,,iv  #aae? ,,congress  #b;d ,session   
,h4 ,,res4 #gea  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(     
,,repres5tatives  ,febru>y #bf1         
#bjah,ms4 ,norton submitt$ ! foll[+     
resolution2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to ! ,committee
 on ! ,judici>y  ,,resolution  ,call+ on
 ,congress to enact a new precle>ance   
=mula = ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act ( #aife &  
condemn+ vot] suppression laws enact$ by
 ,/ates & political subdivisions4       
,:]eas ! ratification ( ! #ae? ,am5dm5t 
9 #ahgj affirms t vot+ rights _c be d5i$
 to citiz5s on ! basis ( race2 ,:]eas   
po/-,recon/ruction ,jim ,cr[ laws       
sev]ely re/rict$ m9ority vot+ rights1   
p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,african ,am]icans2     
,:]eas ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act ( #aife     
contribut$ to a significant increase 9  
vot] regi/ration & p>ticipation by      
,african ,am]icans & o!r m9orities2     
,:]eas ! ,supreme ,c\rt's #bjac decision
 9 ,%elby ,c\nty v4 ,hold] /ruck d[n    
section #d7;b7 ( ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act ( 
#aife1 ! cov]age provision ( ! law t    
id5tifi$ ,/ates & political subdivisions

 ) a *ronic hi/ory ( pass+ re/rictive   
vot+ laws2 ,:]eas ! ,%elby ,c\nty       
decision effectively immobiliz$ section 
#e ( ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act ( #aife1 :i*  
all[$ ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice & ,f$]al    
c\rts to precle> any propos$ *anges to  
vot+ rules1 all[+ a preemptive /rike (  
unju/ & discrim9atory vot+ laws 9 !     
regions id5tifi$ by section #d7;b72     
,:]eas ! abs5ce ( ?is precle>ance       
requirem5t has all[$ = vot] suppression 
laws to prolif]ate by p]mitt+ ,/ates &  
political subdivisions to pass          
re/rictive vot+ laws )\t ,f$]al         
precle>ance to det]m9e if ! laws are    
racially discrim9atory2 ,:]eas foll[+ ! 
,%elby ,c\nty decision1 at lea/ #ag     
,/ates _h vot+ re/rictions 9 place = !  
fir/ "t 9 a ,presid5tial election 9 "t =
 ! #bjaf conte/2 ,:]eas approximately   
#aa p]c5t ( ,am]ican citiz5s lack       
gov]nm5t-issu$ photo id5tification1 & a 
disproportionate numb] are l[-income1   
eld]ly1 or p ( color2 ,:]eas ,african   
,am]icans are z mu* z #cje p]c5t &      

,lat9os are z mu* z #aie p]c5t m likely 
?an ,:ites to lack acceptable           
id5tification requir$ to vote2 ,:]eas   
s9ce ! ,%elby ,c\nty decision1 at lea/  
#d ,/ates h r$uc$ e>ly vot+ access2     
,:]eas re/rict+ e>ly vot+               
disproportionately affects p ( color1   
l[-income citiz5s1 & ! eld]ly1 :o (t5   
rely on flexible1 e>ly vot+ p]iods2     
,:]eas _m vot+-eligible1 l[-income      
,lat9o vot]s are naturaliz$ ,unit$      
,/ates citiz5s :o lack pro( ( citiz5%ip 
& _c af=d a ,c]tificate ( ,citiz5%ip or 
a ,replacem5t ,c]tificate (             
,naturalization1 :i* co/ #a1agj & #eee1 
respectively2 ,:]eas s9ce ! ,%elby      
,c\nty decision1 at lea/ #b ,/ates h    
impos$ m /r+5t requirem5ts on           
nongov]nm5tal organizations t help      
regi/] & engage citiz5s 9 vot]          
p>ticipation2 ,:]eas re/rict+           
nongov]nm5tal vot] p>ticipation         
organizations directly affects p (      
color1 l[-income citiz5s1 & ! eld]ly1 z 
^! organizations are p>ticul>ly likely  

to rea* & engage ^! populations2 ,:]eas 
s9ce ! ,%elby ,c\nty decision1 at lea/  
#e ,/ates h pass$ laws mak+ x m         
difficult to vote by abs5tee ballot2    
,:]eas r$uc+ abs5tee vot+               
disproportionately affects l[-income1   
m9ority vot]s1 :o are m likely ?an o!r  
citiz5s to h inflexible "w- &           
*ildc>e-relat$ s*$ules2 ,:]eas s9ce !   
,%elby ,c\nty decision1 at lea/ #d      
,/ates h ma9ta9$ vot] laws d5y+ return+ 
citiz5s or =m] felons ! "r to vote2     
,:]eas 9 addition to ,/ate-level vot]   
suppression laws1 political subdivisions
 h also pass$ new laws t suppress       
m9ority vot]s1 includ+ r$uc+ ! numb] (  
poll+ places & (f]+ insuffici5t language
 assi/ance = non-,engli%-speak+ vot]s2  
,:]eas foll[+ ! ,%elby ,c\nty decision1 
!re 7 at lea/ #hfh few] poll+ places 9 !
 #bjaf election ?an 9 pa/ elections1    
repres5t+ a #af p]c5t r$uction2 ,:]eas  
insuffici5t language assi/ance at poll+ 
places c\ld possibly ?reat5 eligible    
,lat9o vot] turn\t 9 ! #bjah midt]m     

elections2 ,:]eas s9ce ! ,%elby ,c\nty  
decision1 c\rts h /ruck d[n re/rictive  
vot+ laws 9 at lea/ #d ,/ates1          
demon/rat+ ! discrim9atory nature ( vot+
 re/rictions t h prolif]at$ po/-,%elby  
,c\nty2 ,:]eas _h a precle>ance =mula   
be5 9 effect1 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice &   
,f$]al c\rts w\ld h be5 able to prev5t  
discrim9atory vot] suppression laws f   
be+ pass$2 & ,:]eas _m unju/ vot] laws t
 7 pass$ or w5t into effect aft] !      
,%elby ,c\nty decision ?reat5 to affect 
a significant numb] ( m9ority vot]s 9 ! 
upcom+ midt]m elections3 ,n[1 !re=e1 be 
x  ,t ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives-- 7#a7  
calls on ,congress to enact a new       
precle>ance =mula = ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act
 ( #aife1 bas$ on ! ,vot+ ,rights       
,am5dm5t ,act 7,h4,r4 #chii1 ,"o ,hundr$
 ,?irte5? ,congress7 & ! ,vot+ ,rights  
,advancem5t ,act 7,h4,r4 #bhfg1 ,"o     
,hundr$ ,f\rte5? ,congress72 &  7#b7    
condemns ! use by ,/ates & political    
subdivisions ( ! vot] suppression laws &
 te*niques describ$ 9 ! preamble ( ?is  

resolution4