,,iv  #aaf? ,,congress  #b;d ,session   
,h4 ,,con4 ,,res4 #aaa  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se  
,,( ,,repres5tatives  ,augu/ #ba1       
#bjbj,mr4 ,l>son ( ,connecticut submitt$
 ! foll[+ concurr5t resolution2 :i* 0   
ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y   
,,concurr5t ,,resolution  ,to e/abli%   
defiance ( a congressional subpo5a =    
te/imony or docum5ts by ! ,presid5t z an
 impea*able high crimes & misdemeanor )9
 ! mean+ ( ,article ,,ii1 ,section #d ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates ,con/itution4  ,:]eas ! 
congressional p[] to inve/igate & ov]see
 ! executive bran* is a corn]/one (     
sep>ation ( p[]s & necess>y to expose & 
det] executive lawlessness1 corruption1 
fraud1 wa/e1 & o!r s]i\s abuses2 ,:]eas 
,supreme ,c\rt ,ju/ice ,l\is ,br&eis    
fam\sly obs]v$1 ,sun%9e is said to be ! 
be/ ( dis9fectants2 ! electric light !  
mo/ effici5t policeman2 ,:]eas due      
process requires t ! law w>n be=e x     
/rikes1 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives has   
vot$ articles ( impea*m5t aga9/ ?ree    
,presid5ts1 "o ,cab9et (fic]1 "o        

,s5ator1 "o ,supreme ,c\rt ,ju/ice1 &   
f\rte5 subord9ate ,f$]al judges )\t     
cl>ify+ ! mean+ ( high crimes &         
misdemeanors to give fair w>n+ to !     
,presid5t1 ,vice ,presid5t1 & o!r civil 
(fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,:]eas !      
congressional p[] ( ov]sight is ! p[]   
pres]vative ( all o!r congressional     
au?orities2 ,:]eas ! sl[ness ( judicial 
adjudications ( executive privilege or  
/ate secrets invocations by ! ,presid5t 
to resi/ a congressional subpo5a is     
inconsi/5t ) ! political "t frame 9 :i* 
impea*m5t op]ates2 ,:]eas !             
congressional p[]s ( inve/igation or    
ov]sight ( ! executive bran* are crippl$
 )\t docum5ts & te/imonies f executive  
bran* (ficials2 ,:]eas ! ,h\se ,judici>y
 ,committee vot$ an article ( impea*m5t 
aga9/ ,presid5t ,ri*>d ,m4 ,nixon =     
fail+ to produce docum5ts & ?+s dem&$ by
 duly au?oriz$ ,committee subpo5as      
pursuant to ! sole p[] ( impea*m5t ve/$ 
by ! ,con/itution 9 ! ,h\se (           
,repres5tatives2 ,:]eas 9 pursuit ( any 

legitimate legislative objective1       
,congress is au?oriz$ to inve/igate & to
 ov]see ! executive bran* & to impose   
sanctions = contempt ( its processes2   
,:]eas legitimate objectives include    
det]m9ations ( :e!r laws h be5 violat$1 
:e!r !y h be5 prop]ly en=c$1 :e!r new   
laws are ne$$1 or :e!r funds %\ld be    
appropriat$ or )held2 ,:]eas ,congress  
is end[$ ) indep5d5t con/itutional      
au?ority to det]m9e :e!r presid5tial    
defiance ( a congressional subpo5a      
con/itutes an impea*able high crime &   
misdemeanor )\t a c\rt adjudication (   
any claim$ executive privilege1 /ate    
secrets1 or o!r def5se2 ,:]eas ,congress
 possesses all ! contempt p[]s (        
,article ,,iii c\rts2 ,:]eas ,presid5ts 
,?omas ,jeff]son & ,abraham ,l9coln     
recogniz$ t ea* bran* ( gov]nm5t has    
indep5d5t au?ority to int]pret !        
,con/itution )9 _! respective sph]es (  
p[]2 ,:]eas ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme    
,c\rt has nev] op9$ on :e!r executive   
privilege may be invok$ to block !      

congressional p[] ( inve/igation2 ,:]eas
 9 ,unit$ ,/ates v4 ,nixon1 #dah ,u4,s4 
#fhc 7#aigd71 ! ,c\rt subord9at$ !      
privilege to ! ne$s ( a s+le crim9al    
prosecution2 ,:]eas ! importance (      
congressional ov]sight to our           
con/itutional disp5sation & sep>ation ( 
p[]s is ord]s ( magnitude great] ?an    
prosecution ( a s+le crim9al case2      
,:]eas ! ,nixon tapes prec$5t m&ates t  
executive privilege is subs]vi5t to     
legislative ov]sight ( ! executive      
bran*2 & ,:]eas ! abs5ce ( a specific   
def9ition ( an impea*able high crime &  
misdemeanor invites ! appe>ance or      
actuality ( p>tisan ex]cises ( !        
impea*m5t p[] :i* subv]ts its legitimacy
 & det]s its use3 ,n[1 !re=e1 be x #a4  
,def9+ presid5tial defiance ( a         
congressional subpo5a z an impea*able   
high crime & misdemeanor ,congress      
decl>es t a ,presid5t1 ,vice-,presid5t1 
or ,civil ,(fic]'s delib]ate disob$i5ce 
& defiance ( a congressional subpo5a =  
te/imony or docum5ts 9 pursuit (        

,congress legislative or ov]sight       
function may con/itute an impea*able    
high crime & misdemeanor = purposes (   
,article ,,ii1 ,section #d ( !          
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  #b4    
,executive privilege ,if a ,presid5t    
refuses to comply ) a congressional     
subpo5a "u ! invocation ( executive     
privilege1 ! failure to engage 9 good   
fai? by prop]ly ass]t+ t privilege )    
factual & legal specificity %all be tak5
 z evid5ce = f9d+ disob$i5ce & defiance 
( a congressional subpo5a "u section #a 
( ?is concurr5t resolution4