,,ib ,union ,cal5d> ,no4 #cc #aaf? ,,congress #a/ ,session ,h4 ,r4 #ife ,report ,no4 #aaf-ee1 ,p>ts ,i & ,,ii ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,repres5tatives ,febru>y #e1 #bjai ,mr4 ,cicill9e 7= himself1 ,mr4 ,s5s5br5n]1 ,mr4 ,nadl]1 ,mr4 ,coll9s ( ,georgia1 ,mr4 ,wel*1 & ,mr4 ,mc,kinley7 introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ,en]gy & ,comm]ce1 & 9 addition to ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y1 = a p]iod to be subsequ5tly det]m9$ by ! ,speak]1 9 ea* case = consid]ation ( su* provisions z fall )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! committee conc]n$ ,may #aj1 #bjai ,additional sponsors3 ,mr4 ,mead[s1 ,ms4 ,f9k5au]1 ,mr4 ,doggett1 ,mr4 ,cole1 ,mr4 ,gallagh]1 ,mr4 ,lip9ski1 ,mr4 ,ru%1 ,ms4 ,mc,collum1 ,mr4 ,pallone1 ,mr4 ,p]ry1 ,mr4 ,ruiz1 ,mrs4 ,d+ell1 ,ms4 ,e%oo1 ,ms4 ,matsui1 ,mrs4 ,craig1 ,mr4 ,tonko1 ,mr4 ,gohm]t1 ,mr4 ,van ,drew1 ,ms4 ,cl>ke ( ,new ,york1 ,mr4 ,c\rtney1 ,mr4 ,allr$1 ,ms4 ,s*ak[sky1 ,mr4 ,cr[1 ,mr4 ,gonzalez ( ,ohio1 ,mr4 ,l>son ( ,connecticut1 ,mr4 ,mc,adams1 ,mr4 ,s*rad]1 ,mr4 ,rodney ,davis ( ,ill9ois1 ,mr4 ,pappas1 ,mr4 ,k5n$y1 ,ms4 ,davids ( ,kansas1 ,mr4 ,norcross1 ,ms4 ,spanb]g]1 ,mr4 ,quigley1 ,mr4 ,deut*1 ,mr4 ,langev91 ,mr4 ,coop]1 ,mrs4 ,mc,bath1 ,mr4 ,rask91 ,ms4 ,muc>sel-,p[ell1 ,mr4 ,/anton1 ,mr4 ,jordan1 ,ms4 ,wild1 ,mr4 ,coh51 ,mr4 ,kim1 ,ms4 ,s*ri]1 ,mr4 ,joyce ( ,ohio1 ,mr4 ,case1 ,mr4 ,khanna1 ,mr4 ,david ,scott ( ,georgia1 ,ms4 ,h\lahan1 ,mr4 ,ca/5 ( ,ill9ois1 ,mr4 ,norman1 ,ms4 ,p+ree1 ,mr4 ,c>bajal1 ,mr4 ,smi? ( ,wa%+ton1 ,ms4 ,wexton1 ,mr4 ,cisn]os1 ,mr4 ,connolly1 ,ms4 ,und]wood1 ,ms4 ,g>cia ( ,texas1 ,ms4 ,m5g1 & ,mrs4 ,bu/os ,may #aj1 #bjai ,report$ f ! ,committee on ,en]gy & ,comm]ce ) an am5dm5t ,/rike out all aft] ! enact+ clause & ins]t ! "p pr9t$ 9 italic ,may #aj1 #bjai ,report$ f ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y2 committ$ to ! ,committee ( ! ,:ole ,h\se on ! ,/ate ( ! ,union & ord]$ to be pr9t$ ,= text ( introduc$ bill1 see copy ( bill z introduc$ on ,febru>y #e1 #bjai ,a ,,bill ,to promote competition 9 ! m>ket = drugs & biological products by facilitat+ ! timely entry ( l[]-co/ g5]ic & biosimil> v]sions ( ^? drugs & biological products4 #a4 ,%ort title ,?is ,act may be cit$ z ! ,creat+ & ,re/or+ ,equal ,access to ,equival5t ,samples ,act ( #bjai or ! ,,creates ,act ( #bjai4 #b4 ,actions = delays ( g5]ic drugs & biosimil> biological products 7a7 ,def9itions ,9 ?is section-- 7#a7 ! t]m comm]cially reasonable1 m>ket-bas$ t]ms means-- 7,a7 a nondiscrim9atory price = ! sale ( ! cov]$ product at or bel[1 b n great] ?an1 ! mo/ rec5t :olesale acquisition co/ = ! drug1 z def9$ 9 section #ahdg;,a7c77#f77;,b7 ( ! ,social ,security ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aciew-#c;a7c77#f77;,b772 7,b7 a s*$ule = deliv]y t results 9 ! transf] ( ! cov]$ product to ! eligible product develop] consi/5t ) ! tim+ "u subsection 7b77#b77;,a77iv72 & 7,c7 no additional conditions are impos$ on ! sale ( ! cov]$ product2 7#b7 ! t]m cov]$ product-- 7,a7 means-- 7i7 any drug approv$ "u subsection 7c7 or 7j7 ( section #eje ( ! ,f$]al ,food1 ,drug1 & ,cosmetic ,act 7#ba ,u4,s4,c4 #cee7 or biological product lic5s$ "u subsection 7a7 or 7k7 ( section #cea ( ! ,public ,heal? ,s]vice ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bfb72 7ii7 any comb9ation ( a drug or biological product describ$ 9 clause 7i72 or 7iii7 :5 reasonably necess>y to support approval ( an application "u section #eje ( ! ,f$]al ,food1 ,drug1 & ,cosmetic ,act 7#ba ,u4,s4,c4 #cee71 or section #cea ( ! ,public ,heal? ,s]vice ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bfb71 z applicable1 or o!rwise meet ! requirem5ts = approval "u ei!r su* section1 any product1 includ+ any device1 t is m>ket$ or int5d$ = use ) su* a drug or biological product2 & 7,b7 does n include any drug or biological product t appe>s on ! drug %ortage li/ 9 effect "u section #ejf;,e ( ! ,f$]al ,food1 ,drug1 & ,cosmetic ,act 7#ba ,u4,s4,c4 #cef;e71 unless-- 7i7 ! drug or biological product has be5 on ! drug %ortage li/ 9 effect "u su* section #ejf;,e cont9u\sly = m ?an #f mon?s2 or 7ii7 ! ,secret>y det]m9es t inclusion ( ! drug or biological product z a cov]$ product is likely to contribute to alleviat+ or prev5t+ a %ortage4 7#c7 ! t]m device has ! mean+ giv5 ! t]m 9 section #bja ( ! ,f$]al ,food1 ,drug1 & ,cosmetic ,act 7#ba ,u4,s4,c4 #cba72 7#d7 ! t]m eligible product develop] means a p]son t seeks to develop a product = approval pursuant to an application = approval "u subsection 7b77#b7 or 7j7 ( section #eje ( ! ,f$]al ,food1 ,drug1 & ,cosmetic ,act 7#ba ,u4,s4,c4 #cee7 or = lic5s+ pursuant to an application "u section #cea7k7 ( ! ,public ,heal? ,s]vice ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bfb7k772 7#e7 ! t]m lic5se hold] means ! hold] ( an application approv$ "u subsection 7c7 or 7j7 ( section #eje ( ! ,f$]al ,food1 ,drug1 & ,cosmetic ,act 7#ba ,u4,s4,c4 #cee7 or ! hold] ( a lic5se "u subsection 7a7 or 7k7 ( section #cea ( ! ,public ,heal? ,s]vice ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bfb7 = a cov]$ product2 7#f7 ! t]m ,,rems means a risk evaluation & mitigation /rategy "u section #eje-a ( ! ,f$]al ,food1 ,drug1 & ,cosmetic ,act 7#ba ,u4,s4,c4 #cee-a72 7#g7 ! t]m ,,rems ) ,,etasu means a ,,rems t conta9s elem5ts to assure safe use "u section #eje-a7;f7 ( ! ,f$]al ,food1 ,drug1 & ,cosmetic ,act 7#ba ,u4,s4,c4 #cee-a7;f772 7#h7 ! t]m ,secret>y means ! ,secret>y ( ,heal? & ,human ,s]vices2 7#i7 ! t]m s+le1 %>$ sy/em ( elem5ts to assure safe use means a s+le1 %>$ sy/em ( elem5ts to assure safe use "u section #eje-a7;f7 ( ! ,f$]al ,food1 ,drug1 & ,cosmetic ,act 7#ba ,u4,s4,c4 #cee-a7;f772 & 7#aj7 ! t]m suffici5t quantities means an am\nt ( a cov]$ product t ! eligible product develop] det]m9es all[s x to-- 7,a7 conduct te/+ to support an application "u-- 7i7 subsection 7b77#b7 or 7j7 ( section #eje ( ! ,f$]al ,food1 ,drug1 & ,cosmetic ,act 7#ba ,u4,s4,c4 #cee72 or 7ii7 section #cea7k7 ( ! ,public ,heal? ,s]vice ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bfb7k772 & 7,b7 fulfill any regulatory requirem5ts relat+ to approval ( su* an application4 7b7 ,civil action = failure ,to provide suffici5t quantities ( a cov]$ product 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,an eligible product develop] may br+ a civil action aga9/ ! lic5se hold] = a cov]$ product seek+ relief "u ?is subsection 9 an appropriate di/rict c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates alleg+ t ! lic5se hold] has decl9$ to provide suffici5t quantities ( ! cov]$ product to ! eligible product develop] on comm]cially reasonable1 m>ket-bas$ t]ms4 7#b7 ,elem5ts 7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,to prevail 9 a civil action br\ght "u p>agraph 7#a71 an eligible product develop] %all prove1 by a prepond]ance ( ! evid5ce-- 7i7 t-- 7,i7 ! cov]$ product is n subject to a ,,rems ) ,,etasu2 or 7,,ii7 if ! cov]$ product is subject to a ,,rems ) ,,etasu-- 7aa7 ! eligible product develop] has obta9$ a cov]$ product au?orization f ! ,secret>y 9 accordance ) subp>agraph 7,b72 & 7bb7 ! eligible product develop] has provid$ a copy ( ! cov]$ product au?orization to ! lic5se hold]2 7ii7 t1 z ( ! date on :i* ! civil action is fil$1 ! product develop] has n obta9$ suffici5t quantities ( ! cov]$ product on comm]cially reasonable1 m>ket-bas$ t]ms2 7iii7 t ! eligible product develop] has reque/$ to pur*ase suffici5t quantities ( ! cov]$ product f ! lic5se hold]2 & 7iv7 t ! lic5se hold] has n deliv]$ to ! eligible product develop] suffici5t quantities ( ! cov]$ product on comm]cially reasonable1 m>ket-bas$ t]ms-- 7,i7 = a cov]$ product t is n subject to a ,,rems ) ,,etasu1 by ! date t is #ca days aft] ! date on :i* ! lic5se hold] receiv$ ! reque/ = ! cov]$ product2 & 7,,ii7 = a cov]$ product t is subject to a ,,rems ) ,,etasu1 by #ca days aft] ! lat] (-- 7aa7 ! date on :i* ! lic5se hold] receiv$ ! reque/ = ! cov]$ product2 or 7bb7 ! date on :i* ! lic5se hold] receiv$ a copy ( ! cov]$ product au?orization issu$ by ! ,secret>y 9 accordance ) subp>agraph 7,b74 7,b7 ,au?orization = cov]$ product subject to a ,,rems ) ,,etasu 7i7 ,reque/ ,an eligible product develop] may submit to ! ,secret>y a writt5 reque/ = ! eligible product develop] to be au?oriz$ to obta9 suffici5t quantities ( an individual cov]$ product subject to a ,,rems ) ,,etasu4 7ii7 ,au?orization ,n lat] ?an #abj days aft] ! date on :i* a reque/ "u clause 7i7 is receiv$1 ! ,secret>y %all1 by writt5 notice1 au?orize ! eligible product develop] to obta9 suffici5t quantities ( an individual cov]$ product subject to a ,,rems ) ,,etasu = purposes (-- 7,i7 developm5t & te/+ t does n involve human cl9ical trials1 if ! eligible product develop] has agre$ to comply ) any conditions ! ,secret>y det]m9es necess>y2 or 7,,ii7 developm5t & te/+ t involves human cl9ical trials1 if ! eligible product develop] has-- 7aa7 7,,aa7 submitt$ protocols1 in=m$ cons5t docum5ts1 & in=mational mat]ials = te/+ t include protections t provide safety protections comp>able to ^? provid$ by ! ,,rems = ! cov]$ product2 or 7,,bb7 o!rwise satisfi$ ! ,secret>y t su* protections w be provid$2 & 7bb7 met any o!r requirem5ts ! ,secret>y may e/abli%4 7iii7 ,notice ,a cov]$ product au?orization issu$ "u ?is subp>agraph %all /ate t ! provision ( ! cov]$ product by ! lic5se hold] "u ! t]ms ( ! au?orization w n be a violation ( ! ,,rems = ! cov]$ product4 7#c7 ,affirmative def5se ,9 a civil action br\ght "u p>agraph 7#a71 x %all be an affirmative def5se1 on :i* ! def5dant has ! burd5 ( p]suasion by a prepond]ance ( ! evid5ce-- 7,a7 t1 on ! date on :i* ! eligible product develop] reque/$ to pur*ase suffici5t quantities ( ! cov]$ product f ! lic5se hold]-- 7i7 nei!r ! lic5se hold] nor any ( its ag5ts1 :olesal]s1 or di/ributors 0 engag$ 9 ! manufactur+ or comm]cial m>ket+ ( ! cov]$ product2 & 7ii7 nei!r ! lic5se hold] nor any ( its ag5ts1 :olesal]s1 or di/ributors o!rwise _h access to inv5tory ( ! cov]$ product to supply to ! eligible product develop] on comm]cially reasonable1 m>ket-bas$ t]ms2 7,b7 t-- 7i7 ! lic5se hold] sells ! cov]$ product ?r\gh ag5ts1 di/ributors1 or :olesal]s2 7ii7 ! lic5se hold] has plac$ no re/rictions1 explicit or implicit1 on its ag5ts1 di/ributors1 or :olesal]s to sell cov]$ products to eligible product develop]s2 & 7iii7 ! cov]$ product c be pur*as$ by ! eligible product develop] 9 suffici5t quantities on comm]cially reasonable1 m>ket-bas$ t]ms f ! ag5ts1 di/ributors1 or :olesal]s ( ! lic5se hold]2 or 7,c7 t ! lic5se hold] made an (f] to sell suffici5t quantities ( ! cov]$ product to ! eligible product develop] at comm]cially reasonable m>ket-bas$ t]ms-- 7i7 = a cov]$ product t is n subject to a ,,rems ) ,,etasu1 by ! date t is #ad days aft] ! date on :i* ! lic5se hold] receiv$ ! reque/ = ! cov]$ product1 & ! eligible product develop] did n accept su* (f] by ! date t is #g days aft] ! date on :i* ! eligible product develop] receiv$ su* (f] f ! lic5se hold]2 or 7ii7 = a cov]$ product t is subject to a ,,rems ) ,,etasu1 by ! date t is #bj days aft] ! date on :i* ! lic5se hold] receiv$ ! reque/ = ! cov]$ product1 & ! eligible product develop] did n accept su* (f] by ! date t is #aj days aft] ! date on :i* ! eligible product develop] receiv$ su* (f] f ! lic5se hold]4 7#d7 ,me?ods = transmission ( reque/s = cov]$ products ,a writt5 reque/ = a cov]$ product1 (f] to sell a cov]$ product1 or acceptance ( su* an (f] betwe5 ! eligible product develop] & ! lic5se hold] %all be made by-- 7,a7 c]tifi$ or regi/]$ mail ) return receipt reque/$2 7,b7 p]sonal deliv]y2 or 7,c7 electronic means4 7#e7 ,rem$ies 7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,if an eligible product develop] prevails 9 a civil action br\ght "u p>agraph 7#a71 ! c\rt %all-- 7i7 ord] ! lic5se hold] to provide to ! eligible product develop] )\t delay suffici5t quantities ( ! cov]$ product on comm]cially reasonable1 m>ket-bas$ t]ms2 7ii7 aw>d to ! eligible product develop] reasonable attorney's fees & co/s ( ! civil action2 & 7iii7 aw>d to ! eligible product develop] a monet>y am\nt suffici5t to det] ! lic5se hold] f fail+ to provide eligible product develop]s ) suffici5t quantities ( a cov]$ product on comm]cially reasonable1 m>ket-bas$ t]ms1 if ! c\rt f9ds1 by a prepond]ance ( ! evid5ce-- 7,i7 t ! lic5se hold] delay$ provid+ suffici5t quantities ( ! cov]$ product to ! eligible product develop] )\t a legitimate bus9ess ju/ification2 or 7,,ii7 t ! lic5se hold] fail$ to comply ) an ord] issu$ "u clause 7i74 7,b7 ,maximum monet>y am\nt ,a monet>y am\nt aw>d$ "u subp>agraph 7,a77iii7 %all n be great] ?an ! rev5ue t ! lic5se hold] e>n$ on ! cov]$ product dur+ ! p]iod-- 7i7 beg9n+ on-- 7,i7 = a cov]$ product t is n subject to a ,,rems ) ,,etasu1 ! date t is #ca days aft] ! date on :i* ! lic5se hold] receiv$ ! reque/2 or 7,,ii7 = a cov]$ product t is subject to a ,,rems ) ,,etasu1 ! date t is #ca days aft] ! lat] (-- 7aa7 ! date on :i* ! lic5se hold] receiv$ ! reque/2 or 7bb7 ! date on :i* ! lic5se hold] receiv$ a copy ( ! cov]$ product au?orization issu$ by ! ,secret>y 9 accordance ) p>agraph 7#b77;,b72 & 7ii7 end+ on ! date on :i* ! eligible product develop] receiv$ suffici5t quantities ( ! cov]$ product4 7,c7 ,avoidance ( delay ,! c\rt may issue an ord] "u subp>agraph 7,a77i7 be=e conduct+ fur!r proce$+s t may be necess>y to det]m9e :e!r ! eligible product develop] is entitl$ to an aw>d "u clause 7ii7 or 7iii7 ( subp>agraph 7,a71 or ! am\nt ( any su* aw>d4 7c7 ,limitation ( liability ,a lic5se hold] = a cov]$ product %all n be liable = any claim "u ,f$]al1 ,/ate1 or local law aris+ out ( ! failure ( an eligible product develop] to foll[ adequate safegu>ds to assure safe use ( ! cov]$ product dur+ developm5t or te/+ activities describ$ 9 ?is section1 includ+ transportation1 h&l+1 use1 or disposal ( ! cov]$ product by ! eligible product develop]4 7d7 ,no violation ( ,,rems ,section #eje-a ( ! ,f$]al ,food1 ,drug1 & ,cosmetic ,act 7#ba ,u4,s4,c4 #cee-a7 is am5d$ by add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new subsection3 7l7 ,provision ( samples n a violation ( /rategy ,! provision ( samples ( a cov]$ product to an eligible product develop] 7z ^? t]ms are def9$ 9 section #b7;a7 ( ! ,creat+ & ,re/or+ ,equal ,access to ,equival5t ,samples ,act ( #bjai7 %all n be consid]$ a violation ( ! requirem5ts ( any risk evaluation & mitigation /rategy t may be 9 place "u ?is section = su* drug4 4 7e7 ,rule ( con/ruction 7#a7 ,def9ition ,9 ?is subsection1 ! t]m antitru/ laws-- 7,a7 has ! mean+ giv5 ! t]m 9 subsection 7a7 ( ! fir/ section ( ! ,clayton ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #ab72 & 7,b7 includes section #e ( ! ,f$]al ,trade ,commission ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #de7 to ! ext5t t su* section applies to unfair me?ods ( competition4 7#b7 ,antitru/ laws ,no?+ 9 ?is section %all be con/ru$ to limit ! op]ation ( any provision ( ! antitru/ laws4 #c4 ,,rems approval process = subsequ5t fil]s ,section #eje-a ( ! ,f$]al ,food1 ,drug1 & ,cosmetic ,act 7#ba ,u4,s4,c4 #cee-a71 z am5d$ by section #b1 is fur!r am5d$-- 7#a7 9 subsection 7g77#d77;,b7-- 7,a7 9 clause 7i7 by /rik+ or aft] ! semicolon2 7,b7 9 clause 7ii7 by /rik+ ! p]iod at ! end & ins]t+ 2 or2 & 7,c7 by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3 7iii7 accommodate diff]5t1 comp>able aspects ( ! elem5ts to assure safe use = a drug t is ! subject ( an application "u section #eje7;j71 & ! applicable li/$ drug4 2 7#b7 9 subsection 7i77#a71 by /rik+ subp>agraph 7,c7 & ins]t+ ! foll[+3 7,c7 7i7 ,elem5ts to assure safe use1 if requir$ "u subsection 7f7 = ! li/$ drug1 :i*1 subject to clause 7ii71 = a drug t is ! subject ( an application "u section #eje7;j7 may use-- 7,i7 a s+le1 %>$ sy/em ) ! li/$ drug "u subsection 7f72 or 7,,ii7 a diff]5t1 comp>able aspect ( ! elem5ts to assure safe use "u subsection 7f74 7ii7 ,! ,secret>y may require a drug t is ! subject ( an application "u section #eje7;j7 & ! li/$ drug to use a s+le1 %>$ sy/em "u subsection 7f71 if ! ,secret>y det]m9es t no diff]5t1 comp>able aspect ( ! elem5ts to assure safe use c\ld satisfy ! requirem5ts ( subsection 7f74 2 7#c7 9 subsection 7i71 by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3 7#c7 ,%>$ ,,rems ,if ! ,secret>y approves1 9 accordance ) p>agraph 7#a77;,c77i77,,ii71 a diff]5t1 comp>able aspect ( ! elem5ts to assure safe use "u subsection 7f7 = a drug t is ! subject ( an abbreviat$ new drug application "u section #eje7;j71 ! ,secret>y may require t su* diff]5t comp>able aspect ( ! elem5ts to assure safe use c be us$ ) respect to any o!r drug t is ! subject ( an application "u section #eje7;j7 or #eje7;b7 t ref]5ces ! same li/$ drug4 2 & 7#d7 by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3 7m7 ,sep>ate ,,rems ,:5 us$ 9 ?is section1 ! t]ms diff]5t1 comp>able aspect ( ! elem5ts to assure safe use or diff]5t1 comp>able approv$ risk evaluation & mitigation /rategies means a risk evaluation & mitigation /rategy = a drug t is ! subject ( an application "u section #eje7;j7 t uses diff]5t me?ods or op]ational means ?an ! /rategy requir$ "u subsection 7a7 = ! applicable li/$ drug1 or o!r application "u section #eje7;j7 ) ! same su* li/$ drug1 b a*ieves ! same level ( safety z su* /rategy4 4 #d4 ,rule ( con/ruction 7a7 ,9 g5]al ,no?+ 9 ?is ,act1 ! am5dm5ts made by ?is ,act1 or 9 section #eje-a ( ! ,f$]al ,food1 ,drug1 & ,cosmetic ,act 7#ba ,u4,s4,c4 #cee-a71 %all be con/ru$ z-- 7#a7 prohibit+ a lic5se hold] f provid+ an eligible product develop] access to a cov]$ product 9 ! abs5ce ( an au?orization "u ?is ,act2 or 7#b7 9 any way negat+ ! applicability ( a ,,rems ) ,,etasu1 z o!rwise requir$ "u su* section #eje-a1 ) respect to su* cov]$ product4 7b7 ,def9itions ,9 ?is section1 ! t]ms cov]$ product1 eligible product develop]1 lic5se hold]1 & ,,rems ) ,,etasu h ! mean+s giv5 su* t]ms 9 section #c7;a74 ,may #aj1 #bjai ,report$ f ! ,committee on ,en]gy & ,comm]ce ) an am5dm5t ,may #aj1 #bjai ,report$ f ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y2 committ$ to ! ,committee ( ! ,:ole ,h\se on ! ,/ate ( ! ,union & ord]$ to be pr9t$