,,ii  #aae? ,,congress  #a/ ,session    
,s4 #afdi  ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,!      
,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,july #bg1 #bjag ,mr4  
,lee 7= himself1 ,mr4 ,cruz1 & ,mr4     
,sasse7 introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0  
read twice & ref]r$ to ! ,committee on !
 ,judici>y  ,a ,,bill  ,to help ,/ates  
combat abuse ( occupational lic5s+ laws 
by economic incumb5ts1 to promote       
competition1 to enc\rage innovation1 to 
protect consum]s1 & to facilitate !     
re/oration ( antitru/ immunity to ,/ate 
occupational bo>ds1 & = o!r purposes4   
#a4 ,%ort title  ,?is ,act may be cit$ z
 ! ,re/or+ ,bo>d ,immunity ,act ( #bjag 
or ! ,,rbi ,act4  #b4 ,/atem5t ( f9d+s &
 purpose ,congress f9ds ! foll[+3 7#a7  
,! preval5ce ( occupational lic5s+ has  
increas$ dramatically 9 rec5t decades1 9
 "p because private int]e/s h s\ght     
lic5s+ 9 ord] to limit competition4     
7#b7 ,occupational lic5s+ (t5 limits    
opportunities = work]s1 fru/rates       
entrepr5eurs seek+ to introduce new     
bus9ess models1 & raises prices paid by 

consum]s4  7#c7 ,lic5s+ %\ld be impos$  
only to combat real1 sub/antial ?reats  
to public heal?1 safety1 or welf>e &    
only :]e o!r less re/rictive regulatory 
alt]natives are insuffici5t to protect  
consum]s & s]ve ! public int]e/4  7#d7  
,regulators %\ld consid] a range ( less 
re/rictive alt]natives be=e enact+ an   
occupational lic5s+ regime1 :i* may     
include inspections1 bond+ or insurance 
requirem5ts1 regi/ration1 & volunt>y    
c]tification4  7#e7 ,volunt>y           
c]tification provides a p>ticul>ly      
significant alt]native to lic5sure1 z x 
all[s m>ket p>ticipants to signal to    
consum]s ! atta9m5t ( p]sonal           
qualifications )\t limit+ entry into !  
m>ketplace4  7#f7 ,! failure ( ,/ate    
gov]nm5ts to adopt less re/rictive      
alt]natives to lic5s+1 & less burd5some 
requirem5ts 9 ^? areas :]e lic5s+ is    
deem$ necess>y1 has result$ 9           
significant co/s to consum]s & ! broad] 
economy4  7#g7 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme
 ,c\rt respond$ to ^! conc]ns 9 ,nor?   

,c>ol9a ,bo>d ( ,d5tal ,exam9]s v4      
,,ftc1 #ace ,s4 ,ct4 #aaja 7#bjae71     
hold+ t self-int]e/$ lic5s+ bo>ds may be
 subject to liability "u ! antitru/     
laws1 b t decision has also creat$      
significant unc]ta9ty = ! ,/ates & _!   
lic5s+ bo>ds4  7#h7 ,"s ,/ates h        
respond$ to ! decision 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a  
,bo>d ( ,d5tal ,exam9]s by e/abli%+ a   
lay] ( bureaucratic ov]sight t m]ely    
monitors bo>d actions = consi/5cy )     
,/ate lic5s+ laws4 ,?is response is a   
miss$ opportunity = re=m1 z x does n    
address ! specific competition conc]n   
rais$ 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,bo>d ( ,d5tal    
,exam9]s or ! und]ly+ problems )        
ov]-reliance on occupational lic5sure z 
a regulatory approa* & ) ov]ly broad    
en=cem5t ( lic5s+ laws z a means to     
regulate comm]cial activities outside an
 occupation's scope ( practice4  7#i7   
,legislation is necess>y to cl>ify !    
requirem5ts ( active sup]vision1 bo? to 
(f] ,/ates a cle> & c]ta9 me*anism to   
immunize _! occupational bo>ds & to make

 cle> t m]e bureaucratic ov]sight to    
ensure consi/5cy ) ,/ate lic5s+ laws    
does n suffice to conf] immunity4  7#aj7
 ,?is ,act is int5d$ to (f] ,/ates a    
*oice betwe5 two alt]native r\tes to    
a*ieve immunity = _! occupational lic5s+
 bo>ds--ei!r e/abli%+ a me*anism =      
mean+ful active sup]vision ( lic5s+     
bo>ds by ,/ate (ficials or e/abli%+ a   
me*anism = mean+ful judicial review (   
bo>d actions 9 ! ,/ate c\rts4  #c4      
,def9itions ,9 ?is ,act3 7#a7           
,c]tification ,! t]m c]tification means 
a volunt>y program "u :i*--  7,a7 a     
private organization 79 ! case ( private
 c]tification7 or ! gov]nm5t ( a ,/ate  
79 ! case ( gov]nm5t c]tification7      
au?orizes an individual :o meets c]ta9  
p]sonal qualifications to use c]tifi$ z 
a designat$ title ) respect to !        
p]=mance ( a lawful occupation2 &  7,b7 
a non-c]tifi$ individual may p]=m !     
lawful occupation = comp5sation b may n 
use ! title c]tifi$4  7#b7 ,good fai? ,!
 t]m good fai?1 ) respect to p]=mance-- 

7,a7 means dilig5t p]=mance t is direct$
 t[>ds a*iev+ ! policies set =? 9 ?is   
,act2  7,b7 does n include p]=mance t   
is-- 7i7 design$ to subv]t or evade !   
policies set =? 9 ?is ,act2 or  7ii7    
c>ri$ out 9 a mann] t has ! sy/ematic   
effect ( subv]t+ or evad+ ! policies set
 =? 9 ?is ,act2 &  7,c7 ref]s to an     
objective1 r ?an subjective1 /&>d4  7#c7
 ,lawful occupation ,! t]m lawful       
occupation means a c\rse ( conduct1     
pursuit1 or pr(ession t includes ! sale 
( goods or s]vices t are n !mselves     
illegal to sell irrespective ( :e!r !   
individual sell+ ! goods or s]vices is  
subject to occupational lic5s+ laws4    
7#d7 ,lea/ re/rictive regulation ,! t]m 
lea/ re/rictive regulation means1 f lea/
 to mo/ re/rictive3 7,a7 ,"o or m ( !   
foll[+1 ea* ( :i* %all be consid]$      
equally re/rictive3  7i7 ,m>ket         
competition4  7ii7 ,indu/ry or          
consum]-relat$ rat+s & reviews4  7iii7  
,private c]tification4  7iv7 ,a specific
 private civil cause ( action to rem$y  

consum] h>m4  7v7 ,a deceptive trade    
practice act4  7vi7 ,a regulation ( !   
process ( provid+ ! specific goods or   
s]vices to consum]s4  7vii7             
,inspections4  7viii7 ,bond+ or         
insurance4  7ix7 ,regi/ration4  7x7     
,gov]nm5t c]tification4  7,b7 ,specialty
 occupational lic5se = m$ical           
reimbursem5t4  7,c7 ,occupational       
lic5se4  7#e7 ,less re/rictive          
alt]natives to occupational lic5s+ ,!   
t]m less re/rictive alt]natives to      
occupational lic5s+-- 7,a7 means        
regulations t a*ieve ! public heal? or  
safety goals ass]t$ by ! gov]nm5t to    
ju/ify lic5s+ :ile impos+ a less on]\s  
re/riction on entry into ! m>ketplace2 &
  7,b7 includes ! alt]native =ms (      
regulation describ$ 9 p>agraph          
7#d77;,a74  7#f7 ,memb]1 (fic]1 or      
employee ,! t]m memb]1 (fic]1 or        
employee1 ) respect to an occupational  
lic5s+ bo>d1 means an individual appo9t$
 by a ,/ate to ! bo>d4  7#g7            
,occupational lic5se ,! t]m occupational

 lic5se means a nontransf]able          
au?orization "u law = an individual to  
p]=m a lawful occupation = comp5sation  
bas$ on meet+ p]sonal qualifications    
e/abli%$ by ! ,/ate gov]nm5t4  7#h7     
,occupational lic5s+ bo>d ,! t]m        
occupational lic5s+ bo>d or bo>d means  
an entity e/abli%$ "u ,/ate law-- 7,a7 !
 express purpose ( :i* is to regulate ! 
p]sonal qualifications requir$ to engage
 9 or practice a p>ticul> lawful        
occupation2  7,b7 t has au?ority conf]r$
 by ,/ate law to int]pret or en=ce !    
occupational lic5s+ laws ( ! ,/ate2 &   
7,c7 n less ?an #b_/c ( ! memb]s ( :i*  
are appo9t$ by an elect$ (ficial ( !    
,/ate4  7#i7 ,occupational lic5s+ law ,!
 t]m occupational lic5s+ law--  7,a7    
means a ,/ate /atute t all[s an         
individual to "w 9 a lawful occupation &
 use an occupational title2 &  7,b7 does
 n include a bus9ess lic5se1 facility   
lic5se1 build+ p]mit1 or zon+ & l& use  
regulation1 except to ! ext5t t ! law   
regulates an individual's p]sonal       

qualifications to engage 9 or practice a
 lawful occupation4  7#aj7 ,occupational
 regulation ,! t]m occupational         
regulation-- 7,a7 means a /atute1 rule1 
practice1 policy1 or o!r law t          
sub/antially burd5s an individual's     
ability to "w 9 a lawful occupation2    
7,b7 includes a regulation requir+      
regi/ration1 c]tification1 or an        
occupational lic5se2 &  7,c7 does n     
include a bus9ess lic5se1 facility      
lic5se1 build+ p]mit1 or zon+ & l& use  
regulation except to ! ext5t t su* a    
requirem5t or re/riction sub/antially   
burd5s an individual's ability to "w 9 a
 lawful occupation4  7#aa7 ,p]sonal     
qualifications ,! t]m p]sonal           
qualifications means crit]ia relat$ to  
an individual's p]sonal backgr\nd &     
*>act]i/ics1 includ+ completion ( an    
approv$ educational program1            
satisfactory p]=mance on an exam9ation1 
"w exp]i5ce1 o!r evid5ce ( atta9m5t (   
requisite skills or k1 moral /&+1       
crim9al hi/ory1 & completion ( cont9u+  

education4  7#ab7 ,regi/ration ,! t]m   
regi/ration means a requirem5t t an     
individual give notice to ! gov]nm5t ( a
 ,/ate t may include-- 7,a7 !           
individual's "n & address2  7,b7 !      
individual's ag5t = s]vice ( process2   
7,c7 ! location ( ! activity to be      
p]=m$2 &  7,d7 a description ( ! s]vice 
! individual provides4  7#ac7 ,specialty
 occupational lic5se = m$ical           
reimbursem5t ,! t]m specialty           
occupational lic5se = m$ical            
reimbursem5t means a nontransf]able     
au?orization 9 law = an individual to   
qualify = paym5t or reimbursem5t f a    
gov]nm5t ag5cy = ! non-exclusive        
provision ( m$ical s]vices bas$ on meet+
 p]sonal qualifications e/abli%$ by !   
,/ate legislature4  7#ad7 ,/ate ,! t]m  
,/ate means-- 7,a7 ea* ( ! sev]al       
,/ates2 &  7,b7 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 
#d4 ,antitru/ immunity  7a7 ,9 g5]al    
,subject to subsection 7b71 ! ,%]man    
,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #a et seq47 %all n  
apply to any action ( an occupational   

lic5s+ bo>d ( a ,/ate1 or any action ( a
 memb]1 (fic]1 or employee ( ! bo>d act+
 9 ! (ficial capacity ( t memb]1 (fic]1 
or employee1 if--  7#a7 ! requirem5ts "u
 section #e ( ?is ,act are satisfi$2 or 
7#b7 ! requirem5ts "u section #f ( ?is  
,act are satisfi$4  7b7 ,requirem5t (   
good fai? ,! immunity provid$ "u        
subsection 7a7 %all n apply to any      
action ( an occupational lic5s+ bo>d ( a
 ,/ate1 or any action ( a memb]1 (fic]1 
or employee ( ! bo>d act+ 9 ! (ficial   
capacity ( t memb]1 (fic]1 or employee1 
unless ! ,/ate acts 9 good fai? to p]=m 
! applicable requirem5ts "u section #e  
or #f4  7c7 ,exi/+ entities or proc$ures
 ,! fact t a ,/ate gov]nm5tal entity or 
proc$ure 0 e/abli%$ be=e ! date (       
enactm5t ( ?is ,act %all n prev5t an    
occupational lic5s+ bo>d ( ! ,/ate1 or a
 memb]1 (fic]1 or employee ( t bo>d1 f  
qualify+ = immunity "u subsection 7a7 if
 ! ,/ate gov]nm5tal entity or proc$ure  
satisfies ! applicable requirem5ts "u   
section #e or #f4  7d7 ,sav+s clause ,! 

immunity provid$ "u subsection 7a7 %all 
n apply to an action unrelat$ to        
regulat+ ! p]sonal qualifications       
requir$ to engage 9 or practice a lawful
 occupation1 su* z rules ( an           
occupational lic5s+ bo>d gov]n+ m9imum  
prices or resid5cy requirem5ts4  #e4    
,active sup]vision  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,!     
immunity "u section #d7;a7 %all apply to
 any action ( an occupational lic5s+    
bo>d ( a ,/ate1 or any action ( a memb]1
 (fic]1 or employee ( t bo>d act+ 9 !   
(ficial capacity ( t memb]1 (fic]1 or   
employee1 if--  7#a7 ! actions ( !      
occupational lic5s+ bo>d or memb]1      
(fic]1 or employee are au?oriz$ by a    
non-frivol\s int]pretation ( !          
occupational lic5s+ laws ( ! ,/ate2     
7#b7 ! ,/ate adopts a policy ( us+ less 
re/rictive alt]natives to occupational  
lic5s+ to address real1 sub/antial      
?reats to public heal?1 safety1 or      
welf>e1 9 accordance ) subsection 7b7 ( 
?is section2 &  7#c7 ! ,/ate enacts     
legislation provid+ = active sup]vision 

( ! actions ( an occupational lic5s+    
bo>d & any memb]1 (fic]1 or employee (  
su* a bo>d1 9 accordance ) subsection   
7c7 ( ?is section4  7b7 ,policy ,! ,/ate
 %all adopt a policy provid+ t-- 7#a7   
occupational lic5s+ laws %\ld be con/ru$
 & appli$ to--  7,a7 protect public     
heal?1 safety1 & welf>e2 &  7,b7        
increase economic opportunity1 promote  
competition1 & enc\rage innovation2     
7#b7 regulators %\ld displace           
competition ?r\gh occupational lic5s+   
laws only if less re/rictive alt]natives
 to occupational lic5s+ w n suffice to  
protect consum]s f real1 sub/antial     
?reats to public heal?1 safety1 or      
welf>e2 &  7#c7 an occupational lic5s+  
law %\ld be en=c$ aga9/ an individual   
only to ! ext5t ! individual sells goods
 or s]vices t are includ$ explicitly 9 !
 /atute or regulation t def9es !        
occupation's scope ( practice4  7c7     
,active sup]vision  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,!    
legislation enact$ "u subsection 7a77#c7
 %all satisfy ea* ( ! requirem5ts "u ?is

 subsection4  7#b7 ,day-to-day          
sup]vision  7,a7 ,e/abli%m5t ( ,(fice ( 
,sup]vision ( ,occupational ,bo>ds ,!   
,/ate %all e/abli% an ,(fice (          
,sup]vision ( ,occupational ,bo>ds      
7ref]r$ to 9 ?is subsection z ! ,(fice7 
to review ! actions ( occupational      
lic5s+ bo>ds to ensure compliance ) !   
policy adopt$ "u subsection 7b74  7,b7  
,duties ,! ,(fice %all-- 7i7 review &   
explicitly approve or reject 9 writ+ any
 occupational regulation propos$ by a   
bo>d be=e ! bo>d may adopt or implem5t !
 occupational regulation2  7ii7 play a  
sub/antial role 9 ! developm5t ( a      
bo>d's rules & policies to ensure !y    
b5efit consum]s & d n s]ve ! private    
int]e/s ( provid]s ( goods & s]vices    
regulat$ by ! bo>d2  7iii7 disapprove 9 
writ+ ! use ( any bo>d rule or policy   
relat+ to an occupational regulation &  
t]m9ate any en=cem5t action1 includ+ any
 su* action p5d+ on ! date ( enactm5t ( 
?is ,act1 t is inconsi/5t ) ! policy    
adopt$ "u subsection 7b72  7iv7 ex]cise 

control ov] ea* bo>d by review+ &       
affirmatively approv+ 9 writ+ only      
occupational regulations t are consi/5t 
) ! policy adopt$ "u subsection 7b72    
7v7 use ! analysis conduct$ "u p>agraph 
7#e7 & conduct reasonable inve/igations 
to ga9 additional in=mation1 includ+    
ab\t less re/rictive regulatory         
approa*es1 to promote compliance )      
subsection 7b72  7vi7 7,i7 be /aff$ by n
 less ?an #a attorney2 &  7,,ii7        
prohibit attorneys work+ 9 ! ,(fice f   
provid+ g5]al c\nsel to any bo>d2 &     
7vii7 7,i7 approve bo>d actions         
explicitly 9 writ+1 r ?an implicitly2 & 
7,,ii7 cle>ly e/abli% t sil5ce or       
inaction does n con/itute approval4     
7#c7 ,int]nal review  7,a7 ,compla9t ,! 
,/ate %all e/abli% a me*anism "u :i* a  
p]son :o is a resid5t ( or has a lic5se 
to op]ate a bus9ess 9 ! ,/ate may file a
 compla9t ) ! ,(fice ab\t an            
occupational regulation ( an            
occupational lic5s+ bo>d 9 ! ,/ate t !  
p]son believes is inconsi/5t ) ! policy 

adopt$ "u subsection 7b74  7,b7 ,(fice  
response ,n lat] ?an #ij days aft] !    
date on :i* a p]son files a compla9t "u 
subp>agraph 7,a71 ! ,(fice %all--  7i7  
inve/igate ! compla9t2  7ii7 id5tify    
rem$ies & in/ruct ! bo>d to take action1
 :]e appropriate2 &  7iii7 respond 9    
writ+ to ! compla9ant4  7,c7 ,review ,! 
,/ate %all e/abli% a me*anism = review (
 a det]m9ation made by ! ,(fice "u      
subp>agraph 7,b71 "u :i* a compla9ant   
may appeal ! det]m9ation to ! g5]al     
division ( ! trial c\rt ( ! ,/ate if !  
*all5g$ occupational regulation w\ld    
sub/antially burd5 ! compla9ant's       
ability to--  7i7 engage 9 a lawful     
occupation2 or  7ii7 employ or contract 
o!r individuals = ! p]=mance ( a lawful 
occupation2 &  7#d7 ,"r to raise def5se 
7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,/ate %all au?orize an 
individual to ass]t z a def5se1 9 any   
adm9i/rative or judicial proce$+ to     
en=ce an occupational regulation1 t !   
regulation does n comply ) ! policy     
adopt$ "u subsection 7b74  7,b7         

,proc$ures ,9 a proce$+ describ$ 9      
subp>agraph 7,a7-- 7i7 an individual :o 
ass]ts a def5se "u ?is p>agraph has !   
initial burd5 ( pro( t ! occupational   
regulation be+ en=c$ sub/antially burd5s
 ! individual's ability to engage 9 a   
lawful occupation2  7ii7 if an          
individual meets ! burd5 ( pro( "u      
clause 7i71 ! ,/ate %all be requir$ to  
demon/rate by cle> & conv9c+ evid5ce t !
 occupational regulation--  7,i7        
advances an important gov]nm5t int]e/ 9 
protect+ aga9/ real1 sub/antial ?reats  
to public heal?1 safety1 or welf>e2 &   
7,,ii7 is sub/antially relat$ to        
a*ievem5t ( ! important gov]nm5t int]e/ 
describ$ 9 subclause 7,i71 9 light ( !  
availability ( less re/rictive          
alt]natives to occupational lic5s+2 &   
7iii7 9 review+ an alleg$ violation ( ! 
policy adopt$ "u subsection 7b71 an     
adm9i/rative ag5cy or a c\rt--  7,i7    
%all make its own f9d+s ( fact &        
conclusions ( law2  7,,ii7 may n rely on
 a legislative f9d+ ( fact pres5t$ 9    

admissible =m to ! ag5cy or c\rt2 &     
7,,iii7 may n grant any presumption to a
 legislative det]m9ation-- 7aa7 ( h>m to
 public heal?1 safety1 or welf>e2 or    
7bb7 t ! occupational regulation is     
sub/antially relat$ to a*ievem5t ( !    
important gov]nm5t int]e/ describ$ 9    
clause 7ii77,i74  7#e7 ,p]iodic advisory
 review  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,/ate %all    
e/abli% a me*anism = p]iodic non-b9d+   
review ( exi/+ occupational regulations1
 & non-b9d+ review ( new propos$        
occupational regulations1 to ensure t ! 
occupational regulations comply ) !     
policy adopt$ "u subsection 7b74  7,b7  
,scope ( review ,! entity conduct+ !    
review "u subp>agraph 7,a7-- 7i7 %all   
publi% an annual writt5 report          
encompass+ approximately #bj p]c5t ( !  
occupations subject to occupational     
regulations )9 ! ,/ate1 su* t ! entity w
 review all occupational regulations )9 
! ,/ate dur+ ea* #e-ye> p]iod2 &  7ii7  
%all publi% a writt5 report assess+ any 
propos$ occupational lic5s+ law1 or o!r 

propos$ law t w\ld exp& ! au?ority ( an 
occupational lic5s+ bo>d to impose      
occupational regulations1 be=e ! propos$
 law is submitt$ to a vote by ! ,/ate   
legislature4  7,c7 ,requirem5ts =       
analysis ,9 conduct+ ! review requir$ "u
 subp>agraph 7,a71 ! entity %all-- 7i7  
det]m9e :e!r ! law or o!r regulation    
satisfies ! policy adopt$ "u subsection 
7b7 ( us+ ! lea/ re/rictive regulation  
necess>y to protect consum]s f real1    
sub/antial ?reats to public heal?1      
safety1 or welf>e2  7ii7 evaluate !     
effects ( ! law or o!r regulation on    
opportunities = work]s1 consum] *oices &
 co/s1 g5]al unemploym5t1 m>ket         
competition1 gov]nm5tal co/s1 & o!r     
effects2  7iii7 comp>e ! law or o!r     
regulation to :e!r & h[ o!r ,/ates      
regulate ! applicable occupation2 &     
7iv7 if ! applicable occupation is      
subject to an occupational lic5s+ law1  
evaluate-- 7,i7 ! feasibility ( ent]+   
into reciprocity compacts ) "o or m o!r 
,/ates to improve work] mobility & labor

 m>ket flexibility2 &  7,,ii7 !         
advisability ( endors+ occupational     
lic5ses grant$ by o!r ,/ates to sp\ses (
 active s]vice milit>y memb]s z if ^?   
occupational lic5ses 7 grant$ by ! ,/ate
 conduct+ ! review4  #f4 ,judicial      
review  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,! immunity "u     
section #d7;a7 %all apply to any action 
( an occupational lic5s+ bo>d ( a ,/ate1
 or any action ( a memb]1 (fic]1 or     
employee ( t bo>d act+ 9 ! (ficial      
capacity ( t memb]1 (fic]1 or employee1 
if--  7#a7 ! actions ( ! occupational   
lic5s+ bo>d or memb]1 (fic]1 or employee
 are au?oriz$ by a non-frivol\s         
int]pretation ( ! occupational lic5s+   
laws ( ! ,/ate2  7#b7 ! ,/ate adopts a  
policy ( us+ less re/rictive alt]natives
 to occupational lic5s+ to address real1
 sub/antial ?reats to public heal?1     
safety1 or welf>e1 9 accordance )       
section #e7;b72 &  7#c7 ! ,/ate enacts  
legislation provid+ = judicial review ( 
occupational lic5s+ laws1 9 accordance )
 subsection 7b7 ( ?is section4  7b7     

,judicial review legislation            
,legislation enact$ by a ,/ate "u       
subsection 7a77#c7-- 7#a7 %all--  7,a7  
prohibit ! ,/ate & any occupational     
lic5s+ bo>d f impos+ an occupational    
lic5s+ law unless ! ,/ate--  7i7        
id5tifies an important gov]nm5t int]e/ 9
 protect+ aga9/ real1 sub/antial ?reats 
to public heal?1 safety1 or welf>e2 &   
7ii7 demon/rates t ! occupational lic5s+
 law is sub/antially relat$ to a*ievem5t
 ( ! important gov]nm5t int]e/ describ$ 
9 clause 7i71 9 light ( ! availability (
 less re/rictive alt]natives to         
occupational lic5s+2  7,b7 provide an   
affirmative def5se aga9/ en=cem5t ( any 
occupational lic5s+ law ( ! ,/ate "u :i*
 ! ,/ate %all be requir$ to demon/rate t
 ! /&>d "u subp>agraph 7,a7 has be5 met2
  7,c7 e/abli% a cause ( action "u :i*--
 7i7 a p]son may br+ an action =        
injunctive relief aga9/ en=cem5t ( an   
occupational lic5s+ law ( ! ,/ate2  7ii7
 ! pla9tiff be>s ! initial burd5 to     
prove t ! *all5g$ occupational lic5s+   

law sub/antially burd5s ! pla9tiff's    
ability to engage 9 a lawful occupation2
 &  7iii7 once ! pla9tiff makes !       
initial %[+ "u clause 7ii71 ! ,/ate is  
requir$ to demon/rate t ! /&>d "u       
subp>agraph 7,a7 has be5 met2  7,d7     
provide = an aw>d ( reasonable co/s &   
attorney fees to a p]son :o successfully
 *all5ges ! application ( an            
occupational lic5s+ law ( ! ,/ate by--  
7i7 rais+ an affirmative def5se "u      
subp>agraph 7,b72 or  7ii7 br++ an      
action "u subp>agraph 7,c72 &  7,e7     
provide = indep5d5t judicial review ( ! 
occupational lic5s+ laws ( ! ,/ate to   
ensure t ! /&>d set =? 9 subp>agraph    
7,a7 has be5 met2 &  7#b7 may n au?orize
 a c\rt to-- 7,a7 uphold en=cem5t ( an  
occupational lic5s+ law ( ! ,/ate simply
 because ! c\rt believes ! law is       
rationally relat$ to a legitimate       
gov]nm5tal purpose2  7,b7 rely on       
hypo!tical risks to public safety1 n    
sub/antiat$ by evid5ce 9 ! record1 to   
uphold en=cem5t ( an occupational lic5s+

 law ( ! ,/ate2  7,c7 def] to factual or
 legal conclusions ( ano!r p]son or     
entity1 r ?an ex]cis+ indep5d5t review2 
or  7,d7 rely on a po/ hoc ju/ification 
= ! action ( an occupational lic5s+ bo>d
 t 0 n put =w>d by ! bo>d at ! "t ( !   
*all5g$ action4  7c7 ,rule ( con/ruction
 ,no?+ 9 subsection 7b7 %all be con/ru$ 
to require legislation enact$ by a ,/ate
 "u subsection 7a77#c7 to provide a "r  
to recov] monet>y damages1 o!r ?an      
reasonable co/s & attorney fees z       
provid$ "u subsection 7b77#a77;,d74