,,ii #aae? ,,congress #b;d ,session ,s4 #cabc ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,june #be1 #bjah ,mr4 ,b5net introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 read twice & ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y ,a ,,bill ,to create a m repres5tative & acc\ntable ,congress by prohibit+ p>tisan g]rym&]+ & ensur+ t any r$i/rict+ ( congressional di/rict b\nd>ies results 9 fair1 effective1 & acc\ntable repres5tation = all p4 #a4 ,%ort title ,?is ,act may be cit$ z ! ,fair ,maps ,act ( #bjah4 #b4 ,f9d+s ,congress f9ds ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,democracy 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is root$ 9 ! notion ( actual repres5tation & a rejection ( ! e>li] ,briti% concept ( virtual repres5tation4 ,9 #aggf1 9 ,?\ghts on ,gov]nm5t1 ,john ,adams wrote t a legislative assembly 8%\ld be 9 m9iature1 an exact portrait ( ! p at l>ge404 ,?omas ,pa9e argu$ 9 ,common ,s5se t a legislature %\ld act 89 ! same mann] z ! :ole body ( ! p w\ld act 7 !y pres5t404 ,at ! ,con/itutional ,conv5tion1 bo? ,f$]ali/s & ,anti-,f$]ali/s agre$4 ,f$]ali/ ,james ,wilson decl>$1 = example1 t ! new ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 8ought to be ! mo/ exact transcript ( ! :ole ,society01 :ile 8 c\nt]p>t ,george ,mason argu$ t ! 8requisites 9 actual repres5tation are t ! ,reps4 %\ld sympa?ize ) _! con/itu5ts2 %d4 ?9k z !y ?9k1 feel z !y feel404 7#b7 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt made cle> 9 ,reynolds v4 ,sims1 #cgg ,u4,s4 #ecc 7#aifd71 t ! objective ( r$i/rict+ is to a*ieve fair & effective repres5tation = all1 t legislatures %\ld be bodies :i* are collectively responsive to ! popul> w1 & t ! ,con/itution gu>antees ! opportunity = equal p>ticipation by all vot]s4 7#c7 ,p>tisan g]rym&]+ is incompatible ) democratic pr9ciples at ! f\ndation ( ! ,republic4 ,! draw+ ( electoral di/ricts to b5efit or disadvantage c]ta9 political p>ties d5ies p fair1 effective1 & acc\ntable repres5tation by all[+ repres5tatives to *oose _! vot]s r ?an vot]s to *oose _! repres5tatives4 7#d7 ,9 ,davis v4 ,b&em]1 #dgh ,u4,s4 #aji 7#aihf71 ! ,supreme ,c\rt expla9$ t x has 8repeat$ly /at$ t di/rict+ t w\ld #8op]ate to m9imize or cancel out ! vot+ /r5g? ( racial or political elem5ts ( ! vot+ population' w\ld raise a con/itutional "q04 7#e7 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates emp[]s ,congress to ensure t congressional di/rict+ promotes fair1 effective1 & acc\ntable repres5tation = all p1 z demon/rat$ 9-- 7,a7 article ,i1 section #b1 clause #a1 ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 7,b7 article ,i1 section #d1 clause #a1 ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 7,c7 article ,i1 section #e1 clause #a1 ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 7,d7 section #e ( ! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & 7,e7 section #b ( ! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7#f7 ,9 ,vie? v4 ,jubelir]1 #eda ,u4,s4 #bfg 7#bjjd71 ! ,supreme ,c\rt recogniz$ t ! ,fram]s provid$ a rem$y = p>tisan g]rym&]+ 9 ! ,con/itution ?r\gh ! p[] be/[$ on ,congress to regulate elections1 & ''' to re/ra9 ! practice ( political g]rym&]+44 7#g7 ,?is p[] has n la9 dormant1 z ,congress has repeat$ly ex]cis$ its au?ority "u article ,i1 section #d to regulate congressional di/rict+ crit]ia :5 ,congress pass$ ! ,apportionm5t ,act ( #ahdb 7#e ,/at4 #dia71 ! ,apportionm5t ,act ( #ahfb 7#ab ,/at4 #egb71 ! ,apportionm5t ,act ( #ahgb 7#ag ,/at4 #bh71 ! ,apportionm5t ,act ( #aija 7#ca ,/at4 #gcc71 ! ,apportionm5t ,act ( #aiaa 7#cg ,/at4 #ac71 ! ,apportionm5t ,act ( #aida 7#ee ,/at4 #gfa71 & ! #aifg am5dm5t to ! ,apportionm5t ,act ( #aibi 7,public ,law #ij-aif74 #c4 ,di/rict+ crit]ia 7a7 ,requir$ crit]ia ,foll[+ ea* ,f$]al dec5nial c5sus ( population1 ea* ,/ate ) m ?an "o congressional di/rict %all e/abli% or alt] ! b\nd>ies ( ea* congressional di/rict ( ! ,/ate 9 accordance ) ea* ( ! foll[+ crit]ia3 7#a7 ,compliance ) ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 includ+ ! requirem5t ( equal population4 7#b7 ,compliance ) ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act ( #aife 7#eb ,u4,s4,c4 #ajcja et seq474 7b7 ,prohibit$ crit]ia ,except to ! ext5t necess>y to comply ) subsection 7a7 & section #d1 9 e/abli%+ or alt]+ ! b\nd>ies ( any congressional di/rict ( a ,/ate1 ! ,/ate may n consid] ! foll[+ crit]ia3 7#a7 ,! political p>ty regi/ration or affiliation ( ! resid5ts ( ! ,/ate4 7#b7 ,! vot+ hi/ory ( ! resid5ts ( ! ,/ate4 7#c7 ,! election results ( ! prec9cts ( ! ,/ate4 7#d7 ,! place ( resid5ce ( any incumb5t1 political c&idate1 or pot5tial political c&idate4 7c7 ,p]missible crit]ia ,a ,/ate may consid] o!r crit]ia1 9 addition to ! requir$ crit]ia "u subsection 7a71 9 e/abli%+ or alt]+ ! b\nd>ies ( its congressional di/ricts1 to ! ext5t su* o!r crit]ia d n conflict ) ! requirem5ts ( ?is section or violate section #d4 ,! p]missible crit]ia "u ?is subsection may include any ( ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,geographic contiguity & compactness4 7#b7 ,respect = communities ( int]e/4 ,su* communities ( int]e/-- 7,a7 may be bas$ on factors includ+ %>$ cultural or hi/orical *>act]i/ics or economic int]e/s2 & 7,b7 may n be bas$ on associations ) any political p>ty1 incumb5t1 or political c&idate1 or pot5tial political c&idate4 7#c7 ,respect = c\nties1 cities1 & o!r political subdivisions4 #d4 ,prohibition on p>tisan g]rym&]+ 7a7 ,prohibition ,except z necess>y to comply ) section #c7;a71 a ,/ate %all n e/abli% a congressional di/rict+ plan t has ! purpose or w h ! effect ( unduly favor+ or disfavor+ any political p>ty4 7b7 ,en=cem5t 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,any eligible vot] ( a ,/ate may br+ a civil action be=e a #c-;judge c\rt conv5$ 9 accordance ) section #bbhd ( title #bh1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 = a violation ( subsection 7a74 7#b7 ,c\rt ord] ,a c\rt 9 a civil action "u ?is subsection-- 7,a7 may issue an ord] invalidat+ ! congressional di/rict+ plan ( su* ,/ate on ! gr\nds t ! plan violates subsection 7a72 7,b7 %all consid] any violation ( section #c to be probative evid5ce t ! di/rict+ plan has ! purpose ( unduly favor+ or disfavor+ a political p>ty2 & 7,c7 may consid]1 among o!r ?+s1 /ati/ical evid5ce ( ! ext5t & durability ( p>tisan bias1 electoral responsiv5ess1 & ! ability ( ea* p>ty to translate votes into seat %>e4 7c7 ,rem$ies ,9 rem$y+ a violation ( subsection 7a71 a c\rt %all apply ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,if ! c\rt f9ds t ! ,/ate has e/abli%$ a congressional di/rict+ plan ) ! purpose ( unduly favor+ or disfavor+ a political p>ty1 ! c\rt %all appo9t a special ma/] or panel ( special ma/]s to propose a rem$y to ! c\rt = ! violation4 7#b7 ,if ! c\rt f9ds t ! ,/ate has e/abli%$ a congressional di/rict+ plan t w h ! effect1 b does n h ! purpose1 ( unduly favor+ or disfavor+ a political p>ty1 ! c\rt may1 9 its discretion1 appo9t a special ma/] or panel ( special ma/]s to propose a rem$y to ! c\rt = ! violation4 7d7 ,legislative privilege ,no p]son1 legislature1 or ,/ate may claim legislative privilege "u ei!r ,/ate or ,f$]al law 9 a civil action br\ght "u ?is section or 9 any o!r legal *all5ge1 "u ei!r ,/ate or ,f$]al law1 to a congressional di/rict+ plan4 #e4 ,safe h>bor ,) respect to any claim "u section #d1 a ,/ate's enact$ congressional di/rict+ plan %all h a rebuttable presumption ( validity if t plan 0 creat$ by a nonp>tisan or bip>tisan r$i/rict+ commission1 :]e support f memb]s ( m ?an "o political p>ty &1 if applicable1 nonaffiliat$ memb]s1 is requir$ to approve a congressional di/rict+ plan4 #f4 ,o!r laws 7a7 ,no preemption ,no?+ 9 ?is ,act %all be con/ru$ to preempt any cause ( action "u ,/ate law1 or limit or abrogate any cause ( action "u ,f$]al law4 7b7 ,o!r di/rict+ crit]ia ,no?+ 9 ?is ,act %all be con/ru$ to prev5t a ,/ate f adopt+ congressional di/rict+ crit]ia or proc$ures t d n conflict ) ?is ,act & t s]ve to limit pot5tial exposure to liability "u section #d7;a74 7c7 ,vot+ ,rights ,act ,no?+ 9 ?is ,act %all be con/ru$ to preempt or alt] any provision ( ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act ( #aife 7#eb ,u4,s4,c4 #ajcja et seq474 #g4 ,sev]ability ,if any provision ( ?is ,act or ! application ( su* provision to any p]son or circum/ance is held to be uncon/itutional1 ! rema9d] ( ?is ,act & ! application ( ! provision to any o!r p]son or circum/ance %all n be affect$4