb7;i77#a774 7#g7 ,biological product lic5se application ,! t]m biological product lic5se application means an application "u section #cea7;a7 ( ! ,public ,heal? ,s]vice ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bfb7;a774 7#h7 ,biological product lic5se hold] ,! t]m biological product lic5se hold] means-- 7,a7 ! hold] ( an approv$ biological product lic5se application = a biological product2 7,b7 a p]son own+ or controll+ en=cem5t ( any pat5ts t claim ! biological product t is ! subject ( su* approv$ application2 or 7,c7 ! pr$ecessors1 subsidi>ies1 divisions1 gr\ps1 & affiliates controll$ by1 controll+1 or "u common control ) any ( ! entities describ$ 9 subp>agraphs 7,a7 & 7,b7 7su* control to be presum$ by direct or indirect %>e own]%ip ( #ej p]c5t or great]71 z well z ! lic5sees1 lic5sors1 successors1 & assigns ( ea* ( ! entities4 7#i7 ,biosimil> biological product ,! t]m biosimil> biological product means ! product to be manufactur$ "u ! biosimil> biological product application t is ! subject ( ! pat5t infr+em5t claim4 7#aj7 ,biosimil> biological product application ,! t]m biosimil> biological product application means an application "u section #cea7k7 ( ! ,public ,heal? ,s]vice ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bfb7k77 = lic5sure ( a biological product z biosimil> to1 or int]*angeable )1 a ref]5ce product4 7#aa7 ,biosimil> biological product application fil] ,! t]m biosimil> biological product application fil] means a p>ty t owns or controls a biosimil> biological product application fil$ ) ! ,food & ,drug ,adm9i/ration or has ! exclusive rights "u su* application to di/ribute ! biosimil> biological product4 7#ab7 ,drug product ,! t]m drug product has ! mean+ giv5 su* t]m 9 section #cad4c7;b7 ( title #ba1 ,code ( ,f$]al ,regulations 7or any successor regulation74 7#ac7 ,,nda ,! t]m ,,nda means a new drug application fil$ "u section #eje7;b7 ( ! ,f$]al ,food1 ,drug1 & ,cosmetic ,act 7#ba ,u4,s4,c4 #cee7;b774 7#ad7 ,,nda hold] ,! t]m ,,nda hold] means-- 7,a7 ! hold] ( an approv$ ,,nda application = a drug product2 7,b7 a p]son own+ or controll+ en=cem5t ( ! pat5t li/$ 9 ! ,approv$ ,drug ,products ,) ,!rapeutic ,equival5ce ,evaluations 7commonly kn[n z ! ,,fda ,orange ,book7 9 connection ) ! ,,nda2 or 7,c7 ! pr$ecessors1 subsidi>ies1 divisions1 gr\ps1 & affiliates controll$ by1 controll+1 or "u common control ) any ( ! entities describ$ 9 subp>agraphs 7,a7 & 7,b7 7su* control to be presum$ by direct or indirect %>e own]%ip ( #ej p]c5t or great]71 z well z ! lic5sees1 lic5sors1 successors1 & assigns ( ea* ( ! entities4 7#ae7 ,p>ty ,! t]m p>ty means any p]son1 p>tn]%ip1 corporation1 or o!r legal entity4 7#af7 ,pat5t infr+em5t ,! t]m pat5t infr+em5t means infr+em5t ( any pat5t or ( any fil$ pat5t application1 ext5sion1 reissue1 r5ewal1 division1 cont9uation1 cont9uation 9 "p1 reexam9ation1 pat5t t]m re/oration1 pat5ts ( addition1 & ext5sions !re(4 7#ag7 ,pat5t infr+em5t claim ,! t]m pat5t infr+em5t claim means any allegation made to an ,,&a fil] or biosimil> biological product application fil]1 :e!r or n includ$ 9 a compla9t fil$ ) a c\rt ( law1 t its ,,&a or ,,&a product1 or biological product lic5se application or biological product1 may infr+e any pat5t held by1 or exclusively lic5s$ to1 ! ,,nda hold] or biological product lic5se hold] ( ! drug product or biological product1 z applicable4 7#ah7 ,/atutory exclusivity ,! t]m /atutory exclusivity means ^? prohibitions on ! approval ( drug applications "u clauses 7ii7 ?r\gh 7iv7 ( section #eje7;c77#c77;,e7 7#e- & #c-ye> data exclusivity71 section #ebg 7orphan drug exclusivity71 or section #eje;,a 7p$iatric exclusivity7 ( ! ,f$]al ,food1 ,drug1 & ,cosmetic ,act 7#ba ,u4,s4,c4 #cee7;c77#c77;,e71 #cfj;cc1 #cee;a71 or on ! lic5s+ ( biological product applications "u section #cea7k77#g7 7#ab-ye> exclusivity7 or p>agraph 7#b7 or 7#c7 ( section #cea7m7 7p$iatric exclusivity7 ( ! ,public ,heal? ,s]vice ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bfb7 or "u section #ebg ( ! ,f$]al ,food1 ,drug1 & ,cosmetic ,act 7orphan drug exclusivity74 4 7b7 ,effective date ,section #bg ( ! ,f$]al ,trade ,commission ,act1 z add$ by ?is section1 %all apply to all agreem5ts describ$ 9 section #bg7;a77#a7 ( t ,act ent]$ into aft] ,june #ag1 #bjac4 ,section #bg7;f7 ( ! ,f$]al ,trade ,commission ,act1 z add$ by ?is section1 %all apply to agreem5ts ent]$ into on or aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act4 #d4 ,c]tification ( agreem5ts ,section #aaab ( ! ,m$ic>e ,prescription ,drug1 ,improvem5t1 & ,mod]nization ,act ( #bjjc 7#ba ,u4,s4,c4 #cee note7 is am5d$ by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3 7d7 ,c]tification ,! ,*ief ,executive ,(fic] or ! company (ficial responsible = negotiat+ any agreem5t "u subsection 7a7 or 7b7 t is requir$ to be fil$ "u subsection 7c71 )9 #cj days aft] su* fil+1 %all execute & file ) ! ,assi/ant ,attorney ,g5]al & ! ,commission a c]tification z foll[s3 ,i decl>e t ! foll[+ is true1 correct1 & complete to ! be/ ( my k3 ,! mat]ials fil$ ) ! ,f$]al ,trade ,commission & ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice "u section #aaab ( subtitle ,b ( title ,,xi ( ! ,m$ic>e ,prescription ,drug1 ,improvem5t1 & ,mod]nization ,act ( #bjjc1 ) respect to ! agreem5t ref]5c$ 9 ?is c]tification-- 7#a7 repres5t ! complete1 f9al1 & exclusive agreem5t betwe5 ! p>ties2 7#b7 include any ancill>y agreem5ts t are cont+5t ^u1 provide a cont+5t condition =1 or are o!rwise relat$ to1 ! ref]5c$ agreem5t2 & 7#c7 include writt5 descriptions ( any oral agreem5ts1 repres5tations1 commitm5ts1 or promises betwe5 ! p>ties t are responsive to subsection 7a7 or 7b7 ( su* section #aaab & h n be5 r$uc$ to writ+4 4 #e4 ,=feiture ( #ahj-;day exclusivity p]iod ,section #eje7;j77#e77;,d77i77,v7 ( ! ,f$]al ,food1 ,drug1 & ,cosmetic ,act 7#ba ,u4,s4,c4 #cee7;j77#e77;,d77i77,v77 is am5d$ by ins]t+ section #bg ( ! ,f$]al ,trade ,commission ,act or aft] t ! agreem5t has violat$4 #f4 ,commission litigation au?ority ,section #af7;a77#b7 ( ! ,f$]al ,trade ,commission ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #ef7;a77#b77 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9 subp>agraph 7,d71 by /rik+ or aft] ! semicolon2 7#b7 9 subp>agraph 7,e71 by ins]t+ or aft] ! semicolon2 & 7#c7 ins]t+ aft] subp>agraph 7,e7 ! foll[+3 7,f7 "u section #bg2 4 #g4 ,/atute ( limitations ,! ,f$]al ,trade ,commission %all comm5ce any en=cem5t proce$+ describ$ 9 section #bg ( ! ,f$]al ,trade ,commission ,act1 z add$ by section #c1 except = an action describ$ 9 section #bg7;f77#b7 ( ! ,f$]al ,trade ,commission ,act1 n lat] ?an #f ye>s aft] ! date on :i* ! p>ties to ! agreem5t file ! c]tification "u section #aaab7;d7 ( ! ,m$ic>e ,prescription ,drug ,improvem5t & ,mod]nization ,act ( #bjjc 7#ba ,u4,s4,c4 #cee note74 #h4 ,sev]ability ,if any provision ( ?is ,act1 an am5dm5t made by ?is ,act1 or ! application ( su* provision or am5dm5t to any p]son or circum/ance is held to be uncon/itutional1 ! rema9d] ( ?is ,act1 ! am5dm5ts made by ?is ,act1 & ! application ( ! provisions ( su* ,act or am5dm5ts to any p]son or circum/ance %all n be affect$4