,,iii  #aae? ,,congress  #b;d ,session  
,s4 ,,res4 #ehg  ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,!
 ,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,july #bc1 #bjah ,mr4 
,cruz submitt$ ! foll[+ resolution2 :i* 
0 ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ,=eign      
,relations  ,,resolution  ,commemorat+  
,july #bjah z ,liu ,xiaobo ,victims (   
,communism ,mon?4  ,:]eas ! communi/    
ideology is directly responsible =      
crimes aga9/ humanity2 ,:]eas communi/  
regimes h be5 directly responsible =    
crimes aga9/ humanity1 mass />vations1 &
 ! murd] ( t5s ( millions ( p2 ,:]eas   
aw>5ess ( ! crimes aga9/ humanity       
committ$ by communi/ regimes on behalf (
 communi/ ideology ?r\gh\t ! _w mu/ in=m
 ! m9ds ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,:]eas 
,k>l ,m>x & ,fri$ri* ,engels publi%$ ,! 
,communi/ ,manife/o 9 ,febru>y #ahdh2   
,:]eas ,! ,communi/ ,manife/o def9es    
communism z ! abolition ( private       
prop]ty2 ,:]eas communi/s1 9 ! words (  
,k>l ,m>x & ,fri$ri* ,engels1 op5ly     
decl>e t _! ends c be atta9$ only by !  
=cible ov]?r[ ( all exi/+ social        

conditions2 ,:]eas ! crimes ( communi/s 
7 ju/ifi$ by class /ruggle !ory & !     
pr9ciple ( ! dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat 
& us$ t]ror z a me?od to pres]ve !      
dictator%ip2 ,:]eas ,vladimir ,l59 l$ ! 
,octob] ,revolution 9 #aiah t =cibly    
ov]?rew ! social & political in/itutions
 ( ,russia & result$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! 
fir/ communi/ gov]nm5t 9 hi/ory2 ,:]eas 
! subsequ5t ,r$ ,t]ror t foll[$ !       
,octob] ,revolution claim$ ! lives (    
approximately #a1ejj1jjj ,russians2     
,:]eas ,vladimir ,l59 ov]saw ! mass     
campaign ( viol5ce ( ! ,octob]          
,revolution & ! ,r$ ,t]ror ) no moral   
qualms1 & ask$ in/ead3 ,h[ c y make a   
revolution )\t executions82 ,:]eas !    
,union ( ,soviet ,sociali/ ,republics   
7ref]r$ to 9 ?is preamble z ! ,,ussr7 0 
=mally e/abli%$ 9 #aibb2 ,:]eas ! ,,ussr
 p>tn]$ ) ,adolf ,hitl] & ,nazi ,g]many 
9 ! #aicjs1 culm9at+ 9 !                
,molotov-,ribb5trop ,pact ( #aici2      
,:]eas ! ,,ussr coord9at$ an invasion ( 
ea/]n ,pol& 9 #aici accord+ to ! t]ms ( 

a secret additional protocol ( !        
,molotov-,ribb5trop ,pact ( #aici2      
,:]eas ! ,r$ ,army ( ! ,,ussr &         
,wehrma*t ( ,g]many held a jo9t milit>y 
p>ade 9 ,bre/1 ,pol&1 aft] :i*          
occupation ( ! city 0 transf]r$ to ! ,r$
 ,army2 ,:]eas1 dur+ ! ,,ussr occupation
 ( ,bre/1 ,pol&1 ! ,,ussr arre/$ &      
deport$ m ?an #ejj1jjj ,jewi% refugees1 
_m ( :om di$ en r\te to ,sib]ia2 ,:]eas 
! ,,ussr c>ri$ out ru?less viol5ce aga9/
 religi\s m9orities1 includ+ campaigns  
to suppress ! religi\s traditions &     
culture ( ! ,jewi% population ( !       
,,ussr2 ,:]eas t5s ( ?\s&s ( ,jews 7    
kill$ betwe5 #aiah & #aibj z a result ( 
organiz$ pogroms dur+ ! civil w> t      
foll[$ ! ,bol%evik ,revolution 9 !      
,,ussr2 ,:]eas ! ,,ussr conduct$ op5    
anti-,semitic campaigns aim$ at         
completely elim9at+ ,jewi% cultural     
life2 ,:]eas approximately #a1jjj1jjj   
,jews 7 kill$ by ! ,g]man ,e9/zgrupp51  
or deploym5t gr\ps1 9 ,,ussr-occupi$    
t]ritories dur+ ,_w ,w> ,,ii2 ,:]eas1 "u

 ,joseph ,/al9 alone1 m ?an #bj1jjj1jjj 
dea?s occurr$ 9 ! ,,ussr z a result (   
executions1 ,gulag camps1 & fam9e2      
,:]eas1 dur+ ! ,great ,purge 9 ! ,,ussr1
 approximately #gjj1jjj political       
dissid5ts 7 execut$ by gun%ot to ! back 
( ! head2 ,:]eas approximately          
#a1gjj1jjj p di$ 9 ! ,gulag camps1 :]e  
prison]s rang+ f political dissid5ts to 
petty crim9als 7 subject$ to =c$ labor1 
extreme temp]atures1 & h>% treatm5t2    
,:]eas communi/ agricultural policies   
caus$ ! ,soviet ,fam9e ( #aicb to #aicc1
 :i* l$ to ! dea?s ( an e/imat$         
#g1ejj1jjj victims1 includ+ !           
,holodomor1 ! delib]ate g5ocidal fam9e (
 millions ( ,ukranians2 ,:]eas !        
,p>liam5t>y ,assembly ( ! ,c\ncil (     
,europe has adopt$ a resolution decl>+ !
 cruel & delib]ate actions & policies ( 
! ,soviet regime t creat$ ! ,holodomor 7
 responsible = ! dea?s ( millions ( p 9 
,ukra9e1 ,bel>us1 ,kazakh/an1 ,moldova1 
& ,russia2 ,:]eas ! ,,ussr conduct$ a   
s]ies ( e?nically motivat$ deportations 

"u extremely h>% conditions1 caus+ !    
dea?s ( sev]al hundr$ ?\s& victims2     
,:]eas ! ,,ussr fund$ communi/          
revolutions ar\nd ! _w & tra9$ insurg5t 
=ces to topple exi/+ gov]nm5ts1 includ+ 
^? 9 ,mongolia1 ,romania1 ,vietnam1     
,laos1 ,cambodia1 ,cuba1 ,nor? ,korea1 &
 ,*9a2 ,:]eas ag5ts associat$ ) ! ,,ussr
 ent]$ ! ,mongolian ,p's ,republic to   
eng9e] ! ,mongolian ,great ,t]ror1 9 :i*
 approximately #ce1jjj p 7 execut$1     
includ+ approximately #ah1jjj ,buddhi/  
lamas2 ,:]eas ! ,sociali/ ,republic (   
,romania1 a ,soviet-back$1 communi/     
regime1 committ$ massive human rights   
violations1 kill+ or p]secut+ z _m z    
#b1jjj1jjj p betwe5 #aide & #aihi2      
,:]eas ! ,,ussr recogniz$ ! indep5d5ce (
 ,nor? ,vietnam1 legitimiz+ ! insurg5cy 
( ,ho ,*i ,m9h aga9/ ,france1 z a means 
( fight+ aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,:]eas1 
dur+ ! ,vietnam ,w>1 communi/ ,nor?     
,vietnam caus$ ! dea?s ( approximately  
#eh1bbj ,am]icans2 ,:]eas ne>ly #cfe1jjj
 ,vietnamese civilians are e/imat$ to h 

di$ z a result ( ! ,vietnam ,w>1 includ+
 9 ! horrific massacre by ,nor? ,vietnam
 at ,hu1 ,vietnam2 ,:]eas1 aft] !       
,vietnam ,w>1 ! ,communi/ ,p>ty (       
,vietnam is e/imat$ to h caus$ ! dea?s (
 approximately #dcj1jjj p ?r\gh         
executions1 deportations1 & caus+ p to  
flee p]secution1 _m ( :om 7 lo/ at sea2 
,:]eas ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,vietnam cont9ues  
to suppress ! basic human & civil rights
 ( its citiz5s1 includ+ fre$om ( spee*1 
! press1 association1 & religion2 ,:]eas
 human rights activi/s & blogg]s 9      
,vietnam face h>assm5t1 intimidation1   
physical assault1 & imprisonm5t at ! h&s
 ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,vietnam2 ,:]eas !     
dea?s ( approximately #he1jjj p dur+ &  
aft] ! ,laotian ,civil ,w> are          
attributable to ! incursions ( communi/ 
,nor? ,vietnam2 ,:]eas ! ,,ussr & ,nor? 
,vietnam help$ in/all ! communi/ ,lao   
,p's ,revolution>y ,p>ty 7ref]r$ to 9   
?is preamble z ! ,,lprp7 z ! sole       
political p>ty ( ,laos2 ,:]eas ! ,,lprp 
has be5 accus$ ( committ+ g5ocide aga9/ 

! ,hmong p1 ) up to #ajj1jjj p kill$ out
 ( a population ( #djj1jjj2 ,:]eas !    
,,lprp /ill re/ricts _m ( ! civil &     
political rights ( its citiz5s1 includ+ 
fre$om ( spee*1 association1 religion1 &
 assembly2 ,:]eas ! ,,ussr & ,nor?      
,vietnam support$ ! ,communi/ ,p>ty (   
,kampu*ea 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is preamble z ! 
,khm] ,r\ge7 9 ov]?r[+ ! gov]nm5t ( !   
,k+ ( ,cambodia2 ,:]eas1 "u ! lead]%ip (
 ,pol ,pot1 ! ,khm] ,r\ge c>ri$ out !   
,cambodian g5ocide1 :i* caus$ ! dea?s ( 
a  ( ! population ( ,cambodia 9 only #d 
ye>s2 ,:]eas ! ,khm] ,r\ge tortur$ &    
execut$ z _m z #ag1jjj individuals 9 !  
,s-#ba jail 9 ,phnom ,p5h1 ,cambodia2   
,:]eas ! ,kill+ ,fields 7 sites 9       
,cambodia :]e _m ,cambodians 7 kill$ &  
left 9 mass graves by ! ,khm] ,r\ge2    
,:]eas exp]ts e/imate t ! rema9s ( m ?an
 #a1cjj1jjj victims ( execution are     
buri$ at ! ,kill+ ,fields 9 ,cambodia1  
repres5t+ only #fj p]c5t ( ! full dea?  
toll ( ! ,cambodian g5ocide2 ,:]eas !   
,khm] ,r\ge brutally tortur$ & execut$  

,/u>t ,glass ( ,canada1 ,john ,de:ir/ ( 
,great ,brita91 & ,k]ry ,hamill ( ,new  
,zeal& aft] _! boat /ray$ into          
,cambodian wat]s 9 #aigh2 ,:]eas !      
,,ussr l5t ! newly e/abli%$ communi/    
regime ( ,fidel ,ca/ro 9 ,cuba economic 
& diplomatic support to und]m9e !       
influ5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! ,we/]n   
,hemisph]e2 ,:]eas ! ,presid5t ( ,cuba1 
,fidel ,ca/ro1 ord]$ ! executions ( #ehb
 support]s ( ! =m] ,cuban gov]nm5t 9    
#aiei foll[+ ! ov]?r[ ( =m] ,presid5t   
,fulg5cio ,bati/a2 ,:]eas1 "u ! au?ority
 ( ,presid5t ,ca/ro1 betwe5 #d1jjj &    
#ag1jjj individuals 7 execut$ by !      
infam\s fir+ squads ( ! ,cuban ,communi/
 ,p>ty2 ,:]eas1 9 ! #aifjs & #aigjs1    
homosexuals1 cl]gy1 & o!rs :o pos$ a    
?reat to ! regime ( ,presid5t ,ca/ro 7  
r\nd$ up & s5t to labor camps =         
re-education2 ,:]eas ,presid5t ,ca/ro   
ackn[l$g$ hold+ up to #ae1jjj political 
prison]s 9 #aifd2 ,:]eas1 "u ,presid5t  
,ca/ro1 ! ,cuban ,communi/ ,p>ty refus$ 
access to ,cuba to int]national monitors

 su* z ! ,int]national ,committee ( !   
,r$ ,cross & ,human ,rights ,wat*2      
,:]eas ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,cuba cont9ues to  
heavily c5sor all m$ia2 ,:]eas !        
,gov]nm5t ( ,cuba cont9ues to d5y basic 
human rights1 includ+ fre$om (          
expression1 religion1 association1 &    
assembly2 ,:]eas ! ,,ussr l5t diplomatic
 & milit>y support to ! ,democratic ,p's
 ,republic ( ,korea & its rul+ p>ty1 !  
communi/ ,work]'s ,p>ty ( ,korea 7ref]r$
 to 9 ?is preamble z ! ,,wpk71 %ortly   
aft] ! c\ntry 0 f\nd$ on ,septemb] #i1  
#aidh2 ,:]eas1 dur+ ! ,korean ,w>1 !    
,,wpk caus$ ! dea?s ( #cf1iad ,am]icans2
 ,:]eas ! ,,wpk caus$ ! dea?s ( an      
e/imat$ #a1gjj1jjj p includ+ ?r\gh      
execution1 =c$ labor1 />vation1 &       
,gulags2 ,:]eas ! ,,wpk cont9ues to     
re/rict all civil & political lib]ties (
 its citiz5s2 ,:]eas ! ,,wpk prohibits  
political opposition1 indep5d5t m$ia1   
civil society1 & trade unions2 ,:]eas ! 
,,wpk curr5tly inc>c]ates an e/imat$    
#bjj1jjj political prison]s2 ,:]eas !   

,,wpk uses =c$ labor1 physical abuse1 & 
execution z tactics ( fe> to ma9ta9     
ob$i5ce & control2 ,:]eas ! ,,wpk fails 
to provide /able support = ! rights (   
m9ority gr\ps1 includ+ wom51 *ildr51 p )
 disabilities1 & prison]s2 ,:]eas !     
,,ussr f9anc$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*9ese   
,soviet ,republic 9 #aica1 an indep5d5t 
gov]nm5t )9 ! ,jiangxi prov9ce ( ,*9a1  
:]e ,mao ,z$ong began 8 protract$       
revolution aga9/ ! ,kuom9tang2 ,:]eas   
,mao ,z$ong & ! ,*9ese ,r$ ,army conqu]$
 ! ,kuom9tang & e/abli%$ ! ,p's         
,republic ( ,*9a on ,octob] #a1 #aidi2  
,:]eas ,mao ,z$ong or*e/rat$ ! dea?s ( m
 ?an #gh1jjj1jjj m51 wom51 & *ildr5 ov] 
! c\rse ( #c decades f />vation1 =c$    
labor1 torture1 public execution1 &     
w>f>e2 ,:]eas ,mao ,z$ong direct$ !     
cultural g5ocide ( ! ,tibetans1 brutally
 execut+ approximately #ib1jjj p1 :o    
l>gely consi/$ ( educat$ p & lead]s ( ! 
,tibetan population2 ,:]eas ,mao ,z$ong 
ju/ifi$ blood%$ z a necessity = communi/
 revolution1 say+3 ,a revolution is n a 

d9n] p>ty1 nor a lit]>y composition1 nor
 pa9t+ nor embroid]+4 ,x _c be done s   
delicately1 s leisurely1 s g5tlemanly & 
g5tly1 k9dly1 politely & mode/ly4       
,revolution is insurrection1 ! viol5t   
action ( "o class ov]?r[+ ! p[] (       
ano!r42 ,:]eas ! ,communi/ ,p>ty ( ,*9a 
fac$ its fir/ exi/5tial ?reat to p[] 9  
,june #aihi1 ! same ye> ! ,b]l9 ,wall   
collaps$1 :5 /ud5ts & pr(essors         
peacefully demon/rat$ = democracy at    
,tiananm5 ,squ>e 9 ,beij+1 ,*9a2 ,:]eas 
hundr$s ( ! prote/]s at ,tiananm5 ,squ>e
 9 ,beij+1 ,*9a1 lo/ _! lives at ! h&s (
 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,p's ,republic ( ,*9a  
aft] ! gov]nm5t s5t troops & tanks to   
sweep ! squ>e clean2 ,:]eas ,liu        
,xiaobo1 a visit+ lectur] at ,columbia  
,univ]sity 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 left !    
,unit$ ,/ates to help lead ! prote/ at  
,tiananm5 ,squ>e 9 ,beij+1 ,*9a2 ,:]eas 
,liu ,xiaobo initiat$ ! ,tiananm5 ,f\r  
,g5tlem5 ,hung] ,/rike1 :i* la/$ #c     
days2 ,:]eas ,liu ,xiaobo is cr$it$ )   
sav+ ! lives ( _m /ud5ts by help+       

negotiate evacuation ( ! /ud5ts f       
,tiananm5 ,squ>e2 ,:]eas ,liu ,xiaobo 0 
deta9$ & jail$ f #aihi to #aiia = 8 role
 9 ! prote/ at ,tiananm5 ,squ>e1 & !n   
jail$ aga9 9 #aiif ?r\gh #aiii =        
advocat+ t ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,p's         
,republic ( ,*9a r$ress its wrongdo+ 9 !
 /ud5t prote/2 ,:]eas1 9 #aiif1 ,liu    
,xiaobo m>ri$ ,liu ,xia1 :o has /ood    
bravely by 8 side z a p>tn] & fell[     
activi/2 ,:]eas1 on ,decemb] #i1 #bjjh1 
a div]se gr\p ( m ?an #cjj ,*9ese       
s*ol>s1 writ]s1 lawy]s1 & activi/s issu$
 ,*>t] #jh1 a manife/o call+ on !       
,communi/ ,p>ty ( ,*9a to ab&on         
au?orit>ian rule 9 favor ( democracy1 ! 
gu>antee ( human rights1 & ! rule ( law2
 ,:]eas ,*>t] #jh boldly decl>$3 ,! ,new
 ,*9a e/abli%$ 9 #aidi is a p's republic
 9 "n1 b 9 reality x is a p>ty doma94 ,!
 rul+ p>ty monopolizes all ! political1 
economic1 & social res\rces4 ,x has     
creat$ a /r+ ( human rights disa/]s ''' 
caus+ t5s ( millions ( dea?s1 & exact+ a
 disa/r\s price f bo? ! p & ! c\ntry42  

,:]eas ,liu ,xiaobo 0 "o ( ! orig9al    
draft]s ( ,*>t] #jh & 0 tak5 into cu/ody
 j days be=e ! manife/o 0 releas$2      
,:]eas1 9 ,decemb] #bjji1 a c\rt 9      
,beij+1 ,*9a1 s5t5c$ ,liu ,xiaobo to #aa
 ye>s 9 prison = incit+ subv]sion ( /ate
 p[] = 8 involvem5t 9 draft+ ,*>t] #jh2 
,:]eas ,liu ,xiaobo 0 aw>d$ ! ,nobel    
,peace ,prize on ,octob] #h1 #bjaj1 = 8 
long & non-viol5t /ruggle = fundam5tal  
human rights 9 ,*9a2 ,:]eas ,liu ,xia 0 
held 9 extra-legal home conf9em5t f     
,octob] #bjaj1 #b weeks aft] !          
ann\ncem5t ( ! aw>d ( ! ,nobel ,peace   
,prize to h] husb&1 to ,july #bjah1 &   
report$ly suff]$ sev]e heal? problems t 
requir$ hospitalization2 ,:]eas ,liu    
,xiaobo 0 diagnos$ ) t]m9al liv] canc] 9
 ,may #bjag2 ,:]eas ,liu ,xiaobo di$ on 
,july #ac1 #bjag1 :ile s]v+ 8 #aa-ye>   
prison s5t5ce1 & is surviv$ by 8 wife   
,liu ,xia2 ,:]eas ,liu ,xiaobo d$icat$ 8
 life to fre$om1 n only 9 8 own c\ntry (
 ,*9a1 b across ! _w2 ,:]eas ! ,communi/
 ,p>ty ( ,*9a cont9ues to prev5t ,liu   

,hui1 ! bro!r ( ,liu ,xia1 f leav+ ,*9a2
 ,:]eas1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 "s      
totalit>ian regimes survive &1 by       
cont9u+ to cl+ to p[]1 !y commit crimes 
& impose a high co/ to ! well-be+ ( _!  
p2 & ,:]eas ! millions ( victims (      
communism1 bo? pres5t & pa/1 are entitl$
 to ju/ice1 sympa?y1 und]/&+1 &         
recognition ( _! suff]+3 ,n[1 !re=e1 be 
x  ,t ! ,s5ate commemorates ,july #bjah 
z ,liu ,xiaobo ,victims ( ,communism    
,mon?4