,,iv  #aaf? ,,congress  #a/ ,session    
,h4 ,,res4 #fid  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(     
,,repres5tatives  ,novemb] #ac1         
#bjai,ms4 ,wat]s 7= h]self1 ,mr4        
,?ompson ( ,mississippi1 ,mr4 ,c>son (  
,indiana1 ,ms4 ,lee ( ,cali=nia1 ,mr4   
,danny ,k4 ,davis ( ,ill9ois1 ,mr4 ,gre5
 ( ,texas1 ,ms4 ,bass1 ,ms4 ,cl>ke (    
,new ,york1 ,ms4 ,jackson ,lee1 ,mr4    
,meeks1 ,mr4 ,ru%1 ,mr4 ,clay1 ,ms4     
,norton1 ,ms4 ,moore1 ,mrs4 ,watson     
,coleman1 ,mr4 ,evans1 ,mr4 ,lewis1 ,ms4
 ,pressley1 ,ms4 ,plaskett1 ,mrs4       
,beatty1 & ,ms4 ,fudge7 submitt$ !      
foll[+ resolution2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to !    
,committee on ! ,judici>y  ,,resolution 
,recogniz+ ! importance ( ! ,civil      
,rights ,act ( #ahff & ! laws d]iv$     
!refrom4  ,:]eas1 9 ! aft]ma? ( ! ,civil
 ,w>1 ! reunifi$ ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica
 /ruggl$ to recon/ruct its w>-torn      
,/ates or e/abli% laws grant+ newly fre$
 slaves ! same rights af=d$ to ,:ite    
citiz5s2 ,:]eas ! recon/ruction ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates foll[+ ! conclusion ( !   

,civil ,w> necess>ily includ$ !         
integration ( newly emancipat$ ,african 
,am]icans into broad] society1 & ) x1 _!
 receipt ( civil & legal protections2   
,:]eas1 z a response to ! unc]ta9 &     
unequal /atus ( newly fre$ slaves1 !    
#ac? ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution 0       
ratifi$ by ! ,/ates on ,decemb] #f1     
#ahfe1 =mally aboli%+ slav]y )9 ! ,unit$
 ,/ates1 or any place subject to _!     
jurisdiction2 ,:]eas1 on ,april #i1     
#ahff1 ,congress ov]rode a ,presid5tial 
veto to enact ! ,civil ,rights ,act (   
#ahff1 a law writt5 to protect & cl>ify 
! newly be/[$ rights ( p]sons ( ,african
 desc5t2 ,:]eas ! ,civil ,rights ,act ( 
#ahff decl>$ t all p]sons born 9 !      
,unit$ ,/ates are entitl$ to be citiz5s1
 )\t reg>d to race1 color1 or previ\s   
condition ( slav]y or involunt>y        
s]vitude2 ,:]eas ! ,civil ,rights ,act (
 #ahff 0 enact$ to accompli% ?ree prim>y
 objectives3 to e/abli% t all p]sons    
born 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 to be consid]$ 
citiz5s1 to cle>ly def9e ! rights       

gu>ante$ by ,am]ican citiz5%ip1 & to    
make x unlawful = any p]son to deprive  
ano!r ( ^! rights on ! basis ( race2    
,:]eas ! ,civil ,rights ,act ( #ahff    
s]v$ ! role ( ov]rid+ ,black ,codes1    
laws enact$ 9 s\!rn ,/ates to re/rict   
,african ,am]icans' fre$om & keep =m]ly 
enslav$ p]sons f ?riv+ 9 society2 ,:]eas
 section #a ( ! ,civil ,rights ,act (   
#ahff creat$ an av5ue = citiz5s :o fell 
victim to int5tional racial             
discrim9ation by all[+ !m g be=e a      
,f$]al c\rt & allege t he or %e 0       
discrim9at$ aga9/ :ile engag+ 9 lawful  
activity2 ,:]eas section #a ( ! ,civil  
,rights ,act ( #ahff 0 us$ to *all5ge ! 
laws e/abli%$ by s\!rn ,/ates to limit !
 rights & opportunities ( newly fre$    
slaves2 ,:]eas "u section #aigg ( !     
,revis$ ,/atutes 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aiha71 
z d]iv$ f section #af ( ! ,en=cem5t ,act
 ( #ahgj 7#af ,/at4 #adj7 & section #a (
 ! ,civil ,rights ,act ( #ahff 7#ad     
,/at4 #bg71 ,african-,am]ican citiz5s   
are giv5 ! "r to en=ce contracts1 give  

evid5ce 9 c\rt1 sue & be su$1 & pur*ase1
 sell1 & convey real & p]sonal prop]ty2 
,:]eas1 9 #aige1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt f\nd 9
 ,johnson v4 ,railway ,express ,ag5cy1  
,inc41 #dba ,u4,s4 #ded 7#aige71 t      
section #af ( ! ,en=cem5t ,act ( #ahgj  
7#af ,/at4 #adj7 all[$ = private        
employ]s to be held acc\ntable =        
discrim9ation )9 _! ranks2 ,:]eas       
section #aigg ( ! ,revis$ ,/atutes 7#db 
,u4,s4,c4 #aiha7 applies to all         
contracts1 includ+ ^? betwe5 employ] &  
employee1 & has become a vital tool =   
employm5t discrim9ation claimants2      
,:]eas section #aigg ( ! ,revis$        
,/atutes 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aiha7 /&s z "o 
( ! only laws protect+ aga9/ employ]s   
op5ly discrim9at+ on ! basis ( race :5  
contract+ ) o!r p>ties2 ,:]eas x is well
 e/abli%$ t section #aigg ( ! ,revis$   
,/atutes 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aiha7 has be5  
invok$ to *all5ge race discrim9ation 9  
employm5t matt]s & has held bad actors  
acc\ntable = contract discrim9ation2    
,:]eas1 9 #aihi1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt n>r[ly

 int]pret$ section #aigg ( ! ,revis$    
,/atutes 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aiha7 to only  
apply to contract =mation 9 ,patt]son v4
 ,mc,lean ,cr$it ,union1 #dia ,u4,s4    
#afd 7#aihi71 f9d+ t only c]ta9 po9ts 9 
a contractual engagem5t c\ld be subject 
to ! protections af=d$ 9 su* section2   
,:]eas ! rul+ 9 ,patt]son v4 ,mc,lean   
,cr$it ,union1 #dia ,u4,s4 #afd 7#aihi7 
function$ z a major setback 9 ensur+ t  
all aspects ( an employee or            
individual's int]action ) a bus9ess w\ld
 be free ( racial discrim9ation2 ,:]eas1
 9 #aiia1 ,congress disagre$ ) a ple?ora
 ( ,supreme ,c\rt decisions t und]m9$   
,f$]al antidiscrim9ation laws & *all5g$ 
! ,c\rt's re/rictive int]pretation (    
section #aigg ( ! ,revis$ ,/atutes 7#db 
,u4,s4,c4 #aiha7 9 ,patt]son by /atute1 
z "p ( ! ,civil ,rights ,act ( #aiia2   
,:]eas ! #bjjh decision 9 ,,cbocs ,we/1 
,inc4 v4 ,humphries1 #eec ,u4,s4 #ddb   
7#bjjh71 fur!r det]m9$ t section #aigg (
 ! ,revis$ ,/atutes 7#db ,u4,s4,c4      
#aiha7 prohibits n only direct          

discrim9ation1 b retaliation ( ^? alleg+
 discrim9ation1 z well2 ,:]eas          
,congress' int5t is cle> ?r\gh !        
legislative hi/ory ( section #aigg ( !  
,revis$ ,/atutes 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aiha71 
:i* def9itively illu/rates ! law 0 meant
 to provide & en=ce robu/ protection    
aga9/ race discrim9ation 9 contract+2   
,:]eas section #aigg ( ! ,revis$        
,/atutes 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aiha7 provides 
t all p]sons )9 ! jurisdiction ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates %all h ! same "r 4 4 4 to 
make & en=ce contracts 4 4 4 z is enjoy$
 by :ite citiz5s4 & ! /atute def9es make
 & en=ce contracts to include ! mak+1   
p]=mance1 modification1 & t]m9ation (   
contracts1 & ! enjoym5t ( all b5efits1  
privileges1 t]ms1 & conditions ( !      
contractual relation%ip42 ,:]eas section
 #aigg ( ! ,revis$ ,/atutes 7#db        
,u4,s4,c4 #aiha7 cle>ly enum]ates !     
protections af=d$ to m9orities 9 !      
,unit$ ,/ates :5 contract+ ) bus9esses &
 makes cle> t all aspects ( ! creation1 
modification1 & t]m9ation ( contracts   

are subject to ! scrut9y ( su* section2 
,:]eas ! mo/ direct int]pretation (     
section #aigg ( ! ,revis$ ,/atutes 7#db 
,u4,s4,c4 #aiha7 ensures t all racial   
m9orities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates be grant$ ! 
opportunity to ent] into contractual    
agreem5ts free ( discrim9ation2 & ,:]eas
 section #aigg ( ! ,revis$ ,/atutes 7#db
 ,u4,s4,c4 #aiha7 s]ves z a critically  
important tool to ensure no p]son is    
d5i$ ! ability to contract ) ano!r on ! 
basis ( race3 ,n[1 !re=e1 be x  ,t !    
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives-- 7#a7          
recognizes & honors ! hi/orical         
significance ( section #aigg ( ! ,revis$
 ,/atutes 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aiha71 & its  
in/rum5tal contributions to our         
,nation's pursuit ( equal protection =  
all ,am]icans2  7#b7 reaffirms its      
commitm5t to ! #ac?1 #ad?1 & #ae?       
am5dm5ts1 to ! ,civil ,rights ,act (    
#ahff 7& ! laws d]iv$ !refrom71 & to !  
civil rights & lib]ties ( all racial    
m9orities across ! c\ntry2 &  7#c7      
reaffirms ! congressional int5t beh9d   

section #a ( ! ,civil ,rights ,act (    
#ahff 7& ! laws d]iv$ !refrom71 :i* 01 &
 rema9s today1 ! protection ( ! rights (
 m9orities seek+ refuge f racial        
discrim9ation 9 bus9ess4