,i  #aaf? ,,congress  #b;d ,session  ,h4
 ,r4 #fjed  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(          
,,repres5tatives  ,m>* #b1 #bjbj,ms4    
,lee ( ,cali=nia 7= h]self1 ,mr4        
,khanna1 ,ms4 ,jackson ,lee1 ,mr4       
,cicill9e1 ,mrs4 ,watson ,coleman1 ,mr4 
,payne1 ,ms4 ,haal&1 ,mr4 ,swalwell (   
,cali=nia1 ,mr4 ,fo/]1 ,mr4 ,grijalva1  
,mr4 ,s*iff1 ,mr4 ,nadl]1 ,ms4          
,mc,collum1 ,mr4 ,kilm]1 ,mr4 ,ha/+s1   
,mr4 ,johnson ( ,georgia1 ,ms4 ,moore1  
,mr4 ,panetta1 ,mr4 ,price ( ,nor?      
,c>ol9a1 ,mr4 ,cri/1 ,mr4 ,pocan1 ,mr4  
,mc,govern1 ,ms4 ,wass]man ,s*ultz1 ,ms4
 ,norton1 ,ms4 ,bass1 ,mr4 ,lewis1 ,mr4 
,quigley1 ,ms4 ,kelly ( ,ill9ois1 ,ms4  
,m5g1 ,ms4 ,s*ak[sky1 & ,mr4 ,blum5au]7 
introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to
 ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y1 & 9       
addition to ! ,committees on ,en]gy &   
,comm]ce1 & ,arm$ ,s]vices1 = a p]iod to
 be subsequ5tly det]m9$ by ! ,speak]1 9 
ea* case = consid]ation ( su* provisions
 z fall )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! committee 
conc]n$  ,a ,,bill  ,to mod]nize laws & 

policies1 & elim9ate discrim9ation1 )   
respect to p liv+ ) ,,hiv_/,,aids1 & =  
o!r purposes4  #a4 ,%ort title ,?is ,act
 may be cit$ z ! ,repeal ,exi/+         
,policies t ,enc\rage & ,all[ ,legal    
,,hiv ,discrim9ation ,act ( #bjbj or !  
,,repeal ,,hiv ,discrim9ation ,act (    
#bjbj4  #b4 ,f9d+s ,! ,congress makes ! 
foll[+ f9d+s3 7#a7 ,at pres5t1 #cd      
,/ates & #b ,unit$ ,/ates t]ritories h  
crim9al /atutes bas$ on p]ceiv$ exposure
 to ,,hiv1 r ?an behaviors motivat$ by  
an int5t to h>m1 pres5t+ a significant  
risk ( transmission & result+ 9 actual  
transmission ( ,,hiv to ano!r4 ,elev5   
,/ates h ,,hiv-specific laws t make     
spitt+ or bit+ a felony1 ev5 ?\gh x is n
 possible to transmit ,,hiv via saliva4 
,tw5ty-f\r ,/ates require p]sons :o are 
aw>e t !y h ,,hiv to disclose _! /atus  
to sexual p>tn]s1 reg>dless ( :e!r !y   
are non-infecti\s4 ,f\rte5 ( ^! #bd     
,/ates also require disclosure to       
ne$le-%>+ p>tn]s4 ,tw5ty-five ,/ates    
crim9alize "o or m behaviors t pose a l[

 or negligible risk = ,,hiv             
transmission4  7#b7 ,,hiv-specific      
crim9al laws are classifi$ z felonies 9 
#bh ,/ates2 9 ?ree ,/ates1 a p]son's    
exposure to ano!r to ,,hiv does n       
subject ! p]son to crim9al prosecution =
 t act alone1 b may result 9 a s5t5ce   
enhancem5t4 ,eighte5 ,/ates impose      
s5t5ces ( up to #aj ye>s p] violation2  
sev5 impose s5t5ces betwe5 #aa & #bj    
ye>s2 & five impose s5t5ces ( great] ?an
 #bj ye>s4  7#c7 ,:5 memb]s ( ! ,arm$   
,=ces acquire ,,hiv1 !y are issu$ ord]s 
t require !m to disclose & use a condom 
"u all circum/ances includ+ :5 ! kn[n   
risk ( transmission is z]o4 ,failure to 
disclose c result 9 prosecution "u !    
,uni=m ,code ( ,milit>y ,ju/ice         
7,,ucmj74  7#d7 ,! numb] ( prosecutions1
 arre/s1 & in/ances :]e ,,hiv-bas$ *>ges
 are us$ to induce plea agreem5ts is    
unkn[n4 ,because ,/ate-level prosecution
 & arre/ data are n readily available 9 
any national legal database1 ! societal 
impact ( ^! laws may be und]e/imat$ &   

mo/ cases t g to trial are n r$uc$ to   
writt51 publi%$ op9ions4  7#e7 ,/ate &  
,f$]al crim9al law does n curr5tly      
reflect ! ?ree decades ( m$ical advances
 & discov]ies made ) reg>d to           
transmission & treatm5t ( ,,hiv_/,,aids4
  7#f7 ,accord+ to ,,cdc1 correct &     
consi/5t male or female condom use is v 
effective 9 prev5t+ ,,hiv transmission4 
,h[ev]1 mo/ ,/ate ,,hiv-specific laws & 
prosecutions d n treat ! use ( a condom 
dur+ sexual int]c\rse z a mitigat+      
factor or evid5ce t ! def5dant did n    
int5d to transmit ,,hiv4  7#g7 ,crim9al 
laws & prosecutions d n take into acc\nt
 ! b5efits ( effective antiretroviral   
m$ications1 :i* suppress ! virus to     
extremely l[ levels & fur!r r$uce !     
already l[ risk ( transmitt+ ,,hiv to   
ne> z]o4  7#h7 ,9 addition to           
,,hiv-specific crim9al laws1 g5]al      
crim9al laws are (t5 misus$ to prosecute
 p bas$ on _! ,,hiv /atus4 ,al?\gh      
,,hiv1 & ev5 ,,aids1 curr5tly is view$ z
 a treatable1 *ronic1 m$ical condition1 

p liv+ ) ,,hiv h be5 *>g$ "u aggravat$  
assault1 attempt$ murd]1 & ev5          
biot]rorism /atutes because prosecutors1
 c\rts1 & legislators cont9ue to view & 
*>act]ize ! blood1 sem51 & saliva ( p   
liv+ ) ,,hiv z a deadly weapon4  7#i7   
,multiple pe]-review$ /udies demon/rate 
t ,,hiv-specific laws d n r$uce         
risk-tak+ behavior or increase          
disclosure by p liv+ ) or at risk (     
,,hiv1 & !re is increas+ evid5ce t ^!   
laws r$uce ! will+ness to get te/$4     
,fur!rmore1 plac+ legal responsibility =
 prev5t+ ! transmission ( ,,hiv & o!r   
pa?og5s t c be sexually transmitt$      
exclusively on p diagnos$ ) a sexually  
transmitt$ infection und]m9es ! public  
heal? message t all p are responsible = 
practic+ behaviors t protect !mselves f 
,,hiv & o!r sexually transmitt$         
infections4 ,un=tunately1 "s ,/ate laws 
create an expectation ( disclosure "w   
aga9/ public heal? communication &      
disc\rage risk-r$uction measures t c\ld 
prev5t transmission z a result ( ^? :o  

are acutely infect$ & unaw>e ( _! /atus4
  7#aj7 ,! id5tity ( an individual      
subject to an ,,hiv-bas$ prosecution is 
broadca/ ?r\gh m$ia reports1 pot5tially 
de/roy+ employm5t opportunities &       
relation%ips & violat+ ! p]son's "r to  
privacy4  7#aa7 ,individuals :o are     
convict$ aft] an ,,hiv-bas$ prosecution 
(t5 mu/ regi/] z sex (f5d]s ev5 9 cases 
involv+ cons5sual sexual activity4 ,_!  
employability is de/roy$1 & _! family   
relation%ips are fractur$4  7#ab7 ,!    
,unit$ ,nations1 includ+ ! ,jo9t ,unit$ 
,nations ,programme on ,,hiv_/,,aids    
7,,unaids71 urges gov]nm5ts to limit    
crim9alization to cases ( int5tional    
transmission4 ,?is requirem5t w\ld limit
 prosecutions to situations :]e a p]son 
kn[s 8 or h] ,,hiv-positive /atus1 acts 
) ! int5tion to transmit ,,hiv1 & does 9
 fact transmit x4 ,,unaids also         
recomm5ds t crim9al law %\ld n be appli$
 to cases :]e !re is no significant risk
 ( transmission4  7#ac7 ,9 #bjaj1 !     
,f$]al ,gov]nm5t releas$ ! fir/ ev]     

,national ,,hiv_/,,aids ,/rategy        
7,,nhas71 :i* address$ ,,hiv-specific   
crim9al laws1 /at+3 ,:ile we und]/& !   
int5t beh9d ^! laws1 !y may n h ! desir$
 effect & !y may make p less will+ to   
disclose _! /atus by mak+ p feel at ev5 
great] risk ( discrim9ation4 ,9 "s      
cases1 x may be appropriate =           
legislators to reconsid] :e!r exi/+ laws
 cont9ue to fur!r ! public int]e/ &     
public heal?4 ,9 _m in/ances1 ! cont9u$ 
exi/5ce & en=cem5t ( ^! types ( laws run
 c\nt] to sci5tific evid5ce ab\t r\tes (
 ,,hiv transmission & may und]m9e !     
public heal? goals ( promot+ ,,hiv      
scre5+ & treatm5t44 ,! ,,nhas also /ates
 t ,/ate legislatures %\ld consid]      
review+ ,,hiv-specific crim9al /atutes  
to ensure t !y are consi/5t ) curr5t k (
 ,,hiv transmission & support public    
heal? approa*es to prev5t+ & treat+     
,,hiv4  7#ad7 ,! ,global ,commission on 
,,hiv & ! ,law 0 laun*$ 9 ,june #bjaj to
 exam9e laws & practices t crim9alize p 
liv+ ) & vuln]able to ,,hiv & to develop

 evid5ce-bas$ recomm5dations = effective
 ,,hiv responses4 ,! ,commission calls =
 gov]nm5ts1 civil society & int]national
 bodies to repeal punitive laws & enact 
laws t facilitate & enable effective    
responses to ,,hiv prev5tion1 c>e &     
treatm5t s]vices = all :o ne$ !m4 ,!    
,commission recomm5ds aga9/ ! enactm5t (
 laws t explicitly crim9alize ,,hiv     
transmission1 exposure or non-disclosure
 ( ,,hiv /atus1 :i* are c\nt]productive4
  7#ae7 ,9 ,febru>y #bjai1 ! ,dep>tm5t (
 ,heal? & ,human ,s]vices 7,,hhs7 laun*$
 8,end+ ! ,,hiv ,epidemic3 ,a ,plan =   
,am]ica10 a new initiative ) an ambiti\s
 goal to end ! dome/ic ,,hiv epidemic 9 
t5 ye>s by r$uc+ new cases ( ,,hiv by   
#ge p]c5t by #bjbe & by #ij p]c5t by    
#bjcj4 ,9 ?is plan1 ,,hhs notes t /igma 
8c be a debilitat+ b>ri] prev5t+ p liv+ 
)1 or at risk =1 ,,hiv f receiv+ ! heal?
 c>e1 s]vices1 & respect !y ne$ &       
des]ve40 ,_m ( ! ,/ates & jurisdictions 
id5tifi$ z a priority = ! fir/ five ye>s
 ( ! plan h /igma-bas$ crim9al /atutes =

 p]ceiv$ exposure to ,,hiv4 ,^! /atutes 
run c\nt] to ! goals ( ?is new          
initiative & /& 9 ! way ( end+ ! dome/ic
 ,,hiv epidemic4  #c4 ,s5se ( ,congress 
reg>d+ laws or regulations direct$ at p 
liv+ ) ,,hiv ,x is ! s5se ( ,congress t 
,f$]al & ,/ate laws1 policies1 &        
regulations reg>d+ p liv+ ) ,,hiv-- 7#a7
 %\ld n place unique or additional      
burd5s on su* individuals solely z a    
result ( _! ,,hiv /atus2 &  7#b7 %\ld   
in/ead demon/rate a public heal?-ori5t$1
 evid5ce-bas$1 m$ically accurate1 &     
contempor>y und]/&+ (-- 7,a7 ! multiple 
factors t lead to ,,hiv transmission2   
7,b7 ! relative risk ( demon/rat$ ,,hiv 
transmission r\tes2  7,c7 ! curr5t heal?
 implications ( liv+ ) ,,hiv2  7,d7 !   
associat$ b5efits ( treatm5t & support  
s]vices = p liv+ ) ,,hiv2 &  7,e7 !     
impact ( punitive ,,hiv-specific laws1  
policies1 regulations1 & judicial       
prec$5ts & decisions on public heal?1 on
 p liv+ ) or affect$ by ,,hiv1 & on _!  
families & communities4  #d4 ,review (  

,f$]al & ,/ate laws  7a7 ,review (      
,f$]al & ,/ate laws  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,n   
lat] ?an #ij days aft] ! date ( !       
enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,attorney ,g5]al1
 ! ,secret>y ( ,heal? & ,human ,s]vices1
 & ! ,secret>y ( ,def5se act+ jo9tly 79 
?is section ref]r$ to z ! designat$     
(ficials7 %all initiate a national      
review ( ,f$]al & ,/ate laws1 policies1 
regulations1 & judicial prec$5ts &      
decisions reg>d+ crim9al & relat$ civil 
commitm5t cases involv+ p liv+ )        
,,hiv_/,,aids1 includ+ 9 reg>d to !     
,uni=m ,code ( ,milit>y ,ju/ice         
7,,ucmj74  7#b7 ,consultation ,9 c>ry+  
out ! review "u p>agraph 7#a71 !        
designat$ (ficials %all seek to include 
div]se p>ticipation f1 & consultation )1
 ea* ( ! foll[+3 7,a7 ,ea* ,/ate4  7,b7 
,/ate attorneys g5]al 7or _!            
repres5tatives74  7,c7 ,/ate public     
heal? (ficials 7or _! repres5tatives74  
7,d7 ,/ate judicial & c\rt sy/em (fic]s1
 includ+ judges1 di/rict attorneys1     
prosecutors1 def5se attorneys1 law      

en=cem5t1 & correctional (fic]s4  7,e7  
,memb]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,arm$ ,=ces1  
includ+ memb]s ( o!r ,f$]al s]vices     
subject to ! ,,ucmj4  7,f7 ,p liv+ )    
,,hiv_/,,aids1 p>ticul>ly ^? :o h be5   
subject to ,,hiv-relat$ prosecution or  
:o are f m9ority communities ^: memb]s h
 be5 disproportionately subject to      
,,hiv-specific arre/s & prosecution4    
7,g7 ,legal advocacy & ,,hiv_/,,aids    
s]vice organizations t "w ) p liv+ )    
,,hiv_/,,aids4  7,h7 ,nongov]nm5tal     
heal? organizations t "w on behalf ( p  
liv+ ) ,,hiv_/,,aids4  7,i7 ,trade      
organizations or associations repres5t+ 
p]sons or entities describ$ 9           
subp>agraphs 7,a7 ?r\gh 7,g74  7#c7     
,relation to o!r reviews ,9 c>ry+ out ! 
review "u p>agraph 7#a71 ! designat$    
(ficials may utilize o!r exi/+ reviews (
 crim9al & relat$ civil commitm5t cases 
involv+ p liv+ ) ,,hiv1 includ+ any su* 
review conduct$ by any ,f$]al or ,/ate  
ag5cy or any public heal?1 legal        
advocacy1 or trade organization or      

association if ! designat$ (ficials     
det]m9es t su* reviews 7 conduct$ 9     
accordance ) ! pr9ciples set =? 9       
section #c4  7b7 ,report ,n lat] ?an    
#ahj days aft] initiat+ ! review requir$
 by subsection 7a71 ! ,attorney ,g5]al  
%all transmit to ! ,congress & make     
publicly available a report conta9+ !   
results ( ! review1 :i* includes !      
foll[+3 7#a7 ,= ea* ,/ate & = ! ,,ucmj1 
a summ>y ( ! relevant laws1 policies1   
regulations1 & judicial prec$5ts &      
decisions reg>d+ crim9al cases involv+ p
 liv+ ) ,,hiv1 includ+ ! foll[+3 7,a7 ,a
 det]m9ation ( :e!r su* laws1 policies1 
regulations1 & judicial prec$5ts &      
decisions place any unique or additional
 burd5s ^u p liv+ ) ,,hiv4  7,b7 ,a     
det]m9ation ( :e!r su* laws1 policies1  
regulations1 & judicial prec$5ts &      
decisions demon/rate a public           
heal?-ori5t$1 evid5ce-bas$1 m$ically    
accurate1 & contempor>y und]/&+ (-- 7i7 
! multiple factors t lead to ,,hiv      
transmission2  7ii7 ! relative risk (   

,,hiv transmission r\tes1 includ+ t a   
p]son t has an undetectable viral load  
_c transmit ! disease2  7iii7 ! curr5t  
heal? implications ( liv+ ) ,,hiv2  7iv7
 ! curr5t /atus ( provid+ protection to 
p :o engage 9 survival sex "w aga9/ :om 
condom possession has be5 us$ z evid5ce 
to int5t to commit a crime2  7v7 ,/ates 
t h ! classification ( m&atory sex      
(f5d]s2  7vi7 ! associat$ b5efits (     
treatm5t & support s]vices = p liv+ )   
,,hiv2 &  7vii7 ! impact ( punitive     
,,hiv-specific laws & policies on public
 heal?1 on p liv+ ) or affect$ by ,,hiv1
 & on _! families & communities1 includ+
 p :o are 9 abusive1 dep5d5t1 viol5t1 & 
non-cons5sual relation%ips & are unable 
to bo? negotiate ! use ( condoms & /atus
 disclosure4  7,c7 ,an analysis ( !     
public heal? & legal implications ( su* 
laws1 policies1 regulations1 & judicial 
prec$5ts & decisions1 includ+ an        
analysis ( ! consequ5ces ( hav+ a simil>
 p5al s*eme appli$ to comp>able         
situations involv+ o!r communicable     

diseases4  7,d7 ,an analysis ( !        
proportionality ( puni%m5ts impos$ "u   
,,hiv-specific laws1 policies1          
regulations1 & judicial prec$5ts1 tak+  
into consid]ation p5alties atta*$ to    
violation ( ,/ate laws aga9/ simil>     
degrees ( endang]m5t or h>m1 su* z driv+
 :ile intoxicat$ 7,,dwi7 or transmission
 ( o!r communicable diseases1 or m s]i\s
 h>ms1 su* z vehicul> manslaught]       
(f5ses4  7#b7 ,an analysis ( common     
elem5ts %>$ betwe5 ,/ate laws1 policies1
 regulations1 & judicial prec$5ts4  7#c7
 ,a set ( be/ practice recomm5dations   
direct$ to ,/ate gov]nm5ts1 includ+     
,/ate attorneys g5]al1 public heal?     
(ficials1 & judicial (fic]s1 9 ord] to  
ensure t laws1 policies1 regulations1 & 
judicial prec$5ts reg>d+ p liv+ ) ,,hiv 
are 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples set =? 9 
section #c4  7#d7 ,recomm5dations =     
adju/m5ts to ! ,,ucmj1 includ+          
discont9u+ ! use ( a s]vice memb]'s     
,,hiv diagnosis z ! basis = prosecution1
 enhanc$ p5alties1 or dis*>ge f milit>y 

s]vice1 9 ord] to ensure t laws1        
policies1 regulations1 & judicial       
prec$5ts reg>d+ p liv+ ) ,,hiv are 9    
accordance ) ! pr9ciples set =? 9       
section #c4 ,su* recomm5dations %\ld    
include any necess>y & appropriate      
*anges to ,ord]s to ,foll[ ,prev5tative 
,m$ic9e ,requirem5ts4  7c7 ,guidance ,)9
 #ij days ( ! release ( ! report requir$
 by subsection 7b71 ! ,attorney ,g5]al &
 ! ,secret>y ( ,heal? & ,human ,s]vices1
 act+ jo9tly1 %all develop & publicly   
release updat$ guidance = ,/ates bas$ on
 ! set ( be/ practice recomm5dations    
requir$ by subsection 7b77#c7 9 ord] to 
assi/ ,/ates deal+ ) crim9al & relat$   
civil commitm5t cases reg>d+ p liv+ )   
,,hiv4  7d7 ,monitor+ & evaluation sy/em
 ,)9 #fj days ( ! release ( ! guidance  
requir$ by subsection 7c71 ! ,attorney  
,g5]al & ! ,secret>y ( ,heal? & ,human  
,s]vices1 act+ jo9tly1 %all e/abli% an  
integrat$ monitor+ & evaluation sy/em   
:i* includes1 :]e appropriate1 objective
 & quantifiable p]=mance goals &        

indicators to measure progress t[>d     
/atewide implem5tation 9 ea* ,/ate ( !  
be/ practice recomm5dations requir$ 9   
subsection 7b77#c74  7e7 ,mod]nization (
 ,f$]al laws1 policies1 & regulations   
,)9 #ij days ( ! release ( ! report     
requir$ by subsection 7b71 ! designat$  
(ficials %all develop & transmit to !   
,presid5t & ! ,congress1 & make publicly
 available1 su* proposals z may be      
necess>y to implem5t adju/m5ts to ,f$]al
 laws1 policies1 or regulations1 includ+
 to ! ,uni=m ,code ( ,milit>y ,ju/ice1  
bas$ on ! recomm5dations requir$ by     
subsection 7b77#d71 ei!r ?r\gh          
,executive ord] or ?r\gh *anges to      
/atutory law4  #e4 ,rule ( con/ruction  
,no?+ 9 ?is ,act %all be con/ru$ to     
disc\rage ! prosecution ( individuals :o
 int5tionally transmit or attempt to    
transmit ,,hiv to ano!r individual4  #f4
 ,no additional appropriations au?oriz$ 
,?is ,act %all n be con/ru$ to increase 
! am\nt ( appropriations t are au?oriz$ 
to be appropriat$ = any fiscal ye>4  #g4

 ,def9itions ,= purposes ( ?is ,act3    
7#a7 ,,hiv & ,,hiv_/,,aids ,! t]ms ,,hiv
 & ,,hiv_/,,aids h ! mean+s giv5 to !m 9
 section #bfhi ( ! ,public ,heal?       
,s]vice ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4             
#cjj;ff-#hh74  7#b7 ,/ate ,! t]m ,/ate  
includes ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1        
,am]ican ,samoa1 ! ,commonweal? ( !     
,nor!rn ,m>iana ,isl&s1 ,guam1 ,pu]to   
,rico1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,virg9 ,isl&s4