,,iib #aafth ,,congress #ast ,session ,h4 ,r4 #abcg ,,in ,,the ,,senate ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,june #aj1 #bjai,received2 read twice and referred to the ,committee on ,commerce1 ,science1 and ,transportation ,,an ,,act ,to amend the ,federal ,ocean ,acidification ,research and ,monitoring ,act of #bjji to establish an ,ocean ,acidification ,advisory ,board1 to expand and improve the research on ,ocean ,acidification and ,coastal ,acidification1 to establish and maintain a data archive system for ,ocean ,acidification data and ,coastal ,acidification data1 and for other purposes4 #a4 ,short title ,this ,act may be cited as the ,coastal and ,ocean ,acidification ,stressors and ,threats ,research ,act of #bjai or the ,,coast ,research ,act of #bjai4 #b4 ,purposes 7a7 ,in general ,section #abdjb7;a7 of the ,federal ,ocean ,acidification ,research and ,monitoring ,act of #bjji 7#cc ,u4,s4,c4 #cgja7;a77 is amended-- 7#a7 in paragraph 7#a7-- 7,a7 in the matter preceding subparagraph 7,a71 by striking development and coordination and inserting coordination and implementation2 7,b7 in subparagraph 7,a71 by striking acidification on marine organisms and inserting acidification and coastal acidification on marine organisms2 and 7,c7 in subparagraph 7,b71 by striking establish and all that follows through the semicolon and inserting maintain and advise an interagency research1 monitoring1 and public outreach program on ocean acidification and coastal acidification22 7#b7 in paragraph 7#b71 by striking establishment and inserting maintenance2 7#c7 in paragraph 7#c71 by inserting and coastal acidification after ocean acidification2 and 7#d7 in paragraph 7#d71 by inserting and coastal acidification that take into account other environmental and anthropogenic stressors after ocean acidification4 7b7 ,technical and conforming amendment ,section #abdjb of the ,federal ,ocean ,acidification ,research and ,monitoring ,act of #bjji 7#cc ,u4,s4,c4 #cgja7;a77 is amended by striking 7a7 ,purposes4--4 #c4 ,definitions ,section #abdjc of the ,federal ,ocean ,acidification ,research and ,monitoring ,act of #bjji 7#cc ,u4,s4,c4 #cgjb7 is amended-- 7#a7 in paragraph 7#a71 by striking of the ,earth's oceans and all that follows before the period at the end and inserting and changes in the water chemistry of the ,earth's oceans1 coastal estuaries1 and waterways caused by carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and the breakdown of organic matter2 7#b7 in paragraph 7#c71 by striking ,joint ,subcommittee on ,ocean ,science and ,technology of the ,national ,science and ,technology ,council and inserting ,national ,science and ,technology ,council ,subcommittee on ,ocean ,science and ,technology2 7#c7 by redesignating paragraphs 7#a71 7#b71 and 7#c7 as paragraphs 7#b71 7#c71 and 7#d71 respectively2 7#d7 by inserting before paragraph 7#b71 as so redesignated1 the following new paragraph3 7#a7 ,coastal ,acidification ,the term coastal acidification means the combined decrease in p,h and changes in the water chemistry of coastal oceans1 estuaries1 and other bodies of water from chemical inputs 7including carbon dioxide from the atmosphere71 freshwater inputs1 and excess nutrient run-off from land and coastal atmospheric pollution that result in processes that release carbon dioxide1 acidic nitrogen1 and sulfur compounds as byproducts which end up in coastal waters4 2 and 7#e7 by adding at the end the following new paragraph3 7#e7 ,state ,the term ,state means each ,state of the ,united ,states1 the ,district of ,columbia1 the ,commonwealth of ,puerto ,rico1 ,american ,samoa1 ,guam1 the ,commonwealth of the ,northern ,mariana ,islands1 the ,virgin ,islands of the ,united ,states1 and any other territory or possession of the ,united ,states4 4 #d4 ,interagency working group ,section #abdjd of the ,federal ,ocean ,acidification ,research and ,monitoring ,act of #bjji 7#cc ,u4,s4,c4 #cgjc7 is amended-- 7#a7 in the heading1 by striking subcommittee and inserting working group2 7#b7 in subsection 7a7-- 7,a7 in paragraph 7#a71 by striking ,joint ,subcommittee on ,ocean ,science and ,technology of the ,national ,science and ,technology ,council shall coordinate ,federal activities on ocean acidification and and insert ,subcommittee shall2 7,b7 in paragraph 7#b71 by striking ,wildlife ,service1 and inserting ,wildlife ,service1 the ,bureau of ,ocean ,energy ,management1 the ,environmental ,protection ,agency1 the ,department of ,agriculture1 the ,department of ,state1 the ,department of ,energy1 the ,department of the ,navy1 the ,national ,park ,service1 the ,bureau of ,indian ,affairs1 the ,national ,institute of ,standards and ,technology1 the ,smithsonian ,institution12 and 7,c7 in paragraph 7#c71 in the heading1 by striking ,chairman and inserting ,chair2 7#c7 in subsection 7b7-- 7,a7 in paragraph 7#a71 by inserting 1 including the efforts of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration to facilitate such implementation after of the plan2 7,b7 in paragraph 7#b7-- 7i7 in subparagraph 7,a71 by inserting and coastal acidification after ocean acidification2 and 7ii7 in subparagraph 7,b71 by inserting and coastal acidification after ocean acidification2 7,c7 in paragraph 7#d71 by striking 2 and and inserting a semicolon2 7,d7 in paragraph 7#e7-- 7i7 by striking developed and inserting and coastal acidification developed2 and 7ii7 by striking the period at the end and inserting and coastal acidification2 and2 and 7,e7 by adding at the end the following new paragraph3 7#f7 ensure that each of the ,federal agencies represented on the interagency working group-- 7,a7 participates in the ,ocean ,acidification ,information ,exchange established under paragraph 7#e72 and 7,b7 delivers data and information to support the data archive system established under section #abdjf7;d74 2 7#d7 in subsection 7c71 in paragraph 7#b7-- 7,a7 by inserting 1 and to the ,office of ,management and ,budget1 after ,house of ,representatives2 and 7,b7 in subparagraph 7,b71 by striking the interagency research and inserting interagency strategic research2 7#e7 by redesignating subsection 7c7 as subsection 7d72 and 7#f7 by inserting after subsection 7b7 the following3 7c7 ,advisory ,board 7#a7 ,establishment ,the ,chair of the ,subcommittee shall establish an ,ocean ,acidification ,advisory ,board4 7#b7 ,duties ,the ,advisory ,board shall-- 7,a7 not later than #ahj days before the ,subcommittee submits the most recent report under subsection 7d77#b7-- 7i7 review such report2 7ii7 submit an analysis of such report to the ,subcommittee for consideration in the final report submitted under subsection 7d77#b72 and 7iii7 concurrently with the ,subcommittee's final submission of the report under subsection 7d77#b71 the ,advisory ,board shall submit a copy of the analysis provided to the ,subcommittee to the ,committee on ,commerce1 ,science1 and ,transportation of the ,senate1 the ,committee on ,science1 ,space1 and ,technology of the ,house of ,representatives1 and the ,committee on ,natural ,resources of the ,house of ,representatives2 7,b7 not later than #ahj days before the ,subcommittee submits the most recent strategic research plan under subsection 7d77#c7 to ,congress-- 7i7 review such plan2 7ii7 submit an analysis of such plan and the implementation thereof to the ,subcommittee for consideration in the final strategic research plan submitted under subsection 7d77#c72 and 7iii7 concurrently with the ,subcommittee's final submission of the strategic research plan under subsection 7d77#c71 the ,advisory ,board shall submit a copy of the analysis provided to the ,subcommittee to the ,committee on ,commerce1 ,science1 and ,transportation of the ,senate1 the ,committee on ,science1 ,space1 and ,technology of the ,house of ,representatives1 and the ,committee on ,natural ,resources of the ,house of ,representatives2 7,c7 provide ongoing advice to the ,subcommittee and the interagency working group on matters related to ,federal activities on ocean acidification and coastal acidification2 7,d7 advise the ,subcommittee and the interagency working group on-- 7i7 efforts to coordinate research and monitoring activities related to ocean acidification and coastal acidification2 and 7ii7 the best practices for the standards developed for data archiving under section #abdjf7;e72 7,e7 publish in the ,federal ,register a charter2 7,f7 provide the ,library of ,congress with-- 7i7 the charter described in subparagraph 7,e72 7ii7 any schedules and minutes for meetings of the ,advisory ,board2 7iii7 any documents that are approved by the ,advisory ,board2 and 7iv7 any reports and analysis prepared by the ,advisory ,board2 and 7,g7 establish a publicly accessible web page on the website of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration1 that contains the information described in clauses 7i7 through 7iv7 of subparagraph 7,f74 7#c7 ,membership ,the ,advisory ,board shall consist of #bd members as follows3 7,a7 ,two representatives of the shellfish and crab industry4 7,b7 ,one representative of the finfish industry4 7,c7 ,one representative of seafood processors4 7,d7 ,three representatives from academia1 including both natural and social sciences4 7,e7 ,one representative of recreational fishing4 7,f7 ,one representative of relevant nongovernmental organizations4 7,g7 ,six representatives from relevant ,state1 local1 and ,tribal governments4 7,h7 ,one representative from the ,alaska ,ocean ,acidification ,network4 7,i7 ,one representative from the ,california ,current ,acidification ,network4 7,j7 ,one representative from the ,northeast ,coastal ,acidification ,network4 7,k7 ,one representative from the ,southeast ,coastal ,acidification ,network4 7,l7 ,one representative from the ,gulf of ,mexico ,coastal ,acidification ,network4 7,m7 ,one representative from the ,mid-,atlantic ,coastal ,acidification ,network4 7,n7 ,one representative from the ,pacific ,islands ,ocean ,observing ,system or similar entity representing the island territories and possessions of the ,united ,states in the ,pacific ,ocean1 and the ,state of ,hawaii4 7,o7 ,one representative from the ,caribbean ,regional ,association for ,coastal ,ocean ,observing or a similar entity representing ,puerto ,rico and the ,united ,states ,virgin ,islands4 7,p7 ,one representative from the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration shall serve as an ex-officio member of the ,advisory ,board without a vote4 7#d7 ,appointment of members ,the ,chair of the ,subcommittee shall-- 7,a7 appoint members to the ,advisory ,board 7taking into account the geographical interests of each individual to be appointed as a member of the ,advisory ,board to ensure that an appropriate balance of geographical interests are represented by the members of the ,advisory ,board7 who-- 7i7 represent the interest group for which each seat is designated2 7ii7 demonstrate expertise on ocean acidification or coastal acidification and its scientific1 economic1 industry1 cultural1 and community impacts2 and 7iii7 have a record of distinguished service with respect to ocean acidification or coastal acidification1 and such impacts2 7,b7 give consideration to nominations and recommendations from the members of the interagency working group and the public for such appointments2 and 7,c7 ensure that an appropriate balance of scientific1 industry1 and geographical interests are represented by the members of the ,advisory ,board4 7#e7 ,term of membership ,each member of the ,advisory ,board-- 7,a7 shall be appointed for a #e-year term2 and 7,b7 may be appointed to more than one term4 7#f7 ,chair ,the ,chair of the ,subcommittee shall appoint one member of the ,advisory ,board to serve as the ,chair of the ,advisory ,board4 7#g7 ,meetings ,not less than once each calendar year1 the ,advisory ,board shall meet at such times and places as may be designated by the ,chair of the ,advisory ,board1 in consultation with the ,chair of the ,subcommittee and the ,chair of the interagency working group4 7#h7 ,briefing ,the ,chair of the ,advisory ,board shall brief the ,subcommittee and the interagency working group on the progress of the ,advisory ,board as necessary4 7#i7 ,federal ,advisory ,committee ,act ,section #ad of the ,federal ,advisory ,committee ,act shall not apply to the ,advisory ,board4 4 #e4 ,strategic research plan ,section #abdje of the ,federal ,ocean ,acidification ,research and ,monitoring ,act of #bjji 7#cc ,u4,s4,c4 #cgjd7 is amended-- 7#a7 in subsection 7a7-- 7,a7 by striking acidification each place it appears and inserting acidification and coastal acidification2 7,b7 in the first sentence-- 7i7 by inserting 1 and not later than every #e years thereafter after the date of enactment of this ,act2 7ii7 by inserting address the socioeconomic impacts of ocean acidification and coastal acidification and to after mitigation strategies to2 and 7iii7 by striking marine ecosystems each place it appears and inserting ecosystems2 and 7,c7 in the second sentence1 by inserting and recommendations made by the ,advisory ,board in the review of the plan required under section #abdjd7;c77#b77;,b77i7 after subsection 7d72 7#b7 in subsection 7b7-- 7,a7 in paragraph 7#a71 by inserting and social sciences after among the ocean sciences2 7,b7 in paragraph 7#b7-- 7i7 in subparagraph 7,a71 by striking impacts and inserting impacts1 including trends of changes in ocean chemistry12 7ii7 in subparagraph 7,b7-- 7,i7 by striking improve the ability to assess the and inserting assess the short-term and long-term2 and 7,,ii7 by striking 2 and at the end and inserting a semicolon2 7iii7 by amending subparagraph 7,c7 to read as follows3 7,c7 provide information for the-- 7i7 development of adaptation and mitigation strategies to address the socioeconomic impacts of ocean acidification and coastal acidification2 7ii7 conservation of marine organisms and ecosystems2 7iii7 assessment of the effectiveness of such adaptation and mitigation strategies2 and 2 and 7iv7 by adding at the end the following new subparagraph3 7,d7 improve research on-- 7i7 ocean acidification and coastal acidification2 7ii7 the interactions between and effects of multiple combined stressors including changes in water chemistry1 changes in sediment delivery1 hypoxia1 and harmful algal blooms1 on ocean acidification and coastal acidification2 and 7iii7 the effect of environmental stressors on marine resources and ecosystems2 2 7,c7 in paragraph 7#c7-- 7i7 in subparagraph 7,f71 by striking database development and inserting data management2 7ii7 in subparagraph 7,h7 by striking and at the end2 and 7iii7 by adding at the end the following new subparagraphs3 7,j7 assessment of adaptation and mitigation strategies2 and 7,k7 education and outreach activities2 2 7,d7 in paragraph 7#d71 by striking set forth and inserting ensure an appropriate balance of contribution in establishing2 7,e7 in paragraph 7#e71 by striking reports and inserting the best available peer-reviewed scientific reports2 7,f7 in paragraph 7#f7-- 7i7 by inserting and coastal acidification after ocean acidification2 and 7ii7 by striking of the ,united ,states and inserting within the ,united ,states2 7,g7 in paragraph 7#g71 by striking outline budget requirements and inserting estimate costs associated for full implementation of each element of the plan by fiscal year2 7,h7 in paragraph 7#h7-- 7i7 by inserting and coastal acidification after ocean acidification each place it appears2 7ii7 by striking its and inserting their2 and 7iii7 by striking 2 and at the end and inserting a semicolon2 7,i7 in paragraph 7#i71 by striking the period at the end and inserting 2 and2 and 7,j7 by adding at the end the following new paragraph3 7#aj7 describe monitoring needs necessary to support potentially affected industry members1 coastal stakeholders1 fishery management councils and commissions1 non-,federal resource managers1 and scientific experts on decision-making and adaptation related to ocean acidification and coastal acidification4 2 7#c7 in subsection 7c7-- 7,a7 in paragraph 7#a77;,c71 by striking surface2 7,b7 in paragraph 7#b71 by inserting and coastal acidification after ocean acidification each place it appears2 7,c7 in paragraph 7#c7-- 7i7 by striking input1 and and inserting inputs12 7ii7 by inserting 1 marine food webs1 after marine ecosystems2 and 7iii7 by inserting 1 and modeling that supports fisheries management after marine organisms2 7,d7 in paragraph 7#e71 by inserting and coastal acidification after ocean acidification2 and 7,e7 by adding at the end the following new paragraph3 7#f7 ,research to understand related and cumulative stressors and other biogeochemical processes occurring in conjunction with ocean acidification and coastal acidification4 2 and 7#d7 by striking subsection 7e7 and inserting the following3 7e7 ,advisory ,board evaluation ,not later than #ahj days before a plan is submitted to ,congress1 the ,subcommittee shall provide the ,advisory ,board established under section #abdjd7;c7 a copy of the plan for purposes of review under paragraph 7#b77;,b77i7 of such section4 7f7 ,publication and public comment ,not later than #ij days before the strategic research plan1 or any revision thereof1 is submitted to ,congress1 the ,subcommittee shall publish the plan in the ,federal ,register and provide an opportunity for submission of public comments for a period of not less than #fj days4 4 #f4 ,,noaa ocean acidification activities ,section #abdjf of the ,federal ,ocean ,acidification ,research and ,monitoring ,act of #bjji 7#cc ,u4,s4,c4 #cgje7 is amended-- 7#a7 in subsection 7a7-- 7,a7 in the matter preceding paragraph 7#a71 by inserting coordination1 after research1 monitoring12 7,b7 in paragraph 7#a7-- 7i7 in subparagraph 7,b7-- 7,i7 by inserting including the ,integrated ,ocean ,observing ,system and the ocean observing assets of other ,federal and ,state agencies1 after ocean observing assets12 and 7,,ii7 by inserting and agency and department missions1 prioritizing the location of monitoring instruments1 assets1 and projects to maximize the efficiency of resources and to optimize understanding of socioeconomic impacts and ecosystem health after research program2 7ii7 in subparagraph 7,c7-- 7,i7 by striking adaptation and inserting adaptation and mitigation2 and 7,,ii7 by inserting and supporting socioeconomically vulnerable communities and industries after marine ecosystems2 7iii7 in subparagraph 7,e71 by striking its impacts and inserting their respective impacts2 7iv7 in subparagraph 7,f71 by striking monitoring and impacts research and inserting research1 monitoring1 and adaptation and mitigation strategies2 and 7v7 by adding at the end the following new subparagraph3 7,g7 research to improve understanding of the effect of-- 7i7 other environmental stressors on ocean acidification and coastal acidification2 7ii7 multiple environmental stressors on living marine resources and coastal ecosystems2 and 7iii7 adaptation and mitigation strategies to address the socioeconomic impacts of ocean acidification and coastal acidification4 2 7,c7 in paragraph 7#b71 by striking critical research projects that explore and inserting critical research and education projects that explore and communicate2 and 7,d7 in paragraphs 7#a7 and 7#b71 by striking acidification each place it appears and inserting acidification and coastal acidification2 and 7#b7 by adding at the end the following new subsections3 7c7 ,relationship to interagency working group ,the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration shall serve as the lead ,federal agency responsible for coordinating the ,federal response to ocean acidification and coastal acidification1 by-- 7#a7 leading the interagency working group in implementing the strategic research plan under section #abdje2 7#b7 coordinating monitoring and research efforts among ,federal agencies in cooperation with ,state1 local1 and ,tribal government and international partners2 7#c7 maintaining an ,ocean ,acidification ,information ,exchange described under section #abdjd7;b77#e7 to allow for information to be electronically accessible1 including information-- 7,a7 on ocean acidification developed through or used by the ocean acidification program described under section #abdjf7;a72 or 7,b7 that would be useful to ,state governments1 local governments1 ,tribal governments1 resource managers1 policymakers1 researchers1 and other stakeholders in mitigating or adapting to the impacts of ocean acidification and coastal acidification2 and 7#d7 establishing and maintaining the data archive system under subsection 7d74 7d7 ,data archive system 7#a7 ,management ,the ,secretary1 in coordination with members of the interagency working group1 shall provide for the long-term stewardship of1 and access to1 data relating to ocean acidification and coastal acidification by establishing and maintaining a data archive system that the ,national ,center for ,environmental ,information uses to process1 store1 archive1 provide access to1 and incorporate to the extent possible1 such data collected-- 7,a7 through relevant federally-funded research2 and 7,b7 by a ,federal agency1 ,state agency1 local agency1 ,tribe1 academic scientist1 citizen scientist1 or industry organization4 7#b7 ,existing global or national data assets ,in establishing and maintaining the data archive system under paragraph 7#a71 the ,secretary shall ensure that existing global or national data assets 7including the data assets maintained by the ,national ,centers for ,environmental ,information1 the ,integrated ,ocean ,observing ,system1 and other existing data systems within ,federal agencies7 are incorporated to the greatest extent possible4 7e7 ,standards1 protocols1 and procedures ,with respect to the data described in subsection 7d71 the ,secretary1 in coordination with members of the interagency working group1 shall establish and revise as necessary the standards1 protocols1 or procedures for-- 7#a7 processing1 storing1 archiving1 and providing access to such data2 7#b7 the interoperability and intercalibration of such data2 7#c7 the collection of any metadata underlying such data2 and 7#d7 sharing such data with ,state1 local1 and ,tribal government programs1 potentially affected industry members1 coastal stakeholders1 fishery management councils and commissions1 non-,federal resource managers1 and academia4 7f7 ,dissemination of ocean acidification data and coastal acidification data ,the ,secretary1 in coordination with members of the interagency working group1 shall disseminate the data described under subsection 7d7 to the greatest extent practicable by sharing such data on full and open access exchanges1 including the ,ocean ,acidification ,information ,exchange described in section #abdjd7;b77#e74 7g7 ,requirement ,recipients of grants from the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration under this subtitle that collect data described under subsection 7d7 shall-- 7#a7 collect such data in accordance with the standards1 protocols1 or procedures established pursuant to subsection 7e72 and 7#b7 submit such data to the data archive system under subsection 7d71 in accordance with any rules promulgated by the ,secretary4 4 #g4 ,,nsf ocean acidification activities ,section #abdjg of the ,federal ,ocean ,acidification ,research and ,monitoring ,act of #bjji 7#cc ,u4,s4,c4 #cgjf7 is amended-- 7#a7 by striking ocean acidification each place it appears and inserting ocean acidification and coastal acidification2 7#b7 in subsection 7a7-- 7,a7 in the matter preceding paragraph 7#a7-- 7i7 by striking continue and all that follows through which shall2 7ii7 by striking proposals for research and inserting proposals for the researching2 and 7iii7 by striking its impacts and inserting their respective impacts2 7,b7 in paragraph 7#a71 by striking marine ecosystems and inserting ecosystems2 7,c7 in paragraph 7#b71 by striking 2 and at the end and inserting a semicolon2 7,d7 in paragraph 7#c7-- 7i7 by striking and its impacts and inserting and their respective impacts2 and 7ii7 by striking the period at the end and inserting 2 and2 and 7,e7 by adding at the end the following new paragraph3 7#d7 adaptation and mitigation strategies to address socioeconomic effects of ocean acidification and coastal acidification4 2 and 7#c7 by adding at the end the following3 7d7 ,requirement ,recipients of grants from the ,national ,science ,foundation under this subtitle that collect data described under section #abdjf7;d7 shall-- 7#a7 collect data in accordance with the standards1 protocols1 or procedures established pursuant to section #abdjf7;e72 and 7#b7 submit such data to the ,director and the ,secretary1 in accordance with any rules promulgated by the ,director or the ,secretary4 4 #h4 ,,nasa ocean acidification activities ,section #abdjh of the ,federal ,ocean ,acidification ,research and ,monitoring ,act of #bjji 7#cc ,u4,s4,c4 #cgjg7 is amended-- 7#a7 by striking ocean acidification each place it appears and inserting ocean acidification and coastal acidification2 7#b7 in subsection 7a71 by striking its impacts and inserting their respective impacts2 and 7#c7 by adding at the end the following new subsection3 7d7 ,requirement ,researchers from the ,national ,aeronautics and ,space ,administration under this subtitle that collect data described under section #abdjf7;d7 shall-- 7#a7 collect such data in accordance with the standards1 protocols1 or procedures established pursuant to section #abdjf7;e72 and 7#b7 submit such data to the ,administrator and the ,secretary1 in accordance with any rules promulgated by the ,administrator or the ,secretary4 4 #i4 ,authorization of appropriations ,section #abdji of the ,federal ,ocean ,acidification ,research and ,monitoring ,act of #bjji 7#cc ,u4,s4,c4 #cgjh7 is amended-- 7#a7 in subsection 7a71 by striking subtitle-- and all that follows through paragraph 7#d7 and inserting the following3 subtitle #cj4e million for each of the fiscal years #bjbj through #bjbd42 and 7#b7 in subsection 7b71 by striking subtitle-- and all that follows through paragraph 7#d7 and inserting the following3 subtitle #bj million for each of the fiscal years #bjbj through #bjbd44 ,passed the ,house of ,representatives ,june #e1 #bjai4;,cheryl ,l4 ,johnson1,clerk