,,ii  #aaf? ,,congress  #a/ ,session    
,s4 #bjhb  ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,!      
,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,july #aj1 #bjai,mr4   
,coons 7= himself1 ,mr4 ,cotton1 ,mr4   
,durb91 ,ms4 ,hirono1 ,mr4 ,k5n$y1 &    
,mr4 ,cram]7 introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2   
:i* 0 read twice & ref]r$ to !          
,committee on ! ,judici>y  ,a ,,bill    
,to /r5g!n ! position ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
z ! _w's lead+ innovator by am5d+ title 
#ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 to protect !  
prop]ty rights ( ! inv5tors t gr[ !     
c\ntry's economy4  #a4 ,%ort title2     
table ( cont5ts  7a7 ,%ort title ,?is   
,act may be cit$ z ! ,support ,te*nology
 & ,rese>* = ,our ,nation's ,gr[? &     
,economic ,resili5ce ,pat5ts ,act (     
#bjai or ! ,,/rong] ,pat5ts ,act (      
#bjai4  7b7 ,table ( cont5ts ,! table ( 
cont5ts = ?is ,act is z foll[s3 ,sec4   
#a4 ,%ort title2 table ( cont5ts4       
,,title ,i--,,/rong] ,pat5ts ,act ,sec4 
#aja4 ,f9d+s4 ,sec4 #ajb4 ,int] p>tes   
review4 ,sec4 #ajc4 ,po/-grant review4  
,sec4 #ajd4 ,composition ( po/-grant    

review & int] p>tes review panels4 ,sec4
 #aje4 ,reexam9ation ( pat5ts4 ,sec4    
#ajf4 ,re/oration ( pat5ts z prop]ty    
rights4 ,sec4 #ajg4 ,elim9ation (       
,,uspto fee div]sion4 ,sec4 #ajh4       
,in/itutions ( high] education4 ,sec4   
#aji4 ,assi/+ small bus9esses 9 ! ,u4,s4
 pat5t sy/em4 ,,title ,,ii--,t>get+     
,rogue & ,opaque ,lett]s ,sec4 #bja4    
,def9itions4 ,sec4 #bjb4 ,unfair or     
deceptive acts or practices 9 connection
 ) ! ass]tion ( a ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t4  
,sec4 #bjc4 ,en=cem5t by ,f$]al ,trade  
,commission4 ,sec4 #bjd4 ,preemption (  
,/ate laws on pat5t dem& lett]s &       
en=cem5t by ,/ate attorneys g5]al4  ,i  
,,/rong] ,pat5ts ,act  #aja4 ,f9d+s     
,congress f9ds t-- 7#a7 ! pat5t prop]ty 
rights en%r9$ 9 ! ,con/itution ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates provide ! f\ndation = !   
exceptional innovation environm5t 9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates2  7#b7 /rong pat5t rights 
enc\rage ,unit$ ,/ates inv5tors to inve/
 _! res\rces 9 creat+ new inv5tions2    
7#c7 pat5t protection has l$ to pati5t  

cures1 positive *anges to ! /&>d ( liv+ 
= all p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & improvem5ts
 to ! agricultural1 telecommunications1 
& electronics indu/ries1 among o!rs2    
7#d7 ! ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t sy/em is an  
ess5tial "p ( ! c\ntry's economic       
success2  7#e7 /rong pat5t protection   
improves ! *ances ( success = small     
companies & increases _! *ances ( secur+
 f9anc+ f inve/ors2  7#f7 intellectual  
prop]ty-int5sive indu/ries 9 ! ,unit$   
,/ates g5]ate t5s ( millions ( jobs =   
individuals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2  7#g7    
intellectual prop]ty-int5sive indu/ries 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates acc\nt = m ?an "o-?ird
 ( ! c\ntry's gross dome/ic product2    
7#h7 9 ! highly competitive global      
economy1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ne$s to uphold 
/rong pat5t protections to ma9ta9 its   
position z ! _w's premi] innovative     
c\ntry2  7#i7 ,congress la/ enact$      
compreh5sive re=ms ( ! pat5t sy/em 9    
#bjaa2  7#aj7 un9t5d$ consequ5ces ( !   
compreh5sive #bjaa re=m ( pat5t laws are
 cont9u+ to become evid5t1 includ+ !    

/rategic fil+ ( po/-grant review        
proce$+s to depress /ock prices & extort
 settlem5ts1 ! fil+ ( repetitive        
petitions = int] p>tes & po/-grant      
reviews t h ! effect ( h>ass+ pat5t     
own]s1 & ! unnecess>y duplication ( "w  
by ! di/rict c\rts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & !
 ,pat5t ,trial & ,appeal ,bo>d2  7#aa7 !
 ,judicial ,conf]5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
has made significant revisions to rules 
gov]n+ plead+s & discov]y 9 ! ,f$]al    
,rules ( ,civil ,proc$ure1 :i* took     
effect 9 ,decemb] #bjae2  7#ab7 !       
,supreme ,c\rt issu$ rul+s 9 ,octane    
,fitness1 ,,llc v4 ,icon ,heal?         
,fitness1 ,inc41 #acd ,s4,ct4 #agdi     
7#bjad7 & ,highm>k ,inc4 v4 ,allc>e     
,heal? ,managem5t ,sy/em1 ,inc41 #acd   
,s4,ct4 #agdd 7#bjad7 t significantly   
r$uc$ ! burd5 on an alleg$ infr+] to    
recov] attorney fees f ! pat5t own]1 &  
increas$ ! incid5ce ( fees %ift$ to !   
los+ p>ty2 &  7#ac7 ef=ts by ,congress  
to re=m ! pat5t sy/em )\t c>eful scrut9y
 create a s]i\s risk ( mak+ x m co/ly & 

difficult = legitimate innovators to    
protect _! pat5ts f infr+em5t1 !reby    
weak5+ ,unit$ ,/ates companies & !      
,unit$ ,/ates economy4  #ajb4 ,int]     
p>tes review  7a7 ,claim con/ruction    
,section #caf7;a7 ( title #ce1 ,unit$   
,/ates ,code1 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9 p>agraph
 7#i71 by ins]t+ aft] sub/itute claims1 
! foll[+3 includ+ ! /&>d = h[ sub/itute 
claims %\ld be con/ru$12  7#b7 9        
p>agraph 7#ab71 by /rik+ 2 & & ins]t+ a 
semicolon2  7#c7 9 p>agraph 7#ac71 by   
/rik+ ! p]iod at ! end & ins]t+ 2 &2 &  
7#d7 by add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new      
p>agraph3  7#ad7 provid+ t = all        
purposes "u ?is *apt]--  7,a7 ea*       
*all5g$ claim ( a pat5t1 or claim       
propos$ 9 a motion to am5d1 %all be     
con/ru$ z ! claim w\ld be con/ru$ "u    
section #bhb7;b7 9 an action to         
invalidate a pat5t1 includ+ by con/ru+  
ea* su* claim 9 accordance )--  7i7 !   
ord9>y & cu/om>y mean+ ( ! claim z      
und]/ood by a p]son hav+ ord9>y skill 9 
! art to :i* ! claim$ inv5tion p]ta9s2 &

  7ii7 ! prosecution hi/ory p]ta9+ to ! 
pat5t2 &  7,b7 if a c\rt has previ\sly  
con/ru$ a *all5g$ claim ( a pat5t or a  
*all5g$ claim t]m 9 a civil action to   
:i* ! pat5t own] 0 a p>ty1 ! ,(fice %all
 consid] t claim con/ruction4  4  7b7   
,burd5 ( pro( ,section #caf7;e7 ( title 
#ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$ to   
read z foll[s3  7e7 ,evid5ti>y /&>ds    
7#a7 ,presumption ( validity ,!         
presumption ( validity "u section       
#bhb7;a7 %all apply to a previ\sly issu$
 claim t is *all5g$ dur+ an int] p>tes  
review "u ?is *apt]4  7#b7 ,burd5 ( pro(
 ,9 an int] p>tes review in/itut$ "u ?is
 *apt]1 ! petition] %all h ! burd5 (    
prov+ a proposition ( unpat5tability ( a
 previ\sly issu$ claim by cle> & conv9c+
 evid5ce4  4  7c7 ,/&+ ,section #caa (  
title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$
 by add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new          
subsection3  7d7 ,p]sons t may petition 
7#a7 ,def9ition ,9 ?is subsection1 ! t]m
 *>g$ ) infr+em5t means a real &        
sub/antial controv]sy reg>d+ infr+em5t (

 a pat5t exi/s su* t ! petition] w\ld h 
/&+ to br+ a decl>atory judgm5t action 9
 ,f$]al c\rt4  7#b7 ,necess>y conditions
 ,a p]son may n file ) ! ,(fice a       
petition to in/itute an int] p>tes      
review ( a pat5t unless ! p]son1 or a   
real p>ty 9 int]e/ or privy ( ! p]son1  
has be5--  7,a7 su$ = infr+em5t ( !     
pat5t2 or  7,b7 *>g$ ) infr+em5t "u !   
pat5t4  4  7d7 ,limitation on reviews   
,section #cad7;a7 ( title #ce1 ,unit$   
,/ates ,code1 is am5d$ to read z foll[s3
  7a7 ,?re%old  7#a7 ,likelihood (      
prevail+ ,subject to p>agraph 7#b71 !   
,director may n au?orize an int] p>tes  
review to be in/itut$ unless ! ,director
 det]m9es t ! in=mation pres5t$ 9 !     
petition fil$ "u section #caa & any     
response fil$ "u section #cac %[ t !re  
is a reasonable likelihood t ! petition]
 w\ld prevail ) respect to at lea/ "o ( 
! claims *all5g$ 9 ! petition4  7#b7    
,previ\s in/itution ,! ,director may n  
au?orize an int] p>tes review to be     
in/itut$ on a claim *all5g$ 9 a petition

 if ! ,director has previ\sly in/itut$  
an int] p>tes review or po/-grant review
 ) respect to t claim4  4  7e7          
,reviewability ( in/itution decisions   
,section #cad ( title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates
 ,code1 is am5d$ by /rik+ subsection 7d7
 & ins]t+ ! foll[+3  7d7 ,no appeal     
7#a7 ,nonappealable det]m9ations  7,a7  
,?re%old det]m9ation ,a det]m9ation by !
 ,director on ! reasonable likelihood t 
! petition] w prevail "u subsection     
7a77#a7 %all be f9al & nonappealable4   
7,b7 ,d5ials ( in/itution ,a det]m9ation
 by ! ,director n to in/itute an int]   
p>tes review "u ?is section %all be f9al
 & nonappealable4  7#b7 ,appealable     
det]m9ations ,any aspect ( a det]m9ation
 by ! ,director to in/itute an int]     
p>tes review "u ?is section1 o!r ?an a  
det]m9ation describ$ 9 p>agraph         
7#a77;,a71 may be review$ dur+ an appeal
 ( a f9al writt5 decision issu$ "u      
section #cah7;a74  4  7f7 ,elim9at+     
repetitive proce$+s ,section #cae7;e7 ( 
title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$

 to read z foll[s3  7e7 ,e/oppel  7#a7  
,proce$+s be=e ! ,(fice ,a p]son        
petition+ = an int] p>tes review ( a    
claim 9 a pat5t "u ?is *apt]1 or ! real 
p>ty 9 int]e/ or privy ( ! petition]1   
may n petition = a subsequ5t int] p>tes 
review be=e ! ,(fice ) respect to t     
pat5t on any gr\nd t ! petition] rais$  
or reasonably c\ld h rais$ 9 ! initial  
petition1 unless1 aft] ! fil+ ( !       
initial petition1 ! petition]1 or ! real
 p>ty 9 int]e/ or privy ( ! petition]1  
is *>g$ ) infr+em5t ( additional claims 
( ! pat5t4  7#b7 ,civil actions & o!r   
proce$+s ,a p]son petition+ = an int]   
p>tes review ( a claim 9 a pat5t "u ?is 
*apt] t results 9 an in/itution decision
 "u section #cad1 or ! real p>ty 9      
int]e/ or privy ( ! petition]1 may n    
ass]t ei!r 9 a civil action aris+ 9 :ole
 or 9 "p "u section #acch ( title #bh or
 9 a proce$+ be=e ! ,int]national ,trade
 ,commission "u section #ccg ( ! ,t>iff 
,act ( #aicj 7#ai ,u4,s4,c4 #accg7 t !  
claim is invalid bas$ on section #ajb or

 #ajc ( ?is title1 unless ! invalidity  
argum5t is bas$ on allegations t !      
claim$ inv5tion 0 9 public use1 on sale1
 or o!rwise available to ! public be=e !
 effective fil+ date ( ! claim$         
inv5tion4  4  7g7 ,real p>ty 9 int]e/   
7#a7 ,cl>ification ( def9ition ,section 
#cae ( title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1  
is am5d$ by add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new  
subsection3  7f7 ,petition] ,= purposes 
( ?is *apt]1 a p]son t directly or ?r\gh
 an affiliate1 subsidi>y1 or proxy makes
 a f9ancial contribution to ! prep>ation
 =1 or conduct dur+1 an int] p>tes      
review on behalf ( ! petition] %all be  
consid]$ a real p>ty 9 int]e/ ( !       
petition]4  4  7#b7 ,discov]y ( real    
p>ty 9 int]e/ ,section #caf7;a77#e7 (   
title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$
 to read z foll[s3  7#e7 sett+ =? /&>ds 
& proc$ures = discov]y ( relevant       
evid5ce1 includ+ t su* discov]y %all be 
limit$ to--  7,a7 ! deposition (        
witnesses submitt+ affidavits or        
decl>ations2  7,b7 evid5ce id5tify+ !   

petition]'s real p>ties 9 int]e/2 &     
7,c7 :at is o!rwise necess>y 9 ! int]e/ 
( ju/ice2  4  7h7 ,priority ( ,f$]al    
c\rt validity det]m9ations  7#a7 ,9     
g5]al ,section #cae ( title #ce1 ,unit$ 
,/ates ,code1 z am5d$ by subsections 7f7
 & 7g71 is fur!r am5d$--  7,a7 by       
r$esignat+ subsections 7c7 ?r\gh 7f7 z  
subsections 7d7 ?r\gh 7g71 respectively2
 &  7,b7 by ins]t+ aft] subsection 7b7 !
 foll[+ new subsection3  7c7 ,f$]al c\rt
 validity det]m9ations  7#a7 ,in/itution
 b>r$ ,an int] p>tes review ( a pat5t   
claim may n be in/itut$ if1 9 a civil   
action aris+ 9 :ole or 9 "p "u section  
#acch ( title #bh or 9 a proce$+ be=e ! 
,int]national ,trade ,commission "u     
section #ccg ( ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj    
7#ai ,u4,s4,c4 #accg71 a c\rt has ent]$ 
a f9al judgm5t--  7,a7 t decides !      
validity ( ! pat5t claim ) respect to   
section #ajb or #ajc2 &  7,b7 f :i* an  
appeal "u section #abie ( title #bh may 
be tak51 or f :i* an appeal "u section  
#abie ( title #bh 0 previ\sly available 

b is no long] available4  7#b7 ,/ay (   
proce$+s  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,if1 9 a civil  
action aris+ 9 :ole or 9 "p "u section  
#acch ( title #bh or 9 a proce$+ be=e ! 
,int]national ,trade ,commission "u     
section #ccg ( ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj    
7#ai ,u4,s4,c4 #accg71 a c\rt has ent]$ 
a f9al judgm5t t decides ! validity ( a 
pat5t claim ) respect to section #ajb or
 #ajc & f :i* an appeal "u section #abie
 ( title #bh may be tak51 ! ,pat5t      
,trial & ,appeal ,bo>d %all /ay any     
ongo+ int] p>tes review ( t pat5t claim 
p5d+ a f9al decision4  7,b7 ,t]m9ation  
,if ! validity ( a pat5t claim describ$ 
9 subp>agraph 7,a7 is f9ally upheld by a
 c\rt or ! ,int]national ,trade         
,commission1 z applicable1 ! ,pat5t     
,trial & ,appeal ,bo>d %all t]m9ate !   
int] p>tes review4  4  7#b7 ,te*nical & 
con=m+ am5dm5ts ,*apt] #ca ( title #ce1 
,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$-- 7,a7 9  
section #cae7;b71 by /rik+ subsection   
7c7 & ins]t+ subsection 7d72  7,b7 9    
section #caf7;a7-- 7i7 9 p>agraph 7#aa71

 by /rik+ section #cae7;c7 & ins]t+     
section #cae7;d72 &  7ii7 9 p>agraph    
7#ab71 by /rik+ section #cae7;c7 &      
ins]t+ section #cae7;d72 &  7,c7 9      
section #cag7;a71 by /rik+ section      
#cae7;e7 & ins]t+ section #cae7;f74     
#ajc4 ,po/-grant review  7a7 ,claim     
con/ruction ,section #cbf7;a7 ( title   
#ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$--    
7#a7 9 p>agraph 7#i71 by ins]t+ aft]    
sub/itute claims1 ! foll[+3 includ+ !   
/&>d = h[ sub/itute claims %\ld be      
con/ru$12  7#b7 9 p>agraph 7#aa71 by    
/rik+ 2 & & ins]t+ a semicolon2  7#c7 9 
p>agraph 7#ab71 by /rik+ ! p]iod at !   
end & ins]t+ 2 &2 &  7#d7 by add+ at !  
end ! foll[+ new p>agraph3  7#ac7       
provid+ t = all purposes "u ?is *apt]-- 
7,a7 ea* *all5g$ claim ( a pat5t %all be
 con/ru$ z ! claim w\ld be con/ru$ "u   
section #bhb7;b7 9 an action to         
invalidate a pat5t1 includ+ by con/ru+  
ea* *all5g$ claim ( ! pat5t 9 accordance
 )--  7i7 ! ord9>y & cu/om>y mean+ ( !  
claim z und]/ood by a p]son hav+ ord9>y 

skill 9 ! art to :i* ! claim$ inv5tion  
p]ta9s2 &  7ii7 ! prosecution hi/ory    
p]ta9+ to ! pat5t2 &  7,b7 if a c\rt has
 previ\sly con/ru$ a *all5g$ claim ( a  
pat5t or a *all5g$ claim t]m 9 a civil  
action to :i* ! pat5t own] 0 a p>ty1 !  
,(fice %all consid] t claim con/ruction4
  4  7b7 ,burd5 ( pro( ,section #cbf7;e7
 ( title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is   
am5d$ to read z foll[s3  7e7 ,evid5ti>y 
/&>ds  7#a7 ,presumption ( validity ,!  
presumption ( validity "u section       
#bhb7;a7 %all apply to a previ\sly issu$
 claim t is *all5g$ dur+ a proce$+ "u   
?is *apt]4  7#b7 ,burd5 ( pro( ,9 a     
po/-grant review in/itut$ "u ?is *apt]1 
! petition] %all h ! burd5 ( prov+ a    
proposition ( unpat5tability ( a        
previ\sly issu$ claim by cle> & conv9c+ 
evid5ce4  4  7c7 ,/&+ ,section #cba (   
title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$
 by add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new          
subsection3  7d7 ,p]sons t may petition 
7#a7 ,def9ition ,9 ?is subsection1 ! t]m
 *>g$ ) infr+em5t means a real &        

sub/antial controv]sy reg>d+ infr+em5t (
 a pat5t exi/s su* t ! petition] w\ld h 
/&+ to br+ a decl>atory judgm5t action 9
 ,f$]al c\rt4  7#b7 ,necess>y conditions
 ,a p]son may n file ) ! ,(fice a       
petition to in/itute a po/-grant review 
( a pat5t unless ! p]son1 or a real p>ty
 9 int]e/ or privy ( ! p]son1           
demon/rates--  7,a7 a reasonable        
possibility ( be+-- 7i7 su$ = infr+em5t 
( ! pat5t2 or  7ii7 *>g$ ) infr+em5t "u 
! pat5t2 or  7,b7 a competitive h>m     
relat$ to ! validity ( ! pat5t4  4  7d7 
,limitation on reviews ,section #cbd7;a7
 ( title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is   
am5d$ to read z foll[s3  7a7 ,?re%old   
7#a7 ,likelihood ( prevail+ ,subject to 
p>agraph 7#b71 ! ,director may n        
au?orize a po/-grant review to be       
in/itut$ unless ! ,director det]m9es t !
 in=mation pres5t$ 9 ! petition fil$ "u 
section #cba1 if su* in=mation is n     
rebutt$1 w\ld demon/rate t x is m likely
 ?an n t at lea/ "o ( ! claims *all5g$ 9
 ! petition is unpat5table4  7#b7       

,previ\s in/itution ,! ,director may n  
au?orize a po/-grant review to be       
in/itut$ on a claim *all5g$ 9 a petition
 if ! ,director has previ\sly in/itut$  
an int] p>tes review or po/-grant review
 ) respect to t claim4  4  7e7          
,reviewability ( in/itution decisions   
,section #cbd ( title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates
 ,code1 is am5d$ by /rik+ subsection 7e7
 & ins]t+ ! foll[+3  7e7 ,no appeal     
7#a7 ,non-appealable det]m9ations  7,a7 
,?re%old det]m9ation ,a det]m9ation by !
 ,director on ! likelihood t ! petition]
 w prevail "u subsection 7a77#a7 %all be
 f9al & nonappealable4  7,b7 ,ex]cise ( 
discretion ,a det]m9ation by ! ,director
 n to in/itute a po/-grant review "u ?is
 section %all be f9al & nonappealable4  
7#b7 ,appealable det]m9ations ,any      
aspect ( a det]m9ation by ! ,director to
 in/itute a po/-grant review "u ?is     
section1 o!r ?an a det]m9ation describ$ 
9 p>agraph 7#a77;,a71 may be review$    
dur+ an appeal ( a f9al writt5 decision 
issu$ "u section #cbh7;a74  4  7f7      

,elim9at+ repetitive proce$+s ,section  
#cbe7;e77#a7 ( title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates 
,code1 is am5d$ to read z foll[s3  7#a7 
,proce$+s be=e ! ,(fice ,a p]son        
petition+ = a po/-grant review ( a claim
 9 a pat5t "u ?is *apt]1 or ! real p>ty 
9 int]e/ or privy ( ! petition]1 may n  
petition = a subsequ5t po/-grant review 
be=e ! ,(fice ) respect to t pat5t on   
any gr\nd t ! petition] rais$ or        
reasonably c\ld h rais$ 9 ! initial     
petition1 unless1 aft] ! fil+ ( !       
initial petition1 ! petition]1 or ! real
 p>ty 9 int]e/ or privy ( ! petition]1  
is *>g$ ) infr+em5t ( additional claims 
( ! pat5t4  4  7g7 ,real p>ty 9 int]e/  
7#a7 ,cl>ification ( def9ition ,section 
#cbe ( title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1  
is am5d$ by add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new  
subsection3  7g7 ,real p>ty 9 int]e/ ,= 
purposes ( ?is *apt]1 a p]son t directly
 or ?r\gh an affiliate1 subsidi>y1 or   
proxy1 makes a f9ancial contribution to 
! prep>ation =1 or conduct dur+1 a      
po/-grant review on behalf ( ! petition]

 %all be consid]$ a real p>ty 9 int]e/ (
 ! petition]4  4  7#b7 ,discov]y ( real 
p>ty 9 int]e/ ,section #cbf7;a77#e7 (   
title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$
 to read z foll[s3  7#e7 sett+ =? /&>ds 
& proc$ures = discov]y ( relevant       
evid5ce1 includ+ t su* discov]y %all be 
limit$ to--  7,a7 ! deposition (        
witnesses submitt+ affidavits or        
decl>ations2  7,b7 evid5ce id5tify+ !   
petition]'s real p>ties 9 int]e/2 &     
7,c7 :at is o!rwise necess>y 9 ! int]e/ 
( ju/ice2  4  7h7 ,priority ( ,f$]al    
c\rt validity det]m9ations  7#a7 ,9     
g5]al ,section #cbe ( title #ce1 ,unit$ 
,/ates ,code1 z am5d$ by subsections 7f7
 & 7g71 is fur!r am5d$--  7,a7 by       
r$esignat+ subsections 7c7 ?r\gh 7g7 z  
subsections 7d7 ?r\gh 7h71 respectively2
 &  7,b7 by ins]t+ aft] subsection 7b7 !
 foll[+ new subsection3  7c7 ,f$]al c\rt
 validity det]m9ations  7#a7 ,in/itution
 b>r$ ,a po/-grant review ( a pat5t     
claim may n be in/itut$ if1 9 a civil   
action aris+ 9 :ole or 9 "p "u section  

#acch ( title #bh or 9 a proce$+ be=e ! 
,int]national ,trade ,commission "u     
section #ccg ( ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj    
7#ai ,u4,s4,c4 #accg71 a c\rt has ent]$ 
a f9al judgm5t--  7,a7 t decides !      
validity ( ! pat5t claim ) respect to   
section #ajb or #ajc2 &  7,b7 f :i* an  
appeal "u section #abie ( title #bh may 
be tak51 or f :i* an appeal "u section  
#abie ( title #bh 0 previ\sly available 
b is no long] available4  7#b7 ,/ay (   
proce$+s  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,if1 9 a civil  
action aris+ 9 :ole or 9 "p "u section  
#acch ( title #bh or 9 a proce$+ be=e ! 
,int]national ,trade ,commission "u     
section #ccg ( ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj    
7#ai ,u4,s4,c4 #accg71 a c\rt has ent]$ 
a f9al judgm5t t decides ! validity ( a 
pat5t claim ) respect to section #ajb or
 #ajc & f :i* an appeal "u section #abie
 ( title #bh may be tak51 ! ,pat5t      
,trial & ,appeal ,bo>d %all /ay any     
ongo+ po/-grant review ( t pat5t claim  
p5d+ a f9al decision4  7,b7 ,t]m9ation  
,if ! validity ( a pat5t claim describ$ 

9 subp>agraph 7,a7 is f9ally upheld by a
 c\rt or ! ,int]national ,trade         
,commission1 z applicable1 ! ,pat5t     
,trial & ,appeal ,bo>d %all t]m9ate !   
po/-grant review4  4  7#b7 ,te*nical &  
con=m+ am5dm5ts ,*apt] #cb ( title #ce1 
,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$-- 7,a7 9  
section #cbf7;a77#aa71 by /rik+ section 
#cbe7;c7 & ins]t+ section #cbe7;d72 &   
7,b7 9 section #cbg7;a71 by /rik+       
section #cbe7;e7 & ins]t+ section       
#cbe7;f74  #ajd4 ,composition (         
po/-grant review & int] p>tes review    
panels ,section #f7;c7 ( title #ce1     
,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$ to read z 
foll[s3  7c7 #c-,memb] panels  7#a7 ,9  
g5]al ,ea* appeal1 d]ivation proce$+1   
po/-grant review1 & int] p>tes review   
%all be he>d by at lea/ #c memb]s ( !   
,pat5t ,trial & ,appeal ,bo>d1 :o %all  
be designat$ by ! ,director4  7#b7      
,ineligibility to he> review ,a memb] ( 
! ,pat5t ,trial & ,appeal ,bo>d :o      
p>ticipates 9 ! decision to in/itute a  
po/-grant review or an int] p>tes review

 ( a pat5t %all be ineligible to he> !  
review4  7#c7 ,rehe>+s ,only ! ,pat5t   
,trial & ,appeal ,bo>d may grant        
rehe>+s4  4  #aje4 ,reexam9ation (      
pat5ts  7a7 ,reque/ = reexam9ation      
,section #cjb ( title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates
 ,code1 is am5d$ to read z foll[s3      
#cjb4 ,reque/ = reexam9ation ,any p]son 
at any "t may file a reque/ =           
reexam9ation by ! ,(fice ( any claim ( a
 pat5t on ! basis ( any prior art cit$  
"u ! provisions ( section #cja4 ,!      
reque/ mu/ be 9 writ+ & mu/ be          
accompani$ by paym5t ( a reexam9ation   
fee e/abli%$ by ! ,director pursuant to 
! provisions ( section #da4 ,! reque/   
mu/ id5tify all real p>ties 9 int]e/ &  
c]tify t reexam9ation is n b>r$ "u      
section #cjc7;d74 ,! reque/ mu/ set =? !
 p]t95cy & mann] ( apply+ cit$ prior art
 to e claim = :i* reexam9ation is       
reque/$4 ,unless ! reque/+ p]son is !   
own] ( ! pat5t1 ! ,director promptly w  
s5d a copy ( ! reque/ to ! own] ( record
 ( ! pat5t4  4  7b7 ,reexam9ation b>r$  

by civil action ,section #cjc ( title   
#ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$ by   
add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new subsection3  
7d7 ,an ex p>te reexam9ation may n be   
in/itut$ if ! reque/ = reexam9ation is  
fil$ m ?an #a ye> aft] ! date on :i* !  
reque/] or a real p>ty 9 int]e/ or privy
 ( ! reque/] is s]v$ ) a compla9t alleg+
 infr+em5t ( ! pat5t4  4  #ajf4         
,re/oration ( pat5ts z prop]ty rights   
,section #bhc ( title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates
 ,code1 is am5d$-- 7#a7 by /rik+ ,!     
sev]al c\rts & ins]t+ ! foll[+3  7a7 ,9 
g5]al ,! sev]al c\rts  2 &  7#b7 by add+
 at ! end ! foll[+3  7b7 ,injunction ,^u
 a f9d+ by a c\rt ( infr+em5t ( a pat5t 
n prov5 invalid or un5=ceable1 ! c\rt   
%all presume t--  7#a7 fur!r infr+em5t (
 ! pat5t w\ld cause irrep>able injury2 &
  7#b7 rem$ies available at law are     
inadequate to comp5sate = t injury4  4  
#ajg4 ,elim9ation ( ,,uspto fee div]sion
  7a7 ,fund+ ,section #db ( title #ce1  
,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9  
subsection 7a71 by /rik+ ,all fees &    

ins]t+ ,fees = s]vice by ,,pto4--,all   
fees2  7#b7 9 subsection 7b7-- 7,a7 by  
/rik+ ,all fees & ins]t+ ,innovation    
promotion fund4--,all fees2 &  7,b7 by  
/rik+ ,pat5t & ,tradem>k ,(fice         
,appropriation ,acc\nt & ins]t+ ,unit$  
,/ates ,pat5t & ,tradem>k ,(fice        
,innovation ,promotion ,fund2  7#c7 9   
subsection 7c7--  7,a7 by /rik+ 7c77#a7 
& all t foll[s ?r\gh ! end ( p>agraph   
7#a7 & ins]t+ ! foll[+3 7c7 ,collection 
( funds = ,,pto activities4-- 7#a7 ,9   
g5]al ,fees au?oriz$ 9 ?is title or any 
o!r ,act to be *>g$ or e/abli%$ by !    
,director %all be collect$ by !         
,director & %all be available to !      
,director until exp5d$ to c>ry out !    
activities ( ! ,pat5t & ,tradem>k       
,(fice4  2  7,b7 by /rik+ p>agraph 7#b72
  7,c7 by /rik+ 7#c77;,a7 ,any & ins]t+ 
! foll[+3  7#b7 ,use ( fees4-- 7,a7     
,pat5t fees ,any  2 &  7,d7 by /rik+    
7,b7 ,any fees t are collect$ "u section
 #ca ( ! ,tradem>k ,act ( #aidf & ins]t+
 ! foll[+3  7,b7 ,tradem>k fees ,any    

fees t are collect$ "u section #ca ( !  
,tradem>k ,act ( #aidf 7z def9$ 9       
subsection 7d77 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #aaac7  2
  7#d7 by r$esignat+ subsections 7d7 &  
7e7 z subsections 7e7 & 7f71            
respectively2  7#e7 by ins]t+ aft]      
subsection 7c7 ! foll[+ new subsection3 
7d7 ,revolv+ fund  7#a7 ,def9itions ,9  
?is subsection-- 7,a7 ! t]m ,fund means 
! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t & ,tradem>k      
,(fice ,innovation ,promotion ,fund     
e/abli%$ "u p>agraph 7#b72 &  7,b7 ! t]m
 ,tradem>k ,act ( #aidf means ! ,act    
entitl$ ,an ,act to provide = !         
regi/ration & protection ( tradem>ks us$
 9 comm]ce1 to c>ry out ! provisions (  
c]ta9 int]national conv5tions1 & = o!r  
purposes1 approv$ ,july #e1 #aidf 7#ae  
,u4,s4,c4 #ajea et seq47 7commonly      
ref]r$ to z ! ,tradem>k ,act ( #aidf or 
! ,lanham ,act74  7#b7 ,e/abli%m5t ,!re 
is e/abli%$ 9 ! ,treasury a revolv+ fund
 to be kn[n z ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t &  
,tradem>k ,(fice ,innovation ,promotion 
,fund4  7#c7 ,d]ivation ( res\rces ,!re 

%all be deposit$ into ! ,fund any fees  
collect$ "u--  7,a7 ?is title2 or  7,b7 
! ,tradem>k ,act ( #aidf4  7#d7 ,exp5ses
 ,am\nts deposit$ into ! ,fund "u       
p>agraph 7#c7 %all be available1 )\t    
fiscal ye> limitation1 to cov]--  7,a7  
all exp5ses to ! ext5t consi/5t ) !     
limitation on ! use ( fees set =? 9     
subsection 7c71 includ+ all adm9i/rative
 & op]at+ exp5ses1 det]m9$ 9 !          
discretion ( ! ,director to be ord9>y & 
reasonable1 incurr$ by ! ,director = !  
cont9u$ op]ation ( all s]vices1         
programs1 activities1 & duties ( !      
,(fice relat+ to pat5ts & tradem>ks1 z  
su* s]vices1 programs1 activities1 &    
duties are describ$ "u--  7i7 ?is title2
 &  7ii7 ! ,tradem>k ,act ( #aidf2 &    
7,b7 all exp5ses incurr$ pursuant to any
 obligation1 repres5tation1 or o!r      
commitm5t ( ! ,(fice4  2  7#f7 9        
subsection 7e71 z r$esignat$1 by /rik+  
,! ,director & ins]t+ ,refunds4--,!     
,director2 &  7#g7 9 subsection 7f71 z  
r$esignat$1 by /rik+ ,! ,secret>y &     

ins]t+ ,report4--,! ,secret>y4  7b7     
,effective date2 transf] f & t]m9ation (
 obsolete funds  7#a7 ,effective date ,!
 am5dm5ts made by subsection 7a7 %all   
take effect on ! fir/ day ( ! fir/      
fiscal ye> t beg9s on or aft] ! date ( !
 enactm5t ( ?is ,act4  7#b7 ,rema9+     
balances ,on ! effective date describ$ 9
 p>agraph 7#a71 !re %all be deposit$ 9 !
 ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t & ,tradem>k ,(fice
 ,innovation ,promotion ,fund e/abli%$  
"u section #db7;d77#b7 ( title #ce1     
,unit$ ,/ates ,code 7z add$ by          
subsection 7a771 any available          
unobligat$ balances rema9+ 9 ! ,pat5t & 
,tradem>k ,(fice ,appropriation ,acc\nt1
 & 9 ! ,pat5t & ,tradem>k ,fee ,res]ve  
,fund e/abli%$ "u section #db7;c77#b7 ( 
title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 z 9     
effect on ! date be=e ! effective date4 
7#c7 ,t]m9ation ( ,res]ve ,fund ,^u !   
paym5t ( all obligat$ am\nts 9 ! ,pat5t 
& ,tradem>k ,fee ,res]ve ,fund "u       
p>agraph 7#b71 ! ,pat5t & ,tradem>k ,fee
 ,res]ve ,fund %all be t]m9at$4  #ajh4  

,in/itutions ( high] education ,section 
#abc7;d7 ( title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates     
,code1 is am5d$ to read z foll[s3  7d7  
,in/itutions ( high] education ,=       
purposes ( ?is section1 a micro entity  
%all include an applicant :o c]tifies   
t--  7#a7 ! applicant's employ]1 f :i* !
 applicant obta9s ! majority ( !        
applicant's income1 is an in/itution (  
high] education z def9$ 9 section       
#aja7;a7 ( ! ,high] ,education ,act (   
#aife 7#bj ,u4,s4,c4 #ajja7;a772  7#b7 !
 applicant has assign$1 grant$1 convey$1
 or is "u an obligation by contract or  
law1 to assign1 grant1 or convey1 a     
lic5se or o!r own]%ip int]e/ 9 !        
p>ticul> applications to su* an         
in/itution ( high] education2  7#c7 !   
applicant is su* an in/itution ( high]  
education2 or  7#d7 ! applicant is an   
organization describ$ 9 section         
#eja7;c77#c7 ( ! ,int]nal ,rev5ue ,code 
( #aihf & exempt f taxation "u section  
#eja7;a7 ( su* ,code t holds title to   
pat5ts & pat5t applications on behalf ( 

su* an in/itution ( high] education = ! 
purpose ( facilitat+ comm]cialization ( 
! te*nologies ( ! pat5ts & pat5t        
applications4  4  #aji4 ,assi/+ small   
bus9esses 9 ! ,u4,s4 pat5t sy/em  7a7   
,def9ition ,9 ?is section1 ! t]m small  
bus9ess conc]n has ! mean+ giv5 ! t]m 9 
section #c ( ! ,small ,bus9ess ,act 7#ae
 ,u4,s4,c4 #fcb74  7b7 ,small ,bus9ess  
,adm9i/ration report ,n lat] ?an #a ye> 
aft] ! date ( ! enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 !  
,small ,bus9ess ,adm9i/ration1 us+ exi/+
 res\rces1 %all submit to ! ,committee  
on ,small ,bus9ess & ,entrepr5eur%ip ( !
 ,s5ate & ! ,committee on ,small        
,bus9ess ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives a  
report analyz+ ! impact (--  7#a7 pat5t 
own]%ip by small bus9ess conc]ns2 &     
7#b7 civil actions aga9/ small bus9ess  
conc]ns aris+ "u title #ce1 ,unit$      
,/ates ,code1 relat+ to pat5t infr+em5t4
  7c7 ,expansion ( pat5t pilot program 9
 c]ta9 di/rict c\rts  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,n  
lat] ?an #ahj days aft] ! date ( !      
enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,director ( !    

,adm9i/rative ,(fice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
,c\rts %all designate n few] ?an #f ( ! 
di/rict c\rts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t are   
p>ticipat+ 9 ! pat5t cases pilot program
 e/abli%$ "u section #a ( ,public ,law  
#aaa-cdi 7#bh ,u4,s4,c4 #acg note7 = !  
purpose ( exp&+ t program to address    
special issues rais$ 9 pat5t infr+em5t  
suits aga9/ individuals or small bus9ess
 conc]ns4  7#b7 ,proc$ures = small      
bus9esses ,n lat] ?an #b ye>s aft] !    
date ( ! enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ea*       
di/rict c\rt designat$ "u p>agraph 7#a7 
%all develop proc$ures = exp$it+ cases 9
 :i* an individual or small bus9ess     
conc]n is accus$ ( pat5t infr+em5t4     
7#c7 ,p>ticipat+ judges  7,a7 ,9 g5]al  
,9 ea* di/rict c\rt designat$ "u        
p>agraph 7#a71 ea* di/rict c\rt judge   
p>ticipat+ 9 ! pat5t cases pilot program
 e/abli%$ "u section #a ( ,public ,law  
#aaa-cdi may appo9t #a additional law   
cl]k or secret>y 9 excess ( any o!r     
limitation on ! numb] ( su* employees4  
7,b7 ,education & tra9+ ,! ,f$]al       

,judicial ,c5t]1 us+ exi/+ res\rces1    
%all prep>e educational & tra9+ mat]ials
 to assi/ di/rict c\rt judges describ$ 9
 subp>agraph 7,a7 9 develop+ exp]tise 9 
pat5t & plant v>iety protection cases4  
7#d7 ,funds ,!re are au?oriz$ to be     
appropriat$ su* sums z may be necess>y  
to c>ry out p>agraph 7#c77;,a74  7d7    
,free onl9e availability ( public se>*  
facility mat]ials ,section #da7;i7 (    
title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$
 by add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new p>agraph3
  7#e7 ,free onl9e availability ( public
 se>* facility mat]ials ,! ,director    
%all make available onl9e & at no *>ge  
all pat5t & tradem>k in=mation t is     
available at ! ,public ,se>* ,facility (
 ! ,(fice locat$ 9 ,alex&ria1 ,virg9ia1 
includ+1 except to ! ext5t t lic5ses )  
?ird-p>ty contractors w\ld make su*     
provision f9ancially unviable--  7,a7   
se>* tools & databases2  7,b7           
in=mational mat]ials2 &  7,c7 tra9+     
classes & mat]ials4  4  ,,ii ,t>get+    
,rogue & ,opaque ,lett]s  #bja4         

,def9itions ,9 ?is title3  7#a7 ,bad    
fai? ,! t]m bad fai? means1 ) respect to
 section #bjb7;a71 t ! s5d]-- 7,a7 made 
kn[+ly false or kn[+ly mislead+         
/atem5ts1 repres5tations1 or omissions2 
7,b7 made /atem5ts1 repres5tations1 or  
omissions ) reckless indiff]5ce z to !  
false or mislead+ nature ( su* /atem5ts1
 repres5tations1 or omissions2 or  7,c7 
made /atem5ts1 repres5tations1 or       
omissions ) aw>5ess ( ! high probability
 ( ! /atem5ts1 repres5tations1 or       
omissions to deceive & ! s5d]           
int5tionally avoid$ ! tru?4  7#b7       
,commission ,! t]m ,commission means !  
,f$]al ,trade ,commission4  7#c7 ,f9al  
det]m9ation ,! t]m f9al det]m9ation     
means1 ) respect to ! invalidity or     
un5=ceability ( a pat5t1 t ! invalidity 
or un5=ceability has be5 det]m9$ by a   
c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ! ,unit$      
,/ates ,pat5t & ,tradem>k ,(fice 9 a    
f9al decision t is unappealable or = :i*
 any opportunity = appeal is no long]   
available4  #bjb4 ,unfair or deceptive  

acts or practices 9 connection ) !      
ass]tion ( a ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t  7a7 ,9
 g5]al ,x %all be an unfair or deceptive
 act or practice )9 ! mean+ ( section   
#e7;a77#a7 ( ! ,f$]al ,trade ,commission
 ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #de7;a77#a77 = a   
p]son1 9 connection ) ! ass]tion ( a    
,unit$ ,/ates pat5t1 to engage 9 a      
patt]n or practice ( s5d+ writt5        
communications t /ate or repres5t t !   
recipi5ts are or may be infr++1 or h or 
may h infr+$1 ! pat5t & be> liability or
 owe comp5sation to ano!r1 if--  7#a7 ! 
s5d] ( ! communications1 9 bad fai?1    
/ates or repres5ts 9 ! communications   
t-- 7,a7 ! s5d] is a p]son ) ! "r to    
lic5se or en=ce ! pat5t at ! "t !       
communications are s5t1 & ! s5d] is n a 
p]son ) su* a "r2  7,b7 a civil action  
ass]t+ a claim ( infr+em5t ( ! pat5t has
 be5 fil$ aga9/ ! recipi5t2  7,c7 a     
civil action ass]t+ a claim ( infr+em5t 
( ! pat5t has be5 fil$ aga9/ o!r p]sons2
  7,d7 legal action = infr+em5t ( !     
pat5t w be tak5 aga9/ ! recipi5t2  7,e7 

! s5d] is ! exclusive lic5see ( ! pat5t 
ass]t$ 9 ! communications2  7,f7 p]sons 
o!r ?an ! recipi5t pur*as$ a lic5se = ! 
pat5t ass]t$ 9 ! communications2  7,g7  
p]sons o!r ?an ! recipi5t pur*as$ a     
lic5se1 & ! s5d] does n disclose t su*  
lic5se is unrelat$ to ! alleg$ infr+em5t
 or ! pat5t ass]t$ 9 ! communications2  
7,h7 an inve/igation ( ! recipi5t's     
alleg$ infr+em5t occurr$2 or  7,i7 !    
s5d] or an affiliate ( ! s5d] previ\sly 
fil$ a civil action ass]t+ a claim (    
infr+em5t ( ! pat5t bas$ on ! activity t
 is ! subject ( ! writt5 communication  
:5 ! s5d] knew su* activity 0 held1 9 a 
f9al det]m9ation1 n to infr+e ! pat5t2  
7#b7 ! s5d] ( ! communications1 9 bad   
fai?1 seeks comp5sation =-- 7,a7 a pat5t
 claim t has be5 held to be un5=ceable  
due to inequitable conduct1 invalid1 or 
o!rwise un5=ceable aga9/ ! recipi5t1 9 a
 f9al det]m9ation2  7,b7 activities     
und]tak5 by ! recipi5t aft] expiration (
 ! pat5t ass]t$ 9 ! communications2 or  
7,c7 activity ( ! recipi5t t ! s5d] knew

 0 au?oriz$1 ) respect to ! pat5t claim 
or claims t are ! subject ( !           
communications1 by a p]son ) ! "r to    
lic5se ! pat5t2 or  7#c7 ! s5d] ( !     
communications1 9 bad fai?1 fails to    
include-- 7,a7 ! id5tity ( ! p]son      
ass]t+ a "r to lic5se ! pat5t to1 or    
en=ce ! pat5t aga9/1 ! recipi5t1 includ+
 ! id5tity ( any p>5t entity & !        
ultimate p>5t entity ( su* p]son1 unless
 su* p]son is a public company & ! "n ( 
! public company is id5tifi$2  7,b7 an  
id5tification ( at lea/ "o pat5t issu$  
by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t & ,tradem>k   
,(fice alleg$ to h be5 infr+$2  7,c7 an 
id5tification1 to ! ext5t reasonable "u 
! circum/ances1 ( at lea/ "o product1   
s]vice1 or o!r activity ( ! recipi5t t  
is alleg$ to infr+e ! id5tifi$ pat5t2   
7,d7 a description1 to ! ext5t          
reasonable "u ! circum/ances1 ( h[ !    
product1 s]vice1 or o!r activity ( !    
recipi5t infr+es an id5tifi$ pat5t &    
pat5t claim2 or  7,e7 a "n & contact    
in=mation = a p]son ! recipi5t may      

contact ab\t ! ass]tions or claims      
relat+ to ! pat5t conta9$ 9 !           
communications4  7b7 ,affirmative def5se
 ,) respect to subsection 7a71 !re %all 
be an affirmative def5se t /atem5ts1    
repres5tations1 or omissions 7 n made 9 
bad fai? 7z def9$ 9 subp>agraphs 7,b7 & 
7,c7 ( section #bja7a77 if ! s5d] c     
demon/rate t su* /atem5ts1              
repres5tations1 or omissions 7 mi/akes  
made 9 good fai?4 ,evid5ce t ! s5d] 9 ! 
usual c\rse ( bus9ess s5ds writt5       
communications t d n violate !          
provisions ( ?is title %all be suffici5t
 to demon/rate good fai?4 ,good fai? may
 also be demon/rat$ by o!r evid5ce4  7c7
 ,rule ( con/ruction ,= purposes (      
sections #bjc & #bjd1 ! commission ( an 
act or practice t is decl>$ "u ?is      
section to be an unfair or deceptive act
 or practice )9 ! mean+ ( section       
#e7;a77#a7 ( ! ,f$]al ,trade ,commission
 ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #de7;a77#a77 %all  
be consid]$ to be a violation ( ?is     
section4  #bjc4 ,en=cem5t by ,f$]al     

,trade ,commission  7a7 ,violation (    
rule ,a violation ( section #bjb %all be
 treat$ z a violation ( a rule def9+ an 
unfair or deceptive act or practice     
prescrib$ "u section #ah7;a77#a77;,b7 ( 
! ,f$]al ,trade ,commission ,act 7#ae   
,u4,s4,c4 #eg;a7a77#a77;,b774  7b7 ,p[]s
 ( ,commission ,! ,commission %all en=ce
 ?is title 9 ! same mann]1 by ! same    
means1 & ) ! same jurisdiction1 p[]s1 & 
duties z ?\gh all applicable t]ms &     
provisions ( ! ,f$]al ,trade ,commission
 ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #da et seq47 7     
incorporat$ into & made a "p ( ?is      
title4 ,any p]son :o violates section   
#bjb %all be subject to ! p5alties &    
entitl$ to ! privileges & immunities    
provid$ 9 ! ,f$]al ,trade ,commission   
,act4  7c7 ,effect on o!r laws ,no?+ 9  
?is title %all be con/ru$ 9 any way to  
limit or affect ! au?ority ( !          
,commission "u any o!r provision ( law4 
#bjd4 ,preemption ( ,/ate laws on pat5t 
dem& lett]s & en=cem5t by ,/ate         
attorneys g5]al  7a7 ,preemption  7#a7  

,9 g5]al ,?is title preempts any law1   
rule1 regulation1 requirem5t1 /&>d1 or  
o!r provision hav+ ! =ce & effect ( law 
( any ,/ate1 or political subdivision ( 
a ,/ate1 expressly relat+ to !          
transmission or cont5ts ( communications
 relat+ to ! ass]tion ( pat5t rights4   
7#b7 ,effect on o!r ,/ate laws ,except z
 provid$ 9 p>agraph 7#a71 ?is title %all
 n be con/ru$ to preempt or limit any   
provision ( any ,/ate law1 includ+ any  
,/ate consum] protection law1 any ,/ate 
law relat+ to acts ( fraud or deception1
 & any ,/ate trespass1 contract1 or tort
 law4  7b7 ,en=cem5t by ,/ate attorneys 
g5]al  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,9 any case 9 :i* !
 attorney g5]al ( a ,/ate has reason to 
believe t an int]e/ ( ! resid5ts ( t    
,/ate has be5 adv]sely affect$ by any   
p]son :o violates section #bjb1 !       
attorney g5]al ( ! ,/ate may br+ a civil
 action on behalf ( su* resid5ts ( !    
,/ate 9 a di/rict c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 ( appropriate jurisdiction--  7,a7 to  
enjo9 fur!r su* violation by ! def5dant2

 or  7,b7 to obta9 civil p5alties on    
behalf ( recipi5ts :o suff]$ actual     
damages z a result ( su* violation4     
7#b7 ,maximum civil p5alty ,not)/&+ !   
numb] ( actions :i* may be br\ght aga9/ 
a p]son "u ?is subsection1 a p]son may n
 be liable = a total ( m ?an #e1jjj1jjj 
= a s]ies ( relat$ violations ( section 
#bjb4  7#c7 ,int]v5tion by ! ,,ftc  7,a7
 ,notice & int]v5tion ,! attorney g5]al 
( a ,/ate %all provide prior writt5     
notice ( any action "u p>agraph 7#a7 to 
! ,commission & provide ! ,commission ) 
a copy ( ! compla9t 9 ! action1 except 9
 any case 9 :i* su* prior notice is n   
feasible1 9 :i* case ! attorney g5]al   
%all s]ve su* notice imm$iately ^u      
in/itut+ su* action4 ,! ,commission %all
 h ! "r--  7i7 to int]v5e 9 ! action2   
7ii7 ^u s int]v5+1 to be he>d on all    
matt]s aris+ !re92 &  7iii7 to file     
petitions = appeal4  7,b7 ,limitation on
 ,/ate action :ile ,f$]al action is p5d+
 ,if ! ,commission has in/itut$ a civil 
action = violation ( section #bjb1 no   

,/ate attorney g5]al may br+ an action  
"u ?is subsection dur+ ! p5d5cy ( t     
action aga9/ any def5dant nam$ 9 !      
compla9t ( ! ,commission = any violation
 ( su* section alleg$ 9 ! compla9t4     
7#d7 ,con/ruction ,= purposes ( br++ any
 civil action "u p>agraph 7#a71 no?+ 9  
?is title %all be con/ru$ to prev5t !   
attorney g5]al ( a ,/ate f ex]cis+ !    
p[]s conf]r$ on ! attorney g5]al by !   
laws ( t ,/ate to--  7,a7 conduct       
inve/igations2  7,b7 adm9i/] oa?s or    
affirmations2 or  7,c7 compel !         
att5dance ( witnesses or ! production ( 
docum5t>y & o!r evid5ce4