,,ia  #aaf? ,,congress  #a/ ,session    
,h4 ,j4 ,,res4 #g  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(   
,,repres5tatives  ,janu>y #c1 #bjai,mr4 
,coh5 7= himself1 ,mr4 ,coop]1 ,mr4     
,g>am5di1 & ,ms4 ,br[nley ( ,cali=nia7  
submitt$ ! foll[+ jo9t resolution2 :i* 0
 ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y  
,,jo9t ,,resolution  ,propos+ an am5dm5t
 to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to 
aboli% ! electoral college & to provide 
= ! direct election ( ! ,presid5t &     
,vice ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4      
,:]eas ! ,f\nd]s ( ! ,nation e/abli%$ ! 
electoral college 9 an era ( limit$     
nationwide communication & in=mation    
%>+2 ,:]eas ! electoral college is      
premis$ on an antiquat$ !ory t citiz5s w
 h a bett] *ance ( kn[+ ab\t electors f 
_! home ,/ates ?an ab\t ,presid5tial    
c&idates f out ( ,/ate2 ,:]eas !        
developm5t ( mass m$ia & ! ,int]net has 
made in=mation ab\t ,presid5tial        
c&idates easily accessible to ,unit$    
,/ates citiz5s across ! c\ntry & ar\nd !
 _w2 ,:]eas citiz5s n[ h a f> bett]     

*ance ( kn[+ ab\t out-(-,/ate           
,presid5tial c&idates ?an ab\t          
,presid5tial electors f _! home ,/ate2  
,:]eas ,?omas ,jeff]son wrote1 8,i am n 
an advocate = frequ5t *anges 9 laws &   
con/itutions1 b laws & in/itutions mu/ g
 h& 9 h& ) ! progress ( ! human m9d4 ,z 
t becomes m develop$1 m enlight5$1 z new
 discov]ies are made1 new tru?s discov]$
 & mann]s & op9ions *ange1 ) ! *ange (  
circum/ances1 in/itutions mu/ advance   
also to keep pace ) ! times4 ,we might z
 well require a man to we> /ill ! coat  
:i* fitt$ him :5 a boy z civiliz$       
society to rema9 ev] "u ! regim5 ( _!   
b>b>\s ance/ors402 ,:]eas s9ce !        
,nation's f\nd+1 ,unit$ ,/ates citiz5s h
 am5d$ ! ,con/itution to exp& !         
opportunity = citiz5s to directly elect 
_! elect$ lead]s2 ,:]eas ! #ae? ,am5dm5t
 gu>antees ! "r ( all citiz5s to vote   
reg>dless ( race2 ,:]eas ! #ai? ,am5dm5t
 gu>antees ! "r ( all citiz5s to vote   
reg>dless ( g5d]2 ,:]eas ! #bf? ,am5dm5t
 gu>antees ! "r ( all citiz5s #ah ye>s (

 age & old] to vote reg>dless ( age2    
,:]eas ! #ag? ,am5dm5t e/abli%es bo? a  
prec$5t & a pref]5ce = ! direct election
 ( citiz5s' elect$ repres5tatives2 &    
,:]eas ! electoral college has become an
 ana*ronism3 ,n[1 !re=e1 be x ,t !      
foll[+ article is propos$ z an am5dm5t  
to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i*
 %all be valid to all int5ts & purposes 
z "p ( ! ,con/itution :5 ratifi$ by !   
legislatures ( ?ree-f\r?s ( ! sev]al    
,/ates )9 sev5 ye>s aft] ! date ( its   
submission = ratification3   --  #a4 ,! 
,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t %all be     
elect$ by ! p ( ! sev]al ,/ates & !     
di/rict con/itut+ ! seat ( gov]nm5t ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates4  #b4 ,! electors 9 ea*   
,/ate %all h ! qualifications requisite 
= electors ( ! mo/ popul\s bran* ( !    
legislature ( ! ,/ate2 al?\gh ,congress 
may e/abli% uni=m age qualifications4   
#c4 ,ea* elector %all ca/ a s+le vote = 
two p]sons :o h cons5t$ to ! jo9+ ( _!  
names z c&idates = ,presid5t & ,vice    
,presid5t4 ,no elector %all be prohibit$

 f ca/+ a vote = a c&idate = ,presid5t  
or ,vice ,presid5t because ei!r c&idate1
 or bo?1 are inhabitants ( ! same ,/ate 
z ! elector4  #d4 ,! pair ( c&idates    
hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( votes = ,presid5t
 & ,vice ,presid5t %all be elect$4  #e4 
,! times1 places1 & mann] ( hold+ su*   
elections & entitlem5t to inclusion on !
 ballot %all be det]m9$ by ,congress4   
#f4 ,! ,congress may by law provide = ! 
case ( ! dea? or any o!r                
disqualification ( any c&idate =        
,presid5t or ,vice ,presid5t be=e ! day 
on :i* ! ,presid5t-elect or ,vice       
,presid5t-elect has be5 *os52 & = ! case
 ( a tie 9 any election4  #g4 ,?is      
article %all take effect "o ye> aft] !  
fir/ day ( ,janu>y foll[+ ratification4 
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