,,ii #aaeth ,,congress #b;d ,session ,s4 #bhjc ,,in ,,the ,,senate ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,may #h1 #bjah ,mr4 ,manchin 7for himself and ,ms4 ,heitkamp7 introduced the following bill2 which was read twice and referred to the ,committee on ,energy and ,natural ,resources ,a ,,bill ,to amend the ,energy ,policy ,act of #bjje to improve the conversion1 use1 and storage of carbon dioxide produced from fossil fuels1 and for other purposes4 #a4 ,short title ,this ,act may be cited as the ,fossil ,energy ,utilization1 ,enhancement1 and ,leadership ,act of #bjah4 #b4 ,fossil energy ,section #ifa7;a7 of the ,energy ,policy ,act of #bjje 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #afbia7;a77 is amended by adding at the end the following3 7#h7 ,improving the conversion1 use1 and storage of carbon dioxide produced from fossil fuels4 4 #c4 ,establishment of coal technology program ,the ,energy ,policy ,act of #bjje is amended by striking section #ifb 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #afbib7 and inserting the following3 #ifb4 ,coal technology program 7a7 ,definitions ,in this section3 7#a7 ,large-scale pilot project ,the term large-scale pilot project means a pilot project that-- 7,a7 represents the scale of technology development beyond laboratory development and bench scale testing1 but not yet advanced to the point of being tested under real operational conditions at commercial scale2 7,b7 represents the scale of technology necessary to gain the operational data needed to understand the technical and performance risks of the technology before the application of that technology at commercial scale or in commercial-scale demonstration2 and 7,c7 is large enough-- 7i7 to validate scaling factors2 and 7ii7 to demonstrate the interaction between major components so that control philosophies for a new process can be developed and enable the technology to advance from large-scale pilot plant application to commercial-scale demonstration or application4 7#b7 ,net-negative carbon dioxide emissions project ,the term net-negative carbon dioxide emissions project means a project-- 7,a7 that employs a technology for thermochemical coconversion of coal and biomass fuels that-- 7i7 uses a carbon capture system2 and 7ii7 with carbon dioxide removal1 the ,secretary determines can provide electricity1 fuels1 or chemicals with net-negative carbon dioxide emissions from production and consumption of the end products1 while removing atmospheric carbon dioxide2 7,b7 that will proceed initially through a large-scale pilot project for which front-end engineering will be performed for bituminous1 subbituminous1 and lignite coals2 and 7,c7 through which each use of coal will be combined with the use of a regionally indigenous form of biomass energy1 provided on a renewable basis1 that is sufficient in quantity to allow for net-negative emissions of carbon dioxide 7in combination with a carbon capture system71 while avoiding impacts on food production activities4 7#c7 ,program ,the term program means the program established under subsection 7b77#a74 7#d7 ,transformational technology 7,a7 ,in general ,the term transformational technology means a power generation technology that represents a significant change in the methods used to convert energy that will enable a step change in performance1 efficiency1 and cost of electricity as compared to the technology in existence on the date of enactment of the ,fossil ,energy ,utilization1 ,enhancement1 and ,leadership ,act of #bjah4 7,b7 ,inclusions ,the term transformational technology includes a broad range of technology improvements1 including-- 7i7 thermodynamic improvements in energy conversion and heat transfer1 including-- 7,i7 oxygen combustion2 7,,ii7 chemical looping2 and 7,,iii7 the replacement of steam cycles with supercritical carbon dioxide cycles2 7ii7 improvements in steam or carbon dioxide turbine technology2 7iii7 improvements in carbon capture systems technology2 7iv7 improvements in small-scale and modular coal-fired technologies with reduced carbon output or carbon capture that can support incremental power generation capacity additions2 and 7v7 any other technology the ,secretary recognizes as transformational technology4 7b7 ,coal technology program 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary shall establish a coal technology program to ensure the continued use of the abundant1 domestic coal resources of the ,united ,states through the development of technologies that will significantly improve the efficiency1 effectiveness1 costs1 and environmental performance of coal use4 7#b7 ,requirements ,the program shall include-- 7,a7 a research and development program2 7,b7 large-scale pilot projects2 7,c7 demonstration projects2 7,d7 net-negative carbon dioxide emissions projects2 and 7,e7 a front-end engineering and design program4 7#c7 ,program goals and objectives ,in consultation with the interested entities described in paragraph 7#d77;,c71 the ,secretary shall develop goals and objectives for the program to be applied to the technologies developed within the program1 taking into consideration the following objectives3 7,a7 ,ensure reliable1 low-cost power from new and existing coal plants4 7,b7 ,achieve high conversion efficiencies4 7,c7 ,address emissions of carbon dioxide through high-efficiency platforms and carbon capture from new and existing coal plants4 7,d7 ,support small-scale and modular technologies to enable incremental capacity additions and load growth1 in addition to large-scale generation technologies4 7,e7 ,support baseload operations for new and existing applications of coal generation4 7,f7 ,further reduce emissions of criteria pollutants and reduce the use and manage the discharge of water in power plant operations4 7,g7 ,accelerate the development of technologies that have transformational energy conversion characteristics4 7,h7 ,validate safe geological storage of large volumes of anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide and support the development of the infrastructure needed to support a carbon dioxide use and storage industry4 7,i7 ,examine methods of converting coal to other valuable products and commodities in addition to electricity4 7#d7 ,consultations required ,in carrying out the program1 the ,secretary shall-- 7,a7 undertake international collaborations1 taking into consideration the recommendations of the ,national ,coal ,council2 7,b7 use existing authorities to encourage international cooperation2 and 7,c7 consult with interested entities1 including-- 7i7 coal producers2 7ii7 industries that use coal2 7iii7 organizations that promote coal and advanced coal technologies2 7iv7 environmental organizations2 7v7 organizations representing workers2 and 7vi7 organizations representing consumers4 7c7 ,report 7#a7 ,in general ,not later than #ah months after the date of enactment of the ,fossil ,energy ,utilization1 ,enhancement1 and ,leadership ,act of #bjah1 the ,secretary shall submit to ,congress a report describing the program goals and objectives adopted under subsection 7b77#c74 7#b7 ,update ,not less frequently than once every #b years after the initial report is submitted under paragraph 7#a71 the ,secretary shall submit to ,congress a report describing the progress made towards achieving the program goals and objectives adopted under subsection 7b77#c74 7d7 ,funding 7#a7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,secretary to carry out this section1 to remain available until expended-- 7,a7 for activities under the research and development program component described in subsection 7b77#b77;,a7-- 7i7 #bjj1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjai and #bjbj2 and 7ii7 #aej1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjba through #bjbc2 7,b7 for activities under the demonstration projects program component described in subsection 7b77#b77;,c7-- 7i7 #ej1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjai and #bjbj2 7ii7 #aej1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjba2 and 7iii7 #bjj1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbb and #bjbc2 7,c7 subject to paragraph 7#b71 for activities under the large-scale pilot projects program component described in subsection 7b77#b77;,b71 #bej1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjai through #bjbc2 7,d7 for activities under the net-negative carbon dioxide emissions projects program component described in subsection 7b77#b77;,d71 #bb1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjai through #bjbc2 and 7,e7 for activities under the front-end engineering and design program described in subsection 7b77#b77;,e71 #ej1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjai through #bjbc4 7#b7 ,cost sharing for large-scale pilot projects ,activities under subsection 7b77#b77;,b7 shall be subject to the cost-sharing requirements of section #ihh7;b74 4 #d4 ,report on carbon dioxide capture contracting authority ,section #ifc of the ,energy ,policy ,act of #bjje 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #afbic7 is amended by adding at the end the following3 7e7 ,report on carbon dioxide capture contracting authority 7#a7 ,definition of electric generation unit ,in this subsection1 the term electric generation unit means an electric generation unit that-- 7,a7 uses coal-based generation technology2 and 7,b7 is capable of capturing carbon dioxide emissions from the unit4 7#b7 ,report ,not later than #ahj days after the date of enactment of the ,fossil ,energy ,utilization1 ,enhancement1 and ,leadership ,act of #bjah1 the ,secretary shall prepare and submit to the appropriate committees of ,congress a report that-- 7,a7 describes the costs and benefits of entering into long-term binding contracts on behalf of the ,federal ,government with qualified parties to provide support for capturing carbon dioxide from electricity generated at an electric generation unit or carbon dioxide captured from an electric generation unit and sold to a purchaser for-- 7i7 the recovery of crude oil2 or 7ii7 other purposes for which a commercial market exists2 7,b7 contains an analysis of how the ,department would establish1 implement1 and maintain a contracting program described in subparagraph 7,a72 and 7,c7 outlines options for how contracts may be structured1 and regulations that would be necessary1 to implement a contracting program described in subparagraph 7,a74 4 #e4 ,carbon utilization program 7a7 ,in general ,subtitle ,f of title ,,ix of the ,energy ,policy ,act of #bjje 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #afbia et seq47 is amended by adding at the end the following3 #ifi4 ,carbon utilization program 7a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary shall carry out a program of research1 development1 and demonstration for carbon utilization-- 7#a7 to assess and monitor-- 7,a7 potential changes in lifecycle carbon dioxide emissions2 and 7,b7 other environmental safety indicators of new technologies1 practices1 processes1 or methods used in enhanced hydrocarbon recovery2 and 7#b7 to identify and evaluate novel uses for carbon1 including the conversion of carbon dioxide for commercial and industrial products1 such as-- 7,a7 chemicals2 7,b7 plastics2 7,c7 building materials2 7,d7 fuels2 7,e7 cement2 or 7,f7 products of coal utilization in power systems or other applications4 7b7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,secretary to carry out this section-- 7#a7 #ae1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjai2 7#b7 #af1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbj2 and 7#c7 #ag1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjba4 4 7b7 ,study 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary of ,energy shall enter into an agreement with the ,national ,academies of ,sciences1 ,engineering1 and ,medicine under which the ,national ,academies of ,sciences1 ,engineering1 and ,medicine shall conduct a study to assess any barriers and opportunities relating to commercializing carbon dioxide in the ,united ,states4 7#b7 ,requirements ,the study under paragraph 7#a7 shall-- 7,a7 analyze challenges to commercializing carbon dioxide1 including-- 7i7 creating a national system of carbon dioxide pipelines2 7ii7 mitigating environmental impacts2 and 7iii7 regional economic challenges and opportunities2 7,b7 identify potential markets1 industries1 or sectors that may benefit from greater access to commercial carbon dioxide2 7,c7 assess-- 7i7 the state of infrastructure as of the date of the study2 and 7ii7 any necessary updates to infrastructure to allow for the integration of safe and reliable carbon dioxide transportation1 utilization1 and storage2 7,d7 estimate the economic impact of a well-integrated national carbon dioxide pipeline system2 7,e7 assess the global status and progress of carbon utilization technologies 7both chemical and biological7 in practice as of the date of the study that utilize waste carbon1 including carbon dioxide1 carbon monoxide1 methane1 and biogas1 from power generation1 biofuels production1 and other industrial processes2 7,f7 identify emerging technologies and approaches for carbon utilization that show promise for scale-up1 demonstration1 deployment1 and commercialization2 7,g7 analyze the factors associated with making carbon utilization technologies viable at a commercial scale1 including carbon waste stream availability1 economics1 market capacity1 energy1 and lifecycle requirements2 7,h7 7i7 assess the major technical challenges associated with increasing the commercial viability of carbon reuse technologies2 and 7ii7 identify the research and development questions that will address the challenges described in clause 7i72 7,i7 7i7 assess research efforts being carried out as of the date of the study1 including basic1 applied1 engineering1 and computational research efforts1 that are addressing the challenges described in subparagraph 7,h77i72 and 7ii7 identify gaps in the research efforts under clause 7i72 and 7,j7 develop a comprehensive research agenda that addresses long- and short-term research needs and opportunities4 7#c7 ,deadline ,not later than #ahj days after the date of enactment of this ,act1 the ,national ,academies of ,sciences1 ,engineering1 and ,medicine shall submit to the ,secretary of ,energy a report describing the results of the study under paragraph 7#a74 #f4 ,interagency task force on carbon dioxide pipelines 7a7 ,in general ,not later than #fj days after the date on which the study under section #e7;b77#a7 is submitted1 the ,secretary of ,energy 7referred to in this section as the ,secretary7 shall convene an interagency task force 7referred to in this section as the task force7 to assess the potential for a national system of carbon dioxide pipelines4 7b7 ,membership ,the task force shall include representatives of each of the following3 7#a7 ,the ,department of ,energy4 7#b7 ,the ,department of the ,interior4 7#c7 ,the ,environmental ,protection ,agency4 7#d7 ,the ,department of ,transportation4 7#e7 ,the ,federal ,energy ,regulatory ,commission4 7#f7 ,other ,federal agencies identified by the ,secretary4 7#g7 ,state1 local1 and ,tribal governments4 7c7 ,annual workshops 7#a7 ,in general ,the task force shall conduct annual workshops to discuss the potential of1 and progress toward1 an accessible and functioning national system of carbon dioxide pipelines4 7#b7 ,participants ,the annual workshops under paragraph 7#a7 shall be-- 7,a7 conducted with representatives of relevant ,federal agencies2 and 7,b7 open to representatives from-- 7i7 industry2 7ii7 ,state1 local1 and ,tribal governments2 7iii7 academic researchers2 7iv7 environmental organizations2 and 7v7 other stakeholders identified by the ,secretary4 7#c7 ,public notice ,not later than #fj days before the date on which the task force conducts an annual workshop under paragraph 7#a71 the ,secretary shall provide public notice of the annual workshop to ensure all interested parties can attend4 7#d7 ,reports 7,a7 ,annual reports ,the ,secretary shall submit to the ,committee on ,energy and ,natural ,resources of the ,senate and the ,committees on ,energy and ,commerce and ,science1 ,space1 and ,technology of the ,house of ,representatives an annual report summarizing the activities and progress of the task force4 7,b7 ,final report ,not later than #a year after the termination date described in subsection 7d71 the ,secretary shall submit to the ,committee on ,energy and ,natural ,resources of the ,senate and the ,committees on ,energy and ,commerce and ,science1 ,space1 and ,technology of the ,house of ,representatives a final report laying out a plan for the successful establishment of a national carbon dioxide pipeline system1 including a description of-- 7i7 the plan for engineering1 building1 siting1 and maintenance of a national carbon dioxide pipeline system2 7ii7 the plan for permitting and insuring pipelines under a national carbon dioxide pipeline system2 7iii7 any ,federal and ,state policy challenges to establishing a national carbon dioxide pipeline system2 7iv7 incentives or resources necessary to encourage the use of the most advanced leak detection and mitigation technologies and monitoring capabilities available in a national carbon dioxide pipeline system2 7v7 how a national carbon dioxide pipeline system should be regulated to ensure safety and minimal environmental impacts2 and 7vi7 how a national carbon dioxide pipeline system might be integrated into the pipeline systems in existence as of the date of the establishment of a national carbon dioxide pipeline system4 7d7 ,sunset ,the authority for the task force under this section shall terminate on the date that is #c years after the date on which the task force first convenes4 #g4 ,rare earth element advanced coal technologies 7a7 ,findings ,congress finds that-- 7#a7 the ,united ,states is largely dependent on foreign imports for the domestic supply of rare earth elements and minerals in the ,united ,states2 7#b7 as of the date of enactment of this ,act1 the ,united ,states does not have domestic production capability for1 or a guaranteed supply chain of1 rare earth elements and minerals1 particularly in times of national crisis2 7#c7 access to certain rare earth elements and minerals is critical for the national security of the ,united ,states2 7#d7 ,china maintains a near monopoly of the global supply chain of rare earth elements and minerals2 7#e7 the successful development of commercially viable refining methods of rare earth elements and minerals from coal byproducts could lead to new economic development opportunities in parts of the ,united ,states most affected by the downturn of the coal industry2 7#f7 rare earth elements-- 7,a7 comprise #ag elements on the periodic table1 including-- 7i7 the lanthanides1 which are lanthanum 7,la71 cerium 7,ce71 praseodymium 7,pr71 neodymium 7,nd71 promethium 7,pm71 samarium 7,sm71 europium 7,eu71 gadolinium 7,gd71 terbium 7,tb71 dysprosium 7,dy71 holmium 7,ho71 erbium 7,er71 thulium 7,tm71 ytterbium 7,yb71 and lutetium 7,lu72 and 7ii7 transition elements1 which are scandium 7,sc7 and yttrium 7,y72 and 7,b7 can be divided into-- 7i7 light rare earth elements1 which are lanthanum 7,la71 cerium 7,ce71 praseodymium 7,pr71 neodymium 7,nd71 promethium 7,pm71 and samarium 7,sm72 and 7ii7 heavy rare earth elements1 which are scandium 7,sc71 yttrium 7,y71 europium 7,eu71 gadolinium 7,gd71 terbium 7,tb71 dysprosium 7,dy71 holmium 7,ho71 erbium 7,er71 thulium 7,tm71 ytterbium 7,yb71 and lutetium 7,lu72 and 7#g7 it is in the interest of the ,federal ,government-- 7,a7 to guide responsible domestic production of rare earth elements and minerals to ensure industry and consumers in the ,united ,states have access to a reliable domestic supply of valuable rare earth elements and minerals2 and 7,b7 7i7 to identify the areas of highest potential interruption in the global supply chain of rare earth elements and minerals2 and 7ii7 to strengthen the position of the ,united ,states in that supply chain by mitigating potential interruptions through the development of advanced coal technologies4 7b7 ,program for extraction and recovery of rare earth elements and minerals from coal and coal byproducts 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary of ,energy1 acting through the ,assistant ,secretary for ,fossil ,energy 7referred to in this subsection as the ,secretary71 shall carry out a program under which the ,secretary shall develop advanced separation technologies for the extraction and recovery of rare earth elements and minerals from coal and coal byproducts4 7#b7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there is authorized to be appropriated to the ,secretary to carry out the program described in paragraph 7#a7 #bj1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjai through #bjbf4 7c7 ,assessment and report 7#a7 ,in general ,not later than #a year after the date of enactment of this ,act1 the ,secretary of ,energy1 in consultation with the ,secretary of ,defense 7referred to in this subsection as the ,secretary71 shall carry out1 and submit to the ,committee on ,energy and ,natural ,resources of the ,senate and the ,committees on ,energy and ,commerce and ,science1 ,space1 and ,technology of the ,house of ,representatives-- 7,a7 an assessment-- 7i7 identifying and ranking the rare earth elements that-- 7,i7 are most important to consumers in the ,united ,states2 7,,ii7 are most jeopardized in the global supply chain2 and 7,,iii7 will have the greatest impact to consumers in the ,united ,states in the event of a disruption in the global supply chain2 7ii7 evaluating the development of advanced separation technologies for the extraction and recovery of rare earth elements and minerals from coal and coal byproducts 7referred to in this paragraph as the technologies72 7iii7 identifying and evaluating the results of the development of the technologies1 including the results with respect to the extraction and recovery of each rare earth element2 7iv7 determining what the technologies are capable of producing2 7v7 evaluating the performance of the technologies1 including what the technologies-- 7,i7 succeed and fail at accomplishing2 and 7,,ii7 can and cannot do cost-effectively2 and 7vi7 7,i7 evaluating the market impact on each rare earth mineral of the penetration of commercially viable technologies2 and 7,,ii7 how the penetration of commercially viable coal-based technology will impact the global supply chain2 and 7,b7 a report analyzing-- 7i7 the additional resources required for the development of commercial-ready deployment of technologies that are second generation and transformational2 and 7ii7 the market impact of processes to treat and recover rare earth elements and minerals from sludge generated during treatment of acid mine drainage from coal mines4 7#b7 ,requirement ,in carrying out the assessment and report under paragraph 7#a71 the ,secretary shall focus on the rare earth elements determined by the ,secretary to be most critical to the national security of the ,united ,states4 #h4 ,research and development of natural gas ,nothing in this ,act or an amendment made by this ,act precludes the ,secretary of ,energy from using funds authorized to be made available by this ,act or an amendment made by this ,act for the research and development of natural gas if the ,secretary of ,energy determines that the funding results in the investment in technologies that are primarily developed and tested for coal-based applications4