,i  #aaf? ,,congress  #b;d ,session  ,h4
 ,r4 #gcff  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(          
,,repres5tatives  ,june #be1 #bjbj,mr4  
,massie 7= himself1 ,mr4 ,mc,clintock1 &
 ,mr4 ,gos>7 introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2   
:i* 0 ref]r$ to ! ,committee on !       
,judici>y  ,a ,,bill  ,to promote !     
lead]%ip ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 global     
innovation by e/abli%+ a robu/ pat5t    
sy/em t re/ores & protects ! "r (       
inv5tors to own & en=ce private prop]ty 
rights 9 inv5tions & discov]ies1 & = o!r
 purposes4  #a4 ,%ort title2 table (    
cont5ts  7a7 ,%ort title ,?is ,act may  
be cit$ z ! ,re/or+ ,am]ica's ,lead]%ip 
9 ,innovation ,act ( #bjbj4  7b7 ,table 
( cont5ts ,! table ( cont5ts = ?is ,act 
is z foll[s3 ,sec4 #a4 ,%ort title2     
table ( cont5ts4,sec4 #b4 ,f9d+s4,sec4  
#c4 ,re/or+ ! "r ( ! fir/ inv5tor to    
secure a pat5t4,sec4 #d4 ,aboli%+ int]  
p>tes & po/-grant review4,sec4 #e4      
,aboli%+ ! ,pat5t ,trial & ,appeal      
,bo>d4,sec4 #f4 ,elim9ation ( fee       
div]sion & full fund+ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 

pat5t & tradem>k (fice4,sec4 #g4        
,pat5tability ( sci5tific discov]ies &  
s(tw>e inv5tions4,sec4 #h4 ,limitations 
on prior art4,sec4 #i4 ,re/or+ pat5ts z 
a prop]ty "r4,sec4 #aj4 ,end+ automatic 
publication ( pat5t applications4,sec4  
#aa4 ,presumption ( validity2           
def5ses4,sec4 #ab4 ,injunction4,sec4    
#ac4 ,be/ mode requirem5t4  #b4 ,f9d+s  
,! ,congress f9ds ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,!     
,congress creat$ a pat5t sy/em to       
promote ! ,progress ( ,sci5ce & useful  
,arts1 by secur+ = limit$ ,times to     
,au?ors & ,inv5tors ! exclusive ,"r to  
_! respective ,writ+s & ,discov]ies1 z  
provid$ = 9 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates4  7#b7 ,! ,leahy-,smi? ,am]ica   
,inv5ts ,act 7,public ,law #aab-bi7     
enact$ on ,septemb] #af1 #bjaa1 & sev]al
 decisions ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt h h>m$ !  
progress ( ,sci5ce & ! useful ,arts by  
erod+ ! /r5g? & value ( ! pat5t sy/em4  
7#c7 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t exi/s to
 protect life1 lib]ty1 & prop]ty1 :i*   
includes intellectual prop]ty4  7#d7 ,a 

,unit$ ,/ates pat5t secures a private   
prop]ty "r to an inv5tor4  7#e7 ,?is    
,act re/ores ! pat5t sy/em z envision$  
by ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4    
#c4 ,re/or+ ! "r ( ! fir/ inv5tor to    
secure a pat5t  7a7 ,repeal (           
fir/-to-,file sy/em "u ! ,am]ica ,inv5ts
 ,act ,section #c ( ! ,leahy-,smi?      
,am]ica ,inv5ts ,act 7,public ,law      
#aab-bi71 includ+ ea* am5dm5t made by   
su* section1 is repeal$ & any am5dm5t   
made by su* section to any provision    
%all be effective z if ! provision _h n 
be5 am5d$ by su* section4  7b7          
,fir/-to-,inv5t ,not)/&+ any o!r        
provision "u title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates   
,code1 a p]son %all be entitl$ to a     
pat5t :]e ! inv5tor is fir/ to conceive 
( ! inv5tion & dilig5tly r$uces !       
inv5tion to practice4  7c7 ,"o-,ye>     
grace p]iod ,not)/&+ any o!r provision  
"u title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 a    
p]son %all be entitl$ to a "o-ye> grace 
p]iod be=e fil+ an application = a      
pat5t1 z ! grace p]iod exi/$ be=e ! date

 ( ! enactm5t ( ! ,leahy-,smi? ,am]ica  
,inv5ts ,act "u section #ajb ( title    
#ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 & ) ! same    
mean+ ( ! t]ms 9 public use & on sale 9 
?is c\ntry z int]pret$ be=e ! enactm5t (
 ! ,leahy-,smi? ,am]ica ,inv5ts ,act4   
7d7 ,s5se ( congress ,x is ! s5se (     
,congress t-- 7#a7 rev]t+ ! ,unit$      
,/ates pat5t sy/em f a fir/-to-file     
sy/em back to fir/-to-inv5t sy/em w     
promote ! progress ( sci5ce & ! useful  
arts by secur+ = limit$ times to        
inv5tors ! exclusive rights to _!       
discov]ies & inc5tivize innovation &    
protect inv5tors' rights2  7#b7 re/or+ !
 "o-ye> grace p]iod be=e ! fir/ & true  
inv5tor mu/ file a pat5t application on 
an inv5tion w promote ! progress (      
sci5ce & useful arts by enabl+ inv5tors 
once aga9 to disclose inv5tions 9 ord]  
to attract inve/m5t1 complete rese>* &  
developm5t on ! inv5tion1 te/1 improve1 
& p]fect ! inv5tion s z to improve !    
inv5tion & ! quality ( ! pat5t          
application2 &  7#c7 ! repeal ( section 

#c1 & ! am5dm5ts made by section #c1 ( !
 ,leahy-,smi? ,am]ica ,inv5ts ,act1     
re/ore sections #ajj1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ace1 
& #bia ( title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1
 to ! way su* sections read on ! day    
be=e ! date ( ! enactm5t ( su* ,act4    
#d4 ,aboli%+ int] p>tes & po/-grant     
review  7a7 ,repeal ( int] p>tes &      
po/-,grant review ,section #f ( !       
,leahy-,smi? ,am]ica ,inv5ts ,act       
7,public ,law #aab-bi71 includ+ ea*     
am5dm5t made by su* section1 is repeal$ 
& any am5dm5t made by su* section to any
 provision %all be effective z if !     
provision _h n be5 am5d$ by su* section4
  7b7 ,repeal ( codifi$ titles ,*apt]s  
#ca & #cb ( title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates    
,code1 are repeal$4  7c7 ,s5se (        
congress ,x is ! s5se ( ,congress t--   
7#a7 int] p>tes review & po/-grant      
review proce$+s introduc$ by !          
,leahy-,smi? ,am]ica ,inv5ts ,act h h>m$
 ! progress ( sci5ce & ! useful arts by 
subject+ inv5tors to s]ial *all5ges to  
pat5ts2  7#b7 int] p>tes review &       

po/-grant review proce$+s invalidate    
pat5ts at an unreasonably high rate2    
7#c7 pat5t rights %\ld be protect$ f    
unfair adjudication at ! ,pat5t &       
,tradem>k ,(fice & duly issu$ pat5ts    
%\ld be adjudicat$ 9 a judicial proce$+2
  7#d7 repeal+ section #f ( !           
,leahy-,smi? ,am]ica ,inv5ts ,act       
aboli%es int] p>tes review1 po/-grant   
review1 & ! previ\sly available int]    
p>tes reexam9ation proce$+s2 &  7#e7 x  
is ! int5t ( ,congress to pres]ve ex    
p>te reexam9ation proce$+s "u *apt] #cj 
( title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code4  #e4  
,aboli%+ ! ,pat5t ,trial & ,appeal ,bo>d
  7a7 ,repeal ( pat5t trial & appeal    
bo>d ,section #g ( ! ,leahy-,smi?       
,am]ica ,inv5ts ,act 7,public ,law      
#aab-bi7 is repeal$1 includ+ ea* am5dm5t
 made by su* section1 & any am5dm5t made
 by su* section to any provision %all be
 effective z if ! provision _h n be5    
am5d$ by su* section4  7b7 ,bo>d ( pat5t
 appeals & int]f]5ces  7#a7 ,am5dm5t    
,section #f ( title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates  

,code1 is am5d$ to read z foll[s3  #f4  
,bo>d ( ,pat5t ,appeals & ,int]f]5ces   
7a7 ,e/abli%m5t & composition ,!re %all 
be 9 ! ,pat5t & ,tradem>k ,(fice a ,bo>d
 ( ,pat5t ,appeals & ,int]f]5ces4 ,!    
,director1 ! ,deputy ,director1 !       
,commission] = ,pat5ts1 ! ,commission] =
 ,tradem>ks1 & ! adm9i/rative pat5t     
judges %all con/itute ! ,bo>d4 ,!       
adm9i/rative pat5t judges %all be p]sons
 ( compet5t legal k & sci5tific ability 
:o are appo9t$ by ! ,secret>y (         
,comm]ce1 9 consultation ) ! ,director4 
7b7 ,duties ,! ,bo>d ( ,pat5t ,appeals &
 ,int]f]5ces %all1 on writt5 appeal ( an
 applicant1 review adv]se decisions (   
exam9]s ^u applications = pat5ts & %all 
det]m9e priority & pat5tability (       
inv5tion 9 int]f]5ces decl>$ "u section 
#ace7;a74 ,ea* appeal & int]f]5ce %all  
be he>d by at lea/ ?ree memb]s ( !      
,bo>d1 :o %all be designat$ by !        
,director4 ,only ! ,bo>d ( ,pat5t       
,appeals & ,int]f]5ces may grant        
rehe>+s4 ,! ,bo>d %all n invalidate an  

issu$ pat5t except 9 an ex p>te         
reexam9ation "u *apt] #cj4  7c7         
,au?ority ( ! ,secret>y ,! ,secret>y (  
,comm]ce may1 9 ! ,secret>y's           
discretion1 deem ! appo9tm5t ( an       
adm9i/rative pat5t judge :o1 be=e ! date
 ( ! enactm5t ( ?is subsection1 held    
(fice pursuant to an appo9tm5t by !     
,director1 to take effect on ! date on  
:i* ! ,director initially appo9t$ !     
adm9i/rative pat5t judge4  7d7 ,def5se  
to *all5ge ( appo9tm5t ,x %all be a     
def5se to a *all5ge to ! appo9tm5t ( an 
adm9i/rative pat5t judge on ! basis ( ! 
judge's hav+ be5 orig9ally appo9t$ by ! 
,director t ! adm9i/rative pat5t judge s
 appo9t$ 0 act+ z a de facto (fic]4  4  
7#b7 ,te*nical & con=m+ am5dm5t ,! table
 ( sections = *apt] #a ( title #ce1     
,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$ by /rik+ !
 item relat+ to section #f & ins]t+ !   
foll[+ new item3  #f4 ,bo>d ( pat5t     
appeals & int]f]5ces4  4  7c7 ,appeal to
 ! ,bo>d ( ,pat5t ,appeals & ,int]f]5ces
  7#a7 ,am5dm5t ,section #acd ( title   

#ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 z re9/at$ by  
section #c7;a7 ( ?is ,act1 is am5d$ by  
/rik+ subsection 7c74  7#b7 ,te*nical & 
con=m+ am5dm5t ,! table ( sections =    
*apt] #ab ( title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates    
,code1 is am5d$ by /rik+ ! item relat+  
to section #acd & ins]t+ ! foll[+ new   
item3  #acd4 ,appeal to ! ,bo>d ( ,pat5t
 ,appeals & ,int]f]5ces4  4  7d7 ,appeal
 to ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals = ! ,f$]al       
,circuit ,section #ada ( title #ce1     
,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$ to read z 
foll[s3  #ada4 ,appeal to ! ,c\rt (     
,appeals = ! ,f$]al ,circuit  7a7       
,exam9ations ,an applicant dissatisfi$ )
 ! decision 9 an appeal to ! ,bo>d (    
,pat5t ,appeals & ,int]f]5ces "u section
 #acd may appeal ! decision directly to 
! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rt ( ,appeals = !    
,f$]al ,circuit1 or may seek review de  
novo 9 any di/rict c\rt ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates ( compet5t jurisdiction4  7b7    
,reexam9ations ,a pat5t own] :o is1 9 a 
reexam9ation proce$+1 dissatisfi$ ) !   
f9al decision 9 an appeal to ! ,bo>d (  

,pat5t ,appeals & ,int]f]5ces "u section
 #acd may appeal ! decision directly to 
! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rt ( ,appeals = !    
,f$]al ,circuit1 or may seek review de  
novo 9 a di/rict c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
( compet5t jurisdiction4  7c7 ,int]f]5ce
 ,a p>ty to an int]f]5ce dissatisfi$ ) !
 decision ( ! ,bo>d ( ,pat5t ,appeals & 
,int]f]5ces on ! int]f]5ce may appeal ! 
decision to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rt (     
,appeals = ! ,f$]al ,circuit1 b su*     
appeal %all be dismiss$ if any adv]se   
p>ty to su* int]f]5ce1 )9 tw5ty days    
aft] ! appellant has fil$ notice (      
appeal 9 accordance ) section #adb1     
files notice ) ! ,director t ! p>ty     
elects to h all fur!r proce$+s conduct$ 
z provid$ 9 section #adf4 ,if !         
appellant does n1 )9 ?irty days aft]    
fil+ ( su* notice by ! adv]se p>ty1 file
 a civil action "u section #adf1 !      
decision appeal$ f %all gov]n ! fur!r   
proce$+s 9 ! case4  4  7e7 ,s5se (      
,congress ,x is ! s5se ( ,congress t--  
7#a7 ! ,pat5t ,trial & ,appeal ,bo>d    

%all be replac$ ) ! =m] ,bo>d ( ,pat5t  
,appeals & ,int]f]5ces2  7#b7 ) !       
aboli%m5t ( int] p>tes review &         
po/-grant review proce$+s1 ! ,pat5t     
,trial & ,appeal ,bo>d is no long] ne$$ 
to conduct ^! duties2  7#c7 unless      
o!rwise 9 ! context ( an ex p>te        
reexam9ation "u *apt] #cj ( title #ce1  
,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 ! ,bo>d ( ,pat5t   
,appeals & ,int]f]5ces w n be us$ to    
invalidate an already issu$ pat5t2  7#d7
 ! *anges describ$ 9 p>agraphs 7#a7     
?r\gh 7#c7 w protect ! rights ( pat5t   
own]s :o h be5 grant$ a pat5t & ensure a
 fair1 fully adjudicat$ proce$+ to      
invalidate an issu$ pat5t2  7#e7 !      
am5dm5t to section #f ( title #ce1      
,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 reflects           
,congress's int5t to require a judicial 
proce$+ to invalidate an issu$ pat5t2 & 
7#f7 ! am5dm5ts to section #acd ( title 
#ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 & section #ada
 ( title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 are  
int5d$ to re/ore ea* respective section 
to its prior /ate1 b delete any ref]5ce 

to int] p>tes reexam9ation1 :i* is no   
long] available4  #f4 ,elim9ation ( fee 
div]sion & full fund+ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
,pat5t & ,tradem>k ,(fice  7a7 ,pat5t & 
,tradem>k ,(fice fund+ ,section #db (   
title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is      
am5d$-- 7#a7 9 subsection 7a71 by /rik+ 
7a7 ,all fees & ins]t+ 7a7 ,9           
g5]al4--,fees2  7#b7 9 subsection 7b7-- 
7,a7 by /rik+ 7b7 ,all fees & ins]t+ 7b7
 ,cr$it ( fees4--,fees2 &  7,b7 by /rik+
 ,pat5t & ,tradem>k ,(fice              
,appropriation ,acc\nt & ins]t+ ,unit$  
,/ates ,pat5t & ,tradem>k ,(fice        
,innovation ,promotion ,fund2  7#c7 9   
subsection 7c7-- 7,a7 by /rik+ 7#a7 ,to 
! ext5t & all t foll[s ?r\gh fees &     
ins]t+ 7c7 ,use ( fees4--7#a7 ,fees2    
7,b7 9 p>agraph 7#a71 by /rik+ %all be  
collect$ by & %all1 subject to p>agraph 
7#c71 be available to ! ,director &     
ins]t+ %all be collect$ by ! ,director &
 %all be available to ! ,director until 
exp5d$2  7,c7 by /rik+ p>agraph 7#b72 & 
7,d7 by r$esignat+ p>agraph 7#c7 z      

p>agraph 7#b72  7#d7 by r$esignat+      
subsections 7d7 & 7e7 z subsections 7e7 
& 7f71 respectively2  7#e7 by ins]t+    
aft] subsection 7c7 ! foll[+3  7d7      
,revolv+ fund  7#a7 ,def9itions ,9 ?is  
subsection3 7,a7 ,fund ,! t]m ,fund     
means ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t & ,tradem>k
 ,(fice ,innovation ,promotion ,fund    
e/abli%$ "u p>agraph 7#b74  7,b7        
,tradem>k ,act ( #aidf ,! t]m ,tradem>k 
,act ( #aidf means ! ,act entitl$ ,an   
,act to provide = ! regi/ration &       
protection ( tradem>ks us$ 9 comm]ce1 to
 c>ry out ! provisions ( c]ta9          
int]national conv5tions1 & = o!r        
purposes1 approv$ ,july #e1 #aidf 7#ae  
,u4,s4,c4 #ajea et seq47 7commonly      
ref]r$ to z ! ,tradem>k ,act ( #aidf or 
! ,lanham ,act74  7#b7 ,e/abli%m5t ,!re 
is e/abli%$ 9 ! ,treasury a revolv+ fund
 to be kn[n z ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t &  
,tradem>k ,(fice ,innovation ,promotion 
,fund4  7#c7 ,d]ivation ( res\rces ,!re 
%all be deposit$ into ! ,fund any fees  
collect$ "u-- 7,a7 ?is title2 or  7,b7 !

 ,tradem>k ,act ( #aidf4  7#d7 ,exp5ses 
,am\nts deposit$ into ! ,fund "u        
p>agraph 7#c7 %all be available1 )\t    
fiscal ye> limitation1 to cov]-- 7,a7   
all exp5ses to ! ext5t consi/5t ) !     
limitation on ! use ( fees set =? 9     
subsection 7c71 includ+ all adm9i/rative
 & op]at+ exp5ses1 det]m9$ 9 !          
discretion ( ! ,director to be ord9>y & 
reasonable1 incurr$ by ! ,director = !  
cont9u$ op]ation ( all s]vices1         
programs1 activities1 & duties ( !      
,(fice relat+ to pat5ts & tradem>ks1 z  
su* s]vices1 programs1 activities1 &    
duties are describ$ "u-- 7i7 ?is title2 
&  7ii7 ! ,tradem>k ,act ( #aidf2 &     
7,b7 all exp5ses incurr$ pursuant to any
 obligation1 repres5tation1 or o!r      
commitm5t ( ! ,(fice4  2  7#f7 9        
subsection 7e71 z s r$esignat$1 by /rik+
 ,! ,director & ins]t+ ,refunds4-- ,!   
,director2 &  7#g7 9 subsection 7f71 z s
 r$esignat$1 by /rik+ ,! ,secret>y &    
ins]t+ ,report4-- ,! ,secret>y4  7b7    
,effective date2 transf] f & t]m9ation (

 obsolete funds  7#a7 ,effective date ,!
 am5dm5ts made by subsection 7a7 %all   
take effect on ! fir/ day ( ! fir/      
fiscal ye> t beg9s on or aft] ! date ( !
 enactm5t ( ?is ,act4  7#b7 ,rema9+     
balances ,!re %all be deposit$ 9 !      
,fund1 on ! effective date describ$ 9   
p>agraph 7#a71 any available unobligat$ 
balances rema9+ 9 ! ,pat5t & ,tradem>k  
,(fice ,appropriation ,acc\nt1 & 9 !    
,pat5t & ,tradem>k ,fee ,res]ve ,fund   
e/abli%$ "u section #db7;c77#b7 ( title 
#ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 z 9 effect on 
! day be=e ! effective date4  7#c7      
,t]m9ation ( res]ve fund ,^u ! paym5t ( 
all obligat$ am\nts 9 ! ,pat5t &        
,tradem>k ,fee ,res]ve ,fund "u p>agraph
 7#b71 ! ,pat5t & ,tradem>k ,fee ,res]ve
 ,fund %all be t]m9at$4  #g4            
,pat5tability ( sci5tific discov]ies &  
s(tw>e inv5tions  7a7 ,am5dm5t ,section 
#aja ( title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1  
is am5d$ to read z foll[s3  #aja4       
,inv5tions pat5table  7a7 ,9 g5]al      
,:oev] inv5ts or discov]s any new &     

useful process1 ma*9e1 manufacture1 or  
composition ( matt]1 or any new & useful
 improvem5t !re(1 may obta9 a pat5t     
!re=1 subject to ! conditions &         
requirem5ts ( ?is title4  7b7 ,exception
 ,a claim$ inv5tion is ineligible pat5t 
subject matt] "u subsection 7a7 if !    
claim$ inv5tion z a :ole1 z und]/ood by 
a p]son hav+ ord9>y skill 9 ! art1 exi/s
 9 nature indep5d5tly ( & prior to any  
human activity1 or exi/s solely 9 !     
human m9d4  7c7 ,eligibility /&>d ,!    
eligibility ( a claim$ inv5tion "u      
subsections 7a7 & 7b7 %all be det]m9$   
)\t reg>d z to ! requirem5ts or         
conditions ( sections #ajb1 #ajc1 & #aab
 ( ?is title1 or ! claim$ inv5tion's    
inv5tive concept4  4  7b7 ,s5se (       
,congress ,x is ! s5se ( ,congress t--  
7#a7 ! ,supreme ,c\rt's rec5t           
jurisprud5ce conc]n+ subject matt]      
pat5tability has h>m$ ! progress (      
sci5ce & ! useful arts2  7#b7 ! ,unit$  
,/ates pat5t sy/em mu/ protect &        
enc\rage rese>* & developm5t 9 su*      

sci5tific discipl9es z w\ld promote !   
progress ( sci5ce & ! useful arts by    
secur+ = limit$ times to inv5tors !     
exclusive rights to _! discov]ies &     
provide sci5ti/s 9 ! life sci5ces1      
comput] sci5ces1 & o!r discipl9es1 )    
c]ta9ty t _! discov]ies & inv5tions are 
entitl$ to pat5t protection2 &  7#c7 ?is
 am5dm5t effectively abrogates ,alice   
,corp4 v4 ,,cls ,bank ,int]national1    
#acd ,s4 ,ct4 #bcdg 7#bjad7 & its       
pr$ecessors to ensure t life sci5ces    
discov]ies1 comput] s(tw>e1 & simil>    
inv5tions & discov]ies are pat5table1 & 
t ^? pat5ts are en=ceable4  #h4         
,limitations on prior art ,section #ajb 
( title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is    
am5d$ to read z foll[s3  #ajb4          
,conditions = pat5tability2 novelty  7a7
 ,9 g5]al ,a p]son %all be entitl$ to a 
pat5t unless-- 7#a7 ! inv5tion 0 kn[n or
 us$ by o!rs 9 ?is c\ntry1 or pat5t$ or 
describ$ 9 a pr9t$ publication 9 ?is or 
a =eign c\ntry1 be=e ! inv5tion !re( by 
! applicant = pat5t2  7#b7 ! inv5tion 0 

pat5t$ or describ$ 9 a pr9t$ publication
 9 ?is or a =eign c\ntry or 9 public use
 or on sale 9 ?is c\ntry1 m ?an "o ye>  
prior to ! date ( ! application = pat5t 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2  7#c7 he has ab&on$ !
 inv5tion2  7#d7 ! inv5tion 0 fir/      
pat5t$ or caus$ to be pat5t$1 or 0 !    
subject ( an inv5tor's c]tificate1 by ! 
applicant or 8 legal repres5tatives or  
assigns 9 a =eign c\ntry prior to ! date
 ( ! application = pat5t 9 ?is c\ntry on
 an application = pat5t or inv5tor's    
c]tificate fil$ m ?an twelve mon?s be=e 
! fil+ ( ! application 9 ! ,unit$       
,/ates2  7#e7 ! inv5tion 0 describ$ 9   
7#a7 an application = pat5t1 publi%$ "u 
section #abb7;b71 by ano!r fil$ 9 !     
,unit$ ,/ates be=e ! inv5tion by !      
applicant = pat5t or 7#b7 a pat5t grant$
 on an application = pat5t by ano!r fil$
 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates be=e ! inv5tion by ! 
applicant = pat5t1 except t an          
int]national application fil$ "u !      
treaty def9$ 9 section #cea7;a7 %all h !
 effects = ! purposes ( ?is subsection (

 an application fil$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
only if ! int]national application      
designat$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 0 publi%$ "u
 ,article #ba7b7 ( su* treaty 9 !       
,engli% language2  7#f7 he did n himself
 inv5t ! subject matt] s\ght to be      
pat5t$2 or  7#g7 7,a7 dur+ ! c\rse ( an 
int]f]5ce conduct$ "u section #ace or   
section #bia1 ano!r inv5tor involv$ !re9
 e/abli%es1 to ! ext5t p]mitt$ 9 section
 #ajd1 t be=e su* p]son's inv5tion !re( 
! inv5tion 0 made by su* o!r inv5tor & n
 ab&on$1 suppress$1 or conceal$2 or     
7,b7 be=e su* p]son's inv5tion !re(1 !  
inv5tion 0 made 9 ?is c\ntry by ano!r   
inv5tor :o _h n ab&on$1 suppress$1 or   
conceal$ x4 ,9 det]m9+ priority (       
inv5tion "u ?is subsection1 !re %all be 
consid]$ n only ! respective dates (    
conception & r$uction to practice ( !   
inv5tion1 b also ! reasonable dilig5ce (
 "o :o 0 fir/ to conceive & la/ to r$uce
 to practice1 f a "t prior to conception
 by ! o!r4  7b7 ,disclosures 9 pat5t    
applications & pat5ts ,a disclosure %all

 n be prior art to a claim$ inv5tion "u 
?is section if be=e ! issuance ( a      
pat5t-- 7#a7 ! in=mation disclos$ 0     
obta9$ directly or indirectly f !       
inv5tor or a jo9t inv5tor2  7#b7 !      
in=mation disclos$ to ! ,(fice or ano!r 
p>ty dur+ ! "o-ye> p]iod prior to ! date
 ( ! application = pat5t _h1 be=e a     
pat5t application = ! in=mation 0       
effectively fil$1 be5 publicly disclos$ 
by ! inv5tor or a jo9t inv5tor2 or  7#c7
 ! in=mation disclos$ & ! claim$        
inv5tion1 n lat] ?an ! effective fil+   
date ( ! claim$ inv5tion1 7 own$ by !   
same p]son or subject to an obligation (
 assignm5t to ! same p]son4  4  #i4     
,re/or+ pat5ts z a prop]ty "r  7a7      
,private prop]ty pat5t "r  7#a7 ,am5dm5t
 ,*apt] #aj ( title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates  
,code1 is am5d$ by add+ at ! end !      
foll[+ new section3  #ajf4 ,private     
prop]ty pat5t "r ,a pat5t "r is a       
private prop]ty "r secur$ to an inv5tor 
^u issuance ( ! pat5t t %all only be    
revok$ by a c\rt rul+ 9 a judicial      

proce$+1 unless ! pat5t own] cons5ts to 
an adm9i/rative or o!r proc$ure4  4     
7#b7 ,te*nical & con=m+ am5dm5t ,! table
 ( sections = *apt] #aj ( title #ce1    
,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$ by add+ at
 ! end ! foll[+ new item3  #ajf4        
,private prop]ty pat5t "r4  4  7b7      
,own]%ip2 assignm5t ,section #bfa (     
title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is      
am5d$-- 7#a7 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 by /rik+  
pat5ts %all h ! attributes ( p]sonal    
prop]ty & ins]t+ ! foll[+3 pat5ts %all  
be recogniz$ z private prop]ty rights2 &
  7#b7 by ins]t+ aft] ! second s5t5ce ! 
foll[+3 ,z private prop]ty rights1      
applications = pat5ts1 pat5ts1 & int]e/s
 !re9 %all be freely transf]rable1 9    
:ole or 9 "p1 includ+ conveyance by     
assignm5t or lic5se4 ,any successors1   
heirs1 assigns1 or lic5sees ( a pat5t   
own]1 :o receive a less] int]e/ 9 a     
pat5t1 %all be subject to any & all     
re/rictions ( _! int]e/ 9 ! pat5t1      
provid$ t ! successors1 heirs1 assigns1 
or lic5sees h actual or con/ructive     

notice ( su* re/rictions4 4  7c7 ,s5se (
 ,congress ,x is ! s5se ( ,congress t-- 
7#a7 rec5t jurisprud5ce ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt1 includ+          
,impression ,products ,inc4 v4 ,lexm>k  
,int]national1 ,inc41 h h>m$ ! progress 
( sci5ce & ! useful arts by limit+ !    
ability ( pat5t own]s to exclude        
unlic5s$ cu/om]s f _! supply *a9s2 &    
7#b7 mean+ful pat5t rights mu/ p]mit    
pat5t own]s to freely assign _! rights 9
 :ole1 or 9 "p1 & to ensure t           
successors1 heirs1 or assigns ( a pat5t 
own]1 or _! assigns1 are duly b\nd by   
re/rictions or exclusions set by pat5t  
own]s on ! use ( _! prop]ty4  #aj4 ,end+
 automatic publication ( pat5t          
applications  7a7 ,am5dm5t ,section     
#abb7;b7 ( title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates     
,code1 is am5d$ to read z foll[s3  7b7  
,publication  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,ea*        
application = a pat5t %all be publi%$1 9
 accordance ) proc$ures det]m9$ by !    
,director1 only ^u ! reque/ ( ! pat5t   
applicant4  7#b7 ,in=mation releas$ once

 a pat5t issues ,no in=mation conc]n+ a 
pat5t application %all be available to !
 public unless & until a pat5t issues4  
4  7b7 ,s5se ( ,congress ,x is ! s5se ( 
,congress t-- 7#a7 automatic publication
 ( pat5t applications aft] #ah mon?s has
 h>m$ ! progress ( sci5ce & ! useful    
arts by creat+ prior art by op]ation (  
law t prev5ts a pat5t own] f apply+ = a 
pat5t on ! same inv5tion if a pat5t does
 n issue2 &  7#b7 automatic publication 
( pat5t applications enc\rages e>ly     
disclosure ( claim$ inv5tions & subjects
 innovative inv5tions & discov]ies r$uc$
 to practice 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to !ft or
 appropriation by =eign competitors4    
#aa4 ,presumption ( validity2 def5ses   
7a7 ,validity ( a pat5t 9 adjudicatory  
proce$+s ,section #bhb7;a7 ( title #ce1 
,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$ to read z 
foll[s3  7a7 ,9 g5]al  7#a7 ,presumption
 ( validity = a pat5t ,9 any judicial or
 adm9i/rative proce$+ conduct$ 9 any    
c\rt or ,f$]al ag5cy 7z def9$ 9 section 
#bja7 or ( any ,/ate1 a pat5t issu$ "u  

?is title %all be presum$ valid4  7#b7  
,presumption ( validity = claims ( a    
pat5t ,9 any proce$+ describ$ "u        
p>agraph 7#a7-- 7,a7 ea* claim ( a pat5t
 7:e!r 9 indep5d5t1 dep5d5t1 or multiple
 dep5d5t =m7 %all be presum$ valid      
indep5d5tly ( ! validity ( o!r claims2 &
  7,b7 dep5d5t or multiple dep5d5t      
claims %all be presum$ valid ev5 ?\gh   
dep5d5t ^u an invalid claim4  7#c7      
,burd5 ( e/abli%+ invalidity ,9 any     
proce$+ describ$ "u p>agraph 7#a7 9 :i* 
! validity ( a pat5t is at issue1 !     
burd5 ( e/abli%+ invalidity ( a pat5t or
 any claim !re( re/s on ! p>ty ass]t+ ! 
invalidity by cle> & conv9c+ evid5ce4  4
  7b7 ,toll+ pat5t t]m dur+ judicial    
*all5ge ,section #bhb ( title #ce1      
,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$ by add+ at
 ! end ! foll[+3  7d7 ,toll+ ( pat5t t]m
 dur+ validity *all5ge ,9 an action     
involv+ a pat5t :]e ! validity ( ! pat5t
 has be5 *all5g$1 ! pat5t t]m %all be   
toll$ f ! "t ! validity ( ! pat5t is    
*all5g$ to ! "t ( resolution ( !        

validity issue by ! c\rt4 ,! pat5t t]m  
%all resume once ! validity *all5ge is  
resolv$4 ,! c\rt may aw>d damages to !  
pat5t own] 9 a case 9 :i* ano!r p>ty    
br\ght a validity claim aga9/ ! pat5t 9 
bad fai?4  4  #ab4 ,injunction ,section 
#bhc ( title #ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1  
is am5d$-- 7#a7 by /rik+ ,! & ins]t+ !  
foll[+3  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,!  2 &  7#b7 by  
add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new subsection3  
7b7 ,p]man5t injunction  7#a7 ,9 g5]al  
,^u a f9d+ ( infr+em5t ( a pat5t1 ! c\rt
 %all presume t fur!r infr+em5t ( !     
pat5t w\ld cause ! pat5t own] irrep>able
 h>m4 ,?is presumption may be ov]come   
only by a %[+ ( cle> & conv9c+ evid5ce  
by ! infr++ p>ty t ! pat5t own] w\ld n  
be irrep>ably h>m$ by fur!r infr+em5t ( 
! pat5t4 ,! pat5t own] is n requir$ to  
make or sell a product cov]$ by ! pat5t 
to %[ irrep>able h>m4  7#b7 ,pat5t own] 
def9$ ,9 ?is subsection1 a pat5t own]   
means ! own] ( ! pat5t or an exclusive  
lic5see ( ! pat5t4  4  #ac4 ,be/ mode   
requirem5t ,section #ae ( ! ,leahy-,smi?

 ,am]ica ,inv5ts ,act 7,public ,law     
#aab-bi71 includ+ ea* am5dm5t made by   
su* section1 is repeal$ & any provision 
am5d$ by su* section %all be am5d$ to   
read z 9 effect on ! day be=e ! date ( !
 enactm5t ( su* ,act4