,,iv  #aae? ,,congress  #a/ ,session    
,h4 ,,res4 #eig  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(     
,,repres5tatives  ,octob] #ca1 #bjag,mr4
 ,gro?man 7= himself1 ,mr4 ,%imkus1 ,mr4
 ,jody ,b4 ,hice ( ,georgia1 ,mr4       
,lamborn1 ,mr4 ,huiz5ga1 ,mr4 ,k+ (     
,i[a1 & ,mr4 ,hunt]7 submitt$ ! foll[+  
resolution2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to ! ,committee
 on ,ov]sight & ,gov]nm5t ,re=m         
,,resolution  ,recogniz+ #ejj ye>s s9ce 
! ,prote/ant ,re=mation & its           
significance = _m ,am]icans4  ,:]eas1 on
 ,octob] #ca1 #bjag1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates    
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives recognizes !    
#ejj? anniv]s>y ( ! ,prote/ant          
,re=mation2 ,:]eas ! ,prote/ant         
,re=mation lays its roots ) ,m>t9       
,lu!r's po/+ ( #ie !ses on ! ,ca/le     
,*ur* door 9 ,witt5b]g 9 ,octob] (      
#aeag2 ,:]eas ,m>t9 ,lu!r is ! fa!r ( ! 
,prote/ant ,re=mation & 0 born 9        
,eisleb51 ,g]many1 on ,novemb] #aj1     
#adhc2 ,:]eas ,m>t9 ,lu!r's fa!r1 ,hans 
,lu!r1 0 a prom95t copp] smelt] & hop$ t
 ,m>t9 w\ld become a successful lawy]2  

,:]eas ,m>t9 ,lu!r ent]$ ! ,univ]sity ( 
,erfurt 9 #aeja & receiv$ 8 ma/]'s      
degree 9 philosophy 9 #aeje2 ,:]eas1 9  
#aeje1 ,m>t9 ,lu!r 0 ne>ly /ruck by     
lightn+ z he walk$ ?r\gh a ?und]/orm2   
,:]eas1 aft] surviv+ ! /orm1 ,m>t9 ,lu!r
 ent]$ ! ,augu/9ian mona/]y 9 ,erfurt1  
,g]many1 on ,july #ag1 #aeje1 to pursue 
a c>e] z an ,augu/9ian monk2 ,:]eas     
,m>t9 ,lu!r's decision to give up 8     
pursuit ( be+ a lawy] & in/ead pursue a 
mona/ic life deeply fru/rat$ & ang]$ 8  
fa!r1 ,hans ,lu!r2 ,:]eas ,m>t9 ,lu!r   
took 8 f9al v[s z an ,augu/9ian monk 9 !
 fall ( #aejf & 0 orda9$ a prie/ at     
,erfurt ,ca!dral 9 ,april ( #aejg2      
,:]eas ,m>t9 ,lu!r presid$ ov] 8 fir/   
,mass on ,may #b1 #aejg1 ) 8 n[-approv+ 
fa!r1 ,hans ,lu!r1 9 att5dance2 ,:]eas  
,m>t9 ,lu!r 0 appo9t$ z a sub/itute     
lectur] 9 moral philosophy at !         
,univ]sity ( ,witt5b]g 9 #aejh2 ,:]eas  
,m>t9 ,lu!r obta9$ a ba*elor's degree 9 
!ology 9 #aeji2 ,:]eas ,m>t9 ,lu!r      
travel$ to ,rome to repres5t ! ,witt5b]g

 ,augu/9ian mona/]y be=e a conf]5ce (   
,ca?olic *ur*es2 ,:]eas memb]s ( !      
congregation 7 told t !y c\ld pay !     
,*ur* to =give !m ( _! s9s & h _!       
deceas$ ance/ors releas$ f purgatory2   
,:]eas ,m>t9 ,lu!r's trip to ,rome 9    
#aeaj sp>k$ 8 desire to pursue an ev5   
deep] und]/&+ ( ,*ri/ian !ology & !     
,bible2 ,:]eas ,m>t9 ,lu!r e>n$ a       
doctorate 9 !ology 9 ,octob] ( #aeab2   
,:]eas ,m>t9 ,lu!r began 8 lectures on !
 ,old ,te/am5t ,book ( ,psalms 9 #aeac2 
,:]eas ! ,book ( ,psalms became a c5tral
 pill> 9 ,m>t9 ,lu!r's !ological        
beliefs2 ,:]eas ,m>t9 ,lu!r began 8     
lectures on ! ,new ,te/am5t ,book (     
,romans 9 #aeae & ! ,new ,te/am5t ,book 
( ,galatians 9 #aeaf2 ,:]eas ,m>t9 ,lu!r
 cit$ ! ,books ( ,romans & ,galatians z 
! f\ndation = 8 beliefs t p c receive   
salvation by grace alone1 ?r\gh fai?    
alone2 ,:]eas ! idea t a ,*ri/ian c\ld  
receive salvation by grace alone1 ?r\gh 
fai? alone 0 9 contra/ ) ! tea*+ at !   
"t2 ,:]eas ! m ,m>t9 ,lu!r /udi$ !      

,books ( ,romans & ,galatians1 ! m he   
f\nd issue ) ! ,*ur* ( 8 "t2 ,:]eas     
,m>t9 ,lu!r nail$ #ie !ses to ! ,ca/le  
,*ur* door 9 ,witt5b]g on ,octob] #ca1  
#aeag2 ,:]eas ! #ie !ses 7 po/$ 9 an    
attempt to sp>k a conv]sation 9         
,witt5b]g2 ,:]eas ,m>t9 ,lu!r 0 ord]$ to
 appe> 9 ,rome2 ,:]eas ,fr$]ick ! ,wise1
 a fri5d ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 int]v5$ &       
successfully sugge/$ t ,m>t9 ,lu!r      
in/ead appe> 9 front ( ,c>d9al ,cajetan 
9 ,augsburg1 ,g]many2 ,:]eas ,m>t9 ,lu!r
 appeal$ to ! ,g5]al ,c\nsel 9 ! fall ( 
#aeah & refus$ to recant2 ,:]eas ,m>t9  
,lu!r 0 giv5 #fj days to recant or risk 
excommunication2 ,:]eas ,m>t9 ,lu!r     
refus$ to recant2 ,:]eas ,m>t9 ,lu!r 0  
excommunicat$ on ,janu>y #c1 #aeba2     
,:]eas ,m>t9 ,lu!r appe>$ be=e ! ,diet (
 ,worms 9 ,april ( #aeba & refus$ to    
recant2 ,:]eas ! ,holy ,roman ,emp]or1  
,*>les ,v1 issu$ ! ,edict ( ,worms on   
,may #be1 #aeba1 :i* decl>$ ,m>t9 ,lu!r 
a public outlaw & made x illegal to be 9
 possession ( ,lu!r's books2 ,:]eas     

,m>t9 ,lu!r publi%$ 8 ,g]man translation
 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t on ,septemb] #ba1    
#aebb2 ,:]eas ,m>t9 ,lu!r wrote !       
,p]sonal ,pray] ,book 9 #aebb1 a        
pr$ecessor ( ! ,small ,cate*ism2 ,:]eas 
! ,diet ( ,spey] 9 #aebf grants ,g]man  
pr9ces ! "r to e/abli% religion 9 _!    
t]ritory2 ,:]eas ! second ,diet ( ,spey]
 9 ,april ( #aebi1 result$ 9 ! issue (  
,prote/io1 :i* gave rise to ! label     
,prote/ant2 ,:]eas ,m>t9 ,lu!r publi%$ !
 ,small ,cate*ism & ! ,l>ge ,cate*ism 9 
#aebi2 ,:]eas ,hans ,lufft publi%$ !    
fir/ edition ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r's complete   
,g]man ,bible 9 #aecd2 ,:]eas ! fir/    
,lu!ran *ur*1 ,torgau ,ca/le ,*apel1 0  
built 9 #aedd2 ,:]eas ,m>t9 ,lu!r prea*$
 8 la/ s]mon on ,febru>y #ad1 #aedf1 &  
di$ 9 ,eisleb5 on ,febru>y #ah1 #aedf2  
,:]eas ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation ext5d$   
beyond ,m>t9 ,lu!r & ,lu!ranism2 ,:]eas 
,ulri* ,zw+li began prea*+ on ! ,new    
,te/am5t 9 #aeai2 ,:]eas ,ulri* ,zw+li  
initiat$ ! ,re=mation 9 ,zuri* 9 #aebb2 
,:]eas ,john ,calv9 publi%$ ! fir/      

edition ( ,in/itutes ( ! ,*ri/ian       
,religion 9 #aecf2 ,:]eas ,john ,calv9  
initiat$ ! ,re=mation & ! ,calv9i/      
movem5t 9 ,g5eva 9 #aeda2 ,:]eas ,?omas 
,mnz] began prea*+ aga9/ infant baptism 
9 #aeba2 ,:]eas ! ,anabapti/ movem5t    
=mally began 9 #aebe1 :5 ,george        
,blaurock 0 rebaptiz$ by ,conrad        
,grebel2 ,:]eas ,william ,tyndale visit$
 ,m>t9 ,lu!r 9 ,witt5b]g 9 #aebe2       
,:]eas1 influ5c$ by ,m>t9 ,lu!r's       
translation1 ,william ,tyndale pr9t$ an 
,engli% translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 
,worms 9 #aebe2 ,:]eas1 by #aebf1 ! fir/
 copies ( ! ,engli%-translat$ ,new      
,te/am5t _h be5 smuggl$ into ,engl&2    
,:]eas ,william ,tyndale 0 convict$ (   
h]esy & execut$ 9 ,vilvoorde 9 #aecf2   
,:]eas x is report$ t ,william          
,tyndale's la/ words 71 ,"l1 op5 ! ,k+ (
 ,engl&'s eyes2 ,:]eas ov] #ah1jjj      
copies ( ! ,engli% translation ( ! ,new 
,te/am5t 7 ev5tually smuggl$ into       
,engl&2 ,:]eas ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii initiat$
 ! ,re=mation 9 ,engl& 9 8 que/ = a     

divorce f ,ca!r9e ( ,aragon2 ,:]eas ,k+ 
,h5ry ,,viii 0 excommunicat$ 9 #aecc    
7(ficially promulgat$ 9 #aech72 ,:]eas  
,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii decl>$ himself ! head (
 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 9 #aecd2 ,:]eas ,h5ry 
,,viii all[$ ! ,engli% ,bible 9 ,engl& 9
 #aecf & requir$ e p>i% to h a copy2    
,:]eas ,john ,knox br\ght ,calv9ism to  
,scotl& 9 #aeei2 ,:]eas1 aft] only a few
 decades ( ! ,re=mation1 ! law began to 
give legitimacy to ,lu!rans across      
,europe2 ,:]eas ! ,holy ,roman ,emp]or1 
,*>les ,v1 grant$ limit$ rights to      
,prote/ants 9 #aeeb2 ,:]eas1 9 #aeee1 ! 
,peace ( ,augsburg gave ,lu!rans equal  
rights 9 ! ,holy ,roman ,empire2 ,:]eas 
! ,colloquy ( ,worms 9 #aeeg1 :i*       
attempt$ to unite ,lu!rans & ,ca?olics1 
fail$2 ,:]eas1 9 response to !          
,prote/ant ,re=mation1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 
began to re=m itself int]nally ?r\gh !  
,c\nt]-,re=mation2 ,:]eas1 at ! ,c\ncil 
( ,tr5t 7#aede-aefc71 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*  
bann$ ! practice ( sell+ indulg5ces2    
,:]eas animosity betwe5 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*

 & ! ,prote/ants previ\sly exi/$ foll[+ 
! />t ( ! ,re=mation b relations h      
improv$ dra/ically ov] ! la/ half       
c5tury2 ,:]eas ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* & !     
,prote/ants began to m5d _! relation%ip 
aft] ! ,second ,vatican ,c\ncil 9 !     
#aifjs1 ) ! initiation ( a dialogue     
promot+ ,*ri/ian unity2 ,:]eas ,pope    
,john ,,xxiii e/abli%$ ! ,secret>iat = !
 ,promotion ( ,*ri/ian ,unity 9 #aifa2  
,:]eas ,pope ,john ,,xxiii met (t5 )    
,prote/ant1 ,anglican1 & ,or?odox       
religi\s lead]s & invit$ !m to s5d      
obs]v]s to ! ,second ,vatican ,c\ncil2  
,:]eas ! ,second ,vatican ,c\ncil's     
,decree on ,ecum5ism claims t division  
op5ly contradicts ! w ( ,*ri/1 sc&alizes
 ! _w & damages ! holy cause ( prea*+ ! 
,gospel to e creature2 ,:]eas1 9 #aiii1 
! ,ca?olic ,*ur* & ! ,lu!ran ,_w        
,f$]ation sign$ a ,jo9t ,decl>ation on !
 ,doctr9e ( ,ju/ification p>tially      
resolv+ a major conflict at ! root ( !  
,prote/ant ,re=mation2 ,:]eas ,pope     
,john ,paul ,,ii promot$ ,*ri/ian unity 

) ,lu!rans by becom+ ! fir/ pope to ev] 
visit a ,lu!ran *ur* & to visit c\ntries
 ) ,lu!ran majorities2 ,:]eas ,pope     
,francis prais$ ,m>t9 ,lu!r z a great   
re=m]2 ,:]eas ,pope ,francis cont9ues to
 promote ,*ri/ian unity & 9 recogniz+ ! 
anniv]s>y ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation1 has
 said1 ,z ,ca?olics & ,lu!rans1 we h    
und]tak5 a common j\rney (              
reconciliation4 ,n[1 9 ! context ( !    
commemoration ( ! ,re=mation ( #aeag1 we
 h a new opportunity to accept a common 
pa?2 ,:]eas ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* & ! ,lu!ran
 ,*ur* are m unit$ n[ ?an !y h be5 9 !  
pa/ #ejj ye>s2 ,:]eas ! effects ( !     
,prote/ant ,re=mation on ,we/]n hi/ory1 
culture1 & society 7 pr(\nd2 ,:]eas !   
,prote/ant ,re=mation l$ to major %ifts 
9 education & lit]acy 9 #af? c5tury     
,europe2 ,:]eas ,m>t9 ,lu!r emphasiz$ ! 
significance ( individuals read+ !      
,bible1 :i* 0 made possible by !        
inv5tion ( ! pr9t+ press2 ,:]eas ,m>t9  
,lu!r believ$ t education %\ld be       
available to all1 n j to ! elite class t

 c\ld af=d x or ^? :o got an opportunity
 = education by ent]+ a religi\s ord]2  
,:]eas increas$ lit]acy rates l$ to     
v>i\s int]pretations ( ,biblical        
scripture by common p1 includ+ wom51 :i*
 all[$ = great] !ological debate1 ?\ght1
 & practice2 ,:]eas ! ,prote/ant        
,re=mation influ5c$ ,engli% ,*ri/ians to
 move to ,nor? ,am]ica 9 ! #ag? c5tury2 
,:]eas ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t & ! ,anglican
 ,*ur* s5t settl]s to ,nor? ,am]ica 9   
#afjg1 :]e !y l&$ at ,jame/[n & began   
hav+ regul> ,*ur* s]vices at ,jame/[n   
,=t2 ,:]eas1 beg9n+ 9 #afbd1 ! ,anglican
 ,*ur* became ! e/abli%$ *ur* (         
,virg9ia1 ) taxpay] doll>s go+ t[>d !   
,*ur* cl]gy2 ,:]eas1 9 #afbj1 ,puritans 
l&$ at ,plym\? ,rock 9 ,plym\?1         
,massa*usetts1 9 pursuit ( religi\s     
fre$om f ! ,anglican ,*ur*2 ,:]eas1 9   
#afcj1 ,john ,w9?rop prea*$ a s]mon     
abo>d ! %ip ,arbella titl$1 ,a ,model ( 
,*ri/ian ,*>ity1 :]e he proclaim$ t !   
,new ,_w %all be z a city ^u a hill & t 
! eyes ( all p are ^u u12 ,:]eas ,unit$ 

,/ates ,presid5ts1 includ+ ,john ,f4    
,k5n$y1 ,ronald ,reagan1 ,george ,w4    
,bu%1 & ,b>ack ,obama1 h all invok$     
,john ,w9?rop's words 9 hi/oric         
addresses to ! ,nation2 ,:]eas e>ly     
,am]ican !ologians sp>k$ ! ,fir/ ,great 
,awak5+1 :i* 0 a religi\s movem5t       
inspir$ by ! tea*+s ( ,prote/ants       
,jona?an ,edw>ds1 ,gilb]t ,t5n5t1       
,samuel ,davies1 & o!rs to inject       
religi\s lib]ty & ,*ri/ian virtue 9 !   
,am]ican colonies2 ,:]eas1 9 ! ,am]ican 
colonies1 ,prote/ant *ur*es play$ an    
integral role 9 oppos+ ! edicts ( !     
,engli% ,gov]nm5t & ! ,anglican ,*ur*2  
,:]eas ! ,anglican ,*ur* 9 ,virg9ia 0 v 
re/rictive z to :at p 7 all[$ to read1  
:o 0 all[$ to prea*1 & h[ !y 7 all[$ to 
prea*2 ,:]eas ,?omas ,jeff]son advocat$ 
on behalf ( ,bapti/s 9 ,virg9ia to sev] 
,virg9ia's ties to ! ,anglican ,*ur* &  
ensure religi\s lib]ties = ,virg9ian    
,*ri/ians ( all d5om9ations & beliefs2  
,:]eas ! ,virg9ia ,/atute ( ,religi\s   
,fre$om 0 "o ( ! mo/ important          

accompli%m5ts ( ,?omas ,jeff]son's life1
 z x =mally e/abli%$ religi\s fre$om 9 !
 ,/ate ( ,virg9ia2 ,:]eas ,?omas        
,jeff]son's "w 9 ensur+ religi\s fre$om 
9 ,virg9ia pav$ ! way = ! ,fir/ ,am5dm5t
 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,con/itution's ,bill 
( ,rights1 :i* says t1 ,congress %all   
make no law respect+ an e/abli%m5t (    
religion or prohibit+ ! free ex]cise    
!re(2 ,:]eas ! ,fir/ ,am5dm5t protects !
 rights ( all ,am]icans to wor%ip       
freely1 reg>dless ( _! religi\s beliefs2
 ,:]eas ov] #dj p]c5t ( ,am]icans       
id5tify z ,prote/ants1 ) ?\s&s (        
,prote/ant d5om9ations1 active 9 e ,/ate
 & t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,:]eas   
almo/ all ,unit$ ,/ates ,presid5ts h    
id5tifi$ z ,prote/ants1 ) ne>ly half    
id5tify+ z ,episcopalian or             
,presbyt]ian2 & ,:]eas ! ,prote/ant     
,re=mation is "o ( ! mo/ successful     
religi\s movem5ts 9 hi/ory1 & 0         
influ5tial 9 ! f\nd+ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates (
 ,am]ica3 ,n[1 !re=e1 be x  ,t ! ,h\se (
 ,repres5tatives recognizes #ejj ye>s   

s9ce ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation & its      
significance = _m ,am]icans4