,i  #aaf? ,,congress  #b;d ,session  ,h4
 ,r4 #hfcc  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(          
,,repres5tatives  ,octob] #bj1 #bjbj,mr4
 ,ha/+s 7= himself1 ,mr4 ,bu*anan1 ,mr4 
,bi%op ( ,georgia1 & ,ms4 ,%]rill7      
introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to
 ! ,committee on ,en]gy & ,comm]ce  ,a  
,,bill  ,to am5d ! ,public ,heal?       
,s]vice ,act to provide = ! e/abli%m5t (
 ! ,national ,c5t] = ,alt]natives to    
,animals 9 ,rese>* & ,te/+1 & = o!r     
purposes4  #a4 ,%ort title ,?is ,act may
 be cit$ z ! ,humane ,rese>* & ,te/+    
,act ( #bjbj4  #b4 ,f9d+s ,! ,congress  
f9ds z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! mission ( !      
,national ,in/itutes ( ,heal? 7,,nih7 is
 to seek fundam5tal k ab\t ! nature &   
behavior ( liv+ sy/ems & ! application (
 t k to enhance heal?1 l5g!n life1 &    
r$uce illness & disability4  7#b7 ,mu* (
 ,,nih's rese>* is c>ri$ out on animals4
 ,h[ev]1 ! precise numb] ( animals us$ 9
 rese>* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is unkn[n4    
,e/imates range betwe5 #ag million &    
#ajj million animals us$ annually4 ,su* 

imprecise numb]s make x impossible to   
effectively track & r$uce ! numb]s (    
animals us$1 z m&at$ by ! ,,nih policies
 to ensure ! smalle/ possible numb] (   
animals are us$4  7#c7 ,!re is          
widespread agreem5t among sci5ti/s &    
regulatory ag5cies t animal models are  
poor pr$ictors ( ! human response1 ) ov]
 #ij p]c5t ( new c&idate drugs nev] mak+
 x to m>ket4  7#d7 ,m ?an #cj p]c5t (   
promis+ m$ications h fail$ 9 human      
cl9ical trials because !y are f\nd to be
 toxic despite promis+ pre-cl9ical      
/udies 9 animal models4 ,an additional  
#fe p]c5t ( c&idate drugs t pass animal 
trials fail due to lack ( efficacy4     
7#e7 ,despite ! ev]-increas+ gr[? 9     
animal proc$ures1 !re is no correspond+ 
increase 9 ! numb] ( human m$ic9es mak+ 
x to ! cl9ic4  7#f7 ,dramatically ris+  
co/s & extremely high failure rates 9   
drug developm5t h l$ _m to re-evaluate !
 value ( animal /udies4  7#g7 ,effective
 alt]natives to animals are available & 
gr[+4 ,cutt+-edge te*nology has =g$ new 

fronti]s 9 biology & m$ic9e t h produc$ 
human-relevant models1 includ+ organoid 
cell cultures1 organs-on-*ips1 g5omics1 
induc$ pluripot5t adult /em cells1 #c;,d
 model+ ) human cells1 high ?r\ghput    
te*nology1 molecul> imag+1 comput]      
models1 9 silico trials1 digital imag+1 
artificial intellig5ce1 & o!r innovative
 me?ods--all ( :i* h laun*$ a           
te*nological revolution 9 biom$ical     
rese>*4  7#h7 ,despite ^! cutt+-edge1   
human-relevant me?ods1 a prepond]ance ( 
,,nih rese>* is c>ri$ out on animals4 ,a
 #bjai news release f ,,nih indicates t 
#gj p]c5t ( ,,nih grant applications    
relate to /udies us+ mice4  7#i7 ,!     
,am]ican public has express$ conc]n ab\t
 subject+ animals to ! pa9 (            
exp]im5tation4 ,?is conc]n gr[s z       
alt]natives to rese>* on animals become 
available4  7#aj7 ,"u ! sy/em ( ov]sight
 e/abli%$ by ! ,national ,in/itutes (   
,heal? ,revitalization ,act ( #aiic     
7,public ,law #ajc-dc71 ,,nih is suppos$
 to outl9e a plan = r$uc+ ! use (       

animals 9 rese>*4 ,section              
#djd;,c7a77#a7 ( ! ,public ,heal?       
,s]vice ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4             
#bhc;e7a77#a771 z add$ by section #bje (
 ! ,national ,in/itutes ( ,heal?        
,revitalization ,act ( #aiic1 calls =   
,,nih to conduct or support rese>* into 
''' me?ods ( biom$ical rese>* &         
exp]im5tation t d n require ! use (     
animals & me?ods ( su* rese>* &         
exp]im5tation t r$uce ! numb] ( animals 
us$ 9 su* rese>*4  7#aa7 ,a d$icat$ c5t]
 t provides res\rces1 fund+1 & tra9+ to 
enc\rage rese>*]s to utilize humane1    
co/-effective1 & sci5tifically suitable 
non-animal me?ods is ne$$ to fulfill !  
int5t ( ! ,national ,in/itutes ( ,heal? 
,revitalization ,act ( #aiic 7,public   
,law #ajc-dc74  #c4 ,national ,c5t] =   
,alt]natives to ,animals 9 ,rese>* &    
,te/+  7a7 ,addition to li/ ( in/itutes 
& c5t]s ,section #dja ( ! ,public ,heal?
 ,s]vice ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bha7 is   
am5d$-- 7#a7 by r$esignat+ p>agraph     
7#be7 z p>agraph 7#bf72 &  7#b7 by      

ins]t+ aft] p>agraph 7#bd7 ! foll[+ new 
p>agraph3  7#be7 ,national ,c5t] =      
,alt]natives to ,animals 9 ,rese>* &    
,te/+4  4  7b7 ,con=m+ *ange to numb] ( 
in/itutes & c5t]s ,section #dja7;d77#a7 
( ! ,public ,heal? ,s]vice ,act 7#db    
,u4,s4,c4 #bha7;d77#a77 is am5d$ by     
/rik+ #bg & ins]t+ #bh4  7c7            
,e/abli%m5t2 duties ,"p ,e ( title ,,iv 
( ! ,public ,heal? ,s]vice ,act 7#db    
,u4,s4,c4 #bhg et seq47 is am5d$ by     
ins]t+ aft] subp>t #e ( su* "p ,e 7#db  
,u4,s4,c4 #bhg;c-#ba7 ! foll[+ new      
subp>t3  #f ,national ,c5t] =           
,alt]natives to ,animals 9 ,rese>* &    
,te/+  #dhe;,e4 ,e/abli%m5t2 duties  7a7
 ,e/abli%m5t ,n lat] ?an "o ye> aft] !  
date ( enactm5t ( ! ,humane ,rese>* &   
,te/+ ,act ( #bjbj ! ,secret>y %all     
e/abli% a ,national ,c5t] = ,alt]natives
 to ,animals 9 ,rese>* & ,te/+ 79 ?is   
subp>t ref]r$ to z ! ,national ,c5t]7 )9
 ! ,national ,in/itutes ( ,heal?4  7b7  
,purposes ,! sole purposes ( ! ,national
 ,c5t] %all be-- 7#a7 develop+1 promot+1

 & fund+ alt]natives to animal rese>* & 
te/+2 &  7#b7 develop+ a plan = r$uc+ ! 
numb] ( animals us$ 9 f$]ally fund$     
rese>* & te/+4  7c7 ,duties ,! ,director
 ( ! ,national ,c5t] %all-- 7#a7 provide
 assi/ance 7includ+ fund+7 to f$]ally   
fund$ rese>*]s to inc5tivize rese>* &   
te/+ )\t ! use ( animals1 bas$ on       
advanc$ cell cultures or te*nology su* z
 #c;,d organoids1 microphysiological    
sy/ems1 induc$ pluripot5t adult /em cell
 models1 9 silico model+1 advanc$ imag+ 
sy/ems1 artificial intellig5ce1 & o!r   
innovative me?ods2  7#b7 tra9 & in=m    
sci5ti/s ab\t ^! available me?ods (     
rese>* & te/+ )\t ! use ( animals2  7#c7
 e/abli% collaborations among rese>*    
sci5ti/s to assi/ ^? work+ 9 in/itutions
 :]e rese>* & te/+ sci5ti/s may lack    
res\rces 7su* z bio5g9e]+ & advanc$     
bio-imag+ equipm5t7 to c>ry out new &   
em]g+ high-te* me?ods ( rese>* & te/+   
)\t ! use ( animals2 &  7#d7 tally &    
make publicly available in=mation on !  
numb]s ( animals us$ 9 f$]ally fund$    

rese>* & te/+ 9 ord] to implem5t        
adequate /eps to measure ! r$uction (   
animals s us$4  4  #d4 ,report+ by      
f$]ally fund$ rese>* entities on numb]s 
( animals us$ 9 rese>* & te/+  7a7 ,9   
g5]al ,ea* cov]$ report+ entity %all d !
 foll[+3 7#a7 ,n lat] ?an #a ye> aft] ! 
date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 report to ! 
,national ,c5t] = ,alt]natives to       
,animals 9 ,rese>* & ,te/+ & make       
publicly available-- 7,a7 ! total numb] 
( animals us$ 9 f$]ally fund$ rese>* &  
te/+ at any facilities ( ! cov]$ report+
 entity1 disaggregat$ by species2 &     
7,b7 ! total numb] ( su* animals t 7 br$
 or acquir$ = rese>* or te/+ purposes1  
disaggregat$ by species4  7#b7 ,e #b    
ye>s !reaft]1 update ! late/ report ( ! 
entity "u ?is section & make publicly   
available su* updat$ report to measure !
 progress ( ! cov]$ report+ entity 9    
r$uc+ ! numb] ( animals us$ 9 f$]ally   
fund$ rese>* & te/+4  7#c7 ,on an annual
 basis1 develop & submit to ! ,national 
,c5t] = ,alt]natives to ,animals 9      

,rese>* & ,te/+ & make publicly         
available a plan = r$uc+ ! numb]s       
describ$ 9 subp>agraphs 7,a7 & 7,b7 (   
p>agraph 7#a74  7b7 ,/&>diz$ process ,! 
,director ( ! ,national ,c5t] =         
,alt]natives to ,animals 9 ,rese>* &    
,te/+ %all e/abli% a /&>diz$ process =  
submitt+ & updat+ reports & plans "u    
subsection 7a71 includ+ = mak+ su*      
reports & plans publicly available4  7c7
 ,def9ition ,9 ?is section3 7#a7 ,! t]m 
animal-- 7,a7 means any v]tebrate2 &    
7,b7 includes all w>m-blood$ &          
cold-blood$ species4  7#b7 ,! t]m cov]$ 
report+ entity means-- 7,a7 any entity  
t-- 7i7 receives ,f$]al funds = rese>*  
or te/+2 &  7ii7 uses animals 9 rese>* &
 te/+2 &  7,b7 any ,f$]al dep>tm5t or   
ag5cy t uses animals 9 rese>* or te/+4