,,iii  #aaeth ,,congress  #b;d ,session 
,s4 ,,res4 #ehg  ,,in ,,the ,,senate    
,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states  ,july #bc1
 #bjah ,mr4 ,cruz submitted the         
following resolution2 which was referred
 to the ,committee on ,foreign          
,relations  ,,resolution  ,commemorating
 ,july #bjah as ,liu ,xiaobo ,victims of
 ,communism ,month4  ,whereas the       
communist ideology is directly          
responsible for crimes against humanity2
 ,whereas communist regimes have been   
directly responsible for crimes against 
humanity1 mass starvations1 and the     
murder of tens of millions of people2   
,whereas awareness of the crimes against
 humanity committed by communist regimes
 on behalf of communist ideology        
throughout the world must inform the    
minds of the people of the ,united      
,states2 ,whereas ,karl ,marx and       
,friedrich ,engels published ,the       
,communist ,manifesto in ,february      
#ahdh2 ,whereas ,the ,communist         
,manifesto defines communism as the     

abolition of private property2 ,whereas 
communists1 in the words of ,karl ,marx 
and ,friedrich ,engels1 openly declare  
that their ends can be attained only by 
the forcible overthrow of all existing  
social conditions2 ,whereas the crimes  
of communists were justified by class   
struggle theory and the principle of the
 dictatorship of the proletariat and    
used terror as a method to preserve the 
dictatorship2 ,whereas ,vladimir ,lenin 
led the ,october ,revolution in #aiah   
that forcibly overthrew the social and  
political institutions of ,russia and   
resulted in the establishment of the    
first communist government in history2  
,whereas the subsequent ,red ,terror    
that followed the ,october ,revolution  
claimed the lives of approximately      
#a1ejj1jjj ,russians2 ,whereas ,vladimir
 ,lenin oversaw the mass campaign of    
violence of the ,october ,revolution and
 the ,red ,terror with no moral qualms1 
and asked instead3 ,how can you make a  
revolution without executions82 ,whereas

 the ,union of ,soviet ,socialist       
,republics 7referred to in this preamble
 as the ,,ussr7 was formally established
 in #aibb2 ,whereas the ,,ussr partnered
 with ,adolf ,hitler and ,nazi ,germany 
in the #aicjs1 culminating in the       
,molotov-,ribbentrop ,pact of #aici2    
,whereas the ,,ussr coordinated an      
invasion of eastern ,poland in #aici    
according to the terms of a secret      
additional protocol of the              
,molotov-,ribbentrop ,pact of #aici2    
,whereas the ,red ,army of the ,,ussr   
and ,wehrmacht of ,germany held a joint 
military parade in ,brest1 ,poland1     
after which occupation of the city was  
transferred to the ,red ,army2 ,whereas1
 during the ,,ussr occupation of ,brest1
 ,poland1 the ,,ussr arrested and       
deported more than #ejj1jjj ,jewish     
refugees1 many of whom died en route to 
,siberia2 ,whereas the ,,ussr carried   
out ruthless violence against religious 
minorities1 including campaigns to      
suppress the religious traditions and   

culture of the ,jewish population of the
 ,,ussr2 ,whereas tens of thousands of  
,jews were killed between #aiah and     
#aibj as a result of organized pogroms  
during the civil war that followed the  
,bolshevik ,revolution in the ,,ussr2   
,whereas the ,,ussr conducted open      
anti-,semitic campaigns aimed at        
completely eliminating ,jewish cultural 
life2 ,whereas approximately #a1jjj1jjj 
,jews were killed by the ,german        
,einstzgruppen1 or deployment groups1 in
 ,,ussr-occupied territories during     
,world ,war ,,ii2 ,whereas1 under       
,joseph ,stalin alone1 more than        
#bj1jjj1jjj deaths occurred in the      
,,ussr as a result of executions1 ,gulag
 camps1 and famine2 ,whereas1 during the
 ,great ,purge in the ,,ussr1           
approximately #gjj1jjj political        
dissidents were executed by gunshot to  
the back of the head2 ,whereas          
approximately #a1gjj1jjj people died in 
the ,gulag camps1 where prisoners       
ranging from political dissidents to    

petty criminals were subjected to forced
 labor1 extreme temperatures1 and harsh 
treatment2 ,whereas communist           
agricultural policies caused the ,soviet
 ,famine of #aicb to #aicc1 which led to
 the deaths of an estimated #g1ejj1jjj  
victims1 including the ,holodomor1 the  
deliberate genocidal famine of millions 
of ,ukranians2 ,whereas the             
,parliamentary ,assembly of the ,council
 of ,europe has adopted a resolution    
declaring the cruel and deliberate      
actions and policies of the ,soviet     
regime that created the ,holodomor were 
responsible for the deaths of millions  
of people in ,ukraine1 ,belarus1        
,kazakhstan1 ,moldova1 and ,russia2     
,whereas the ,,ussr conducted a series  
of ethnically motivated deportations    
under extremely harsh conditions1       
causing the deaths of several hundred   
thousand victims2 ,whereas the ,,ussr   
funded communist revolutions around the 
world and trained insurgent forces to   
topple existing governments1 including  

those in ,mongolia1 ,romania1 ,vietnam1 
,laos1 ,cambodia1 ,cuba1 ,north ,korea1 
and ,china2 ,whereas agents associated  
with the ,,ussr entered the ,mongolian  
,people's ,republic to engineer the     
,mongolian ,great ,terror1 in which     
approximately #ce1jjj people were       
executed1 including approximately       
#ah1jjj ,buddhist lamas2 ,whereas the   
,socialist ,republic of ,romania1 a     
,soviet-backed1 communist regime1       
committed massive human rights          
violations1 killing or persecuting as   
many as #b1jjj1jjj people between #aide 
and #aihi2 ,whereas the ,,ussr          
recognized the independence of ,north   
,vietnam1 legitimizing the insurgency of
 ,ho ,chi ,minh against ,france1 as a   
means of fighting against the ,united   
,states2 ,whereas1 during the ,vietnam  
,war1 communist ,north ,vietnam caused  
the deaths of approximately #eh1bbj     
,americans2 ,whereas nearly #cfe1jjj    
,vietnamese civilians are estimated to  
have died as a result of the ,vietnam   

,war1 including in the horrific massacre
 by ,north ,vietnam at ,hu1 ,vietnam2   
,whereas1 after the ,vietnam ,war1 the  
,communist ,party of ,vietnam is        
estimated to have caused the deaths of  
approximately #dcj1jjj people through   
executions1 deportations1 and causing   
people to flee persecution1 many of whom
 were lost at sea2 ,whereas the         
,government of ,vietnam continues to    
suppress the basic human and civil      
rights of its citizens1 including       
freedom of speech1 the press1           
association1 and religion2 ,whereas     
human rights activists and bloggers in  
,vietnam face harassment1 intimidation1 
physical assault1 and imprisonment at   
the hands of the ,government of         
,vietnam2 ,whereas the deaths of        
approximately #he1jjj people during and 
after the ,laotian ,civil ,war are      
attributable to the incursions of       
communist ,north ,vietnam2 ,whereas the 
,,ussr and ,north ,vietnam helped       
install the communist ,lao ,people's    

,revolutionary ,party 7referred to in   
this preamble as the ,,lprp7 as the sole
 political party of ,laos2 ,whereas the 
,,lprp has been accused of committing   
genocide against the ,hmong people1 with
 up to #ajj1jjj people killed out of a  
population of #djj1jjj2 ,whereas the    
,,lprp still restricts many of the civil
 and political rights of its citizens1  
including freedom of speech1            
association1 religion1 and assembly2    
,whereas the ,,ussr and ,north ,vietnam 
supported the ,communist ,party of      
,kampuchea 7referred to in this preamble
 as the ,khmer ,rouge7 in overthrowing  
the government of the ,king of          
,cambodia2 ,whereas1 under the          
leadership of ,pol ,pot1 the ,khmer     
,rouge carried out the ,cambodian       
genocide1 which caused the deaths of a  
of the population of ,cambodia in only  
#d years2 ,whereas the ,khmer ,rouge    
tortured and executed as many as #ag1jjj
 individuals in the ,s-#ba jail in      
,phnom ,penh1 ,cambodia2 ,whereas the   

,killing ,fields were sites in ,cambodia
 where many ,cambodians were killed and 
left in mass graves by the ,khmer       
,rouge2 ,whereas experts estimate that  
the remains of more than #a1cjj1jjj     
victims of execution are buried at the  
,killing ,fields in ,cambodia1          
representing only #fj percent of the    
full death toll of the ,cambodian       
genocide2 ,whereas the ,khmer ,rouge    
brutally tortured and executed ,stuart  
,glass of ,canada1 ,john ,dewhirst of   
,great ,britain1 and ,kerry ,hamill of  
,new ,zealand after their boat strayed  
into ,cambodian waters in #aigh2        
,whereas the ,,ussr lent the newly      
established communist regime of ,fidel  
,castro in ,cuba economic and diplomatic
 support to undermine the influence of  
the ,united ,states in the ,western     
,hemisphere2 ,whereas the ,president of 
,cuba1 ,fidel ,castro1 ordered the      
executions of #ehb supporters of the    
former ,cuban government in #aiei       
following the overthrow of former       

,president ,fulgencio ,batista2         
,whereas1 under the authority of        
,president ,castro1 between #d1jjj and  
#ag1jjj individuals were executed by the
 infamous firing squads of the ,cuban   
,communist ,party2 ,whereas1 in the     
#aifjs and #aigjs1 homosexuals1 clergy1 
and others who posed a threat to the    
regime of ,president ,castro were       
rounded up and sent to labor camps for  
re-education2 ,whereas ,president       
,castro acknowledged holding up to      
#ae1jjj political prisoners in #aifd2   
,whereas1 under ,president ,castro1 the 
,cuban ,communist ,party refused access 
to ,cuba to international monitors such 
as the ,international ,committee of the 
,red ,cross and ,human ,rights ,watch2  
,whereas the ,government of ,cuba       
continues to heavily censor all media2  
,whereas the ,government of ,cuba       
continues to deny basic human rights1   
including freedom of expression1        
religion1 association1 and assembly2    
,whereas the ,,ussr lent diplomatic and 

military support to the ,democratic     
,people's ,republic of ,korea and its   
ruling party1 the communist ,worker's   
,party of ,korea 7referred to in this   
preamble as the ,,wpk71 shortly after   
the country was founded on ,september   
#i1 #aidh2 ,whereas1 during the ,korean 
,war1 the ,,wpk caused the deaths of    
#cf1iad ,americans2 ,whereas the ,,wpk  
caused the deaths of an estimated       
#a1gjj1jjj people including through     
execution1 forced labor1 starvation1 and
 ,gulags2 ,whereas the ,,wpk continues  
to restrict all civil and political     
liberties of its citizens2 ,whereas the 
,,wpk prohibits political opposition1   
independent media1 civil society1 and   
trade unions2 ,whereas the ,,wpk        
currently incarcerates an estimated     
#bjj1jjj political prisoners2 ,whereas  
the ,,wpk uses forced labor1 physical   
abuse1 and execution as tactics of fear 
to maintain obedience and control2      
,whereas the ,,wpk fails to provide     
stable support for the rights of        

minority groups1 including women1       
children1 people with disabilities1 and 
prisoners2 ,whereas the ,,ussr financed 
the establishment of the ,chinese       
,soviet ,republic in #aica1 an          
independent government within the       
,jiangxi province of ,china1 where ,mao 
,zedong began his protracted revolution 
against the ,kuomintang2 ,whereas ,mao  
,zedong and the ,chinese ,red ,army     
conquered the ,kuomintang and           
established the ,people's ,republic of  
,china on ,october #a1 #aidi2 ,whereas  
,mao ,zedong orchestrated the deaths of 
more than #gh1jjj1jjj men1 women1 and   
children over the course of #c decades  
from starvation1 forced labor1 torture1 
public execution1 and warfare2 ,whereas 
,mao ,zedong directed the cultural      
genocide of the ,tibetans1 brutally     
executing approximately #ib1jjj people1 
who largely consisted of educated people
 and leaders of the ,tibetan population2
 ,whereas ,mao ,zedong justified        
bloodshed as a necessity for communist  

revolution1 saying3 ,a revolution is not
 a dinner party1 nor a literary         
composition1 nor painting nor           
embroidering4 ,it cannot be done so     
delicately1 so leisurely1 so gentlemanly
 and gently1 kindly1 politely and       
modestly4 ,revolution is insurrection1  
the violent action of one class         
overthrowing the power of another42     
,whereas the ,communist ,party of ,china
 faced its first existential threat to  
power in ,june #aihi1 the same year the 
,berlin ,wall collapsed1 when students  
and professors peacefully demonstrated  
for democracy at ,tiananmen ,square in  
,beijing1 ,china2 ,whereas hundreds of  
the protesters at ,tiananmen ,square in 
,beijing1 ,china1 lost their lives at   
the hands of the ,government of the     
,people's ,republic of ,china after the 
government sent troops and tanks to     
sweep the square clean2 ,whereas ,liu   
,xiaobo1 a visiting lecturer at         
,columbia ,university in the ,united    
,states1 left the ,united ,states to    

help lead the protest at ,tiananmen     
,square in ,beijing1 ,china2 ,whereas   
,liu ,xiaobo initiated the ,tiananmen   
,four ,gentlemen ,hunger ,strike1 which 
lasted #c days2 ,whereas ,liu ,xiaobo is
 credited with saving the lives of many 
students by helping negotiate evacuation
 of the students from ,tiananmen        
,square2 ,whereas ,liu ,xiaobo was      
detained and jailed from #aihi to #aiia 
for his role in the protest at          
,tiananmen ,square1 and then jailed     
again in #aiif through #aiii for        
advocating that the ,government of the  
,people's ,republic of ,china redress   
its wrongdoing in the student protest2  
,whereas1 in #aiif1 ,liu ,xiaobo married
 ,liu ,xia1 who has stood bravely by his
 side as a partner and fellow activist2 
,whereas1 on ,december #i1 #bjjh1 a     
diverse group of more than #cjj ,chinese
 scholars1 writers1 lawyers1 and        
activists issued ,charter #jh1 a        
manifesto calling on the ,communist     
,party of ,china to abandon             

authoritarian rule in favor of          
democracy1 the guarantee of human       
rights1 and the rule of law2 ,whereas   
,charter #jh boldly declared3 ,the ,new 
,china established in #aidi is a        
people's republic in name1 but in       
reality it is a party domain4 ,the      
ruling party monopolizes all the        
political1 economic1 and social         
resources4 ,it has created a string of  
human rights disasters ''' causing tens 
of millions of deaths1 and exacting a   
disastrous price from both the people   
and the country42 ,whereas ,liu ,xiaobo 
was one of the original drafters of     
,charter #jh and was taken into custody 
just days before the manifesto was      
released2 ,whereas1 in ,december #bjji1 
a court in ,beijing1 ,china1 sentenced  
,liu ,xiaobo to #aa years in prison for 
inciting subversion of state power for  
his involvement in drafting ,charter    
#jh2 ,whereas ,liu ,xiaobo was awarded  
the ,nobel ,peace ,prize on ,october #h1
 #bjaj1 for his long and non-violent    

struggle for fundamental human rights in
 ,china2 ,whereas ,liu ,xia was held in 
extra-legal home confinement from       
,october #bjaj1 #b weeks after the      
announcement of the award of the ,nobel 
,peace ,prize to her husband1 to ,july  
#bjah1 and reportedly suffered severe   
health problems that required           
hospitalization2 ,whereas ,liu ,xiaobo  
was diagnosed with terminal liver cancer
 in ,may #bjag2 ,whereas ,liu ,xiaobo   
died on ,july #ac1 #bjag1 while serving 
his #aa-year prison sentence1 and is    
survived by his wife ,liu ,xia2 ,whereas
 ,liu ,xiaobo dedicated his life to     
freedom1 not only in his own country of 
,china1 but across the world2 ,whereas  
the ,communist ,party of ,china         
continues to prevent ,liu ,hui1 the     
brother of ,liu ,xia1 from leaving      
,china2 ,whereas1 in different parts of 
the world1 some totalitarian regimes    
survive and1 by continuing to cling to  
power1 they commit crimes and impose a  
high cost to the well-being of their    

people2 and ,whereas the millions of    
victims of communism1 both present and  
past1 are entitled to justice1 sympathy1
 understanding1 and recognition of their
 suffering3 ,now1 therefore1 be it      
,that the ,senate commemorates ,july    
#bjah as ,liu ,xiaobo ,victims of       
,communism ,month4