,,ii  #aaf? ,,congress  #b;d ,session   
,h4 ,r4 #cfba  ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,!  
,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,janu>y #cj1           
#bjbj,receiv$  ,,an ,,act  ,to am5d !   
,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act to remove    
adv]se in=mation = c]ta9 default$ or    
del9qu5t private education loan borr[]s 
:o demon/rate a hi/ory ( loan repaym5t1 
& = o!r purposes4  #a4 ,%ort title ,?is 
,act may be cit$ z ! ,compreh5sive      
,cr$it ,report+ ,enhancem5t1            
,disclosure1 ,innovation1 & ,transp>5cy 
,act ( #bjbj or ! ,compreh5sive ,,cr$it 
,act ( #bjbj4  #b4 ,table ( cont5ts ,!  
table ( cont5ts = ?is ,act is z foll[s3 
,sec4 #a4 ,%ort title4,sec4 #b4 ,table (
 cont5ts4,sec4 #c4 ,f9d+s4,sec4 #d4     
,effective date4,sec4 #e4 ,discretion>y 
surplus fund4,title ,i--,improvem5ts to 
! ,dispute ,process,sec4 #aja4 ,dispute 
proc$ures & disclosures relat+ to       
re9ve/igations4,sec4 #ajb4 ,consum]     
aw>5ess ( dispute rights4,sec4 #ajc4    
,ma9t5ance ( records by furni%]s4,sec4  
#ajd4 ,duties ( furni%]s relat+ to      

dispute proc$ures1 notices1 &           
disclosures4,sec4 #aje4 ,"r to appeal   
disputes relat+ to re9ve/igations &     
inve/igations4,sec4 #ajf4 ,revis$       
consum] reports4,sec4 #ajg4 ,indication 
( dispute by consum]s & use ( disput$   
in=mation4,sec4 #ajh4 ,accuracy &       
complet5ess report duties = consum]     
report+ ag5cies & furni%]s4,sec4 #aji4  
,inclusion ( public record data s\rces 9
 consum] reports4,sec4 #aaj4 ,injunctive
 relief = victims4,title ,,ii--,free    
,cr$it ,scores = ,consumers,sec4 #bja4  
,def9itions4,sec4 #bjb4 ,consum]        
in=mation on calculation ( scores4,sec4 
#bjc4 ,disclosures relat+ to cr$it      
scores & educational cr$it scores4,sec4 
#bjd4 ,free cr$it score disclosures &   
consum] reports4,sec4 #bje4 ,provision (
 consum] reports & cr$it scores by      
private educational l5d]s4,sec4 #bjf4   
,provision ( consum] reports & cr$it    
scores by motor vehicle l5d]s or        
indirect auto l5d]s4,sec4 #bjg4         
,provision ( consum] reports & cr$it    

scores by resid5tial mortgage           
l5d]s4,title ,,iii--,/ud5t ,borr[]      
,cr$it ,improvem5t ,act,sec4 #cja4      
,removal ( adv]se in=mation = c]ta9     
private education loan borr[]s4,sec4    
#cjb4 ,private education loan           
def9itions4,title ,,iv--,cr$it          
re/oration = victims ( pr$atory         
activities & unfair consum] report+     
practices,sec4 #dja4 ,adv]se cr$it      
in=mation4,sec4 #djb4 ,exp$it$ removal (
 fully paid or settl$ debt f consum]    
reports4,sec4 #djc4 ,m$ical debt        
collections4,sec4 #djd4 ,cr$it          
re/oration = victims ( pr$atory mortgage
 l5d+ & s]vic+4,sec4 #dje4 ,cr$it       
re/oration = c]ta9 private education    
loans borr[]s4,sec4 #djf4 ,f9ancial     
abuse prev5tion4,sec4 #djg4 ,prohibition
 ( c]ta9 factors relat$ to ,f$]al cr$it 
re/oration or rehabilitation4,title     
,v--,cl>ity 9 ,cr$it ,score             
,formation,sec4 #eja4 ,consum] ,bureau  
/udy & report to ,congress on ! impact (
 non-traditional data4,sec4 #ejb4       

,consum] ,bureau ov]sight ( cr$it scor+ 
models4,sec4 #ejc4 ,review ( *anges to  
cr$it scor+ models4,title               
,,vi--,re/rictions on ,cr$it ,*ecks =   
,employm5t ,decisions,sec4 #fja4        
,prohibition on ! use ( cr$it in=mation 
= mo/ employm5t decisions4,title        
,,vii--,prohibition on mislead+ & unfair
 consum] report+ practices,sec4 #gja4   
,prohibition on automatic r5ewals =     
promotional consum] report+ & cr$it     
scor+ products & s]vices4,sec4 #gjb4    
,prohibition on mislead+ & deceptive    
m>ket+ relat$ to ! provision ( consum]  
report+ & cr$it scor+ products &        
s]vices4,sec4 #gjc4 ,prohibition on     
excessive direct-to-consum] sales4,sec4 
#gjd4 ,fair access to consum] report+ & 
cr$it scor+ disclosures = nonnative     
,engli% speak]s & ! visually & he>+     
impair$4,sec4 #gje4 ,comp>ison %opp+ =  
loans )\t h>m to cr$it /&+4,sec4 #gjf4  
,nationwide consum] report+ ag5cies     
regi/ry4,sec4 #gjg4 ,protection = c]ta9 
consum]s affect$ by a %utd[n4,title     

,,viii--,protections aga9/ id5tity !ft1 
fraud1 or a relat$ crime,sec4 #hja4     
,id5tity !ft report def9ition4,sec4     
#hjb4 ,am5dm5t to protection = files &  
cr$it records ( protect$ consum]s4,sec4 
#hjc4 ,enhancem5t to fraud al]t         
protections4,sec4 #hjd4 ,am5dm5t to     
security freezes = consum] reports4,sec4
 #hje4 ,cl>ification ( in=mation to be  
includ$ ) ag5cy disclosures4,sec4 #hjf4 
,provides access to fraud records =     
victims4,sec4 #hjg4 ,requir$ ,bureau to 
set proc$ures = report+ id5tity !ft1    
fraud1 & o!r relat$ crime4,sec4 #hjh4   
,e/abli%es ! "r to free cr$it monitor+ &
 id5tity !ft protection s]vices = c]ta9 
consum]s4,sec4 #hji4 ,ensures removal ( 
inquiries result+ f id5tity !ft1 fraud1 
or o!r relat$ crime f consum]           
reports4,title ,,ix--,miscellaneous,sec4
 #ija4 ,def9itions4,sec4 #ijb4 ,te*nical
 correction relat$ to risk-bas$ pric+   
notices4,sec4 #ijc4 ,,fcra f9d+s &      
purpose2 voids c]ta9 contracts n 9 !    
public int]e/4,sec4 #ijd4 ,,gao /udy on 

! use ( cr$it 9 h\s+ det]m9ations4,sec4 
#ije4 ,,gao /udy on ! effects ( cr$it   
scores impact$ by a /ud5t borr[]'s      
default$ or del9qu5t private education  
loan4,sec4 #ijf4 ,,gao /udy on consum]  
report+ ag5cy compliance ) cons5t       
ord]s4,sec4 #ijg4 ,protections = active 
duty uni=m$ consum]4,sec4 #ijh4         
,positive cr$it report+ p]mitt$4,sec4   
#iji4 ,s5se ( ,congress4,sec4 #iaj4     
,cyb]security sup]vision & exam9ation ( 
l>ge consum] report+ ag5cies4  #c4      
,f9d+s ,congress f9ds ! foll[+3 7#a7    
,g5]al f9d+s on cr$it report+  7,a7     
,consum] report+ ag5cies 7,c,r,as7 are  
companies t collect1 compile1 & provide 
in=mation ab\t consum]s 9 ! =m ( consum]
 reports = c]ta9 p]missible /atutory    
purposes "u ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act
 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha et seq47 7,,fcra74
 ,! ?ree l>ge/ ,c,r,as 9 ?is c\ntry are 
,equifax1 ,trans,union1 & ,exp]ian4 ,^! 
,c,r,as are ref]r$ to z nationwide      
,c,r,as & ! reports t !y prep>e are     
commonly ref]r$ to z cr$it reports4     

,furni%]s1 su* z cr$itors1 l5d]s1 & debt
 collection ag5cies1 volunt>ily submit  
in=mation to ,c,r,as ab\t _! acc\nts su*
 z ! total am\nt = ea* loan or cr$it    
limit = ea* cr$it c>d & ! consum]'s     
paym5t hi/ory on ^! products4 ,reports  
also include id5tify+ in=mation ab\t a  
consum]1 su* z _! bir?date1 previ\s     
mail+ addresses1 & curr5t & previ\s     
employ]s4  7,b7 ,9 a ,decemb] #bjab     
pap]1 ,key ,dim5sions & ,processes 9 !  
,u4,s4 ,cr$it ,report+ ,sy/em3 ,a review
 = h[ ! nation's l>ge/ cr$it bureaus    
manage consum] data1 ! ,bureau (        
,consum] ,f9ancial ,protection 7,consum]
 ,bureau7 not$ t ! ?ree nationwide      
,c,r,as ma9ta9 cr$it files on           
approximately #bjj million adults &     
receive in=mation f ab\t #aj1jjj        
furni%]s4 ,on a mon?ly basis1 ^!        
furni%]s provide in=mation on ov] #a4c  
billion consum] cr$it acc\nts or o!r    
trade l9es4  7,c7 ,! #aj l>ge/          
in/itutions furni%+ cr$it in=mation to  
ea* ( ! nationwide ,c,r,as acc\nt = m   

?an half ( all acc\nts reflect$ 9       
consum]s' cr$it files4  7,d7 ,consum]   
reports play an increas+ly important    
role 9 ! lives ( ,am]ican consum]s4 ,mo/
 cr$itors1 = example1 review ^! reports 
to make decisions ab\t :e!r to ext5d    
cr$it to consum]s & :at t]ms &          
conditions to (f] !m4 ,z su*1 in=mation 
conta9$ 9 ^! reports affects :e!r a     
p]son is able to get a private education
 loan to pay = college co/s1 to secure a
 mortgage loan to buy a home1 or to     
obta9 a cr$it c>d1 z well z ! t]ms &    
conditions "u :i* consum] cr$it products
 or s]vices are (f]$ to !m4  7,e7 ,cr$it
 reports are also increas+ly us$ = _m   
noncr$it decisions1 includ+ by l&lords  
to det]m9e :e!r to r5t an ap>tm5t to a  
prospective t5ant & by employ]s to      
decide :e!r to hire pot5tial job        
applicants or to (f] a promotion to     
exi/+ employees4  7,f7 ,c,r,as h a      
/atutory obligation to v]ify indep5d5tly
 ! accuracy & complet5ess ( in=mation   
includ$ on ! reports t !y provide4  7,g7

 ,! nationwide ,c,r,as h fail$ to       
e/abli% & foll[ reasonable proc$ures1 z 
requir$ by exi/+ law1 to e/abli% !      
maximum level ( accuracy ( in=mation    
conta9$ on consum] reports4 ,giv5 !     
repeat$ failures ( ^! ,c,r,as to comply 
) accuracy requirem5ts on _! own1       
legislation is int5d$ to provide !m )   
detail$ guidance improv+ ! accuracy &   
complet5ess ( in=mation conta9$ 9       
consum] reports1 includ+ proc$ures1     
policies1 & practices t ^! ,c,r,as %\ld 
already be foll[+ to ensure full        
compliance ) _! exi/+ obligations4  7,h7
 ,! pres5ce ( inaccurate or incomplete  
in=mation on ^! reports c result 9      
sub/antial f9ancial & emotional h>m to  
consum]s4 ,cr$it report+ errors c lead  
to ! loss ( a new employm5t opportunity 
or a d5ial ( a promotion 9 an exi/+ job1
 /op someone f be+ able to access cr$it 
on favorable t]ms1 prev5t a p]son f     
obta9+ r5tal h\s+1 or ev5 trigg] m5tal  
di/ress4  7,i7 ,curr5t indu/ry practices
 impose an unfair burd5 ( pro( on       

consum]s try+ to fix errors on _!       
reports4  7,j7 ,consum] reports conta9+ 
inaccurate or incomplete cr$it in=mation
 also und]m9e ! ability ( cr$itors &    
l5d]s to effectively & accurately       
und]write & price cr$it4  7,k7          
,recogniz+ t cr$it report+ affects !    
lives ( almo/ all consum]s 9 ?is c\ntry 
& t ! consequ5ces ( errors on a consum] 
report c be cata/rophic = a consum]1 !  
,consum] ,bureau began accept+ consum]  
compla9ts ab\t cr$it report+ 9 ,octob]  
#bjab4  7,l7 ,z ( e>ly ,decemb] #bjai1 !
 ,consum] ,bureau has h&l$ approximately
 #cia1efj cr$it report+ compla9ts ab\t !
 top ?ree ,c,r,as1 mak+ cr$it report+   
consi/5tly 9 ! top ?ird                 
mo/-compla9$-ab\t subject matt] on :i* !
 ,consum] ,bureau accepts consum]       
compla9ts4 ,incorrect in=mation 9       
reports & fru/rations ab\t burd5some &  
"t-consum+ process to disput+ items is  
are consi/5tly top report$ conc]ns f    
consum]s4  7,m7 ,o!r common types (     
cr$it report+ compla9ts submitt$ to !   

,consum] ,bureau relat$ to ! improp] use
 ( a report1 tr\ble obta9+ a report or  
cr$it score1 ,c,r,as' inve/igations1 &  
cr$it monitor+ or id5tity protection4   
7,n7 ,9 ! fall #bjai ,sup]visory        
,highlights1 ! ,consum] ,bureau not$ t  
"o or m ( ! l>ge/ ,c,r,as cont9ue to    
/ruggle to adequately ov]see furni%]s to
 ensure t !y 7 adh]+ to ! ,,cra's vett+ 
policies & to e/abli% prop] proc$ures to
 v]ify public record in=mation4  7,o7   
,accord+ to ! fall #bjaf ,sup]visory    
,highlights1 ,consum] ,bureau exam9]s   
det]m9$ t "o or m debt collectors nev]  
inve/igat$ indirect disputes t lack$    
detail or 7 n accompani$ by atta*m5ts ) 
relevant in=mation f ! consum]4 ,exam9]s
 also f\nd t notifications s5t to       
consum]s ab\t disputes consid]$ frivol\s
 fail$ to id5tify = ! consum]s ! type ( 
mat]ial t !y c\ld provide 9 ord] = !    
debt collector to complete !            
inve/igation ( ! disput$ item4  7,p7 ,a 
,febru>y #bjad ,consum] ,bureau report  
titl$ ,cr$it ,report+ ,compla9t ,snap%ot

 f\nd t consum]s are confus$ ab\t !     
ext5t to :i* ! nationwide ,c,r,as are   
requir$ to provide !m ) validation &    
docum5tation ( a debt t appe>s on _!    
cr$it report4  7,q7 ,z evid5ce t !      
curr5t sy/em lacks suffici5t m>ket      
inc5tives = ,c,r,as to develop m robu/  
proc$ures to increase ! accuracy &      
complet5ess ( in=mation on cr$it        
reports1 litigation discov]y docum5t$ by
 ! ,national ,consum] ,law ,c5t]        
7,,nclc71 z "p ( a ,febru>y #bjai report
 titl$ ,automat$ ,inju/ice ,r$ux3 ,t5   
,ye>s aft] a ,key ,report1 ,consum]s    
,are ,/ill ,fru/rat$ ,try+ to ,fix      
,cr$it ,report+ ,errors1 %[$ t at lea/  
two ( ! ?ree l>ge/ ,c,r,as use quota    
sy/ems to =ce employees to process      
disputes ha/ily & )\t ! opportunity =   
conduct+ mean+ful inve/igations4 ,at    
lea/ "o nationwide ,,cra only all[$     
dispute resolution /aff #e m9utes to    
h&le a consum]'s call4 ,fur!rmore1 ^!   
,c,r,as 7 f\nd to h aw>d$ bonuses =     
meet+ quotas & puni%$ ^? :o didn't meet 

production numb]s ) probation4  7,r7    
,unlike mo/ o!r bus9ess relation%ips1   
:]e consum]s c regi/] _! satisfaction or
 unhapp9ess ) a p>ticul> cr$it product  
or s]vice simply by tak+ _! bus9ess     
else:]e1 consum]s h no say 9 :e!r _!    
in=mation is includ$ 9 ! ,c,r,as        
databases & limit$ legal rem$ies to hold
 ! ,c,r,as acc\ntable = inaccuracies or 
poor s]vice4  7,s7 ,accord+ly1 despite !
 exi/+ /atutory m&ate = ,c,r,as to foll[
 reasonable proc$ures to assure !       
maximum possible accuracy ( ! in=mation 
:5ev] !y prep>e consum] reports1 num]\s 
/udies1 ! high volume ( consum]         
compla9ts submitt$ to ! ,consum] ,bureau
 ab\t incorrect in=mation on consum]    
reports1 & sup]visory activities by !   
,consum] ,bureau demon/rate t ,c,r,as   
cont9ue to skirt _! obligations "u !    
law4  7#b7 ,incorrect in=mation on      
consum] reports  7,a7 ,consum]s are     
entitl$ to dispute errors on _! consum] 
reports ) ei!r ! ,,cra1 :o issu$ !      
report1 or directly ) furni%]s1 :o      

suppli$ ! acc\nt in=mation to ! ,,cra1 &
 reque/ t mi/akes be delet$ or remov$4  
,consum]s1 :o believe an inve/igation   
has n correctly resolv$ _! dispute1     
h[ev]1 h few options1 o!r ?an reque/+ t 
a /atem5t ab\t ! dispute be includ$ ) _!
 future reports4  7,b7 ,c,r,as h a      
/atutory obligation "u ! ,,fcra to p]=m 
a reasonable inve/igation by conduct+ a 
sub/antive & se>*+ inquiry :5 a consum] 
disputes an item on _! report4 ,9 do+ s1
 ,c,r,as mu/ conduct an indep5d5t review
 ab\t ! accuracy ( any disput$ item & _c
 m]ely rely on a furni%]'s rubb]-/amp   
v]ification ( ! integrity ( ! in=mation 
!y h provid$ to ,c,r,as4  7,c7 ,9       
,report to ,congress ,"u ,section #cai (
 ! ,fair & ,accurate ,cr$it             
,transactions ,act ( #bjjc releas$ by ! 
,f$]al ,gov]nm5t 9 ,decemb] #bjab1 f\nd 
t #bf p]c5t ( survey p>ticipants        
id5tifi$ at lea/ "o pot5tially mat]ial  
error on _! consum] reports1 & #ac p]c5t
 exp]i5c$ a *ange 9 _! cr$it score once 
! error 0 fix$4  7,d7 ,consum] ,bureau  

exam9]s h id5tifi$ repeat$ defici5cies )
 ! nationwide ,c,r,as' in=mation        
collection4 ,9 ! fall #bjai ,sup]visory 
,highlights1 ! ,consum] ,bureau not$    
cont9u$ weaknesses ) ,c,r,as' me?ods &  
processes = assur+ maximum possible     
accuracy 9 _! reports4 ,exam9]s also    
f\nd1 ) c]ta9 exceptions1 no quality    
control policies & proc$ures 9 place to 
te/ consum] reports = accuracy4  7,e7 ,9
 its ,cr$it ,report+ ,compla9t ,snap%ot 
releas$ 9 ,febru>y #bjad1 ! ,consum]    
,bureau f\nd t consum]s 7 unc]ta9 ab\t !
 dep? & validity ( ! inve/igations p]=m$
 ab\t a disput$ item4 ,consum]s also    
express$ fru/ration t1 ev5 ?\gh !y      
provid$ support+ mat]ials t !y believ$  
demon/rat$ ! inaccuracy ( ! in=mation   
provid$ by furni%]s1 errors cont9u$ to  
rema9 on _! reports4  7,f7 ,9 ! w9t]    
#bjae ,sup]visory ,highlights releas$ 9 
,m>* #bjae1 ! ,consum] ,bureau report$ t
 "o or m nationwide ,c,r,as fail$ to    
adequately fulfill _! dispute-h&l+      
obligations1 includ+ by n =w>d+ to      

furni%]s all relevant in=mation f\nd 9  
lett]s & support+ docum5ts suppli$ by   
consum]s :5 !y submitt$ disputes fail+  
to notify consum]s t !y _h complet$     
inve/igations1 & n provid+ consum]s ) ! 
results ( ! ,c,r,as' reviews ab\t _!    
disputes4  7,g7 ,consum] ,bureau exam9]s
 also not$ 9 ! fall #bjaf ,sup]visory   
,highlights releas$ 9 ,octob] #bjaf t "o
 or m entities fail$ to provide adequate
 guidance & tra9+ to /aff ab\t h[ to    
diff]5tiate ,,fcra disputes f g5]al     
cu/om] inquiries1 compla9ts1 or debt    
validation reque/s4 ,consum] ,bureau    
sup]visors also direct$ "o or m entities
 to develop & implem5t reasonable       
proc$ures to ensure t direct & indirect 
disputes are appropriately logg$1       
categoriz$1 & resolv$4  7,h7 ,consum]s' 
increas+ fru/ration ab\t ! difficulties 
( try+ to fix cr$it report+ errors1     
evid5c$ ?r\gh ! volume ( consum]        
compla9ts relat$ to errors submitt$ to !
 ,consum] ,bureau1 are also e*o$ 9 ano!r
 ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t /udy issu$ 9 ,janu>y  

#bjae4 ,9 ! ,report to ,congress "u     
,section #cai = ! ,fair & ,accurate     
,cr$it ,transactions ,act ( #bjjc1 !    
/udy f\nd t ne>ly #gj p]c5t 7#hd p7 (   
p>ticipants f a previ\s survey t _h fil$
 disputes ) ,c,r,as cont9u$ to believe t
 at lea/ "s ( ! disput$ in=mation rema9$
 inaccurate at ! "t ( ! foll[-up survey4
 ,despite ^! views1 #ej p]c5t 7#db p7 ( 
! survey p>ticipants decid$ to j give up
 try+ to fix ! errors1 ) only #de p]c5t 
7#ch p7 ( !m plann+ to cont9ue to try to
 resolve _! disputes4  7,i7 ,!          
consi/5tly high volume ( consum]        
compla9ts submitt$ to ! ,consum] ,bureau
 ab\t cr$it report+ errors1 c\pl$ ) !   
l>ge/ ,c,r,as' repeat$ quality control  
weaknesses f\nd by ,consum] ,bureau     
exam9]s1 %[ t ! nationwide ,c,r,as h    
fail$ to e/abli% & foll[ reasonable     
proc$ures to assure maximum accuracy (  
in=mation & to conduct indep5d5t        
inve/igations ( consum]s' disputes4 ,^! 
ongo+ problems demon/rate ! ne$ =       
legislation to-- 7i7 enhance obligations

 on furni%]s to sub/antiate in=mation & 
require furni%]s to keep records = !    
same am\nt ( "t t adv]se in=mation ab\t 
^! acc\nts may appe> on a p]son's       
consum] report2  7ii7 elim9ate ,c,r,as' 
discretion to det]m9e ! relevancy (     
mat]ials provid$ by consum]s to support 
_! dispute claims by in/ead requir+ !m  
to pass all mat]ial onto furni%]s &     
elim9at+ ,,cra's discretion to deem "s  
disputes frivol\s or irrelevant :5 a    
consum] resubmits a claim t !y believe  
has be5 inadequately resolv$2  7iii7    
enhance educational cont5t on ,c,r,as'  
websites to improve consum]s' und]/&+ ( 
! dispute process & to make x easi] =   
all consum]s to initiate claims1 includ+
 by provid+ ^! disclosures 9 o!r        
languages besides ,engli%2 &  7iv7      
create a new consum] "r to appeal       
reviews by ,c,r,as & furni%]s ( !       
initial disputes4  7#c7 ,injunctive     
relief  7,a7 ,despite ! fact t ! ,,fcra 
curr5tly provides implicit au?ority =   
injunctive relief1 consum]s h be5       

prev5t$ f ex]cis+ ?is "r aga9/ ,c,r,as4 
,legislation explicitly cl>ify+ ?is "r  
is int5d$ to und]score congressional    
int5t t injunctive relief %\ld be view$ 
z a rem$y available to consum]s4  7,b7  
,myriad f9d+s by ! c\rts1 regulators1   
consum]s1 & consum] advocates make cle> 
t ,c,r,as h fail$ to e/abli% adequate   
/&>ds = ! accuracy & complet5ess (      
consum] reports1 yet ! nationwide       
,c,r,as h demon/rat$ little will+ness to
 volunt>ily retool _! policies &        
proc$ures to fix ! problems4  7,c7      
,provid+ c\rts ) explicit au?ority to   
issue injunctive relief1 by tell+ !     
,c,r,as to rem$y unlawful practices &   
proc$ures1 w\ld fur!r ,c,r,as' m&ate "u 
! ,,fcra to assure ! maximum possible   
accuracy & complet5ess ( in=mation      
conta9$ on cr$it reports4  7,d7 ,abs5t  
explicit au?ority to issue injunctions1 
hi/ory sugge/s t ! nationwide ,c,r,as   
are likely to cont9ue conduct+ bus9ess z
 usual 9 treat+ any monet>y settlem5ts )
 individual consum]s & f9es impos$ by   

,/ate attorneys g5]al & ,f$]al          
regulators1 simply z ! co/ ( do+        
bus9ess4  7#d7 ,cr$it scores  7,a7 ,:ile
 nationwide ,c,r,as are requir$ by law  
to supply consum]s ) a free copy ( _!   
cr$it report annually1 !y c *>ge        
consum]s to obta9 a cr$it score         
disclosure4  7,b7 ,_m consum]s d n      
realize t !y h m ?an j "o cr$it score4  
,because ! submission ( cr$it in=mation 
to ,c,r,as is volunt>y & n all furni%]s 
submit in=mation to e ,,cra1 ! in=mation
 conta9$ 9 a report also v>ies among    
,c,r,as4 ,z a result1 ! cr$it score     
g5]at$ by ea* ,,cra is also likely to   
v>y1 result+ 9 pot5tially diff]5t cr$it 
decisions bas$ on an evaluation (       
diff]5t cr$it reports obta9$ f diff]5t  
,c,r,as4  7,c7 ,a ,febru>y #bjae        
,consum] ,bureau report titl$ ,consum]  
,voices on ,cr$it ,reports & ,scores    
f\nd t consum]s _h que/ions ab\t :at    
actions to take to improve _! scores    
once !y _h se5 !m1 sugge/+ t additional 
disclosures & educational cont5t w\ld be

 helpful to consum]s4 ,! ,consum]       
,bureau f\nd t consum]s 7 confus$ by    
conflict+ advice on h[ to improve _!    
scores4  7,d7 ,t report also not$ t     
consum]s f\nd ! process = obta9+ consum]
 reports & cr$it scores confus+4        
,consum]s also 7 unc]ta9 ab\t :e!r1 & "u
 :at circum/ances1 !y c\ld obta9 a      
consum] report = free4  7#e7 ,private   
education loans  7,a7 ,! ,consum]       
,bureau's ,octob] #bjad report titl$    
,annual ,report ( ! ,,cfpb ,/ud5t ,loan 
,ombudsman not$ _m private education    
loan borr[]s1 :o s\ght to negotiate a   
modifi$ repaym5t plan :5 !y 7 exp]i5c+ a
 p]iod ( f9ancial di/ress1 7 unable to  
get assi/ance f _! loan hold]s1 :i* (t5 
result+ 9 !m default+ on _! loans4 ,?is 
patt]n resembles ! difficulty t a       
significant numb] ( mortgage loan       
borr[]s exp]i5c$ :5 !y s\ght to take    
responsible /eps to "w ) _! mortgage    
loan s]vic] to avoid =eclosure dur+ !   
,great ,recession4  7,b7 ,al?\gh private
 /ud5t loan hold]s may all[ a borr[] to 

po/pone paym5ts :ile enroll$ 9 s*ool    
full-"t1 _m limit ?is option to a c]ta9 
"t p]iod1 usually #dh to #ff mon?s4 ,?is
 limit$ "t p]iod may n be suffici5t = ^?
 :o ne$ additional "t to obta9 _! degree
 or :o want to cont9ue _! education by  
purs+ a graduate or pr(essional degree4 
,! ,consum] ,bureau f\nd t borr[]s :o 7 
unable to make paym5ts (t5 default$ or  
_h _! acc\nts s5t to collections be=e !y
 7 ev5 able to graduate4  7#f7          
,deceptive practices at c]ta9 propriet>y
 education in/itutions & c>e] education 
programs  7,a7 ,,nclc cit$ !            
prolif]ation ( law en=cem5t actions     
aga9/ _m =-pr(it s*ools 9 its ,june     
#bjad report1 titl$ ,ensur+ ,educational
 ,integrity3 #aj ,/eps to ,improve ,/ate
 ,ov]sight ( ,=-pr(it ,s*ools1 to       
demon/rate ! p]vasive problem 9 ?is     
sector ( t>get+ l[-income /ud5ts )      
deceptive high-pressure sales te*niques 
involv+ inflat$ job placem5t rates &    
mislead+ data on graduate wages1 & false
 repres5tations ab\t ! transf]ability ( 

cr$its & ! employability ( graduates 9  
occupations t require lic5sure4 ,/ud5t  
loan borr[]s at ^! s*ools may be left ) 
no?+ b wor?less cr$5tials & l>ge debt4  
,^? :o default on _! /ud5t loans face   
ye>s ) damag$ cr$it t w adv]sely impact 
_! ability to r5t or buy homes1 pur*ase 
c>s1 & f9d employm5t4  7,b7 ,! closure &
 bankruptcy ( ,cor9?ian ,colleges1 :i* 0
 f\nd to h deceiv$ /ud5ts by /e]+ !m    
into high-int]e/ /ud5t loans bas$ on    
mislead+ graduation rates & employm5t   
data1 is a good example ( ! problem4    
,ev5 aft] its closure1 _m ,cor9?ian     
/ud5ts rema9$ saddl$ ) /ud5t loan debt1 
wor?less degrees1 & few prospects =     
employm5t4  7,c7 ,att5d+ a #b-ye>1      
=-pr(it college co/s1 on av]age1 f\r    
times z mu* z att5d+ a community        
college4 ,/ud5ts at =-pr(it colleges    
repres5t only ab\t #aa p]c5t ( ! total  
high] education population b a />tl+ #dd
 p]c5t ( all ,f$]al /ud5t loan defaults1
 accord+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( 
,education 7,,doe74  7,d7 ,accord+ to   

,,nclc1 a disproportionate numb] (      
=-pr(it /ud5ts are l[-income & p (      
color4 ,^! s*ools t>get vet]ans1 work+  
p>5ts1 fir/-g5]ation /ud5ts1 &          
non-,engli% speak+ /ud5ts1 :o may be m  
likely ?an _! public or private nonpr(it
 s*ool c\nt]p>ts to drop out1 incur     
enorm\s /ud5t debt1 & default on ?is    
debt4 ,9 ! #bjaa-bjab s*ool ye>1 #bh    
p]c5t ( ,african ,am]icans & #ae p]c5t (
 ,lat9os att5d+ #d-ye> in/itutions 7    
enroll$ 9 a =-pr(it s*ool1 comp>$ to #aj
 p]c5t ( ,:ites4  7,e7 ,z highlight$ 9 a
 press release titl$ ,obama             
,adm9i/ration ,ann\nces ,f9al ,rules to 
,protect ,/ud5ts f ,poor-,p]=m+ ,c>e]   
,college ,programs1 t 0 issu$ by ! ,,doe
 on ,octob] #cj1 #bjad1 too (t51 /ud5ts 
at c>e] colleges--includ+ ?\s&s (       
vet]ans--are *>g$ excessive co/s1 b     
don't get ! education !y paid =4        
,in/ead1 /ud5ts 9 su* programs are      
provid$ ) poor quality tra9+1 (t5 =     
l[-wage jobs or 9 occupations :]e !re   
are simply no job opportunities4 ,!y f9d

 !mselves ) l>ge am\nts ( debt &1 too   
(t51 end up 9 default4 ,9 _m cases1     
/ud5ts are drawn into ^! programs )     
confus+ or mislead+ in=mation44  7#g7   
,m$ical debt  7,a7 ,rese>* by ! ,consum]
 ,bureau has f\nd t ! inclusion ( m$ical
 collections on consum] reports has     
unfairly r$uc$ consum]s' cr$it scores4  
7,b7 ,! ,consum] ,bureau's review ( #e  
million anonymiz$ cr$it files f         
,septemb] #bjaa to ,septemb] #bjac1 =   
example1 f\nd t cr$it scores may        
und]e/imate a p]son's cr$itwor?9ess by  
up to #aj po9ts = ^? :o owe m$ical debt1
 & may und]e/imate a p]son's            
cr$itwor?9ess by up to #bb po9ts aft] ! 
m$ical debt has be5 paid4 ,= consum]s ) 
l[] cr$it scores1 especially ^? on !    
br9k ( :at is consid]$ subprime1 a #aj  
to #bb po9t decrease 9 _! cr$it scores c
 h a significant impact on _! lives1    
includ+ by affect+ :e!r !y are able to  
qualify = cr$it &1 if s1 ! t]ms &       
conditions "u :i* x is ext5d$ to !m4    
7,c7 ,! ,consum] ,bureau f\nd t half (  

all collections trade l9es t appe> on   
consum] reports are relat$ to m$ical    
bills claim$ to be ow$ to hospitals &   
o!r m$ical provid]s4 ,^! trade l9es     
affect ! reports ( ne>ly "o-fif? ( all  
consum]s 9 ! cr$it report+ sy/em4  7,d7 
,! ,consum] ,bureau has f\nd t !re are  
no objective or en=ceable /&>ds t       
det]m9e :5 a debt c or %\ld be report$ z
 a collection trade l9e4 ,because debt  
buy]s & collectors det]m9e :e!r1 :51 & =
 h[ long to report a collection acc\nt1 
!re is only a limit$ relation%ip betwe5 
! "t p]iod report$1 ! sev]ity ( a       
del9qu5cy1 & :5 or :e!r a collection    
trade l9e appe>s on a consum]'s cr$it   
report4  7,e7 ,m$ical bills c be complex
 & confus+ = _m consum]s1 :i* results 9 
consum]s' unc]ta9ty ab\t :at !y owe1 to 
:om1 :51 or = :at1 t may cause "s p1 :o 
ord9>ily pay _! bills on "t1 to delay or
 )hold paym5ts on _! m$ical debts4 ,?is 
unc]ta9ty c also result 9 m$ical        
collections appe>+ on consum] reports4  
,9 a ,decemb] #bjad report titl$        

,consum] ,cr$it ,reports3 ,a ,/udy (    
,m$ical & ,non-,m$ical ,collections1 !  
,consum] ,bureau f\nd t a l>ge portion (
 consum]s ) m$ical collections %[ no o!r
 evid5ce ( f9ancial di/ress & are       
consum]s :o ord9>ily pay _! o!r f9ancial
 obligations on "t4 ,unlike ) mo/ cr$it 
products or s]vices1 su* z cr$it c>ds1  
in/allm5t loans1 utilities1 or wireless 
or cable s]vices t h contractual acc\nt 
disclosures describ+ ! t]ms & conditions
 ( use1 mo/ consum]s are n told :at _!  
out-(-pocket m$ical co/s w be 9 advance4
 ,consum]s ne$+ urg5t or em]g5cy c>e    
r>ely "k1 or are provid$1 ! co/ ( a     
m$ical treatm5t or proc$ure be=e !      
s]vice is r5d]$4  7,f7 ,! ,consum]      
,bureau conclud$ t ! pres5ce ( m$ical   
collections is less pr$ictive ( future  
defaults or s]i\s del9qu5cies ?an !     
pres5ce ( a nonm$ical collection 9 a    
/udy titl$ ,data ,po9t3 ,m$ical ,debt & 
,cr$it ,scores1 issu$ 9 ,may #bjad4     
7,g7 ,,fico's late/ cr$it scor+ model1  
,,fico #i1 *anges ! treatm5t ( paid     

collections to disreg>d any collection  
matt]s t ! consum] has paid 9 full4     
,,fico #i1 h[ev]1 is n yet widely us$ by
 l5d]s4  7,h7 ,vantage,score's late/    
cr$it scor+ model1 ,vantage,score #d4j1 
w be available 9 ! fall ( #bjag4 ,?is   
model w p5alize m$ical collections less 
?an non-m$ical ones4  7,i7 ,! ?ree      
nationwide ,c,r,as ent]$ into a         
settlem5t agreem5t ) ! ,new ,york ,/ate 
attorney g5]al 9 #bjae to address       
defici5cies 9 _! dispute resolution     
process & enhance ! accuracy ( items on 
reports4 ,^! policy *anges w be         
implem5t$ 9 a ?ree-phas$ roll\t1        
culm9at+ by ,june #bjah4 ,subsequ5tly1  
^! ,c,r,as ent]$ into a coop]ative      
agreem5t ) #ca ,/ate ,attorneys ,g5]al1 
:i* 0 ! basis ( ! creation ( ! ,national
 ,consum] ,assi/ance ,plan 7,,ncap7 to  
*ange "s ( _! bus9ess practices4  7,j7  
,:ile ! ,c,r,as appe> to be volunt>ily  
adopt+ policy *anges on a nationwide    
basis1 !y are n obligat$ to d s =       
consum]s :o reside 9 ,/ates t are n p>ty

 to any ( ! cons5t ord]s4  7,k7 ,z a    
result ( ! settlem5t agreem5ts1 ! ?ree  
nationwide ,c,r,as w set a #ahj-;day    
wait+ p]iod be=e includ+ m$ical         
collections on a report & w remove a    
m$ical collection f a report once x is  
paid by an insurance company4 ,:ile ?is 
*ange w b5efit _m1 once a m$ical        
collection appe>s on a report1 x w only 
be delet$ or suppress$ if x is f\nd to h
 be5 ! insurance company's obligation to
 pay & ! insur] pays x4 ,giv5 ! rese>*  
%[+ !re is little pr$ictive value 9     
m$ical debt in=mation1 m$ical           
collections t are paid or settl$ %\ld   
quickly be remov$ f a report1 reg>dless 
( :o pays or settles ?is debt4  7#h7    
,f9ancial abuse by kn[n p]sons  7,a7    
,f9ancial abuse & exploitation are      
frequ5tly associat$ ) dome/ic viol5ce4  
,?is type ( abuse may result 9 fraudul5t
 *>ges to a cr$it c>d or hav+ fraudul5t 
acc\nts creat$ by ! abus] 9 ! survivor's
 "n t c\ld affect rat+s by ,c,r,as4     
,f9ancial abuse may also result 9 !     

survivor's inability to make timely     
paym5ts on _! valid obligations due to  
loss or *anges 9 income t c occur :5 _! 
abus] /eals f or co]ces ! survivor to   
rel9qui% _! pay*ecks or sav+s t c\ld    
affect rat+s by ,c,r,as4  7,b7 ,by rack+
 up sub/antial debts 9 ! survivor's "n1 
abus]s are able to ex]cise f9ancial     
control ov] _! survivors to make x      
economically difficult = ! survivor1 ^: 
cr$it is (t5 de/roy$1 to escape !       
situation4  7,c7 ,dome/ic abuse         
survivors ) poor cr$it are likely to    
face significant ob/acles 9 e/abli%+    
f9ancial indep5d5ce f _! abus]s4 ,?is c 
be due1 9 "p1 because consum] reports   
may be us$ :5 a p]son attempts to obta9 
a *eck+ acc\nt1 h\s+1 insurance1        
utilities1 employm5t1 & ev5 a security  
cle>ance z requir$ = c]ta9 jobs4  7,d7  
,provid+ docum5tation ( id5tity 7,,id7  
!ft 9 ord] to dispute in=mation on "o's 
consum] report c be p>ticul>ly *all5g+ =
 ^? :o "k _! f9ancial abus]4  7,e7 ,:ile
 x is easi] = consum]s :o obta9 a police

 report to remove fraudul5t in=mation f 
_! consum] report & prev5t x f reappe>+ 
9 ! future1 accord+ to ! ,empire ,ju/ice
 ,c5t]1 safety & o!r noncr$it conc]ns   
may impact ! capacity ( a survivor (    
f9ancial abuse committ$ by a kn[n p]son 
to turn to law en=cem5t to get a police 
report4  7,f7 ,accord+ to ! ,legal ,aid 
,society 9 ,new ,york1 dome/ic abuse    
survivors1 seek+ to remove adv]se       
in=mation /emm+ f f9ancial abuse by     
contact+ _! furni%]s directly1 are      
likely to face skepticism ab\t claims ( 
,,id !ft p]petrat$ by a p>tn] because ( 
an assumption t !y are aw>e (1 & may h  
be5 complicit 91 ! activity :i* !       
survivor alleges /ems f f9ancial abuse4 
7#i7 ,deceptive & mislead+ m>ket+       
practices  7,a7 ,! ,consum] ,bureau's   
,febru>y #bjae report titl$ ,consum]    
,voices on ,cr$it ,reports & ,scores    
f\nd t "s consum]s did n obta9 a copy ( 
_! consum] report due to conc]ns ab\t   
security or ( be+ trapp$ into pur*as+   
unwant$ products l an additional report 

or a cr$it monitor+ s]vice4  7,b7 ,9    
,janu>y #bjag1 ! ,consum] ,bureau f9$   
,trans,union & ,equifax = deceptively   
m>ket+ cr$it scores = pur*ase by        
consum]s z ! same cr$it scores typically
 us$ by l5d]s to det]m9e cr$itwor?9ess &
 = lur+ consum]s into co/ly subscription
 s]vices t 7 adv]tis$ z free or #a t    
automatically *>g$ recurr+ fees unless  
cancell$ by consum]s4 ,! ,consum]       
,bureau also f\nd t ,equifax 0 illegally
 adv]tis+ its products on webpages t    
consum]s access$ ?r\gh                  
,annual,credit,report4com be=e consum]s 
obta9$ _! free disclosures4 ,because (  
^! tr\bl+ practices1 ,trans,union 0     
ord]$ to pay #ac4i million 9 re/itution 
to h>m$ consum]s & a civil p5alty ( #c  
million to ! ,consum] ,bureau4 ,equifax 
0 ord]$ to pay m ?an #c4g million to    
affect$ consum]s z well z a civil money 
p5alty ( #b4e million to ! ,consum]     
,bureau4 ,z "p ( ! cons5t ord]s1 !      
,c,r,as are also suppos$ to *ange ! way 
t !y sell _! products to consum]s4 ,!   

,c,r,as mu/ also obta9 consum]s' express
 cons5t be=e enroll+ !m into            
subscription s]vices z well z make x    
eas] = consum]s to cancel ^! programs4  
7,c7 ,! ,consum] ,bureau f9$ ! o!r      
nationwide ,,cra--,exp]ian--9 ,m>* #bjag
 = deceiv+ consum]s ab\t ! use ( cr$it  
scores t x m>ket$ & sold to consum]s z  
cr$it scores t 7 us$ by l5d]s & =       
illegally adv]tis+ its products on web  
pages t consum]s access$ ?r\gh          
,annual,credit,report4com be=e !y obta9$
 _! free annual disclosures4 ,exp]ian 0 
ord]$ to pay m ?an #c4g million 9       
re/itution to h>m$ consum]s & a civil   
monet>y p5alty ( #b4e million to !      
,consum] ,bureau4  7,d7 ,! ,consum]     
,bureau's ,janu>y & ,m>* #bjag cons5t   
ord]s ) ! ?ree nationwide ,c,r,as %[ t  
^! ,c,r,as h entic$ consum]s into       
pur*as+ products & s]vices t !y may n   
want or ne$1 9 "s in/ances by adv]tis+  
products or s]vices free t automatically
 conv]t$ into an ongo+ subscription     
s]vice at ! regul> price unless cancell$

 by ! consum]4 ,al?\gh ^! ,c,r,as mu/ n[
 *ange _! deceptive m>ket+ practices1   
codify+ ^! duties is an appropriate way 
to ensure t ^! companies nev] rev]t back
 to su* mislead+ tactics4  7,e7 ,giv5 ! 
ubiquit\s use ( consum] reports 9       
consum]s' lives & ! fact t consum]s'    
p>ticipation 9 ! cr$it report+ sy/em is 
involunt>y1 ,c,r,as %\ld also prioritize
 provid+ consum]s ) ! effective means to
 safegu>d _! p]sonal & f9ancial         
in=mation & improve _! cr$it /&+1 r ?an 
seek+ to exploit consum]s' conc]ns &    
confusion ab\t cr$it report+ & scor+1 to
 boo/ _! companies' pr(its4  7,f7       
,vuln]able consum]s1 :o h legitimate    
conc]ns ab\t ! security ( _! p]sonal &  
f9ancial in=mation1 des]ve cle>1        
accurate1 & transp>5t in=mation ab\t !  
cr$it report+ tools t may be available  
to !m1 su* z fraud al]ts & freezes4     
7#aj7 ,cl>ity 9 cr$it scor+  7,a7 ,!    
,febru>y #bjae report ( ! ,bureau (     
,consum] ,f9ancial ,protection titl$    
,consum] ,voices on ,cr$it ,reports &   

,scores f\nd t "s consum]s are reluctant
 to comp>ison %op = loans & o!r types ( 
consum] cr$it products out ( fe> t !y w 
l[] _! cr$it scores by do+ s4  7,b7 ,!  
,consum] ,bureau f\nd t "o ( ! mo/      
common b>ri]s = p 9 review+ _! own cr$it
 reports & %opp+ = ! be/ cr$it t]ms 0 a 
lack ( und]/&+ ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 s(t 
& h>d inquiries & :e!r reque/+ a copy ( 
_! own report w\ld adv]sely impact _!   
cr$it /&+4  7,c7 ,! ,bureau ( ,consum]  
,f9ancial ,protection reveal$ t consum]s
 ) accurate p]ceptions ( _!             
cr$itwor?9ess may be bett] equipp$ to   
%op = favorable cr$it t]ms4  7#aa7      
,cr$it *ecks & employm5t decisions  7,a7
 ,! use ( consum] reports z a factor 9  
mak+ hir+ decisions has be5 f\nd to be  
preval5t 9 a div]se array ( occupations1
 & is n limit$ to c]ta9 high-level      
managem5t or executive positions4  7,b7 
,accord+ to ! ,cali=nia ,labor          
,f$]ation1 only #be p]c5t ( employ]s    
rese>*$ ! cr$it hi/ory ( job applicants 
9 #aiih4 ,h[ev]1 ?is practice _h        

increas$ to #dc p]c5t by #bjjf & to #fj 
p]c5t by #bjaa4  7,c7 ,a /udy titl$ ,d  
,job ,applicant ,cr$it ,hi/ories ,pr$ict
 ,job ,p]=mance ,appraisal ,rat+s or    
,t]m9ation ,decisions81 publi%$ 9 #bjab1
 f\nd t1 :ile cr$it hi/ory might        
conceptually measure a p]son's level (  
responsibility1 ability to meet         
deadl9es1 dep5dability1 or integrity1 x 
does n1 9 practice1 actually pr$ict an  
employee's p]=mance or likelihood to    
quit4 ,cr$it reports conta9 _m          
inaccuracies & cr$it hi/ory c be        
contam9at$ by ev5ts t are sometimes     
outside a p]son's control1 su* z a sudd5
 m$ical exp5se aft] an accid5t or ! loss
 ( a job dur+ an economic d[nturn4 ,!   
/udy f\nd t !re is no b5efit f us+ cr$it
 hi/ory to pr$ict job p]=mance or       
turnov]4  7,d7 ,despite ! abs5ce ( data 
%[+ a correlation betwe5 job p]=mance & 
cr$it-wor?9ess1 employ]s cont9ue to use 
cr$it *ecks z a proxy = assess+ "* &    
integrity4 ,accord+ to a #bjab ,society 
= ,human ,res\rce ,managem5t survey1    

organizations indicat$ t !y us$ cr$it   
*ecks on job c&idates prim>ily to r$uce 
or prev5t !ft & embezzlem5t & to m9imize
 legal liability = neglig5t hir+4  7,e7 
,! use ( cr$it *ecks = employm5t        
purposes creates a true cat*-#bb =      
unemploy$ p ) impair$ cr$it4 ,= example1
 ! f9ancial h>d%ip caus$ by los+ a job  
may cause "s unemploy$ individuals to   
make late or p>tial paym5ts on _! bills1
 b _! poor cr$it /&+ caus$ by ?is       
negative in=mation on _! consum] report 
c also imp$e _! *ances ( obta9+ a new   
job to end _! f9ancial di/ress4  7,f7 ,a
 ,septemb] #bjad report by ! ,new ,york 
,city ,c\ncil's ,committee on ,civil    
,rights not$ t1 = ^? :o h be5 unemploy$ 
= an ext5d$ p]iod ( "t & ^: cr$it has   
suff]$ z !y fell beh9d on bills1 ! use (
 cr$it reports 9 ! hir+ process c       
exac]bate & p]petuate an already        
prec>i\s situation4  7,g7 ,9 a ,m>*     
#bjac ,demos report titl$ ,discr$it$3   
,h[ ,employm5t ,cr$it ,*ecks ,keep ,out 
,qualifi$ ,work]s ,out ( a ,job1 "o 9   

f\r survey p>ticipants :o 7 unemploy$   
said t a pot5tial employ] _h reque/$ to 
*eck _! cr$it report z "p ( a job       
application4 ,among job applicants )    
blemi%$ cr$it hi/ories 9 ! survey1 "o 9 
sev5 _h be5 told t !y 7 n be+ hir$      
because ( _! cr$it hi/ory4  7,h7 ,:ile  
job applicants mu/ give prior approval =
 a prospective employ] to pull _! cr$it 
reports "u ! ,,fcra1 ?is au?orization1 z
 a practical matt]1 does n con/itute an 
effective consum] protection because an 
employ] may reject any job applicant :o 
refuses a cr$it *eck4  7,i7 ,"s negative
 in=mation on a report may /em f        
uncontrollable circum/ances1 or         
significant life ev5ts 9 a consum]'s    
life1 su* z a m$ical crisis or a        
divorce4 ,demos f\nd t poor cr$it is    
associat$ ) h\sehold unemploym5t1 lack (
 heal? cov]age1 & m$ical debt1 :i* are  
factors t reflect economic conditions 9 
! c\ntry & p]sonal mis=tune t h little  
relation%ip ) h[ well a job applicant   
w\ld p]=m at "w4  7,j7 ,9 ,octob] #bjaa1

 ,,fico not$ t f #bjjh to #bjji         
approximately #ej million p exp]i5c$ a  
#bj-po9t drop 9 _! cr$it scores & ab\t  
#ba million saw _! scores decl9e by m   
?an #ej po9ts4 ,:ile ! ,great ,recession
 r$uc$ _m consum]s' cr$it scores due to 
=eclosures & o!r f9ancial h>d%ips1 !    
f9ancial crisis _h a p>ticul>ly h>%     
impact on ,african ,am]icans & ,lat9os1 
z racial & e?nic m9orities & communities
 ( color 7 frequ5tly t>get$ by pr$atory 
mortgage l5d]s :o /e]$ borr[]s into     
high-co/ subprime loans1 ev5 :5 ^!      
borr[]s w\ld h qualifi$ = less co/ly    
prime cr$it4  7,k7 ,a ,may #bjjf        
,brook+s ,in/itution report titl$ ,cr$it
 ,scores1 ,reports1 & ,gett+ ,ahead 9   
,am]ica f\nd t c\nties ) a relatively   
high] proportion ( racial & e?nic       
m9orities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t5d$ to h   
l[] cr$it scores comp>$ ) c\nties t _h a
 l[] conc5tration ( communities ( color4
  7,l7 ,/udies h consi/5tly f\nd t      
,african ,am]ican & ,lat9o h\seholds    
t5d1 on av]age1 to h l[] cr$it scores   

?an ,:ite h\seholds4 ,! gr[+ use ( cr$it
 *ecks1 !re=e1 may disproportionately   
scre5 o!rwise qualifi$ racial & e?nic   
m9orities out ( jobs1 lead+ to          
discrim9atory hir+ practices1 & fur!r   
exac]bat+ ! tr5d :]e unemploym5t =      
,african ,am]ican & ,lat9o communities  
is elevat$ well above ! rate ( ,:ites4  
7,m7 ,a #bjab ,demos survey f\nd t #fe  
p]c5t ( ,:ite respond5ts report$ hav+   
good or excell5t cr$it scores :ile ov]  
half ( ,african ,am]ican h\seholds      
report$ only hav+ fair or bad cr$it4    
7#ab7 ,deceptive & mislead+ m>ket+      
practices  7,a7 ,! ,consum] ,bureau's   
,febru>y #bjae report titl$ ,consum]    
,voices on ,cr$it ,reports & ,scores    
f\nd t "s consum]s did n obta9 a copy ( 
_! consum] report due to conc]ns ab\t   
security or ( be+ trapp$ into pur*as+   
unwant$ products l an additional report 
or a cr$it monitor+ s]vice4  7,b7 ,9    
,janu>y #bjag1 ! ,consum] ,bureau f9$   
,trans,union & ,equifax = deceptively   
m>ket+ cr$it scores = pur*ase by        

consum]s z ! same cr$it scores typically
 us$ by l5d]s to det]m9e cr$itwor?9ess &
 = lur+ consum]s into co/ly subscription
 s]vices t 7 adv]tis$ z free or #a t    
automatically *>g$ recurr+ fees unless  
cancell$ by consum]s4 ,! ,consum]       
,bureau also f\nd t ,equifax 0 illegally
 adv]tis+ its products on webpages t    
consum]s access$ ?r\gh                  
,annual,credit,report4com be=e consum]s 
obta9$ _! free disclosures4 ,because (  
^! tr\bl+ practices1 ,trans,union 0     
ord]$ to pay #ac4i million 9 re/itution 
to h>m$ consum]s & a civil p5alty ( #c  
million to ! ,consum] ,bureau4 ,equifax 
0 ord]$ to pay m ?an #c4g million to    
affect$ consum]s z well z a civil money 
p5alty ( #b4e million to ! ,consum]     
,bureau4 ,z "p ( ! cons5t ord]s1 !      
,c,r,as are also suppos$ to *ange ! way 
t !y sell _! products to consum]s4 ,!   
,c,r,as mu/ also obta9 consum]s' express
 cons5t be=e enroll+ !m into            
subscription s]vices z well z make x    
eas] = consum]s to cancel ^! programs4  

7,c7 ,! ,consum] ,bureau f9$ ! o!r      
nationwide ,,cra--,exp]ian--9 ,m>* #bjag
 = deceiv+ consum]s ab\t ! use ( cr$it  
scores t x m>ket$ & sold to consum]s z  
cr$it scores t 7 us$ by l5d]s & =       
illegally adv]tis+ its products on web  
pages t consum]s access$ ?r\gh          
,annual,credit,report4com be=e !y obta9$
 _! free annual disclosures4 ,exp]ian 0 
ord]$ to pay m ?an #c4g million 9       
re/itution to h>m$ consum]s & a civil   
monet>y p5alty ( #b4e million to !      
,consum] ,bureau4  7,d7 ,! ,consum]     
,bureau's ,janu>y & ,m>* #bjag cons5t   
ord]s ) ! ?ree nationwide ,c,r,as %[ t  
^! ,c,r,as h entic$ consum]s into       
pur*as+ products & s]vices t !y may n   
want or ne$1 9 "s in/ances by adv]tis+  
products or s]vices free t automatically
 conv]t$ into an ongo+ subscription     
s]vice at ! regul> price unless cancell$
 by ! consum]4 ,al?\gh ^! ,c,r,as mu/ n[
 *ange _! deceptive m>ket+ practices1   
codify+ ^! duties is an appropriate way 
to ensure t ^! companies nev] rev]t back

 to su* mislead+ tactics4  7,e7 ,giv5 ! 
ubiquit\s use ( consum] reports 9       
consum]s' lives & ! fact t consum]s'    
p>ticipation 9 ! cr$it report+ sy/em is 
involunt>y1 ,c,r,as %\ld also prioritize
 provid+ consum]s ) ! effective means to
 safegu>d _! p]sonal & f9ancial         
in=mation & improve _! cr$it /&+1 r ?an 
seek+ to exploit consum]s' conc]ns &    
confusion ab\t cr$it report+ & scor+1 to
 boo/ _! companies' pr(its4  7,f7       
,vuln]able consum]s1 :o h legitimate    
conc]ns ab\t ! security ( _! p]sonal &  
f9ancial in=mation1 des]ve cle>1        
accurate1 & transp>5t in=mation ab\t !  
cr$it report+ tools t may be available  
to !m1 su* z fraud al]ts & freezes4     
7#ac7 ,protections = consum]s' cr$it    
in=mation  7,a7 ,despite height5$       
aw>5ess1 incid5ts ( ,,id !ft cont9ue to 
rise4 ,9 ,febru>y #bjae1 ! ,f$]al       
,gov]nm5t report$ t ,,id !ft 0 ! top    
consum] compla9t t x receiv$ = ! #ae?   
consecutive ye>4 ,z ^! incid5ts         
increase1 consum]s exp]i5ce significant 

f9ancial loss & emotional di/ress f !   
inability to safegu>d effectively &     
inexp5sively _! cr$it in=mation f bad   
actors4  7,b7 ,accord+ to a ,c>negie    
,mellon /udy1 *ildr5 are #ej times m    
likely ?an adults to h _! id5tities     
/ol54 ,*ild id5tities are valuable to   
?ieves because mo/ *ildr5 d n h exi/+   
files1 & _! p>5ts may n notice fraudul5t
 activity until _! *ild applies = a     
/ud5t loan1 a job1 or a cr$it c>d4 ,z a 
result1 ! fraudul5t activity ( ! bad    
actors may g undetect$ = ye>s4  7,c7    
,despite ! increas+ incid5ts ( *ildr5's 
,,id !ft1 p>5ts :o want to proactively  
prev5t _! *ildr5 f hav+ _! id5tity /ol51
 may n be able to d s4 ,only "o ( ! ?ree
 nationwide ,c,r,as curr5tly all[s p>5ts
 f any ,/ate to set up a freeze = a m9or
 *ild4 ,at ! o!r two nationwide ,c,r,as1
 p>5ts c only obta9 a freeze aft] a *ild
 has become an ,,id !ft victim because1 
x is only at ?is po9t1 t ^! ,c,r,as h an
 exi/+ cr$it file = ! *ild4 ,:ile _m    
,/ates h enact$ laws to address ?is     

problem1 !re is no exi/+ ,f$]al law4    
7,d7 ,accord+ to ,javel9 ,/rategy       
,rese>*'s #bjae ,id5tity ,fraud /udy1   
#af billion 0 /ol5 by fraud/]s f #ab4g  
million ,am]ican consum]s 9 #bjad4      
,simil>ly1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t (  
,ju/ice f\nd an e/imat$ #g p]c5t ( all  
resid5ts age #af or old] 7ab\t #ag4f    
million p]sons7 9 ?is c\ntry 7 victims (
 "o or m incid5ts ( ,,id !ft 9 #bjad1 & 
! numb] ( eld]ly victims age #fe or old]
 7ab\t #hf p]c5t7 increas$ f #b4a       
million 9 #bjab to #b4f million 9 #bjad4
  7,e7 ,consum]s frequ5tly express      
conc]n ab\t ! security ( _! f9ancial    
in=mation4 ,accord+ to a #bjae          
,master,card survey1 a majority (       
consum]s 7#gg p]c5t7 h anxiety ab\t !   
possibility t _! f9ancial in=mation &   
,social ,security numb]s may be /ol5 or 
compromis$1 ) ab\t #ee p]c5t ( consum]s 
indicat+ t !y w\ld r h nak$ pictures (  
!mselves leak$ onl9e ?an h _! f9ancial  
in=mation /ol54  7,f7 ,t survey also    
reveal$ t consum]s' fe>s ab\t ! onl9e   

security ( _! f9ancial in=mation ev5    
outweigh$ consum]s' worries ab\t o!r    
physical security dang]s su* z hav+ _!  
h\ses robb$ 7#ei p]c5t7 or be+          
pickpocket$ 7#df p]c5t74  7,g7 ,accord+ 
to ,consum] ,reports1 r\ghly #ej million
 ,am]ican consum]s sp5t ab\t #c4e       
billion 9 #bjaj to pur*ase products aim$
 at protect+ _! id5tity1 ) ! annual co/ 
( ^! s]vices rang+ f #abj to #cjj4 ,z   
risks to consum]s' p]sonal & f9ancial   
in=mation cont9ue to gr[1 consum]s ne$  
additional protections to ensure t !y h 
fair & reasonable access to ! full suite
 ( ,,id !ft & fraud prev5tion measures t
 may be "r = !m4  #d4 ,effective date   
,except z o!rwise specifi$1 ! am5dm5ts  
made by ?is ,act %all take effect #b    
ye>s aft] ! date ( ! enactm5t ( ?is     
,act4  #e4 ,discretion>y surplus fund   
7a7 ,9 g5]al ,! doll> am\nt specifi$ "u 
section #g7;a77#c77;,a7 ( ! ,f$]al      
,res]ve ,act 7#ab ,u4,s4,c4             
#bhi7;a77#c77;,a77 is r$uc$ by          
#bf1jjj1jjj 7increas$ by #a1jjj1jjj7    

7increas$ by #a1jjj1jjj7 7increas$ by   
#ae1jjj1jjj74  7b7 ,effective date ,!   
am5dm5t made by subsection 7a7 %all take
 effect on ,septemb] #cj1 #bjbi4  ,i    
,improvem5ts to ! ,dispute ,process     
#aja4 ,dispute proc$ures & disclosures  
relat+ to re9ve/igations  7a7 ,9 g5]al  
,section #faa7;a7 ( ! ,fair ,cr$it      
,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha;i7a77
 is am5d$ to read z foll[s3  7a7        
,re9ve/igations ( disput$ in=mation by a
 consum] report+ ag5cy  7#a7            
,re9ve/igations requir$  7,a7 ,9 g5]al  
,subject to subsection 7f71 if !        
complet5ess or accuracy ( any item (    
in=mation conta9$ 9 a consum]'s file at 
a consum] report+ ag5cy is disput$ by ! 
consum] & ! consum] notifies ! ag5cy    
7ei!r directly or indirectly ?r\gh a    
resell] or an au?oriz$ ?ird p>ty7 ( su* 
dispute1 ! ag5cy %all1 free ( *>ge-- 7i7
 conduct a reasonable re9ve/igation us+ 
! process describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#c7 to   
det]m9e :e!r ! disput$ in=mation is     
inaccurate1 incomplete1 or _c be v]ifi$2

  7ii7 notify ! consum] t a notation    
describ$ 9 section #fje7;e7 w be add$ to
 ! consum]'s file until ! re9ve/igation 
has be5 complet$ & t su* notation c be  
remov$ at ! reque/ ( ! consum]2 &  7iii7
 be=e ! end ( ! #cj-;day p]iod beg9n+ on
 ! date on :i* ! consum] report+ ag5cy  
receives ! notice ( ! dispute f !       
consum] or ! resell]-- 7,i7 record !    
curr5t /atus ( ! disput$ in=mation2 or  
7,,ii7 delete or modify ! item 9        
accordance ) p>agraph 7#c77;,d74  7,b7  
,ext5sion ( p]iod to re9ve/igate ,except
 z provid$ 9 subp>agraph 7,c71 !        
#cj-;day p]iod describ$ 9 subp>agraph   
7,a7 may be ext5d$ = p]iod n to exce$   
#ae days if ! consum] report+ ag5cy     
receives additional in=mation f !       
consum] or ! resell] reg>d+ ! dispute   
aft] ! date on :i* ! consum] report+    
ag5cy notifi$ any p]son :o provid$ any  
item ( in=mation 9 dispute "u p>agraph  
7#b77;,a74  7,c7 ,limitations on        
ext5sion ( p]iod to re9ve/igate         
,subp>agraph 7,b7 %all n apply to any   

re9ve/igation 9 :i*1 dur+ ! #cj-;day    
p]iod describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a71 !    
disput$ in=mation is f\nd to be         
inaccurate or incomplete1 or ! consum]  
report+ ag5cy det]m9es t ! disput$      
in=mation _c be v]ifi$4  7#b7 ,prompt   
notice ( dispute to furni%] ( in=mation2
 provision ( in=mation reg>d+ dispute   
provid$ by ! consum] or resell]  7,a7 ,9
 g5]al ,be=e ! end ( ! p]iod ( #e       
bus9ess days beg9n+ on ! date on :i* a  
consum] report+ ag5cy receives notice ( 
a dispute f any consum] or resell] "u   
p>agraph 7#a77;,a71 ! consum] report+   
ag5cy %all provide notification ( !     
dispute to any p]son :o provid$ any item
 ( in=mation 9 dispute1 at ! address & 9
 ! mann] e/abli%$ ) su* p]son4 ,! notice
 %all include all in=mation1 includ+    
sub/antiat+ docum5ts1 reg>d+ ! dispute t
 0 submitt$ to ! consum] report+ ag5cy4 
7,b7 ,provision ( additional in=mation  
reg>d+ dispute aft] notification to !   
furni%] ( in=mation ,if a consum]       
report+ ag5cy receives additional       

in=mation reg>d+ ! dispute f ! consum]  
or resell] aft] ! ag5cy provides !      
notification describ$ "u subp>agraph    
7,a7 & be=e ! end ( ! #cj-;day p]iod    
describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a77;,a71 ! consum]
 report+ ag5cy %all1 n lat] ?an #c      
bus9ess days aft] receiv+ su* in=mation1
 provide su* in=mation to ! p]son :o    
provid$ ! in=mation 9 dispute4  7#c7    
,reasonable /&>ds = consum] report+     
ag5cies = conduct+ re9ve/igations &     
resolv+ disputes submitt$ by consum]s   
7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,9 conduct+ a             
re9ve/igation ( disput$ in=mation1 a    
consum] report+ ag5cy %all1 at a        
m9imum-- 7i7 ma9ta9 suffici5t res\rces &
 tra9$ /aff1 comm5surate ) ! volume &   
complexity ( disputes receiv$ or        
reasonably anticipat$ to be receiv$1 to 
det]m9e :e!r ! disput$ in=mation is     
accurate1 complete1 or c be v]ifi$ by ! 
p]son :o provid$ ! in=mation2  7ii7     
ensure t all /aff involv$ at any level (
 ! re9ve/igation process1 includ+ any   
individual ) ultimate au?ority ov]      

det]m9+ :e!r ! disput$ in=mation is     
inaccurate1 incomplete1 or _c be v]ifi$1
 are locat$ )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2  7iii7  
v]ify t ! p]sonally id5tifiable         
in=mation ( ! consum] submitt+ ! dispute
 mat*es ! p]sonally id5tifiable         
in=mation conta9$ 9 ! consum]'s file1 & 
t su* in=mation is accurate & complete2 
7iv7 v]ify t ! consum] report+ ag5cy has
 a record ( ! in=mation be+ disput$2 &  
7v7 conduct a reasonable review t       
consid]s all in=mation1 includ+         
sub/antiat+ docum5ts1 provid$ by !      
consum] or resell]4  7,b7 ,consum]      
report+ ,! consum] report+ ag5cy %all n 
impose any limitation or o!rwise imp$e !
 ability ( a consum] to submit in=mation
 ab\t ! disput$ item4  7,c7 ,indep5d5t  
analysis ,! re9ve/igation conduct$ "u   
subp>agraph 7,a7 %all be an indep5d5t   
analysis1 sep>ate f any inve/igation by 
a resell] or a p]son :o provid$ !       
disput$ in=mation4  7,d7 ,deletion or   
modification ( in=mation conta9$ 9 a    
consum] file ,if ! disput$ in=mation is 

f\nd to be inaccurate1 incomplete1 or _c
 be v]ifi$1 ! dispute resolution /aff ( 
! consum] report+ ag5cy %all h ! direct 
au?ority to delete or modify su*        
in=mation 9 ! consum]'s file1 z         
appropriate1 dur+ ! #cj-;day p]iod      
describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a77;,a71 %all     
promptly notify ! consum] ( ! results ( 
! re9ve/igation z describ$ 9 p>agraph   
7#d71 & %all promptly notify any p]son  
:o provid$ su* in=mation to ! consum]   
report+ ag5cy ( ! modification or       
deletion made to ! consum]'s file4  7#d7
 ,notice to consum] ( results (         
re9ve/igation  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,n lat] ?an
 #e bus9ess days aft] ! conclusion ( a  
re9ve/igation conduct$ "u ?is           
subsection1 ! consum] report+ ag5cy %all
 provide writt5 notice to ! consum] ( ! 
results ( ! re9ve/igation by po/al mail 
or1 if au?oriz$ by ! consum] = t        
purpose1 by o!r means available to !    
ag5cy4  7,b7 ,cont5ts ( notice to       
consum] ( results ( re9ve/igation ,!    
notice describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 %all 

include-- 7i7 a /atem5t t !             
re9ve/igation ( ! disput$ in=mation has 
be5 complet$2  7ii7 a /atem5t in=m+ !   
consum] z to :e!r ! disput$ in=mation 0 
det]m9$ to be inaccurate1 incomplete1 or
 unv]ifiable1 includ+ a /atem5t ( !     
specific reasons support+ ! det]m9ation2
  7iii7 if in=mation 9 ! consum]'s file 
has be5 delet$ or modifi$ z a result ( !
 re9ve/igation-- 7,i7 a copy ( ! consum]
 report & cr$it score or educational    
score 7if applicable7 t is bas$ ^u !    
consum]'s revis$ file2  7,,ii7 a /atem5t
 id5tify+ ! specific in=mation f !      
consum]'s file t 0 delet$ or modifi$    
because su* in=mation 0 det]m9$ to be   
inaccurate1 incomplete1 or unv]ifiable  
by ! consum] report+ ag5cy2  7,,iii7 a  
/atem5t t ! consum] has ! "r1 free (    
*>ge1 to obta9 an additional consum]    
report & cr$it score or educational     
cr$it score 7if applicable7 )9 !        
#ab-mon? p]iod foll[+ ! date ( !        
conclusion ( ! re9ve/igation1 reg>dless 
( :e!r ! consum] obta9$ or w obta9 a    

free annual consum] report & cr$it score
 or educational score 7if applicable7 "u
 section #fab2 &  7,,iv7 a /atem5t t !  
consum] has ! "r1 free ( *>ge1 to reque/
 "u subsection 7d7 t ! consum] report+  
ag5cy furni% notifications ( ! consum]'s
 revis$ report2  7iv7 a description ( ! 
proc$ure us$ by ! dispute resolution    
/aff ( ! consum] report+ ag5cy to       
det]m9e ! accuracy or complet5ess ( !   
in=mation1 includ+ ! bus9ess "n1 mail+  
address1 telephone numb]1 & ,int]net    
website address 7if available7 ( any    
p]son :o provid$ in=mation :o 0 contact$
 by ! /aff 9 connection ) ! det]m9ation2
  7v7 a /atem5t t ! consum] has ! "r1   
free ( *>ge1 to add a n>rative /atem5t  
to ! consum]'s file disput+ ! accuracy  
or complet5ess ( ! in=mation1 reg>dless 
( ! results ( ! re9ve/igation by !      
ag5cy1 & ! process = submitt+ su* a     
n>rative pursuant to subsection 7b72    
7vi7 a copy ( all in=mation relat+ to ! 
consum] t 0 us$ by ! consum] report+    
ag5cy 9 c>ry+ out ! re9ve/igation &     

reli$ ^u z ! basis = ! det]m9ation ab\t 
! accuracy & complet5ess ( ! disput$    
in=mation2  7vii7 a /atem5t t a consum] 
may1 free ( *>ge1 *all5ge ! results ( ! 
re9ve/igation by appeal )9 #abj days    
aft] ! date ! notice ( ! results ( !    
re9ve/igation 0 provid$ to ! consum] & !
 process = submitt+ an appeal2  7viii7 a
 /atem5t in=m+ ! consum] t a notation   
describ$ 9 section #fje7;e7 w be add$ to
 ! file ( ! consum] dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* !
 consum] appeals ! results ( a          
re9ve/igation & t su* notation c be     
remov$ at ! reque/ ( ! consum]2 &  7ix7 
any o!r in=mation1 z det]m9$ by !       
,bureau4  7#e7 ,requirem5ts relat+ to   
re9s]tion ( previ\sly delet$ or modifi$ 
mat]ial  7,a7 ,c]tification ( new       
det]m9ation t item is accurate or       
complete ,a consum] report+ ag5cy may n 
re9s]t into a consum]'s file any        
in=mation t 0 previ\sly delet$ or       
modifi$ pursuant to p>agraph 7#c77;,d71 
unless ! p]son :o provid$ ! in=mation-- 
7i7 reque/s t ! consum] report+ ag5cy   

re9s]t su* in=mation2  7ii7 submits a   
writt5 c]tification t ! in=mation is    
accurate & complete2 &  7iii7 provides a
 /atem5t describ+ ! specific reasons :y 
! in=mation %\ld be ins]t$4  7,b7       
,notice to consum] be=e re9s]tion c     
occur ,^u receipt ( a reque/ = re9s]tion
 ( disput$ in=mation "u subp>agraph     
7,a71 ! consum] report+ ag5cy %all1 n   
lat] ?an #e bus9ess days be=e ! consum] 
report+ ag5cy re9s]ts ! in=mation into !
 consum]'s file1 notify ! consum] 9     
writ+ ( su* reque/ = re9s]tion4 ,su*    
notice %all include-- 7i7 ! bus9ess "n1 
mail+ address1 telephone numb]1 &       
,int]net website address 7if available7 
( any p]son :o provid$ in=mation to or  
contact$ ! consum] report+ ag5cy 9      
connection ) ! re9s]tion2  7ii7 a copy (
 ! in=mation relat+ to ! consum]1 !     
c]tification t ! in=mation is accurate  
or complete1 & ! /atem5t ( ! reasons    
support+ re9s]tion provid$ by ! p]son :o
 provid$ ! in=mation to ! consum]       
report+ ag5cy "u subp>agraph 7,a72      

7iii7 a /atem5t t ! consum] may obta91  
free ( *>ge & )9 ! #ab-mon? p]iod foll[+
 ! date ! notice "u ?is subp>agraph 0   
issu$1 a consum] report & cr$it score or
 educational score 7if applicable7 f !  
consum] report+ ag5cy t includes !      
re9s]t$ in=mation1 reg>dless ( :e!r !   
consum] obta9$ or w obta9 a free annual 
consum] report & cr$it score or         
educational cr$it score 7if applicable7 
"u section #fab2  7iv7 a /atem5t t !    
consum] may appeal ! det]m9ation t !    
previ\sly delet$ or modifi$ in=mation is
 accurate or complete & a description ( 
! proc$ure = ! consum] to make su* an   
appeal pursuant to subsection 7i72 &    
7v7 a /atem5t t ! consum] has ! "r to   
add a n>rative /atem5t1 free ( *>ge1 to 
! consum]'s file disput+ ! accuracy or  
complet5ess ( ! disput$ in=mation & a   
description ( ! process to add su* a    
n>rative /atem5t pursuant to subsection 
7b74  7#f7 ,exp$it$ dispute resolution  
,if a consum] report+ ag5cy det]m9es t !
 in=mation provid$ by ! consum] is      

suffici5t to sub/antiate t ! item (     
in=mation is inaccurate1 incomplete1 or 
_c be v]ifi$ by ! p]son :o furni%$ su*  
in=mation1 & ! consum] report+ ag5cy    
deletes or modifies su* in=mation )9 #c 
bus9ess days ( receiv+ notice ( !       
dispute1 ! consum] report+ ag5cy %all be
 exempt f ! requirem5ts ( p>agraph 7#d71
 if ! consum] report+ ag5cy provides to 
! consum]-- 7,a7 prompt notice confirm+ 
! deletion or modification ( ! in=mation
 f ! consum]'s file 9 writ+ or by o!r   
means1 if agre$ to by ! consum] :5 !    
in=mation is disput$2  7,b7 a /atem5t ( 
! consum]'s "r to reque/ t ! consum]    
report+ ag5cy furni% notifications ( a  
revis$ consum] report pursuant to       
subsection 7d72  7,c7 n lat] ?an #e     
bus9ess days aft] delet+ or modify+ !   
in=mation1 a copy ( ! consum] report &  
cr$it score or educational score 7if    
applicable7 t is bas$ ^u ! consum]'s    
revis$ file2 &  7,d7 a /atem5t t !      
consum] may obta91 free ( *>ge & )9 !   
#ab-mon? p]iod foll[+ ! date ! notice "u

 ?is p>agraph 0 s5t to ! consum]1 a     
consum] report & cr$it score or         
educational score 7if applicable7 f !   
consum] report+ ag5cy1 reg>dless ( :e!r 
! consum] obta9$ or w obta9 _! free     
annual consum] report & cr$it score or  
educational score 7if applicable7 "u    
section #fab4  7#g7 ,no excuse = failure
 to conduct re9ve/igation ,a consum]    
report+ ag5cy may n refuse to conduct a 
re9ve/igation "u ?is subsection because 
! ag5cy det]m9es t ! dispute 0 submitt$ 
by an au?oriz$ ?ird p>ty1 unless ! ag5cy
 has cle> & conv9c+ evid5ce t ! ?ird    
p>ty is n au?oriz$ to submit ! dispute  
on ! consum]'s behalf4 ,if ! consum]    
report+ ag5cy refuses to re9ve/igate a  
dispute = ^! reasons1 x %all provide a  
cle> & conspicu\s notice to ! consum]   
expla9+ ! reasons = ! refusal & describ+
 ! specific in=mation ! consum] is      
requir$ to provide = ! ag5cy to conduct 
! re9ve/igation4  4  7b7 ,ensur+ consum]
 report+ ag5cies furni% c]ta9           
notifications )\t *>ge ,section #faa7;d7

 ( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae    
,u4,s4,c4 #afha;i7d77 is am5d$ by ins]t+
 & )\t *>ge aft] reque/ ( ! consum]4    
7c7 ,includ+ specialty consum] report+  
ag5cies 9 reports  7#a7 ,9 g5]al        
,section #faa7;e7 ( ! ,fair ,cr$it      
,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha;i7e77
 is am5d$ by ins]t+ or #fjc7x7 aft]     
section #fjc7p74  7#b7 ,te*nical am5dm5t
 ,section #faa7;e77#a7 ( ! ,fair ,cr$it 
,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4            
#afha;i7e77#a77 is am5d$ by /rik+ ,!    
,commission & ins]t+ ,! ,bureau4  7d7   
,con=m+ am5dm5ts ,! ,fair ,cr$it        
,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha et   
seq47 is fur!r am5d$-- 7#a7 9 section   
#fje;,b7c77#b71 by /rik+ section        
#faa7;a77#e77;,b7 & ins]t+ section      
#faa7;a77#e72  7#b7 9 section #faa--    
7,a7 9 subsection 7c71 by /rik+ unless  
!re is reasonable gr\nds to believe t x 
is frivol\s or irrelevant12 &  7,b7 9   
subsection 7f77#c7-- 7i7 9 subp>agraph  
7,a71 by /rik+ p>agraph 7#f71 7#g71 or  
7#h7 ( subsection 7a7 & ins]t+ p>agraph 

7#d7 or 7#e7 ( subsection 7a72 &  7ii7 9
 subp>agraph 7,b71 by /rik+ 9 ! mann]   
requir$ "u p>agraph 7#h77;,a72 &  7#c7 9
 section #fbc7;b77#a77;,b71 by /rik+    
relevant be=e in=mation4  7e7 ,global   
te*nical corrections to ref]5ces to     
nationwide specialty consum] report+    
ag5cy ,! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae
 ,u4,s4,c4 #afha et seq47 is fur!r      
am5d$-- 7#a7 by /rik+ section #fjc7w7 & 
ins]t+ section #fjc7x7 ea* place su* t]m
 appe>s2 &  7#b7 9 section              
#fab7;a77#a77;,a71 by /rik+ 7w7 & ins]t+
 7x74  #ajb4 ,consum] aw>5ess ( dispute 
rights ,section #faa ( ! ,fair ,cr$it   
,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha;i7 is
 am5d$ by add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new    
subsection3  7h7 ,increas$ consum]      
aw>5ess ( dispute rights  7#a7 ,9 g5]al 
,n lat] ?an #ahj days aft] ! date (     
enactm5t ( ?is subsection1 ea* consum]  
report+ ag5cy describ$ "u subsection 7p7
 or 7x7 ( section #fjc %all-- 7,a7      
e/abli% an ,int]net website accessible  
to consum]s2 &  7,b7 po/ on ! home page 

( su* website a hyp]l9k to a sep>ate    
webpage e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ solely = !   
purpose ( provid+ in=mation to a consum]
 ab\t h[ to dispute an item ( in=mation 
9 ! consum] report ( ! consum]4  7#b7   
,dispute webpage requirem5ts ,= a       
consum] report+ ag5cy describ$ "u       
subsection 7p7 or 7x7 ( section #fjc1 ! 
sep>ate dispute webpage describ$ 9      
p>agraph 7#a77;,b7-- 7,a7 may n include 
any type or =m ( m>ket+1 adv]tis+1      
in=mation1 or mat]ial associat$ ) any   
products or s]vices (f]$ or sold to     
consum]s2  7,b7 %all cle>ly &           
conspicu\sly disclose a concise /atem5t 
reg>d+ h[ to file a dispute ?r\gh !     
ag5cy1 free ( *>ge1 9 ! mann] & =mat    
prescrib$ by ! ,bureau2  7,c7 %all      
describe ! types ( docum5ts t w be us$  
by ! ag5cy 9 resolv+ ! dispute1 includ+ 
! bus9ess "n & mail+ address to :i* a   
consum] may s5d su* docum5ts2  7,d7 %all
 include a cle> & concise explanation ( 
& ! process = us+ electronic or o!r     
means to submit su* docum5ts1 free (    

*>ge1 & )\t any "* or data limitation   
impos$ by ! ag5cy2  7,e7 %all include a 
/atem5t t ! consum] may submit          
in=mation1 free ( *>ge1 t ! consum]     
believes w assi/ ! consum] report+ ag5cy
 9 det]m9+ ! results ( ! re9ve/igation (
 ! dispute2  7,f7 %all cle>ly &         
conspicu\sly disclose a /atem5t describ+
 ! proc$ure likely to be us$ by !       
consum] report+ ag5cy 9 c>ry+ out a     
re9ve/igation to det]m9e ! accuracy or  
complet5ess ( ! disput$ item (          
in=mation1 includ+ ! "t p]iod 9 :i* !   
consum] w be notifi$ ( ! results ( !    
re9ve/igation1 & a /atem5t t ! ag5cy may
 ext5d ! re9ve/igation p]iod by an      
additional #ae days if ! consum] submits
 additional in=mation aft] a c]ta9 date2
 &  7,g7 %all provide translations ( all
 in=mation on ! webpage 9 ea* ( ! #aj   
mo/ commonly spok5 languages1 o!r ?an   
,engli%1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z det]m9$ by
 ! ,bureau ( ! ,c5sus on an ongo+ basis1
 & 9 =mats accessible to individuals )  
he>+ or vision impairm5ts4  4  #ajc4    

,ma9t5ance ( records by furni%]s        
,section #fbc ( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ 
,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afhas-#b7 is am5d$ 
by add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new           
subsection3  7f7 ,duty ( furni%]s ,to   
ma9ta9 records ( consum]s  7#a7 ,9 g5]al
 ,a p]son :o furni%es in=mation to a    
consum] report+ ag5cy relat+ to a       
consum] :o has an acc\nt ) t p]son %all 
ma9ta9 all in=mation necess>y to        
sub/antiate ! accuracy & complet5ess ( !
 in=mation furni%$1 includ+ any records 
e/abli%+ ! liability & t]ms & conditions
 "u :i* cr$it 0 ext5d$ to a consum] &   
any paym5t hi/ory ) respect to su*      
cr$it4  7#b7 ,ret5tion p]iod ,records   
describ$ "u p>agraph 7#a7 %all be       
ma9ta9$ until ! in=mation ) respect to  
:i* ! records relate may no long] be    
includ$ 9 a consum] report pursuant to  
section #fje4  7#c7 ,transf] ( own]%ip  
,if a p]son provid+ in=mation to a      
consum] report+ ag5cy is acquir$ by     
ano!r p]son1 or if ano!r p]son acquires 
! "r to repaym5t connect$ to su*        

in=mation1 ! acquir+ p]son %all be      
subject to ! requirem5ts ( ?is          
subsection ) respect to su* in=mation to
 ! same ext5t z ! p]son :o initially    
provid$ su* in=mation to ! consum]      
report+ ag5cy4 ,! p]son sell+ or        
transf]r+ ! "r to repaym5t %all provide 
! in=mation describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a7 to 
! transf]ee or ! acquir]4  4  #ajd4     
,duties ( furni%]s relat+ to dispute    
proc$ures1 notices1 & disclosures  7a7  
,duty ,to provide accurate & complete   
in=mation ,section #fbc7;a7 ( ! ,fair   
,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4     
#afhas-#b7;a77 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9 !      
subsection head+1 by ins]t+ & complete  
aft] accurate2  7#b7 9 p>agraph 7#a7--  
7,a7 by ins]t+ or incomplete aft]       
inaccurate ea* place t t]m appe>s2 &    
7,b7 9 subp>agraph 7,d71 by ins]t+ or   
complet5ess aft] accuracy2 &  7#c7 9    
p>agraph 7#h7-- 7,a7 9 subp>agraph 7,a71
 by ins]t+ & complet5ess aft] accuracy2 
&  7,b7 9 subp>agraph 7,d71 by ins]t+ or
 complet5ess aft] accuracy4  7b7        

,negative in=mation notices to consum]s 
,section #fbc7;a77#g7 ( ! ,fair ,cr$it  
,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4            
#afhas-#b7;a77#g77 is am5d$ to read z   
foll[s3  7#g7 ,duty ( furni%]s to in=m  
consum]s ab\t report+ negative in=mation
  7,a7 ,g5]al negative in=mation w>n+   
notice to all consum]s prior to furni%+ 
su* in=mation  7i7 ,9 g5]al ,any p]son t
 regul>ly furni%es negative in=mation to
 a consum] report+ ag5cy describ$ 9     
subsection 7p7 or 7x7 ( section #fjc    
ab\t activity on any acc\nts ( a consum]
 held by su* p]son or transactions      
associat$ ) cr$it ext5d$ to a consum] by
 su* p]son %all provide a writt5 g5]al  
negative in=mation w>n+ notice to ea*   
su* consum] be=e su* p]son may furni%   
any negative in=mation relat+ to su* a  
consum]4  7ii7 ,cont5t ,su* notice      
%all-- 7,i7 be cle> & conspicu\s2       
7,,ii7 describe ! types ( activities t  
con/itute negative in=mation2  7,,iii7  
in=m ! consum] t ! p]son may report     
negative in=mation relat+ to any su*    

acc\nts or transactions to a consum]    
report+ ag5cy describ$ 9 subsection 7p7 
or 7x7 ( section #fjc2  7,,iv7 /ate t ! 
negative in=mation may appe> on a       
consum] report ( ! consum] = ! p]iods   
describ$ 9 section #fje & t dur+ su*    
p]iods1 ! negative in=mation may        
adv]sely impact ! consum]'s cr$it score2
  7,v7 /ate t 9 "s limit$ circum/ances1 
! negative in=mation may result 9 o!r   
adv]se actions1 includ+ a d5ial ( a new 
job or a promotion f exi/+ employm5t2 & 
7,,vi7 /ate t ! consum] has "r to-- 7aa7
 obta9 a copy ( _! consum] report &     
cr$it score or educational score 7if    
applicable71 :i* 9 "s in/ances c be     
obta9$ free ( *>ge1 f any consum]       
report+ ag5cy to :i* negative in=mation 
may be be5 s5t2 &  7bb7 dispute1 free ( 
*>ge1 any errors on a consum] report    
relat+ to ! consum]4  7iii7 ,tim+ (     
notice ,su* p]son %all provide su*      
notice to a consum] n lat] ?an #ij days 
be=e ! date on :i* ! p]son furni%es     
negative in=mation relat+ to su*        

consum]4  7,b7 ,specific negative       
in=mation notice to a consum]  7i7 ,9   
g5]al ,any p]son describ$ 9 subp>agraph 
7,a7 t has furni%$ negative in=mation   
relat+ to activity on any acc\nts ( a   
consum] held by su* p]son or            
transactions associat$ ) cr$it ext5d$ to
 a consum] by su* p]son to a consum]    
report+ ag5cy describ$ 9 subsection 7p7 
or 7x7 ( section #fjc %all s5d a writt5 
notice to ea* su* consum]4  7ii7 ,cont5t
 ,su* notice %all-- 7,i7 be cle> &      
conspicu\s2  7,,ii7 in=m ! consum] t !  
p]son has furni%$ negative in=mation    
relat+ to su* acc\nts or transactions to
 a consum] report+ ag5cy describ$ 9     
subsection 7p7 or 7x7 ( section #fjc2   
7,,iii7 id5tify any consum] report+     
ag5cy to :i* ! negative in=mation 0     
furni%$1 includ+ ! "n ( ! ag5cy1 mail+  
address1 ,int]net website address1 &    
toll-free telephone numb]2 &  7,,iv7    
include ! /atem5ts describ$ 9 subclauses
 7,,iv71 7,v71 & 7,,vi7 ( subp>agraph   
7,a77ii74  7iii7 ,"t ( notice ,su* p]son

 %all provide su* notice to a consum] n 
lat] ?an #e bus9ess days aft] ! date on 
:i* ! p]son furni%$ negative in=mation  
relat+ to su* consum]4  7,c7 ,notice    
effective = subsequ5t submissions ,aft] 
provid+ ! notice describ$ 9 subp>agraph 
7,b71 ! p]son may submit additional     
negative in=mation to a consum] report+ 
ag5cy describ$ 9 subsection 7p7 or 7x7 (
 section #fjc )\t provid+ additional    
notice to ! consum]1 unless ano!r p]son 
acquires ! "r to repaym5t connect$ to ! 
additional negative in=mation4 ,!       
acquir+ p]son %all be subject to !      
requirem5ts ( ?is p>agraph & %all be    
requir$ to s5d consum]s ! writt5 notices
 describ$ 9 ?is p>agraph1 if applicable4
  7,d7 ,non-traditional data furni%]s   
,any p]son t furni%es negative in=mation
 to a consum] report+ ag5cy describ$ 9  
subsection 7p7 or 7x7 ( section #fjc    
relat+ to any acc\nts (1 or transactions
 associat$ )1 a consum] by su* p]son    
involv+ non-traditional data %all be    
subject to ! requirem5ts describ$ 9     

subp>agraphs 7,a71 7,b71 & 7,c74  7,e7  
,model notices  7i7 ,duty ( bureau ,n   
lat] ?an #f mon?s aft] date ( ! enactm5t
 ( ?is p>agraph1 ! ,bureau %all issue   
model =ms = ! notices describ$ 9        
subp>agraphs 7,a7 & 7,b7 t a p]son may  
use to comply ) ! requirem5ts ( ?is     
p>agraph4  7ii7 ,use ( model notice n   
requir$ ,no provision ( ?is p>agraph may
 be con/ru$ to require a p]son to use ! 
model notices prescrib$ by ! ,bureau4   
7iii7 ,compliance us+ model notices ,a  
p]son %all be deem$ to be 9 compliance )
 ! requirem5ts ( subp>agraph 7,a77ii7 or
 7,b77ii7 7z applicable7 if ! p]son uses
 ! model notice prescrib$ by ! ,bureau4 
7,f7 ,issuance ( g5]al negative w>n+    
notice )\t submitt+ negative in=mation  
,no provision ( ?is p>agraph may be     
con/ru$ to require a p]son describ$ 9   
subp>agraph 7,a7 or 7,d7 to furni%      
negative in=mation ab\t a consum] to a  
consum] report+ ag5cy describ$ 9        
subsection 7p7 or 7x7 ( section #fjc4   
7,g7 ,safe h>bor ,a p]son %all n be     

liable = failure to p]=m ! duties       
requir$ by ?is p>agraph if ! p]son      
reasonably believes t ! p]son is        
prohibit$1 by law1 f contact+ ! consum]4
  7,h7 ,effective date ,! requirem5ts ( 
subp>agraphs 7,a71 7,b71 7,c71 & 7,d7   
%all n take effect until ! date t is #f 
mon?s aft] ! date ( ! issuance ( model  
=ms = notices "u subp>agraph 7,e74  7,i7
 ,def9itions ,9 ?is p>agraph1 ! foll[+  
def9itions %all apply3 7i7 ,negative    
in=mation ,! t]m negative in=mation     
means in=mation conc]n+ a consum]'s     
del9qu5cies1 late paym5ts1 insolv5cy1 or
 any =m ( default4  7ii7                
,non-traditional data ,! t]m            
non-traditional data relates to         
telecommunications paym5ts1 utility     
paym5ts1 r5t paym5ts1 remittances1 wire 
transf]s1 & su* o!r items z det]m9$ by !
 ,bureau4  4  7c7 ,duties ( furni%]s    
aft] receiv+ notice ( dispute f a       
consum] ,section #fbc7;a77#h77;,e7 ( !  
,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae         
,u4,s4,c4 #afhas-#b7;a77#h77;,e77 is    

am5d$ to read z foll[s3  7,e7 ,duties ( 
furni%]s aft] receiv+ notice ( dispute f
 a consum] ,aft] receiv+ a notice (     
dispute f a consum] pursuant to         
subp>agraph 7,d71 ! p]son t provid$ !   
in=mation 9 dispute to a consum] report+
 ag5cy %all-- 7i7 promptly provide to   
ea* consum] report+ ag5cy to :i* ! p]son
 furni%$ ! disput$ in=mation ! notice ( 
dispute2  7ii7 review all in=mation1    
includ+ any sub/antiat+ docum5ts1       
provid$ by ! consum] ab\t ! disput$     
in=mation & conduct an inve/igation1    
sep>ate f any re9ve/igation by a consum]
 report+ ag5cy or a resell] conduct$ )  
respect to ! disput$ in=mation2  7iii7  
be=e ! expiration ( ! p]iod "u section  
#faa7;a77#a7 )9 :i* a consum] report+   
ag5cy w\ld be requir$ to complete its   
action if ! consum] _h elect$ to dispute
 ! in=mation "u t section1 complete an  
inve/igation ( ! disput$ in=mation      
pursuant to ! /&>ds describ$ 9          
subp>agraph 7,g72  7iv7 notify !        
consum]1 9 writ+1 ( ! receipt ( !       

dispute t includes-- 7,i7 a /atem5t ab\t
 any in=mation additional to ! in=mation
 t ! p]son is requir$ to ma9ta9 "u      
subsection 7f7 t w\ld support ! p]son's 
ability to c>ry out an inve/igation to  
resolve ! consum]'s dispute2 &  7,,ii7 a
 /atem5t t ! consum] report+ ag5cy to   
:i* ! disput$ in=mation 0 provid$ w     
include a notation describ$ 9 section   
#fje7;e7 9 ! consum]'s file until !     
inve/igation has be5 complet$1 &        
in=mation ab\t h[ a consum] may reque/ t
 su* notation is remov$ by ! ag5cy2  7v7
 if ! inve/igation det]m9es ! disput$   
in=mation is inaccurate1 incomplete1 or 
unv]ifiable1 promptly notify ea* consum]
 report+ ag5cy to :i* ! p]son furni%$   
su* in=mation 9 accordance ) p>agraph   
7#b72 &  7vi7 notify ! consum] ( !      
results ( ! inve/igation1 9 writ+1 9    
accordance ) subp>agraph 7,h74  4  7d7  
,elim9at+ furni%]s' au?ority ,to dismiss
 disputes z frivol\s or irrelevant      
,section #fbc7;a77#h7 ( ! ,fair ,cr$it  
,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4            

#afhas-#b7;a77#h77 is am5d$ by /rik+    
subp>agraph 7,f7 & r$esignat+           
subp>agraph 7,g7 z subp>agraph 7,f74    
7e7 ,additional duties ,section         
#fbc7;a77#h7 ( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+  
,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afhas-#b7;a77#h771 
z am5d$ by subsection 7d71 is fur!r     
am5d$ by add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new     
subp>agraphs3  7,g7 ,reasonable /&>ds = 
furni%]s = conduct+ inve/igations &     
resolv+ disputes submitt$ by consum]s ,9
 any inve/igation conduct$ by a p]son :o
 furni%es in=mation to a consum] report+
 ag5cy ( an item ( in=mation be+ disput$
 by a consum]1 ! p]son1 at a m9imum--   
7i7 %all ma9ta9 suffici5t res\rces &    
tra9$ /aff1 comm5surate ) ! volume &    
complexity ( disputes receiv$ or        
reasonably anticipat$ to be receiv$1 to 
conduct inve/igations2  7ii7 %all v]ify 
t ! p]son has a record ( ! p>ticul>     
in=mation be+ disput$1 consi/5t ) !     
requirem5ts ( subsection 7f72  7iii7    
%all v]ify t ! p]sonally id5tifiable    
in=mation ( ! consum] submitt+ ! dispute

 mat*es ! p]sonally id5tifiable         
in=mation conta9$ on su* records2  7iv7 
%all conduct a reasonable review to     
det]m9e :e!r ! disput$ in=mation is     
accurate1 complete1 & c be v]ifi$ t     
consid]s all ! in=mation1 includ+ any   
sub/antiat+ docum5ts1 provid$ by !      
consum] ab\t ! disput$ in=mation2  7v7  
%all ensure t ! inve/igation is an      
indep5d5t analysis t is sep>ate f any   
re9ve/igation by a consum] report+ ag5cy
 or a resell] conduct$ ) respect to !   
disput$ in=mation2 &  7vi7 may n impose 
any limitations or o!rwise imp$e !      
ability ( a consum] to submit in=mation1
 includ+ any sub/antiat+ docum5ts1 ab\t 
! disput$ in=mation4  7,h7 ,cont5ts ( ! 
notice to ! consum] ab\t ! results ( !  
inve/igation by ! furni%] ,! notice ( ! 
results ( ! inve/igation describ$ 9     
subp>agraph 7,e7 %all include-- 7i7 a   
/atem5t in=m+ ! consum] z to :e!r !     
disput$ in=mation 0 det]m9$ to be       
inaccurate1 incomplete1 or unv]ifiable2 
7ii7 a /atem5t ( ! specific reasons     

support+ ! results ( ! inve/igation2    
7iii7 a description ( ! proc$ure us$ by 
! dispute resolution /aff ( ! p]son :o  
furni%es in=mation to a consum] report+ 
ag5cy to det]m9e ! accuracy or          
complet5ess ( ! in=mation1 includ+ !    
bus9ess "n1 mail+ address1 telephone    
numb]1 & ,int]net website address 7if   
available7 ( any p]son :o 0 contact$ by 
! /aff 9 connection ) ! det]m9ation2    
7iv7 a copy ( all in=mation relat+ to ! 
consum] t 0 us$ 9 c>ry+ out !           
inve/igation & 0 ! basis = any          
det]m9ation ab\t ! accuracy or          
complet5ess ( ! disput$ in=mation2  7v7 
a /atem5t t consum] w receive1 free (   
*>ge1 a copy ( _! consum] report & cr$it
 score or educational cr$it score 7if   
applicable71 f any consum] report+ ag5cy
 to :i* ! disput$ in=mation _h be5      
provid$1 reg>dless ( :e!r ! consum]     
obta9$ or w obta9 a free consum] report 
& cr$it score or educational cr$it score
 7if applicable7 9 ! #ab-mon? p]iod     
prec$+ receipt ( ! notice describ$ 9 ?is

 subp>agraph pursuant to section        
#fab7;a77#a72  7vi7 if ! disput$        
in=mation 0 f\nd to be inaccurate1      
incomplete1 or unv]ifiable1 a /atem5t t 
! consum] report ( ! consum] %all be    
revis$ to reflect ! *ange to ! consum]'s
 file z a result ( ! inve/igation2      
7vii7 a /atem5t t ! consum] has ! "r to 
appeal ! results ( ! inve/igation "u    
p>agraph 7#aj71 free ( *>ge1 )9 #abj    
days aft] ! date ( ! notice ( ! results 
( ! inve/igation 0 provid$ to ! consum] 
& ! process = submitt+ an appeal2       
7viii7 a /atem5t t ! consum] may add a  
n>rative /atem5t1 free ( *>ge1 to !     
consum]'s file held by ! consum] report+
 ag5cy to :i* ! in=mation has be5       
furni%$ disput+ ! accuracy or           
complet5ess ( ! in=mation1 reg>dless ( !
 results ( ! inve/igation by ! p]son1 & 
! process = contact+ any ag5cy t receiv$
 ! consum]'s in=mation f ! p]son to     
submit a n>rative /atem5t2  7ix7 a      
/atem5t in=m+ ! consum] t a notation    
describ$ 9 section #fje7;e7 w be add$ to

 ! consum]'s file dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* !  
consum] appeals ! results ( an          
inve/igation & t su* notation c be      
remov$ at ! reque/ ( ! consum]2 &  7x7 a
 /atem5t t ! consum] has ! "r to reque/ 
a copy ( _! consum] report & cr$it score
 or educational cr$it score 7if         
applicable71 free ( *>ge1 )9 ! #ab-mon? 
p]iod foll[+ ! date ( ! conclusion ( !  
inve/igation f any consum] report+ ag5cy
 9 :i* ! disput$ in=mation _h be5       
provid$1 reg>dless ( :e!r ! consum]     
obta9$ or w obta9 a free annual consum] 
report & cr$it score or educational     
cr$it score 7if applicable7 "u ?is      
subp>agraph or section #fab7;a77#a74  4 
7f7 ,con=m+ am5dm5t ,section            
#fae7;a77#d77;,b7 is am5d$-- 7#a7 by    
/rik+ 1 "u section #faa1 ) a consum]    
report+ ag5cy2 &  7#b7 by /rik+ furni%$ 
by ! ag5cy & ins]t+ to a consum] report+
 ag5cy "u section #faa or to a p]son :o 
furni%$ in=mation to an ag5cy "u section
 #fbc4  #aje4 ,"r to appeal disputes    
relat+ to re9ve/igations & inve/igations

  7a7 ,appeals ( re9ve/igations conduct$
 by a consum] report+ ag5cy ,section    
#faa ( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae
 ,u4,s4,c4 #afha;i7 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9   
subsection 7b71 by ins]t+ or if !       
consum] is unsatisfi$ ) ! results ( an  
appeal conduct$ "u subsection 7i71 aft] 
resolve ! dispute12 &  7#b7 by ins]t+   
aft] subsection 7h7 7z add$ by section  
#ajb7 ! foll[+ new subsection3  7i7     
,consum] "r ,to appeal results ( a      
consum] report+ ag5cy re9ve/igation     
7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,)9 #abj days aft] ! date 
( receipt ( ! results ( a re9ve/igation 
conduct$ "u subsection 7a71 a consum]   
7or au?oriz$ ?ird p>ty7 may1 free (     
*>ge1 appeal ! results ( su*            
re9ve/igation by submitt+ a notice (    
appeal to ! consum] report+ ag5cy4  7#b7
 ,notice ( appeal  7,a7 ,requirem5ts ,a 
notice ( appeal describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a7
 may be submitt$ 9 writ+1 or ?r\gh a    
toll-free telephone numb] or o!r        
electronic means e/abli%$ by ! consum]  
report+ ag5cy 7includ+ on ! ,int]net    

website describ$ 9 subsection 7h771 &-- 
7i7 %all id5tify ! in=mation conta9$ 9 !
 consum]'s file t is ! subject ( !      
appeal2  7ii7 %all describe ! specific  
reasons = submitt+ ! notice ( appeal2 & 
7iii7 may provide any in=mation !       
consum] believes is relevant to         
sub/antiate ! validity ( ! dispute4     
7,b7 ,consum] report+ ag5cy notice to   
consum] ,^u receipt ( su* notice (      
appeal1 ! consum] report+ ag5cy %all    
promptly provide to ! consum] a /atem5t 
confirm+ ! receipt ( ! consum]'s notice 
( appeal t %all include-- 7i7 an        
approximate date on :i* ! consum]'s     
appeal review w be complet$2  7ii7 !    
process & proc$ures by :i* su* review w 
be conduct$2 &  7iii7 an employee       
ref]5ce numb] or o!r employee id5tifi] =
 ea* ( ! specific individuals designat$ 
by ! consum] report+ ag5cy :o1 ^u !     
reque/ ( ! consum]1 may discuss !       
sub/ance & /atus ( ! appeal4  7#c7      
,consum] report+ ag5cy requirem5ts ^u   
receipt ( notice ( appeal  7,a7 ,9 g5]al

 ,n lat] ?an #bj days aft] receiv+ a    
notice ( appeal1 ! consum] report+ ag5cy
 %all review ! appeal4 ,if ! consum]    
report+ ag5cy det]m9es ! in=mation is   
inaccurate1 incomplete1 or _c be v]ifi$1
 ! consum] report+ ag5cy %all delete or 
modify ! item ( in=mation be+ disput$ by
 ! consum] f ! file ( ! consum] be=e !  
end ( ! #bj-;day p]iod beg9n+ on ! date 
on :i* ! consum] report+ ag5cy receives 
a notice ( an appeal f ! consum]4  7,b7 
,notice ( appeal to furni%]2 in=mation  
reg>d+ dispute provid$ by ! consum]  7i7
 ,9 g5]al ,be=e ! end ( ! p]iod ( #c    
bus9ess days beg9n+ on ! date on :i* a  
consum] report+ ag5cy receives a notice 
( appeal1 ! consum] report+ ag5cy %all  
provide notice ( ! appeal1 includ+ all  
in=mation relat+ to ! specific appeal t 
! consum] report+ ag5cy has receiv$ f ! 
consum]1 to any p]son :o provid$ any    
in=mation 9 dispute4  7ii7 ,provision ( 
additional in=mation reg>d+ ! dispute   
,if ! consum] report+ ag5cy receives    
additional in=mation f ! consum] aft] ! 

ag5cy provides ! notice requir$ "u      
clause 7i7 & be=e ! end ( ! #bj-;day    
p]iod describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a71 !    
consum] report+ ag5cy %all1 n lat] ?an  
#c bus9ess days aft] receiv+ su*        
in=mation1 provide su* in=mation to any 
p]son :o provid$ ! in=mation 9 dispute &
 %all h an additional #aj bus9ess days  
to complete ! appeal review4  7,c7      
,m9imum /&>ds = appeals employees  7i7  
,designation ,^u receipt ( a notice (   
appeal "u p>agraph 7#a71 a consum]      
report+ ag5cy %all designate "o or m    
specific employees :o-- 7,i7 %all be    
assign$ an employee ref]5ce numb] or o!r
 employee id5tifi] t c be us$ by !      
consum] to discuss ! appeal ) ! specific
 individuals h&l+ ! appeal2  7,,ii7 %all
 h direct au?ority to resolve ! dispute 
t is ! subject ( ! notice ( appeal f !  
review /age to its completion2  7,,iii7 
%all meet m9imum tra9+ & ongo+          
c]tification requirem5ts at regul>      
int]vals1 z e/abli%$ by ! ,bureau2      
7,,iv7 %all be locat$ )9 ! ,unit$       

,/ates2  7,v7 may n h be5 involv$ 9 !   
re9ve/igation conduct$ or t]m9at$       
pursuant to subsection 7a72 &  7,,vi7   
may n be subject to any requirem5ts l9k+
 inc5tives1 includ+ promotion1 to !     
numb] ( appeals process$ )9 a c]ta9 "t  
p]iod4  7ii7 ,requirem5ts ,su* employees
 %all conduct a robu/ review ( ! appeal 
& make a det]m9ation reg>d+ ! accuracy &
 complet5ess ( ! disput$ in=mation by-- 
7,i7 conduct+ an indep5d5t analysis1    
sep>ate f any inve/igation by a resell] 
or p]son :o provid$ ! disput$ in=mation1
 & sep>ate f any prior re9ve/igation    
conduct$ by ! consum] report+ ag5cy ( ! 
disput$ in=mation2  7,,ii7 v]ify+ t !   
p]sonally id5tifiable in=mation ( !     
consum] submitt+ ! dispute mat*es !     
p]sonally id5tifiable in=mation conta9$ 
on ! consum]'s file2  7,,iii7 analyz+ ! 
notice ( appeal & all in=mation1 includ+
 any sub/antiat+ docum5ts1 provid$ by ! 
consum] ) ! notice ( appeal2  7,,iv7    
evaluat+ ! validity ( any in=mation     
submitt$ by any p]son t 0 us$ by !      

consum] report+ ag5cy 9 ! re9ve/igation 
( ! initial dispute2  7,v7 v]ify+ t !   
consum] report+ ag5cy has a record ( !  
in=mation be+ disput$2 &  7,,vi7 apply+ 
any additional factors or inve/igative  
processes1 z specifi$ by ! ,bureau4     
7,d7 ,notice ( appeal results ,n lat]   
?an #e days aft] ! end ( ! #bj-;day     
p]iod describ$ "u subp>agraph 7,a7 7or !
 #aj-;day ext5sion p]iod1 z applicable7 
! consum] report+ ag5cy %all provide !  
consum] ) writt5 notice ( ! results ( ! 
appeal by po/al mail or1 if reque/$ by !
 consum]1 by o!r means4 ,! cont5ts ( su*
 notice %all include-- 7i7 a /atem5t t !
 appeal is complet$ & ! date on :i* x 0 
complet$1 ! results ( ! appeal1 & !     
specific reasons support+ ! results ( ! 
appeal2  7ii7 a copy ( all in=mation    
relat+ to ! consum] t 0 us$ z a basis = 
decid+ ! results ( ! appeal2  7iii7 a   
consum] report t is bas$ ^u ! consum]'s 
file z t file may h be5 revis$ z a      
result ( ! appeal2  7iv7 a description (
 ! proc$ure us$ to det]m9e ! accuracy & 

complet5ess ( ! in=mation1 includ+ !    
bus9ess "n1 telephone numb]1 mail+      
address1 & ,int]net website address 7if 
applicable7 ( any p]son :o provid$      
in=mation t 0 contact$ 9 connection )   
su* in=mation1 if reasonably available2 
7v7 in=mation describ+ t ! consum] may  
submit a /atem5t1 )\t *>ge1 disput+ !   
accuracy or complet5ess ( in=mation 9 ! 
consum]'s file t 0 ! subject ( an appeal
 "u ?is subsection by submitt+ a /atem5t
 directly to ea* consum] report+ ag5cy t
 receiv$ ! in=mation2  7vi7 a           
description ( ! consum]'s rights        
pursuant to subsection 7d7 7relat+ to   
furni%+ notifications to c]ta9 us]s (   
consum] reports72 &  7vii7 any o!r      
in=mation1 z det]m9$ by ! ,bureau4  7,e7
 ,no excuse = failure to conduct appeal 
,a consum] report+ ag5cy may n refuse to
 conduct a review ( an appeal "u ?is    
subsection because ! ag5cy det]m9es t ! 
notice ( appeal 0 submitt$ by an        
au?oriz$ ?ird p>ty1 unless ! ag5cy has  
cle> & conv9c+ evid5ce t ! ?ird p>ty is 

n au?oriz$ to submit ! notice ( appeal  
on ! consum]'s behalf4 ,if ! consum]    
report+ ag5cy refuses to conduct a      
review ( ! appeal = ^! reasons1 x %all  
provide a cle> & conspicu\s writt5      
notice to ! consum] expla9+ ! reasons = 
! refusal & describ+ any in=mation !    
consum] is requir$ to provide = ! ag5cy 
to conduct a review ( ! appeal4  4  7b7 
,appeals ( inve/igations conduct$ by    
furni%]s ( in=mation ,section #fbc7;a7 (
 ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae      
,u4,s4,c4 #afhas-#b7;a77 is am5d$ by    
add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new p>agraph3    
7#aj7 ,duty ( furni%]s ( in=mation ^u   
notice ( appeal ( inve/igation  7,a7 ,9 
g5]al ,)9 #abj days ( ! date ( receipt (
 ! results ( an inve/igation conduct$ "u
 p>agraph 7#h77;,e71 a consum] may1 free
 ( *>ge1 appeal su* results by submitt+ 
a notice ( appeal to ! p]son :o provid$ 
! in=mation 9 ! dispute to a consum]    
report+ ag5cy 7h]eaft] 9 ?is p>agraph   
ref]r$ to z ! furni%]74  7,b7 ,notice ( 
appeal ,a notice ( appeal describ$ 9    

subp>agraph 7,a7 may be submitt$ 9      
writ+1 ?r\gh a toll-free telephone      
numb]1 or by o!r electronic means       
e/abli%$ by ! furni%]1 &-- 7i7 %all     
id5tify ! in=mation conta9$ 9 !         
consum]'s file t is ! subject ( !       
appeal2  7ii7 %all describe ! specific  
reasons = submitt+ ! notice ( appeal2 & 
7iii7 may include any in=mation1 includ+
 sub/antiat+ docum5ts1 ! consum]        
believes is relevant to ! appeal4  7,c7 
,furni%] actions ,^u receipt ( su*      
notice ( appeal1 ! furni%] %all-- 7i7   
be=e ! end ( ! p]iod ( #c bus9ess days  
beg9n+ on ! date on :i* ! furni%]       
receives ! notice ( appeal1 notify ea*  
consum] report+ ag5cy to :i* ! p]son    
furni%$ su* in=mation a /atem5t id5tify+
 ! items ( in=mation t a consum] is     
appeal+2 &  7ii7 notify ! consum]       
confirm+ ! receipt ( ! consum]'s notice 
( appeal1 includ+ an approximate date :5
 ! consum]'s appeal w be complet$1 !    
process & proc$ures by :i* a review ( ! 
appeal w be conduct$1 & ! specific      

individual designat$ by ! consum]       
report+ ag5cy :o1 ^u ! reque/ ( !       
consum]1 may discuss ! sub/ance & /atus 
( ! appeal4  7,d7 ,furni%] requirem5ts  
^u receipt ( notice ( appeal ,n lat] ?an
 #bj days aft] receiv+ a notice (       
appeal1 ! furni%] %all det]m9e :e!r !   
item ( in=mation be+ disput$ by !       
consum] is inaccurate1 incomplete1 or _c
 be v]ifi$1 & %all notify ! consum]     
report+ ag5cy ( ! det]m9ation4 ,if !    
furni%] _c v]ify ! accuracy or          
complet5ess ( ! disput$ in=mation1 !    
furni%] %all1 be=e ! end ( ! #bj-;day   
p]iod beg9n+ on ! date on :i* ! furni%] 
receives notice ( an appeal f ! consum]1
 submit in/ructions to ! consum] report+
 ag5cy t ! item ( in=mation be+ disput$ 
by ! consum] %\ld be delet$ f ! file ( !
 consum]4  7,e7 ,m9imum /&>ds = appeals 
employees ,^u receipt ( a notice (      
appeal "u subp>agraph 7,a71 a furni%]   
%all designate "o or m specific         
employees :o-- 7i7 %all be assign$ an   
employee ref]5ce numb] or o!r employee  

id5tifi] t c be us$ by ! consum] to     
discuss ! appeal ) ! specific           
individuals h&l+ ! appeal2  7ii7 %all h 
direct au?ority to resolve ! dispute t  
is ! subject ( ! notice ( appeal on     
behalf ( ! furni%] f ! review /age to   
its completion2  7iii7 %all meet m9imum 
tra9+ & ongo+ c]tification requirem5ts  
at regul> int]vals1 z e/abli%$ by !     
,bureau2  7iv7 may n h be5 involv$ 9 an 
inve/igation conduct$ pursuant to       
p>agraph 7#h72 &  7v7 may n be subject  
to any requirem5ts l9k+ inc5tives1      
includ+ promotion1 to ! numb] ( appeals 
process$ )9 a c]ta9 "t p]iod4  7,f7     
,requirem5ts = appeals process ,su*     
employees %all conduct a robu/ review ( 
! appeal & make a det]m9ation reg>d+ !  
accuracy & complet5ess ( ! disput$      
in=mation by-- 7i7 conduct+ an indep5d5t
 analysis1 sep>ate f any re9ve/igation  
by a resell] or consum] report+ ag5cy1 (
 ! disput$ in=mation2  7ii7 v]ify+ t !  
p]sonally id5tifiable in=mation relat$  
to ! dispute is accurate & complete2    

7iii7 analyz+ ! notice ( appeal & all   
in=mation1 includ+ sub/antiat+ docum5ts1
 provid$ by ! consum] ) ! notice (      
appeal2  7iv7 evaluat+ ! validity ( any 
in=mation submitt$ by any p]son t 0 us$ 
by ! furni%] 9 ! initial inve/igation   
into ! dispute2  7v7 v]ify+ t !         
in=mation be+ disput$ relates to !      
consum] 9 ^: file ! in=mation is locat$2
  7vi7 v]ify+ t ! furni%] has a record (
 ! in=mation be+ disput$2 &  7vii7      
apply+ any additional factors or        
inve/igative processes1 z specifi$ by ! 
,bureau4  7,g7 ,ext5sion ( review p]iod 
,if a consum] submits additional        
in=mation relat$ to ! appeal aft] !     
p]iod ( #c bus9ess days describ$ 9      
subp>agraph 7,c77i7 & be=e ! end ( !    
#bj-;day p]iod describ$ 9 subp>agraph   
7,d71 ! furni%] %all h an additional #aj
 bus9ess days to complete ! review ( !  
appeal4  7,h7 ,notice ( appeal results  
,n lat] ?an #e days aft] ! end ( !      
#bj-;day p]iod describ$ 9 subp>agraph   
7,d7 7or ! #aj-;day ext5sion describ$ "u

 subp>agraph 7,g71 z applicable7 !      
furni%] %all provide ! consum] ) writt5 
notice ( ! results ( ! appeal by mail   
or1 if reque/$ by ! consum]1 by o!r     
means4 ,! cont5ts ( su* notice %all     
include-- 7i7 a /atem5t t ! appeal is   
complet$ & ! date on :i* x 0 complet$1 !
 results ( ! appeal1 & ! specific       
reasons support+ ! results ( ! appeal2  
7ii7 a copy ( all in=mation relat+ to ! 
consum] t 0 us$ z a basis = decid+ !    
results ( ! appeal2  7iii7 if ! appeal  
results 9 any *ange to ! consum] report1
 a notification t ! consum] %all receive
 a copy1 free ( *>ge1 ( a revis$ consum]
 report 7bas$ ^u ! consum]'s file z t   
file 0 *ang$ z a result ( ! appeal7 & a 
cr$it score or educational cr$it score  
7if applicable7 f ea* consum] report+   
ag5cy t _h be5 furni%$ incorrect        
in=mation2  7iv7 a description ( !      
proc$ure us$ to det]m9e ! accuracy &    
complet5ess ( ! in=mation1 includ+ !    
bus9ess "n1 telephone numb]1 mail+      
address1 & ,int]net website address 7if 

applicable71 ( any p]son :o provid$     
in=mation t 0 contact$ 9 connection )   
su* in=mation1 if reasonably available2 
7v7 in=mation describ+ t ! consum] may  
submit a /atem5t1 )\t *>ge1 disput+ !   
accuracy or complet5ess ( in=mation 9 ! 
consum]'s file t 0 ! subject ( an appeal
 "u ?is p>agraph by submitt+ a /atem5t  
directly to ea* consum] report+ ag5cy t 
receiv$ ! in=mation2 &  7vi7 a          
notification t ! consum] may reque/ !   
furni%] to submit to ea* consum] report+
 ag5cy ! consum]'s reque/ to furni%     
notifications pursuant to section       
#faa7;d7 7relat+ to furni%+             
notifications to c]ta9 us]s ( consum]   
reports74  4  7c7 ,te*nical am5dm5t     
,section #fbc7;a77#h77;,a7 ( ! ,fair    
,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4     
#afhas-#b7;a77#h77;,a77 is am5d$ by     
/rik+ re9ve/igate & ins]t+ inve/igate4  
7d7 ,con=m+ am5dm5ts ,section #fji ( !  
,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae         
,u4,s4,c4 #afha;g7 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9    
subsection 7c7-- 7,a7 by /rik+          

,commission & ins]t+ ,bureau ea* place t
 t]m appe>s2  7,b7 9 ! subsection head+1
 by /rik+ rights to obta9 & dispute     
in=mation 9 consum] reports & to obta9  
cr$it scores & ins]t+ key consum]       
report+ rights2 &  7,c7 9 p>agraph      
7#a7-- 7i7 9 ! head+1 by /rik+          
,commission & ins]t+ ,bureau2  7ii7 9   
subp>agraph 7,b7-- 7,i7 9 clause 7ii71  
by /rik+ a consum] report )\t *>ge "u   
section #fab & ins]t+ consum] reports & 
cr$it scores or educational cr$it scores
 7z applicable7 )\t *>ge "u section     
#fab2  7,,ii7 9 clause 7iii71 by ins]t+ 
or section #fbc aft] section #faa2      
7,,iii7 by /rik+ clauses 7iv7 & 7vi72   
7,,iv7 by ins]t+ aft] clause 7iii7 !    
foll[+ new clause3  7iv7 ! "r ( a       
consum] to appeal a det]m9ation ( a     
re9ve/igation conduct$ by a consum]     
report+ ag5cy "u section #faa7;i7 or an 
inve/igation conduct$ by a furni%] (    
in=mation "u section #fbc7;a77#aj72  2 &
  7,v7 by add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new    
clause3  7vi7 ! me?od & circum/ances "u 

:i* consum]s c obta9 a #a-ye> fraud     
al]t1 #g-ye> fraud al]t1 active duty    
al]t1 or security freeze z describ$ 9   
section #fje;,a ?r\gh a consum] report+ 
ag5cy describ$ "u section #fjc7p74  2   
7iii7 9 subp>agraph 7,c7 7z am5d$ by    
subp>agraph 7,a77 by ins]t+ & !         
,commission aft] ,bureau2 &  7iv7 by    
add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new subp>agraph3 
7,d7 ,publication ( summ>y rights ,a    
consum] report+ ag5cy describ$ "u       
subsection 7p7 or 7x7 ( section #fjc    
%all display 9 a cle> & conspicu\s      
mann]1 includ+ on ! ,int]net website ( !
 consum] report+ ag5cy1 ! summ>y (      
rights prep>$ by ! ,bureau "u ?is       
p>agraph4  2 &  7#b7 9 subsection 7d71  
by ins]t+ ,bureau & ! be=e ,commission4 
#ajf4 ,revis$ consum] reports ,section  
#faa ( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae
 ,u4,s4,c4 #afha;i71 z am5d$ by section 
#aje7;a77#b71 is fur!r am5d$ by add+ at 
! end ! foll[+ new subsection3  7j7     
,requirem5t ,to s5d revis$ consum]      
report to consum] ,^u receiv+ a notice  

describ$ 9 section                      
#fbc7;a77#h77;,e77iv71 ea* consum]      
report+ ag5cy %all s5d to ! consum] a   
revis$ consum] report & cr$it score or  
education cr$it score 7if applicable7   
bas$ ^u ! consum]'s file z t file 0     
*ang$ z a result ( ! inve/igation4  4   
#ajg4 ,indication ( dispute by consum]s 
& use ( disput$ in=mation ,section      
#fje7;f7 ( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 
7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha;c7f77 is am5d$ to  
read z foll[s3  7f7 ,indication (       
dispute  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,a consum]       
report+ ag5cy %all include 9 any consum]
 report bas$ on ! consum]'s file a      
notation id5tify+ any item ( in=mation t
 is curr5tly 9 dispute by ! consum] if--
 7,a7 a consum] disputes ! complet5ess  
or accuracy ( any item ( in=mation      
conta9$ 9 a consum]'s file pursuant to  
section #faa7;a77#a72  7,b7 a consum]   
files ) a consum] report+ ag5cy an      
appeal ( a re9ve/igation pursuant to    
section #faa7;i72 or  7,c7 ! consum]    
report+ ag5cy is notifi$ by a p]son t   

furni%$ any items ( in=mation t are     
curr5tly 9 dispute by ! consum] t-- 7i7 
a consum] disputes ! complet5ess or     
accuracy ( any in=mation furni%$ by a   
p]son to any consum] report+ ag5cy      
pursuant to p>agraph 7#c7 or 7#h7 (     
section #fbc7;a72 or  7ii7 a consum]    
submits a notice ( appeal "u section    
#fbc7;a77#aj74  7#b7 ,opt out ,a consum]
 may submit a reque/ to a consum]       
report+ ag5cy or a p]son :o furni%$ !   
in=mation 9 dispute1 z applicable1 to h 
! notation describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a7     
omitt$ f ! consum] report4 ,^u receipt (
 su* a reque/-- 7,a7 by a consum]       
report+ ag5cy1 su* ag5cy %all remove !  
notation )9 #a bus9ess day2 &  7,b7 by a
 p]son :o furni%$ ! in=mation 9 dispute1
 su* p]son %all submit su* reque/ to ea*
 consum] report+ ag5cy to :i* ! p]son   
furni%$ su* in=mation )9 #a bus9ess day 
& su* ag5cy %all remove ! notation )9 #a
 bus9ess day ( receipt ( su* reque/4  4 
#ajh4 ,accuracy & complet5ess report    
duties = consum] report+ ag5cies &      

furni%]s ,section #fjg7;b7 ( ! ,fair    
,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4     
#afha;e7 is am5d$ to read z foll[s3  7b7
 ,accuracy & complet5ess ( report  7#a7 
,9 g5]al ,9 prep>+ a consum] report1 a  
consum] report+ ag5cy %all ma9ta9       
reasonable proc$ures to ensure maximum  
possible accuracy & complet5ess ( !     
in=mation conc]n+ ! individual to :om ! 
consum] report relates4  7#b7 ,bureau   
rule to assure maximum possible accuracy
 & complet5ess ) cr$it report+ practices
  7,a7 ,rule ,n lat] ?an #ah mon?s aft] 
! date ( enactm5t ( ?is subsection1 !   
,bureau %all issue a f9al rule e/abli%+ 
! proc$ures describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a74   
7,b7 ,requirem5ts ,9 =mulat+ ! rule     
requir$ "u subp>agraph 7,a71 ! ,bureau  
%all-- 7i7 develop /&>ds = mat*+ !      
p]sonally id5tifiable in=mation includ$ 
9 ! consum]'s file ) ! p]sonally        
id5tifiable in=mation furni%$ by ! p]son
 :o provid$ ! in=mation to ! consum]    
report+ ag5cy 7h]eaft] 9 ?is subsection 
ref]r$ to z ! furni%]71 includ+ ! full  

"n ( a consum]1 ! date ( bir? ( a       
consum]1 ! full social security numb] ( 
a consum]1 & any o!r in=mation t !      
,bureau det]m9es w\ld aid 9 assur+      
maximum possible accuracy & complet5ess 
( su* consum] reports2  7ii7 e/abli%    
processes = a consum] report+ ag5cy to  
monitor ! integrity ( ! data provid$ by 
furni%]s & ! compliance ( furni%]s ) !  
requirem5ts ( ?is title2  7iii7 e/abli% 
processes = a consum] report+ ag5cy to  
regul>ly reconcile data relat+ to       
acc\nts 9 collection1 includ+ ^? t h n  
be5 paid 9 full1 by specify+ !          
circum/ances "u :i* ! consum] report+   
ag5cy %all remove or suppress negative  
or adv]se in=mation f a consum]'s file t
 has n be5 updat$ by a furni%] :o is    
also a debt collector 7z def9$ 9 section
 #hjc ( ! ,fair ,debt ,collection       
,practices ,act7 )9 ! "t p]iod e/abli%$ 
by ! ,bureau2  7iv7 e/abli% proc$ures to
 require ea* consum] report+ ag5cy to   
review & monitor ! quality ( in=mation  
receiv$ f any s\rce1 includ+ in=mation f

 public records1 by regul>ly & on an    
ongo+ basis comp>+ ! in=mation receiv$  
to ! in=mation available f ! orig9al    
s\rce & ensur+ t ! in=mation receiv$ is 
! mo/ curr5t in=mation2  7v7 develop    
/&>ds & proc$ures = consum] report+     
ag5cies to id5tify furni%]s t repeat$ly 
fail to provide accurate & complete     
in=mation1 to take corrective action    
aga9/ su* furni%]s1 & to reject         
in=mation submitt$ by su* furni%]s2     
7vi7 develop /&>ds & proc$ures = consum]
 report+ ag5cies to adopt reg>d+        
collection ( public record data1 includ+
 /&>ds & proc$ures to consid] ! ultimate
 data s\rce1 h[ ! public record         
in=mation is fil$ & its availability &  
accessibility1 & :e!r in=mation relat+  
to ! satisfaction ( judgm5ts or o!r     
updates to ! public record are available
 on a reasonably timely basis f a       
p>ticul> s\rce2 &  7vii7 e/abli% any o!r
 factors1 proc$ures1 or processes       
det]m9$ by ! ,bureau to be necess>y to  
assi/ consum] report+ ag5cies 9 a*iev+  

maximum possible accuracy & complet5ess 
( ! in=mation 9 consum] reports4  7#c7  
,corrective action = furni%]s t         
repeat$ly furni% inaccurate or          
incomplete in=mation ,^u id5tify+ a     
furni%] t repeat$ly fails to furni%     
accurate1 complete1 or v]ifiable        
in=mation to consum] report+ ag5cies1 ! 
,bureau %all-- 7,a7 ensure ! prompt     
removal ( any adv]se in=mation relat+ to
 a consum]'s acc\nts submitt$ by su*    
furni%]2 &  7,b7 take corrective action1
 :i* may include-- 7i7 m&atory revis$   
tra9+ & tra9+ mat]ials = ! /aff ( !     
furni%] reg>d+ ! furni%+ ( accurate &   
complete in=mation2  7ii7 %>+ indu/ry   
be/ practices & proc$ures reg>d+        
accuracy & complet5ess2 or  7iii7       
tempor>ily prohibit+ a furni%] f provid+
 in=mation to a consum] report+ ag5cy4  
4  #aji4 ,inclusion ( public record data
 s\rces 9 consum] reports ,section      
#fje7;d7 ( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 
7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha;c7d77 is am5d$ by  
add+ at ! end ! foll[+3  7#c7 ,public   

record data s\rce ,any consum] report+  
ag5cy t furni%es a consum] report t     
conta9s public record data %all also    
include 9 su* report ! s\rce f :i* t    
data 0 obta9$1 includ+ ! p>ticul> c\rt1 
if any1 & ! date t ! data 0 initially   
report$ or publiciz$4  4  #aaj4         
,injunctive relief = victims  7a7 ,9    
g5]al ,! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae
 ,u4,s4,c4 #afha et seq47 is am5d$--    
7#a7 9 section #faf-- 7,a7 9 subsection 
7a71 by am5d+ ! subsection head+ to read
 z foll[s3 ,damages2  7,b7 by r$esignat+
 subsections 7c7 & 7d7 z subsections 7d7
 & 7e71 respectively2 &  7,c7 by ins]t+ 
aft] subsection 7b7 ! foll[+ new        
subsection3  7c7 ,injunctive relief ,9  
addition to any o!r rem$y set =? 9 ?is  
section1 a c\rt may aw>d injunctive     
relief to require compliance ) !        
requirem5ts impos$ "u ?is title )       
respect to any consum]4 ,9 ! ev5t ( any 
successful action = injunctive relief "u
 ?is subsection1 ! c\rt may aw>d to !   
prevail+ p>ty co/s & reasonable attorney

 fees 7z det]m9$ by ! c\rt7 incurr$ dur+
 ! action by su* p>ty4  2 &  7#b7 9     
section #fag-- 7,a7 9 subsection 7a71 by
 am5d+ ! subsection head+ to read z     
foll[s3 ,damages2  7,b7 by r$esignat+   
subsection 7b7 z subsection 7c72 &  7,c7
 by ins]t+ aft] subsection 7a7 ! foll[+ 
new subsection3  7b7 ,injunctive relief 
,9 addition to any o!r rem$y set =? 9   
?is section1 a c\rt may aw>d injunctive 
relief to require compliance ) !        
requirem5ts impos$ "u ?is title )       
respect to any consum]4 ,9 ! ev5t ( any 
successful action = injunctive relief "u
 ?is subsection1 ! c\rt may aw>d to !   
prevail+ p>ty co/s & reasonable attorney
 fees 7z det]m9$ by ! c\rt7 incurr$ dur+
 ! action by su* p>ty4  4  7b7 ,en=cem5t
 by ,f$]al ,trade ,commission ,section  
#fba7;a77#b77;,a7 ( ! ,fair ,cr$it      
,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4            
#afhas7a77#b77;,a77 is am5d$-- 7#a7 by  
am5d+ ! subp>agraph head+ to read z     
foll[s3 ,neglig5t1 willful1 or kn[+     
violations2 &  7#b7 by ins]t+ neglig5t1 

willful1 or be=e kn[+4  ,,ii ,free      
,cr$it ,scores = ,consum]s  #bja4       
,def9itions  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,section #fjc 
( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae     
,u4,s4,c4 #afha;a7 is am5d$ by add+ at !
 end ! foll[+ new subsection3  7bb7     
,cr$it score & educational cr$it score  
def9itions  7#a7 ,cr$it score ,! t]m    
cr$it score means a num]ical value or a 
categorization d]iv$ f a /ati/ical tool 
or model+ sy/em us$ by a p]son :o makes 
or arranges a loan or ext5ds cr$it to   
pr$ict ! likelihood ( c]ta9 cr$it       
behaviors1 includ+ default1 z det]m9$ by
 ! ,bureau4  7#b7 ,educational cr$it    
score ,! t]m educational cr$it score    
means a num]ical value or categorization
 d]iv$ f a /ati/ical tool or model+     
sy/em bas$ ^u in=mation f a consum]     
report t assi/s consum]s 9 und]/&+ h[ a 
l5d] or cr$itor may view ! consum]'s    
cr$itwor?9ess 9 decid+ :e!r to make a   
loan or ext5d cr$it to t consum]4  7#c7 
,key factors ,! t]m key factors means   
any relevant elem5ts or reasons affect+ 

! cr$it score = ! p>ticul> individual1  
li/$ 9 ! ord] ( importance bas$ on !    
effect ( ea* elem5t or reason on ! cr$it
 score or educational cr$it score4  7#d7
 ,cr$it scor+ model ,! t]m cr$it scor+  
model means a scor+ algori?m1 =mula1    
model1 program1 or me*anism us$ to      
g5]ate a cr$it score or an educational  
cr$it score4  4  7b7 ,con=m+ am5dm5ts ,!
 ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae        
,u4,s4,c4 #afha et seq47 is am5d$-- 7#a7
 9 section #fje7;d77#b71 by /rik+ 7z    
def9$ 9 section #fji7;f77#b77;,b772 &   
7#b7 9 section #fae-- 7,a7 by /rik+ z   
def9$ 9 section #fji7;f77#b77;,a7 ea*   
place t t]m appe>s2 &  7,b7 9 subsection
 7a77#b77;,b71 by /rik+ set =? 9        
subp>agraphs 7,b7 ?r\gh 7,e7 ( section  
#fji7;f77#a7 & ins]t+ ) respect to a    
cr$it score describ$ 9 section          
#fji7;f77#b71 if available4  #bjb4      
,consum] in=mation on calculation (     
scores ,section #fji7;f7 ( ! ,fair      
,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4     
#afha;g7f77 is am5d$ to read z foll[s3  

7f7 ,disclosure ( cr$it score &         
educational cr$it score by consum]      
report+ ag5cies  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,^u !    
reque/ ( a consum] = a cr$it score or   
educational cr$it score1 a consum]      
report+ ag5cy %all supply to ! consum] a
 /atem5t-- 7,a7 conta9+-- 7i7 a curr5t  
cr$it score at ! "t ( ! reque/ g5]at$   
us+ a commonly us$ cr$it scor+ model to 
g5]ate cr$it scores1 subject to         
regulations ( ! ,bureau2  7ii7 an       
educational cr$it score at ! "t ( !     
reque/1 if x is n practicable to g5]ate 
su* a cr$it score1 z det]m9$ by !       
,bureau2 or  7iii7 an explanation t !   
consum]'s file does n h suffici5t       
in=mation f :i* to g5]ate su* a cr$it   
score or educational cr$it score2 &     
7,b7 ) respect to ea* previ\s cr$it     
score 9 ! file ( ! consum]-- 7i7 ! date 
on :i* ! cr$it score 0 g5]at$2  7ii7 !  
"n ( any entity t ! cr$it score 0       
provid$ to2 &  7iii7 ! cr$it score      
itself4  7#b7 ,requirem5ts ,a /atem5t   
provid$ "u clause 7i7 or 7ii7 ( p>agraph

 7#a77;,a7 %all include-- 7,a7 a m9imum 
( f\r key factors1 if available1 t      
adv]sely affect$ ! cr$it score or       
educational cr$it score1 except t if "o 
( ! key factors consi/s ( ! numb] (     
enquiries made ) respect to a consum]   
report1 t factor %all be provid$ to !   
consum] 9 addition to ! factors requir$ 
by ?is subp>agraph2  7,b7 to ! ext5t    
possible1 specific actions a consum]    
c\ld take ) respect to ea* key factor   
li/$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 to improve !    
consum]'s cr$it score or educational    
cr$it score2  7,c7 a m9imum ( f\r key   
factors1 if available1 t positively     
affect$ ! cr$it score or educational    
cr$it score2  7,d7 ! range ( possible   
cr$it scores or educational cr$it scores
 "u ! cr$it scor+ model us$2  7,e7 !    
di/ribution ( cr$it scores or           
educational cr$it scores among consum]s 
:o are scor$ "u ! same cr$it scor+ model
 by ! consum] report+ ag5cy1 & us+ !    
same scale z t ( ! score t is provid$ to
 a cr$itor or consum]s-- 7i7 9 ! =m ( a 

b> graph conta9+ a m9imum ( six b>s t   
illu/rates ! p]c5tage ( consum]s ) cr$it
 scores or educational cr$it scores )9 !
 range ( scores repres5t$ by ea* b>2 or 
7ii7 by ano!r cle> & readily und]/&able 
graphical depiction1 /atem5t1 or        
illu/ration comp>+ ! consum]'s cr$it    
score or educational cr$it score to !   
scores ( o!r consum]s1 z det]m9$ by !   
,bureau2  7,f7 ! date on :i* ! cr$it    
score or educational cr$it score 0      
creat$2 &  7,g7 ! "n ( ! p]son t        
develop$ ! cr$it scor+ model on :i* !   
cr$it score or educational cr$it score 0
 bas$4  7#c7 ,applicability to c]ta9    
uses ,?is subsection %all n be con/ru$ s
 z to compel a consum] report+ ag5cy    
to-- 7,a7 develop or disclose a cr$it   
score if ! ag5cy does n di/ribute cr$it 
scores us$ by a p]son :o makes or       
arranges a loan or ext5ds cr$it to      
pr$ict ! likelihood ( c]ta9 cr$it       
behaviors2 or  7,b7 develop or disclose 
an educational cr$it score if ! ag5cy   
does n develop educational cr$it scores 

t assi/ 9 und]/&+ ! g5]al cr$it behavior
 ( a consum] & pr$ict+ ! future cr$it   
behavior ( ! consum]4  7#d7 ,ma9t5ance (
 cr$it scores  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,all       
consum] report+ ag5cies %all ma9ta9 9 ! 
consum]'s file cr$it scores relat+ to ! 
consum] = a p]iod ( #b ye>s f ! date on 
:i* su* in=mation is g5]at$4  7,b7      
,disclosure only to consum]s ,a pa/     
cr$it score ma9ta9$ 9 a consum]'s file  
pursuant to subp>agraph 7,a7 may only be
 provid$ to ! consum] to :i* ! cr$it    
score relates & may n be includ$ 9 a    
consum] report or us$ z a factor 9      
g5]at+ a cr$it score or educational     
cr$it score4  7,c7 ,removal ( pa/ cr$it 
scores ,a pa/ cr$it score ma9ta9$ 9 a   
consum]'s file pursuant to subp>agraph  
7,a7 %all be remov$ f ! consum]'s file  
aft] ! end ( ! #b-ye> p]iod describ$ "u 
subp>agraph 7,a74  4  #bjc4 ,disclosures
 relat+ to cr$it scores & educational   
cr$it scores ,section #fji7;f7 ( ! ,fair
 ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4    
#afha;g7f771 z am5d$ by section #bjb1 is

 fur!r am5d$ by add+ at ! end ! foll[+  
new p>agraphs3  7#e7 ,website disclaim] 
,a consum] report+ ag5cy t g5]ates or   
provides cr$it scores or educational    
cr$it scores %all cle>ly & conspicu\sly 
display on ! home page ( ! ag5cy's      
,int]net website1 & z "p ( any          
application1 solicitation1 or m>ket+    
mat]ial or m$ia provid+ in=mation relat$
 to a cr$it score or educational cr$it  
score1 ! foll[+ notice1 9 boldface type 
( #ah-po9t font or l>g] & 9 a text box )
 boldface out] bord]s3  ,cr$it score    
disclaim] ,!re is no 8"o0 cr$it score4  
,!re are _m scor+ =mulas d]iv$ f a wide 
v>iety ( models available to a consum] &
 us$ by l5d]s & cr$itors4 ,diff]5t l5d]s
 & cr$itors use diff]5t scor+ =mulas to 
det]m9e :e!r to ext5d cr$it or make a   
loan to y1 & ! t]ms ( ! cr$it or loan4  
,an educational cr$it score is n a cr$it
 score t a p]son :o makes a loan or     
ext5ds cr$it to y is likely to use4     
,educational cr$it scores are m]ely     
int5d$ to be us$ z an educational tool  

to help consum]s und]/& h[ ! in=mation  
conta9$ 9 a consum] report may affect ! 
t]ms & conditions ( a loan or ext5sion (
 cr$it t may be available to a consum]4 
,l5d]s & cr$itors may also rely on      
in=mation n conta9$ 9 y\r consum] report
 & n reflect$ 9 ! calculation ( y\r     
cr$it score4  4  7#f7 ,additional       
requirem5ts = educational cr$it scores  
7,a7 ,disclaim] ,if an educational cr$it
 score is provid$ pursuant to p>agraph  
7#a71 a consum] report+ ag5cy %all      
cle>ly & conspicu\sly include 9 a       
prom95t location on ! /atem5t1 9        
boldface type ( #ah-po9t font or l>g]1 &
 9 a text box ) boldface out] bord]s1 ! 
foll[+ notice3  ,educational cr$it score
 disclaim] ,! educational cr$it score   
provid$ to y is n a cr$it score t a l5d]
 or cr$itor is likely to use to make a  
loan or ext5d cr$it to y4 ,!re are _m   
diff]5t cr$it scores d]iv$ f a wide     
v>iety ( models us$ by l5d]s & cr$itors4
 ,an educational cr$it score is m]ely an
 educational tool4 ,x is int5d$ to      

provide consum]s ) a basic und]/&+ ( h[ 
! in=mation conta9$ 9 a consum] report  
may affect ! t]ms & conditions ( cr$it t
 are available4 ,! cr$it scores y       
receive directly f diff]5t l5d]s &      
cr$itors may n be ! same z an           
educational cr$it score4 ,!re are a     
numb] ( reasons = ?is3 7#a7 ,ea* company
 may use a diff]5t =mula = calculat+    
cr$it scores & ! diff]5ces 9 ! =mulas   
may lead to diff]5ces 9 y\r scores4     
7#b7 ,companies may produce scores t    
give results on diff]5t scales4  7#c7 ,n
 all l5d]s or cr$itors report to e      
consum] report+ ag5cy1 & !re=e !        
in=mation conta9$ 9 y\r consum] report t
 ! consum] report+ ag5cies use to       
calculate y\r educational cr$it score   
may diff] among ag5cies4  4  7,b7       
,prohibition on mislead+ repres5tations 
,a consum] report+ ag5cy may n ref] to  
an educational cr$it score z a cr$it    
score 9 any application1 solicitation1  
m>ket+1 or o!r in=mational mat]ials or  
m$ia4  7#g7 ,modification ( disclaim]s  

,! ,bureau may modify ! cont5t1 =mat1 & 
mann] ( ! disclaim]s requir$ "u         
p>agraphs 7#e7 & 7#f71 if w>rant$1 aft] 
conduct+ consum] te/+ or rese>*4  4     
#bjd4 ,free cr$it score disclosures &   
consum] reports  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,section  
#fab ( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae
 ,u4,s4,c4 #afha;j7 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9   
subsection 7a7-- 7,a7 9 p>agraph 7#a7-- 
7i7 9 subp>agraph 7,a71 by ins]t+ aft]  
section #fji ! foll[+3 7includ+ !       
disclosure ( a cr$it score or           
educational cr$it score "u subsection   
7f7 ( su* section72 &  7ii7 9           
subp>agraph 7,c7-- 7,i7 by /rik+        
,commission & ins]t+ ,bureau2 &  7,,ii7 
by ins]t+ 1 cr$it scores1 & educational 
cr$it scores 7z applicable7 aft] consum]
 reports ea* place t t]m appe>s2  7,b7 9
 p>agraph 7#b7-- 7i7 by /rik+ #ae days &
 ins]t+ #c bus9ess days2 &  7ii7 by     
ins]t+ 1 cr$it score1 or educational    
cr$it score aft] consum] report2  7,c7 9
 p>agraph 7#c71 by ins]t+ 1 cr$it score1
 or educational cr$it score aft] consum]

 report2 &  7,d7 9 p>agraph 7#d71 by    
ins]t+ 1 cr$it scores1 or educational   
cr$it scores aft] consum] reports2  7#b7
 9 subsection 7b71 by ins]t+ 7includ+ ! 
disclosure ( a cr$it score or           
educational cr$it score1 z applicable1  
"u subsection 7f7 ( su* section7 aft] ! 
fir/ in/ance ( section #fji2  7#c7 9    
subsection 7c7-- 7,a7 by ins]t+ 7includ+
 ! disclosure ( a cr$it score or        
educational cr$it score "u subsection   
7f7 ( su* section7 aft] pursuant to     
section #fji2  7,b7 9 p>agraph 7#b71 by 
/rik+ 2 or & ins]t+ a semicolon2  7,c7 9
 p>agraph 7#c71 by /rik+ ! p]iod at !   
end & ins]t+ a semicolon2 &  7,d7 by    
add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new p>agraphs3   
7#d7 has disput$ in=mation1 or submitt$ 
an appeal ( an inve/igation or          
re9ve/igation ( su* in=mation1 "u       
section #faa or #fbc1 reg>dless ( :e!r !
 consum] has already receiv$ a cr$it    
report1 cr$it score1 or educational     
cr$it score "u section #faa or #fbc2 or 
7#e7 has _h in=mation t 0 previ\sly     

delet$ "u section #faa7;a77#e7 re9s]t$  
into ! consum]'s file1 reg>dless ( :e!r 
! consum] has already receiv$ a cr$it   
report1 cr$it score1 or educational     
cr$it score "u su* section4  2  7#d7 9  
subsection 7d71 by ins]t+ 7includ+ !    
disclosure ( a cr$it score or           
educational cr$it score "u subsection   
7f7 ( su* section7 aft] section #fji2   
7#e7 9 subsection 7f77#a7-- 7,a7 by     
/rik+ reasonable *>ge & all t foll[s    
?r\gh section #fji & ins]t+ reasonable  
*>ge on a consum] = provid+ a consum]   
report to a consum]2  7,b7 by /rik+     
subp>agraph 7,b72  7,c7 by r$esignat+   
clauses 7i7 & 7ii7 z subp>agraphs 7,a7 &
 7,b71 respectively 7& con=m+ ! m>g9s   
accord+ly72 &  7,d7 9 subp>agraph 7,b7  
7z s r$esignat$71 by /rik+ disclosure2 &
 & ins]t+ disclosure42 &  7#f7 by add+  
at ! end ! foll[+ new subsections3  7h7 
,c5traliz$ s\rce = obta9+ free copy (   
consum] report & scores  7#a7           
,nationwide consum] report+ ag5cies     
7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,n lat] ?an #ahj days aft]

 ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is subsection1 ea*
 consum] report+ ag5cy describ$ "u      
subsection 7p7 ( section #fjc %all      
prom95tly display on ! home page ( !    
ag5cy's website-- 7i7 a hyp]l9k label$  
,get ,y\r ,free ,annual ,cr$it ,reports 
along ) ei!r y\r ,cr$it ,scores or      
,educational ,cr$it ,scores provid$ = "u
 ,f$]al ,law or sub/antially simil>     
text1 z det]m9$ by ! ,bureau2 &  7ii7 a 
disclosure titl$ ,consum]'s ,"r to ,free
 ,cr$it ,scores1 ,educational ,cr$it    
,scores1 & ,reports "u ,f$]al ,law or   
sub/antially simil> text1 z det]m9$ by !
 ,bureau t includes ! foll[+ /atem5t3   
,all consum]s are entitl$ to obta9 a    
free copy ( _! consum] report & cr$it   
score or educational cr$it score        
annually f ea* ( ! nationwide consum]   
report+ ag5cies4 ,"u ,f$]al law1 a      
consum] is entitl$ to obta9 additional  
free copies ( _! consum] reports1 along 
) a copy ( ei!r ! consum]'s cr$it score 
or educational cr$it score 7"u c]ta9    
circum/ances71 includ+3 7#a7 ,:5 a      

consum] is unemploy$ & int5ds to apply =
 employm5t )9 #fj days4  7#b7 ,:5 a     
consum] is a recipi5t ( public welf>e   
assi/ance4  7#c7 ,:5 a consum] has a    
reasonable belief t _! report conta9s   
inaccuracies z a result ( fraud4  7#d7  
,:5 a consum] ass]ts 9 good fai? a      
suspicion t ! consum] has be5 or is ab\t
 to become a victim ( id5tity !ft1      
fraud1 or a relat$ crime1 or h>m$ by !  
unau?oriz$ disclosure ( ! consum]'s     
f9ancial or p]sonally id5tifiable       
in=mation4  7#e7 ,:5 a consum] files a  
dispute or an appeal ( ! results ( a    
dispute ) a consum] report+ ag5cy or a  
p]son :o furni%$ in=mation to ! consum] 
report+ ag5cy reg>d+ ! accuracy or      
complet5ess ( ! in=mation conta9$ on _! 
report4  7#f7 ,aft] a furni%] (         
in=mation discov]s x has furni%$        
inaccurate or incomplete in=mation to a 
consum] report+ ag5cy1 & ! furni%]      
notifies ! ag5cy ( ! error4  7#g7 ,aft] 
an adv]se action is tak5 aga9/ a consum]
 or a consum] receives a risk-bas$ pric+

 notice4  7#h7 ,:5 a mortgage l5d]1     
private educational l5d]1 indirect auto 
l5d]1 or motor vehicle l5d] obta9s &    
uses a consum]'s reports or scores =    
und]writ+ purposes4  4  7,b7 ,hyp]l9k   
requirem5ts ,! hyp]l9k describ$ 9       
subp>agraph 7,a77i7 %all be prom95tly   
locat$ on ! top ( ! home page & %\ld l9k
 directly to ! website ( ! c5traliz$    
s\rce e/abli%$ pursuant to section      
#baa7;d7 ( ! ,fair & ,accurate ,cr$it   
,transactions ,act ( #bjjc 7#ae         
,u4,s4,c4 #afha;j note74  7,c7          
,modifications ,! ,bureau may modify !  
disclosure describ$ 9 subp>agraph       
7,a77ii7 z necess>y to include o!r      
circum/ances "u :i* a consum] has ! "r  
to receive a free consum] report1 cr$it 
score1 or educational cr$it score4  7#b7
 ,nationwide specialty consum] report+  
ag5cies  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,n lat] ?an #ahj 
days aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is       
subsection1 ea* nationwide specialty    
consum] report+ ag5cy %all prom95tly    
display on ! ,int]net home webpage ( !  

ag5cy a disclosure titl$ ,consum]'s ,"r 
to ,free ,consum] ,reports & ,cr$it     
,score or ,educational ,cr$it ,score 7z 
applicable7 "u ,f$]al ,law4 ,su*        
disclosure %all include ! foll[+        
/atem5t3  ,^u reque/1 all consum]s are  
entitl$ to obta9 a free copy ( _!       
consum] report & cr$it score or         
educational cr$it score 7z applicable7  
dur+ any #ab-mon? p]iod f ea* ( !       
nationwide specialty consum] report+    
ag5cies4 ,f$]al law also provides fur!r 
circum/ances "u :i* a consum] is entitl$
 to obta9 additional free copies ( _!   
consum] report & cr$it score or         
educational cr$it score 7z applicable7  
includ+3 7#a7 ,:5 a consum] is unemploy$
 & int5ds to apply = employm5t )9 #fj   
days4  7#b7 ,:5 a consum] is a recipi5t 
( public welf>e assi/ance4  7#c7 ,:5 a  
consum] has a reasonable belief t _!    
report conta9s inaccuracies z a result (
 fraud4  7#d7 ,:5 a consum] files a     
dispute or an appeal ( ! results ( a    
dispute ) a consum] report+ ag5cy or a  

p]son :o furni%$ in=mation to ! consum] 
report+ ag5cy reg>d+ ! accuracy or      
complet5ess ( ! in=mation conta9$ on _! 
report4  7#e7 ,aft] a furni%] (         
in=mation discov]s x has furni%$        
inaccurate or incomplete in=mation to a 
consum] report+ ag5cy1 & ! furni%]      
notifies ! ag5cy ( ! error4  7#f7 ,aft] 
an adv]se action is tak5 aga9/ a consum]
 or a consum] receives a risk-bas$ pric+
 notice4  7#g7 ,:5 a mortgage l5d]1     
private educational l5d]1 indirect auto 
l5d]1 or motor vehicle l5d] obta9s &    
uses a consum]'s reports or scores =    
und]writ+ purposes4  4  7,b7            
,modifications ,! ,bureau may modify !  
disclosure describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 z
 necess>y to include o!r circum/ances "u
 :i* a consum] has ! "r to receive a    
free consum] report & cr$it score or    
educational cr$it score 7z applicable74 
7,c7 ,toll-free telephone access ,!     
in=mation describ$ 9 ?is p>agraph %all  
also be made available via a toll-free  
telephone numb]4 ,su* numb] %all be     

prom95tly display$ on ! home page ( !   
website ( ea* nationwide specialty      
consum] report+ ag5cy4 ,ea* ( !         
circum/ances "u :i* a consum] may obta9 
a free consum] report & cr$it score or  
educational cr$it score 7z applicable7  
%all be pres5t$ 9 an easily und]/&able  
=mat & consum]s %all be direct$ to an   
individual :o is a cu/om] s]vice        
repres5tative n lat] ?an #b m9utes aft] 
! initial phone connection is made by ! 
consum]4 ,in=mation provid$ ?r\gh su*   
telephone numb] %all comply ) !         
requirem5ts ( section #fcc4  7,d7 ,onl9e
 consum] reports2 exemption ,^u receipt 
( a reque/ by a consum] = a consum]     
report1 ea* nationwide specialty consum]
 report+ ag5cy %all provide access to   
su* report electronically on ! ,int]net 
website describ$ 9 section #faa7;h74    
7i7 ,automatic provision ( free consum] 
reports & cr$it scores or educational   
cr$it scores ,a consum] report+ ag5cy   
%all provide to a consum] a free copy ( 
! file & cr$it score or educational     

cr$it score ( ! consum] :o-- 7#a7 obta9s
 a #a-ye> fraud al]t1 #g-ye> fraud al]t1
 active duty al]t1 or security freeze z 
describ$ 9 section #fje;,a2 or  7#b7 has
 disput$ in=mation1 or submitt$ an      
appeal ( an inve/igation or             
re9ve/igation ( su* in=mation1 "u       
section #faa or #fbc4  4  7b7 ,te*nical 
am5dm5t ,section #fae7;h77#g7 ( su* ,act
 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afham7h77#g77 is am5d$ 
by /rik+ section ea* place su* t]m      
appe>s & ins]t+ subsection4  #bje4      
,provision ( consum] reports & cr$it    
scores by private educational l5d]s     
,section #fji ( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ 
,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha;g7 is am5d$ by
 add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new subsection3 
7h7 ,disclosure ( consum] reports &     
cr$it scores by private educational     
l5d]s  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,if a private      
educational l5d] obta9s a copy ( any    
consum] reports or cr$it scores & uses  
su* reports or scores 9 connection ) an 
application ( a consum] = a private     
education loan1 ! private educational   

l5d] %all provide to ! consum]1 n lat]  
?an #c bus9ess days aft] obta9+ su*     
reports or scores & be=e ! date on :i* !
 consum] ent]s into a loan agreem5t ) ! 
private educational l5d]1 a copy ( any  
su* reports or scores1 along ) ! /atem5t
 describ$ "u subsection 7f77#b74  7#b7  
,co/s ,none ( ! co/s to ! private       
educational l5d] associat$ ) procur+    
consum] reports or cr$it scores "u ?is  
subsection may be *>g$1 directly or     
indirectly1 to ! consum]4  7#c7 ,rule ( 
con/ruction ,no?+ 9 ?is subsection %all 
be con/ru$ to elim9ate any requirem5t = 
cr$itors & l5d]s to provide cr$it score 
disclosures1 includ+ ! /atem5t describ$ 
"u subsection 7f77#b71 to consum]s z "p 
( an adv]se action or risk-bas$ pric+   
notice4  4  #bjf4 ,provision ( consum]  
reports & cr$it scores by motor vehicle 
l5d]s or indirect auto l5d]s ,section   
#fji ( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae
 ,u4,s4,c4 #afha;g71 z am5d$ by section 
#bje1 is fur!r am5d$ by add+ at ! end ! 
foll[+ new subsection3  7i7 ,disclosure 

( consum] reports & cr$it scores us$ by 
motor vehicle l5d]s or indirect auto    
l5d]s  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,if a motor vehicle
 l5d] or indirect auto l5d] obta9s a    
copy ( any consum] reports or cr$it     
scores & uses su* reports or scores 9   
connection ) an application ( a consum] 
= a motor vehicle loan or lease1 ! motor
 vehicle l5d] or indirect auto l5d] %all
 provide to ! consum] a docum5t1 sep>ate
 f ! consum]'s lease or pur*ase agreem5t
 & be=e ! consum] ent]s into a lease or 
pur*ase agreem5t1 disclos+ any consum]  
reports & cr$it scores1 includ+ !       
/atem5t describ$ 9 subsection 7f77#b71  
us$ by ! l5d] to det]m9e :e!r to ext5d  
cr$it to ! consum]4  7#b7 ,co/s ,none ( 
! co/s to ! motor vehicle l5d] or       
indirect auto l5d] associat$ ) procur+  
consum] reports or cr$it scores "u ?is  
subsection may be *>g$1 directly or     
indirectly1 to ! consum]4  7#c7 ,rule ( 
con/ruction ,no?+ 9 ?is subsection %all 
be con/ru$ to elim9ate any requirem5t = 
cr$itors & l5d]s to provide cr$it score 

disclosures1 includ+ ! /atem5t describ$ 
"u subsection 7f77#b71 to consum]s z "p 
( an adv]se action or risk-bas$ pric+   
notice4  7#d7 ,def9itions  7,a7         
,indirect auto l5d] ,! t]m indirect auto
 l5d] has ! mean+ giv5 ! t]m by !       
,bureau1 & %all include a p]son ext5d+ a
 loan made ) respect to a c>1 boat1     
motorcycle1 recreational vehicle1 or o!r
 simil> vehicle us$ prim>ily = p]sonal  
or h\sehold purposes4  7,b7 ,motor      
vehicle l5d] ,! t]m motor vehicle l5d]  
has ! mean+ giv5 ! t]m by ! ,bo>d (     
,gov]nors ( ! ,f$]al ,res]ve ,sy/em1 &  
%all include a p]son ext5d+ a loan made 
) respect to a c>1 boat1 motorcycle1    
recreational vehicle1 or o!r simil>     
vehicle us$ prim>ily = p]sonal or       
h\sehold purposes4  4  #bjg4 ,provision 
( consum] reports & cr$it scores by     
resid5tial mortgage l5d]s ,section      
#fji7;g7 ( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 
7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha;g7g77 is am5d$--   
7#a7 by r$esignat+ p>agraph 7#b7 z      
p>agraph 7#e72  7#b7 9 p>agraph 7#a7--  

7,a7 by /rik+ a consum] cr$it score &   
ins]t+ any consum] reports or cr$it     
scores2  7,b7 by /rik+ 1 z def9$ 9      
subsection 7f712  7,c7 by /rik+ ! foll[+
 to ! consum] z soon z reasonably       
practicable3 & ins]t+ 1 n lat] ?an #c   
bus9ess days aft] us+ su* reports or    
scores1 a docum5t disclos+ any consum]  
reports & cr$it scores us$ by ! l5d] to 
det]m9e :e!r to ext5d cr$it to ! consum]
 along ) ! /atem5t describ$ 9 subsection
 7f77#b742  7,d7 by /rik+ subp>agraphs  
7,a71 7,b71 7,c71 7,e71 & 7,f72  7,e7 by
 r$esignat+ subp>agraph 7,d7 z p>agraph 
7#c7 7& adju/+ ! m>g9s accord+ly72 &    
7,f7 by r$esignat+ subp>agraph 7,g7 z   
p>agraph 7#d7 7& adju/+ ! m>g9s         
accord+ly72  7#c7 by ins]t+ be=e        
p>agraph 7#c7 7z s designat$7 ! foll[+  
new p>agraph3  7#b7 ,rule ( con/ruction 
,no?+ 9 ?is subsection %all be con/ru$  
to elim9ate any requirem5t = l5d]s to   
provide cr$it score disclosures1 includ+
 ! /atem5t describ$ "u subsection       
7f77#b71 to consum]s z "p ( an adv]se   

action or risk-bas$ pric+ notice4  2    
7#d7 9 p>agraph 7#c7 7z s designat$71 9 
! quot$ mat]ial-- 7,a7 by ins]t+ 1 free 
( *>ge1 aft] disclose to y2 &  7,b7 by  
/rik+ affect+ y\r cr$it scores & ins]t+ 
affect+ y\r cr$it score or scores2  7#e7
 9 p>agraph 7#e7 7z s r$esignat$7 by    
ins]t+ or scores aft] cr$it score ea*   
place su* t]m appe>s2 &  7#f7 by add+ at
 ! end ! foll[+ new p>agraphs3  7#f7    
,actions n requir$ ,?is subsection %all 
n require any p]son to disclose any     
cr$it score or relat$ in=mation obta9$  
by ! p]son aft] a loan has clos$4  7#g7 
,no procurem5t co/s ,none ( ! co/s to ! 
cr$itor or l5d] associat$ ) procur+ any 
consum] reports or scores "u ?is        
subsection may be *>g$1 directly or     
indirectly1 to ! consum]4  4  ,,iii     
,/ud5t ,borr[] ,cr$it ,improvem5t ,act  
#cja4 ,removal ( adv]se in=mation =     
c]ta9 private education loan borr[]s    
7a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+   
,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha et seq471 z   
am5d$ by section #dje1 is fur!r am5d$ by

 ins]t+ aft] section #fje;,d ! foll[+   
new section3  #fje;,e4 ,cr$it           
rehabilitation = di/ress$ private       
education loan borr[]s  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,a 
consum] report+ ag5cy may n furni% any  
consum] report conta9+ any adv]se item (
 in=mation relat+ to a del9qu5t or      
default$ private education loan ( a     
borr[] if ! borr[] has rehabilitat$ !   
borr[]'s cr$it ) respect to su* loan by 
mak+ n9e on-"t mon?ly paym5ts 79        
accordance ) ! t]ms & conditions ( !    
borr[]'s orig9al loan agreem5t or any   
o!r repaym5t agreem5t t ant$ates !      
orig9al agreem5t7 dur+ a p]iod ( #aj    
consecutive mon?s on su* loan aft] !    
date on :i* ! del9qu5cy or default      
occurr$4  7b7 ,int]ruption ( #aj-,mon?  
p]iod = c]ta9 consum]s  7#a7 ,p]missible
 int]ruption ( ! #aj-mon? p]iod ,a      
borr[] may /op mak+ consecutive mon?ly  
paym5ts & be grant$ a grace p]iod aft]  
:i* ! #aj-mon? p]iod describ$ 9         
subsection 7a7 %all resume4 ,su* grace  
p]iod %all be provid$ "u ! foll[+       

circum/ances3 7,a7 ,) respect to a      
borr[] :o is a memb] ( ! ,arm$ ,=ces    
entitl$ to inc5tive pay = ! p]=mance (  
haz>d\s duty "u section #cja ( title    
#cg1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 haz>d\s duty  
pay "u section #cea ( su* title1 or o!r 
assignm5t or special duty pay "u section
 #ceb ( su* title1 ! grace p]iod %all   
beg9 on ! date on :i* ! borr[] beg9s su*
 assignm5t or duty & end on ! date t is 
#f mon?s aft] ! completion ( su*        
assignm5t or duty4  7,b7 ,) respect to a
 borr[] :o resides or works 9 an area   
affect$ by a major disa/] or em]g5cy    
decl>$ "u ! ,rob]t ,t4 ,/af=d ,disa/]   
,relief & ,em]g5cy ,assi/ance ,act1 !   
grace p]iod %all beg9 on ! initial date 
( ! incid5t p]iod ( ! major disa/] or   
em]g5cy & end on ! date t is ! e>li] (--
 7i7 #f mon?s aft] ! date on :i* ! major
 disa/] or em]g5cy 0 decl>$2 &  7ii7 !  
lat] (-- 7,i7 #c mon?s aft] ! date on   
:i* ! major disa/] or em]g5cy 0 decl>$2 
&  7,,ii7 ! date t ! ,director ( !      
,bureau1 9 consultation ) ! ,adm9i/rator

 ( ! ,f$]al ,em]g5cy ,managem5t ,ag5cy1 
det]m9es is ! date on :i* sub/antially  
all provision ( assi/ance by ! ,f$]al   
,em]g5cy ,managem5t ,ag5cy "u su* major 
disa/] or em]g5cy decl>ation has        
conclud$4  7#b7 ,o!r circum/ances  7,a7 
,9 g5]al ,! ,bureau may all[ a borr[]   
demon/rat+ h>d%ip to /op mak+           
consecutive mon?ly paym5ts & be grant$ a
 grace p]iod aft] :i* ! #aj-mon? p]iod  
describ$ 9 subsection 7a7 %all resume4  
7,b7 ,borr[] demon/rat+ h>d%ip def9$ ,9 
?is p>agraph1 ! t]m borr[] demon/rat+   
h>d%ip means a borr[] or a class (      
borr[]s :o1 z det]m9$ by ! ,bureau1 is  
fac+ or has exp]i5c$ unusual ext5uat+   
life circum/ances or ev5ts t result 9   
sev]e f9ancial or p]sonal b>ri]s1       
includ+ homelessness 7z def9$ by !      
,secret>y ( ,h\s+ & ,urban ,developm5t71
 su* t ! borr[] or class ( borr[]s does 
n h ! capacity to comply ) ! requirem5ts
 ( subsection 7a74  7c7 ,proc$ures ,!   
,bureau %all e/abli% proc$ures to       
implem5t ! cr$it rehabilitation describ$

 9 ?is section1 includ+-- 7#a7 ! mann]1 
cont5t1 & =m = reque/+ cr$it            
rehabilitation2  7#b7 ! me?od = validat+
 t ! borr[] is satisfy+ ! requirem5ts ( 
subsection 7a72  7#c7 ! mann]1 cont5t1 &
 =m = notify+ ! private educational loan
 hold] (-- 7,a7 ! borr[]'s p>ticipation 
9 cr$it rehabilitation "u subsection    
7a72  7,b7 ! requirem5ts describ$ 9     
subsection 7d72 &  7,c7 ! re/rictions   
describ$ 9 subsection 7f72  7#d7 !      
mann]1 cont5t1 & =m = notify+ a consum] 
report+ ag5cy (-- 7,a7 ! borr[]'s       
p>ticipation 9 cr$it rehabilitation "u  
subsection 7a72 &  7,b7 ! requirem5ts   
describ$ 9 subsection 7d72  7#e7 ! me?od
 = v]ify+ :e!r a borr[] qualifies = !   
grace p]iod describ$ 9 subsection 7b72  
7#f7 ! mann]1 cont5t1 & =m ( notify+ a  
consum] report+ ag5cy & private         
educational loan hold] t a borr[] 0     
grant$ a grace p]iod4  7d7 ,/&>diz$     
report+ codes ,a consum] report+ ag5cy  
%all develop /&>diz$ report+ codes = use
 by any private educational loan hold]  

to id5tify & report a borr[]'s /atus (  
mak+ & complet+ n9e on-"t mon?ly paym5ts
 dur+ a p]iod ( #aj consecutive mon?s on
 a del9qu5t or default$ private         
education loan1 includ+ codes specify+ !
 grace p]iod describ$ 9 subsection 7b7 &
 any agreem5t to modify mon?ly paym5ts4 
,su* codes %all n appe> on any report   
provid$ to a ?ird p>ty1 & %all be remov$
 f ! consum]'s cr$it report ^u !        
consum]'s completion ( ! rehabilitation 
p]iod "u ?is section z soon z possible1 
b 9 no case lat] ?an #e days aft] su*   
completion4  7e7 ,elim9ation ( b>ri]s to
 cr$it rehabilitation ,a consum] report 
9 :i* a private educational loan hold]  
furni%es ! /&>diz$ report+ codes        
describ$ 9 subsection 7d7 to a consum]  
report+ ag5cy1 or 9 :i* a consum]       
report+ ag5cy includes su* codes1 %all  
be deem$ to comply ) ! requirem5ts =    
accuracy & complet5ess "u sections      
#fjg7;b71 #fbc7;a77#a71 & #fcb4  7f7    
,prohibition on civil actions = consum]s
 pursu+ rehabilitation ,a private       

educational loan hold] may n comm5ce or 
proce$ ) any civil action aga9/ a borr[]
 ) respect to a del9qu5t or default$    
loan dur+ ! p]iod ( rehabilitation if ! 
private educational loan hold] has be5  
notifi$1 9 accordance ) ! proc$ures     
e/abli%$ by ! ,bureau pursuant to       
subsection 7c7-- 7#a7 ( su* borr[]'s    
int5t to p>ticipate 9 rehabilitation2   
7#b7 t su* borr[] has satisfi$ !        
requirem5ts "u subsection 7a72 or  7#c7 
t su* borr[] 0 grant$ a grace p]iod4    
7g7 ,impact on /atute ( limitations =   
prior debt ,paym5ts by a borr[] on a    
private education loan t are made dur+ &
 aft] a p]iod ( rehabilitation "u ?is   
section %all h no effect on ! /atute (  
limitations ) respect to paym5ts t 7 due
 on su* private education loan be=e !   
beg9n+ ( ! p]iod ( rehabilitation4  7h7 
,paym5t plans ,if a private educational 
loan hold] ent]s into a paym5t plan ) a 
borr[] on a private education loan dur+ 
a p]iod ( rehabilitation1 su* paym5t    
plan %all be reasonable & af=dable1 z   

det]m9$ by ! ,bureau4  7i7 ,rules (     
con/ruction  7#a7 ,application to       
subsequ5t default or del9qu5cy ,a borr[]
 :o satisfies ! requirem5ts "u          
subsection 7a7 %all be eligible =       
additional cr$it rehabilitation describ$
 9 subsection 7a7 ) respect to any      
subsequ5t default or del9qu5cy ( !      
borr[] on ! rehabilitat$ private        
education loan4  7#b7 ,int]ruption (    
consecutive paym5t p]iod requirem5t ,!  
grace p]iod describ$ 9 subsection       
7b77#a77;,a7 %all n apply if any        
regulation promulgat$ "u section #ihg ( 
title #aj1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code 7commonly
 kn[n z ! ,milit>y ,l5d+ ,act71 or !    
,s]vicememb]s ,civil ,relief ,act 7#ej  
,u4,s4,c4 ,app4 #eja et seq47 all[s = a 
grace p]iod or o!r int]ruption ( !      
#aj-mon? p]iod describ$ 9 subsection 7a7
 & su* grace p]iod or o!r int]ruption is
 long] ?an ! p]iod describ$ 9 subsection
 7b77#a77;,a7 or o!rwise provides great]
 protection or b5efit to ! borr[] :o is 
a memb] ( ! ,arm$ ,=ces4  4  7b7 ,table 

( cont5ts am5dm5t ,! table ( cont5ts ( !
 ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act1 z am5d$ by 
section #dje1 is fur!r am5d$ by ins]t+  
aft] ! item relat+ to section #fje;,d ! 
foll[+ new item3  #fje;,e4 ,cr$it       
rehabilitation = di/ress$ private       
education loan borr[]s :o demon/rate a  
hi/ory ( loan repaym5t4  4  7c7 ,con=m+ 
am5dm5t ,section #fbc7;a77#a7 ( ! ,fair 
,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4     
#afhas-#b7;a77#a77 is am5d$ by /rik+    
subp>agraph 7,e74  #cjb4 ,private       
education loan def9itions ,section #fjc 
( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae     
,u4,s4,c4 #afha;a71 z am5d$ by section  
#bja7;a71 is fur!r am5d$ by add+ at !   
end ! foll[+ new subsection3  7cc7      
,private education loan def9itions ,!   
t]ms private education loan & private   
educational l5d] h ! mean+s giv5 su*    
t]ms1 respectively1 9 section #adj7;a7 (
 ! ,tru? 9 ,l5d+ ,act4  4  ,,iv ,cr$it  
re/oration = victims ( pr$atory         
activities & unfair consum] report+     
practices  #dja4 ,adv]se cr$it in=mation

  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,section #fje ( ! ,fair  
,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4     
#afha;c71 z am5d$ by sections #ajg1     
#aji1 & #bja1 is fur!r am5d$-- 7#a7 9   
subsection 7a7-- 7,a7 by /rik+ ,except z
 au?oriz$ "u subsection 7b71 no & ins]t+
 ,no2  7,b7 9 p>agraph 7#a71 by /rik+   
#aj ye>s & ins]t+ #g ye>s2  7,c7 9      
p>agraph 7#b71 by /rik+ ,civil suits1   
civil judgm5ts1 & records & ins]t+      
,records2  7,d7 9 p>agraph 7#c71 by     
/rik+ sev5 ye>s & ins]t+ #d ye>s2  7,e7 
9 p>agraph 7#d71 by /rik+ sev5 ye>s &   
ins]t+ #d ye>s2  7,f7 9 p>agraph 7#e7-- 
7i7 by /rik+ 1 o!r ?an records (        
convictions ( crimes2 &  7ii7 by /rik+  
sev5 ye>s & ins]t+ #d ye>s2 &  7,g7 by  
add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new p>agraphs3   
7#i7 ,civil suits & civil judgm5ts      
7except z provid$ 9 p>agraph 7#h77 t1 f 
date ( entry1 ant$ate ! report by m ?an 
#d ye>s or until ! gov]n+ /atute (      
limitations has expir$1 :i*ev] is !     
long] p]iod4  7#aj7 ,a civil suit or    
civil judgm5t-- 7,a7 br\ght by a private

 education loan hold] t1 f ! date (     
successful completion ( cr$it re/oration
 or rehabilitation 9 accordance ) !     
requirem5ts ( section #fje;,d or        
#fje;,e1 ant$ates ! report by #de cal5d>
 days2 or  7,b7 br\ght by a l5d] )      
respect to a cov]$ resid5tial mortgage  
loan 7z def9$ 9 section #fje;,c7b77 t   
ant$ates ! report by #de cal5d> days4   
7#aa7 ,records ( convictions ( crimes   
:i* ant$ate ! report by m ?an #g ye>s4  
7#ab7 ,any o!r adv]se item ( in=mation  
relat+ to ! collection ( debt t did n   
arise f a contract or an agreem5t to pay
 by a consum]1 includ+ f9es1 tickets1 & 
o!r assessm5ts1 z det]m9$ by ! ,bureau1 
exclud+ tax liability4  2  7#b7 by /rik+
 subsection 7b7 & r$esignat+ subsections
 7c7 ?r\gh 7h7 z subsections 7b7 ?r\gh  
7g71 respectively2 &  7#c7 9 subsection 
7b7 7z s r$esignat$71 by /rik+ #g-ye>   
p]iod ref]r$ to 9 p>agraphs 7#d7 & 7#f7 
& ins]t+ #d-ye> p]iod ref]r$ to 9       
p>agraphs 7#d7 & 7#e74  7b7 ,con=m+     
am5dm5ts ,! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act  

7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha7 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9 
section #faf7;e7 7z r$esignat$ by       
section #aaj7;a77#a77;,b771 by /rik+    
section #fje7;g7 ea* place t t]m appe>s 
& ins]t+ section #fje7;f72 &  7#b7 9    
section #fbe7;b77#e77;,a71 by /rik+     
section #fje7;g7 & ins]t+ section       
#fje7;f74  7c7 ,prohibition on inclusion
 ( arre/ in=mation if !re is no         
conviction ,section #fje7;a7 ( ! ,fair  
,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4     
#afha;c7a771 z am5d$ by section #hji1 is
 fur!r am5d$ by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3 
7#bj7 ,records ( an arre/1 if ! consum] 
0 n convict$ ( any crime 9 connection ) 
! arre/4  4  #djb4 ,exp$it$ removal (   
fully paid or settl$ debt f consum]     
reports ,section #fje7;a7 ( ! ,fair     
,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4     
#afha;c7a771 z am5d$ by section #dja1 is
 fur!r am5d$ by add+ at ! end ! foll[+  
new p>agraph3  7#ac7 ,any o!r adv]se    
item ( in=mation relat$ to a fully paid 
or settl$ debt t _h be5 *>act]iz$ z     
del9qu5t1 *>g$ (f1 or 9 collection :i*1 

f ! date ( paym5t or settlem5t1 ant$ates
 ! report by m ?an #de cal5d> days4  4  
#djc4 ,m$ical debt collections  7a7     
,removal ( fully paid or settl$ m$ical  
debt f consum] reports ,section #fje7;a7
 ( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae    
,u4,s4,c4 #afha;c7a771 z am5d$ by       
section #djb1 is fur!r am5d$ by add+ at 
! end ! foll[+ new p>agraph3  7#ad7 ,any
 o!r adv]se item ( in=mation relat$ to a
 fully paid or settl$ debt aris+ f !    
receipt ( m$ical s]vices1 products1 or  
devices t _h be5 *>act]iz$ z del9qu5t1  
*>g$ (f1 or 9 collection :i*1 f ! date (
 paym5t or settlem5t1 ant$ates ! report 
by m ?an #de cal5d> days4  4  7b7       
,e/abli%+ an ext5d$ "t p]iod be=e c]ta9 
m$ical debt in=mation may be report$    
,section #fje7;a7 ( ! ,fair ,cr$it      
,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4            
#afha;c7a771 z am5d$ by subsection 7a71 
is fur!r am5d$ by add+ at ! end ! foll[+
 new p>agraph3  7#ae7 ,any in=mation    
relat$ to a debt aris+ f ! receipt (    
m$ical s]vices1 products1 or devices1 if

 ! date on :i* su* debt 0 plac$ =       
collection1 *>g$ to pr(it or loss1 or   
subject$ to any simil> action ant$ates !
 report by less ?an #cfe cal5d> days4  4
  7c7 ,prohibition on report+ m$ically  
necess>y proc$ures ,section #fje7;a7 ( !
 ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae        
,u4,s4,c4 #afha;c7a771 z am5d$ by       
subsection 7b71 is fur!r am5d$ by add+  
at ! end ! foll[+ new p>agraph3  7#af7  
,any in=mation relat$ to a debt aris+ f 
a m$ically necess>y proc$ure4  4  7d7   
,m$ically necess>y proc$ure def9$       
,section #fjc ( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ 
,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha;a71 z am5d$ by
 section #ija1 is fur!r am5d$ by add+ at
 ! end ! foll[+3  7ee7 ,m$ically        
necess>y proc$ure ,! t]m m$ically       
necess>y proc$ure means-- 7#a7 heal? c>e
 s]vices or supplies ne$$ to diagnose or
 treat an illness1 injury1 condition1   
disease1 or its symptoms & t meet       
accept$ /&>ds ( m$ic9e2 &  7#b7 heal?   
c>e to prev5t illness or detect illness 
at an e>ly /age1 :5 treatm5t is likely  

to "w be/ 7includ+ prev5tive s]vices su*
 z pap te/s1 flu %ots1 & scre5+         
mammograms74  4  7e7 ,te*nical am5dm5t  
,section #fjd7;g77#a77;,c7 ( ! ,fair    
,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4     
#afha;b7g77#a77;,c77 is fur!r am5d$ by  
/rik+ devises & ins]t+ devices4  #djd4  
,cr$it re/oration = victims ( pr$atory  
mortgage l5d+ & s]vic+  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,! 
,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae         
,u4,s4,c4 #afha et seq47 is am5d$ by    
ins]t+ aft] section #fje;,b ! foll[+ new
 section3  #fje;,c4 ,cr$it re/oration = 
victims ( pr$atory mortgage l5d+  7a7 ,9
 g5]al ,a consum] report+ ag5cy may n   
furni% any consum] report conta9+ any   
adv]se item ( in=mation relat+ to a     
cov]$ resid5tial mortgage loan 7includ+ 
! orig9ation & s]vic+ ( su* a loan1 any 
loss mitigation activities relat$ to su*
 a loan1 & any =eclosure1 de$ 9 lieu (  
=eclosure1 or %ort sale relat$ to su* a 
loan71 if ! action or inaction to :i* ! 
item ( in=mation relates-- 7#a7 result$ 
f an unfair1 deceptive1 or abusive act  

or practice1 or a fraudul5t1            
discrim9atory1 or illegal activity ( a  
f9ancial in/itution1 z det]m9$ by !     
,bureau or a c\rt ( compet5t            
jurisdiction2 or  7#b7 is relat$ to an  
unfair1 deceptive1 or abusive act1      
practice1 or a fraudul5t1 discrim9atory1
 or illegal activity ( a f9ancial       
in/itution t is ! subject ( a settlem5t 
agreem5t initiat$ on behalf ( a consum] 
or consum]s & t is betwe5 ! f9ancial    
in/itution & an ag5cy or dep>tm5t ( a   
local1 ,/ate1 or ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1      
reg>dless ( :e!r su* settlem5t includes 
an admission ( wrongdo+4  7b7 ,cov]$    
resid5tial mortgage loan def9$ ,9 ?is   
section1 ! t]m cov]$ resid5tial mortgage
 loan means any loan prim>ily = p]sonal1
 family1 or h\sehold use t is secur$ by 
a mortgage1 de$ ( tru/1 or o!r equival5t
 cons5sual security int]e/ on a dwell+  
7z def9$ 9 section #ajc7w7 ( ! ,tru? 9  
,l5d+ ,act71 includ+ a loan 9 :i* !     
proce$s w be us$ =-- 7#a7 a manufactur$ 
home 7z def9$ 9 section #fjc ( ! ,h\s+ &

 ,community ,developm5t ,act ( #aigd72  
7#b7 any in/allm5t sales contract1 l&   
contract1 or contract = de$ on a        
resid5tial prop]ty2 or  7#c7 a rev]se   
mortgage transaction 7z def9$ 9 section 
#ajc ( ! ,tru? 9 ,l5d+ ,act74  4  7b7   
,table ( cont5ts am5dm5t ,! table (     
cont5ts ( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act  
is am5d$ by ins]t+ aft] ! item relat+ to
 section #fje;,b ! foll[+ new item3     
#fje;,c4 ,cr$it re/oration = victims (  
pr$atory mortgage l5d+4  4  7c7         
,effective date ,! am5dm5ts made by ?is 
section %all take effect at ! end ( !   
#ah-mon? p]iod beg9n+ on ! date ( !     
enactm5t ( ?is ,act4  #dje4 ,cr$it      
re/oration = c]ta9 private education    
loans borr[]s  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,fair    
,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4     
#afha et seq471 z am5d$ by section #djd1
 is fur!r am5d$ by ins]t+ aft] section  
#fje;,c ! foll[+ new section3  #fje;,d4 
,cr$it re/oration = c]ta9 private       
education loans borr[]s  7a7 ,process = 
c]tification z a qualify+ private       

education loan borr[]  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,a 
consum] may submit a reque/ to !        
,bureau1 along ) a defraudm5t claim1 to 
be c]tifi$ z a qualify+ private         
education loan borr[] ) respect to a    
private education loan4  7#b7           
,c]tification ,! ,bureau %all c]tify a  
consum] describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a7 z a    
qualify+ private education loan borr[] )
 respect to a private education loan if 
! ,bureau or a c\rt ( compet5t          
jurisdiction det]m9es t ! consum] has a 
valid defraudm5t claim ) respect to su* 
loan4  7b7 ,removal ( adv]se in=mation  
,^u receipt ( a notice describ$ 9       
subsection 7d77#e71 a consum] report+   
ag5cy %all remove any adv]se in=mation  
relat+ to any private education loan )  
respect to :i* a consum] is a qualify+  
private education loan borr[] f any     
consum] report )9 #de cal5d> days (     
receipt ( su* notification4  7c7        
,disclosure ,! ,bureau %all disclose !  
results ( a c]tification det]m9ation 9  
writ+ to ! consum] t provides a cle> &  

concise explanation ( ! basis = !       
det]m9ation ( :e!r su* consum] is a     
qualify+ private education loan borr[] )
 respect to a private education loan &1 
z applicable1 an explanation ( !        
consum]'s "r to h adv]se in=mation      
relat+ to su* loan remov$ f _! consum]  
report by a consum] report+ ag5cy4  7d7 
,proc$ures ,! ,bureau %all-- 7#a7       
e/abli% proc$ures = a consum] to submit 
a reque/ describ$ 9 subsection 7a72     
7#b7 e/abli% proc$ures to effici5tly    
review1 accept1 & process su* a reque/2 
7#c7 develop ongo+ outrea* initiatives &
 education programs to in=m consum]s ( !
 circum/ances "u :i* su* consum] may be 
eligible to be c]tifi$ z a qualify+     
private education loan borr[] ) respect 
to a private education loan2  7#d7      
e/abli% proc$ures1 includ+ ! mann]1 =m1 
& cont5t ( ! notice in=m+ a private     
educational loan hold] ( ! prohibition  
on report+ any adv]se in=mation relat+  
to a private education loan ) respect to
 :i* a consum] is a qualify+ private    

education loan borr[]2 &  7#e7 e/abli%  
proc$ures1 includ+ ! mann]1 =m1 & cont5t
 ( ! notice in=m+ a consum] report+     
ag5cy ( ! obligation to remove any      
adv]se in=mation z describ$ 9 subsection
 7c74  7e7 ,/&>diz$ report+ codes ,a    
consum] report+ ag5cy %all develop      
/&>diz$ report+ codes = use by private  
education loan hold]s to id5tify &      
report a qualify+ private education loan
 borr[]'s /atus ( a reque/ to remove any
 adv]se in=mation relat+ to any private 
education loan ) respect to :i* su*     
consum] is a qualify+ private education 
loan borr[]4 ,a consum] report 9 :i* a  
p]son furni%es su* codes %all be deem$  
to comply ) ! requirem5ts = accuracy &  
complet5ess requir$ "u sections         
#fjg7;b71 #fbc7;a77#a71 & #fcb4 ,su*    
codes %all n appe> on any report provid$
 to a ?ird p>ty1 & %all be remov$ f !   
consum]'s cr$it report ^u ! successful  
re/oration ( ! consum]'s cr$it "u ?is   
section4  7f7 ,defraudm5t claim def9$ ,=
 purposes ( ?is section1 ! t]m          

defraudm5t claim means a claim made )   
respect to a consum] :o is a borr[] ( a 
private education loan ) respect to a   
propriet>y educational in/itution or    
c>e] education program 9 :i* ! consum]  
alleges t-- 7#a7 ! propriet>y           
educational in/itution or c>e] education
 program-- 7,a7 engag$ 9 an unfair1     
deceptive1 or abusive act or practice1  
or a fraudul5t1 discrim9atory1 or       
illegal activity-- 7i7 z def9$ by ,/ate 
law ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* ! propriet>y        
educational in/itution or c>e] education
 program is headqu>t]$ or ma9ta9s or    
ma9ta9$ significant op]ations2 or  7ii7 
"u ,f$]al law2  7,b7 is ! subject ( an  
en=cem5t ord]1 a settlem5t agreem5t1 a  
memor&um ( und]/&+1 a susp5sion (       
tuition assi/ance1 or any o!r action    
relat+ to an unfair1 deceptive1 or      
abusive act or practice t is betwe5 !   
propriet>y educational in/itution or    
c>e] education program & an ag5cy or    
dep>tm5t ( a local1 ,/ate1 or ,f$]al    
,gov]nm5t2 or  7,c7 misrepres5t$ facts  

to /ud5ts or accr$it+ ag5cies or        
associations ab\t graduation or ga9ful  
employm5t rates 9 recogniz$ occupations 
or fail$ to provide ! c\rsework necess>y
 = /ud5ts to successfully obta9 a       
pr(essional c]tification or degree f !  
propriet>y educational in/itution or    
c>e] education program2 or  7#b7 !      
consum] has submitt$ a valid def5se to  
repaym5t claim ) respect to su* loan1 z 
det]m9$ by ! ,secret>y ( ,education4  4 
7b7 ,table ( cont5ts am5dm5t ,! table ( 
cont5ts ( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act1 
z am5d$ by section #djd1 is fur!r am5d$ 
by ins]t+ aft] ! item relat+ to section 
#fje;,c ! foll[+ new item3  #fje;,d4    
,cr$it re/oration = c]ta9 private       
education loans borr[]s4  4  #djf4      
,f9ancial abuse prev5tion  7a7 ,9 g5]al 
,! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae      
,u4,s4,c4 #afha et seq471 z am5d$ by    
section #cja1 is fur!r am5d$ by ins]t+  
aft] section #fje;,e ! foll[+ new       
section3  #fje;,f4 ,f9ancial abuse      
prev5tion ,= a consum] :o is ! victim ( 

int5tionally abusive or h>mful f9ancial 
behavior1 z det]m9$ by a c\rt ( compet5t
 jurisdiction includ+ a family c\rt1    
juv5ile c\rt1 or o!r c\rt ) p]sonal     
jurisdiction1 t 0 conduct$ by a sp\se1  
family or h\sehold memb]1 c>egiv]1 or   
p]son ) :om su* consum] _h a dat+       
relation%ip 9 a mann] :i* result$ 9 !   
inclusion ( an adv]se item ( in=mation  
on ! consum] report ( ! consum]1 & !    
consum] did n p>ticipate 9 or cons5t to 
su* behavior1 ! consum] may apply to a  
c\rt ( compet5t jurisdiction1 includ+ a 
family c\rt1 juv5ile c\rt1 or o!r c\rt )
 p]sonal jurisdiction1 = an ord] to     
require ! removal ( su* adv]se in=mation
 f ! consum]'s file ma9ta9$ by any      
consum] report+ ag5cy4  4  7b7 ,table ( 
cont5ts am5dm5t ,! table ( cont5ts ( !  
,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act1 z am5d$ by  
section #cja1 is fur!r am5d$ by ins]t+  
aft] ! item relat+ to section #fje;,e ! 
foll[+ new item3  #fje;,f4 ,f9ancial    
abuse prev5tion4  4  #djg4 ,prohibition 
( c]ta9 factors relat$ to ,f$]al cr$it  

re/oration or rehabilitation ,! ,fair   
,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4     
#afha et seq471 z am5d$ by section #ejb1
 is fur!r am5d$-- 7#a7 by add+ at ! end 
! foll[+ new section3  #fcb4            
,prohibition ( c]ta9 factors relat$ to  
,f$]al cr$it re/oration or              
rehabilitation  7a7 ,re/riction on cr$it
 scor+ models ,a cr$it scor+ model may  
n-- 7#a7 take into consid]ation1 9 a    
mann] adv]se to a consum]'s cr$it score 
or educational cr$it score1 any         
in=mation 9 a consum] report conc]n+ !  
consum]'s p>ticipation 9 cr$it          
re/oration or rehabilitation "u section 
#fje;,c1 #fje;,d1 or #fje;,e2 or  7#b7  
treat negatively1 9 a mann] adv]se to a 
consum]'s cr$it score or educational    
cr$it score1 ! abs5ce ( paym5t hi/ory   
data = an exi/+ acc\nt1 :e!r ! acc\nt is
 op5 or clos$1 :]e ! abs5ce ( su*       
in=mation is ! result ( a consum]'s     
p>ticipation 9 cr$it re/oration or      
rehabilitation "u section #fje;,c1      
#fje;,d1 or #fje;,e4  7b7 ,re/riction on

 p]sons obta9+ consum] reports ,a p]son 
:o obta9s a consum] report may n-- 7#a7 
take into consid]ation1 9 a mann] adv]se
 to a consum]1 any in=mation 9 a consum]
 report conc]n+ ! consum]'s p>ticipation
 9 cr$it re/oration or rehabilitation "u
 section #fje;,c1 #fje;,d1 or #fje;,e2  
or  7#b7 treat negatively ! abs5ce (    
paym5t hi/ory data = an exi/+ acc\nt1   
:e!r ! acc\nt is op5 or clos$1 :]e !    
abs5ce ( su* in=mation is ! result ( a  
consum]'s p>ticipation 9 cr$it          
re/oration or rehabilitation "u section 
#fje;,c1 #fje;,d1 or #fje;,e4  7c7      
,accuracy & complet5ess ,if a p]son :o  
furni%es in=mation to a consum] report+ 
ag5cy reque/s ! removal ( in=mation f a 
consum] report or a consum] report+     
ag5cy removes in=mation f a consum]     
report 9 compliance ) ! requirem5ts "u  
section #fje;,c1 #fje;,d1 or #fje;,e1 or
 su* in=mation 0 remov$ pursuant at     
section #fje7;a77#aa71 su* report %all  
be deem$ to satisfy ! requirem5ts =     
accuracy & complet5ess ) respect to su* 

in=mation4  7d7 ,prohibition relat$ to  
adv]se actions & risk-,bas$ pric+       
decisions ,no p]son %all use in=mation  
relat$ to a consum]'s p>ticipation 9    
cr$it re/oration or rehabilitation "u   
section #fje;,c1 #fje;,d1 or #fje;,e 9  
connection ) any det]m9ation (-- 7#a7 ! 
consum]'s eligibility or cont9u$        
eligibility = an ext5sion ( cr$it2  7#b7
 ! t]ms & conditions (f]$ to a consum]  
reg>d+ an ext5sion ( cr$it2 or  7#c7 an 
adv]se action made = employm5t purposes4
  2 &  7#b7 9 ! table ( cont5ts = su*   
,act1 by ins]t+ aft] ! item relat+ to   
section #fca ! foll[+ new item3  #fcb4  
,prohibition ( c]ta9 factors relat$ to  
,f$]al cr$it re/oration or              
rehabilitation4  4  ,v ,cl>ity 9 ,cr$it 
,score ,=mation  #eja4 ,consum] ,bureau 
/udy & report to ,congress on ! impact (
 non-traditional data  7a7 ,/udy ,!     
,bureau ( ,consum] ,f9ancial ,protection
 %all c>ry out a /udy to assess ! impact
 7includ+ ! availability & af=dability (
 cr$it & o!r noncr$it decisions1 !      

pot5tial positive & negative impacts on 
consum] cr$it scores1 & any un9t5d$     
consequ5ces7 ( us+ traditional model+   
te*niques or alt]native model+ te*niques
 to analyze non-traditional data f a    
consum] report & ( includ+              
non-traditional data on consum] reports 
on ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,consum]s ) no or     
m9imal traditional cr$it hi/ory4  7#b7  
,traditionally und]s]v$ communities &   
populations4  7#c7 ,consum]s resid+ 9   
rural areas4  7#d7 ,consum]s resid+ 9   
urban areas4  7#e7 ,racial & e?nic      
m9orities & wom54  7#f7 ,consum]s across
 v>i\s income /rata1 p>ticul>ly consum]s
 e>n+ less ?an #abj p]c5t ( ! area m$ian
 income 7z def9$ by ! ,secret>y ( ,h\s+ 
& ,urban ,developm5t74  7#g7            
,immigrants1 refugees1 & non-p]man5t    
resid5ts4  7#h7 ,m9ority f9ancial       
in/itutions 7z def9$ "u section #cjh7;b7
 ( ! ,f9ancial ,in/itutions ,re=m1      
,recov]y1 & ,en=cem5t ,act ( #aihi 7#ab 
,u4,s4,c4 #adfc note77 & community      
f9ancial in/itutions4  7#i7 ,consum]s   

resid+ 9 f$]ally assi/$ h\s+1 includ+   
consum]s receiv+ ,f$]al r5tal subsidies4
  7b7 ,additional consid]ations ,9      
assess+ impacts "u subsection 7a71 !    
,bureau ( ,consum] ,f9ancial ,protection
 %all also consid] impacts on-- 7#a7 !  
privacy1 security1 & confid5tiality ( ! 
f9ancial1 m$ical1 & p]sonally           
id5tifiable in=mation ( consum]s2  7#b7 
! control ( consum]s ov] h[ su*         
in=mation may or w be us$ or consid]$2  
7#c7 ! und]/&+ ( consum]s ( h[ su*      
in=mation may be us$ or consid]$ & !    
ease ) :i* a consum] may decide to      
re/rict or prohibit su* use or          
consid]ation ( su* in=mation2  7#d7     
pot5tial discrim9atory effects2 &  7#e7 
disp>ate outcomes ! use or consid]ation 
( su* in=mation may cause4  7c7         
,consid]ation ( rec5t ,gov]nm5t /udies  
,9 assess+ impacts "u subsection 7a71 ! 
,bureau ( ,consum] ,f9ancial ,protection
 %all also consid] rec5t ,gov]nm5t      
/udies on alt]native data1 includ+--    
7#a7 ! report ( ! ,bureau ( ,consum]    

,f9ancial ,protection titl$ ,,cfpb ,data
 ,po9t3 ,becom+ ,cr$it ,visible 7publi%$
 ,june #bjag72 &  7#b7 ! report ( !     
,comptroll] ,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates    
titl$ ,f9ancial ,te*nology3 ,ag5cies    
,%\ld ,provide ,cl>ification on ,l5d]s' 
,use ( ,alt]native ,data 7publi%$       
,decemb] #bjah74  7d7 ,report ,n lat]   
?an #a ye> aft] ! date ( ! enactm5t (   
?is ,act1 ! ,bureau ( ,consum] ,f9ancial
 ,protection %all issue a report to !   
,committee on ,f9ancial ,s]vices ( !    
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & ! ,committee  
on ,bank+1 ,h\s+1 & ,urban ,affairs ( ! 
,s5ate conta9+ all f9d+s & det]m9ations1
 includ+ any recomm5dations = any       
legislative or regulatory *anges1 made 9
 c>ry+ out ! /udy requir$ "u subsection 
7a74  7e7 ,def9itions ,9 ?is section3   
7#a7 ,alt]native model+ te*niques ,! t]m
 alt]native model+ te*niques means      
/ati/ical & ma!matical te*niques t are n
 traditional model+ te*niques1 includ+  
decision trees1 r&om =e/s1 artificial   
neutral networks1 ne>e/ neighbor1 g5etic

 programm+1 & boo/+ algori?ms4  7#b7    
,consum] report ,! t]m consum] report   
has ! mean+ giv5 su* t]m 9 section #fjc 
( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae     
,u4,s4,c4 #afha;a74  7#c7               
,non-traditional data ,! t]m            
non-traditional data means data relat$  
to telecommunications1 utility paym5ts1 
r5t paym5ts1 remittances1 wire transf]s1
 data n o!rwise regul>ly includ$ 9      
consum] reports issu$ by consum] report+
 ag5cies describ$ "u section #fjc7p71 & 
su* o!r items z ! ,bureau ( ,consum]    
,f9ancial ,protection deems appropriate4
  7#d7 ,traditional model+ te*niques ,! 
t]m traditional model+ te*niques means  
/ati/ical & ma!matical te*niques        
7includ+ models1 algori?ms1 l9e> &      
logi/ic regression me?ods1 & _! outputs7
 t are traditionally us$ 9 automat$     
und]writ+ processes4  #ejb4 ,consum]    
,bureau ov]sight ( cr$it scor+ models ,!
 ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae        
,u4,s4,c4 #afha et seq471 z am5d$ by    
section #gja1 is fur!r am5d$-- 7#a7 by  

add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new section3     
#fca4 ,cr$it scor+ models  7a7 ,validat$
 cr$it scor+ models ,n lat] ?an #a ye>  
aft] ! date ( ! enactm5t ( ?is section1 
! ,bureau %all 79 consultation ) ! ,bo>d
 ( ,gov]nors ( ! ,f$]al ,res]ve ,sy/em1 
! ,comptroll] ( ! ,curr5cy1 ! ,bo>d (   
,directors ( ! ,f$]al ,deposit          
,insurance ,corporation1 & ! ,national  
,cr$it ,union ,adm9i/ration ,bo>d7 issue
 f9al regulations applicable to any     
p]son t creates1 ma9ta9s1 utilizes1 or  
pur*ases cr$it scor+ models us$ 9 mak+  
cr$it decisions to e/abli% /&>ds =      
validat+ ! accuracy & pr$ictive value ( 
all su* cr$it scor+ models1 bo? be=e    
release = initial use & at regul>       
int]vals !reaft]1 = z long z su* cr$it  
scor+ models are made available =       
pur*ase or use by su* p]son4  7b7       
,prohibition ,at lea/ once e #b ye>s1 ! 
,bureau %all conduct a review ( cr$it   
scor+ models to det]m9e :e!r ! use ( any
 p>ticul> factors1 or ! weight or       
consid]ation giv5 to c]ta9 factors by   

cr$it scor+ models1 is inappropriate1   
includ+ if su* factors d n enhance or   
contribute to ! accuracy & pr$ictive    
value ( ! models4 ,^u ! conclusion ( its
 review1 ! ,bureau may prohibit a p]son 
describ$ 9 subsection 7a7 f weigh+1     
consid]+1 or includ+ c]ta9 factors 91 or
 mak+ available = pur*ase or use1 c]ta9 
cr$it scor+ models or v]sions1 z !      
,bureau det]m9es appropriate4  2 &  7#b7
 9 ! table ( cont5ts = su* ,act1 z am5d$
 by section #gja1 by add+ aft] ! item   
relat+ to section #fcj ! foll[+ new     
item3  #fca4 ,cr$it scor+ models4  4    
#ejc4 ,review ( *anges to cr$it scor+   
models ,section #fca ( ! ,fair ,cr$it   
,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha et   
seq471 z add$ by section #ejb1 is am5d$ 
by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3  7c7 ,review 
( *anges to cr$it scor+ models ,)       
respect to a p]son t creates cr$it scor+
 models us$ 9 mak+ cr$it decisions1 if  
su* p]son creates a new cr$it scor+     
model 7includ+ a revision to an exi/+   
scor+ model7 t w\ld1 :5 comp>$ to       

previ\s cr$it scor+ models creat$ by su*
 p]son1 l[] ! cr$it scores ( a class (  
consum]s1 ! ,director ( ! ,bureau may   
review su* new cr$it scor+ model &1 if !
 ,director det]m9es t su* new cr$it     
scor+ model is inappropriate 7includ+1 )
 respect to a revision to an exi/+ scor+
 model1 if su* revision does n enhance  
or contribute to ! accuracy & pr$ictive 
value ( ! exi/+ scor+ model71 !         
,director may prohibit su* new cr$it    
scor+ model4  4  ,,vi ,re/rictions on   
,cr$it ,*ecks = ,employm5t ,decisions   
#fja4 ,prohibition on ! use ( cr$it     
in=mation = mo/ employm5t decisions  7a7
 ,9 g5]al ,section #fjd ( ! ,fair ,cr$it
 ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha;b7  
is am5d$-- 7#a7 9 subsection            
7a77#c77;,b71 by ins]t+ 1 subject to !  
requirem5ts ( subsection 7b7 aft]       
purposes2 &  7#b7 9 subsection 7b7--    
7,a7 9 p>agraph 7#a7-- 7i7 by am5d+ !   
p>agraph head+ to read z foll[s3 ,use ( 
consum] reports = employm5t purposes2   
7ii7 9 subp>agraph 7,a71 by r$esignat+  

clauses 7i7 & 7ii7 z subclauses 7,i7 &  
7,,ii71 respectively 7& con=m+ ! m>g9s  
accord+ly72  7iii7 by r$esignat+        
subp>agraphs 7,a7 & 7,b7 z clauses 7i7 &
 7ii71 respectively 7& con=m+ ! m>g9s   
accord+ly72  7iv7 by /rik+ ! p]iod at ! 
end ( clause 7ii7 7z s r$esignat$7 &    
ins]t+ 2 &2  7v7 by /rik+ ag5cy may     
furni% & ins]t+ ag5cy-- 7,a7 may furni% 
2 &  7vi7 by add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new 
subp>agraph3  7,b7 except z provid$ 9   
p>agraph 7#e71 may n furni% a consum]   
report = employm5t purposes1 includ+ = !
 purpose ( d5y+ employm5t1 ) respect to 
any consum] 9 :i* any in=mation conta9$ 
9 ! report be>s on ! consum]'s          
cr$itwor?9ess1 cr$it /&+1 or cr$it      
capacity4  2 &  7,b7 by add+ at ! end ! 
foll[+ new p>agraphs3  7#e7 ,requirem5ts
 = consum] reports be>+ on ! consum]'s  
cr$itwor?9ess1 cr$it /&+1 or cr$it      
capacity  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,a p]son may use
 a consum] report = employm5t purposes )
 respect to any consum] 9 :i* any       
in=mation conta9$ 9 ! report be>s on !  

consum]'s cr$itwor?9ess1 cr$it /&+1 or  
cr$it capacity only if-- 7i77,i7 ! p]son
 is requir$ to obta9 ! report by a      
,f$]al1 ,/ate1 or local law or          
regulation2  7,,ii7 ! in=mation conta9$ 
9 ! report is be+ us$ ) respect to a    
national security inve/igation 7z def9$ 
9 p>agraph 7#d77;,d772 or  7,,iii7 !    
report is necess>y = a backgr\nd *eck or
 relat$ inve/igation ( f9ancial         
in=mation t is requir$ by a ,f$]al1     
,/ate1 or local law or regulation2  7ii7
 none ( ! co/ associat$ ) obta9+ !      
consum] report w be pass$ on to !       
consum] to :om ! report relates2 &      
7iii7 ! in=mation conta9$ 9 ! consum]   
report w n be disclos$ to any o!r p]son 
o!r ?an-- 7,i7 9 an aggregate =mat t    
protects a consum]'s p]sonally          
id5tifiable in=mation2 or  7,,ii7 z may 
be necess>y to comply ) any applicable  
,f$]al1 ,/ate1 or local equal employm5t 
opportunity law or regulation4  7,b7    
,disclosures ,a p]son :o procures1 or   
causes to be procur$1 a consum] report  

describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 = employm5t 
purposes %all1 9 ! disclosure made      
pursuant to p>agraph 7#b71 include-- 7i7
 an explanation t a consum] report is   
be+ obta9$ = employm5t purposes2  7ii7 !
 reasons = obta9+ su* a report2 &  7iii7
 ! citation to ! applicable ,f$]al1     
,/ate1 or local law or regulation       
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a77i77,i74     
7,c7 ,adv]se actions ,9 us+ a consum]   
report describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 =    
employm5t purposes & be=e tak+ an adv]se
 action bas$ 9 :ole or 9 "p on ! report1
 ! p]son int5d+ to take su* adv]se      
action %all1 9 addition to ! in=mation  
describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#c71 provide to !  
consum] to :om ! report relates-- 7i7 ! 
"n1 address1 & telephone numb] ( !      
consum] report+ ag5cy t furni%$ ! report
 7includ+1 = a consum] report+ ag5cy t  
compiles & ma9ta9s files on consum]s on 
a nationwide basis1 a toll-free         
telephone numb] e/abli%$ by su* ag5cy72 
7ii7 ! date on :i* ! report 0 furni%$2 &
  7iii7 ! specific factors f ! report ^u

 :i* ! adv]se action 7z def9$ 9 section 
#fjc7k77#a77;,b77ii77 0 bas$4  7,d7     
,national security inve/igations ,!     
requirem5ts ( p>agraph 7#d7 %all apply  
to a consum] report describ$ "u         
subp>agraph 7,a74  7,e7                 
,non-circumv5tion ,) respect to a       
consum] report 9 :i* any in=mation      
conta9$ 9 ! report be>s on ! consum]'s  
cr$itwor?9ess1 cr$it /&+1 or cr$it      
capacity1 if a p]son is prohibit$ f us+ 
! consum] report pursuant to subp>agraph
 7,a71 su* p]son may n1 directly or     
indirectly1 ei!r orally or 9 writ+1     
require1 reque/1 sugge/1 or cause any   
employee or prospective employee to     
submit su* in=mation to ! p]son z a     
condition ( employm5t4  7,f7 ,non-waiv] 
,a consum] may n waive ! requirem5ts (  
?is p>agraph ) respect to a consum]     
report4  7#f7 ,rule ( con/ruction ,no?+ 
9 ?is subsection %all be con/ru$ to     
require a consum] report+ ag5cy to      
prev5t a ,f$]al1 ,/ate1 or local law    
en=cem5t ag5cy f access+ in=mation 9 a  

consum] report to :i* ! law en=cem5t    
ag5cy c\ld o!rwise obta9 access4  4  7b7
 ,te*nical am5dm5t ,! ,fair ,cr$it      
,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha et   
seq47 is am5d$ by /rik+ section         
#fjd7;b77#d77;,e77i7 ea* place su* t]m  
appe>s & ins]t+ section                 
#fjd7;b77#d77;,d77i74  7c7 ,rule (      
con/ruction ,! am5dm5ts made by ?is ,act
 may n be con/ru$ z limit+ ! ability ( a
 p]son to use non-f9ancial or non-cr$it 
relat$ consum] report in=mation4  ,,vii 
,prohibition on mislead+ & unfair       
consum] report+ practices  #gja4        
,prohibition on automatic r5ewals =     
promotional consum] report+ & cr$it     
scor+ products & s]vices ,! ,fair ,cr$it
 ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha et  
seq47 is am5d$-- 7#a7 by add+ at ! end !
 foll[+ new section3  #fcj4 ,promotional
 p]iods  7a7 ,t]m9ation notice ,)       
respect to any product or s]vice relat$ 
to a consum] report or a cr$it score t  
is provid$ to a consum] "u promotional  
t]ms1 ! sell] or provid] ( su* product  

or s]vice %all provide cle> & conspicu\s
 notice to ! consum] )9 a reasonable    
p]iod ( "t be=e ! promotional p]iod     
ends4  7b7 ,opt-,9 ,) respect to any su*
 product or s]vice1 ! sell] or provid]  
may n cont9ue to sell or provide su*    
product or s]vice to ! consum] aft] !   
end ( ! promotional p]iod unless !      
consum] specifically agrees at ! end ( !
 promotional p]iod to cont9ue receiv+ ! 
product or s]vice4  2 &  7#b7 9 ! table 
( cont5ts = su* ,act1 by ins]t+ aft] !  
item relat+ to section #fbi ! foll[+ new
 item3  #fcj4 ,promotional p]iods4  4   
#gjb4 ,prohibition on mislead+ &        
deceptive m>ket+ relat$ to ! provision (
 consum] report+ & cr$it scor+ products 
& s]vices ,section #fji ( ! ,fair ,cr$it
 ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha;g71 
z am5d$ by section #bjf1 is fur!r       
am5d$-- 7#a7 9 subsection 7a7-- 7,a7 9  
p>agraph 7#a7-- 7i7 by /rik+ reque/1    
except & all t foll[s ?r\gh consum] to  
:om & ins]t+ reque/1 unless ! consum] to
 :om2  7ii7 by /rik+ disclosure2 & &    

ins]t+ disclosure42 &  7iii7 by /rik+   
subp>agraph 7,b72 &  7,b7 9 p>agraph    
7#f71 by ins]t+ or educational cr$it    
score 7if applicable7 "u subsection 7f7 
or section #fab be=e ! p]iod at ! end2 &
  7#b7 by add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new    
subsection3  7j7 ,disclosures on        
products & s]vices ,! ,bureau1 9        
consultation ) ! ,f$]al ,trade          
,commission1 %all issue regulations )9  
#ah mon?s ( ! date ( ! enactm5t ( ?is   
subsection requir+ ea* consum] report+  
ag5cy & resell] to cle>ly & conspicu\sly
 disclose all mat]ial t]ms & conditions1
 includ+ any fee & pric+ in=mation      
associat$ ) any products or s]vices     
(f]$1 adv]tis$1 m>ket$1 or sold to      
consum]s by ! ag5cy or resell]4 ,su*    
disclosures %all be made 9 all =ms (    
communication to consum]s & display$    
prom95tly on ! ag5cy or resell]'s       
website & all o!r locations :]e products
 or s]vices are (f]$1 adv]tis$1 m>ket$1 
or sold to consum]s4  4  #gjc4          
,prohibition on excessive               

direct-to-consum] sales ,! ,fair ,cr$it 
,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha et   
seq471 z am5d$ by section #djg1 is fur!r
 am5d$-- 7#a7 by add+ aft] section #fcb 
! foll[+ new section3  #fcc4 ,fair &    
reasonable fees = products & s]vices ,! 
,bureau may1 ) respect to any product or
 s]vice (f]$ by a consum] report+ ag5cy 
to a consum]1 set a fair & reasonable   
maximum fee t may be *>g$ = su* product 
or s]vice1 except :]e su* maximum fee is
 o!rwise provid$ "u ?is title4  2 &     
7#b7 9 ! table ( cont5ts = su* ,act1 by 
add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new item3  #fcc4 
,fair & reasonable fees = products &    
s]vices4  4  #gjd4 ,fair access to      
consum] report+ & cr$it scor+           
disclosures = nonnative ,engli% speak]s 
& ! visually & he>+ impair$ ,! ,fair    
,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4     
#afha et seq471 z am5d$ by section #ijc1
 is fur!r am5d$-- 7#a7 by add+ at ! end 
! foll[+ new section3  #fce4 ,fair      
access to in=mation = nonnative ,engli% 
speak]s & ! visually & he>+ impair$  7a7

 ,9 g5]al ,n lat] ?an #ahj days aft] !  
date ( ! enactm5t ( ?is section1 !      
,bureau %all issue a rule to require    
consum] report+ ag5cies & p]sons :o     
furni% in=mation to consum] report+     
ag5cies "u ?is title1 to ! maximum ext5t
 reasonably practicable-- 7#a7 to       
provide any in=mation1 disclosures1 or  
o!r communication ) consum]s-- 7,a7 9   
ea* ( ! #aj mo/ commonly spok5          
languages1 o!r ?an ,engli%1 9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates1 z det]m9$ by ! ,bureau ( !      
,c5sus on an ongo+ basis2 &  7,b7 9     
=mats accessible to individuals ) he>+  
or vision impairm5ts2 &  7#b7 to ensure 
t-- 7,a7 cu/om] s]vice repres5tatives1  
includ+ employees assign$ to h&le       
disputes or appeals "u sections #faa &  
#fbc1 :o are available to assi/ consum]s
 are highly famili> ) ! requirem5ts (   
?is title2  7,b7 su* repres5tatives are 
available dur+ regul> bus9ess h\rs &    
outside ( regul> bus9ess h\rs1 includ+  
ev5+s & week5ds2 &  7,c7 at lea/ "o     
among su* repres5tatives is flu5t 9 ea* 

( ! #aj mo/ commonly spok5 languages1   
o!r ?an ,engli%1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z   
det]m9$ by ! ,bureau ( ! ,c5sus on an   
ongo+ basis4  7b7 ,bureau consultation  
,! ,bureau %all consult ) advocates =   
civil rights1 consum] gr\ps1 community  
gr\ps1 & organizations t s]ve           
traditionally und]s]v$ communities &    
populations 9 issu+ ! rule describ$ 9   
subsection 7a74  2 &  7#b7 9 ! table (  
cont5ts = su* ,act1 by add+ at ! end !  
foll[+ new item3  #fce4 ,fair access to 
in=mation = nonnative ,engli% speak]s & 
! visually & he>+ impair$4  4  #gje4    
,comp>ison %opp+ = loans )\t h>m to     
cr$it /&+ ,section #fje ( ! ,fair ,cr$it
 ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha;c71 
z am5d$ by section #dja1 is fur!r am5d$ 
by add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new           
subsection3  7h7 ,enc\rag+ comp>ison    
%opp+ = loans  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,) respect 
to multiple enquiries ( ! same type made
 to a consum] report+ ag5cy = a consum] 
report or cr$it score ) respect to a    
consum]1 any cr$it scor+ model %all     

treat su* enquiries z a s+le enquiry if 
! enquiries are made )9 a #abj-;day     
p]iod4  7#b7 ,def9ition ( enquiries ( ! 
same type ,) respect to multiple        
enquiries made to a consum] report+     
ag5cy = a consum] report or cr$it score 
) respect to a consum]1 su* enquiries   
are ( ! same type if ! consum] report+  
ag5cy has reason to believe t !         
enquiries are all made = ! purpose (    
det]m9+ ! consum]'s cr$itwor?9ess = an  
ext5sion ( cr$it describ$ 9 "o ( !      
foll[+3 7,a7 ,a cov]$ resid5tial        
mortgage loan 7z def9$ 9 section        
#fje;,c74  7,b7 ,a motor vehicle loan or
 lease 7z describ$ 9 section #fji7;i774 
7,c7 ,a private education loan4  7,d7   
,any o!r consum] f9ancial product or    
s]vice1 z det]m9$ by ! ,bureau4  4      
#gjf4 ,nationwide consum] report+       
ag5cies regi/ry ,! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+
 ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha et seq471 z  
am5d$ by section #gjd1 is fur!r am5d$-- 
7#a7 by add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new      
section3  #fcf4 ,nationwide consum]     

report+ ag5cies regi/ry  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,n
 lat] ?an #a ye> aft] ! date ( enactm5t 
( ?is section1 ! ,bureau %all e/abli% & 
ma9ta9 a publicly accessible regi/ry (  
consum] report+ ag5cies describ$ 9      
subsection 7p7 or 7x7 ( section #fjc 7& 
any o!r ag5cies ! ,bureau det]m9es      
provide simil> s]vices to su* consum]   
report+ ag5cies7 t includes curr5t      
contact in=mation ( ea* su* ag5cy1      
includ+ ! ,int]net website address ( !  
,int]net website describ$ "u section    
#faa7;h71 & in=mation on h[ consum]s c  
obta9 _! consum] report1 cr$it scores1  
or educational cr$it scores 7z          
applicable7 by toll-free telephone1     
po/al mail1 or electronic means4  7b7   
,regi/ry requirem5ts ,! regi/ry describ$
 9 subsection 7a7 %all-- 7#a7 id5tify ! 
l>ge/ ag5cies & ! m>kets & demographics 
cov]$ by su* ag5cies2 &  7#b7 disclose1 
) respect to ea* ag5cy1 :e!r ! ag5cy is 
subject to ! sup]visory au?ority ( !    
,bureau "u ?is title4  7c7 ,in=mation   
updates ,ea* ag5cy describ$ "u          

subsection 7a7 %all submit to ! ,bureau 
contact in=mation = ! regi/ry1 includ+  
any updates to su* in=mation4 ,! ,bureau
 %all-- 7#a7 indep5d5tly v]ify in=mation
 submitt$ by ea* ag5cy2 &  7#b7 update !
 regi/ry n less frequ5tly ?an annually4 
2 &  7#b7 9 ! table ( cont5ts = su* ,act
 by add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new item3    
#fcf4 ,nationwide consum] report+       
ag5cies regi/ry4  4  #gjg4 ,protection =
 c]ta9 consum]s affect$ by a %utd[n  7a7
 ,def9ition ( employee affect$ by a     
%utd[n ,section #fjc ( ! ,fair ,cr$it   
,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha;a71 z
 am5d$ by section #ija1 is fur!r am5d$  
by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3  7ff7        
,employee affect$ by a %utd[n ,) respect
 to a %utd[n1 ! t]m employee affect$ by 
a %utd[n means a consum] :o-- 7#a7 is an
 employee (-- 7,a7 ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 &
 :o is furl\gh$ or except$ f a furl\gh  
dur+ ! %utd[n2  7,b7 ! ,di/rict (       
,columbia1 & :o is furl\gh$ or except$ f
 a furl\gh dur+ ! %utd[n2  7,c7 !       
,di/rict ( ,columbia ,c\rts1 & :o is    

furl\gh$ or except$ f a furl\gh dur+ !  
%utd[n2  7,d7 ! ,public ,def5d] ,s]vice 
= ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 & :o is       
furl\gh$ or except$ f a furl\gh dur+ !  
%utd[n2 or  7,e7 a ,f$]al contractor 7z 
def9$ "u section #gaja ( title #da1     
,unit$ ,/ates ,code7 or o!r bus9ess1 &  
:o has exp]i5c$ a sub/antial r$uction 9 
pay 7directly or indirectly7 due to !   
%utd[n2 &  7#b7 :o-- 7,a7 is li/$ 9 !   
database e/abli%$ "u section #fc2 or    
7,b7 has self-c]tifi$ pursuant to su*   
section4  7gg7 ,%utd[n ,! t]m %utd[n    
means any p]iod 9 :i* !re is m ?an a    
#bd-;h\r lapse 9 appropriations z a     
result ( a failure to enact a regul>    
appropriations bill or cont9u+          
resolution4  7hh7 ,cov]$ %utd[n p]iod ,!
 t]m cov]$ %utd[n p]iod means1 ) respect
 to a %utd[n1 ! p]iod beg9n+ on ! fir/  
day ( ! %utd[n & end+ on ! date t is #ij
 days aft] ! la/ day ( ! %utd[n4  4  7b7
 ,exclusion = employees affect$ by a    
%utd[n ,section #fje7;a7 ( ! ,fair      
,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4     

#afha;c7a771 z am5d$ by section #hji1 is
 fur!r am5d$ by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3 
7#ah7 ,any adv]se item ( in=mation )    
respect to an action or inaction tak5   
dur+ a cov]$ %utd[n p]iod by an employee
 affect$ by a %utd[n4  4  7c7 ,am5dm5t  
to summ>y ( rights = employees affect$  
by a %utd[n ,section #fji7;a7 ( ! ,fair 
,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4     
#afha;g7a77 is am5d$ by add+ at ! end ! 
foll[+3  7#g7 ,in=mation on ! rights (  
an employee affect$ by a %utd[n1 includ+
 :i* consum]s may be an employee affect$
 by a %utd[n & ! process = a consum] to 
self-c]tify z an employee affect$ by a  
%utd[n "u section #fcg4  4  7d7         
,database & self-,c]tification =        
employees affect$ by a %utd[n  7#a7 ,9  
g5]al ,! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae
 ,u4,s4,c4 #afha et seq471 z am5d$ by   
section #gjf1 is fur!r am5d$ by add+ at 
! end ! foll[+ new section3  #fcg4      
,database & self-c]tification =         
employees affect$ by a %utd[n  7a7      
,database  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,) respect to  

ea* %utd[n1 ! consum] report+ ag5cies   
describ$ 9 section #fjc7p7 %all jo9tly  
e/abli% a database t includes employees 
affect$ by ! %utd[n z report$ pursuant  
to p>agraph 7#b74  7#b7 ,cont5ts (      
database  7,a7 ,furl\gh$ employees &    
contractors ,ea* au?ority ( ! executive1
 legislative1 or judicial bran* ( !     
,f$]al ,gov]nm5t or ,di/rict ( ,columbia
 %all provide to ! consum] report+      
ag5cies describ$ 9 section #fjc7p7 a li/
 id5tify+-- 7i7 employees ( su* au?ority
 t are furl\gh$1 except$ f furl\gh1 or n
 receiv+ pay because ( a %utd[n2 &  7ii7
 to ! ext5t practicable1 employees (    
contractors ( su* au?ority4  7,b7       
,self-c]tifi$ consum]s ,a consum] t     
self-c]tifies z an employee affect$ by a
 %utd[n pursuant to subsection 7b7 %all 
be includ$ 9 ! database1 unless !       
,bureau det]m9es su* consum] is n an    
employee affect$ by a %utd[n4  7#c7     
,access to database ,! consum] report+  
ag5cies describ$ 9 section #fjc7p7 %all 
make ! database e/abli%$ "u ?is         

subsection available to ! ,bureau1 o!r  
consum] report+ ag5cies1 furni%]s (     
in=mation to consum] report+ ag5cies1 & 
us]s ( consum] reports4 ,a consum]      
report+ ag5cy describ$ 9 section #fjc7x7
 %all p]iodically access ! database to  
confirm ! accuracy ( in=mation su* an   
ag5cy has t id5tifies a consum] z an    
employee affect$ by a %utd[n4  7b7      
,self-,c]tification process ,a consum]  
%all be deem$ to be an employee affect$ 
by a %utd[n if su* consum] self-c]tifies
 ?r\gh-- 7#a7 ! website e/abli%$ "u     
subsection 7c72 or  7#b7 a toll-free    
telephone numb] e/abli%$ by a consum]   
report+ ag5cy4  7c7 ,website ,! consum] 
report+ ag5cies describ$ 9 section      
#fjc7p7 %all jo9tly e/abli% a website = 
a consum] to self-c]tify z an employee  
affect$ by a %utd[n4 ,su* website may n 
include any adv]tisem5t or o!r          
solicitation4  7d7 ,opt-,out ,! consum] 
report+ ag5cies describ$ 9 section      
#fjc7p7 %all provid$ a process ?r\gh !  
website describ$ "u subsection 7c7 =    

consum]s to opt-out ( hav+ _! "n includ$
 9 ! database e/abli%$ "u ?is section4  
4  7#b7 ,table ( cont5ts am5dm5t ,!     
table ( cont5ts ( ! ,fair ,cr$it        
,report+ ,act1 z am5d$ by section #gjf1 
is fur!r am5d$ by add+ at ! end ! foll[+
 new item3  #fcg4 ,database &           
self-c]tification = employees affect$ by
 a %utd[n4  4  7e7 ,prohibition on      
adv]se actions aga9/ employees affect$  
by a %utd[n ,section #fjd ( ! ,fair     
,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4     
#afha;b7 is am5d$ by add+ at ! end !    
foll[+3  7h7 ,prohibition on adv]se     
actions aga9/ employees affect$ by a    
%utd[n ,if a us] ( a consum] report kn[s
 t a consum] is an employee affect$ by a
 %utd[n1 su* us] may n take an adv]se   
action bas$ on-- 7#a7 any adv]se item ( 
in=mation conta9$ 9 su* report ) respect
 to an action or inaction tak5 dur+ a   
cov]$ %utd[n p]iod by ! employee2 or    
7#b7 in=mation on ! consum] includ$ 9 ! 
database e/abli%$ "u section #fcg4  4   
7f7 ,bureau regulations or guidance ,n  

lat] ?an #cj days aft] ! date ( !       
enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,director ( !    
,bureau ( ,consum] ,f9ancial ,protection
 %all issue rules or guidance1 z        
appropriate1 to c>ry out ! requirem5ts (
 ?is ,act4  ,,viii ,protections aga9/   
id5tity !ft1 fraud1 or a relat$ crime   
#hja4 ,id5tity !ft report def9ition  7a7
 ,9 g5]al ,p>agraph 7#d7 ( section      
#fjc7q7 ( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act  
7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha;a7q77#d77 is am5d$ 
to read z foll[s3  7#d7 ,id5tity !ft    
report ,! t]m id5tity !ft report has !  
mean+ giv5 t t]m by rule ( ! ,bureau1 & 
means1 at a m9imum1 a report-- 7,a7 t is
 a /&>diz$ affidavit t alleges t a      
consum] has be5 a victim ( id5tity !ft1 
fraud1 or a relat$ crime1 or has be5    
h>m$ by ! unau?oriz$ disclosure ( !     
consum]'s f9ancial or p]sonally         
id5tifiable in=mation1 t 0 develop$ &   
made available by ! ,bureau2 or  7,b7   
7i7 t alleges an id5tity !ft1 fraud1 or 
a relat$ crime1 or alleges h>m f !      
unau?oriz$ disclosure ( ! consum]'s     

f9ancial or p]sonally id5tifiable       
in=mation2  7ii7 t is a copy ( an       
(ficial1 valid report fil$ by a consum] 
) an appropriate ,f$]al1 ,/ate1 or local
 law en=cem5t ag5cy 7includ+ ! ,unit$   
,/ates ,po/al ,inspection ,s]vice71 or  
su* o!r gov]nm5t ag5cy deem$ appropriate
 by ! ,bureau2 &  7iii7 ! fil+ ( :i*    
subjects ! p]son fil+ ! report to       
crim9al p5alties relat+ to ! fil+ (     
false in=mation if ! in=mation 9 !      
report is actually false4  4  7b7       
,rulemak+ ,n lat] ?an ! end ( ! #b-ye>  
p]iod beg9n+ on ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is 
,act1 ! ,director ( ! ,bureau ( ,consum]
 ,f9ancial ,protection %all issue f9al  
rules to c>ry out ! am5dm5t made by     
subsection 7a74  #hjb4 ,am5dm5t to      
protection = files & cr$it records (    
protect$ consum]s  7a7 ,am5dm5t to      
def9ition ( file ,section #fjc7;g7 ( !  
,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae         
,u4,s4,c4 #afha;a7g77 is am5d$ by ins]t+
 1 except t su* t]m excludes a record   
creat$ pursuant to section #fje;,a7j7   

aft] /or$4  7b7 ,am5dm5t to protection =
 files & cr$it records ,section         
#fje;,a7j7 ( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+    
,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha;c-#a7;j77 is  
am5d$-- 7#a7 9 p>agraph 7#a7-- 7,a7 9   
subp>agraph 7,b77ii71 by /rik+ an       
incapacitat$ p]son or a protect$ p]son &
 ins]t+ a p]son2 &  7,b7 by am5d+       
subp>agraph 7,e7 to read z foll[s3  7,e7
 ,! t]m security freeze-- 7i7 has !     
mean+ giv5 9 subsection 7i77#a77;,c72 & 
7ii7 ) respect to a protect$ consum] =  
:om ! consum] report+ ag5cy does n h a  
file1 means a record t is subject to a  
security freeze t a consum] report+     
ag5cy is prohibit$ f disclos+ to any    
p]son reque/+ ! consum] report = !      
purpose ( op5+ a new acc\nt involv+ !   
ext5sion ( cr$it4  2 &  7#b7 9 p>agraph 
7#d77;,d71 by /rik+ a protect$ consum]  
or a protect$ consum]'s repres5tative "u
 subp>agraph 7,a77i7 & ins]t+ a protect$
 consum] describ$ "u subp>agraph        
7,a77ii7 or a protect$ consum]'s        
repres5tative4  #hjc4 ,enhancem5t to    

fraud al]t protections ,section #fje;,a 
( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae     
,u4,s4,c4 #afha;c-#a7 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9 
subsection 7a7-- 7,a7 9 ! subsection    
head+1 by /rik+ ,"o-,call & ins]t+      
#a-,ye>2  7,b7 9 p>agraph 7#a7-- 7i7 9 !
 p>agraph head+1 by /rik+ ,initial al]ts
 & ins]t+ ,9 g5]al2  7ii7 by ins]t+ or  
has be5 or is ab\t to be h>m$ by !      
unau?oriz$ disclosure ( ! consum]'s     
f9ancial or p]sonally id5tifiable       
in=mation1 aft] id5tity !ft12  7iii7 9  
subp>agraph 7,a7-- 7,i7 by ins]t+ 7:i*  
p]iod may be ext5d$ ^u reque/ ( !       
consum] or su* repres5tative7 aft] #a   
ye>2 &  7,,ii7 by /rik+ & at ! end2     
7iv7 9 subp>agraph 7,b7-- 7,i7 by ins]t+
 #a-ye> be=e fraud al]t2 &  7,,ii7 by   
/rik+ ! p]iod at ! end & ins]t+ 2 &2 &  
7v7 by add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new       
subp>agraph3  7,c7 ^u ! expiration ( !  
p]iod describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 or any
 ext5sion ( su* p]iod1 & 9 response to a
 direct reque/ by ! consum] or su*      
repres5tative1 cont9ue ! fraud al]t = a 

p]iod ( #a additional ye> if ! in=mation
 ass]t$ 9 ?is p>agraph rema9s           
applicable4  2 &  7,c7 9 p>agraph 7#b7--
 7i7 9 ! p>agraph head+1 by ins]t+ &    
cr$it or educational cr$it scores aft]  
reports2  7ii7 by ins]t+ #a-ye> be=e    
fraud al]t2  7iii7 9 subp>agraph 7,a71  
by ins]t+ & cr$it score or educational  
cr$it score aft] file2 &  7iv7 9        
subp>agraph 7,b71 by /rik+ any reque/   
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 & ins]t+ !  
consum] report+ ag5cy includes ! #a-ye> 
fraud al]t 9 ! file ( a consum]2  7#b7 9
 subsection 7b7-- 7,a7 9 ! subsection   
head+1 by /rik+ ,ext5d$ & ins]t+        
#g-,ye>2  7,b7 9 p>agraph 7#a7-- 7i7 9  
subp>agraph 7,a71 by ins]t+ 7:i* p]iod  
may be ext5d$ ^u reque/ ( ! consum] or  
su* repres5tative7 aft] #g-ye> p]iod    
beg9n+ on ! date ( su* reque/2  7ii7 9  
subp>agraph 7,b7-- 7,i7 by /rik+ !      
#e-ye> p]iod beg9n+ on ! date ( su*     
reque/ & ins]t+ su* #g-ye> p]iod        
7includ+ any ext5sion ( su* p]iod72 &   
7,,ii7 by /rik+ & at ! end2  7iii7 9    

subp>agraph 7,c7-- 7,i7 by /rik+ ext5d$ 
& ins]t+ #g-ye>2 &  7,,ii7 by /rik+ !   
p]iod at ! end & ins]t+ 2 &2 &  7iv7 by 
add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new subp>agraph3 
7,d7 ^u ! expiration ( su* #g-ye> p]iod 
or any ext5sion ( su* p]iod1 & 9        
response to a direct reque/ by ! consum]
 or su* repres5tative1 cont9ue ! fraud  
al]t = a p]iod ( #g additional ye>s if !
 consum] or su* repres5tative submits an
 updat$ id5tity !ft report4  2 &  7,c7 9
 p>agraph 7#b7-- 7i7 9 ! p>agraph head+1
 by ins]t+ & cr$it or educational cr$it 
scores aft] reports2 &  7ii7 by am5d+   
subp>agraph 7,a7 to read z foll[s3  7,a7
 disclose to ! consum] t ! consum] may  
reque/ a free copy ( ! file & cr$it     
score or educational cr$it score ( !    
consum] pursuant to section #fab7;d7    
dur+ ea* #ab-mon? p]iod beg9n+ on ! date
 on :i* ! #g-ye> fraud al]t 0 includ$ 9 
! file & end+ on ! date ( ! la/ day t ! 
#g-ye> fraud al]t applies to ! consum]'s
 file2 &  2  7#c7 9 subsection 7c7--    
7,a7 9 p>agraph 7#a71 by ins]t+ or      

educational cr$it score aft] cr$it      
score2  7,b7 by r$esignat+ p>agraphs    
7#a71 7#b71 & 7#c71 z subp>agraphs 7,a71
 7,b71 & 7,c71 respectively 7& con=m+ ! 
m>g9s accord+ly72  7,c7 by /rik+ ,^u !  
direct reque/ & ins]t+3  7#a7 ,9 g5]al  
,^u ! direct reque/  2 &  7,d7 by add+  
at ! end ! foll[+ new p>agraph3  7#b7   
,access to free reports & cr$it or      
educational cr$it scores ,if a consum]  
report+ ag5cy includes an active duty   
al]t 9 ! file ( an active duty uni=m$   
consum]1 ! consum] report+ ag5cy %all-- 
7,a7 disclose to ! active duty uni=m$   
consum] t ! active duty uni=m$ consum]  
may reque/ a free copy ( ! file & cr$it 
score or educational cr$it score ( !    
active duty uni=m$ consum] pursuant to  
section #fab7;d71 dur+ ea* #ab-mon?     
p]iod beg9n+ on ! date t ! activity duty
 al]t is reque/$ & end+ on ! date ( !   
la/ day ! active duty al]t applies to ! 
file ( ! active duty uni=m$ consum]2 &  
7,b7 provide to ! active duty uni=m$    
consum] all disclosures requir$ to be   

made "u section #fji1 )\t *>ge to !     
consum]1 n lat] ?an #c bus9ess days aft]
 any reque/ describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a74
  2  7#d7 by am5d+ subsection 7d7 to    
read z foll[s3  7d7 ,proc$ures ,ea*     
consum] report+ ag5cy describ$ 9 section
 #fjc7p7 %all include on ! webpage      
requir$ "u subsection 7i7 policies &    
proc$ures to comply ) ?is section1      
includ+ policies & proc$ures-- 7#a7 t   
in=m consum]s ( ! availability ( #a-ye> 
fraud al]ts1 #g-ye> fraud al]ts1 active 
duty al]ts1 & security freezes 7z       
applicable72  7#b7 t all[ consum]s to   
reque/ #a-ye> fraud al]ts1 #g-ye> fraud 
al]ts1 & active duty al]ts 7z           
applicable7 & to place1 tempor>ily lift1
 or fully remove a security freeze 9 a  
simple & easy mann]2 &  7#c7 = ass]t+ 9 
good fai? a suspicion t ! consum] has   
be5 or is ab\t to become a victim (     
id5tity !ft1 fraud1 or a relat$ crime1  
or h>m$ by ! unau?oriz$ disclosure ( !  
consum]'s f9ancial or p]sonally         
id5tifiable in=mation1 = a consum] seek+

 a #a-ye> fraud al]t or security freeze4
  2  7#e7 9 subsection 7e71 by ins]t+   
#a-ye> or #g-ye> be=e fraud al]t2  7#f7 
9 subsection 7f71 by /rik+ or active    
duty al]t & ins]t+ active duty al]t1 or 
security freeze 7z applicable72  7#g7 9 
subsection 7g7-- 7,a7 by ins]t+ or has  
be5 h>m$ by ! unau?oriz$ disclosure ( ! 
consum]'s f9ancial or p]sonally         
id5tifiable in=mation1 or to in=m su*   
ag5cy ( ! consum]'s p>ticipation 9 cr$it
 re/oration or rehabilitation "u section
 #fje;,c1 #fje;,d1 or #fje;,e1 aft]     
id5tity !ft12 &  7,b7 by ins]t+ or      
security freezes aft] reque/ al]ts2     
7#h7 9 subsection 7h7-- 7,a7 9 p>agraph 
7#a7-- 7i7 9 ! p>agraph head+1 by /rik+ 
initial & ins]t+ #a-ye>2 &  7ii7 by     
/rik+ initial & ins]t+ #a-ye> ea* place 
su* t]m appe>s2 &  7,b7 9 p>agraph      
7#b7-- 7i7 9 ! p>agraph head+1 by /rik+ 
ext5d$ & ins]t+ #g-ye>2 &  7ii7 by /rik+
 ext5d$ & ins]t+ #g-ye> ea* place su*   
t]m appe>s2 &  7#i7 9 subsection        
7i77#d7-- 7,a7 by /rik+ subp>agraphs    

7,e7 & 7,i72 &  7,b7 by r$esignat+      
subp>agraphs 7,f71 7,g71 7,h71 & 7,j7 z 
subp>agraphs 7,e71 7,f71 7,g71 & 7,h71  
respectively4  #hjd4 ,am5dm5t to        
security freezes = consum] reports  7a7 
,9 g5]al ,section #fje;,a7i7 ( ! ,fair  
,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4     
#afha;c-#a7;i77 is am5d$-- 7#a7 by am5d+
 ! subsection head+ to read z foll[s3   
,security freezes = consum] reports2    
7#b7 9 p>agraph 7#c77;,e71 by /rik+ ,^u 
receiv+ & all t foll[s ?r\gh subp>agraph
 7,c71 & ins]t+ ,^u receiv+ a direct    
reque/ f a consum] = a tempor>y removal 
( a security freeze1 a consum] report+  
ag5cy %all2  7#c7 by add+ at ! end !    
foll[+3  7#g7 ,relation to ,/ate law    
,?is subsection does n modify or sup]s$e
 ! laws ( any ,/ate relat+ to security  
freezes or o!r simil> actions1 except to
 ! ext5t ^? laws are inconsi/5t ) any   
provision ( ?is title1 & !n only to !   
ext5t ( ! inconsi/5cy4 ,= purposes ( ?is
 subsection1 a t]m or provision ( a     
,/ate law is n inconsi/5t ) ! provisions

 ( ?is subsection if ! t]m or provision 
af=ds great] protection to ! consum] ?an
 ! protection provid$ "u ?is subsection 
z det]m9$ by ! ,bureau4  4  7b7 ,am5dm5t
 to webpage requirem5ts ,section        
#fje;,a7i77#f77;,a7 ( ! ,fair ,cr$it    
,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4            
#afha;c-#a7;i77#f77;,a77 is am5d$-- 7#a7
 9 clause 7ii71 by /rik+ initial fraud  
al]t & ins]t+ #a-ye> fraud al]t2  7#b7 9
 clause 7iii71 by /rik+ ext5d$ fraud    
al]t & ins]t+ #g-ye> fraud al]t2 &  7#c7
 9 clause 7iv71 by /rik+ fraud4  7c7    
,am5dm5t to exceptions = c]ta9 p]sons   
,section #fje;,a7i77#d77;,a7 ( ! ,fair  
,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4     
#afha;c-#a7;i77#d77;,a77 is am5d$ to    
read z foll[s3  7,a7 ,a p]son1 or !     
p]son's subsidi>y1 affiliate1 ag5t1     
subcontractor1 or assignee ) :om !      
consum] has1 or prior to assignm5t _h1  
an au?oriz$ acc\nt1 contract1 or        
debtor-cr$itor relation%ip = ! purposes 
( review+ ! active acc\nt or collect+ ! 
f9ancial obligation ow$ on ! acc\nt1    

contract1 or debt4  4  7d7 ,effective   
date ,! am5dm5ts made by subsection 7a7 
%all take effect on ! date ( ! enactm5t 
( ?is ,act4  #hje4 ,cl>ification (      
in=mation to be includ$ ) ag5cy         
disclosures ,section #fji7;c77#b7 ( !   
,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae         
,u4,s4,c4 #afha;g7c77#b77 is am5d$--    
7#a7 9 subp>agraph 7,b7-- 7,a7 by /rik+ 
consum] report+ ag5cy describ$ 9 section
 #fjc7p7 & ins]t+ consum] report+ ag5cy 
describ$ 9 subsection 7p7 or 7x7 (      
section #fjc2  7,b7 by /rik+ ! ag5cy &  
ins]t+ su* an ag5cy2 &  7,c7 by ins]t+ &
 an ,int]net website address aft] h\rs2 
&  7#b7 9 subp>agraph 7,e71 by /rik+    
outdat$ "u section #fje or & ins]t+     
outdat$1 requir$ to be remov$1 or4      
#hjf4 ,provides access to fraud records 
= victims ,section #fji7;e7 ( ! ,fair   
,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4     
#afha;g7e77 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9 p>agraph  
7#a7-- 7,a7 by /rik+ result+ f id5tity  
!ft2  7,b7 by /rik+ claim ( id5tity !ft 
& ins]t+ claim ( fraudul5t activity2 &  

7,c7 by /rik+ any transaction alleg$ to 
be a result ( id5tity !ft & ins]t+ any  
fraudul5t transaction2  7#b7 9 p>agraph 
7#b77;,b7-- 7,a7 by /rik+ id5tity !ft1  
at ! election ( ! bus9ess entity &      
ins]t+ fraudul5t activity2  7,b7 by     
am5d+ clause 7i7 to read z foll[s3  7i7 
a copy ( an id5tity !ft report2 or  2 & 
7,c7 by am5d+ clause 7ii7 to read z     
foll[s3  7ii7 an affidavit ( fact t is  
acceptable to ! bus9ess entity = t      
purpose4  2  7#c7 9 p>agraph 7#c71 by   
/rik+ id5tity !ft & ins]t+ fraudul5t    
activity2  7#d7 by /rik+ p>agraph 7#h7 &
 r$esignat+ p>agraphs 7#i7 ?r\gh 7#ac7 z
 p>agraphs 7#h7 ?r\gh 7#ab71            
respectively2 &  7#e7 9 p>agraph 7#aj7  
7z s r$esignat$71 by /rik+ or a simil>  
crime & ins]t+ 1 fraud1 or a relat$     
crime4  #hjg4 ,requir$ ,bureau to set   
proc$ures = report+ id5tity !ft1 fraud1 
& o!r relat$ crime ,section #fba7;f77#b7
 ( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae    
,u4,s4,c4 #afhas7f77#b77 is am5d$-- 7#a7
 9 ! p>agraph head+1 by /rik+ ,model =m 

& ins]t+ ,/&>diz$ affidavit2  7#b7 by   
/rik+ ,! ,commission & ins]t+ ,!        
,bureau2  7#c7 by /rik+ model =m &      
ins]t+ /&>diz$ affidavit2  7#d7 by      
ins]t+ aft] id5tity !ft ! foll[+3 1     
fraud1 or a relat$ crime1 or o!rwise are
 h>m$ by ! unau?oriz$ disclosure ( !    
consum]'s f9ancial or p]sonally         
id5tifiable in=mation12 &  7#e7 by /rik+
 fraud4 & ins]t+ id5tity !ft1 fraud1 or 
o!r relat$ crime4 ,su* /&>diz$ affidavit
 & proc$ures %all n include a requirem5t
 t a consum] obta9 a police report44    
#hjh4 ,e/abli%es ! "r to free cr$it     
monitor+ & id5tity !ft protection       
s]vices = c]ta9 consum]s  7a7 ,en=cem5t 
( cr$it monitor+ = s]vicememb]s  7#a7 ,9
 g5]al ,subsection 7k7 ( section #fje;,a
 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha;c-#a7;a77 is am5d$
 by /rik+ p>agraph 7#d74  7#b7          
,effective date ,?is subsection & !     
am5dm5t made by ?is subsection %all take
 effect on ! date ( ! enactm5t ( ?is    
,act4  7b7 ,free cr$it monitor+ &       
id5tity !ft protection s]vices = c]ta9  

consum]s ,subsection 7k7 ( section      
#fje;,a 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha;c-#a71 is  
am5d$ to read z foll[s3  7k7 ,cr$it     
monitor+ & id5tity !ft protection       
s]vices  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,^u ! direct     
reque/ ( a consum]1 a consum] report+   
ag5cy describ$ 9 section #fjc7p7 t      
ma9ta9s a file on ! consum] & has       
receiv$ appropriate pro( ( ! id5tity ( !
 reque/] 7z describ$ 9 section #ajbb4abc
 ( title #ab1 ,code ( ,f$]al            
,regulations7 %all provide ! consum] )  
cr$it monitor+ & id5tity !ft protection 
s]vices n lat] ?an #a bus9ess day aft]  
receiv+ su* reque/ s5t by po/al mail1   
toll-free telephone1 or secure          
electronic means z e/abli%$ by ! ag5cy4 
7#b7 ,fees  7,a7 ,classes ( consum]s ,! 
,bureau may e/abli% classes ( consum]s  
eligible to receive cr$it monitor+ &    
id5tity !ft protection s]vices free (   
*>ge4  7,b7 ,no fee ,a consum] report+  
ag5cy describ$ 9 section #fjc7p7 may n  
*>ge a consum] a fee to receive cr$it   
monitor+ & id5tity !ft protection       

s]vices if ! consum] or a repres5tative 
( ! consum]-- 7i7 ass]ts 9 good fai? a  
suspicion t ! consum] has be5 or is ab\t
 to become a victim ( id5tity !ft1      
fraud1 or a relat$ crime1 or h>m$ by !  
unau?oriz$ disclosure ( ! consum]'s     
f9ancial or p]sonally id5tifiable       
in=mation2  7ii7 is unemploy$ & int5ds  
to apply = employm5t 9 ! #fj-;day p]iod 
beg9n+ on ! date on :i* ! reque/ is     
made2  7iii7 is a recipi5t ( public     
welf>e assi/ance2  7iv7 is an active    
duty uni=m$ consum] or a memb] ( !      
,national ,gu>d 7z def9$ 9 section      
#aja7;c7 ( title #aj1 ,unit$ ,/ates     
,code72  7v7 is #fe ye>s ( age or old]2 
or  7vi7 is a memb] ( a class e/abli%$  
by ! ,bureau "u subp>agraph 7,a74  7#c7 
,bureau rulemak+ ,! ,bureau %all issue  
regulations-- 7,a7 to def9e ! scope (   
cr$it monitor+ & id5tity !ft protection 
s]vices requir$ "u ?is subsection2 &    
7,b7 to set a fair & reasonable fee t a 
consum] report+ ag5cy may *>ge a consum]
 7o!r ?an a consum] describ$ "u p>agraph

 7#b77;,b77 = su* cr$it monitor+ &      
id5tity !ft protection s]vices4  7#d7   
,relation to ,/ate law ,?is subsection  
does n modify or sup]s$e ( ! laws ( any 
,/ate relat+ to cr$it monitor+ & id5tity
 !ft protection s]vices or o!r simil>   
actions1 except to ! ext5t ^? laws are  
inconsi/5t ) any provision ( ?is title1 
& !n only to ! ext5t ( ! inconsi/5cy4 ,=
 purposes ( ?is subsection1 a t]m or    
provision ( a ,/ate law is n inconsi/5t 
) ! provisions ( ?is subsection if ! t]m
 or provision af=ds great] protection to
 ! consum] ?an ! protection provid$ "u  
?is subsection z det]m9$ by ! ,bureau4  
4  7c7 ,rulemak+ ,n lat] ?an ! end ( !  
#b-ye> p]iod beg9n+ on ! date ( enactm5t
 ( ?is ,act1 ! ,director ( ! ,bureau (  
,consum] ,f9ancial ,protection %all     
issue f9al rules to c>ry out ! am5dm5t  
made by subsection 7b74  #hji4 ,ensures 
removal ( inquiries result+ f id5tity   
!ft1 fraud1 or o!r relat$ crime f       
consum] reports ,section #fje7;a7 ( !   
,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae         

,u4,s4,c4 #afha;c7a771 z am5d$ by       
section #djc1 is fur!r am5d$ by add+ at 
! end ! foll[+3  7#ag7 ,in=mation ab\t  
inquiries made = a cr$it report bas$ on 
reque/s t ! consum] report+ ag5cy       
v]ifies 7 initiat$ z ! result ( id5tity 
!ft1 fraud1 or o!r relat$ crime4  4     
,,ix ,miscellane\s  #ija4 ,def9itions   
,section #fjc ( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ 
,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha;a71 z am5d$ by
 section #cjb1 is fur!r am5d$ by add+ at
 ! end ! foll[+3  7dd7 ,def9itions      
relat$ to days  7#a7 ,cal5d> day2 day ,!
 t]m cal5d> day or day means a cal5d>   
day1 exclud+ any f$]ally recogniz$      
holiday4  7#b7 ,bus9ess day ,! t]m      
bus9ess day means a day betwe5 & includ+
 ,monday to ,friday1 & exclud+ any      
f$]ally recogniz$ holiday4  4  #ijb4    
,te*nical correction relat$ to risk-bas$
 pric+ notices ,section #fae7;h77#h7 ( !
 ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae        
,u4,s4,c4 #afham7 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9     
subp>agraph 7,a71 by /rik+ ?is section &
 ins]t+ ?is subsection2 &  7#b7 9       

subp>agraph 7,b71 by /rik+ ,?is section 
& ins]t+ ,?is subsection4  #ijc4 ,,fcra 
f9d+s & purpose2 voids c]ta9 contracts n
 9 ! public int]e/  7a7 ,,fcra f9d+s &  
purpose ,section #fjb ( ! ,fair ,cr$it  
,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha7;a77 
is am5d$-- 7#a7 9 subsection 7a7-- 7,a7 
by am5d+ p>agraph 7#a7 to read z foll[s3
  7#a7 ,_m f9ancial & non-f9ancial      
decisions affect+ consum]s' lives dep5d 
^u fair1 complete1 & accurate cr$it     
report+4 ,inaccurate & incomplete cr$it 
reports directly impair ! effici5cy ( ! 
f9ancial sy/em & und]m9e ! integrity (  
us+ cr$it reports 9 o!r circum/ances1 & 
unfair cr$it report+ & cr$it scor+      
me?ods und]m9e ! public confid5ce :i* is
 ess5tial to ! cont9u$ function+ ( !    
f9ancial s]vices sy/em & ! provision (  
_m o!r consum] products & s]vices4  2 & 
7,b7 9 p>agraph 7#d71 by ins]t+ aft]    
ag5cies ! foll[+3 1 furni%]s1 & cr$it   
scor+ develop]s2 &  7#b7 9 subsection   
7b7-- 7,a7 by /rik+ ,x is ! purpose (   
?is title to require & ins]t+ ! foll[+3 

,! purpose ( ?is title is ! foll[+3 7#a7
 ,to require  2 &  7,b7 by add+ at ! end
 ! foll[+3  7#b7 ,to prohibit any       
practices & proc$ures ) respect to cr$it
 reports & cr$it scores t are n 9 !     
public int]e/4  4  7b7 ,void+ ( c]ta9   
contracts n 9 ! public int]e/ ,! ,fair  
,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4     
#afha et seq471 z am5d$ by section #gjc1
 is fur!r am5d$-- 7#a7 by add+ at ! end 
! foll[+ new section3  #fcd4 ,void+ (   
c]ta9 contracts n 9 ! public int]e/  7a7
 ,9 g5]al ,any provision conta9$ 9 a    
contract t requires a p]son to n foll[ a
 provision ( ?is title1 t is aga9/ !    
public int]e/1 or t o!rwise circumv5ts !
 purposes ( ?is title %all be null &    
void4  7b7 ,rule ( con/ruction ,no?+ 9  
subsection 7a7 %all be con/ru$ z affect+
 o!r provisions ( a contract t are n    
describ$ "u subsection 7a74  2 &  7#b7 9
 ! table ( cont5ts = su* ,act1 by ins]t+
 aft] ! item relat+ to section #fcc !   
foll[+ new item3  #fcd4 ,void+ ( c]ta9  
contracts n 9 ! public int]e/4  4  #ijd4

 ,,gao /udy on ! use ( cr$it 9 h\s+     
det]m9ations  7a7 ,/udy ,! ,comptroll]  
,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all c>ry out a
 /udy ( ! use ( consum] reports & cr$it 
scores 9 h\s+ det]m9ations to det]m9e   
:e!r consum] reports or cr$it scores are
 be+ us$ z tools to p]=m ! equival5t (  
bann$ r$-l9+4  7b7 ,cont5ts ( /udy ,9   
c>ry+ out ! /udy requir$ "u subsection  
7a71 ! ,comptroll] ,g5]al %all-- 7#a7   
exam9e bo? r5tal applications & mortgage
 applications2 &  7#b7 include a        
demographic breakd[n by race1 g5d]1 age1
 sexual ori5tation1                     
city_/suburban_/rural1 socioeconomic    
/atus1 & any o!r demographic t !        
,comptroll] ,g5]al det]m9es appropriate4
  7c7 ,report ,! ,comptroll] ,g5]al %all
 issue a report to ! ,congress conta9+  
all f9d+s & det]m9ations made 9 c>ry+   
out ! /udy requir$ "u subsection 7a74   
#ije4 ,,gao /udy on ! effects ( cr$it   
scores impact$ by a /ud5t borr[]'s      
default$ or del9qu5t private education  
loan  7a7 ,/udy ,! ,comptroll] ,g5]al ( 

! ,unit$ ,/ates %all c>ry out a /udy on 
h[ cr$it scores impact$ by a /ud5t      
borr[]'s default$ or del9qu5t private   
education loan impacts apply+ = future  
loans1 includ+ in=mation on ! treatm5t (
 diff]5t demographic populations4  7b7  
,report ,! ,comptroll] ,g5]al %all issue
 a report to ! ,congress conta9+ all    
f9d+s & det]m9ations made 9 c>ry+ out ! 
/udy requir$ "u subsection 7a74  #ijf4  
,,gao /udy on consum] report+ ag5cy     
compliance ) cons5t ord]s  7a7 ,/udy ,! 
,comptroll] ,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates    
%all c>ry out a /udy ( ! compliance by  
consum] report+ ag5cies t compile &     
ma9ta9 files on consum]s on a nationwide
 basis ) cons5t ord]s1 & ! impact su*   
compliance has on consum]s4  7b7 ,report
 ,n lat] ?an ! end ( ! #ahj-;day p]iod  
beg9n+ on ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 
! ,comptroll] ,g5]al %all issue a report
 to ! ,committee on ,f9ancial ,s]vices (
 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & !          
,committee on ,bank+1 ,h\s+1 & ,urban   
,affairs ( ! ,s5ate conta9+ all f9d+s & 

det]m9ations made 9 c>ry+ out ! /udy    
requir$ "u subsection 7a74  7c7         
,def9itions ,9 ?is section1 ! t]ms      
consum] & consum] report+ ag5cy t       
compiles & ma9ta9s files on consum]s on 
a nationwide basis h ! mean+ giv5 ^?    
t]ms1 respectively1 "u section #fjc ( ! 
,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act4  #ijg4      
,protections = active duty uni=m$       
consum]  7a7 ,def9itions ,section #fjc (
 ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae      
,u4,s4,c4 #afha;a7 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9    
subsection 7q71 by am5d+ p>agraph 7#a7  
to read z foll[s3  7#a7 ,active duty    
uni=m$ consum] ,! t]m active duty uni=m$
 consum] means a consum] :o is-- 7,a7 9 
milit>y s]vice & on active s]vice 7z    
def9$ 9 section #aja7;d7 ( title #aj1   
,unit$ ,/ates ,code72 or  7,b7 a memb] (
 ! uni=m$ s]vices 7z def9$ 9 section    
#aja7;a7 ( title #aj1 ,unit$ ,/ates     
,code7 :o is n a memb] ( ! arm$ =ces &  
is on active s]vice4  2 &  7#b7 by      
ins]t+ aft] subsection 7dd7 7z add$ by  
section #ija7 ! foll[+3  7ii7 ,ext5d$   

active duty uni=m$ consum] ,! t]m ext5d$
 active duty uni=m$ consum] means an    
active duty uni=m$ consum] t is         
deploy$-- 7#a7 9 a combat zone 7z def9$ 
"u section #aab7;c7 ( ! ,int]nal ,rev5ue
 ,code ( #aihf72 or  7#b7 abo>d a ,unit$
 ,/ates vessel4  4  7b7 ,prohibition on 
includ+ c]ta9 adv]se in=mation 9 consum]
 reports ,section #fje ( ! ,fair ,cr$it 
,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha;c7 is
 am5d$-- 7#a7 9 subsection 7a71 z am5d$ 
by section #hji1 by add+ at ! end !     
foll[+3  7#ai7 ,any item ( adv]se       
in=mation ab\t a consum]1 if ! action or
 inaction t gave rise to ! item occurr$ 
:ile ! consum] 0 an ext5d$ active duty  
uni=m$ consum]4  2 &  7#b7 by ins]t+    
aft] subsection 7h7 7z add$ by section  
#gje7 ! foll[+3  7i7 ,notice ( /atus z  
an ext5d$ active duty uni=m$ consum] ,) 
respect to an item ( adv]se in=mation   
ab\t a consum]1 if ! action or inaction 
t gave rise to ! item occurr$ :ile !    
consum] 0 an ext5d$ active duty uni=m$  
consum]1 ! consum] may provide          

appropriate pro(1 includ+ (ficial ord]s1
 to a consum] report+ ag5cy t ! consum] 
0 an ext5d$ active duty uni=m$ consum]  
at ! "t su* action or inaction occurr$4 
,! consum] report+ ag5cy %all promptly  
delete t item ( adv]se in=mation f !    
file ( ! consum] & notify ! consum] & ! 
furni%] ( ! in=mation ( ! deletion4  4  
7c7 ,communications betwe5 ! consum] &  
consum] report+ ag5cies ,section #fje;,a
 ( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae    
,u4,s4,c4 #afha;c-#a7 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9 
subsection 7c71 z am5d$ by section #hjc1
 by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3  7#b7       
,negative in=mation al]t ,any "t a      
consum] report+ ag5cy receives an item (
 adv]se in=mation ab\t a consum]1 if !  
consum] has provid$ appropriate pro( t !
 consum] is an ext5d$ active duty uni=m$
 consum]1 ! consum] report+ ag5cy %all  
promptly notify ! consum]-- 7,a7 t !    
ag5cy has receiv$ su* item ( adv]se     
in=mation1 along ) a description ( !    
item2 &  7,b7 ! me?od by :i* ! consum] c
 dispute ! validity ( ! item4  7#c7     

,contact in=mation = ext5d$ active duty 
uni=m$ consum]s ,) respect to any       
consum] t has provid$ appropriate pro(  
to a consum] report+ ag5cy t ! consum]  
is an ext5d$ active duty uni=m$ consum]1
 if ! consum] provides ! consum] report+
 ag5cy ) sep>ate contact in=mation to be
 us$ :5 communicat+ ) ! consum] :ile !  
consum] is an ext5d$ active duty uni=m$ 
consum]1 ! consum] report+ ag5cy %all   
use su* contact in=mation = all         
communications :ile ! consum] is an     
ext5d$ active duty uni=m$ consum]4  2 & 
7#b7 9 subsection 7e71 by am5d+ p>agraph
 7#c7 to read z foll[s3  7#c7           
subp>agraphs 7,a7 & 7,b7 ( subsection   
7c77#a71 9 ! case ( a ref]ral "u        
subsection 7c77#a77;,c74  4  7d7 ,con=m+
 am5dm5t ,! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act  
7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha et seq47 is am5d$  
by /rik+ active duty milit>y ea* place  
su* t]m appe>s & ins]t+ active duty     
uni=m$4  7e7 ,s5se ( ,congress ,x is !  
s5se ( ,congress t any p]son mak+ use ( 
a consum] report conta9+ an item (      

adv]se in=mation %\ld1 if ! action or   
inaction t gave rise to ! item occurr$  
:ile ! consum] 0 an ext5d$ active duty  
uni=m$ consum]1 take su* fact into      
acc\nt :5 evaluat+ ! cr$itwor?9ess ( !  
consum]4  #ijh4 ,positive cr$it report+ 
p]mitt$  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,section #fbc ( ! 
,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae         
,u4,s4,c4 #afhas-#b71 z am5d$ by section
 #ajc1 is fur!r am5d$ by add+ at ! end !
 foll[+ new subsection3  7g7 ,full-,file
 cr$it report+  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,subject  
to ! requirem5ts ( p>agraphs 7#b7 ?r\gh 
7#e7 & not)/&+ any o!r provision ( law1 
a p]son t has obta9$ ! writt5           
au?orization ( a consum] may furni% to a
 consum] report+ ag5cy in=mation relat+ 
to ! p]=mance ( a consum] 9 mak+        
paym5ts-- 7,a7 "u a lease agreem5t )    
respect to a dwell+2 or  7,b7 pursuant  
to a contract = s]vices provid$ by a    
utility or telecommunication firm4  7#b7
 ,limitations  7,a7 ,)held paym5ts due  
to habitability or sanit>y conditions   
,no p]son %all furni% or ?reat5 to      

furni% negative in=mation relat+ to !   
p]=mance ( a consum] 9 mak+ paym5ts "u a
 lease agreem5t ) respect to a dwell+ if
 ! consum] has )held paym5t pursuant    
to-- 7i7 any "r or rem$y = brea* ( !    
w>ranty ( habitability2 or  7ii7 any    
violation ( a ,f$]al1 ,/ate1 or         
municipal law1 code1 or regulation      
reg>d+ sanit>y conditions4  7,b7        
,s]vices provid$ by a utility or        
telecommunication firm ,in=mation ab\t a
 consum]'s usage ( any s]vices provid$  
by a utility or telecommunication firm  
may be furni%$ to a consum] report+     
ag5cy only to ! ext5t t su* in=mation   
relates to-- 7i7 paym5t by ! consum] =  
su* s]vices2 or  7ii7 o!r t]ms ( !      
provision ( su* s]vices to ! consum]1   
includ+ any deposit1 disc\nt1 or        
conditions = int]ruption or t]m9ation ( 
su* s]vices4  7#c7 ,paym5t plan ,a      
utility or telecommunication firm may n 
report paym5t in=mation to a consum]    
report+ ag5cy ) respect to an out/&+    
balance ( a consum] z late if-- 7,a7 !  

utility or telecommunication firm & !   
consum] h ent]$ into a paym5t plan      
7includ+ a def]r$ paym5t agreem5t1 an   
arre>age managem5t program1 or a debt   
=giv5ess program7 ) respect to su*      
out/&+ balance2 &  7,b7 ! consum] is    
meet+ ! obligations ( ! paym5t plan1 z  
det]m9$ by ! utility or                 
telecommunication firm4  7#d7           
,prohibition on use by debt collectors  
,a debt collector 7z def9$ 9 section    
#hjc7f7 ( ! ,fair ,debt ,collection     
,practices ,act7 may n use ! in=mation  
describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a74  7#e7         
,relation to ,/ate law ,not)/&+ section 
#fbe1 ?is subsection %all n preempt any 
law ( a ,/ate ) respect to furni%+ to a 
consum] report+ ag5cy in=mation relat+  
to ! p]=mance ( a consum] 9 mak+ paym5ts
 pursuant to a lease agreem5t ) respect 
to a dwell+ or a contract = a utility or
 telecommunications s]vice4 ,= purposes 
( ?is p>agraph1 ! t]m law ( a ,/ate %all
 include all laws1 decisions1 rules1    
regulations1 or o!r ,/ate action hav+ ! 

effect ( law1 z issu$ by a ,/ate1 any   
political subdivisions !re(1 or any     
ag5cy or in/rum5tality ( ei!r ! ,/ate or
 a political subdivision !re(4  7#f7    
,utility or telecommunication firm def9$
 ,9 ?is subsection1 ! t]m utility or    
telecommunication firm-- 7,a7 means an  
entity t provides utility s]vices to !  
public ?r\gh pipe1 wire1 l&l9e1         
wireless1 cable1 or o!r connect$        
facilities1 or radio1 electronic1 or    
simil> transmission 7includ+ ! ext5sion 
( su* facilities72 &  7,b7 includes an  
entity t provides natural gas or        
electric s]vice to consum]s4  4  7b7    
,,gao /udy & report ,n lat] ?an #b ye>s 
aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 !    
,comptroll] ,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates    
%all submit to ,congress a report on !  
impact on consum]s ( furni%+ in=mation  
pursuant to subsection 7g7 ( section    
#fbc ( ! ,fair ,cr$it ,report+ ,act 7#ae
 ,u4,s4,c4 #afhas-#b71 z add$ by        
subsection 7a74  #iji4 ,s5se ( ,congress
 ,x is ! s5se ( ,congress t ef=ts to    

enhance cyb]security & implem5t r\t9e   
security updates ( databases ma9ta9$ by 
! nationwide consum] report+ ag5cies t  
conta9 s5sitive consum] data1 includ+ ! 
cr$it hi/ory & p]sonal in=mation (      
millions ( ,am]icans1 is critical to !  
national int]e/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4      
#iaj4 ,cyb]security sup]vision &        
exam9ation ( l>ge consum] report+       
ag5cies  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,fair ,cr$it   
,report+ ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #afha et   
seq471 z am5d$ by section #gjf1 is fur!r
 am5d$ by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3  #fch4
 ,cyb]security sup]vision & exam9ation (
 l>ge consum] report+ ag5cies  7a7 ,9   
g5]al ,consum] report+ ag5cies describ$ 
"u section #fjc7p7 %all be subject to   
cyb]security sup]vision & exam9ation by 
! ,bureau4  7b7 ,m9imum tra9+           
requirem5ts ,consum] report+ ag5cies    
describ$ "u section #fjc7p7 %all meet   
m9imum tra9+ & ongo+ c]tification       
requirem5ts ) respect to cyb]security at
 regul> int]vals1 z e/abli%$ by !       
,director ( ! ,bureau4  4  7b7 ,cl]ical 

am5dm5t ,! table ( cont5ts ( ! ,fair    
,cr$it ,report+ ,act1 z am5d$ by section
 #gjf1 is fur!r am5d$ by add+ at ! end !
 foll[+3  #fch4 ,cyb]security sup]vision
 & exam9ation ( l>ge consum] report+    
ag5cies4  4  ,pass$ ! ,h\se (           
,repres5tatives ,janu>y #bi1            
#bjbj4;,*]yl ,l4 ,johnson1,cl]k