,,iv  #aaf? ,,congress  #a/ ,session    
,h4 ,,res4 #cbe  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(     
,,repres5tatives  ,april #ah1 #bjai,ms4 
,wild 7= h]self1 ,mr4 ,cisn]os1 ,ms4    
,gabb>d1 ,mr4 ,cri/1 ,ms4 ,norton1 ,mr4 
,rask91 ,mr4 ,ru%1 & ,mrs4 ,trahan7     
submitt$ ! foll[+ resolution2 :i* 0     
ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ,ov]sight &   
,re=m  ,,resolution  ,to express ! s5se 
( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives t all       
brief+s held by ! ,presid5t or ,f$]al   
ag5cies %\ld be made available to !     
press1 except = "u circum/ances t are   
consi/5t ) ,f$]al law4  ,:]eas colonial 
,am]ica endur$ oppressive m$ia c5sor%ip 
at ! h&s ( ,great ,brita91 includ+ !    
prohibition ( unfavorable in=mation &   
op9ions 9 colonial newspap]s2 ,:]eas    
,am]ican free press ideals c be trac$   
back to a collection ( essays kn[n z    
,cato's ,lett]s1 :i* criticiz$ ,briti%  
corruption & tyranny1 & :i* arm$ !      
public ) critical in=mation t ev5tually 
=m$ ! basis = ,am]ica's revolution &    
indep5d5ce2 ,:]eas 9 #aggf1 ,virg9ia    

became ! fir/ /ate to =mally protect !  
press by a ,decl>ation ( ,rights decl>+ 
the fre$om ( ! ,press is "o ( ! greate/ 
bulw>ks ( lib]ty1 & c nev] be re/ra9$ b 
by despotic ,gov]nm5ts2 ,:]eas our f\nd+
 fa!rs memorializ$ ! efficacy ( a free  
press by expressly protect+ ! press 9   
our ,fir/ ,am5dm5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates   
,con/itution1 :i* ,ju/ice ,pott] ,/ew>t 
once describ$ z ! only organiz$ private 
bus9ess t is giv5 explicit con/itutional
 protection2 ,:]eas />t+ 9 #aijb1 !     
press mov$ into ! fir/ ,:ite ,h\se press
 room--a move t 0 m ?an j conv5i5ce &   
signal$ t ! press 0 no long] !re j z    
gue/s ( ! ,presid5t b they 7 fill+ a    
public function2 ,:]eas ! ,:ite ,h\se   
,correspond5ts ,association 0 f\nd$ to  
keep a daily wat* on ! adm9i/ration2    
,:]eas c\rts h consi/5tly int]pret$ !   
,fir/ ,am5dm5t 9 su* a way s z to       
prohibit prior re/ra9ts1 or gov]nm5t    
actions t attempt to enjo9 publication  
except 9 exceptional cases :]e ! press  
w\ld cause inevitable1 direct1 &        

imm$iate dang] to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2      
,:]eas c\rts h r\t9ely reject$ viewpo9t 
discrim9ation & h consi/5tly prioritiz$ 
! ne$ = a free & robu/ press :5 weigh+  
compet+ con/itutional int]e/s2 ,:]eas a 
free press has long provid$ a vital     
national s]vice by1 int] alia1 report+  
on ! ,wat]gate sc&al t envelop$ ! ,nixon
 ,adm9i/ration & expos$ p]vasive        
corruption t exi/$ )9 ! ,executive      
,bran*2 ,:]eas c\rts hi/orically        
disfavor gov]nm5t c5sor%ip ( a free     
press1 includ+ :5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates       
,supreme ,c\rt rul$ t ! gov]nm5t c\ld n 
enjo9 ! press f publi%+ newswor?y cont5t
 bas$ on vague pron\ncem5ts ( national  
security & ,ju/ice ,black /at$1 only a  
free & unre/ra9$ press c effectively    
expose deception 9 gov]nm5t ''' p>am\nt 
among ! responsibilities ( a free press 
is ! duty to prev5t any "p ( ! gov]nm5t 
f deceiv+ ! p '''2 ,:]eas c\rts h held t
 once ! ,:ite ,h\se press facilities h  
be5 made publicly available to !        
press--z !y h be5 = g5]ations--!        

protection af=d$ news ga!r+ "u ! ,fir/  
,am5dm5t requires t ?is access n be d5i$
 arbitr>ily or = less ?an compell+      
reasons2 ,:]eas a free press is ess5tial
 to democratic legitimacy & longevity1 &
 pa/ adm9i/rations h adh]$ to traditions
 & norms by hold+ regul> op5 press      
brief+s2 ,:]eas today's press has be5   
call$ ! enemy ( ! p2 ,:]eas ! revocation
 ( press cr$5tials ( c]ta9 memb]s ( !   
press )\t pr(f]+ compell+ reasons or    
evid5ce to ju/ify t revocation ?reat5s !
 v pr9ciples ^u :i* ?is nation 0 f\nd$2 
,:]eas ! public & ! press h s9c]e int]e/
 9 key dep>tm5t & ag5cy meet+s1 brief+s1
 & activities1 & brief+s h be5 held t   
exclude secul> m$ia )\t ! pr(f]+ (      
compell+ reasons or evid5ce to ju/ify t 
exclusion2 ,:]eas ,u4,s4 ,di/rict ,judge
 ,timo?y ,kelly ( ! ,u4,s4 ,di/rict     
,c\rt = ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia reject$  
argum5ts t ! ,executive ,bran* has      
absolute discretion 9 decid+ :o is      
entitl$ to p>ticipate 9 a press brief+2 
& ,:]eas ,u4,s4 ,di/rict ,judge ,j4     

,paul ,oetk5 ( ! ,u4,s4 ,di/rict ,c\rt =
 ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new ,york has held
 t x is imp]missible to exclude a s+le  
''' news network ''' & to )hold ,:ite   
,h\se press passes 9 a cont5t-bas$ or   
arbitr>y fa%ion3 ,n[1 !re=e1 be x  ,t x 
is ! s5se ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives t 
all brief+s held by ! ,presid5t or      
,f$]al ag5cies %\ld be made available to
 ! press1 except = "u circum/ances t are
 consi/5t ) ,f$]al law4