,i  #aae? ,,congress  #a/ ,session  ,h4 
,r4 #dehf  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(           
,,repres5tatives  ,decemb] #g1 #bjag,mr4
 ,mc,nerney 7= himself & ,ms4 ,eddie    
,b]nice ,johnson ( ,texas7 introduc$ !  
foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to !          
,committee on ,sci5ce1 ,space1 &        
,te*nology  ,a ,,bill  ,to provide = !  
,national ,academies to /udy & report on
 a rese>* ag5da to advance ! und]/&+ (  
alb$o modification /rategies1 & = o!r   
purposes4  #a4 ,%ort title ,?is ,act may
 be cit$ z ! ,geo5g9e]+ ,rese>*         
,evaluation ,act ( #bjag4  #b4 ,f9d+s   
,congress f9ds ! foll[+3  7#a7 ,_m      
significant sci5tific /udies h conclud$ 
t ! climate is *ang+4 ,! ,fif?          
,assessm5t ,report ( ! ,int]gov]nm5tal  
,panel on ,climate ,*ange f\nd t ev5 "u 
! mo/ /r+5t c>bon con/ra9$ sc5>io1 mean 
global surface temp]ature w /ill        
increase4  7#b7 ,if unmitigat$1 cont9u$ 
rises 9 temp]ature w h sev]e impacts on 
human heal?1 ! global economy1 & ,unit$ 
,/ates national security1 damag+ bo? e>?

 & human sy/ems4  7#c7 ,cutt+ c>bon     
pollution is /ill ! be/ way to mitigate 
climate *ange because x prev5ts fur!r   
global temp]ature rise1 :]eas climate   
int]v5tion is a high] risk reaction to  
already elevat$ gre5h\se gas levels4    
7#d7 ,h[ev]1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & o!r      
nations may also ne$ to consid] climate 
int]v5tion /rategies1 beg9n+ ) c>bon    
dioxide removal & seque/ration1 includ+ 
biological seque/ration1 & pot5tially   
ext5d+ to alb$o modification4  7#e7 ,9  
#bjae1 ! ,national ,academies publi%$   
two reports t outl9e ! rese>* ne$s &    
e?ical que/ions = climate int]v5tion1   
address+ c>bon dioxide removal &        
seque/ration & alb$o modification4 ,^!  
reports f\nd t curr5tly !re is          
insuffici5t in=mation to effectively    
evaluate1 let alone deploy1 /rategies = 
l>ge-scale climate int]v5tions4  7#f7   
,_m c>bon dioxide removal options are   
relatively l[ risk & effective1 b !y are
 curr5tly limit$ by co/ & lack (        
te*nical maturity1 & "s may h           

significant local environm5tal impacts4 
,alb$o modification %[s evid5ce ( be+   
tempor>ily effective at cool+ ! planet1 
b at a curr5tly unkn[n co/ to & impact  
on ! environm5t4  7#g7 ,! ,academies'   
reports recomm5d$ inve/+ 9 ! rese>* &   
developm5t ( me?ods ( c>bon dioxide     
removal & disposal at scales t w\ld     
impact ! climate4 ,!y also recomm5d$ !  
developm5t & implem5tation ( a d$icat$  
alb$o modification rese>* program t     
fur!rs basic climate sci5ce1 und]/&+ (  
human int]action ) ! climate sy/em1 &   
improv$ detection ( *anges 9 radiative  
=c+4  7#h7 ,! ,academies fur!r recomm5d$
 ! developm5t ( a cle> framework =      
gov]nance ( alb$o modification rese>* t 
w\ld adju/ gov]nance ( specifi$ types ( 
rese>* accord+ to ! magnitude & nature (
 a project's expect$ impact on radiative
 =c+ & climate4 ,su* a /ructure %\ld    
ensure transp>5cy 9 ! rese>* process1   
ext5d gov]nance requirem5ts beyond ^? ( 
g5]al rese>*1 & engage civil society &  
o!r nontraditional /akehold]s 9         

decision-mak+4 ,l>ge1 high-risk projects
 %\ld n be implem5t$ )\t ?or\gh         
consid]ation ( ! outcomes (             
small]-scale1 l[-risk projects4  #c4    
,national ,academies reports  7a7 ,phase
 ,i report2 rese>* /rategy = alb$o      
modification  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,n lat] ?an 
#c mon?s aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is   
,act1 ! ,secret>y ( ,en]gy1 9           
consultation ) ! ,adm9i/rator ( !       
,national ,oceanographic & ,atmosph]ic  
,adm9i/ration1 ! ,adm9i/rator ( !       
,national ,a]onautics & ,space          
,adm9i/ration1 ! ,director ( ! ,national
 ,sci5ce ,f\ndation1 ! ,director ( !    
,national ,in/itute ( ,/&>ds &          
,te*nology1 & o!r ,f$]al ag5cies z      
appropriate1 %all contract ) ! ,national
 ,academies to conduct a /udy & develop 
a report recomm5d+ a rese>* ag5da =     
advanc+ und]/&+ ( alb$o modification    
/rategies t involve atmosph]ic          
int]v5tions1 includ+ m>9e cl\d bright5+1
 /ratosph]ic a]osol alb$o modification1 
& cirrus cl\d modification4  7#b7       

,report cont5t ,! report describ$ 9     
p>agraph 7#a7 %all1 at a m9imum-- 7,a7  
id5tify priorities = laboratory /udies1 
model developm5t & exp]im5ts1 comput+   
capabilities1 process-bas$ /udies1      
small-scale field exp]im5ts1 eng9e]+    
/udies1 & long-t]m1 l>ge-scale          
obs]vations1 includ+ space-bas$         
obs]vations2  7,b7 provide guidance on  
h[ to def9e field exp]im5tation t has a 
de m9imis impact2 &  7,c7 id5tify1 :]e  
relevant1 h[ ! recomm5d$ rese>* ef=ts   
w\ld provide b5efits 9 advanc+ o!r areas
 ( sci5ce4  7#c7 ,timel9e ,! ,secret>y (
 ,en]gy %all enc\rage ! ,national       
,academies1 to ! ext5t practicable1 to  
complete ! ,phase ,i report no lat] ?an 
#i mon?s aft] ! date ( ! execution ( !  
contract describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a74  7b7 
,phase ,,ii report2 framework = rese>*  
gov]nance  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,no m ?an #cj  
days aft] completion ( ! ,phase ,i      
report describ$ 9 subsection 7a71 !     
,secret>y ( ,en]gy1 9 consultation )    
appropriate ,f$]al ag5cies1 %all        

contract ) ! ,national ,academies to    
conduct a /udy & develop a report t     
provides specific guidance on gov]nance 
me*anisms = ! propos$ alb$o modification
 rese>* ag5da develop$ 9 ,phase ,i4 ,!  
propos$ rese>* gov]nance approa*es %\ld 
seek to maximize ! b5efits ( rese>* :ile
 m9imiz+ risks4  7#b7 ,report cont5t ,! 
report describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a7 %all1 at
 a m9imum-- 7,a7 take into acc\nt legal1
 e?ical1 social1 political1 economic1 & 
o!r pot5tially important ramifications (
 alb$o modification rese>*2  7,b7 exam9e
 :at types ( rese>* gov]nance1 beyond ^?
 t already exi/1 may be ne$$ = alb$o    
modification rese>*2 &  7,c7 id5tify !  
types ( rese>* t w\ld require su*       
gov]nance1 pot5tially bas$ on !         
magnitude ( _! expect$ impact on        
radiative =c+1 _! pot5tial = detrim5tal 
direct & indirect effects1 & o!r        
consid]ations4  7#c7 ,timel9e ,!        
,secret>y ( ,en]gy %all enc\rage !      
,national ,academies1 to ! ext5t        
practicable1 to complete ! ,phase ,,ii  

report no lat] ?an #i mon?s aft] ! date 
( ! execution ( ! contract describ$ 9   
p>agraph 7#a74  7#d7 ,additional        
consid]ations  7,a7 ,limitation ,!      
report describ$ 9 ?is subsection %all n 
address gov]nance = deploym5t ( alb$o   
modification4  7,b7 ,input ,! ,secret>y 
( ,en]gy %all ensure t ! process = !    
developm5t ( ! report describ$ 9 ?is    
subsection includes input f civil       
society organizations & o!r relevant    
/akehold]s4  #d4 ,implem5tation plan ,n 
lat] ?an #ij days aft] completion ( !   
,phase ,,ii report describ$ 9 section   
#c7;b71 ! ,director ( ! ,(fice ( ,sci5ce
 & ,te*nology ,policy1 9 coord9ation )  
all relevant ,f$]al ag5cies1 %all submit
 to ,congress an implem5tation plan =   
geo5g9e]+ rese>* & rese>* gov]nance4 ,9 
prep>+ su* implem5tation plan1 !        
,director %all take into consid]ation ! 
recomm5dations includ$ 9 ! ,phase ,,ii  
report & 9 ! ,phase ,i report describ$ 9
 section #c7;a74  #e4 ,def9ition ,9 ?is 
,act1 ! t]m ,national ,academies means !

 ,national ,academies ( ,sci5ces1       
,eng9e]+1 & ,m$ic9e4