,i  #aaf? ,,congress  #b;d ,session  ,h4
 ,r4 #hfih  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(          
,,repres5tatives  ,octob] #bg1 #bjbj,ms4
 ,tlaib 7= h]self1 ,mr4 ,k5n$y1 & ,ms4  
,haal&7 introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0  
ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y1 &
 9 addition to ! ,committee on          
,education & ,labor1 = a p]iod to be    
subsequ5tly det]m9$ by ! ,speak]1 9 ea* 
case = consid]ation ( su* provisions z  
fall )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! committee    
conc]n$  ,a ,,bill  ,to am5d ! ,civil   
,rights ,act ( #aifd to cl>ify t        
disp>ate impacts on c]ta9 populations   
con/itute a suffici5t basis = rights (  
action "u su* ,act1 & = o!r purposes4   
#a4 ,%ort title ,?is ,act may be cit$ z 
! ,ju/ice = ,all ,act ( #bjbj4  #b4     
,f9d+s ,congress f9ds ! foll[+3 7#a7    
,?is ,act is made necess>y by a decision
 ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 ,alex&] v4        
,s&oval1 #ecb ,u4,s4 #bge 7#bjja7 t     
significantly impairs /atutory          
protections aga9/ discrim9ation t       
,congress has erect$ ov] a p]iod ( almo/

 #d decades4 ,! ,s&oval decision        
und]m9es ^! /atutory protections by     
/ripp+ victims ( discrim9ation 7def9$ "u
 regulations t ,congress requir$ ,f$]al 
dep>tm5ts & ag5cies to promulgate to    
implem5t title ,,vi ( ! ,civil ,rights  
,act ( #aifd 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bjjj;d et  
seq477 ( ! "r to br+ action 9 ,f$]al    
c\rt to r$ress ! discrim9ation4  7#b7 ,!
 ,s&oval decision contradicts settl$    
expectations creat$ by title ,,vi ( !   
,civil ,rights ,act ( #aifd1 title ,,ix 
( ! ,education ,am5dm5ts ( #aigb 7also  
kn[n z ! ,patsy ,takemoto ,m9k ,equal   
,opportunity 9 ,education ,act7 7#bj    
,u4,s4,c4 #afha et seq471 ! ,age        
,discrim9ation ,act ( #aige 7#db        
,u4,s4,c4 #faja et seq471 & section #ejd
 ( ! ,rehabilitation ,act ( #aigc 7#bi  
,u4,s4,c4 #gid7 7collectively ref]r$ to 
9 ?is ,act z ! cov]$ civil rights       
provisions74 ,! cov]$ civil rights      
provisions 7 design$ to e/abli% & make  
effective ! rights ( p]sons to be free f
 discrim9ation on ! "p ( entities t are 

subject to #a or m ( ! cov]$ civil      
rights provisions1 z appropriate 7ref]r$
 to 9 ?is ,act z cov]$ entities74 ,9    
#aifd ,congress adopt$ title ,,vi ( !   
,civil ,rights ,act ( #aifd to ensure t 
,f$]al doll>s w\ld n be us$ to subsidize
 or support programs or activities t    
discrim9at$ on racial1 color1 or        
national orig9 gr\nds4 ,9 ! ye>s t      
foll[$1 ,congress ext5d$ ^! protections 
by enact+ laws b>r+ discrim9ation 9     
f$]ally fund$ education activities on ! 
basis ( sex 9 title ,,ix ( ! ,education 
,am5dm5ts ( #aigb1 & discrim9ation 9    
f$]ally fund$ activities on ! basis (   
age 9 ! ,age ,discrim9ation ,act ( #aige
 & disability 9 section #ejd ( !        
,rehabilitation ,act ( #aigc4  7#c7 ,all
 ( ! /atutes cit$ 9 ?is section 7       
design$ to protect p]sons subject to    
discrim9ation4 ,z ,congress has         
consi/5tly recogniz$1 effective en=cem5t
 ( ! /atutes & protection ( ! rights    
gu>ante$ "u ! /atutes dep5d heavily on !
 ef=ts ( private attorneys g5]al4       

,congress ackn[l$g$ t x c\ld n secure   
compliance solely ?r\gh adm9i/rative    
ef=ts & en=cem5t actions initiat$ by !  
,attorney ,g5]al4 ,newman v4 ,piggie    
,p>k ,ent]prises1 #cij ,u4,s4 #djj      
7#aifh7 7p] curiam74  7#d7 ,! ,supreme  
,c\rt has made x cle> t individuals     
suff]+ discrim9ation "u ^! /atutes h a  
private "r ( action 9 ! ,f$]al c\rts1 & 
t ?is is necess>y = effective protection
 ( ! law1 al?\gh ,congress did n make   
su* a "r ( action explicit 9 ! /atute   
involv$4 ,cannon v4 ,univ]sity (        
,*icago1 #dda ,u4,s4 #fgg 7#aigi74  7#e7
 ,fur!rmore1 = effective en=cem5t ( !   
/atutes cit$ 9 ?is section1 x is        
necess>y t ! private "r ( action include
 a means to *all5ge all =ms (           
discrim9ation t are prohibit$ by !      
/atutes1 includ+ practices t h a        
disp>ate impact & are n ju/ifi$ z       
necess>y to a*ieve ! legitimate goals ( 
programs or activities support$ by      
,f$]al f9ancial assi/ance4  7#f7 ,by    
re9/at+ a private "r ( action to *all5ge

 disp>ate impact discrim9ation "u title 
,,vi ( ! ,civil ,rights ,act ( #aifd    
7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bjjj;d et seq47 &       
confirm+ t "r = o!r civil rights        
/atutes1 ,congress is n act+ 9 a mann] t
 w\ld expose cov]$ entities to unfair   
f9d+s ( discrim9ation4 ,! legal /&>d = a
 disp>ate impact claim has nev] be5     
/ructur$ s t a f9d+ ( discrim9ation c\ld
 be bas$ on num]ical imbalance alone4   
7#g7 ,9 contra/1 a failure to re9/ate or
 confirm a private "r ( action w\ld     
leave v9dication ( ! rights to equality 
( opportunity solely to ,f$]al ag5cies4 
,action by ,congress to specify a       
private "r ( action is necess>y to      
ensure t p]sons w h a rem$y if !y are   
d5i$ equal access to education1 h\s+1   
heal?1 environm5tal protection1         
transportation1 & _m o!r programs &     
s]vices by practices ( cov]$ entities t 
result 9 discrim9ation4  7#h7 ,z a      
result ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt's decision 9  
,s&oval1 c\rts h dismiss$ num]\s claims 
br\ght "u ! regulations promulgat$      

pursuant to title ,,vi ( ! ,civil       
,rights ,act ( #aifd 7#db ,u4,s4,c4     
#bjjj;d et seq47 t *all5g$ actions ) an 
unju/ifi$ discrim9atory effect4 ,al?\gh 
! ,s&oval ,c\rt did n address title ,,ix
 ( ! ,education ,am5dm5ts ( #aigb 7#bj  
,u4,s4,c4 #afha et seq471 l[] c\rts h   
simil>ly dismiss$ claims "u su* title4  
7#i7 ,section #ejd ( ! ,rehabilitation  
,act ( #aigc 7#bi ,u4,s4,c4 #gid7 has   
receiv$ diff]5t treatm5t by ! ,supreme  
,c\rt4 ,9 ,alex&] v4 ,*oate1 #dfi ,u4,s4
 #bhg 7#aihe71 ! ,c\rt proce$$ on !     
assumption t ! /atute itself prohibit$  
"s actions t _h a disp>ate impact on    
disabl$ individuals--an assumption borne
 out by congressional /atem5ts made dur+
 passage ( ! ,act4 ,9 ,s&oval1 ! ,c\rt  
appe>$ to accept ?is pr9ciple ( ,alex&]4
 ,moreov]1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt explicitly  
recogniz$ congressional approval ( !    
regulations promulgat$ to implem5t      
section #ejd ( ! ,rehabilitation ,act ( 
#aigc 9 ,consolidat$ ,rail ,corp4 v4    
,d>rone1 #dfe ,u4,s4 #fbd1 #fcd 7#aihd74

 ,rely+ on ! validity ( ! regulations1  
,congress incorporat$ ! regulations into
 ! /atutory requirem5ts ( section #bjd (
 ! ,am]icans ) ,disabilities ,act (     
#aiij 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #abacd74           
,none!less1 ,s&oval creates ! pot5tial =
 unc]ta9ty 9 ! application ( critical   
protections ( ,section #ejd1 p>ticul>ly 
9 ! l[] c\rts4  7#aj7 ,! "r to ma9ta9 a 
private "r ( action "u a provision add$ 
to a /atute "u ?is ,act w be effectuat$ 
by a waiv] ( sov]eign immunity 9 ! same 
mann] z sov]eign immunity is waiv$ "u ! 
rema9+ provisions ( t /atute4  7#aa7    
,num]\s provisions ( ,f$]al law         
expressly prohibit discrim9ation on !   
basis ( sex1 & ,f$]al ag5cies & c\rts h 
correctly int]pret$ ^! prohibitions on  
sex discrim9ation to include            
discrim9ation bas$ on sexual ori5tation1
 g5d] id5tity1 & sex /]eotypes4 ,9      
p>ticul>1 ! ,equal ,employm5t           
,opportunity ,commission correctly      
int]pret$ title ,,vii ( ! ,civil ,rights
 ,act ( #aifd 9 ,macy v4 ,hold]1 ,baldw9

 v4 ,foxx1 & ,lus>di v4 ,mc,hugh4  7#ab7
 ,9 =bidd+ discrim9ation bas$ on sex1   
,congress int5d$ to /rike at ! entire   
spectrum ( disp>ate treatm5t result+ f  
sex-relat$ *>act]i/ics4 ,! ,supreme     
,c\rt correctly recogniz$ 9 ,price      
,wat]h\se v4 ,hopk9s & ,oncale v4       
,sund[n] ,(f%ore ,s]vices t among ^!    
*>act]i/ics are sex-/]eotypes1 includ+  
mascul9ity & fem99ity4 ,congress        
reaffirm$ 9 ! ,pregnancy ,discrim9ation 
,act ( #aigh t discrim9ation on ! basis 
( sex includes b is n limit$ to         
discrim9ation on ! basis ( pregnancy1   
*ildbir?1 or relat$ m$ical conditions4  
7#ac7 ,! abs5ce ( explicit prohibitions 
( discrim9ation on ! basis ( sexual     
ori5tation & g5d] id5tity "u ,f$]al     
/atutory law has creat$ unc]ta9ty =     
employ]s & o!r entities cov]$ by ,f$]al 
nondiscrim9ation laws & caus$ unnecess>y
 h>d%ips = ,,lgbtq individuals4  7#ad7  
,! ,supreme ,c\rt correctly recogniz$ 9 
,hobby ,lobby v4 ,burwell t ! ,religi\s 
,fre$om ,re/oration ,act ( #aiic        

7,,rfra7 provides no ''' %ield to ^? :o 
cloak discrim9ation z religi\s practice 
to escape legal sanction4 ,?is ,act     
reaffirms t crucial limitation on       
,,rfra1 t ,congress did n int5d = x to  
be us$--& inde$ x _c be us$--to provide 
a def5se aga9/ allegations (            
discrim9ation on ! basis ( any protect$ 
trait4  7#ae7 ,*apt] #a ( title #i1     
,unit$ ,/ates ,code 7commonly kn[n z !  
,f$]al ,arbitration ,act71 repres5t$ an 
ex]cise ( legislative p[] t requir$     
c\rts to recognize private volunt>y     
agreem5ts to arbitrate comm]cial        
disputes at a "t :5 ! c\rts 7 refus+ to 
d s on gr\nds t arbitration repres5t$ a 
usurpation ( ! au?ority ( ! c\rts to    
resolve legal disputes4  7#af7 ,! ,f$]al
 ,arbitration ,act did n1 & %\ld n h be5
 int]pret$ to1 supplant or nullify !    
legislatively creat$ rights & rem$ies t 
,congress1 ex]cis+ its p[] "u article ,i
 ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 has
 grant$ to ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates =      
resolv+ disputes 9 ,/ate & ,f$]al c\rts4

  7#ag7 ,rec5t c\rt decisions1 includ+  
,,at,t ,mobility ,,llc v4 ,concepcion1  
#efc ,u4,s4 #ccc 7#bjaa7 & ,am]ican     
,express ,co4 v4 ,italian ,colors       
,re/aurant1 #acc ,s4 ,ct4 #bcjd 7#bjac71
 h int]pret$ ! ,f$]al ,arbitration ,act 
to broadly preempt rights & rem$ies     
e/abli%$ "u sub/antive ,/ate & ,f$]al   
law4 ,z a result1 ^! decisions h enabl$ 
bus9ess entities to avoid or nullify    
legal duties creat$ by congressional    
enactm5t1 result+ 9 millions ( p 9 !    
,unit$ ,/ates be+ unable to v9dicate _! 
rights 9 ,/ate & ,f$]al c\rts4  7#ah7   
,/ates h a compell+ int]e/ 9 enact+     
rights & rem$ies to protect ! welf>e (  
_! citiz5s1 & ! ,f$]al ,arbitration ,act
 %\ld n be1 & %\ld n h be51 int]pret$ to
 preempt ,/ate legislation t enact$     
rights & rem$ies to protect ! welf>e (  
_! citiz5s4  7#ai7 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt    
mis9t]pret$ ,title ,,vii ( ! ,civil     
,rights ,act 9 e/abli%+ ! ,f>agh]-,ell]?
 affirmative def5se 9 ,f>agh] v4 ,city (
 ,boca ,raton & ,burl+ton ,indu/ries1   

,inc4 v4 ,ell]?4 ,?is affirmative def5se
 (t5 leaves victims ( sexual h>assm5t ) 
no rem$y or rec\rse aft] incid5ce (     
sexual or o!r h>assm5t4 ,violations ( ! 
law1 & injuries to a victim & _! rights1
 are n cur$ by ! exi/5ce ( an           
anti-h>assm5t policy or ! lack ( future 
h>m1 & 9 a ho/ile "w environm5t tak+    
prev5tative measures is n a requirem5t t
 falls on ! victim4  7#bj7 ,br++ a      
lawsuit to v9dicate civil rights is     
f9ancially risky1 & law firms1 :e!r l>ge
 or small1 are unlikely to take su*     
cases on4 ,congress enact$ ! ,civil     
,rights ,attorney's ,fees ,aw>d ,act (  
#aigf 9 ord] to make lawsuits to        
v9dicate civil rights m accessible to   
pot5tial pla9tiffs4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt   
correctly recogniz$ 9 ,city ( ,riv]side 
v4 ,riv]a t ! effectuation (            
congressional int5t requires viable     
civil rights lawsuits1 :i* are dep5d5t  
on ! availability ( private en=cem5t    
me*anisms & ! correspond+ availability (
 attorney's fees4  7#ba7 ,h[ev]1 !      

,supreme ,c\rt incorrectly held t !     
cataly/ !ory is n a p]missible basis = !
 aw>d ( attorney's fees 9 ,buckhannon v4
 ,we/ ,virg9ia ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal?       
,human ,res\rces4 ,9 do+ s1 ! ,c\rt     
depriv$ pla9tiffs :o effectively w9 a   
lawsuit ?r\gh a settlem5t1 f receiv+    
pre-trial attorney's fees4 ,congress    
enact$ fee-%ift+ provisions 9 civil     
rights laws to enc\rage private en=cem5t
 ( ^? laws1 & fees mu/ be aw>d$ :5 a    
lawsuit v9dicates ! rights ,congress    
s\ght to secure4 ,9 disapprov+ ( !      
cataly/ !ory ! ,c\rt inc5tiviz$ pot5tial
 def5dants to draw out ! pre-trial      
process & settle at ! la/ second1 mak+ !
 lawsuit too exp5sive = ! av]age victim 
to und]take & too risky = ! av]age      
attorney to accept a civil rights case4 
7#bb7 ,! ,civil ,rights ,act ( #aifd1 & 
o!r civil rights laws t foll[$ x1 7     
writt51 9 "p1 to bani% rampant disp>ate 
treatm5t on ! basis ( race f ,am]ican   
society4 ,congress s\ght to ov]come !   
p]vasive1 raci/ ideology t ,black traits

 7 inf]ior by prohibit+ discrim9ation1 &
 int5d$ ! ,act to be int]pret$          
broadly--encompass+ race & all its      
attributes1 especially ^? traits        
hi/orically associat$ ) race4  7#bc7    
,blackness & its associat$ physical     
traits1 su* z d>k sk9 & k9ky & curly    
hair1 h too (t5 be5 equat$ ) inf]iority 
& unpr(essionalism4 ,pr(essionalism 01 &
 /ill is1 closely l9k$ to ,european     
features & mann]isms1 :i* entails t ^?  
:o d n naturally fall into ,euroc5tric  
norms mu/ alt] _! appe>ances1 sometimes 
dra/ically & p]man5tly1 9 ord] to be    
deem$ pr(essional4 ,su* norms are1 on _!
 face1 proxies = race4  7#bd7 ,f$]al    
c\rts h correctly int]pret$1 e4g4 t     
,title ,,vii ( ! ,civil ,rights ,act (  
#aifd prohibits discrim9ation on ! basis
 ( race1 & ?us protect individuals f    
discrim9ation aga9/ afros4 ,h[ev]1 !    
c\rts h yet to accept t ! ,act outlaws  
dress codes & groom+ policies t prohibit
 any natural pres5tation ( ,black hair1 
includ+ afros1 braids1 twi/s1 & locks4  

,al?\gh purport$ly race-neutral1 ^!     
policies h a disp>ate impact on ,black  
individuals z !y are m likely to det]1  
burd51 or puni% ,black individuals ?an  
any o!r gr\p4 ,!re=e1 hair discrim9ation
 t>get+ hair/yles associat$ ) race is   
racial discrim9ation4  #c4 ,prohibit$   
discrim9ation  7a7 ,civil ,rights ,act (
 #aifd ,section #fja ( ! ,civil ,rights 
,act ( #aifd 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bjjj;d7 is 
am5d$-- 7#a7 by /rik+ ,no & ins]t+ 7a7  
,no2  7#b7 by ins]t+ religion1 sex 7z   
su* t]m is def9$ 9 section #bjh71 be=e  
or national orig92 &  7#c7 by add+ at ! 
end ! foll[+3  7b7 7#a7 7,a7            
,discrim9ation 7includ+ exclusion f     
p>ticipation & d5ial ( b5efits7 bas$ on 
disp>ate impact is e/abli%$ "u ?is title
 only if-- 7i7 a p]son aggriev$ by      
discrim9ation on ! basis ( race1 color1 
sex 7z def9$ 9 section #bjh71 or        
national orig9 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is title z 
a p]son aggriev$7 demon/rates t an      
entity subject to ?is title 7ref]r$ to 9
 ?is title z a cov]$ entity7 has a      

policy or practice t causes a disp>ate  
impact on ! basis ( race1 color1 sex 7z 
su* t]m is def9$ 9 section #bjh71 or    
national orig9 & ! cov]$ entity fails to
 demon/rate t ! *all5g$ policy or       
practice is relat$ to & necess>y to     
a*ieve ! nondiscrim9atory goals ( !     
program or activity alleg$ to h be5     
op]at$ 9 a discrim9atory mann]2 or  7ii7
 ! p]son aggriev$ demon/rates 7consi/5t 
) ! demon/ration requir$ "u title ,,vii 
) respect to an alt]native employm5t    
practice7 t a less discrim9atory        
alt]native policy or practice exi/s1 & !
 cov]$ entity refuses to adopt su*      
alt]native policy or practice4  7,b7 7i7
 ,) respect to demon/rat+ t a p>ticul>  
policy or practice causes a disp>ate    
impact z describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a77i71
 ! p]son aggriev$ %all demon/rate t ea* 
p>ticul> *all5g$ policy or practice     
causes a disp>ate impact1 except t if ! 
p]son aggriev$ demon/rates to ! c\rt t !
 elem5ts ( a cov]$ entity's decisionmak+
 process are n capable ( sep>ation =    

analysis1 ! decisionmak+ process may be 
analyz$ z #a policy or practice4  7ii7  
,if ! cov]$ entity demon/rates t a      
specific policy or practice does n cause
 ! disp>ate impact1 ! cov]$ entity %all 
n be requir$ to demon/rate t su* policy 
or practice is necess>y to a*ieve !     
goals ( its program or activity4  7#b7  
,a demon/ration t a policy or practice  
is necess>y to a*ieve ! goals ( a       
program or activity may n be us$ z a    
def5se aga9/ a claim ( int5tional       
discrim9ation "u ?is title4  7#c7 ,9 ?is
 subsection1 ! t]m demon/rates means    
meets ! burd5s ( production & p]suasion4
  4  7b7 ,education ,am5dm5ts ( #aigb   
,section #ija ( ! ,education ,am5dm5ts (
 #aigb 7#bj ,u4,s4,c4 #afha7 is am5d$-- 
7#a7 by r$esignat+ subsection 7c7 z     
subsection 7e72 &  7#b7 by ins]t+ aft]  
subsection 7b7 ! foll[+3  7c7 7#a7 7,a7 
,subject to ! conditions describ$ 9     
p>agraphs 7#a7 ?r\gh 7#i7 ( subsection  
7a71 discrim9ation 7includ+ exclusion f 
p>ticipation & d5ial ( b5efits7 bas$ on 

disp>ate impact is e/abli%$ "u ?is title
 only if-- 7i7 a p]son aggriev$ by      
discrim9ation on ! basis ( sex 7z su*   
t]m is def9$ 9 section #bjh ( ! ,civil  
,rights ,act ( #aifd7 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is  
title z a p]son aggriev$7 demon/rates t 
an entity subject to ?is title 7ref]r$  
to 9 ?is title z a cov]$ entity7 has a  
policy or practice t causes a disp>ate  
impact on ! basis ( sex & ! cov]$ entity
 fails to demon/rate t ! *all5g$ policy 
or practice is relat$ to & necess>y to  
a*ieve ! nondiscrim9atory goals ( !     
program or activity alleg$ to h be5     
op]at$ 9 a discrim9atory mann]2 or  7ii7
 ! p]son aggriev$ demon/rates 7consi/5t 
) ! demon/ration requir$ "u title ,,vii 
( ! ,civil ,rights ,act ( #aifd 7#db    
,u4,s4,c4 #bjjj;e et seq47 ) respect to 
an alt]native employm5t practice7 t a   
less discrim9atory alt]native policy or 
practice exi/s1 & ! cov]$ entity refuses
 to adopt su* alt]native policy or      
practice4  7,b7 7i7 ,) respect to       
demon/rat+ t a p>ticul> policy or       

practice causes a disp>ate impact z     
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a77i71 ! p]son 
aggriev$ %all demon/rate t ea* p>ticul> 
*all5g$ policy or practice causes a     
disp>ate impact1 except t if ! p]son    
aggriev$ demon/rates to ! c\rt t !      
elem5ts ( a cov]$ entity's decisionmak+ 
process are n capable ( sep>ation =     
analysis1 ! decisionmak+ process may be 
analyz$ z #a policy or practice4  7ii7  
,if ! cov]$ entity demon/rates t a      
specific policy or practice does n cause
 ! disp>ate impact1 ! cov]$ entity %all 
n be requir$ to demon/rate t su* policy 
or practice is necess>y to a*ieve !     
goals ( its program or activity4  7#b7  
,a demon/ration t a policy or practice  
is necess>y to a*ieve ! goals ( a       
program or activity may n be us$ z a    
def5se aga9/ a claim ( int5tional       
discrim9ation "u ?is title4  7#c7 ,9 ?is
 subsection1 ! t]m demon/rates means    
meets ! burd5s ( production & p]suasion4
  4  7c7 ,age ,discrim9ation ,act (     
#aige ,section #cjc ( ! ,age            

,discrim9ation ,act ( #aige 7#db        
,u4,s4,c4 #fajb7 is am5d$-- 7#a7 by     
/rik+ ,pursuant & ins]t+ 7a7 ,pursuant2 
&  7#b7 by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3  7b7 
7#a7 7,a7 ,subject to ! conditions      
describ$ 9 subsections 7b7 & 7c7 (      
section #cjd1 discrim9ation 7includ+    
exclusion f p>ticipation & d5ial (      
b5efits7 bas$ on disp>ate impact is     
e/abli%$ "u ?is title only if-- 7i7 a   
p]son aggriev$ by discrim9ation on !    
basis ( age 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is title z a  
p]son aggriev$7 demon/rates t an entity 
subject to ?is title 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is   
title z a cov]$ entity7 has a policy or 
practice t causes a disp>ate impact on !
 basis ( age & ! cov]$ entity fails to  
demon/rate t ! *all5g$ policy or        
practice is relat$ to & necess>y to     
a*ieve ! nondiscrim9atory goals ( !     
program or activity alleg$ to h be5     
op]at$ 9 a discrim9atory mann]2 or  7ii7
 ! p]son aggriev$ demon/rates 7consi/5t 
) ! demon/ration requir$ "u title ,,vii 
( ! ,civil ,rights ,act ( #aifd 7#db    

,u4,s4,c4 #bjjj;e et seq47 ) respect to 
an alt]native employm5t practice7 t a   
less discrim9atory alt]native policy or 
practice exi/s1 & ! cov]$ entity refuses
 to adopt su* alt]native policy or      
practice4  7,b7 7i7 ,) respect to       
demon/rat+ t a p>ticul> policy or       
practice causes a disp>ate impact z     
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a77i71 ! p]son 
aggriev$ %all demon/rate t ea* p>ticul> 
*all5g$ policy or practice causes a     
disp>ate impact1 except t if ! p]son    
aggriev$ demon/rates to ! c\rt t !      
elem5ts ( a cov]$ entity's decisionmak+ 
process are n capable ( sep>ation =     
analysis1 ! decisionmak+ process may be 
analyz$ z #a policy or practice4  7ii7  
,if ! cov]$ entity demon/rates t a      
specific policy or practice does n cause
 ! disp>ate impact1 ! cov]$ entity %all 
n be requir$ to demon/rate t su* policy 
or practice is necess>y to a*ieve !     
goals ( its program or activity4  7#b7  
,a demon/ration t a policy or practice  
is necess>y to a*ieve ! goals ( a       

program or activity may n be us$ z a    
def5se aga9/ a claim ( int5tional       
discrim9ation "u ?is title4  7#c7 ,9 ?is
 subsection1 ! t]m demon/rates means    
meets ! burd5s ( production & p]suasion4
  4  7d7 ,fair ,h\s+ ,act ,! ,fair ,h\s+
 ,act 7title ,,viii ( ! ,civil ,rights  
,act ( #aifh2 #db ,u4,s4,c4 #cfja et    
seq47 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9 section #hjb1 by
 add+ at ! end ! foll[+3  7p7 ,sex has !
 mean+ giv5 su* t]m 9 section #bjh ( !  
,civil ,rights ,act ( #aifd4  7q7 ,s\rce
 ( income includes-- 7#a7 any income f a
 pr(ession1 occupation1 or job2  7#b7   
any =m ( ,f$]al1 ,/ate1 or local h\s+   
assi/ance provid$ to a family or provid$
 to a h\s+ own] on behalf ( a family1 or
 private assi/ance1 grant1 loan or r5tal
 assi/ance program1 includ+ l[-income   
h\s+ assi/ance c]tificates1 r5tal       
subsidies f nongov]nm5tal organizations1
 & v\*]s issu$ "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,h\s+ 
,act ( #aicg 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #adcg et    
seq472  7#c7 any income receiv$ dur+ a  
taxable ye> z ,social ,security b5efits1

 z def9$ 9 section #hf7;d7 ( ! ,int]nal 
,rev5ue ,code ( #aihf1 or z supplem5tal 
security income b5efits "u title ,,xvi (
 ! ,social ,security ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4
 #acha et seq472  7#d7 any gift1        
inh]itance1 p5sion1 annuity1 or o!r     
consid]ation or b5efit2  7#e7 any income
 receiv$ pursuant to c\rt ord]1 includ+ 
sp\sal support & *ild support2  7#f7 any
 paym5t f a tru/1 gu>dian1 or           
cons]vator2  7#g7 any income f ! sale or
 pl$ge ( prop]ty or an int]e/ 9 prop]ty2
 &  7#h7 any o!r lawful s\rce ( income4 
7r7 ,race1 color1 religion1 sex1 sexual 
ori5tation1 g5d] id5tity1 h&icap1       
familial /atus1 s\rce ( income1 or      
national orig91 us$ ) respect to an     
individual1 includes-- 7#a7 ! race1     
color1 religion1 sex1 sexual ori5tation1
 g5d] id5tity1 h&icap1 familial /atus1  
s\rce ( income1 or national orig91      
respectively1 ( ano!r p]son ) :om !     
individual is associat$ or has be5      
associat$2 &  7#b7 a p]ception or       
belief1 ev5 if inaccurate1 conc]n+ !    

race1 color1 religion1 sex1 sexual      
ori5tation1 g5d] id5tity1 h&icap1       
familial /atus1 s\rce ( income1 or      
national orig91 respectively1 ( !       
individual4  2  7#b7 9 section #hjd1 by 
ins]t+ 7z def9$ 9 section #bjh ( !      
,civil ,rights ,act ( #aifd71 s\rce (   
income1 aft] sex ea* place t t]m appe>s2
  7#c7 9 section #hje1 by ins]t+ 7z     
def9$ 9 section #bjh ( ! ,civil ,rights 
,act ( #aifd71 s\rce ( income1 aft] sex 
ea* place t t]m appe>s2  7#d7 9 section 
#hjf1 by ins]t+ 7z def9$ 9 section #bjh 
( ! ,civil ,rights ,act ( #aifd71 s\rce 
( income1 aft] sex2  7#e7 9 section #hjg
 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #cfjg71 by add+ at ! end
 ! foll[+3  7c7 ,no?+ 9 ?is title %all  
be con/ru$ to-- 7#a7 prohibit an entity 
f provid+ h\s+ assi/ance "u section     
#h7o77#ai7 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,h\s+ ,act 
( #aicg 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #adcg;f7o77#ai77 
9 a nondiscrim9atory mann]2 or  7#b7    
limit ! ability ( ! own] ( a dwell+ to  
det]m9e1 9 a comm]cially reasonable &   
non-discrim9atory mann]1 ! ability ( a  

p]son to af=d to pur*ase or r5t !       
dwell+4  2 &  7#f7 9 section            
#hjh7;e77#f7 7#db ,u4,s4,c4             
#cfjh7;e77#f771 by ins]t+ s\rce (       
income1 aft] h&icap14  7e7 ,prev5tion ( 
intimidation 9 ,fair ,h\s+ cases        
,section #ija ( ! ,civil ,rights ,act ( 
#aifh 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #cfca7 is am5d$ by 
ins]t+ 7z su* t]m is def9$ 9 section    
#bjh ( ! ,civil ,rights ,act ( #aifd71  
s\rce ( income 7z def9$ 9 section #hjb71
 aft] sex ea* place t t]m appe>s4  #d4  
,"r ( recov]y  7a7 ,civil ,rights ,act (
 #aifd ,title ,,vi ( ! ,civil ,rights   
,act ( #aifd 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bjjj;d et  
seq47 is am5d$ by ins]t+ aft] section   
#fjb ! foll[+3  #fjb;,a4 ,actions br\ght
 by p]sons aggriev$  7a7 ,claims ,bas$  
on ,pro( ( ,int5tional ,discrim9ation ,9
 an action br\ght by a p]son aggriev$ "u
 ?is title aga9/ a cov]$ entity :o has  
engag$ 9 unlawful int5tional            
discrim9ation 7n a practice t is        
unlawful because ( its disp>ate impact7 
prohibit$ "u ?is title 7includ+ its     

implem5t+ regulations71 ! p]son aggriev$
 may recov] equitable & legal relief    
7includ+ comp5satory & punitive         
damages71 attorney's fees 7includ+ exp]t
 fees71 & co/s1 except t punitive       
damages are n available aga9/ a         
gov]nm5t1 gov]nm5t ag5cy1 or political  
subdivision4  7b7 ,claims ,bas$ on !    
,disp>ate ,impact ,/&>d ( ,pro( ,9 an   
action br\ght by a p]son aggriev$ "u ?is
 title aga9/ a cov]$ entity :o has      
engag$ 9 unlawful discrim9ation bas$ on 
disp>ate impact prohibit$ "u ?is title  
7includ+ its implem5t+ regulations71 !  
p]son aggriev$ may recov] equitable &   
legal relief 7includ+ comp5satory &     
punitive damages71 attorney's fees      
7includ+ exp]t fees71 & co/s1 except t  
punitive damages are n available aga9/ a
 gov]nm5t1 gov]nm5t ag5cy1 or political 
subdivision4  7c7 ,settlem5t ,9 any     
settlem5t agreem5t or cons5t decree to  
resolve an action br\ght or :i* may be  
br\ght "u ?is title1 attorney's fees ( !
 pla9tiff %all be includ$4  4  7b7      

,education ,am5dm5ts ( #aigb ,title ,,ix
 ( ! ,education ,am5dm5ts ( #aigb 7#bj  
,u4,s4,c4 #afha et seq47 is am5d$ by    
ins]t+ aft] section #ijb ! foll[+3      
#ijb;,a4 ,actions br\ght by p]sons      
aggriev$  7a7 ,claims ,bas$ on ,pro( (  
,int5tional ,discrim9ation ,9 an action 
br\ght by a p]son aggriev$ "u ?is title 
aga9/ a cov]$ entity :o has engag$ 9    
unlawful int5tional discrim9ation 7n a  
practice t is unlawful because ( its    
disp>ate impact7 prohibit$ "u ?is title 
7includ+ its implem5t+ regulations71 !  
p]son aggriev$ may recov] equitable &   
legal relief 7includ+ comp5satory &     
punitive damages71 attorney's fees      
7includ+ exp]t fees71 & co/s1 except t  
punitive damages are n available aga9/ a
 gov]nm5t1 gov]nm5t ag5cy1 or political 
subdivision4  7b7 ,claims ,bas$ on !    
,disp>ate ,impact ,/&>d ( ,pro( ,9 an   
action br\ght by a p]son aggriev$ "u ?is
 title aga9/ a cov]$ entity :o has      
engag$ 9 unlawful discrim9ation bas$ on 
disp>ate impact prohibit$ "u ?is title  

7includ+ its implem5t+ regulations71 !  
p]son aggriev$ may recov] equitable &   
legal relief 7includ+ comp5satory &     
punitive damages71 attorney's fees      
7includ+ exp]t fees71 & co/s1 except t  
punitive damages are n available aga9/ a
 gov]nm5t1 gov]nm5t ag5cy1 or political 
subdivision4  7c7 ,settlem5t ,9 any     
settlem5t agreem5t or cons5t decree to  
resolve an action br\ght or :i* may be  
br\ght "u ?is title1 attorney's fees ( !
 pla9tiff %all be includ$4  4  7c7 ,age 
,discrim9ation ,act ( #aige  7#a7 ,9    
g5]al ,section #cje ( ! ,age            
,discrim9ation ,act ( #aige 7#db        
,u4,s4,c4 #fajd7 is am5d$ by add+ at !  
end ! foll[+3  7g7 7#a7 ,9 an action    
br\ght by a p]son aggriev$ "u ?is title 
aga9/ a cov]$ entity :o has engag$ 9    
unlawful int5tional discrim9ation 7n a  
practice t is unlawful because ( its    
disp>ate impact7 prohibit$ "u ?is title 
7includ+ its implem5t+ regulations71 !  
p]son aggriev$ may recov] equitable &   
legal relief 7includ+ comp5satory &     

punitive damages71 attorney's fees      
7includ+ exp]t fees71 & co/s1 except t  
punitive damages are n available aga9/ a
 gov]nm5t1 gov]nm5t ag5cy1 or political 
subdivision4  7#b7 ,9 an action br\ght  
by a p]son aggriev$ "u ?is title aga9/ a
 cov]$ entity :o has engag$ 9 unlawful  
discrim9ation bas$ on disp>ate impact   
prohibit$ "u ?is title 7includ+ its     
implem5t+ regulations71 ! p]son aggriev$
 may recov] equitable & legal relief    
7includ+ comp5satory & punitive         
damages71 attorney's fees 7includ+ exp]t
 fees71 & co/s1 except t punitive       
damages are n available aga9/ a         
gov]nm5t1 gov]nm5t ag5cy1 or political  
subdivision4  7#c7 ,9 any settlem5t     
agreem5t or cons5t decree to resolve an 
action br\ght or :i* may be br\ght "u   
?is title1 attorney's fees ( ! pla9tiff 
%all be includ$4  4  7#b7 ,con=mity (   
,,ada ) ,title ,,vi & ,title ,,ix  7,a7 
,elim9at+ waiv] ( "r to fees if n       
reque/$ 9 compla9t ,section #cje7;e77#a7
 ( ! ,age ,discrim9ation ,act ( #aige   

7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #fajd7;e77 is am5d$-- 7i7
 by /rik+ to enjo9 a violation & ins]t+ 
to r$ress a violation2 &  7ii7 by /rik+ 
! second s5t5ce & ins]t+ ! foll[+3 ,!   
,c\rt %all aw>d ! co/s ( suit1 includ+ a
 reasonable attorney's fee 7includ+     
exp]t fees71 to ! prevail+ pla9tiff44   
7,b7 ,elim9at+ unnecess>y m&ates3 to    
exhau/ adm9i/rative rem$ies2 & to delay 
suit long] ?an #ahj days to obta9 ag5cy 
review ,section #cje7;f7 ( ! ,age       
,discrim9ation ,act ( #aige 7#db        
,u4,s4,c4 #fajd7;f77 is am5d$ by /rik+  
,) respect to actions br\ght = relief   
bas$ on an alleg$ violation ( !         
provisions ( ?is title1 & ins]t+        
,actions br\ght = relief bas$ on an     
alleg$ violation ( ! provisions ( ?is   
title may be initiat$ 9 a c\rt (        
compet5t jurisdiction1 pursuant to      
section #cje7;e71 or be=e ! relevant    
,f$]al dep>tm5t or ag5cy4 ,) respect to 
su* actions br\ght initially be=e !     
relevant ,f$]al dep>tm5t or ag5cy14     
7,c7 ,elim9at+ duplicative reasonabl5ess

 requirem5t2 cl>ify+ t reasonable       
factors o!r ?an age is def5se to a      
disp>ate impact claim1 n an exception to
 ada cov]age ,section #cjd7;b77#a7 ( !  
,age ,discrim9ation ,act ( #aige 7#db   
,u4,s4,c4 #fajc7;b77#a77 is am5d$ by    
/rik+ involv$-- & all t foll[s ?r\gh !  
p]iod & ins]t+ involv$ su* action       
reasonably takes into acc\nt age z a    
factor necess>y to ! normal op]ation or 
! a*ievem5t ( any /atutory objective (  
su* program or activity44  7d7          
,rehabilitation ,act ( #aigc ,section   
#ejd ( ! ,rehabilitation ,act ( #aigc   
7#bi ,u4,s4,c4 #gid7 is am5d$ by add+ at
 ! end ! foll[+3  7e7 7#a7 ,9 an action 
br\ght by a p]son aggriev$ by           
discrim9ation on ! basis ( disability   
7ref]r$ to 9 ?is section z a p]son      
aggriev$7 "u ?is section aga9/ an entity
 subject to ?is section 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is
 section z a cov]$ entity7 :o has engag$
 9 unlawful int5tional discrim9ation 7n 
a practice t is unlawful because ( its  
disp>ate impact7 prohibit$ "u ?is       

section 7includ+ its implem5t+          
regulations71 ! p]son aggriev$ may      
recov] equitable & legal relief 7includ+
 comp5satory & punitive damages71       
attorney's fees 7includ+ exp]t fees71 & 
co/s1 except t punitive damages are n   
available aga9/ a gov]nm5t1 gov]nm5t    
ag5cy1 or political subdivision4  7#b7  
,9 an action br\ght by a p]son aggriev$ 
"u ?is section aga9/ a cov]$ entity :o  
has engag$ 9 unlawful discrim9ation bas$
 on disp>ate impact prohibit$ "u ?is    
section 7includ+ its implem5t+          
regulations71 ! p]son aggriev$ may      
recov] equitable & legal relief 7includ+
 comp5satory & punitive damages71       
attorney's fees 7includ+ exp]t fees71 & 
co/s1 except t punitive damages are n   
available aga9/ a gov]nm5t1 gov]nm5t    
ag5cy1 or political subdivision4  7#c7  
,equitable & legal relief 7includ+      
comp5satory & punitive damages71        
attorney's fees 7includ+ exp]t fees71 & 
co/s %all be available 9 all cases      
br\ght = ! failure to provide reasonable

 accommodations or reasonable           
modifications1 or ! failure to comply ) 
requirem5ts ( effective communication1  
accessible design1 ma9t5ance (          
accessible features1 or program         
accessibility4  7#d7 ,9 any settlem5t   
agreem5t or cons5t decree to resolve an 
action br\ght or :i* may be br\ght "u   
?is section1 attorney's fees ( !        
pla9tiff %all be includ$4  4  7e7 ,fair 
,h\s+ ,act ,! ,fair ,h\s+ ,act 7title   
,,viii ( ! ,civil ,rights ,act ( #aifh2 
#db ,u4,s4,c4 #cfja et seq471 z am5d$ by
 ?is ,act1 is fur!r am5d$ by add+ at !  
end ! foll[+3  #hbc4 ,disp>ate impact   
7a7 ,9 g5]al  7#a7 ,e/abli%m5t          
,discrim9ation 7includ+ exclusion f     
p>ticipation & d5ial ( b5efits7 bas$ on 
disp>ate impact is e/abli%$ "u ?is title
 only if-- 7,a7 a p]son aggriev$ by     
discrim9ation on ! basis ( race1 color1 
sex1 or national orig9 demon/rates t an 
entity subject to ?is title 7ref]r$ to 9
 ?is title z a cov]$ entity7 has a      
policy or practice t causes a disp>ate  

impact on ! basis ( race1 color1 sex1 or
 national orig9 & ! cov]$ entity fails  
to demon/rate t ! *all5g$ policy or     
practice is relat$ to & necess>y to     
a*ieve ! nondiscrim9atory goals ( !     
program or activity alleg$ to h be5     
op]at$ 9 a discrim9atory mann]2 or  7,b7
 ! p]son aggriev$ demon/rates t a less  
discrim9atory alt]native policy or      
practice exi/s1 & ! cov]$ entity refuses
 to adopt su* alt]native policy or      
practice4  7#b7 ,demon/ration  7,a7     
,causation ,) respect to demon/rat+ t a 
p>ticul> policy or practice causes a    
disp>ate impact z describ$ 9 subsection 
7a77#a71 ! p]son aggriev$ %all          
demon/rate t ea* p>ticul> *all5g$ policy
 or practice causes a disp>ate impact1  
except t if ! p]son aggriev$ demon/rates
 to ! c\rt t ! elem5ts ( a cov]$        
entity's decisionmak+ process are n     
capable ( sep>ation = analysis1 !       
decisionmak+ process may be analyz$ z #a
 policy or practice4  7,b7 ,no          
requirem5t to demon/rate ,if ! cov]$    

entity demon/rates t a specific policy  
or practice does n cause ! disp>ate     
impact1 ! cov]$ entity %all n be requir$
 to demon/rate t su* policy or practice 
is necess>y to a*ieve ! goals ( its     
program or activity4  7b7 ,necessity (  
int5tional discrim9ation ,to a*ieve     
policy goals n a def5se ,a demon/ration 
t a policy or practice is necess>y to   
a*ieve ! goals ( a program or activity  
may n be us$ z a def5se aga9/ a claim ( 
int5tional discrim9ation "u ?is title4  
7c7 ,def9ition ,9 ?is section1 ! t]m    
demon/rates means meets ! burd5s (      
production & p]suasion4  #hbd4 ,relief =
 claims bas$ on diff]+ /&>ds ( pro(  7a7
 ,claims ,bas$ on ,pro( ( ,int5tional   
,discrim9ation ,9 an action br\ght by a 
p]son aggriev$ "u ?is title aga9/ a     
cov]$ entity :o has engag$ 9 unlawful   
int5tional discrim9ation 7n a practice t
 is unlawful because ( its disp>ate     
impact7 prohibit$ "u ?is title 7includ+ 
its implem5t+ regulations71 ! p]son     
aggriev$ may recov] equitable & legal   

relief 7includ+ comp5satory & punitive  
damages71 attorney's fees 7includ+ exp]t
 fees71 & co/s1 except t punitive       
damages are n available aga9/ a         
gov]nm5t1 gov]nm5t ag5cy1 or political  
subdivision4  7b7 ,claims ,bas$ on !    
,disp>ate ,impact ,/&>d ( ,pro( ,9 an   
action br\ght by a p]son aggriev$ "u ?is
 title aga9/ a cov]$ entity :o has      
engag$ 9 unlawful discrim9ation bas$ on 
disp>ate impact prohibit$ "u ?is title  
7includ+ its implem5t+ regulations71 !  
p]son aggriev$ may recov] equitable &   
legal relief 7includ+ comp5satory &     
punitive damages71 attorney's fees      
7includ+ exp]t fees71 & co/s1 except t  
punitive damages are n available aga9/ a
 gov]nm5t1 gov]nm5t ag5cy1 or political 
subdivision4  7c7 ,relief available     
,equitable & legal relief 7includ+      
comp5satory & punitive damages71        
attorney's fees 7includ+ exp]t fees71 & 
co/s %all be available 9 all cases      
br\ght = ! failure to p]mit reasonable  
accommodations1 make reasonable         

modifications1 or design & con/ruct     
accessible dwell+s z requir$ by section 
#hjd7;f77#c77;,c74  7d7 ,settlem5t ,9   
any settlem5t agreem5t or cons5t decree 
to resolve an action br\ght or :i* may  
be br\ght "u ?is title1 attorney's fees 
( ! pla9tiff %all be includ$4  4  #e4   
,prohibition on discrim9ation by law    
en=cem5t  7a7 ,def9itions ,9 ?is        
section-- 7#a7 ,! t]m gov]nm5tal body   
means any dep>tm5t1 ag5cy1 special      
purpose di/rict1 or o!r in/rum5tality ( 
,f$]al1 ,/ate1 local1 or ,indian tribal 
gov]nm5t4  7#b7 ,! t]m ,indian tribe has
 ! mean+ giv5 ! t]m 9 section #ajb ( !  
,f$]ally ,recogniz$ ,indian ,tribe ,li/ 
,act ( #aiid 7#be ,u4,s4,c4 #dgi;a74    
7#c7 ,! t]m law en=cem5t ag5cy means any
 ,f$]al1 ,/ate1 local1 or ,indian tribal
 gov]nm5tal body engag$ 9 ! prev5tion1  
detection1 or inve/igation ( violations 
( crim9al1 immigration1 or cu/oms laws4 
7#d7 ,! t]m law en=cem5t ag5t means any 
,f$]al1 ,/ate1 local1 or ,indian tribal 
(ficial responsible = en=c+ crim9al1    

immigration1 or cu/oms laws1 includ+    
police (fic]s & o!r ag5ts ( a law       
en=cem5t ag5cy4  7#e7 ,! t]m pr(il+     
means ! practice ( a law en=cem5t ag5t  
or ag5cy rely+1 to any degree1 on actual
 or p]ceiv$ race1 e?nicity1 national    
orig91 religion1 sex 7z def9$ 9 section 
#bjh ( ! ,civil ,rights ,act ( #aifd71  
g5d] id5tity1 or sexual ori5tation 9    
select+ :i* individual to subject to    
r\t9e or spontane\s inve/igatory        
activities or 9 decid+ ^u ! scope &     
sub/ance ( law en=cem5t activity foll[+ 
any initial inve/igatory proc$ure1      
except :5 !re is tru/wor?y in=mation1   
relevant to ! locality & timeframe1 t   
l9ks a p]son ) a p>ticul> *>act]i/ic    
describ$ 9 ?is p>agraph to an id5tifi$  
crim9al incid5t or s*eme4  7#f7 ,! t]m  
r\t9e or spontane\s inve/igatory        
activities means ! foll[+ activities by 
a law en=cem5t ag5t3 7,a7 ,int]views4   
7,b7 ,traffic /ops4  7,c7 ,p$e/rian     
/ops4  7,d7 ,frisks & o!r types ( body  
se>*es4  7,e7 ,cons5sual or noncons5sual

 se>*es ( ! p]sons1 prop]ty1 or         
possessions 7includ+ vehicles7 (        
individuals us+ any =m ( public or      
private transportation1 includ+ motori/s
 & p$e/rians4  7,f7 ,data collection1   
analysis1 assessm5ts1 & pr$icat$        
inve/igations4  7,g7 ,inspections &     
int]views ( entrants into ! ,unit$      
,/ates t are m ext5sive ?an ^? cu/om>ily
 c>ri$ out4  7,h7 ,immigration-relat$   
workplace inve/igations4  7,i7 ,su* o!r 
types ( law en=cem5t enc\nt]s compil$ = 
or by ! ,f$]al ,bureau ( ,inve/igation  
or ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice ,bureau (      
,ju/ice ,/ati/ics4  7#g7 ,! t]m ,/ate   
means ea* ( ! #ej ,/ates1 ! ,di/rict (  
,columbia1 ! ,commonweal? ( ,pu]to      
,rico1 & any o!r t]ritory or possession 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  7#h7 ,! t]m unit (  
local gov]nm5t means-- 7,a7 any city1   
c\nty1 t[n%ip1 t[n1 bor\gh1 p>i%1       
village1 or o!r g5]al purpose political 
subdivision ( a ,/ate2  7,b7 any law    
en=cem5t di/rict or judicial en=cem5t   
di/rict t-- 7i7 is e/abli%$ "u          

applicable ,/ate law2 &  7ii7 has !     
au?ority to1 9 a mann] indep5d5t ( o!r  
,/ate entities1 e/abli% a budget &      
impose taxes2 or  7,c7 any ,indian tribe
 t p]=ms law en=cem5t functions1 z      
det]m9$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior4    
7b7 ,prohibition ( pr(il+  7#a7 ,9 g5]al
 ,no law en=cem5t ag5t or law en=cem5t  
ag5cy %all engage 9 pr(il+4  7#b7       
,en=cem5t  7,a7 ,rem$y ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1
 or an individual injur$ by pr(il+1 may 
en=ce ?is title 9 a civil action =      
equitable or legal relief1 fil$ 9 a     
,/ate c\rt ( g5]al jurisdiction or 9 a  
di/rict c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  7,b7   
,p>ties ,9 any action br\ght "u ?is     
title1 relief may be obta9$ aga9/-- 7i7 
any gov]nm5tal body t employ$ any law   
en=cem5t ag5t :o engag$ 9 pr(il+2  7ii7 
any ag5t ( su* body :o engag$ 9 pr(il+2 
&  7iii7 any p]son ) sup]visory au?ority
 ov] su* ag5t4  7,c7 ,nature ,( ,pro(   
,pro( t ! r\t9e or spontane\s           
inve/igatory activities ( law en=cem5t  
ag5ts 9 a jurisdiction h _h a disp>ate  

impact on individuals ) a p>ticul>      
*>act]i/ic describ$ 9 subsection 7a77#e7
 %all con/itute prima facie evid5ce ( a 
violation ( ?is section4  7,d7          
,attorney's ,fees ,9 any action or      
proce$+ to en=ce ?is section aga9/ any  
gov]nm5tal body1 ! c\rt may all[ a      
prevail+ pla9tiff1 o!r ?an ! ,unit$     
,/ates1 reasonable attorney's fees z "p 
( ! co/s1 & may include exp]t fees z "p 
( ! attorney's fees4  #f4 ,public       
accommodations  7a7 ,prohibition on     
discrim9ation or segregation 9 public   
accommodations ,section #bja ( ! ,civil 
,rights ,act ( #aifd 7#db ,u4,s4,c4     
#bjjj;a7 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9 subsection   
7a71 by ins]t+ sex1 be=e or national    
orig92 &  7#b7 9 subsection 7b7-- 7,a7 9
 p>agraph 7#c71 by /rik+ /adium & all t 
foll[s & ins]t+ /adium or o!r place or  
e/abli%m5t t provides exhibition1       
ent]ta9m5t1 recreation1 ex]cise1        
amusem5t1 ga!r+1 or display22  7,b7 by  
r$esignat+ p>agraph 7#d7 z p>agraph     
7#f72 &  7,c7 by ins]t+ aft] p>agraph   

7#c7 ! foll[+3  7#d7 any e/abli%m5t t   
provides a good1 s]vice1 or program1    
includ+ a /ore1 %opp+ c5t]1 onl9e       
retail] or s]vice provid]1 salon1 bank1 
gas /ation1 food bank1 s]vice or c>e    
c5t]1 %elt]1 travel ag5cy1 fun]al p>lor1
 or any e/abli%m5t t provides heal? c>e1
 acc\nt+1 or legal s]vices2  7#e7 any   
tra9 s]vice1 bus s]vice1 c> s]vice1 taxi
 s]vice1 airl9e s]vice1 /ation1 depot1  
or o!r place ( or e/abli%m5t t provides 
transportation s]vice2 &  4  7b7        
,prohibition on discrim9ation or        
segregation "u law ,section #bjb ( su*  
,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bjjj;a-#a7 is am5d$
 by ins]t+ sex1 be=e or national orig94 
7c7 ,def9itions & rules ( con/ruction   
,title ,,ii ( su* ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4   
#bjjj;a et seq47 is am5d$ by add+ at !  
end ! foll[+3  #bjh4 ,def9itions & rules
  7a7 ,def9itions  7#a7 ,race2 color2   
religion2 sex2 sexual ori5tation2 g5d]  
id5tity2 national orig9 ,! t]m race1    
color1 religion1 sex 7includ+ sexual    
ori5tation & g5d] id5tity71 or national 

orig91 us$ ) respect to an individual1  
includes-- 7,a7 ! race1 color1 religion1
 sex 7includ+ sexual ori5tation & g5d]  
id5tity71 or national orig91            
respectively1 ( ano!r p]son ) :om !     
individual is associat$ or has be5      
associat$2  7,b7 a p]ception or belief1 
ev5 if inaccurate1 conc]n+ ! race1      
color1 religion1 sex 7includ+ sexual    
ori5tation & g5d] id5tity71 or national 
orig91 respectively1 ( ! individual2 &  
7,c7 9 ! case ( race1 traits hi/orically
 associat$ ) race1 includ+ natural hair 
texture & protective hair/yles4  7#b7   
,g5d] id5tity ,! t]m g5d] id5tity means 
! g5d]-relat$ id5tity1 appe>ance1       
mann]isms1 or o!r g5d]-relat$           
*>act]i/ics ( an individual1 reg>dless (
 ! individual's designat$ sex at bir?4  
7#c7 ,includ+ ,! t]m includ+ means      
includ+1 b n limit$ to1 consi/5t ) !    
t]m's /&>d mean+ 9 ,f$]al law4  7#d7    
,natural hair/yles ,! t]m natural hair  
includes-- 7,a7 protective & natural    
hair/yles1 :i* includes braids1 locs1   

weaves1 twi/s1 afros2 &  7,b7 natural   
hair texture1 :i* includes wavy1 k9ky1  
curl1 & coily1 & also ! v>iation (      
texture 9 betwe54  7#e7 ,sex ,! t]m sex 
includes-- 7,a7 a sex /]eotype2  7,b7   
pregnancy1 *ildbir?1 or a relat$ m$ical 
condition2  7,c7 sexual ori5tation or   
g5d] id5tity2 &  7,d7 sex *>act]i/ics1  
includ+ int]sex traits4  7#f7 ,sexual   
ori5tation ,! t]m sexual ori5tation     
means an individual's actual or p]ceiv$ 
romantic1 physical1 or sexual attraction
 to o!r p]sons1 or lack !re(1 t includes
 het]osexuality1 homosexuality1 &       
bisexuality4  7b7 ,rules ,9 provid+ a   
rem$y "u ?is ,act3 7#a7 ,9 ! case ( any 
conduct alleg$ to be discrim9atory on ! 
basis ( sex1 ! rem$y "u ?is ,act = su*  
conduct1 to ! ext5t x p]ta9s to         
pregnancy1 *ildbir?1 or a relat$ m$ical 
condition may n result 9 a less         
sub/antial rem$y ?an any o!r rem$y =    
discrim9ation on ! basis ( sex4  7#b7 ,9
 ! case ( any conduct alleg$ to be      
discrim9atory on ! basis ( sex 7)       

respect to g5d] id5tity71 an individual 
%all n be d5i$ access to a %>$ facility1
 includ+ a re/room1 a lock] room1 & a   
dress+ room1 t is 9 accordance ) !      
individual's g5d] id5tity4  #bji4 ,rules
 ( con/ruction  7a7 ,claims & rem$ies n 
preclud$ ,no?+ 9 ?is title %all be      
con/ru$ to limit ! claims or rem$ies    
available to any individual = an        
unlawful practice on ! basis ( race1    
color1 religion1 sex1 or national orig9 
includ+ claims br\ght pursuant to       
section #aigi or #aihj ( ! ,revis$      
,/atutes 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aihc1 #aihe7 or
 any o!r law1 includ+ ! ,f$]al law am5d$
 by ! ,cu/om] ,non-,discrim9ation ,act1 
regulation1 or policy4  7b7 ,no negative
 inf]5ce ,no?+ 9 ?is title %all be      
con/ru$ to support any inf]5ce t any    
,f$]al law prohibit+ a practice on !    
basis ( sex does n prohibit             
discrim9ation on ! basis ( pregnancy1   
*ildbir?1 or a relat$ m$ical condition1 
sexual ori5tation1 g5d] id5tity1 or a   
sex /]eotype4  7c7 ,scope ( an          

e/abli%m5t ,a ref]5ce 9 ?is title to an 
e/abli%m5t-- 7#a7 %all be con/ru$ to    
include an individual ^: op]ations      
affect comm]ce & :o is a provid] ( a    
good1 s]vice1 or program2 &  7#b7 %all n
 be con/ru$ to be limit$ to a physical  
facility or place4  #baj4 ,claims ,!    
,religi\s ,fre$om ,re/oration ,act (    
#aiic 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bjjj;bb et seq47  
%all n provide a claim conc]n+1 or a    
def5se to a claim "u ?is title or       
provide a basis = *all5g+ ! application 
or en=cem5t ( ?is title4  4  #g4 ,/rict 
vic>i\s employ] liability &             
,f>agh]-,ell]? affirmative def5se remov$
 ,section #gjf ( ! ,civil ,rights ,act (
 #aifd 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bjjj;e-#e et     
seq47 is am5d$ by add+ at ! end !       
foll[+3  7l7 ,an employ] %all be liable 
= any act ( discrim9ation prohibit$ "u  
?is title 7includ+ h>assm5t1            
intimidation1 or retaliation7 committ$  
by any ( its employees4  7m7 ,x %all n  
be a def5se to a claim "u ?is title or  
provide a basis = *all5g+ ! application 

or en=cem5t ( ?is title-- 7#a7 t an     
employ] ex]cis$ reasonable c>e 9        
attempt+ to prev5t or took corrective   
action reg>d+ any act ( discrim9ation on
 ! basis ( sex 7includ+ intimidation1   
h>assm5t1 or retaliation72  7#b7 t      
adv]se employm5t action 0 n tak5 by su* 
an employ]2 or  7#c7 t an employee      
affect$ by t act did n take advantage ( 
prev5tive opportunities to avoid h>m4  4
  #h4 ,arbitration ( employm5t1 consum]1
 & civil rights disputes  7a7 ,purposes 
,! purposes ( ?is section are to-- 7#a7 
prohibit pr$ispute arbitration agreem5ts
 t =ce arbitration ( future employm5t1  
consum]1 or civil rights disputes2 &    
7#b7 prohibit agreem5ts & practices t   
int]f]e ) ! "r ( individuals1 work]s1 & 
small bus9esses to p>ticipate 9 a jo9t1 
class1 or collective action relat$ to an
 employm5t1 consum]1 or civil rights    
dispute4  7b7 ,9 g5]al ,title #i ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates ,code is am5d$ by add+ at 
! end ! foll[+3  #d ,,arbitration ,,(   
,,employm5t1 ,,consum]1 ,,& ,,civil     

,,rights ,,disputes  #dja4 ,def9itions  
,9 ?is *apt]-- 7#a7 ! t]m civil rights  
dispute means a dispute-- 7,a7 aris+ f  
an alleg$ violation (-- 7i7 !           
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or !     
con/itution ( a ,/ate2 &  7ii7 any      
,f$]al1 ,/ate1 or local law t prohibits 
discrim9ation on ! basis ( race1 sex1   
age1 g5d] id5tity1 sexual ori5tation1   
disability1 religion1 national orig91 or
 any legally protect$ /atus 9 education1
 employm5t1 cr$it1 h\s+1 public         
accommodations & facilities1 vot+1      
vet]ans or s]vicememb]s1 heal? c>e1 or a
 program fund$ or conduct$ by ! ,f$]al  
,gov]nm5t or ,/ate gov]nm5t1 includ+ any
 law ref]r$ to or describ$ 9 section    
#fb7;e7 ( ! ,int]nal ,rev5ue ,code (    
#aihf1 includ+ p>ts ( su* law n         
explicitly ref]5c$ 9 su* section b t    
relate to protect+ individuals on any   
su* basis2 &  7,b7 9 :i* at lea/ "o p>ty
 alleg+ a violation describ$ 9          
subp>agraph 7,a7 is "o or m individuals 
7or _! au?oriz$ repres5tative71 includ+ 

"o or m individuals seek+ c]tification z
 a class "u rule #bc ( ! ,f$]al ,rules (
 ,civil ,proc$ure or a comp>able rule or
 provision ( ,/ate law2  7#b7 ! t]m     
consum] dispute means a dispute betwe5--
 7,a7 "o or m individuals :o seek or    
acquire real or p]sonal prop]ty1 s]vices
 7includ+ s]vices relat$ to digital     
te*nology71 securities or o!r inve/m5ts1
 money1 or cr$it = p]sonal1 family1 or  
h\sehold purposes includ+ an individual 
or individuals :o seek c]tification z a 
class "u rule #bc ( ! ,f$]al ,rules (   
,civil ,proc$ure or a comp>able rule or 
provision ( ,/ate law2 &  7,b7 7i7 !    
sell] or provid] ( su* prop]ty1 s]vices1
 securities or o!r inve/m5ts1 money1 or 
cr$it2 or  7ii7 a ?ird p>ty involv$ 9 ! 
sell+1 provid+ (1 paym5t =1 receipt or  
use ( in=mation ab\t1 or o!r relation%ip
 to any su* prop]ty1 s]vices1 securities
 or o!r inve/m5ts1 money1 or cr$it2     
7#c7 ! t]m employm5t dispute means a    
dispute betwe5 "o or m individuals 7or  
_! au?oriz$ repres5tative7 & a p]son    

aris+ out ( or relat$ to ! "w           
relation%ip or prospective "w           
relation%ip betwe5 !m1 includ+ a dispute
 reg>d+ ! t]ms ( or paym5t =1 adv]tis+  
(1 recruit+ =1 ref]r+ (1 arrang+ =1 or  
discipl9e or dis*>ge 9 connection )1 su*
 "w1 reg>dless ( :e!r ! individual is or
 w\ld be classifi$ z an employee or an  
indep5d5t contractor ) respect to su*   
"w1 & includ+ a dispute aris+ "u any law
 ref]r$ to or describ$ 9 section #fb7;e7
 ( ! ,int]nal ,rev5ue ,code ( #aihf1    
includ+ p>ts ( su* law n explicitly     
ref]5c$ 9 su* section b t relate to     
protect+ individuals on any su* basis1 &
 includ+ a dispute 9 :i* an individual  
or individuals seek c]tification z a    
class "u rule #bc ( ! ,f$]al ,rules (   
,civil ,proc$ure or z a collective      
action "u section #af7;b7 ( ! ,fair     
,labor ,/&>ds ,act1 or a comp>able rule 
or provision ( ,/ate law2  7#d7 ! t]m   
pr$ispute arbitration agreem5t means an 
agreem5t to arbitrate a dispute t has n 
yet aris5 at ! "t ( ! mak+ ( ! agreem5t2

 &  7#e7 ! t]m pr$ispute jo9t-action    
waiv] means an agreem5t1 :e!r or n "p ( 
a pr$ispute arbitration agreem5t1 t w\ld
 prohibit1 or waive ! "r (1 "o ( !      
p>ties to ! agreem5t to p>ticipate 9 a  
jo9t1 class1 or collective action 9 a   
judicial1 arbitral1 adm9i/rative1 or o!r
 =um1 conc]n+ a dispute t has n yet     
aris5 at ! "t ( ! mak+ ( ! agreem5t4    
#djb4 ,no validity or en=ceability  7a7 
,9 g5]al ,not)/&+ any o!r provision (   
?is title1 no pr$ispute arbitration     
agreem5t or pr$ispute jo9t-action waiv] 
%all be valid or en=ceable ) respect to 
an employm5t dispute1 consum] dispute1  
or civil rights dispute4  7b7           
,applicability  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,an issue 
z to :e!r ?is *apt] applies ) respect to
 a dispute %all be det]m9$ "u ,f$]al    
law4 ,! applicability ( ?is *apt] to an 
agreem5t to arbitrate & ! validity &    
en=ceability ( an agreem5t to :i* ?is   
*apt] applies %all be det]m9$ by a c\rt1
 r ?an an arbitrator1 irrespective (    
:e!r ! p>ty resi/+ arbitration *all5ges 

! arbitration agreem5t specifically or 9
 conjunction ) o!r t]ms ( ! contract    
conta9+ su* agreem5t1 & irrespective (  
:e!r ! agreem5t purports to delegate su*
 det]m9ations to an arbitrator4  7#b7   
,collective b>ga9+ agreem5ts ,no?+ 9 ?is
 *apt] %all apply to any arbitration    
provision 9 a contract betwe5 an employ]
 & a labor organization or betwe5 labor 
organizations1 except t no su*          
arbitration provision %all h ! effect ( 
waiv+ ! "r ( a work] to seek judicial   
en=cem5t ( a "r aris+ "u a provision ( !
 ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a ,/ate
 con/itution1 or a ,f$]al or ,/ate      
/atute1 or public policy aris+ !refrom4 
4  7c7 ,te*nical & con=m+ am5dm5ts  7#a7
 ,9 g5]al ,title #i ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates   
,code is am5d$-- 7,a7 9 section #a by   
/rik+ ( seam51 & all t foll[s ?r\gh     
int]/ate comm]ce1 & ins]t+ 9 its place (
 individuals1 reg>dless ( :e!r su*      
individuals are designat$ z employees or
 indep5d5t contractors = o!r purposes1  
7,b7 9 section #b by ins]t+ or z o!rwise

 provid$ 9 *apt] #d be=e ! p]iod at !   
end1  7,c7 9 section #bjh-- 7i7 9 !     
section head+ by /rik+ ,*apt] #a2       
residual application & ins]t+           
,application1 &  7ii7 by add+ at ! end !
 foll[+3 ,?is *apt] applies to ! ext5t t
 ?is *apt] is n 9 conflict ) *apt] #d41 
&  7,d7 9 section #cjg-- 7i7 9 ! section
 head+ by /rik+ ,*apt] #a2 residual     
application & ins]t+ ,application1 &    
7ii7 by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3 ,?is    
*apt] applies to ! ext5t t ?is *apt] is 
n 9 conflict ) *apt] #d44  7#b7 ,table (
 sections  7,a7 ,*apt] #b ,! table (    
sections ( *apt] #b ( title #i1 ,unit$  
,/ates ,code1 is am5d$ by /rik+ ! item  
relat+ to section #bjh & ins]t+ !       
foll[+3  #bjh4 ,application4  4  7,b7   
,*apt] #c ,! table ( sections ( *apt] #c
 ( title #i1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is    
am5d$ by /rik+ ! item relat+ to section 
#cjg & ins]t+ ! foll[+3  #cjg4          
,application4  4  7#c7 ,table ( *apt]s  
,! table ( *apt]s ( title #i1 ,unit$    
,/ates ,code1 is am5d$ by add+ at ! end 

! foll[+3  #d4 ,arbitration ( employm5t1
 consum]1 antitru/1 & civil rights      
disputes4  4  #i4 ,liability ( c]ta9    
gov]nm5t (ficials ,9 any action "u      
,revis$ ,/atute #aigi1 ! foll[+ %all    
apply3 7#a7 ,def9ition ( ,/ate ,! t]m   
,/ate includes any p]son or entity t    
und]takes action "u color ( any /atute1 
ord9ance1 regulation1 cu/om1 or usage1 (
 any ,/ate or ,t]ritory or ! ,di/rict ( 
,columbia4  7#b7 ,action "u color ( law 
,a private p]son or entity und]takes    
action "u color ( any /atute1 ord9ance1 
regulation1 cu/om1 or usage1 ( any ,/ate
 or ,t]ritory or ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1
 :5-- 7,a7 und]tak+ a public function   
delegat$ by a ,/ate or local gov]nm5t2  
7,b7 volunt>ily und]tak+ a public       
function2  7,c7 act+ 9 conc]t ) a ,/ate 
or local gov]nm5t or act+ 9 conc]t ) an 
individual (fic]1 ag5t1 or entity ( a   
,/ate or local gov]nm5t2  7,d7 engag+ 9 
jo9t action t[>ds a common goal or plan 
) a ,/ate or local gov]nm5t or engag+ 9 
jo9t action t[>ds a common goal or plan 

) an individual (fic]1 ag5t1 or entity (
 a ,/ate or local gov]nm5t2  7,e7 engag$
 9 a conspiracy ) a ,/ate or local      
gov]nm5t or engag$ 9 a conspiracy ) an  
individual (fic]1 ag5t1 or entity ( a   
,/ate or local gov]nm5t2  7,f7 a close  
nexus exi/s betwe5 ! private p]son or   
entity & a ,/ate or local gov]nm5t or a 
close nexus exi/s betwe5 an individual  
(fic]1 ag5t1 or entity ( a ,/ate or     
local gov]nm5t2  7,g7 ! activities ( !  
private p]son or entity is s entw9$ ) a 
,/ate or local gov]nm5t or an individual
 (fic]1 ag5t1 or entity ( a ,/ate or    
local gov]nm5t su* t ! private p]son or 
entity is fairly consid]$ to be act+ "u 
color ( law2 or  7,h7 o!rwise ex]cises  
p[]s traditionally res]v$ to ,/ate or   
local gov]nm5t4  7#c7 ,presumption ,a   
private p]son or entity is presum$ to be
 act+ "u color ( law :51 pursuant to a  
contract or o!r legally b9d+ agreem5t ) 
a ,/ate or local gov]nm5t1 ! private    
p]son or entity ex]cises any p[] ( t    
,/ate or local gov]nm5t or ! private    

p]son or entity o!rwise und]takes !     
adm9i/ration1 op]ations1 or o!r         
activities (3 ! judici>y1 law en=cem5t1 
public education1 jails or prisons1     
elections1 municipal wat] s]vices1      
municipal wa/e removal1 evictions1      
public p>ks1 or public b5efits programs4
  7#d7 ,no def5se ( qualifi$ immunity   
,qualifi$ immunity is n a def5se 9 an   
action br\ght aga9/ any p]son :o "u     
color ( any /atute1 ord9ance1           
regulation1 cu/om1 or usage1 ( any ,/ate
 or ,t]ritory or ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1
 subjects1 or causes to be subject$1 any
 citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or o!r p]son  
)9 ! jurisdiction !re( to ! deprivation 
( any rights1 privileges1 or immunities 
secur$ by ! ,con/itution & laws4  7#e7  
,respondeat sup]ior ,9 ! case ( any     
(ficial ( any political subdivision ( a 
,/ate1 if t (ficial1 act+ "u color (    
law1 violates any provision ( ?is ,act1 
t (ficial %all be am5able to any suit "u
 ?is ,act1 & ! political subdivision may
 be held liable = ! acts ( t (ficial1   

:e!r act+ 9 8 or h] (ficial or          
individual capacity4  #aj4 ,explicit    
inclusion ( rulemak+s ,section          
#ajjc7;a77#a7 ( ! ,rehabilitation ,act  
,am5dm5ts ( #aihf 7#db ,u4,s4,c4        
#bjjj;d-#g7;a77#a77 is am5d$ by ins]t+  
be=e ! p]iod at ! end ! foll[+3 7includ+
 ! provisions ( any rule made to        
implem5t any ( ! =ego+ /atutes74  #aa4  
,con/ruction  7a7 ,relief ,no?+ 9 ?is   
,act1 includ+ any am5dm5t made by ?is   
,act1 %all be con/ru$ to limit ! scope  
(1 or ! relief available "u1 section    
#ejd ( ! ,rehabilitation ,act ( #aigc   
7#bi ,u4,s4,c4 #gid71 ! ,am]icans )     
,disabilities ,act ( #aiij 7#db         
,u4,s4,c4 #abaja et seq471 or any o!r   
provision ( law4  7b7 ,def5dants ,no?+ 9
 ?is ,act1 includ+ any am5dm5t made by  
?is ,act1 %all be con/ru$ to limit !    
scope ( ! class ( p]sons :o may be      
subject$ to civil actions "u ! cov]$    
civil rights provisions4  7c7           
,sev]ability ,if any provision ( ?is    
,act1 or ! application ( su* a provision

 to any p]son or circum/ance1 is held to
 be uncon/itutional1 ! rema9d] ( ?is    
,act & ! application ( ! rema9+         
provisions ( ?is ,act to any p]son or   
circum/ance %all n be affect$ !reby4    
7d7 ,arbitration ,no?+ 9 ?is ,act1 or ! 
am5dm5ts made by ?is ,act1 %all be      
con/ru$ to prohibit ! use ( arbitration 
on a volunt>y basis aft] a dispute      
arises4  #ab4 ,effective date  7a7 ,9   
,g5]al ,?is ,act1 & ! am5dm5ts made by  
?is ,act1 take effect on ! date (       
enactm5t ( ?is ,act4  7b7 ,application  
,?is ,act1 & ! am5dm5ts made by ?is     
,act1 apply to all actions or proce$+s  
p5d+ on or aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is 
,act1 &1 9 ! case ( section #h & !      
am5dm5ts made !reby1 %all apply )       
respect to any dispute or claim t arises
 or accrues on or aft] su* date4