,i  #aaf? ,,congress  #b;d ,session  ,h4
 ,r4 #hjec  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(          
,,repres5tatives  ,augu/ #ad1 #bjbj,mr4 
,pappas 7= himself1 ,mr4 ,neguse1 ,mr4  
,gallego1 ,ms4 ,m5g1 & ,mrs4 ,murphy (  
,florida7 introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0
 ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y  
,a ,,bill  ,to en=ce ! ,tw5ty-six?      
,am5dm5t1 & = o!r purposes4  #a4 ,%ort  
title ,?is ,act may be cit$ z ! ,protect
 ! ,y\? ,vote ,act ( #bjbj4  #b4 ,f9d+s 
,congress f9ds ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,! "r to  
vote is a fundam5tal "r ( citiz5s ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates4  7#b7 ,! ,tw5ty-six?     
,am5dm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,con/itution 
gu>antees t ,! "r ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates1 :o are eighte5 ye>s ( age or    
old]1 to vote %all n be d5i$ or abridg$ 
by ! ,unit$ ,/ates or by any ,/ate on   
acc\nt ( age44  7#c7 ,! ,tw5ty-six?     
,am5dm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,con/itution 
grants ,congress ! p[] to en=ce !       
,am5dm5t by appropriate legislation4    
7#d7 ,! language ( ! ,tw5ty-six?        
,am5dm5t closely mirrors t ( ! ,fifte5? 

,am5dm5t & ! ,n9ete5? ,am5dm5t4 ,l ^?   
,am5dm5ts1 ! ,tw5ty-six? ,am5dm5t n only
 prohibits d5ial ( ! "r to vote b also  
prohibits any actions t abridge ! "r to 
vote4  7#e7 ,y\? vot] suppression       
und]cuts p>ticipation 9 our democracy by
 introduc+ ardu\s ob/acles to new vot]s 
& disc\rag+ a culture ( democratic      
engagem5t4  7#f7 ,vot+ is habit =m+1 &  
all[+ y\? vot]s unob/ruct$ access to    
vot+ ensures t m ,am]icans w />t a      
life-long habit ( vot+ z soon z         
possible4  7#g7 ,y\? vot] suppression is
 a cle>1 p]si/5t1 & gr[+ problem4 ,!    
actions ( ,/ates & political            
subdivisions result+ 9 at lea/ f\r f9d+s
 ( ,tw5ty-six? ,am5dm5t violations z    
well z p5d+ litigation demon/rate ! ne$ 
= ,congress to take action to en=ce !   
,tw5ty-six? ,am5dm5t4  7#h7 ,9 ,league (
 ,wom5 ,vot]s ( ,florida1 ,inc4 v4      
,detzn] 7#bjah71 ! ,unit$ ,/ates        
,di/rict ,c\rt 9 ! ,nor!rn ,di/rict (   
,florida f\nd t ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate's   
actions t prev5t$ 9-p]son e>ly vot+     

sites f be+ locat$ on univ]sity prop]ty 
reveal$ a />k patt]n ( discrim9ation t 0
 unexpla9able on gr\nds o!r ?an age &   
?us violat$ univ]sity /ud5ts'           
,tw5ty-six? ,am5dm5t rights4  7#i7 ,9   
#bjai1 ,mi*igan agre$ to a settlem5t to 
enhance college-age vot]s' access aft] a
 ,tw5ty-six? ,am5dm5t *all5ge 0 fil$ 9  
f$]al c\rt4 ,! *all5ge prompt$ ! removal
 ( a ,mi*igan vot+ law :i* requir$ fir/ 
"t vot]s :o regi/]$ by mail or ?r\gh a  
?ird-p>ty vot] regi/ration drive to vote
 9 p]son = ! fir/ "t1 z well z ! removal
 ( ano!r law :i* requir$ ! address li/$ 
on a vot]'s driv] lic5se to mat* !      
address li/$ on _! vot] regi/ration c>d4
  7#aj7 ,y\? vot] suppression tactics   
are (t5 l9k$ to o!r tactics aim$ at     
m9ority vot]s4 ,= example1 /ud5ts at    
,prairie ,view ,a,m ,univ]sity          
7,,pvamu71 a hi/orically black univ]sity
 9 ,texas1 h be5 ! t>gets ( vot]        
suppression tactics = decades4 ,be=e !  
#bjah election1 ,,pvamu /ud5ts su$      
,wall] ,c\nty on ! basis ( bo? racial & 

age discrim9ation ov] ! ,c\nty's failure
 to ensure equal e>ly vot+ opportunities
 = /ud5ts1 spurr+ ! ,c\nty to rev]se    
c\rse & exp& e>ly vot+ access = /ud5ts4 
7#aa7 ,! m ?an #be million ,unit$ ,/ates
 citiz5s ages #ah-bd des]ve equal       
opportunity to p>ticipate 9 ! electoral 
process z gu>ante$ by ! ,tw5ty-six?     
,am5dm5t4  #c4 ,prev5t+ age             
discrim9ation 9 vot+  7a7 ,"r to vote   
,no vot+ qualification or pr]equisite to
 vot+ or /&>d1 practice1 or proc$ure    
%all be impos$ or appli$ by any ,/ate or
 political subdivision 9 a mann] :i*    
results 9 a d5ial or abridgem5t ( ! "r (
 any citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to vote on
 acc\nt ( age1 z provid$ 9 subsection   
7b74  7b7 ,violation ( "r ,to vote  7#a7
 ,9 g5]al ,a violation ( subsection 7a7 
is e/abli%$ if1 bas$ on ! totality (    
circum/ances1 x is %[n t ! political    
processes lead+ to nom9ation or election
 9 ! ,/ate or political subdivision are 
n equally op5 to p>ticipation by memb]s 
( a class ( citiz5s protect$ by         

subsection 7a7 9 t its memb]s h less    
opportunity ?an o!r memb]s ( !          
electorate to p>ticipate 9 ! political  
process & to elect repres5tatives ( _!  
*oice3 ,provid$1 ,t no?+ 9 ?is section  
e/abli%es a "r to h memb]s ( a protect$ 
class "u subsection 7a7 elect$ 9 numb]s 
equal to _! proportion 9 ! population4  
7#b7 ,violations ,a violation "u        
subsection 7a7 %all include3 7,a7 ,laws 
or requirem5ts implem5t$ 9 a ,/ate or   
political subdivision t r$uce or abridge
 ! ability = /ud5ts :o att5d an         
in/itution ( high] education & reside 9 
! jurisdiction ( ! in/itution :ile      
att5d+ ! in/itution to regi/] to vote 9 
elections 9 t jurisdiction4  7,b7       
,addition ( seats elect$ at-l>ge 9 a    
,/ate or political subdivision or       
conv]sion ( "o or m seats elect$ f a    
s+le memb] di/rict to "o or m at-l>ge   
seats or seats f a multi-memb] di/rict 9
 a ,/ate or political subdivision ) a   
significant proportion ( y\? age vot]s4 
7,c7 ,b\nd>ies ( a political subdivision

 design$ to r$uce ! proportion ( !      
political subdivision's vot+-age        
population t is compris$ ( y\? age vot]s
 9 a ,/ate or political subdivision ) a 
significant proportion ( y\? age vot]s4 
7,d7 ,requirem5ts = docum5tation or pro(
 ( id5tity to vote t exce$ or are m     
/r+5t ?an ! requirem5ts = vot+ t are    
describ$ 9 section #cjc7;b7 ( ! ,help   
,am]ica ,vote ,act ( #bjjb 7#eb         
,u4,s4,c4 #bajhc7;b77 or any o!r        
requirem5ts = docum5tation or pro( (    
id5tity to vote t h ! purpose or effect 
( d5y+ or abridg+ ! "r to vote on acc\nt
 ( age4  7,e7 ,r$uction ( vot+ mat]ials 
or alt]nation ( ! mann] 9 :i* su*       
mat]ials are provid$ or di/ribut$ at    
in/itutions ( high] education1 :]e no   
simil> r$uction or alt]ation occurs 9   
mat]ials provid$ at o!r sites = su*     
election4  7,f7 ,any r$uction1          
consolidation1 or relocation ( vot+     
locations1 includ+ e>ly1 abs5tee1 &     
election day vot+ locations 9 a s+le    
political subdivision ) a significant   

proportion ( y\? age vot]s4  #d4 ,f$]al 
obs]v]s to prev5t age discrim9ation  7a7
 ,f$]al obs]v]s ,:5ev] ! ,attorney      
,g5]al or an aggriev$ p]son in/itutes a 
proce$+ "u any /atute to en=ce ! vot+   
gu>antees ( ! ,tw5ty-six? ,am5dm5t 9 any
 ,/ate or political subdivision ! c\rt  
%all au?orize ! appo9tm5t ( ,f$]al      
obs]v]s by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,(fice (     
,p]sonnel ,managem5t to s]ve = su* p]iod
 ( "t & = su* political subdivisions z !
 c\rt %all det]m9e is appropriate to    
en=ce ! vot+ gu>antees ( ! ,tw5ty-six?  
,am5dm5t 7#a7 z "p ( any int]locutory   
ord] if ! c\rt det]m9es t ! appo9tm5t ( 
su* obs]v]s is necess>y to en=ce su*    
vot+ gu>antees or 7#b7 z "p ( any f9al  
judgm5t if ! c\rt f9ds t violations ( ! 
,tw5ty-six? ,am5dm5t1 violations ( ?is  
,act1 or violations ( any ,f$]al law t  
prohibits discrim9ation 9 vot+ on !     
basis ( age1 ju/ify+ equitable relief h 
occurr$ 9 su* ,/ate or subdivision3     
,provid$1 ,t ! c\rt ne$ n au?orize !    
appo9tm5t ( obs]v]s if any incid5ts (   

d5ial or abridgem5t ( ! "r to vote on   
acc\nt ( age1 7#a7 h be5 few 9 numb] & h
 be5 promptly & effectively correct$ by 
,/ate or local action1 7#b7 ! cont9u+   
effect ( su* incid5ts has be5 elim9at$1 
& 7#c7 !re is no reasonable probability 
( _! recurr5ce 9 ! future4  7b7         
,jurisdiction ,if any action "u any     
/atute 9 :i* a p>ty 7includ+ ! ,attorney
 ,g5]al7 seeks to en=ce ! vot+ gu>antees
 ( ! ,tw5ty-six? ,am5dm5t 9 any ,/ate or
 political subdivision ! c\rt f9ds t    
violations ( ! ,tw5ty-six? ,am5dm5t1    
violations ( ?is ,act1 or violations (  
any ,f$]al law t prohibits discrim9ation
 9 vot+ on ! basis ( age1 ju/ify+       
equitable relief h occurr$ )9 ! t]ritory
 ( su* ,/ate or political subdivision1 !
 c\rt1 9 addition to su* relief z x may 
grant1 %all reta9 jurisdiction = su*    
p]iod z x may deem appropriate & dur+   
su* p]iod no vot+ qualification or      
pr]equisite to vot+1 or /&>d1 practice1 
or proc$ure ) respect to vot+ diff]5t f 
t 9 =ce or effect at ! "t ! action 0    

comm5c$ %all be en=c$ unless & until !  
c\rt f9ds t su* qualification1          
pr]equisite1 /&>d1 practice1 or proc$ure
 does n h ! purpose & w n h ! effect (  
d5y+ or abridg+ ! "r to vote on acc\nt (
 age3 ,provid$1 ,t su* qualification1   
pr]equisite1 /&>d1 practice1 or proc$ure
 may be en=c$ if ! qualification1       
pr]equisite1 /&>d1 practice1 or proc$ure
 has be5 submitt$ by ! *ief legal (fic] 
or o!r appropriate (ficial ( su* ,/ate  
or subdivision to ! ,attorney ,g5]al & !
 ,attorney ,g5]al has n int]pos$ an     
objection )9 sixty days aft] su*        
submission1 except t nei!r ! c\rt's f9d+
 nor ! ,attorney ,g5]al's failure to    
object %all b> a subsequ5t action to    
enjo9 en=cem5t ( su* qualification1     
pr]equisite1 /&>d1 practice1 or         
proc$ure4  7c7 ,en=cem5t by ,attorney   
,g5]al ,! ,attorney ,g5]al is au?oriz$  
to monitor & en=ce ! vot+ gu>antees ( ! 
,tw5ty-six? ,am5dm5t1 violations ( ?is  
,act1 or violations ( any ,f$]al law t  
prohibits discrim9ation 9 vot+ on !     

basis ( age1 :5ev] ,f$]al obs]v]s are   
appo9t$ "u any provision ( ,f$]al law4  
#e4 ,det]m9ation ( vot+ rights violation
 ,= purposes ( ?is ,act1 a vot+ rights  
violation occurr$ 9 a ,/ate or political
 subdivision if any ( ! foll[+ applies3 
7#a7 ,f9al judgem5t2 ,violation (       
,tw5ty-six? am5dm5t ,9 a f9al judgm5t   
7:i* has n be5 rev]s$ on appeal71 any   
c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has det]m9$ t a  
d5ial or abridgem5t ( ! "r ( any citiz5 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to vote on acc\nt (   
age1 9 violation ( ! ,tw5ty-six?        
,am5dm5t1 occurr$ any:]e )9 ! ,/ate or  
subdivision4  7#b7 ,f9al judgem5t2      
,violations ( ?is ,act ,9 a f9al judgm5t
 7:i* has n be5 rev]s$ on appeal71 any  
c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has det]m9$ t a  
vot+ qualification or pr]equisite to    
vot+ or /&>d1 practice1 or proc$ure )   
respect to vot+ 0 impos$ or appli$ or   
w\ld h be5 impos$ or appli$ any:]e )9 ! 
,/ate or subdivision 9 a mann] t result$
 or w\ld h result$ 9 a d5ial or         
abridgem5t ( ! "r ( any citiz5 ( !      

,unit$ ,/ates to vote on acc\nt ( age1 9
 violation ( section #c4  7#c7 ,f9al    
judgem5t2 ,d5ial ( decl>atory judgem5t  
,9 a f9al judgm5t 7:i* has n be5 rev]s$ 
on appeal71 any c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
has d5i$ ! reque/ ( ! ,/ate or          
subdivision = a decl>atory judgm5t "u   
section #c7;b71 & !reby prev5t$ a vot+  
qualification or pr]equisite to vot+ or 
/&>d1 practice1 or proc$ure ) respect to
 vot+ f be+ en=c$ any:]e )9 ! ,/ate or  
subdivision4  7#d7 ,objection by        
,attorney ,g5]al ,! ,attorney ,g5]al has
 int]pos$ an objection "u section #c7;b7
 7& ! objection has n be5 ov]turn$ by a 
f9al judgm5t ( a c\rt or )drawn by !    
,attorney ,g5]al71 & !reby prev5t$ a    
vot+ qualification or pr]equisite to    
vot+ or /&>d1 practice1 or proc$ure )   
respect to vot+ f be+ en=c$ any:]e )9 ! 
,/ate or subdivision4  7#e7 ,tim+ (     
det]m9ations  7,a7 ,det]m9ations ( vot+ 
rights violations  7i7 ,9 g5]al ,z e>ly 
z practicable dur+ ea* cal5d> ye>1 !    
,attorney ,g5]al %all make !            

det]m9ations requir$ by ?is subsection1 
includ+ updat+ ! li/ ( vot+ rights      
violations occurr+ 9 ea* ,/ate &        
political subdivision = ! previ\s cal5d>
 ye>4  7ii7 ,publication ,! ,attorney   
,g5]al %all make ! li/ requir$ "u clause
 7i7 public on ! int]net website ( !    
,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice4  7,b7 ,f$]al regi/]
 publication ,a det]m9ation or          
c]tification ( ! ,attorney ,g5]al "u ?is
 section %all be effective ^u           
publication 9 ! ,f$]al ,regi/]4  #f4    
,transp>5cy reg>d+ *anges to protect    
vot+ rights  7a7 ,notice ( enact$ *anges
  7#a7 ,notice ( *anges ,if a ,/ate or  
political subdivision makes any *ange 9 
any pr]equisite to vot+ or /&>d1        
practice1 or proc$ure ) respect to vot+ 
9 any election = ,f$]al (fice t w result
 9 ! pr]equisite1 /&>d1 practice1 or    
proc$ure be+ diff]5t f t :i* 0 9 effect 
z ( #ahj days be=e ! date ( ! election =
 ,f$]al (fice1 ! ,/ate or political     
subdivision %all provide reasonable     
public notice 9 su* ,/ate or political  

subdivision & on ! ,int]net1 ( a concise
 description ( ! *ange1 includ+ !       
diff]5ce betwe5 ! *ang$ pr]equisite1    
/&>d1 practice1 or proc$ure & !         
pr]equisite1 /&>d1 practice1 or proc$ure
 :i* 0 previ\sly 9 effect4 ,! public    
notice describ$ 9 ?is p>agraph1 9 su*   
,/ate or political subdivision & on !   
,int]net1 %all be 9 a =mat t is         
reasonably conv5i5t & accessible to     
vot]s ) disabilities1 includ+ vot]s :o h
 l[ vision or are bl9d4  7#b7 ,deadl9e =
 notice ,a ,/ate or political           
subdivision %all provide ! public notice
 requir$ "u p>agraph 7#a7 n lat] ?an #dh
 h\rs aft] mak+ ! *ange involv$4  7b7   
,transp>5cy reg>d+ poll+ place res\rces 
7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,9 ord] to id5tify any    
*anges t may impact ! "r to vote ( any  
p]son1 prior to ! #cj? day be=e ! date (
 an election = ,f$]al (fice1 ea* ,/ate  
or political subdivision )              
responsibility = allocat+ regi/]$ vot]s1
 vot+ ma*9es1 & (ficial poll work]s to  
p>ticul> prec9cts & poll+ places %all   

provide reasonable public notice 9 su*  
,/ate or political subdivision & on !   
,int]net1 ( ! in=mation describ$ 9      
p>agraph 7#b7 = prec9cts & poll+ places 
)9 su* ,/ate or political subdivision4  
,! public notice describ$ 9 ?is         
p>agraph1 9 su* ,/ate or political      
subdivision & on ! ,int]net1 %all be 9 a
 =mat t is reasonably conv5i5t &        
accessible to vot]s ) disabilities      
includ+ vot]s :o h l[ vision or are     
bl9d4  7#b7 ,in=mation describ$ ,!      
in=mation describ$ 9 ?is p>agraph )     
respect to a prec9ct or poll+ place is  
ea* ( ! foll[+3 7,a7 ,! "n or numb]4    
7,b7 ,9 ! case ( a poll+ place1 !       
location1 includ+ ! /reet address1 &    
:e!r su* poll+ place is accessible to   
p]sons ) disabilities4  7,c7 ,! vot+-age
 population ( ! area s]v$ by ! prec9ct  
or poll+ place1 brok5 d[n by demographic
 gr\p if su* breakd[n is reasonably     
available to su* ,/ate or political     
subdivision4  7,d7 ,! numb] ( regi/]$   
vot]s assign$ to ! prec9ct or poll+     

place1 brok5 d[n by demographic gr\p if 
su* breakd[n is reasonably available to 
su* ,/ate or political subdivision4     
7,e7 ,! numb] ( vot+ ma*9es assign$1    
includ+ ! numb] ( vot+ ma*9es accessible
 to vot]s ) disabilities1 includ+ vot]s 
:o h l[ vision or are bl9d4  7,f7 ,!    
numb] ( (ficial paid poll work]s        
assign$4  7,g7 ,! numb] ( (ficial       
volunte] poll work]s assign$4  7,h7 ,9 !
 case ( a poll+ place1 ! dates & h\rs ( 
op]ation ( su* poll+ place4  7#c7       
,updates 9 in=mation report$ ,if a ,/ate
 or political subdivision makes any     
*ange 9 any ( ! in=mation describ$ 9    
p>agraph 7#b71 ! ,/ate or political     
subdivision %all provide reasonable     
public notice 9 su* ,/ate or political  
subdivision & on ! ,int]net1 ( ! *ange 9
 ! in=mation n lat] ?an #dh h\rs aft] ! 
*ange occurs or1 if ! *ange occurs few] 
?an #dh h\rs be=e ! date ( ! election = 
,f$]al (fice1 z soon z practicable aft] 
! *ange occurs4 ,! public notice        
describ$ 9 ?is p>agraph 9 su* ,/ate or  

political subdivision & on ! ,int]net   
%all be 9 a =mat t is reasonably        
conv5i5t & accessible to vot]s )        
disabilities includ+ vot]s :o h l[      
vision or are bl9d4  7c7 ,transp>5cy (  
*anges relat+ to demographics &         
electoral di/ricts  7#a7 ,requir+ public
 notice ( *anges ,n lat] ?an #aj days   
aft] mak+ any *ange 9 ! con/itu5cy t w  
p>ticipate 9 an election = ,f$]al1      
,/ate1 or local (fice or ! b\nd>ies ( a 
vot+ unit or electoral di/rict 9 an     
election = ,f$]al1 ,/ate1 or local (fice
 7includ+ ?r\gh r$i/rict+1              
reapportionm5t1 *ang+ f at-l>ge         
elections to di/rict-bas$ elections1 or 
*ang+ f di/rict-bas$ elections to       
at-l>ge elections71 a ,/ate or political
 subdivision %all provide reasonable    
public notice 9 su* ,/ate or political  
subdivision & on ! ,int]net1 ( !        
demographic & electoral data describ$ 9 
p>agraph 7#c7 = ea* ( ! geographic areas
 describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#b74  7#b7        
,geographic areas describ$ ,! geographic

 areas describ$ 9 ?is p>agraph are z    
foll[s3 7,a7 ,! ,/ate z a :ole1 if !    
*ange applies /atewide1 or ! political  
subdivision z a :ole1 if ! *ange applies
 across ! entire political subdivision4 
7,b7 ,if ! *ange includes a plan to     
replace or elim9ate vot+ units or       
electoral di/ricts1 ea* vot+ unit or    
electoral di/rict t w be replac$ or     
elim9at$4  7,c7 ,if ! *ange includes a  
plan to e/abli% new vot+ units or       
electoral di/ricts1 ea* su* new vot+    
unit or electoral di/rict4  7#c7        
,demographic & electoral data ,!        
demographic & electoral data describ$ 9 
?is p>agraph ) respect to a geographic  
area describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#b7 are ea* ( 
! foll[+3 7,a7 ,! vot+-age population1  
disaggregat$ by age gr\p4  7,b7 ,! numb]
 ( vot+-age /ud5ts4  7,c7 ,if x is      
reasonably available to ! ,/ate or      
political subdivision involv$1 an       
e/imate ( ! population ( ! area :i*     
consi/s ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o  
are #ah ye>s ( age or old]1 disaggregat$

 by age gr\p & /atus z a /ud5t4  7,d7 ,!
 numb] ( regi/]$ vot]s1 disaggregat$ by 
age gr\p & /atus z a /ud5t if su*       
breakd[n is reasonably available to !   
,/ate or political subdivision involv$4 
7,e7 ,if ! *ange applies-- 7i7 to a     
,/ate1 ! actual numb] ( votes1 or 7if x 
is n reasonably practicable = ! ,/ate to
 asc]ta9 ! actual numb] ( votes7 !      
e/imat$ numb] ( votes receiv$ by ea*    
c&idate 9 ea* /atewide election held    
dur+ ! #e-ye> p]iod :i* ends on ! date !
 *ange involv$ is made2 &  7ii7 to only 
"o political subdivision1 ! actual numb]
 ( votes1 or 7if x is n reasonably      
practicable = ! political subdivision to
 asc]ta9 ! actual numb] ( votes7 9 ea*  
subdivision-wide election held dur+ !   
#e-ye> p]iod :i* ends on ! date ! *ange 
involv$ is made4  7#d7 ,volunt>y        
compliance by small] jurisdiction  7,a7 
,9 g5]al ,compliance ) ?is subsection   
%all be volunt>y = a political          
subdivision ( a ,/ate unless !          
subdivision is "o ( ! foll[+3 7i7 ,a    

c\nty or p>i%4  7ii7 ,a municipality ) a
 population great] ?an #aj1jjj1 z       
det]m9$ by ! ,bureau ( ! ,c5sus "u ! mo/
 rec5t dec5nial c5sus4  7iii7 ,a s*ool  
di/rict ) a population great] ?an       
#aj1jjj1 z det]m9$ by ! ,bureau ( !     
,c5sus "u ! mo/ rec5t dec5nial c5sus4   
7,b7 ,s*ool di/rict def9$ ,= purposes ( 
?is subp>agraph1 ! t]m s*ool di/rict    
means ! geographic area "u !            
jurisdiction ( a local educational ag5cy
 7z def9$ 9 section #iaja ( ! ,elem5t>y 
& ,second>y ,education ,act ( #aife74   
7d7 ,rules reg>d+ =mat ( in=mation ,!   
,attorney ,g5]al may issue rules        
specify+ a reasonably conv5i5t &        
accessible =mat t ,/ates & political    
subdivisions %all use to provide public 
notice ( in=mation "u ?is section4  7e7 
,no d5ial ( "r ,to vote ,! "r to vote ( 
any p]son %all n be d5i$ or abridg$     
because ! p]son fail$ to comply ) any   
*ange made by a ,/ate or political      
subdivision to a vot+ qualification1    
/&>d1 practice1 or proc$ure if ! ,/ate  

or political subdivision involv$ did n  
meet ! applicable requirem5ts ( ?is     
section ) respect to ! *ange4  #g4 ,vot+
 (f5ses  7a7 ,p]mission ,to vote ,no    
p]son act+ "u color ( law %all fail or  
refuse to p]mit any p]son to vote :o is 
entitl$ to vote "u any provision ( ?is  
,act or is o!rwise qualifi$ to vote1 or 
willfully fail or refuse to tabulate1   
c\nt & report su* p]son's vote4  7b7    
,intimidation ,no p]son1 :e!r act+ "u   
color ( law or o!rwise1 %all intimidate1
 ?reat51 or co]ce1 or attempt to        
intimidate1 ?reat51 or co]ce any p]son =
 vot+ or attempt+ to vote1 or           
intimidate1 ?reat51 or co]ce1 or attempt
 to intimidate1 ?reat51 or co]ce any    
p]son = urg+ or aid+ any p]son to vote  
or attempt to vote1 or intimidate1      
?reat51 or co]ce any p]son = ex]cis+ !  
"r to vote4  7c7 ,false in=mation ,:oev]
 kn[+ly or willfully give false         
in=mation z to _! "n1 address1 or p]iod 
( resid5ce 9 ! vot+ di/rict = ! purpose 
( e/abli%+ 8 eligibility to regi/] or   

vote1 or conspires ) ano!r individual = 
! purpose ( enc\rag+ 8 false regi/ration
 to vote or illegal vot+1 or pays or    
(f]s to pay or accepts paym5t ei!r =    
regi/ration to vote or = vot+ %all be   
f9$ n m ?an #e1jjj or imprison$ n m ?an 
five ye>s1 or bo?3 ,provid$1 h[ev]1 ,t  
?is provision %all be applicable only to
 a g5]al1 special1 or prim>y elections  
held solely or 9 "p = ! purpose (       
select+ or elect+ any c&idate = ! (fice 
( ,presid5t1 ,vice ,presid5t1           
presid5tial elector1 ,memb] ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates ,s5ate1 ,memb] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ,delegate f !  
,di/rict ( ,columbia1 ,guam1 ,nor!rn    
,m>iana ,isl&s1 ,am]ican ,samoa1 or !   
,virg9 ,isl&s1 or ,resid5t ,commission] 
( ! ,commonweal? ( ,pu]to ,rico4  7d7   
,duplicative vot+  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,:oev] 
votes m ?an once 9 an election ref]r$ to
 9 p>agraph 7#b7 %all be f9$ n m ?an    
#e1jjj or imprison$ n m ?an five ye>s1  
or bo?4  7#b7 ,applicable elections ,!  
prohibition ( ?is subsection applies )  

respect to any g5]al1 special1 or prim>y
 election held solely or 9 "p = !       
purpose ( select+ or elect+ any c&idate 
= ! (fice ( ,presid5t1 ,vice ,presid5t1 
presid5tial elector1 ,memb] ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates ,s5ate1 ,memb] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ,delegate f !  
,di/rict ( ,columbia1 ,guam1 ,nor!rn    
,m>iana ,isl&s1 ,am]ican ,samoa1 or !   
,virg9 ,isl&s1 or ,resid5t ,commission] 
( ! ,commonweal? ( ,pu]to ,rico4  7#c7  
,votes m ?an once def9$ ,z us$ 9 ?is    
subsection1 ! t]m votes m ?an once does 
n include ! ca/+ ( an additional ballot 
if all prior ballots ( t vot] 7 9       
validat$1 nor does x include ! vot+ 9   
two jurisdictions "u section #bjb ( !   
,vot+ ,rights ,act ( #aife 7#eb         
,u4,s4,c4 #ajejb71 to ! ext5t two       
ballots are n ca/ = an election to !    
same c&idacy or (fice4  #h4 ,vot+ (f5ses
 & relief  7a7 ,(f5se = depriv+ vot+    
rights ,:oev] %all deprive or attempt to
 deprive any p]son ( any "r secur$ by ! 
,tw5ty-six? ,am5dm5t1 ?is ,act1 or any  

,f$]al vot+ rights law t prohibits      
discrim9ation on ! basis ( age1 %all be 
f9$ n m ?an #e1jjj1 or imprison$ n m ?an
 five ye>s1 or bo?4  7b7 ,(f5se =       
manipulation ( ballots ,:oev]1 )9 a ye> 
foll[+ an election 9 a political        
subdivision 9 :i* an obs]v] has be5     
assign$ 7#a7 de/roys1 defaces1          
mutilates1 or o!rwise alt]s ! m>k+ ( a  
pap] ballot :i* has be5 ca/ 9 su*       
election1 or 7#b7 alt]s any (ficial     
record ( vot+ 9 su* election tabulat$ f 
a vot+ ma*9e or o!rwise1 %all be f9$ n m
 ?an #e1jjj1 or imprison$ n m ?an five  
ye>s1 or bo?4  7c7 ,conspiracy ,:oev]   
conspires to violate ! provisions (     
subsection 7a7 or 7b7 ( ?is section1 or 
int]f]es ) any "r secur$ by !           
,tw5ty-six? ,am5dm5t1 ?is ,act1 or any  
,f$]al vot+ rights law t prohibits      
discrim9ation on ! basis ( age %all be  
f9$ n m ?an #e1jjj1 or imprison$ n m ?an
 five ye>s1 or bo?4  7d7 ,prev5tative   
relief  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,:5ev] any p]son  
has engag$ or !re are reasonable gr\nds 

to believe t any p]son is ab\t to engage
 9 any act or practice prohibit$ by !   
,tw5ty-six? ,am5dm5t1 ?is ,act1 or any  
,f$]al vot+ rights law t prohibits      
discrim9ation on ! basis ( age1 !       
aggriev$ p]son or 79 ! "n ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates7 ! ,attorney ,g5]al may in/itute 
an action = prev5tative relief1 includ+ 
an application = a tempor>y or p]man5t  
injunction1 re/ra9+ ord]1 or o!r ord]1 &
 includ+ an ord] direct$ to ! ,/ate &   
,/ate or local election (ficials to     
require !m-- 7,a7 to p]mit p]sons li/$  
"u ?is ,act to vote2 &  7,b7 to c\nt su*
 votes4  7#b7 ,prelim9>y relief  7,a7 ,9
 g5]al ,9 any action = prelim9>y relief 
describ$ 9 ?is subsection1 ! c\rt %all  
grant ! relief if ! c\rt det]m9es t !   
compla9ant has rais$ a s]i\s "q :e!r !  
*all5g$ vot+ qualification or           
pr]equisite to vot+ or /&>d1 practice1  
or proc$ure violates ?is ,act or !      
,con/itution &1 on balance1 ! h>d%ip    
impos$ ^u ! def5dant by ! grant ( !     
relief w be less ?an ! h>d%ip :i* w\ld  

be impos$ ^u ! pla9tiff if ! relief 7 n 
grant$4 ,9 balanc+ ! h>ms1 ! c\rt %all  
give due weight to ! fundam5tal "r to   
ca/ an effective ballot4  7,b7          
,additional ,factors to be consid]$ ,9  
mak+ its det]m9ation "u ?is p>agraph1 ) 
respect to a *ange 9 any vot+           
qualification1 pr]equisite to vot+1 or  
/&>d1 practice1 or proc$ure ) respect to
 vot+1 ! c\rt %all consid] all relevant 
factors & give due weight to ! foll[+   
factors1 if !y are pres5t3 7i7 ,:e!r !  
qualification1 pr]equisite1 /&>d1       
practice1 or proc$ure 9 effect prior to 
! *ange 0 adopt$ z a rem$y = a ,f$]al   
c\rt judgm5t1 cons5t decree1 or         
admission reg>d+-- 7,i7 discrim9ation on
 ! basis ( age 9 violation ( !          
,tw5ty-six? ,am5dm5t2  7,,ii7 a         
violation ( ?is ,act2 or  7,,iii7 vot+  
discrim9ation on ! basis ( age 9        
violation ( any o!r ,f$]al or ,/ate law4
  7ii7 ,:e!r ! qualification1           
pr]equisite1 /&>d1 practice1 or proc$ure
 9 effect prior to ! *ange s]v$ z a     

gr\nd = ! dismissal or settlem5t ( a    
claim alleg+-- 7,i7 discrim9ation on !  
basis ( age 9 violation ( ! ,tw5ty-six? 
,am5dm5t2  7,,ii7 a violation ( ?is     
,act2 or  7,,iii7 vot+ discrim9ation on 
! basis ( age 9 violation ( any o!r     
,f$]al or ,/ate law4  7iii7 ,:e!r !     
*ange 0 adopt$ few] ?an #ahj days be=e !
 date ( ! election ) respect to :i* !   
*ange is to take effect4  7iv7 ,:e!r !  
def5dant fail$ to provide timely or     
complete notice ( ! adoption ( ! *ange z
 requir$ by applicable ,f$]al or ,/ate  
law4  7#c7 ,public int]e/ ,a            
jurisdiction's inability to en=ce its   
vot+ or election laws1 regulations1     
policies1 or r$i/rict+ plans1 /&+ alone1
 %all n be deem$ to con/itute irrep>able
 h>m to ! public int]e/ or to ! int]e/s 
( a def5dant 9 an action aris+ "u !     
,u4,s4 ,con/itution or any ,f$]al law t 
prohibits discrim9ation on ! basis ( age
 9 ! vot+ process1 = ! purposes (       
det]m9+ :e!r a /ay ( a c\rt's ord] or an
 int]locutory appeal "u section #abec ( 

title #bh1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is      
w>rant$4  7e7 ,notification to ,attorney
 ,g5]al ,:5ev] 9 any political          
subdivision 9 :i* !re are obs]v]s       
appo9t$ pursuant to ?is ,act1 a p]son   
alleges to su* obs]v] )9 =ty-eight h\rs 
aft] ! clos+ ( ! polls1 t not)/&+ 7#a7  
_! li/+ "u ?is ,act or regi/ration by an
 appropriate election (ficial & 7#b7 _! 
eligibility to vote1 !y h n be5 p]mitt$ 
to vote 9 su* election1 ! obs]v] %all   
=?) notify ! ,attorney ,g5]al if su*    
allegations 9 ! op9ion ( su* obs]v]     
appe> to be well f\nd$4 ,^u receipt (   
su* notification ! ,attorney ,g5]al may 
=?) file ) ! di/rict c\rt an application
 = an ord] provid+ = ! m>k+1 ca/+1 &    
c\nt+ ( ! ballots ( su* p]sons & requir+
 ! inclusion ( _! votes 9 ! total vote  
be=e ! results ( su* election %all be   
deem$ f9al & any =ce or effect giv5     
!reto4 ,! di/rict c\rt %all he> &       
det]m9e su* matt]s imm$iately aft] !    
fil+ ( su* application4 ,! rem$y provid$
 9 ?is subsection %all n preclude any   

o!r rem$y available "u ,/ate or ,f$]al  
law4  7f7 ,jurisdiction ( proce$+s ,!   
di/rict c\rts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all h  
jurisdiction ( proce$+s in/itut$        
pursuant to ?is ,act & %all ex]cise !   
same )\t reg>d to :e!r a p]son ass]t+   
rights "u ! provisions ( ?is ,act %all h
 exhau/$ any adm9i/rative or o!r rem$ies
 t may be provid$ by law4  7g7          
,attorney's fees ,9 any action or       
proce$+ to en=ce ! vot+ gu>antees ( !   
,tw5ty-six? ,am5dm5t1 ! c\rt1 9 its     
discretion1 may all[ ! prevail+ p>ty1   
o!r ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a reasonable   
attorney's fee1 reasonable exp]t fees1 &
 o!r reasonable litigation exp5ses1 z "p
 ( ! co/s4  #i4 ,sev]ability ,if any    
provision ( ?is ,act or ! application ( 
su* provision to any p]son or           
circum/ance is held invalid1 ! rema9d] (
 ?is ,act & ! application ( su*         
provision to o!r p]sons or circum/ances 
%all n be affect$ !reby4  #aj4          
,def9itions ,9 ?is ,act3 7#a7 ,age gr\p 
,! t]m age gr\p means ! numb] (         

individuals :o are #ah ye>s or old]1    
disaggregat$ by ! numb] ( individuals 9 
ea* five ye> age p]iod4  7#b7           
,demographic gr\p ,! t]m demographic    
gr\p means ea* gr\p :i* section #c      
protects f ! d5ial or abridgem5t ( ! "r 
to vote on acc\nt ( age4  7#c7          
,in/itution ( high] education ,! t]m    
in/itution ( high] education has ! mean+
 giv5 t t]m 9 section #aja7;a7 ( !      
,high] ,education ,act ( #aife 7#bj     
,u4,s4,c4 #ajja7;a774  7#d7 ,election = 
,f$]al (fice ,! t]m election = ,f$]al   
(fice means any g5]al1 special1 prim>y1 
or run(f election held solely or 9 "p = 
! purpose ( elect+ any c&idate = ! (fice
 ( ,presid5t1 ,vice ,presid5t1          
,presid5tial elector1 ,s5ator1 ,memb] ( 
! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 or ,delegate 
or ,resid5t ,commission] to ! ,congress4
  7#e7 ,p]sons ) disabilities ! t]m     
p]sons ) disabilities1 means individuals
 ) a disability1 z def9$ 9 section #c ( 
! ,am]icans ) ,disabilities ,act (      
#aiij4  7#f7 ,/ud5t ,! t]m /ud5t means  

an individual :o is enroll$ at !        
in/itution ( high] education z an       
und]graduate or graduate /ud5t on a     
full-"t or "p-"t basis1 includ+ an      
individual :o is solely enroll$ 9 an    
onl9e c\rse4  7#g7 ,vot+-age population 
,! t]m vot+-age population means !      
num]ical size ( ! population )9 a ,/ate1
 )9 a political subdivision1 or )9 a    
political subdivision t conta9s ,indian 
l&s1 t consi/s ( p]sons #ah ye>s ( age  
or old]1 z calculat$ by ! ,bureau ( !   
,c5sus "u ! mo/ rec5t dec5nial c5sus4   
7#h7 ,y\? age vot] ,! t]m y\? age vot]  
means any eligible vot] "u ! age ( #be  
ye>s old on ! date ( ! election 9 :i*   
su* eligible vot] is vot+4