,,iii  #aae? ,,congress  #a/ ,session   
,s4 ,,res4 #ch  ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,! 
,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,febru>y #a1 #bjag ,ms4
 ,hirono 7= h]self1 ,mr4 ,s&]s1 ,mr4    
,wyd51 ,mr4 ,book]1 ,mr4 ,s*atz1 ,mr4   
,br[n1 ,mr4 ,:iteh\se1 ,ms4 ,cantwell1  
,ms4 ,w>r51 ,mr4 ,blum5?al1 ,mr4        
,m]kley1 ,mr4 ,ka9e1 ,mrs4 ,murray1 ,mr4
 ,coons1 & ,mr4 ,durb97 submitt$ !      
foll[+ resolution2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to !    
,committee on ! ,judici>y  ,,resolution 
,recogniz+ ,janu>y #cj1 #bjag1 z ,fr$   
,korematsu ,day ( ,civil ,lib]ties & !  
,con/itution4  ,:]eas1 on ,janu>y #cj1  
#aiai1 ,fr$ ,toyosaburo ,korematsu 0    
born 9 ,oakl&1 ,cali=nia1 to ,japanese  
immigrants2 ,:]eas ,fr$ ,korematsu      
graduat$ f ,oakl& ,high ,s*ool 9 #aicg &
 attempt$ to enli/ 9 ! milit>y twice b 0
 unable to d s because 8 selective      
s]vice classification 0 *ang$ to enemy  
ali51 ev5 ?\gh ,fr$ ,korematsu 0 a      
,unit$ ,/ates citiz52 ,:]eas ,fr$       
,korematsu tra9$ z a weld] & work$ z a  
=eman at ! docks 9 ,oakl& until ! date  

on :i* he & all ,japanese ,am]icans 7   
fir$2 ,:]eas1 on ,decemb] #g1 #aida1    
,japan attack$ ! milit>y base 9 ,pe>l   
,h>bor1 ,hawaii1 caus+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
to decl>e w> aga9/ ,japan2 ,:]eas1 on   
,febru>y #ai1 #aidb1 ,presid5t ,frankl9 
,d4 ,roosevelt sign$ ,executive ,ord]   
#ijff 7#g ,f$4 ,reg4 #adjg 7,febru>y    
#be1 #aidb771 :i* au?oriz$ ! ,secret>y (
 ,w> to prescribe milit>y areas--  7#a7 
f :i* any or all p c\ld be exclud$2 &   
7#b7 ) respect to :i*1 ! "r ( any p]son 
to ent]1 rema9 91 or leave w\ld be      
subject to any re/riction ! ,milit>y    
,comm&] impos$ 9 8 discretion2  ,:]eas1 
on ,may #c1 #aidb1 ! ,lieut5ant ,g5]al (
 ! ,we/]n ,comm& ( ! ,army issu$        
,civilian ,exclusion ,ord] #cd 7,may #c1
 #aidb7 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is preamble z !   
,civilian ,exclusion ,ord]7 direct+ t   
all p ( ,japanese ance/ry be remov$ f   
designat$ areas ( ! ,we/ ,coa/ aft] ,may
 #i1 #aidb1 because p ( ,japanese       
ance/ry 9 ! designat$ areas 7 consid]$  
to pose a ?reat to national security2   

,:]eas ,fr$ ,korematsu refus$ to comply 
) ! ,civilian ,exclusion ,ord] & 0      
arre/$ on ,may #cj1 #aidb2 ,:]eas1 aft] 
8 arre/1 ,fr$ ,korematsu-- 7#a7 0 held 9
 squalor = #b mon?s 9 ! ,presidio       
/ockade 9 ,san ,francisco1 ,cali=nia2   
7#b7 0 convict$ on ,septemb] #h1 #aidb1 
( violat+ ! ,civilian ,exclusion ,ord] &
 s5t5c$ to #e ye>s ( probation2 &  7#c7 
0 deta9$ at ,tan=an ,assembly ,c5t]1 a  
=m] horse racetrack us$ z a hold+       
facility = ,japanese ,am]icans be=e he 0
 exil$ ) 8 family to ! ,topaz int]nm5t  
camp 9 ! ,/ate ( ,utah2  ,:]eas m ?an   
#abj1jjj ,japanese ,am]icans 7 simil>ly 
deta9$1 ) no *>ges br\ght & )\t due     
process1 9 #aj p]man5t ,w> ,relocation  
,au?ority camps locat$ 9 isolat$ des]t  
areas ( ! ,/ates ( ,arizona1 ,arkansas1 
,cali=nia1 ,colorado1 ,idaho1 ,utah1 &  
,wyom+2 ,:]eas ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates    
subject to ! ,civilian ,exclusion ,ord] 
lo/ _! homes1 livelihoods1 & ! fre$oms  
inh]5t to all p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2      
,:]eas ,fr$ ,korematsu unsuccessfully   

*all5g$ ! ,civilian ,exclusion ,ord] z x
 appli$ to him & appeal$ ! decision ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict ,c\rt to ! ,unit$
 ,/ates ,c\rt ( ,appeals = ! ,n9?       
,circuit1 :i* su/a9$ 8 conviction2      
,:]eas ,fr$ ,korematsu 0 subsequ5tly    
conf9$ ) 8 family 9 ! int]nm5t camp 9   
,topaz1 ,utah1 = #b ye>s1 & dur+ t "t1  
,fr$ ,korematsu appeal$ 8 conviction to 
! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2     
,:]eas1 on ,decemb] #ah1 #aidd1 !       
,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates issu$  
,korematsu v4 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cbc ,u4,s4
 #bad 7#aidd71 :i*--  7#a7 upheld !     
conviction ( ,fr$ ,korematsu by a vote (
 #f to #c2 &  7#b7 conclud$ t ,fr$      
,korematsu 0 remov$ f 8 home n bas$ on  
ho/ility t[>d him or o!r ,japanese      
,am]icans b because ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 at
 w> ) ,japan & ! milit>y fe>$ a         
,japanese invasion ( ! ,we/ ,coa/2      
,:]eas1 9 8 diss5t+ op9ion 9 ,korematsu 
v4 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cbc ,u4,s4 #bad      
7#aidd71 ,ju/ice ,frank ,murphy call$ ! 
,civilian ,exclusion ,ord] !            

legalization ( racism2 ,:]eas ,fr$      
,korematsu cont9u$ to ma9ta9 8 innoc5ce 
= decades foll[+ ,_w ,w> ,,ii1 & 8      
conviction hamp]$ 8 ability to ga9      
employm5t2 ,:]eas1 9 #aihb1 legal       
hi/orian ,pet] ,irons & rese>*] ,aiko   
,yo%9aga-,h]zig ga9$ access to ,gov]nm5t
 docum5ts "u section #eeb ( title #e1   
,unit$ ,/ates ,code 7commonly kn[n z !  
,fre$om ( ,in=mation ,act71 t indicate t
 :ile ! case ( ,fr$ ,korematsu 0 be=e ! 
,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !     
,f$]al ,gov]nm5t misl$ ! ,supreme ,c\rt 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & suppress$ f9d+s t   
,japanese ,am]icans on ! ,we/ ,coa/ 7 n 
security ?reats2 ,:]eas1 9 light ( !    
newly discov]$ in=mation1 ,fr$          
,korematsu fil$ a writ ( error coram    
nobis ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict ,c\rt =
 ! ,nor!rn ,di/rict ( ,cali=nia1 & on   
,novemb] #aj1 #aihc1 ,unit$ ,/ates      
,di/rict ,judge ,m>ilyn ,hall ,patel    
issu$ h] decision 9 ,korematsu v4 ,unit$
 ,/ates1 #ehd ,f4 ,supp4 #adjf 7,n4,d4  
,cal4 #aihd71 t--  7#a7 ov]turn$ !      

conviction ( ,fr$ ,korematsu2  7#b7     
conclud$ t1 at ! "t t s5ior ,gov]nm5t   
(ficials pres5t$ _! case be=e ! ,supreme
 ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aidd1 !     
s5ior ,gov]nm5t (ficials knew !re 0 no  
factual basis = ! claim ( milit>y       
necessity = ! ,civil ,exclusion ,ord]2 &
  7#c7 /at$ t al?\gh ! decision ( !     
,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9      
,korematsu v4 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cbc ,u4,s4
 #bad 7#aidd71 rema9s on ! pages (      
,unit$ ,/ates legal & political hi/ory1 
as hi/orical prec$5t x /&s z a con/ant  
caution t 9 times ( w> or decl>$ milit>y
 necessity our in/itutions mu/ be       
vigilant 9 protect+ con/itutional       
gu>antees2  ,:]eas ! ,commission on     
,w>time ,relocation & ,int]nm5t (       
,civilians1 au?oriz$ by ,congress 9     
#aihj to review ! facts & circum/ances  
surr\nd+ ! relocation & int]nm5t (      
,japanese ,am]icans "u ,executive ,ord] 
#ijff 7#g ,f$4 ,reg4 #adjg 7,febru>y    
#be1 #aidb771 conclud$ t--  7#a7 !      
decision ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$  

,/ates 9 ,korematsu v4 ,unit$ ,/ates1   
#cbc ,u4,s4 #bad 7#aidd71 is ov]rul$ by 
! c\rt ( hi/ory2  7#b7 a grave p]sonal  
inju/ice 0 done to ! ,unit$ ,/ates      
citiz5s & resid5t ali5s ( ,japanese     
ance/ry :o1 )\t individual review or any
 probative evid5ce aga9/ !m1 7 exclud$1 
remov$1 & deta9$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+
 ,_w ,w> ,,ii2 &  7#c7 ! exclusion1     
removal1 & det5tion ( ,unit$ ,/ates     
citiz5s & resid5t ali5s ( ,japanese     
ance/ry 0 motivat$ l>gely by racial     
prejudice1 w>time hy/]ia1 & a failure ( 
political lead]%ip2  ,:]eas ! ov]turn+ (
 ! conviction ( ,fr$ ,korematsu & !     
f9d+s ( ! ,commission on ,w>time        
,relocation & ,int]nm5t ( ,civilians    
influ5c$ ! decision by ,congress to pass
 ! ,civil ,lib]ties ,act ( #aihh 7#ej   
,u4,s4,c4 #dbaa et seq47 to reque/ a    
,presid5tial apology & ! symbolic paym5t
 ( comp5sation to p ( ,japanese ance/ry 
:o lo/ lib]ty or prop]ty due to         
discrim9atory actions ( ! ,f$]al        
,gov]nm5t2 ,:]eas1 on ,augu/ #aj1 #aihh1

 ,presid5t ,reagan sign$ ! ,civil       
,lib]ties ,act ( #aihh 7#ej ,u4,s4,c4   
#dbaa et seq471 /at+1 ,here we admit a  
wrong2 "h we reaffirm our commitm5t z a 
nation to equal ju/ice "u ! law42       
,:]eas1 on ,janu>y #ae1 #aiih1 ,presid5t
 ,cl9ton aw>d$ ! ,m$al ( ,fre$om1 !     
highe/ civilian aw>d ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 
to ,fr$ ,korematsu1 /at+1 in ! long     
hi/ory ( our c\ntry's con/ant se>* =    
ju/ice1 "s names ( ord9>y citiz5s /& =  
millions ( s\ls3 ,plessy1 ,br[n1 ,p>ks4 
,to t di/+ui%$ li/1 today we add ! "n ( 
,fr$ ,korematsu42 ,:]eas1 despite ! fact
 t hi/ory demon/rates t discrim9atory   
actions bre$ immoral1 unconscionable1 & 
uncon/itutional actions levi$ aga9/     
religi\s1 e?nic1 & racial m9orities 9 ! 
"n ( national security1 rec5t actions by
 ,presid5t ,trump h publicly fann$      
religi\s1 e?nic1 & racial prejudices2   
,:]eas1 on ,janu>y #bg1 #bjag1 ,presid5t
 ,trump issu$-- 7#a7 an ,executive ord] 
t susp5ds = #ij days ! entry into !     
,unit$ ,/ates ( immigrants &            

nonimmigrants :o are nationals ( #g     
,muslim-majority c\ntries1 prohibit+ !  
issuance ( any visa to relatives1 family
 memb]s1 & t\ri/s f ! #g designat$      
c\ntries bas$ solely on ! nationality ( 
! individual2  7#b7 an ,executive ord]  
indef9itely susp5d+ ! admission z       
refugees ( ,syrian nationals1 ev5 ?\gh1 
z ( ,janu>y #bjag1 !re are m ?an        
#d1jjj1jjj regi/]$ ,syrian refugees :o h
 fl$ ! de/ructive civil w> 9 ,syria2    
7#c7 an ,executive ord] sla%+ refugee   
admissions numb]s = fiscal ye> #bjag f  
#aaj1jjj to #ej1jjj1 ev5 z o!r c\ntries 
move to take 9 refugees2 &  7#d7 an     
,executive ord] direct+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
,refugee ,assi/ance ,program to         
prioritize refugee claims bas$ on       
religi\s p]secution 9 :i* ! religion ( !
 refugee is a m9ority religion 9 !      
c\ntry ( nationality ( ! refugee1 a     
priority t s+les out = exclusion memb]s 
( ! ,islamic fai?2  ,:]eas ,fr$         
,korematsu rema9$ a tireless advocate = 
civil lib]ties & ju/ice ?r\gh\t 8 life  

by--  7#a7 speak+ out aga9/ racial      
discrim9ation & viol5ce t>get+ ,arab1   
,muslim1 ,s\? ,asian1 & ,sikh ,am]icans 
9 ! wake ( ! ,septemb] #aa1 #bjja1      
trag$y2 &  7#b7 caution+ ! ,f$]al       
,gov]nm5t aga9/ repeat+ mi/akes ( ! pa/ 
t s+l$ out individuals = height5$       
scrut9y on ! basis ( race1 e?nicity1    
nationality1 or religion2  ,:]eas1 on   
,m>* #cj1 #bjje1 ,fr$ ,korematsu di$ at 
! age ( #hf 9 ,l>kspur1 ,cali=nia2      
,:]eas ,fr$ ,korematsu is a role model =
 all p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o love !      
,unit$ ,/ates & ! promises conta9$ 9 !  
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & !     
/r5g? & p]sev]ance ( ,fr$ ,korematsu    
s]ve z an inspiration = all p :o /rive =
 equality & ju/ice2 & ,:]eas ! rec5t    
actions ( ,presid5t ,trump run directly 
c\nt] to ! hi/ory & legacy ( ju/ice     
exemplifi$ by ,fr$ ,korematsu3 ,n[1     
!re=e1 be x  ,t ! ,s5ate-- 7#a7 honors  
,fr$ ,toyosaburo ,korematsu = 8--  7,a7 
loyalty & patriotism to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2
  7,b7 "w to advocate = ! civil rights &

 civil lib]ties ( all p ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates2 &  7,c7 d$ication to ju/ice &   
equality2  7#b7 recognizes ,janu>y #cj1 
#bjag1 z ,fr$ ,korematsu ,day ( ,civil  
,lib]ties & ! ,con/itution2 &  7#c7     
d5\nces any gov]nm5tal ef=t to          
discrim9ate aga9/ any individual bas$ on
 ! national orig9 or religion ( !       
individual4