,i #aaf? ,,congress #a/ ,session ,h4 ,r4 #aead ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,repres5tatives ,m>* #e1 #bjai,mr4 ,danny ,k4 ,davis ( ,ill9ois introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ,natural ,res\rces1 & 9 addition to ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y1 = a p]iod to be subsequ5tly det]m9$ by ! ,speak]1 9 ea* case = consid]ation ( su* provisions z fall )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! committee conc]n$ ,a ,,bill ,to sev] ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t relations ) ! ,creek ,nation ( ,oklahoma until su* "t z ! ,creek ,nation ( ,oklahoma re/ores full ,tribal citiz5%ip to ! ,creek ,fre$m5 dis5fran*is$ 9 ! ,octob] #f1 #aigi1 ,creek ,nation vote & fulfills all its treaty obligations ) ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & = o!r purposes4 #a4 ,f9d+s ,congress f9ds ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,hi/orically1 ! ,muscogee 7,creek7 ,nation 7,creek ,nation7 7 compris$ ( a conf$]acy ( sep>ate t[ns1 ,tribes1 & peoples4 ,ea* t[n 0 a complete gov]nm5tal unit 9 & ( itself4 ,among ^? peoples 7 ! ,yamassee or ,jamassi1 :o 7 report$ to h emigrat$ f ,africa prior to ! ,european discov]y ( ,am]ica4 7#b7 ,z coloni/s & ev5tually non9dig5\s ,am]icans began to inhabit ?is area1 ^! new resid5ts s\ght to civilize ! ,creek ,indian4 ,9 ! ensu+ decades1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates cont9u\sly & repeat$ly attempt$ to impose1 (t5 by =ce1 its cu/oms1 economy1 religion1 & political /ructure on indig5\s gr\ps su* z ! ,creek ,nation4 7#c7 ,"o ,am]ican cu/om adopt$ by "s ,creek ,nation citiz5s 0 ! plantation economy & ! reliance on *attel ,african slav]y z a labor =ce4 ,along ) enslav$ ,africans :o 7 own$ by ,creek ,nation citiz5s1 !re 7 also ,creek ,nation citiz5s ( ,african desc5t & free ,blacks op5ly liv+ z full citiz5s ( ! ,creek ,nation4 7#d7 ,9 ! #ahcjs1 citiz5s ( ! ,creek ,nation 7 =cibly remov$ f _! l&s 9 ! s\!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates & =c$ to migrate to ,indian ,t]ritory 7pres5t day ,oklahoma7 along a r\te kn[n z ! ,trail ( ,te>s4 ,among ^? p]sons =c$ to migrate 7-- 7,a7 ,african individuals :o 7 enslav$ by citiz5s ( ! ,creek ,nation2 7,b7 ,creek ,nation citiz5s ( ,african desc5t2 7,c7 free ,africans liv+ z citiz5s ( ! ,creek ,nation2 & 7,d7 mix$ blood ,creek ,nation citiz5s n[ kn[n z ! ,black ,creeks or ,creek ,fre$m54 7#e7 ,citiz5s ( ! ,creek ,nation 7 remov$ prim>ily by _! traditional ,tribal t[n1 & x 0 ! t[n ,micos or *iefs :o kept ! ,tribal rolls4 ,?is all[$ ,creek ,nation citiz5s :o surviv$ ! j\rney to ree/abli% _! traditional t[ns 9 ,indian ,t]ritory4 7#f7 ,removal 0 c>ri$ out by ! milit>y1 & approximately #bd1jjj ,creek ,nation citiz5s 7 =c$ to travel to ,indian ,t]ritory on foot or by riv]boats4 ,due to poor plann+1 organization1 & indiff]5ce by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 ?\s&s ( ,creek ,nation citiz5s di$ on ! way to ,indian ,t]ritory due to exposure1 />vation1 & disease4 7#g7 ,ev5 aft] removal to ,indian ,t]ritory1 "s ,creek ,nation citiz5s cont9u$ to hold slaves until ! ,creek ,treaty ( #ahff aboli%$ slav]y 9 ! ,creek ,nation4 7#h7 ,9 #ahfa1 a faction ( ! ,creek ,nation kn[n z ,s\!rn ,creeks execut$ a treaty ) ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 sev]+ its relations ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t4 ,memb]s ( ! ,s\!rn ,creeks held positions 9 ! ,congress & milit>y ( ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates ( ,am]ica & wag$ w> aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! ,civil ,w>4 ,o!r ,creeks1 kn[n z ! ,loyal ,creeks1 :o g5]ally resi/$ cultural assimilation1 provid$ supplies1 m51 & support = ! ,union4 ,a cont+5t ( ,loyal ,creeks1 :i* includ$ a sub/antial ,black ,creek compon5t1 left _! homes 9 ,oklahoma & mov$ to ,kansas to flee ,s\!rn ,creek soldi]s & _! ,conf$]ate allies4 7#i7 ,! ,battle ( ,honey ,spr+s 0 a major battle t occurr$ 9 ,indian ,t]ritory dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 & ,loyal ,creeks1 includ+ ,black ,creeks1 valiantly f\ght aga9/ ! ,conf$]acy & _! allies4 7#aj7 ,9 #ahfe1 z ! ,civil ,w> end$1 ,presid5t ,&rew ,johnson designat$ a commission to travel to ,=t ,smi?1 ,arkansas1 to conv5e a c\ncil = ! purpose ( negotiat+ a new treaty ) ! ,creek ,nation4 7#aa7 ,! memb]s ( t commission decl>$ t a treaty ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ conta9 c]ta9 /ipulations1 includ+ t ! in/itution ( slav]y1 :i* has exi/$ among sev]al ( ! ,tribes1 mu/ be =?) aboli%$1 & measures tak5 = ! unconditional emancipation ( all p]sons held 9 bondage1 & = _! incorporation into ! ,tribes on an equal foot+ ) ! orig9al memb]s1 or suitably provid$ =44 7#ab7 ,! ,creek ,nation's #e-p]son delegation includ$ bo? lead]s ( ! ,loyal ,creeks & ,s\!rn ,creeks4 ,"o ( ! memb]s ( ! ,loyal ,creek delegation 0 an ,african ,creek nam$ ,c[ ,tom4 7#ac7 ,! ,creek ,treaty ( #ahff negotiations occurr$ betwe5 #ahfe & #ahff1 fir/ 9 ,=t ,smi?1 ,arkansas1 & !n 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,,dc4 ,x 0 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,,dc1 :]e ! ,treaty 0 sign$ & ^u ! sign+ ( ! #ahff ,treaty ! ,unit$ ,/ates ree/abli%$ (ficial relations ) ! ,creek ,nation4 7#ad7 ,! ,creek ,treaty ( #ahff became ! f\ndational legal docum5t ( ! ,creek ,nation & e/abli%$ ! ,creek ,nation z x is kn[n today4 7#ae7 ,! ,creek ,treaty ( #ahff decl>$ t ! ,black ,creeks1 also kn[n z ,creek ,fre$m51 7 to be made citiz5s ( ! ,creek ,nation & to h all ! rights ( o!r ,creeks ,citiz5s4 7#af7 ,article ,,ii ( ! ,creek ,treaty ( #ahff provides 9 p]t95t "p3 ,inasmu* z !re are among ! ,creek _m p]sons ( ,african desc5t ''' x is /ipulat$ t h]eaft] ^! p]sons1 lawfully resid+ 9 said ,creek c\ntry1 "u _! laws & usages1 or :o h be5 ?us resid+ 9 said c\ntry1 & may return )9 "o ye> f ! ratification ( ?is treaty1 & _! desc5dants & su* o!rs ( ! same race z may be p]mitt$ by ! laws ( said ,nation to settle )9 ! limits ( ! jurisdiction ( ! ,creek ,nation z citiz5s !re(1 %all h & enjoy all ! rights & privileges ( native citiz5s1 includ+ an equal int]e/ 9 ! soil & national funds2 & ! laws ( said ,nation %all be equally b9d+ ^u & give equal protection to all su* p]sons '''4 7#ag7 ,virtually id5tical clauses relat+ to ! citiz5%ip ( individuals ( ,african desc5t )9 ! ,sem9ole & ,*]okee ,nations 7 negotiat$1 agre$ ^u1 & add$ to ! respective ,sem9ole & ,*]okee ,treaties ( #ahff4 7#ah7 ,%ortly aft] execut+ ! ,treaty ( #ahff1 ! ,creek ,nation reorganiz$ _! con/itutional /ructure1 & 9 #ahfg1 x creat$ a new & expansive con/itution :i* recogniz$ & affirm$ ! full citiz5%ip rights ( ,black ,creeks4 7#ai7 ,! #ahfg ,con/itution did n discrim9ate aga9/ ,creeks ( ,african desc5t1 ,free ,black1 or ,creek ,fre$m5 citiz5s ( ! ,creek ,nation4 7#bj7 ,9 fact1 ^u ratify+ ! #ahfg ,con/itution1 ! ,creek ,nation recon/itut$ its #dd traditional t[ns & volunt>ily creat$ #c additional t[ns 7,fre$m5 ,t[ns7 s ! ,fre$m5 w\ld h equal repres5tation 9 ! ,creek ,nation's ,national ,c\ncil4 7#ba7 ,also1 9 #ahfg1 ! ,creek ,nation ga!r$ at ! reque/ ( ,f$]al ,indian ,ag5t ,j4,w4 ,dunn 7,dunn7 to id5tify & li/ ! individual memb]s ( ! ,creek ,nation4 7#bb7 ,z a result ( t ga!r+1 ,dunn compil$ a roll ( ! ,creek ,nation's citiz5s1 :i* came to be kn[n z ! ,dunn ,roll4 ,li/$ on ! ,dunn ,roll 7 all ( ! ,creek ,nation's !n-ga!r$ citiz5s1 :i* encompass$ ,creek ,nation citiz5s ) ,african ance/ry1 includ+ ,native ,africans1 ,free ,africans1 & newly emancipat$1 =m]ly enslav$ ,creek ,fre$m54 7#bc7 ,_m ,creek ,nation citiz5s 7 =c$ to leave ,creek ,nation t]ritory dur+ ! ,civil ,w> because ( ! viol5ce or = v>i\s o!r reasons4 ,! ,treaty ( #ahff gave ,creek ,nation citiz5s until ,july #ae1 #ahfg1 to return to ,creek t]ritory 9 ord] to be includ$ on ! ,dunn ,roll4 ,h[ev]1 ,dunn complet$ 8 roll #e mon?s e>ly & s5t x to ,wa%+ton1 ,,dc1 9 ,febru>y #ahfg4 7#bd7 ,z a result1 ! ,creek ,nation creat$ a ,po/-,civil ,w> ,citiz5%ip ,commission to review ! applications ( p :o claim$ !y 7 ,creek ,nation citiz5s :o %\ld h be5 includ$ on ! ,dunn ,roll4 ,! ,creek ,nation ,po/-,civil ,w> ,citiz5%ip ,commission review$ sev]al ?\s& applications1 & admitt$ ov] #a1gjj individuals & _! desc5dants betwe5 #ahfg & #ahie4 ,num]\s ,native ,africans1 ,free ,blacks1 & newly emancipat$ ,fre$m5 7 among ! #a1gjj individuals grant$ full citiz5%ip by ! ,creek ,nation ,po/-,w> ,citiz5%ip ,commission4 7#be7 ,9 ! decade aft] ! ,treaty ( #ahff 0 enact$1 individuals ( ,african desc5t 7,native ,africans1 ,free ,africans1 & =m]ly enslav$ ,african_/,fre$m57 work$ ) all o!r ,creek ,nation citiz5s to attempt to rebuild ! ,creek ,nation4 7#bf7 ,h[ev]1 _m ( ! ,conf$]ate-align$ ,upp]_/,s\!rn ,creeks refus$ to respect ,creek ,fre$m5 citiz5%ip rights4 ,9 fact1 on ,octob] #a1 #ahgg1 ! ,upp]_/,s\!rn actions 7 rebuk$ by !n ,creek ,nation ,pr9cipal ,*ief ,w>d ,coa*man dur+ 8 address to ! ,creek ,national ,c\ncil3 ''' ,and inasmu* z !re are ,fre$m5 among u1 ^: rights "u ! treaty ( #ahff1 h n by "s be5 recogniz$1 & 9 consequ5ce !re( h be5 disc\rag$1 are n improv+ or advanc+ z !y might d2 & ! treaty relative !reto be+ s pla9 t no "o c mi/ake or misund]/& x4 ,i allude p>ticul>ly to ^? kn[n z ! ,mc,gilvery or ,mc,gilbrey ,fre$m5 :om we "k belong$ to our own p1 7 "h )9 our c\ntry :5 ! treaty 0 made & h rema9$ among u ev] s9ce4 ,i w\ld recomm5d if necess>y t "s action be _h recogniz+ ! rights ( all :o "u ! treaty are entitl$ to citiz5%ip & equal rights & privileges ) u44 7#bg7 ,betwe5 #ahfg & #ahie1 ! ,creek ,nation creat$ num]\s rolls ( its citiz5s4 ,none ( ^! rolls creat$ by ! ,creek ,nation conta9$ or li/$ blood quantum1 or s+l$ out ,creeks ( ,african desc5t1 ,free ,black ,creek ,citiz5s1 or =m] enslav$ ,africans :o 7 emancipat$ & accept$ z ,creek citiz5s pursuant to ! ,treaty ( #ahff4 7#bh7 ,betwe5 #ahff & #aijf1 ,creeks ( ,african desc5t 7 an ess5tial "p ( ! ,creek ,nation community1 z evid5c$ by _! s]vice 9 important & high positions 9 ! ,creek ,nation's gov]nm5t & o!r areas ( ,creek life4 7#bi7 ,9 #ahhg1 ,congress pass$ ! ,dawes ,act ( #ahhg 7,dawes ,act74 7#cj7 ,! /at$ purpose ( ! ,dawes ,act 0 to prep>e ,indian ,t]ritory = /atehood4 ,to ?is end1 ! ,dawes ,act au?oriz$ ! transf] ( mo/ ( ! l& own$ corporately by ! ,creek ,nation to individual ,tribal citiz5s4 7#ca7 ,aft] ! pass+ ( ! ,dawes ,act1 ,congress creat$ ! ,dawes ,commission 9 #ahic4 ,congress task$ ! ,dawes ,commission ) id5tify+ all ,creek citiz5s eligible = l& allotm5t 9 :at w\ld come to be kn[n z ! ,dawes ,rolls4 7#cb7 ,congress !n pass$ ! ,curtis ,act ( ,june #bh1 #ahih 7#cj ,/at4 #die7 7,curtis ,act71 direct+ ! ,dawes ,commission to create #b li/s ( citiz5s ( ! ,creek ,nation :o w\ld be eligible = l& allotm5t1 :i* became ! foll[+3 7,a7 ,! ,creek ,nation ,creek ,roll1 :i* 0 purport$ly compos$ only ( ,creek ,nation citiz5s ) ,creek blood4 7,b7 ,! ,creek ,nation ,fre$m5 ,roll1 :i* 0 purport$ly compos$ only ,creek ,nation citiz5s :o 7 =m]ly enslav$ ,africans & devoid ( any ,creek blood4 7#cc7 ,! ,dawes ,commission1 motivat$ by racism1 us$ race & ,creek ,nation citiz5s' physical appe>ance to segregate ,creeks ( ,african ,desc5t ,creek ,fre$m54 ,! true ,creeks1 9 ! ,dawes ,commission's e/imation1 7 li/$ on ! ,creek ,roll 7also kn[n z ! ,blood ,roll74 ,! ,creek ,fre$m5 7individuals ( ,african desc5t1 reg>dless ( :e!r !y or _! ance/ors 7 previ\sly enslav$ 9 ! ,creek ,nation7 7 li/$ on ! ,creek ,nation ,fre$m5 ,roll4 7#cd7 ,! ,dawes ,commission employ$ ! hypodesc5t rule1 by :i* any individual ) "o drop ( ,black blood 0 to be consid]$ ,black & !re=e belong$ on ! ,creek ,nation ,fre$m5 ,roll4 7#ce7 ,! ,dawes ,commission !re=e enroll$ _m ,creeks ( ,african desc5t on ! ,creek ,fre$m5 ,roll1 reg>dless ( :e!r !y or _! ance/ors 7 ev] enslav$ 9 ! ,creek ,nation or ( h[ mu* ,creek blood !y actually possess$4 7#cf7 ,! ,dawes ,commission sep>at$ families by enroll+ full sibl+s ) diff]5t blood degrees & enroll+ "s family memb]s on ! ,creek ,nation ,blood ,roll & o!rs on ! ,creek ,fre$m5 ,roll4 ,! blood degree or blood quantum 0 orig9ally to be us$ only = l& allotm5t purposes4 7#cg7 ,!re=e1 once ! ,dawes ,rolls clos$ on ,m>* #d1 #aijg1 ,creek citiz5s enroll$ on ! ,fre$m5 ,roll & _! desc5dants1 9 p]petuity1 w\ld always c>ry ! ugly badge ( slav]y1 reg>dless ( :e!r !y or _! ance/ors 7 ev] enslav$1 & =ev] legally be kn[n z ,creek ,fre$m54 7#ch7 ,9 #aigj1 ,congress pass$ ! ,pr9cipal ,*iefs ,act requir+ ! ,*ickasaw1 ,*octaw1 ,*]okee1 ,sem9ole1 & ,creek ,nations to obta9 approval = _! vot+ laws = selection ( ea* nations ,pr9cipal ,*ief4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior draft$ a policy /at+ t x 0 n necess>y t ea* ( ^! gr\ps has id5tical or simil> regulations1 b t #c conditions are deem$ fundam5tal to ! democratic selection ( a pr9cipal ,tribal (ficial4 ,"o ( ! ?ree conditions /ipulat$ by ! ,dep>tm5t 0 t vot] qualifications ( ! ,creeks mu/ be broad en\gh to include ! enroll$ ,creek ,fre$m5 citiz5s4 7#ci7 ,on or ab\t ,augu/ #ah1 #aige1 ! ,creek ,nation1 ?r\gh its ,national ,c\ncil1 submitt$ to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior a draft con/itution 7,draft ,con/itution7 t1 among o!r ?+s1 conta9$ express provisions t-- 7,a7 /ripp$ individuals on ! #aijf ,creek ,fre$m5 ,rolls & _! !n-liv+ l9eal desc5dants ( _! ,creek citiz5%ip2 & 7,b7 prev5t$ ! unborn l9eal desc5dants ( individuals :o 7 enroll$ on ! #aijf ,creek ,fre$m5 ,rolls f becom+ citiz5s ( ! ,creek ,nation4 7#dj7 ,be=e ! ,creek ,nation submitt$ ! ,draft ,con/itution to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 ! ,creek ,nation did n seek1 obta91 or all[ any input f ,creek ,fre$m5 or individuals repres5t+ ,creek ,fre$m5 int]e/s4 7#da7 ,m9utes f ! ,creek ,nation's ,octob] #bi1 #aigg1 ,national ,c\ncil meet+ reveal t "o ( ! express goals ( ! ,draft ,con/itution 0 to /rip ,fre$m5 & ,creek ,fre$m5 desc5dants ( _! ,creek citiz5%ip & rights4 ,! m9utes /ate ! foll[+3 ,:5 y g back to ! old #ahfg ,con/itution1 y are lick$ be=e y />t2 because x doesn't talk ab\t ,indians1 x talks ab\t ,,citiz5s ( ! ,,creek ,,nation4 ,:5 y got d[n to ! ,allotm5t "t1 !re 7 m t 0 non-,indians or half-blood or less1 :o outnumb]$ ! full blood1 all ( ^! total$ ab\t #aa1jjj1 & !re 7 only #ah1jjj on ! entire ,roll2 s1 !re 0 only #i1jjj above ,"o-half blood4 ,t's ! reason1 !y lo/ control2 ! ,,fullblood lo/ control4 ,t's :at we're fight+1 ?is blood quantum1 try+ to get back & let ! p control because "u ! old ,con/itution1 y've lo/ be=e y ev] />t$4 ,!re 7 ?ree ,,fre$man b&s t w\ld outnumb] y today z citiz5s4 ,s1 if we want to keep ! ,,indian 9 control1 we've got to take a good look at ?is ?+ & get u a ,con/itution t w keep ! ,creek ,indian 9 ,control44 7#db7 ,on ,octob] #f1 #aigi1 ! ,creek ,nation held an election to =mally adopt ! #aigi ,con/itution & replace ! #ahfg ,con/itution4 7#dc7 ,section #ejc ( ! ,oklahoma ,indian ,welf>e ,act 7#be ,u4,s4,c4 #ebjc71 9 effect s9ce #aigi1 requir$ ! p>ticipation ( at lea/ #cj p]c5t ( ^? entitl$ to vote1 or ! results ( ! election are invalid4 7#dd7 ,! total numb] ( entitl$ vot]s t ,creek (ficials id5tifi$ prior to ! #aigi con/itutional ref]5dum did n include ,creek ,fre$m5 9 an app>5t ef=t to meet ,,oiwa election requirem5ts4 ,creek ,fre$m5 & _! desc5dants 7 d5i$ ! "r to vote on ! #aigi ,con/itution & !re=e did n vote on ! #aigi con/itution4 7#de7 ,^u ! dubi\s ratification ( ! #aigi ,con/itution1 ! ,creek ,nation illegally decl>$ t all ,fre$m5 7 n entitl$ to ,creek citiz5%ip & w\ld no long] be recogniz$ z nor all[$ to be citiz5s ( ! ,creek ,nation4 7#df7 ,?\s&s ( ,creek ,fre$m5 desc5dants h be5 d5i$ _! ,creek citiz5%ip rights 9 a bold violation ( ! ,treaty ( #ahff4 7#dg7 ,9 violation ( ! ,treaty ( #ahff1 ! #ac? ,am5dm5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,con/itution1 ! ,pr9cipal ,*iefs ,act ( #aigj1 & ! ,oklahoma ,indian ,welf>e ,act1 ,creek ,fre$m5 h be5 illegally b>r$ f p>ticipat+1 z vot]s & c&idates1 9 e ,creek election f #aigi ?r\gh ! pres5t4 7#dh7 ,curr5tly1 ! ,creek ,nation op]ates "u a ,pr9cipal ,*ief elect$ 9 violation ( ! #aigj ,pr9cipal ,*iefs ,act & ,treaty ( #ahff1 & a ,national ,c\ncil con/itut$ )\t ,creek ,fre$m5 repres5tatives1 9 violation ( ! ,treaty ( #ahff4 7#di7 ,s9ce #aigi1 ?\s&s ( ,creek ,fre$m5 h cont9u\sly attempt$ to ass]t & rega9 _! full citiz5%ip rights by =mally apply+ = ,creek citiz5%ip only to be completely ignor$ or summ>ily rebuff$4 ,(t5times ,fre$m5 applicants w\ld be in=m$ ( _! d5ial via a =m lett] f ! ,creek ,nation1 :i* w\ld include "s v]sion ( ! foll[+ language1 tak5 f a ,may #ca1 #bjjb1 lett] f ! ,creek ,nation to a ,creek ,fre$man applicant3 ,we are return+ y\r lett] & any o!r docum5ts submitt$ = enrollm5t into ! ,muscogee 7,creek7 ,nation because 9 *eck+ ! ,dawes ,commission ,rolls1 y\r ance/ors 7 enroll$ on ! ,creek ,fre$m5 ,rolls4 ,if y w note f ! copy y submitt$ !re is no blood quantum li/$ because !y are n ,creek by ,blood4 ,:5 slav]y 0 aboli%$ foll[+ ! ,civil ,w>1 ,treaties 7 negotiat$ ) ! ,five-,civiliz$ ,tribes2 ! ,*octaw1 ,*]okee1 ,*ickasaw1 ,creek & ,sem9ole ,nations4 ,! treaties conf]r$ citiz5%ip 9 ! ,tribes on ! negroes :o _h be5 held 9 slav]y by ! ,tribes4 ,su* citiz5s 7 ref]r$ z ,fre$m544 7#ej7 ,a ,creek ,fre$m5 ,indians or ,african_/,black ,creek ,indians association 0 organiz$ & cont9ues to "w to pres]ve ! unique id5tity ( memb]s ( ! ,muscogee ,creek ,indian ,fre$m5 ,b& ,association1 & to protect ! hi/ory1 legacy1 rights1 & dignity ( ! ?\s&s ( ,creek ,fre$m5 ,indians4 7#ea7 ,beg9n+ 9 #bjjd1 #b ,creek ,fre$m5 litigat$ ! issue ( ,creek ,fre$m5 citiz5%ip )9 ! ,creek ,nation c\rt 9 ,johnson & ,graham v4 ,muscogee 7,creek7 ,nation ( ,oklahoma ,citiz5%ip ,bo>d1 ,,cv #bjjc-ed4 7#eb7 ,! ,creek ,fre$m5 cont5d$ t !y & all ,creek ,fre$m5 7 eligible = citiz5%ip 9 ! ,creek ,nation pursuant to ! ,treaty ( #ahff1 ! ,muscogee 7,creek7 ,nation ,con/itution1 & ! ,creek ,nation ,citiz5%ip ,code4 7#ec7 ,9 its ,m>* #bg1 #bjjf1 op9ion1 ! ,creek ,nation ,di/rict ,c\rt decl9$ to rea* ! sub/antive issues relat$ to ! ,treaty ( #ahff4 ,in/ead1 ! c\rt f\nd t ! ,citiz5%ip ,bo>d did n foll[ ,creek ,nation law1 :i* m&at$ t ! ,citiz5%ip ,bo>d process ! citiz5%ip applications ( ! ,creek ,fre$m54 7#ed7 ,on or ab\t ,april #ac1 #bjjf1 ! ,citiz5%ip ,bo>d refus$ to comply ) ! ,creek ,nation's ,di/rict ,c\rt ord] to process ! ,creek ,fre$m5's citiz5%ip applications4 ,on ,novemb] #b1 #bjjg1 ! ,creek ,nation ,supreme ,c\rt unanim\sly rev]s$ ! di/rict c\rt decision & refus$ to rule on ! applicability ( ! citiz5%ip provisions ( ! ,treaty ( #ahff4 7#ee7 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! ,creek ,nation is conduct+ ! relation%ip betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,tribal entity is n 9 ! be/ int]e/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t or ! citiz5s ( ! ,creek ,nation1 & violates exi/+ treaties & laws gov]n+ ! relation%ip betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t & ! ,creek ,nation4 7#ef7 ,! ,creek ,nation's curr5t refusal to recognize ! citiz5%ip rights ( ,creek ,fre$m5 & to d5y to ,creek ,fre$m5 all rights1 privileges1 protections1 & b5efits aris+ f citiz5%ip 9 ! ,creek ,nation equally & on ! same basis z all o!r ,creek ,nation citiz5s1 includ+1 )\t limitation1 ! "r to vote 9 ,creek ,nation elections1 ! "r to run = & hold ,creek ,nation (fice1 & ! "r to receive funds & b5efits available to all o!rs 9 violation ( ! treaty rights ext5d$ to ! ,creek ,fre$m5 9 a treaty agreem5t betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,creek ,nation 9 ! #ahff ,treaty & ! #ac? ,am5dm5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,con/itution4 7#eg7 ,! ,creek ,treaty ( #ahff gu>antees ! ,creek ,fre$m5 ! "r to full & equal citiz5%ip 9 ! ,creek ,nation4 7#eh7 ,! ,creek ,fre$m5 are legally indi/+ui%able f o!r citiz5s ( ! ,creek ,nation pursuant to ! ,creek ,treaty ( #ahff4 7#ei7 ,z equal citiz5s ( ! ,creek ,nation1 ! ,creek ,fre$m5 desc5dants are entitl$ to all rights1 privileges1 protections1 & b5efits aris+ f citiz5%ip 9 ! ,creek ,nation equally & on ! same basis z all o!r ,creek ,nation citiz5s1 includ+1 )\t limitation1 ! "r to vote 9 ,creek ,nation elections1 ! "r to run = & hold ,creek ,nation (fice1 & ! "r to receive funds & b5efits available to ,creek ,nation citiz5s4 7#fj7 ,no ,f$]al /atute or sup]s$+ treaty has modifi$ ! ,creek ,fre$m5 desc5dants' citiz5%ip rights z grant$ 9 ! ,creek ,treaty ( #ahff4 7#fa7 ,no am5dm5t to ! ,creek ,nation ,con/itution has modifi$ nor c\ld modify ! citiz5%ip rights ( ,creek ,fre$m51 because ^? rights are d]iv$ f ! ,creek ,treaty ( #ahff & n ! ,creek ,nation ,con/itution4 7#fb7 ,!re has be5 no ,act ( ,congress express+ any int5t to abrogate ,article #b ( ! ,creek ,treaty ( #ahff4 7#fc7 ,! ,creek ,treaty ( #ahff is a bilat]al agreem5t negotiat$ & sign$ by two sov]eign entities utiliz+ _! executive & legislative gov]nm5tal p[]s4 ,! validity ( ! agreem5t has n be5 conte/$ by ! ,creek ,nation4 ,! ,treaty ( #ahff is ! supreme law ( ! l& reg>d+ ! citiz5%ip rights ( ,creek ,fre$m54 7#fd7 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior is obligation to protect ! ,creek ,fre$m5 desc5dants & refuse to recognize ( ! ,creek ,nation's gov]nm5t until su* "t z ! ,creek ,nation affirms & re/ores ,creek ,fre$m5 citiz5%ip rights4 ,by cont9u+ to recognize ! ,creek ,nation & its gov]nm5t1 elect$ & =m$ "u ! illegal #aigi ,con/itution1 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior has violat$ & cont9ues to violate its own prec$5t & policy1 & has brea*$ & cont9ues to brea* its responsibility to ! ,fre$m5 desc5dants pursuant to ,article #b ( ! ,treaty ( #ahff4 7#fe7 ,! ,creek ,nation has receiv$ & cont9ues to receive ,f$]al fund+ di/ribut$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior = ! b5efit ( individual ,creek ,nation citiz5s4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior has k t ! ,creek ,nation di/ributes funds "u ^! ,f$]al programs 9 a discrim9atory mann] by exclud+ ,creek ,fre$m5 f p>ticipation 9 & receipt ( ! b5efits ( ! programs by virtue ( _! /atus z ,creek ,fre$m54 #b4 ,sev]ance ( relations ) ! ,creek ,nation 7a7 ,9 ,g5]al ,! ,unit$ ,/ates h]eby sev]s all relations ) ! ,creek ,nation1 includ+ all f9ancial obligations or o!rwise1 until su* "t z ! ,creek ,nation meets all ( its treaty obligations & o!r ,f$]al /atutory obligations 7includ+ all obligations "u ! ,treaty ( #ahff1 ! ,pr9cipal ,*iefs ,act1 hold+ elections = ,tribal lead]s t are 9 compliance ) ! ,act1 & has re/or$ ! rights ( all ,creek ,fre$m5 disenfran*is$ f ! ,creek ,nation71 z det]m9$ by a f9al c]tification "u subsection 7d74 7b7 ,compliance ) ! ,requirem5ts ( ! ,act ,! ,secret>y %all coord9ate ) all dep>tm5ts & ag5cies ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to ensure t e ef=t is be+ made by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to comply ) ?is ,act4 7c7 ,reports 7#a7 ,f$]al ,ag5cies ,n lat] ?an #cj days aft] ! date ( ! enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 & annually !reaft] until ! f9al c]tification "u subsection 7d71 all dep>tm5ts & ag5cies ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t %all submit a report to ! ,secret>y describ+-- 7,a7 all ,f$]al programs "u _! jurisdiction t provide f9ancial assi/ance & o!r s]vices to ! ,creek ,nation2 & 7,b7 ! ef=ts und]tak5 by ! dep>tm5t or ag5cy to comply ) ! requirem5ts ( ?is ,act4 7#b7 ,/atus ,reports ,until ! ,secret>y c]tifies to ,congress t ! ,creek ,nation is 9 compliance ) its treaty obligations1 ! ,secret>y %all submit mon?ly public reports to ,congress on ! /atus ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t's ef=ts to ensure t all dep>tm5ts & ag5cies ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t are 9 compliance ) ! requirem5ts ( ?is ,act4 7#c7 ,o!r ,fre$man ,indians ,n lat] ?an #f mon?s aft] ! date ( ! enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,secret>y %all issue a public report to ,congress on ! /atus ( ,fre$m5 9 ! ,creek1 ,*octaw1 ,*ickasaw1 ,creek1 & ,sem9ole ,nations ( ,oklahoma4 ,! report %all address :e!r ea* ( ^? ,indian ,tribes is 9 compliance ) all treaty obligations & ,f$]al laws ) respect to its ,fre$m5 memb]s1 ! level ( p>ticipation ( its ,fre$m5 memb]s 9 ,tribal lead]%ip positions1 ,tribal b5efits receiv$ by its ,fre$m5 memb]s1 & previ\s or curr5t ef=ts on ! "p ( ^? ,indian ,tribes to dis5fran*ise its ,fre$m5 memb]s4 7d7 ,congressional ,c]tification ,aft] ! ,secret>y has c]tifi$ to ,congress t ! ,creek ,nation is 9 full compliance ) all its treaty obligations & ,congress approves ! ,secret>y's c]tification by a vote tak5 on a concurr5t resolution c]tify+ t ! ,creek ,nation is 9 full compliance ) its treaty obligations1 ! f9al c]tification ( ! ,creek ,nation's treaty compliance %all take effect4 #c4 ,susp5sion ( "r to conduct gam+ op]ations 7a7 ,9 ,g5]al ,! ,creek ,nation's au?ority to conduct gam+ regulat$ "u ! ,indian ,gam+ ,regulatory ,act & to adm9i/] any funds f su* gam+ are susp5d$ until su* "t t ! ,creek ,nation is 9 compliance ) all treaty & o!r obligations ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates by a f9al c]tification "u section #b7;d74 7b7 ,report ,n lat] ?an #cj days aft] ! date ( ! enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,national ,indian ,gam+ ,commission %all submit a report to ,congress detail+ ! actions t h be5 tak5 to en=ce subsection 7a74 #d4 ,noncompliance 7a7 ,rec]tification ,if1 aft] a c]tification "u section #b7;d71 ! ,secret>y c]tifies to ,congress t ! ,creek ,nation is n 9 full compliance ) its treaty obligations or ,f$]al /atutes t gov]n its relations ) ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 ! provisions ( section #b7;a7 ?r\gh 7c7 %all apply until ,congress rec]tifies full compliance "u section #b7;d74 7b7 ,private ,action ,any ,creek ,fre$m5 %all h a private "r to br+ actions = injunctive relief1 decl>atory relief1 or monet>y damages aga9/ ! ,creek ,nation ( ,oklahoma1 (ficials ( ! ,creek ,nation ( ,oklahoma1 or ,f$]al (ficials = noncompliance ) ?is ,act or = violations ( ! t]ms ( ! ,treaty ( #ahff1 ! #ac? ,am5dm5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,con/itution1 or ! ,indian ,civil ,rights ,act ( #aifh4 ,! appropriate ,f$]al c\rts %all h exclusive jurisdiction ov] actions br\ght "u ?is subsection4 #e4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice 7a7 ,,ag ,f9d+ ,n lat] ?an #cj days aft] ! date ( ! enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,attorney ,g5]al %all issue a f9d+ on :e!r ! ,f$]al civil rights ( ! ,creek ,fre$m5 h be5 violat$ by ! ,creek ,nation1 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 or bo?4 7b7 ,private "r ( action ,any ,fre$m5 may br+ a private "r ( action 9 a c\rt ( compet5t jurisdiction to compel ! ,attorney ,g5]al to inve/igate ,f$]al civil rights violations & provide a det]m9ation ( :e!r a violation has occurr$ )9 #ahj days ( submitt+ a compla9t to a c\rt describ+ ! violation 9 writ+4 #f4 ,,gao report on exp5diture ( ,f$]al funds ,on ,octob] #a ( ea* ye>1 ! ,gov]nm5t ,acc\ntability ,(fice %all issue a public report to ,congress on ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,= ea* ( ! #e fiscal ye>s end+ imm$iately be=e ! report1 ! ,creek ,nation's exp5diture ( all ,f$]al funds4 7#b7 ,an analysis ( ,f$]al funds allocat$ by ! ,creek ,nation's lead]%ip = its memb] b5efits & s]vices & = adm9i/rative & o!r purposes4 7#c7 ,a det]m9ation ( :e!r or n ! ,creek ,nation is 9 full compliance ) all ,f$]al regulations & laws reg>d+ ! managem5t & disbursem5t ( ,f$]al funds4 #g4 ,def9itions ,9 ?is ,act3 7#a7 ,creek ,nation ,! t]m ,creek ,nation means ! ,muscogee 7,creek7 ,nation ( ,oklahoma4 7#b7 ,creek ,fre$m51 ,fre$m51 & ,black ,creeks ,! t]ms ,creek ,fre$m51 ,fre$m51 & ,black ,creeks means individuals :o c trace _! ance/ry to individuals li/$ on ! #aijf ,dawes ,commission ,rolls = ! ,creek ,fre$m54 7#c7 ,o!r ,fre$man ,indians ,! t]m ,o!r ,fre$m5 ,indians means individuals :o c trace _! ance/ry to ! #aijf ,dawes ,commission ,rolls :o are memb]s ( ! ,*octaw1 ,*ickasaw1 ,muscogee 7,creek71 & ,sem9ole ,nations4 7#d7 ,secret>y ,! t]m ,secret>y means ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior4