,,ii #aafth ,,congress #ast ,session ,s4 #aigd ,,in ,,the ,,senate ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,june #bf1 #bjai ,mr4 ,udall 7for himself1 ,mr4 ,heinrich1 ,mr4 ,king1 ,ms4 ,smith1 and ,mr4 ,whitehouse7 introduced the following bill2 which was read twice and referred to the ,committee on ,energy and ,natural ,resources ,a ,,bill ,to amend the ,public ,utility ,regulatory ,policies ,act of #aigh to establish a renewable electricity standard1 and for other purposes4 #a4 ,short title ,this ,act may be cited as the ,renewable ,electricity ,standard ,act4 #b4 ,findings ,congress finds that-- 7#a7 renewable energy is the cheapest new form of electricity in many regions of the ,united ,states2 7#b7 to meet the climate goals of the ,united ,states1 every ,state must transition to carbon-free electricity by #bjej2 7#c7 renewable energy is a virtually unlimited resource that can help avoid pollution of the air1 water1 and land of the ,united ,states2 7#d7 ,states without high levels of renewable energy should not be penalized for past inaction1 but should comply with an annual percentage increase of renewable electricity2 and 7#e7 ,states should be encouraged to create their own renewable electricity standards or clean energy standards above the ,federal renewable electricity standard4 #c4 ,renewable electricity standard 7a7 ,in general ,title ,,vi of the ,public ,utility ,regulatory ,policies ,act of #aigh 7#af ,u4,s4,c4 #bfja et seq47 is amended by adding at the end the following3 #faj4 ,renewable electricity standard 7a7 ,definitions ,in this section3 7#a7 ,base quantity of electricity 7,a7 ,in general ,except as provided in subparagraph 7,b71 the term base quantity of electricity means the total quantity of electric energy sold by a retail electric supplier1 expressed in terms of kilowatt hours1 to electric customers for purposes other than resale during the most recent calendar year for which information is available4 7,b7 ,exception ,the term base quantity of electricity does not include any quantity of renewable energy delivered by a retail electric supplier to an electric customer pursuant to a voluntarily transaction entered into by the customer to meet the demand of the customer for renewable energy4 7#b7 ,eligible facility ,the term eligible facility means a facility for the generation of electric energy that-- 7,a7 generates electric energy from a new renewable energy resource using equipment that comes online during calendar year #bjbj or thereafter2 7,b7 generates additional electric energy during a calendar year from increased efficiency of1 or additions of capacity to1 existing equipment for the generation of electric energy from a renewable energy resource1 as compared to the quantity of electric energy generated from renewable energy resources during the preceding calendar year2 7,c7 generates electric energy from a renewable energy resource using repowered equipment that was placed in service before calendar year #bjbj1 even though that repowered equipment contains some used property1 if the cost of the new property is not less than #d times the fair market value of the used property contained in the repowered equipment2 or 7,d7 generates electric energy from a renewable energy resource using equipment that comes online after calendar year #bjje and before calendar year #bjbj1 and that electric energy-- 7i7 is not under a contract for the sale of renewable energy credits or physical power to-- 7,i7 a retail electric supplier for use in complying with a ,state renewable portfolio standard2 or 7,,ii7 meet voluntary market demand2 and 7ii7 7,i7 is delivered for end-use consumption in the regional reliability entity 7as recognized by the ,north ,american ,electric ,reliability ,corporation7 in which the retail electric supplier is located2 and 7,,ii7 the end-use consumption within that region can be tracked and verified4 7#c7 ,impacted community ,the term impacted community means-- 7,a7 an economically distressed area affected by environmental pollution or other hazards that can lead to-- 7i7 exposure to the pollution or hazard1 including negative public health effects resulting from that exposure2 or 7ii7 environmental degradation2 and 7,b7 an economically distressed area affected by high unemployment due to-- 7i7 a significant decline in coal mining activity2 or 7ii7 the closure of a coal-fired power plant4 7#d7 ,incremental hydropower ,the term incremental hydropower means additional generation that is achieved from increased efficiency of1 or additions of capacity to1 existing hydroelectric facilities that are made on or after the date of enactment of this section4 7#e7 ,indian land ,the term ,indian land means-- 7,a7 any land within the limits of any ,indian reservation1 pueblo1 or rancheria2 7,b7 any land not within the limits of any ,indian reservation1 pueblo1 or rancheria title to which on the date of enactment of this section was held by-- 7i7 the ,united ,states for the benefit of any ,indian ,tribe or individual2 or 7ii7 any ,indian ,tribe or individual subject to restriction by the ,united ,states against alienation2 7,c7 any dependent ,indian community2 and 7,d7 any land conveyed to any ,alaska ,native ,corporation under the ,alaska ,native ,claims ,settlement ,act 7#dc ,u4,s4,c4 #afja et seq474 7#f7 ,indian ,tribe ,the term ,indian ,tribe means any ,indian ,tribe1 band1 nation1 or other organized group or community1 including any ,alaskan ,native village or regional or village corporation 7as defined in1 or established pursuant to1 the ,alaska ,native ,claims ,settlement ,act 7#dc ,u4,s4,c4 #afja et seq4771 that is recognized as eligible for the special programs and services provided by the ,united ,states to ,indians because of their status as ,indians4 7#g7 ,renewable ,biomass 7,a7 ,in general ,the term renewable biomass means-- 7i7 crop byproducts or crop residues that-- 7,i7 are harvested from actively managed or fallow agricultural land that is cleared prior to ,january #a1 #bjai2 and 7,,ii7 are procured at a rate that adequately maintains soil carbon and prevents erosion2 7ii7 closed-loop biomass 7as defined in section #de7;c77#b7 of the ,internal ,revenue ,code of #aihf7 that is harvested from land cleared prior to ,january #a1 #bjai2 7iii7 byproducts of wood or paper mill operations1 including lignin in spent pulping liquors2 7iv7 small diameter thinned trees 7as defined in a regulation promulgated by the ,secretary1 in consultation with the ,administrator of the ,environmental ,protection ,agency and ,secretary of the ,interior1 pursuant to a negotiated rulemaking71 logging residues 7as defined by the ,forest ,service71 or tops and limbs 7as defined by the ,forest ,service72 7v7 trees removed for purposes of ecological restoration1 to be determined by the ,secretary1 in consultation with the ,chief of the ,forest ,service and the ,director of the ,united ,states ,fish and ,wildlife ,service1 taking into consideration climate impacts2 7vi7 algae2 7vii7 nonhazardous plant matter derived from waste-- 7,i7 including separated yard waste1 landscape right-of-way trimmings1 and food waste2 but 7,,ii7 not including municipal solid waste1 recyclable waste paper1 painted1 treated or pressurized wood1 or wood contaminated with plastic or metals2 and 7viii7 vegetative matter removed from within #bjj yards of any man-made structure or campground for the purposes of hazardous fuels thinning4 7,b7 ,exclusion of invasive species 7i7 ,in general ,notwithstanding subparagraph 7,a71 except as provided in clause 7ii71 the term renewable biomass does not include any matter derived from a plant that is invasive or noxious1 or from a species or variety of plants that credible risk assessment tools or other credible sources determine is potentially invasive1 as determined by the ,secretary1 in consultation with other appropriate ,federal or ,state departments and agencies4 7ii7 ,exception ,the term renewable biomass includes matter derived from a plant that is invasive or noxious1 or from a species or variety of plants that credible risk assessment tools or other credible sources determine is potentially invasive1 if-- 7,i7 the matter was removed for purposes of control or eradication of the invasive1 noxious1 or potentially invasive plant2 and 7,,ii7 the invasive1 noxious1 or potentially invasive plant was not planted for the purpose of using the plant as an energy crop4 7#h7 ,renewable energy ,the term renewable energy means electric energy generated by a renewable energy resource4 7#i7 ,renewable energy resource ,the term renewable energy resource means-- 7,a7 solar2 7,b7 wind2 7,c7 ocean2 7,d7 tidal2 7,e7 geothermal energy2 7,f7 renewable biomass2 7,g7 landfill gas2 7,h7 incremental hydropower2 or 7,i7 hydrokinetic energy4 7#aj7 ,retail electric supplier 7,a7 ,in general ,the term retail electric supplier means a person that sells electric energy to electric consumers for purposes other than resale during the preceding calendar year4 7,b7 ,sales to parent companies or affiliates ,for purposes of this paragraph1 sales by any person to a parent company or to other affiliates of the person shall not be treated as sales to electric consumers4 7b7 ,compliance ,for calendar year #bjbj and each calendar year thereafter1 each retail electric supplier shall meet the requirements of subsection 7c7 by submitting to the ,secretary1 not later than ,april #a of the following calendar year1 #a or more of the following3 7#a7 ,federal renewable energy credits issued under subsection 7e74 7#b7 ,certification of the renewable energy generated and electricity savings pursuant to the funds associated with ,state compliance payments as specified in subsection 7e77#d77;,f74 7#c7 ,alternative compliance payments pursuant to subsection 7h74 7c7 ,required annual percentage increase 7#a7 ,in general ,except as provided in paragraph 7#b71 for each of calendar years #bjbj through #bjce1 the required annual percentage increase of the base quantity of electricity of a retail electric supplier that shall be generated from renewable energy resources1 or otherwise credited toward the percentage requirement pursuant to subsection 7d71 shall be the applicable percentage specified in the following table3 ,required ,amount ,calendar ,yearpercentage #bjbja4e #bjbab4j #bjbbb4j #bjbcb4j #bjbdb4j #bjbeb4j #bjbfb4j #bjbgb4j #bjbhb4j #bjbib4j #bjcjb4e #bjcab4e #bjcbb4e #bjccb4e #bjcdb4e #bjceb4e4 7#b7 ,application to certain retail electric suppliers ,in the case of a retail electric supplier that sells less than #a1jjj1jjj megawatt hours of electric energy to electric consumers for purposes other than resale during the preceding calendar year1 for each of calendar years #bjbj through #bjce1 the required annual percentage increase of the base quantity of electricity of the retail electric supplier that shall be generated from renewable energy resources1 or otherwise credited toward the percentage requirement pursuant to subsection 7d71 shall be #a_/b of the percentage specified for the calendar year in the table in paragraph 7#a74 7d7 ,renewable energy credits 7#a7 ,in general ,a retail electric supplier may satisfy the requirements of subsection 7b77#a7 through the submission of ,federal renewable energy credits-- 7,a7 issued to the retail electric supplier under subsection 7e72 7,b7 obtained by purchase or exchange under subsection 7f72 or 7,c7 borrowed under subsection 7g74 7#b7 ,federal renewable energy credits ,a ,federal renewable energy credit may be counted toward compliance with subsection 7b77#a7 only once4 7e7 ,issuance of ,federal renewable energy credits 7#a7 ,in general ,not later than #a year after the date of enactment of this section1 the ,secretary shall establish by rule a program-- 7,a7 to verify and issue ,federal renewable energy credits to generators of renewable energy2 7,b7 to track the sale1 exchange1 and retirement of the credits2 and 7,c7 to enforce the requirements of this section4 7#b7 ,existing non-,federal tracking systems ,to the maximum extent practicable1 in establishing the program1 the ,secretary shall rely on existing and emerging ,state or regional tracking systems that issue and track non-,federal renewable energy credits4 7#c7 ,application 7,a7 ,in general ,an entity that generates electric energy through the use of a renewable energy resource may apply to the ,secretary for the issuance of renewable energy credits4 7,b7 ,eligibility ,to be eligible for the issuance of the credits1 the applicant shall demonstrate to the ,secretary that-- 7i7 7,i7 the electric energy will be transmitted onto the grid2 or 7,,ii7 in the case of a generation offset1 the electric energy offset would have otherwise been consumed onsite2 and 7ii7 in the case of electric energy generated from a renewable energy resource using equipment that comes online after calendar year #bjje and before calendar year #bjbj1 each new kilowatt hour of electric energy generated by that equipment satisfies the criteria set forth in clauses 7i7 and 7ii7 of subsection 7a77#b77;,d74 7,c7 ,contents ,the application shall indicate-- 7i7 the type of renewable energy resource that is used to produce the electricity2 7ii7 the location at which the electric energy will be produced2 and 7iii7 any other information the ,secretary determines appropriate4 7#d7 ,quantity of ,federal renewable energy credits 7,a7 ,in general ,except as otherwise provided in this paragraph1 the ,secretary shall issue to a generator of electric energy #a ,federal renewable energy credit for each new kilowatt hour of electric energy generated by the use of a renewable energy resource at an eligible facility each year4 7,b7 ,incremental hydropower 7i7 ,in general ,for purpose of compliance with this section1 ,federal renewable energy credits for incremental hydropower shall be based on the increase in average annual generation resulting from the efficiency improvements or capacity additions4 7ii7 ,water flow information ,the incremental generation shall be calculated using the same water flow information that is-- 7,i7 used to determine a historic average annual generation baseline for the hydroelectric facility2 and 7,,ii7 certified by the ,secretary or the ,commission4 7iii7 ,operational changes ,the calculation of the ,federal renewable energy credits for incremental hydropower shall not be based on any operational change at the hydroelectric facility that is not directly associated with the efficiency improvements or capacity additions4 7,c7 ,indian land ,the ,secretary shall issue #b renewable energy credits for each new kilowatt hour of electric energy generated and supplied to the grid in a calendar year through the use of a renewable energy resource at an eligible facility located on ,indian land4 7,d7 ,impacted communities ,the ,secretary shall issue #b renewable energy credits for each new kilowatt hour of electric energy generated and supplied to the grid in a calendar year through the use of a renewable energy resource at an eligible facility located in an impacted community4 7,e7 ,combination of renewable and nonrenewable energy resources ,if both a renewable energy resource and a nonrenewable energy resource are used to generate the electric energy1 the ,secretary shall issue the ,federal renewable energy credits based on the proportion of the renewable energy resources used4 7,f7 ,compliance with ,state renewable portfolio standard programs ,payments made by a retail electric supplier1 directly or indirectly1 to a ,state for compliance with a ,state renewable portfolio standard program1 or for an alternative compliance mechanism1 shall be valued at #a credit per kilowatt hour for the purpose of subsection 7b77#b7 based on the quantity of electric energy generation from renewable resources that results from the payments4 7f7 ,renewable energy credit trading 7#a7 ,in general ,except as provided in paragraph 7#b71 a ,federal renewable energy credit may be sold1 transferred1 or exchanged by the entity to whom the credit is issued or by any other entity that acquires the ,federal renewable energy credit4 7#b7 ,limitation ,a ,federal renewable energy credit may not be sold1 transferred1 or exchanged under paragraph 7#a7 if the credit was issued to an eligible facility as a result of that facility having complied with a ,state program the requirements of which exceed the requirements of this section with respect to the quantity of renewable energy4 7#c7 ,carryover ,a ,federal renewable energy credit for any year that is not submitted to satisfy the minimum required increase in renewable generation under subsection 7c7 for that year may be carried forward for use pursuant to subsection 7b77#a7 within the next #c years4 7#d7 ,delegation ,the ,secretary may delegate to an appropriate market-making entity the administration of a national tradeable renewable energy credit market for purposes of creating a transparent national market for the sale or trade of renewable energy credits4 7g7 ,renewable energy credit borrowing 7#a7 ,in general ,not later than ,december #ca1 #bjbj1 a retail electric supplier that has reason to believe the retail electric supplier will not be able to fully comply with subsection 7b7 may-- 7,a7 submit a plan to the ,secretary demonstrating that the retail electric supplier will earn sufficient ,federal renewable energy credits within the next #c calendar years that1 when taken into account1 will enable the retail electric supplier to meet the requirements of subsection 7b7 for calendar year #bjbj and the subsequent calendar years involved2 and 7,b7 on the approval of the plan by the ,secretary1 apply ,federal renewable energy credits that the plan demonstrates will be earned within the next #c calendar years to meet the requirements of subsection 7b7 for each calendar year involved4 7#b7 ,repayment ,the retail electric supplier shall repay all of the borrowed ,federal renewable energy credits by submitting an equivalent number of ,federal renewable energy credits1 in addition to the credits otherwise required under subsection 7b71 by calendar year #bjbc or any earlier deadlines specified in the approved plan4 7h7 ,alternative compliance payments ,as a means of compliance under subsection 7b77#c71 the ,secretary shall accept payment equal to the lesser of-- 7#a7 #bjj percent of the average market value of ,federal renewable energy credits for the applicable compliance period2 or 7#b7 #c cents per kilowatt hour 7as adjusted on ,january #a of each year following calendar year #bjbj based on the implicit price deflator for the gross national product74 7i7 ,information collection ,the ,secretary may collect the information necessary to verify and audit-- 7#a7 7,a7 the annual renewable energy generation of any retail electric supplier2 and 7,b7 ,federal renewable energy credits submitted by a retail electric supplier pursuant to subsection 7b77#a72 7#b7 the validity of ,federal renewable energy credits submitted for compliance by a retail electric supplier to the ,secretary2 and 7#c7 the quantity of electricity sales of all retail electric suppliers4 7j7 ,environmental savings clause ,incremental hydropower shall be subject to all applicable environmental laws and licensing and regulatory requirements4 7k7 ,state programs 7#a7 ,in general ,nothing in this section preempts or affects any authority of a ,state1 political subdivision of a ,state1 or interstate compact-- 7,a7 to adopt or enforce any law or rule respecting renewable energy1 including by establishing and enforcing a renewable energy program that is separate from the program established under this section1 that does not conflict with the requirements of this section2 or 7,b7 to regulate the acquisition and disposition of ,federal renewable energy credits by retail electric suppliers4 7#b7 ,compliance with section ,no law or regulation referred to in paragraph 7#a77;,a7 shall relieve any person of any requirement otherwise applicable under this section4 7#c7 ,coordination with ,state program ,the ,secretary1 in consultation with ,states that have in effect renewable energy programs1 shall-- 7,a7 preserve the integrity of the ,state programs1 including programs the requirements of which exceed the requirements of this section with respect to quantity of renewable energy2 and 7,b7 facilitate coordination between the ,federal program and ,state programs4 7#d7 ,state infrastructure investment ,the ,federal ,energy ,regulatory ,commission shall seek to ensure that each transmission provider 7as defined in section #cg4c of title #ah1 ,code of ,federal ,regulations 7or a successor regulation77-- 7,a7 identifies the electric transmission infrastructure needs driven by the requirements of this section2 and 7,b7 fully evaluates1 in the transmission planning process1 potential transmission solutions to meet those identified needs4 7#e7 ,existing renewable energy programs ,in the regulations establishing the program under this section1 the ,secretary shall incorporate common elements of existing renewable energy programs1 including ,state programs1 to ensure administrative ease1 market transparency1 and effective enforcement4 7#f7 ,minimization of administrative burdens and costs ,in carrying out this section1 the ,secretary shall work with the ,states to minimize administrative burdens and costs to retail electric suppliers4 7#g7 ,opt-out 7,a7 ,in general ,subject to the requirements of this paragraph1 the ,secretary shall allow a ,state to elect not to participate in this section1 including any program established by the ,secretary under this section4 7,b7 ,eligibility ,a ,state may elect not to participate in this section if the ,secretary determines that-- 7i7 more than #fj percent of the electricity sold in the ,state each year is generated from new or existing renewable energy resources2 or 7ii7 the ,state-- 7,i7 has in effect a program the requirements of which exceed the requirements of this section with respect to quantity of new renewable energy2 and 7,,ii7 has in effect a system of enforcing compliance with that ,state program1 including any penalty1 that is at least as effective as the system of enforcement under this section4 7,c7 ,application 7i7 ,submission ,a ,state electing not to participate in this section shall submit to the ,secretary an application at such time1 in such manner1 and containing such information as the ,secretary may require4 7ii7 ,approval ,the ,secretary shall approve an application submitted under clause 7i7 if the ,secretary determines that the ,state meets the requirements described in subparagraph 7,b74 7,d7 ,waiver 7i7 ,in general ,on approval of an application under subparagraph 7,c71 the ,secretary shall issue to the ,state a waiver from the requirements of this section4 7ii7 ,duration ,a waiver issued by the ,secretary under clause 7i7 shall be for a period of #c years4 7,e7 ,effect of opt-out 7i7 ,in general ,on receipt of a waiver under subparagraph 7,d71 a ,state1 including any retail electric supplier within the ,state1 shall be exempt from the requirements of this section1 including any program established by the ,secretary under this section1 for the duration of the waiver4 7ii7 ,issuance of ,federal renewable energy credits 7,i7 ,in general ,subject to subclause 7,,ii71 the ,secretary shall not issue ,federal renewable energy credits for electricity generated in a ,state that has been issued a waiver under subparagraph 7,d74 7,,ii7 ,energy consumed in another ,state ,on request of an eligible facility located in a ,state that has been issued a waiver under subparagraph 7,d71 the ,secretary may issue to the eligible facility ,federal renewable energy credits for electric energy generated by the eligible facility through the use of a renewable energy resource if that electric energy was consumed in a ,state that has not been issued a waiver under subparagraph 7,d74 7iii7 ,grants ,a ,state that has received a waiver under subparagraph 7,d7 shall not be eligible for a grant under subsection 7n74 7l7 ,recovery of costs ,an electric utility that has sales of electric energy that are subject to rate regulation 7including any utility with rates that are regulated by the ,commission and any ,state regulated electric utility7 shall not be denied the opportunity to recover the full amount of the prudently incurred incremental cost of renewable energy obtained to comply with the requirements of subsection 7b74 7m7 ,program review 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary shall enter into an arrangement with the ,national ,academy of ,sciences under which the ,academy shall conduct a comprehensive evaluation of all aspects of the program established under this section4 7#b7 ,evaluation ,the study under paragraph 7#a7 shall include an evaluation of-- 7,a7 the effectiveness of the program in increasing the market penetration and lowering the cost of the eligible renewable energy technologies2 7,b7 the opportunities for any additional technologies and sources of renewable energy emerging since the date of enactment of this section2 7,c7 the impact on the regional diversity and reliability of supply sources1 including the power quality benefits of distributed generation2 7,d7 the regional resource development relative to renewable potential and reasons for any investment in renewable resources2 7,e7 the net cost or benefit of the renewable electricity standard to the national and ,state economies1 including-- 7i7 retail power costs2 7ii7 the economic development benefits of investment2 7iii7 avoided costs related to environmental and congestion mitigation investments that would otherwise have been required2 7iv7 the impact on natural gas demand and price2 and 7v7 the effectiveness of green marketing programs at reducing the cost of renewable resources2 and 7,f7 the impact of any attrition of existing renewable energy4 7#c7 ,report ,not later than ,january #a1 #bjbe1 and every #e years thereafter1 the ,secretary shall submit to ,congress a report describing the results of the evaluation and any recommendations for modifications and improvements to the program4 7#d7 ,plan ,not later than ,december #ca1 #bjcc1 the ,secretary shall submit to ,congress a plan to amend and extend1 through regulation1 the program and standards established under this section in a manner that will decarbonize the power sector before #bjej4 7n7 ,state renewable energy account 7#a7 ,in general ,there is established in the ,treasury a ,state renewable energy account4 7#b7 ,deposits ,all money collected by the ,secretary from the alternative compliance payments under subsection 7h7 shall be deposited into the ,state renewable energy account established under paragraph 7#a74 7#c7 ,grants 7,a7 ,in general ,proceeds deposited in the ,state renewable energy account shall be used by the ,secretary1 subject to annual appropriations1 for a program to provide grants-- 7i7 to the ,state agency responsible for administering a fund to promote renewable energy generation for customers of the ,state or an alternative agency designated by the ,state2 or 7ii7 if no agency described in clause 7i71 to the ,state agency developing ,state energy conservation plans under section #cfb of the ,energy ,policy and ,conservation ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #fcbb74 7,b7 ,use ,a grant under this paragraph shall be used for the purpose of-- 7i7 promoting renewable energy production2 or 7ii7 providing energy assistance and weatherization services to low-income consumers4 7,c7 ,criteria ,the ,secretary may issue guidelines and criteria for any grant awarded under this paragraph4 7,d7 ,state-approved funding mechanisms ,at least #ge percent of the funds provided to each ,state for each fiscal year shall be used to promote renewable energy production through grants1 production incentives1 or other ,state-approved funding mechanisms4 7,e7 ,allocation ,the funds shall be allocated to the ,states on the basis of retail electric sales subject to the renewable electricity standard under this section or through voluntary participation4 7,f7 ,records ,a ,state agency receiving a grant under this paragraph shall maintain such records and evidence of compliance as the ,secretary may require4 4 7b7 ,clerical amendment ,the table of contents for the ,public ,utility ,regulatory ,policies ,act of #aigh 7#af ,u4,s4,c4 prec4 #bfja7 is amended by adding at the end of the items relating to title ,,vi the following3 ,sec4 #fji4 ,rural and remote communities electrification grants4 ,sec4 #faj4 ,renewable electricity standard4 4