,,iv  #aaf? ,,congress  #a/ ,session    
,h4 ,,res4 #aee  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(     
,,repres5tatives  ,febru>y #bg1         
#bjai,mr4 ,gre5 ( ,texas 7= himself1    
,mr4 ,coh51 ,mr4 ,vela1 ,ms4 ,adams1    
,ms4 ,bass1 ,mrs4 ,beatty1 ,mr4 ,bi%op (
 ,georgia1 ,mr4 ,butt]field1 ,ms4 ,cl>ke
 ( ,new ,york1 ,mr4 ,cleav]1 ,mr4       
,clyburn1 ,mr4 ,danny ,k4 ,davis (      
,ill9ois1 ,ms4 ,fudge1 ,mr4 ,ha/+s1 ,ms4
 ,jackson ,lee1 ,mr4 ,jeffries1 ,mr4    
,ri*mond1 ,mr4 ,scott ( ,virg9ia1 ,mr4  
,david ,scott ( ,georgia1 ,ms4 ,sewell (
 ,alabama1 ,mr4 ,?ompson ( ,mississippi1
 ,mr4 ,veasey1 ,ms4 ,wat]s1 ,mrs4       
,watson ,coleman1 & ,ms4 ,wilson (      
,florida7 submitt$ ! foll[+ resolution2 
:i* 0 ref]r$ to ! ,committee on         
,ov]sight & ,re=m  ,,resolution         
,recogniz+ & celebrat+ ! significance ( 
,black ,hi/ory ,mon?4  ,:]eas ! !me =   
,black ,hi/ory ,mon? #bjai is ,black    
,migrations1 :i* emphasizes ! movem5t ( 
p ( ,african desc5t to new de/9ations & 
to new social realities2 ,:]eas ?is     

resolution focuses prim>ily on !        
migration ( ,african ,am]icans1 :i* is  
"o ( ! important phases 9 ,am]ican      
hi/ory2 ,:]eas inclusive ( e>li]        
c5turies1 ?is !me focuses specifically  
on ! #bj? c5tury ?r\gh today2 ,:]eas1   
beg9n+ 9 ! #bj? c5tury1                 
,african-,am]ican migration patt]ns     
includ$ relocation f ,s\!rn f>ms to     
,s\!rn cities1 f ! ,s\? to ! ,nor!a/1   
,midwe/1 & ,we/1 & f ! ,c>ibbean to     
,unit$ ,/ates cities2 ,:]eas !          
relocation ( =m]ly enslav$ individuals &
 _! desc5dants also includ$ unfavorable 
int]actions ) law en=cem5t t (t5 result$
 9 imprisonm5t & convict leas+2 ,:]eas !
 rema9s ( #ie p]sons1 ?\ght to be (     
,african ance/ry1 :o 7 subject$ to !    
,/ate's convict-leas+ sy/em 7 discov]$  
at ! con/ruction site ( ,=t ,b5d        
,indep5d5t ,s*ool ,di/rict's ,james     
,reese ,c>e] & ,te*nical ,c5t] 9 ,sug>  
,l&1 ,texas2 ,:]eas ?is movem5t kn[n z !
 ,great ,migration 0 caus$ by a lack (  
economic opportunities1 h>%             

segregationi/ laws1 & ! t]ror p]petrat$ 
aga9/ ,african-,am]ican communities by !
 ,ku ,klux ,klan2 ,:]eas ! ,great       
,migration expos$ ! racial divisions &  
disp>ities t cont9ue to plague ! ,nation
 & dom9ate headl9es today1 f police     
kill+s ( un>m$ ,african ,am]icans to    
mass inc>c]ation to widely docum5t$     
biases 9 employm5t1 h\s+1 heal? c>e1 &  
education2 ,:]eas1 prior to #aiaj1 m ?an
 #ij p]c5t ( ! ,african-,am]ican        
population liv$ 9 ! ,s\?1 b by ! #aigjs1
 #dg p]c5t ( all ,african ,am]icans 7   
liv+ 9 ! ,nor? & ,we/2 ,:]eas1 dur+ ,_w 
,w> ,i1 :5 sl[+ immigration f ,europe   
creat$ a labor %ortage 9 ! ,nor?1       
companies began recruit+ ,african       
,am]icans to fill ! assembly l9es & "w !
 /eel mills1 railroads1 & factories2    
,:]eas ,african ,am]icans :o migrat$ to 
! ,nor? /ill fac$ racial discrim9ation 9
 ! =m ( r$l9+1 racially bas$ h\s+       
ord9ances1 high] r5t bas$ on race1 !    
resurg5ce ( ! ,ku ,klux ,klan1 & ris+   
in/ances ( race riots2 ,:]eas ,african  

,am]icans creat$ _! own cities &        
neighborhoods free ( discrim9ation :]e  
_! culture exp&$1 = example 9 ,h>lem 9  
,new ,york ,city t h\s$ ov] #bjj1jjj    
,african ,am]icans dur+ ! #aibjs2 ,:]eas
 at ! end ( ! ,civil ,w>1 _m ( ,durham's
 ,african ,am]icans left ! plantations z
 free p]sons1 creat+ _! own communities 
& opportunities1 & =m$ ! ,hayti         
neighborhood1 :i* develop$ into a ?riv+ 
bus9ess & resid5tial di/rict1 & ar\nd ! 
same "t1 ef=ts 7 made to provide        
educational opportunities = ,blacks1    
includ+ ! f\nd+ ( :at is n[ ,nor?       
,c>ol9a ,c5tral ,univ]sity 7,,nccu72    
,:]eas ,gre5wood1 ,oklahoma1 "p (       
,tulsa1 became home to ?riv+ ,black     
bus9esses also kn[n z ,black ,wall      
,/reet until ! ,tulsa race riot ( #aiba1
 9 :i* a ,:ite mob burn$ d[n ,gre5wood1 
! site ( ! wor/ race riot 9 ,unit$      
,/ates hi/ory2 ,:]eas 9 ,fre$m5's ,t[n1 
,texas1 ?\s&s ( fre$ slaves pur*as$ l& &
 built _! homes along ! ,buffalo ,bay\  
at ! end ( ! ,civil ,w>1 & ov] six      

decades ! t[n ?riv$1 ) *ur*es1 s*ools1  
/ores1 !at]s1 & jazz spots l9+ !        
cobble/one roadways until ! ,great      
,depression caus$ _m to lose _! homes & 
"s longtime resid5ts mov$ to o!r ,h\/on 
neighborhoods2 ,:]eas1 9 #aihd1         
,fre$m5's ,t[n1 ,texas1 0 designat$ a   
hi/oric di/rict2 ,:]eas ,judge ,frank   
,m9is ,johnson1 ,jr41 s]v$ on ! ,u4,s4  
,c\rt ( ,appeals = ! ,fif? ,circuit1    
,u4,s4 ,c\rt ( ,appeals = ! ,elev5?     
,circuit1 & ! ,u4,s4 ,di/rict ,c\rt = ! 
,middle ,di/rict ( ,alabama1 & 9 ea*    
capacity1 ,judge ,johnson c\rage\sly    
work$ to advance ! con/itutional        
pr9ciples ( fre$om & equality2 ,:]eas ! 
insight & con/itutional judgm5t ( ,judge
 ,johnson 7 invaluable & aid$ ! ,supreme
 ,c\rt z x recogniz$ ! violations &     
inju/ices 9 our ,nation dur+ ! civil    
rights movem5t1 & )\t ,judge ,johnson's 
judici\s temp]am5t1 con/itutional       
m9dset1 & d$ication to rule ( law1 !    
civil rights movem5t w\ld h be5 at a    
great disadvantage2 ,:]eas ,s5ator      

,edw>d ,brooke ,,iii became ! fir/      
,african ,am]ican popul>ly elect$ to !  
,s5ate & ! fir/ ,black politician f     
,massa*usetts to s]ve 9 ,congress1 &    
prior to be+ elect$ to ! ,s5ate1 he 0 ! 
fir/ ,african-,am]ican attorney g5]al ( 
any ,/ate 9 #aifb2 ,:]eas ,s5ator       
,brooke's election end$ an #he-ye>      
abs5ce ( ,african-,am]ican ,s5ators & he
 repres5t$ ,massa*usetts 9 ! ,s5ate f   
#aifg to #aigi1 & dur+ 8 s5atorial c>e]1
 he co-wrote ! ,civil ,rights ,act (    
#aifh1 :i* prohibit$ discrim9ation 9    
h\s+2 ,:]eas ,s5ator ,brooke also became
 a prom95t critic ( ,presid5t ,ri*>d    
,nixon & 0 ! fir/ ,s5ate ,republican to 
call = ,nixon's resignation 9 light ( ! 
,wat]gate sc&al2 ,:]eas                 
,african-,am]ican migration l$ to !     
em]g5ce ( bo? ,black indu/rial work]s & 
,black entrepr5eurs1 result+ 9 ! =mation
 ( a new society1 :i* includ$ a v>iety (
 urban *ur*es & new d5om9ations b also  
new music =ms l ragtime1 blues1 & jazz2 
,:]eas ,african ,am]icans 9 all walks ( 

life h made significant contributions   
?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1     
includ+ ?r\gh !--  7#a7 music ( ,l\is   
,arm/rong1 ,*uck ,b]ry1 ,james ,br[n1   
,ray ,*>les1 ,john ,coltrane1 ,miles    
,davis1 ,duke ,ell+ton1 ,ella           
,fitzg]ald1 ,billie ,holiday1 ,mahalia  
,jackson1 ,francis ,johnson1 ,pr9ce1 &  
,bessie ,smi?2  7#b7 writ+s ( ,maya     
,angel\1 ,james ,baldw91 ,w4,e4,b4 ,du  
,bois1 ,ralph ,ellison1 ,alex ,haley1   
,lang/on ,hughes1 ,zora ,neale ,hur/on1 
,toni ,morrison1 ,alice ,walk]1 ,book]  
,t4 ,wa%+ton1 & ,ri*>d ,wright2  7#c7   
publications ( ,! ,nor? ,/>1 ,! ,crisis 
,magaz9e1 ,ebony ,magaz9e1 ,jet         
,magaz9e1 ,ess5ce ,magaz9e1 ,black      
,ent]prise ,magaz9e1 ,! ,national       
,association ( ,black ,j\rnali/s        
7,,nabj71 ,si/] #b ,si/] ,magaz9e1 &    
,upt[n ,magaz9e2  7#d7 resolve ( a?letes
 su* z ,muhammad ,ali1 ,ar?ur ,a%e1     
,al!a ,gibson1 ,lebron ,james1 ,mi*ael  
,jordan1 ,col9 ,kaep]nick1 ,joe ,l\is1  
,jesse ,ow5s1 ,fr$]ick ,fritz ,poll>d1  

,jackie ,rob9son1 ,wilma ,rudolph1 ,bill
 ,russell1 ,v5us ,williams1 & ,s]5a     
,williams2  7#e7 sci5tific advancem5ts (
 ,b5jam9 ,bannek]1 ,george ,wa%+ton     
,c>v]1 ,george ,crum1 ,*>les ,drew1     
,s>ah ,goode1 ,euphemia ,l(ton ,haynes1 
,mae ,jemison1 ,?omas ,j5n+s1 ,ka!r9e   
,johnson1 ,norb]t ,rillieux1 ,neil      
de,grasse ,tyson1 & ,granville ,t4      
,woods2  7#f7 vision ( lead]s su* z ,m>y
 ,mc,leod ,be?une1 ,%irley ,*i%olm1     
,fr$]ick ,d\glass1 ,fr$ ,hampton1 ,m>%a 
,p4 ,johnson1 ,m>t9 ,lu!r ,k+1 ,jr41    
,?urgood ,m>%all1 ,huey ,newton1 &      
,malcolm ,x2 &  7#g7 brav]y ( ^? :o /ood
 on ! front l9es 9 ! battle aga9/       
oppression1 su* z ,soj\rn] ,tru?1       
,fannie ,l\ ,hamm]1 & ,rosa ,p>ks2      
,:]eas ! p]iod :5 ,nor!rn ,african      
,am]icans return$ to ! ,s\? l$ to racial
 suburbanization1 inn]-city hyp]        
ghettoization1 heal? & environm5t &     
civil rights & prote/ activism1         
electoral politics1 mass inc>c]ation1 & 
dynamic cultural production2 ,:]eas     

,negro ,hi/ory ,week repres5t$ !        
culm9ation ( ,dr4 ,c>t] ,g4 ,woodson's  
ef=ts to enhance k ( ,black hi/ory />t$ 
?r\gh ! ,j\rnal ( ,negro ,hi/ory1       
publi%$ by ,woodson's ,association = !  
,/udy ( ,african ,am]ican ,life &       
,hi/ory2 ,:]eas ! mon? ( ,febru>y is    
(ficially celebrat$ z ,black ,hi/ory    
,mon?1 :i* dates to #aibf :5 ,dr4 ,c>t] 
,g4 ,woodson set aside a special p]iod (
 "t 9 ,febru>y to recognize ! h]itage & 
a*ievem5t ( ,black ,am]icans2 & ,:]eas !
 bir?days ( ,abraham ,l9coln & ,fr$]ick 
,d\glass inspir$ ! creation ( ,negro    
,hi/ory ,week1 ! precursor to ,black    
,hi/ory ,mon?3 ,n[1 !re=e1 be x  #a4    
,%ort title ,?is resolution may be cit$ 
z ! ,orig9al ,black ,hi/ory ,mon?       
,resolution ( #bjai4  #b4 ,recogniz+ &  
celebrat+ ,black ,hi/ory ,mon?          
,congress--  7#a7 recognizes !          
importance ( commemorat+ ,black ,hi/ory 
,mon? z x ackn[l$ges ! a*ievem5ts (     
,african ,am]icans ?r\gh\t our ,nation's
 hi/ory & enc\rages ! cont9uation ( its 

celebration to raise ! aw>5ess ( ?is    
community's accompli%m5ts = all         
,am]icans2  7#b7 recognizes t racial    
div]sity is :at emp[]s ! h]itage ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates & /r5g!ns ! bonds ( our p2
 &  7#c7 enc\rages = ! cont9u$ spread ( 
k reg>d+ ,black hi/ory & n limit x to a 
mon? dur+ ! ye>4