,,ii  #aaf? ,,congress  #a/ ,session    
,s4 #aigb  ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,!      
,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,june #be1 #bjai,mr4   
,b5net introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0   
read twice & ref]r$ to ! ,committee on !
 ,judici>y  ,a ,,bill  ,to create a m   
repres5tative & acc\ntable ,congress by 
prohibit+ p>tisan g]rym&]+ & ensur+ t   
any r$i/rict+ ( congressional di/rict   
b\nd>ies results 9 fair1 effective1 &   
acc\ntable repres5tation = all p4  #a4  
,%ort title ,?is ,act may be cit$ z !   
,fair ,maps ,act ( #bjai4  #b4 ,f9d+s   
,congress f9ds ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,democracy
 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is root$ 9 ! notion (
 actual repres5tation & a rejection ( ! 
e>li] ,briti% concept ( virtual         
repres5tation4 ,9 #aggf1 9 ,?\ghts on   
,gov]nm5t1 ,john ,adams wrote t a       
legislative assembly 8%\ld be 9         
m9iature1 an exact portrait ( ! p at    
l>ge404 ,?omas ,pa9e argu$ 9 ,common    
,s5se t a legislature %\ld act 89 ! same
 mann] z ! :ole body ( ! p w\ld act 7 !y
 pres5t404 ,at ! ,con/itutional         

,conv5tion1 bo? ,f$]ali/s &             
,anti-,f$]ali/s agre$4 ,f$]ali/ ,james  
,wilson decl>$1 = example1 t ! new ,h\se
 ( ,repres5tatives 8ought to be ! mo/   
exact transcript ( ! :ole ,society01    
:ile 8 c\nt]p>t ,george ,mason argu$ t !
 8requisites 9 actual repres5tation are 
t ! ,reps4 %\ld sympa?ize ) _!          
con/itu5ts2 %d4 ?9k z !y ?9k1  feel z !y
 feel404  7#b7 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt made   
cle> 9 ,reynolds v4 ,sims1 #cgg ,u4,s4  
#ecc 7#aifd71 t ! objective ( r$i/rict+ 
is to a*ieve fair & effective           
repres5tation = all1 t legislatures %\ld
 be bodies :i* are collectively         
responsive to ! popul> w1 & t !         
,con/itution gu>antees ! opportunity =  
equal p>ticipation by all vot]s4  7#c7  
,p>tisan g]rym&]+ is incompatible )     
democratic pr9ciples at ! f\ndation ( ! 
,republic4 ,! draw+ ( electoral di/ricts
 to b5efit or disadvantage c]ta9        
political p>ties d5ies p fair1          
effective1 & acc\ntable repres5tation by
 all[+ repres5tatives to *oose _! vot]s 

r ?an vot]s to *oose _! repres5tatives4 
7#d7 ,9 ,davis v4 ,b&em]1 #dgh ,u4,s4   
#aji 7#aihf71 ! ,supreme ,c\rt expla9$ t
 x has 8repeat$ly /at$ t di/rict+ t w\ld
 #8op]ate to m9imize or cancel out !    
vot+ /r5g? ( racial or political elem5ts
 ( ! vot+ population' w\ld raise a      
con/itutional "q04  7#e7 ,! ,con/itution
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates emp[]s ,congress to  
ensure t congressional di/rict+ promotes
 fair1 effective1 & acc\ntable          
repres5tation = all p1 z demon/rat$ 9-- 
7,a7 article ,i1 section #b1 clause #a1 
( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2     
7,b7 article ,i1 section #d1 clause #a1 
( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2     
7,c7 article ,i1 section #e1 clause #a1 
( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2     
7,d7 section #e ( ! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t to
 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 &    
7,e7 section #b ( ! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t to
 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  7#f7
 ,9 ,vie? v4 ,jubelir]1 #eda ,u4,s4 #bfg
 7#bjjd71 ! ,supreme ,c\rt recogniz$ t !
 ,fram]s provid$ a rem$y = p>tisan      

g]rym&]+ 9 ! ,con/itution ?r\gh ! p[]   
be/[$ on ,congress to regulate          
elections1 & ''' to re/ra9 ! practice ( 
political g]rym&]+44  7#g7 ,?is p[] has 
n la9 dormant1 z ,congress has repeat$ly
 ex]cis$ its au?ority "u article ,i1    
section #d to regulate congressional    
di/rict+ crit]ia :5 ,congress pass$ !   
,apportionm5t ,act ( #ahdb 7#e ,/at4    
#dia71 ! ,apportionm5t ,act ( #ahfb 7#ab
 ,/at4 #egb71 ! ,apportionm5t ,act (    
#ahgb 7#ag ,/at4 #bh71 ! ,apportionm5t  
,act ( #aija 7#ca ,/at4 #gcc71 !        
,apportionm5t ,act ( #aiaa 7#cg ,/at4   
#ac71 ! ,apportionm5t ,act ( #aida 7#ee 
,/at4 #gfa71 & ! #aifg am5dm5t to !     
,apportionm5t ,act ( #aibi 7,public ,law
 #ij-aif74  #c4 ,di/rict+ crit]ia  7a7  
,requir$ crit]ia ,foll[+ ea* ,f$]al     
dec5nial c5sus ( population1 ea* ,/ate )
 m ?an "o congressional di/rict %all    
e/abli% or alt] ! b\nd>ies ( ea*        
congressional di/rict ( ! ,/ate 7ref]r$ 
to 9 ?is ,act z a di/rict+ plan7 9      
accordance ) ea* ( ! foll[+ crit]ia3    

7#a7 ,di/ricts %all comply ) ! ,unit$   
,/ates ,con/itution1 includ+ !          
requirem5t t !y equalize total          
population4  7#b7 ,di/ricts %all comply 
) ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act ( #aife 7#eb     
,u4,s4,c4 #ajcja et seq474  7#c7        
,di/ricts %all provide racial1 e?nic1 & 
language m9orities ) an equal           
opportunity to p>ticipate 9 ! political 
process & to elect c&idates ( *oice &   
%all n dilute or dim9i% _! ability to   
elect c&idates ( *oice :e!r alone or 9  
coalition ) o!rs4  7#d7 ,di/ricts %all  
respect communities ( int]e/1           
neighborhoods1 & political subdivisions 
to ! ext5t practicable4 ,a community (  
int]e/ is def9$ z an area ) recogniz$   
simil>ities ( int]e/s1 includ+ e?nic1   
racial1 economic1 social1 cultural1     
geographic1 or hi/oric id5tities4       
,communities ( int]e/ may1 9 c]ta9      
circum/ances1 include political         
subdivisions su* z c\nties1             
municipalities1 or s*ool di/ricts1 b    
%all n include common relation%ips )    

political p>ties or political c&idates4 
7b7 ,prohibit$ crit]ia ,except to !     
ext5t necess>y to comply ) subsection   
7a77#b7 & 7#c7 & section #d1 9 e/abli%+ 
or alt]+ ! b\nd>ies ( any congressional 
di/rict ( a ,/ate1 ! ,/ate may n consid]
 ! foll[+ crit]ia3  7#a7 ,! political   
p>ty regi/ration or affiliation ( !     
resid5ts ( ! ,/ate4  7#b7 ,! vot+ hi/ory
 ( ! resid5ts ( ! ,/ate4  7#c7 ,!       
election results ( ! prec9cts ( ! ,/ate4
  7#d7 ,! place ( resid5ce ( any        
incumb5t1 political c&idate1 or pot5tial
 political c&idate4  7c7 ,p]missible    
crit]ia ,a ,/ate may consid] o!r        
crit]ia1 9 addition to ! requir$ crit]ia
 "u subsection 7a71 9 e/abli%+ or alt]+ 
! b\nd>ies ( its congressional di/ricts1
 to ! ext5t su* o!r crit]ia d n conflict
 ) ! requirem5ts ( ?is section or result
 9 a violation ( section #d4 ,!         
p]missible crit]ia "u ?is subsection may
 include any ( ! foll[+3  7#a7          
,geographic contiguity & compactness4   
7#b7 ,respect = c\nties1 cities1 & o!r  

political subdivisions4  #d4            
,prohibition on p>tisan g]rym&]+ ,a     
,/ate %all n e/abli% a di/rict+ plan t  
has ! purpose or1 except z necess>y to  
comply ) p>agraphs 7#a7 ?r\gh 7#c7 (    
section #c7;a71 w h ! effect ( unduly   
favor+ or disfavor+ any political p>ty4 
#e4 ,en=cem5t & rem$ies  7a7 ,"r (      
action  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,any eligible vot]
 ( a ,/ate may br+ a civil action be=e a
 #c-;judge c\rt conv5$ 9 accordance )   
section #bbhd ( title #bh1 ,unit$ ,/ates
 ,code1 = a violation ( section #c or   
#d4  7#b7 ,c\rt ord] ,a c\rt 9 a civil  
action "u ?is subsection-- 7,a7 may     
issue an ord]--  7i7 invalidat+ !       
di/rict+ plan ( su* ,/ate on ! gr\nds t 
! plan violates section #c or #d2 &     
7ii7 enjo9+ ! use ( t di/rict+ plan &   
requir+ ! ,/ate to develop a rem$ial    
di/rict+ plan t does n violate section  
#c or #d 9 accordance ) subsection 7b72 
7,b7 %all consid] any violation (       
section #c to be probative evid5ce t !  
di/rict+ plan has ! purpose ( unduly    

favor+ or disfavor+ a political p>ty 9  
contrav5tion ( section #d2 &  7,c7 9    
connection ) an ass]t$ claim ( a        
violation ( section #d1 may consid]1    
among o!r ?+s1 /ati/ical evid5ce ( !    
ext5t & durability ( p>tisan bias1      
electoral responsiv5ess1 & ! ability (  
ea* p>ty to translate votes into seat   
%>e4  7b7 ,rem$ies relat$ to prohibit$  
p>tisan g]rym&]+ ,9 rem$y+ a violation (
 section #d1 a c\rt %all apply ! foll[+3
 7#a7 ,if ! c\rt f9ds t ! ,/ate has     
e/abli%$ a di/rict+ plan ) ! purpose (  
unduly favor+ or disfavor+ a political  
p>ty1 ! c\rt %all appo9t a special ma/] 
or panel ( special ma/]s to develop a   
rem$ial di/rict+ plan1 :i* %all be      
approv$ by ! c\rt be=e tak+ effect4     
7#b7 ,if ! c\rt f9ds t ! ,/ate has      
e/abli%$ a di/rict+ plan t w h ! effect1
 b does n h ! purpose1 ( unduly favor+  
or disfavor+ a political p>ty1 ! c\rt   
may1 9 its discretion--  7,a7 appo9t a  
special ma/] or panel ( special ma/]s to
 develop a rem$ial di/rict+ plan1 :i*   

%all be approv$ by ! c\rt be=e tak+     
effect2 or  7,b7 all[ ! ,/ate !         
opportunity to develop a rem$ial        
di/rict+ plan1 :i* %all be approv$ by ! 
c\rt be=e tak+ effect4  7c7 ,adoption ( 
rem$ial maps ,any rem$ial di/rict+ plan 
%all comply ) ! requirem5ts ( section #c
 & #d & %all n become effective until   
approv$ by ! c\rt aft] an evid5ti>y he>+
 at :i* memb]s ( ! public may appe> &   
pres5t evid5ce1 includ+ exp]t te/imony )
 respect to ! compliance ( ! rem$ial    
plan ) all ( ! provisions ( ! ,act4  7d7
 ,rem$y p5d+ appeal ,not)/&+ ! p5d5cy ( 
any appeal ( an ord] f9d+ a violation ( 
section #c or #d1 no /ay %all be issu$  
:i* %all b> ! developm5t & adoption ( a 
rem$ial di/rict+ plan1 :e!r develop$ by 
! ,/ate or by ! special ma/] or panel ( 
special ma/]s 7z ! case may be71 p5d+   
su* appeal4  7e7 ,int]im plan ,9 ! ev5t 
t an upcom+ ,f$]al election requires an 
int]im di/rict+ plan to be us$ 9 su*    
election1 no?+ %all be con/ru$ to limit 
! au?ority ( ! c\rt to modify su* int]im

 di/rict+ plan 9 ! future or %all be    
int]pret$ z limit+ ! "r ( citiz5s ( !   
,/ate to obta9 o!r or fur!r relief 9    
connection ) ! ,/ate's enact$ plan4 ,!  
agreem5t ( a ,/ate to int]im relief or !
 adoption by a ,/ate ( an alt]native    
plan %all n--  7#a7 moot or invalidate a
 f9d+ t a di/rict+ plan is ! result (   
int5tional discrim9ation aga9/ vot]s on 
! basis ( race1 e?nicity1 or p>tisan    
affiliation2 or  7#b7 impair ! "r (     
vot]s to seek o!r relief "u applicable  
law = su* discrim9atory action1 includ+ 
"u section #c7;c7 ( ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act
 ( #aife 7#eb ,u4,s4,c4 #ajcjb7;c774    
7f7 ,legislative privilege ,no p]son1   
legislature1 or ,/ate may claim         
legislative privilege "u ei!r ,/ate or  
,f$]al law 9 a civil action br\ght "u   
?is section or 9 any o!r legal *all5ge1 
"u ei!r ,/ate or ,f$]al law1 to a       
di/rict+ plan4  #f4 ,safe h>bor ,)      
respect to any claim "u section #d1 a   
,/ate's enact$ congressional di/rict+   
plan %all h a rebuttable presumption (  

validity if t plan 0 creat$ by a        
nonp>tisan or bip>tisan r$i/rict+       
commission1 :]e support f memb]s ( m ?an
 "o political p>ty &1 if applicable1    
nonaffiliat$ memb]s1 is requir$ to      
approve a di/rict+ plan4  #g4           
,transp>5cy & report+  7a7 ,data ,ea*   
,/ate %all provide public access1 9 an  
easily useable =mat1 to ! demographic   
data & %ape files us$ by ! ,/ate to     
develop & analyze propos$ di/rict+      
plans4  7b7 ,notice ,prior to consid]+ a
 congressional di/rict+ plan1 ! mapdraw+
 au?ority ( a ,/ate %all hold "o or m   
public he>+s on su* plan aft] giv+      
notice ( n less ?an #aj days1 includ+ on
 a website ma9ta9$ by ! ,/ate1 ( !      
mapdraw+ au?ority's int5t to hold su*   
he>+s4 ,! mapdraw+ au?ority ( a ,/ate   
%all accept comm5ts on all congressional
 di/rict+ plans s notic$ z well z       
alt]native map proposals cov]+ all or "p
 ( a ,/ate & make all su* comm5ts &     
alt]native map proposals publicly       
available on a website ma9ta9$ by !     

,/ate4  7c7 ,report ,any propos$        
congressional di/rict+ plan to be vot$  
on by ! mapdraw+ au?ority ( a ,/ate %all
 be accompani$ by a writt5 report1 made 
available to ! public n less ?an #gb    
h\rs be=e any initial vote1 describ+ h[ 
! propos$ plan satisfies ! requirem5ts (
 section #c & #d1 includ+ an evaluation 
( ! di/rict+ plan "u multiple accept$   
measures ( p>tisan fairness4  #h4       
,prohibition on mid-decade di/rict+ ,a  
,/ate t has an approv$ rem$ial di/rict+ 
plan 9 accordance ) section #e may n be 
r$i/rict$ aga9 until aft] ! next        
apportionm5t ( ,repres5tatives "u       
section #bb7;a7 ( ! ,act entitl$ 8,an   
,act to provide = ! fifte5? & subsequ5t 
dec5nial c5suses & to provide = an      
apportionm5t ( ,repres5tatives 9        
,congress01 approv$ ,june #ah1 #aibi 7#b
 ,u4,s4,c4 #b;a71 unless a c\rt requires
 ! ,/ate to conduct su* subsequ5t       
r$i/rict+ to comply ) ! ,con/itution ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act (  
#aife 7#eb ,u4,s4,c4 #ajcja et seq471 ! 

,con/itution ( ! ,/ate1 or ! t]ms or    
conditions ( ?is ,act4  #i4 ,o!r laws   
7a7 ,no preemption ,no?+ 9 ?is ,act %all
 be con/ru$ to preempt any cause (      
action "u ,/ate law1 or limit or        
abrogate any cause ( action "u ,f$]al   
law4  7b7 ,vot+ ,rights ,act ,no?+ 9 ?is
 ,act %all be con/ru$ to preempt or alt]
 any provision ( ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act ( 
#aife 7#eb ,u4,s4,c4 #ajcja et seq474   
#aj4 ,sev]ability ,if any provision (   
?is ,act or ! application ( su*         
provision to any p]son or circum/ance is
 held to be uncon/itutional1 ! rema9d] (
 ?is ,act & ! application ( ! provision 
to any o!r p]son or circum/ance %all n  
be affect$4