#aae? ,,congress  #b;d ,session  ,h4 ,r4
 #bhji  ,,an ,,act  ,to am5d title #ea1 
,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 to provide = !     
au?orization & sup]vision (             
nongov]nm5tal space activities1 & = o!r 
purposes4  #a4 ,%ort title2 table (     
cont5ts  7a7 ,%ort title ,?is ,act may  
be cit$ z ! ,am]ican ,space ,comm]ce    
,free ,ent]prise ,act4  7b7 ,table (    
,cont5ts ,! table ( cont5ts is z foll[s3
  ,sec4 #a4 ,%ort title2 table (        
cont5ts4 ,sec4 #b4 ,f9d+s2 policy2      
purposes4 ,sec4 #c4 ,c]tification to    
op]ate space objects4 ,sec4 #d4 ,p]mitt+
 ( space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/ems4 ,sec4 
#e4 ,adm9i/rative provisions relat$ to  
c]tification & p]mitt+4 ,sec4 #f4       
,te*nical & con=m+ am5dm5ts4 ,sec4 #g4  
,(fice ( ,space ,comm]ce4 ,sec4 #h4     
,re/riction on prev5t+ laun*es &        
re5tries ( c]tifi$ space objects4 ,sec4 
#i4 ,report on regi/ration ( space      
objects4 ,sec4 #aj4 ,comptroll] ,g5]al  
report4 ,sec4 #aa4 ,radi(requ5cy mapp+  
report4  #b4 ,f9d+s2 policy2 purposes   

7a7 ,f9d+s ,congress f9ds ! foll[+3 7#a7
 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?r\gh exi/+          
au?orization & sup]vision me*anisms1    
satisfies & is 9 con=mity ) its         
obligation "u ! ,out] ,space ,treaty to 
au?orize & sup]vise nongov]nm5tal space 
activities to assure su* activities are 
c>ri$ out 9 con=mity ) ! int]national   
obligations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ! ,out]
 ,space ,treaty4  7#b7 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates 
has a robu/ & innovative private sector 
t is inve/+ 91 develop+1 & plac+ into   
out] space1 spacecraft & payloads4  7#c7
 ,au?orization & sup]vision me*anisms z 
( ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act c\ld be  
improv$ to relieve adm9i/rative burd5s  
on new & innovative nongov]nm5tal space 
actors4  7#d7 ,x s]ves ! national int]e/
 to address misp]ceptions ( legal       
unc]ta9ty ?r\gh ! e/abli%m5t ( a g5]al  
au?orization & sup]vision c]tification  
au?ority = nongov]nm5tal out] space     
activities4  7#e7 ,! private exploration
 & use ( out] space by nongov]nm5tal    
entities w fur!r ! national security1   

=eign policy1 & economic int]e/s ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates4  7b7 ,policy ,x is !     
policy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t-- 7#a7 ,unit$
 ,/ates citiz5s & entities are free to  
explore & use space1 includ+ !          
utilization ( out] space & res\rces     
conta9$ !re91 )\t conditions or         
limitations2  7#b7 ?is fre$om is only to
 be limit$ :5 necess>y to assure ,unit$ 
,/ates national security int]e/s are met
 & to au?orize & sup]vise nongov]nm5tal 
space activities to assure su*          
activities are c>ri$ out 9 con=mity ) ! 
int]national obligations ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates "u ! ,out] ,space ,treaty2  7#c7 
to ! maximum ext5t practicable1 ! ,f$]al
 ,gov]nm5t %all int]pret & fulfill its  
int]national obligations to m9imize     
regulations & limitations on ! fre$om ( 
,unit$ ,/ates nongov]nm5tal entities to 
explore & use space2  7#d7 to ! maximum 
ext5t practicable1 ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t   
%all take /eps to protect ! physical    
safety ( space objects op]at$ by !      
,unit$ ,/ates t d n involve limitations 

on ! fre$oms ( nongov]nm5tal entities ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates2 &  7#e7 nongov]nm5tal  
activities 9 out] space %all only be    
au?oriz$ & sup]vis$ 9 a transp>5t1      
timely1 & pr$ictable mann]1 ) m9imal    
co/s & burd5s plac$ on ! entities       
au?oriz$ & sup]vis$4  7c7 ,purposes ,!  
purposes ( ?is ,act & ! am5dm5ts made by
 ?is ,act are-- 7#a7 to enhance ! exi/+ 
out] space au?orization & sup]vision    
framework to provide great] transp>5cy1 
great] effici5cy1 & less adm9i/rative   
burd5 = nongov]nm5tal entities ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates seek+ to conduct space    
activities2 &  7#b7 to ensure t ! ,unit$
 ,/ates rema9s ! _w lead] 9 comm]cial   
space activities4  7d7 ,def9itions ,9   
?is ,act--  7#a7 ! t]m ,agreem5t on !   
,rescue ( ,a/ronauts & ! ,return (      
,space ,objects means ! ,agreem5t on !  
,rescue ( ,a/ronauts1 ! ,return (       
,a/ronauts & ! ,return ( ,objects       
,laun*$ into ,out] ,space 7sign$ at     
,wa%+ton1 ,mosc[1 & ,london on ,april   
#bb1 #aifh1 ratifi$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates  

on ,decemb] #c1 #aifh2 #ai ,,u/ #gegj72 
7#b7 ! t]m ,conv5tion on ,regi/ration ( 
,space ,objects means ! ,conv5tion on   
,regi/ration ( ,objects ,laun*$ into    
,out] ,space 7sign$ at ,new ,york on    
,janu>y #ad1 #aige1 ratifi$ by ! ,unit$ 
,/ates on ,septemb] #ae1 #aigf2 #bh ,,u/
 #fie72  7#c7 ! t]m cov]$ treaties on   
out] space means-- 7,a7 ! ,out] ,space  
,treaty2  7,b7 ! ,agreem5t on ! ,rescue 
( ,a/ronauts & ! ,return ( ,space       
,objects2  7,c7 ! ,conv5tion on         
,regi/ration ( ,space ,objects2 &  7,d7 
! ,liability ,conv5tion2  7#d7 ! t]m    
,liability ,conv5tion means ! ,conv5tion
 on ! ,int]national ,liability = ,damage
 ,caus$ by ,space ,objects 7sign$ at    
,wa%+ton1 ,mosc[1 & ,london on ,m>* #bi1
 #aigb1 ratifi$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates on   
,octob] #i1 #aigc2 #bd ,,u/ #bchi72 &   
7#e7 ! t]m ,out] ,space ,treaty means ! 
,treaty on ,pr9ciples ,gov]n+ !         
,activities ( ,/ates 9 ! ,exploration & 
,use ( ,out] ,space1 includ+ ! ,moon &  
,o!r ,cele/ial ,bodies 7sign$ at        

,wa%+ton1 ,mosc[1 & ,london on ,janu>y  
#bg1 #aifg1 ratifi$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
on ,octob] #aj1 #aifg2 #ah ,,u/ #bdaj74 
#c4 ,c]tification to op]ate space       
objects ,title #ea1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1
 is am5d$ by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3    
,,viii ,au?orization & sup]vision (     
nongov]nm5tal space activities  #hja    
,c]tification to op]ate space objects   
,sec4 #hjaja4 ,def9itions4 #hjajb4      
,c]tification au?ority4 #hjajc4         
,c]tification application & requirem5ts4
 #hjajd4 ,mitigation ( space debris4    
#hjaje4 ,cont9u+ c]tification           
requirem5ts4 #hjajf4 ,c]tification      
transf]4 #hjajg4 ,c]tification          
expiration & t]m9ation4 #hjajh4 ,exi/+  
lic5se or p5d+ application = laun* or   
re5try4 #hjaji4 ,private ,space         
,activity ,advisory ,committee4 #hjaaj4 
,exemptions4 #hjaaa4 ,protect+ ! int]e/s
 ( ,unit$ ,/ates entity space objects4  
#hjaja4 ,def9itions ,9 ?is subtitle3    
7#a7 ,ag5cy ,! t]m ag5cy has ! mean+    
giv5 ! t]m ,executive ag5cy 9 section   

#aje ( title #e4  7#b7 ,agreem5t on !   
,rescue ( ,a/ronauts & ! ,return (      
,space ,objects ,! t]m ,agreem5t on !   
,rescue ( ,a/ronauts & ! ,return (      
,space ,objects means ! ,agreem5t on !  
,rescue ( ,a/ronauts1 ! ,return (       
,a/ronauts & ! ,return ( ,objects       
,laun*$ into ,out] ,space 7sign$ at     
,wa%+ton1 ,mosc[1 & ,london on ,april   
#bb1 #aifh1 ratifi$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
on ,decemb] #c1 #aifh2 #ai ,,u/ #gegj74 
7#c7 ,conv5tion on ,regi/ration ( ,space
 ,objects ,! t]m ,conv5tion on          
,regi/ration ( ,space ,objects means !  
,conv5tion on ,regi/ration ( ,objects   
,laun*$ into ,out] ,space 7sign$ at ,new
 ,york on ,janu>y #ad1 #aige1 ratifi$ by
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ,septemb] #ae1      
#aigf2 #bh ,,u/ #fie74  7#d7 ,cov]$     
treaties on out] space ,! t]m cov]$     
treaties on out] space means-- 7,a7 !   
,out] ,space ,treaty2  7,b7 ! ,agreem5t 
on ! ,rescue ( ,a/ronauts & ! ,return ( 
,space ,objects2  7,c7 ! ,conv5tion on  
,regi/ration ( ,space ,objects2 &  7,d7 

! ,liability ,conv5tion4  7#e7          
,liability ,conv5tion ,! t]m ,liability 
,conv5tion means ! ,conv5tion on !      
,int]national ,liability = ,damage      
,caus$ by ,space ,objects 7sign$ at     
,wa%+ton1 ,mosc[1 & ,london on ,m>* #bi1
 #aigb1 ratifi$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates on   
,octob] #i1 #aigc2 #bd ,,u/ #bchi74     
7#f7 ,national ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,! t]m 
national ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has ! mean+  
giv5 su* t]m 9 section #aja7;a7 ( !     
,immigration & ,nationality ,act 7#h    
,u4,s4,c4 #aaja7;a774  7#g7 ,out] ,space
 ,treaty ,! t]m ,out] ,space ,treaty    
means ! ,treaty on ,pr9ciples ,gov]n+ ! 
,activities ( ,/ates 9 ! ,exploration & 
,use ( ,out] ,space1 includ+ ! ,moon &  
,o!r ,cele/ial ,bodies 7sign$ at        
,wa%+ton1 ,mosc[1 & ,london on ,janu>y  
#bg1 #aifg1 ratifi$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
on ,octob] #aj1 #aifg2 #ah ,,u/ #bdaj74 
7#h7 ,secret>y ,! t]m ,secret>y means1  
except z o!rwise provid$ 9 ?is subtitle1
 ! ,secret>y ( ,comm]ce1 act+ ?r\gh !   
,(fice ( ,space ,comm]ce4  7#i7         

,space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em ,! t]m    
space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em means a    
space object 9 ,e>? orbit t is--  7,a7  
design$ to image ! ,e>?2 or  7,b7       
capable ( imag+ a space object 9 ,e>?   
orbit op]at$ by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t4     
7#aj7 ,space ,debris ,mitigation ,! t]m 
space debris mitigation means ef=ts to--
 7,a7 prev5t on-orbit break-ups2  7,b7  
remove spacecraft t h rea*$ ! end ( _!  
mission op]ation f useful d5sely        
populat$ orbit regions2 &  7,c7 limit ! 
am\nt ( debris releas$ dur+ normal      
op]ations ( a space object4  7#aa7      
,space object  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! t]m     
space object means-- 7i7 a human-made   
object locat$ 9 out] space1 includ+ on !
 ,moon & o!r cele/ial bodies1 ) or )\t  
human occupants1 t 0 laun*$ f ,e>?1 su* 
z a satellite or a spacecraft1 includ+  
compon5t p>ts ( ! object2 &  7ii7 all   
items c>ri$ on su* object t are int5d$ =
 use 9 out] space outside (1 & indep5d5t
 (1 ! op]ation ( su* object4  7,b7      
,inclusion ,su* t]m includes any        

human-made object t is--  7i7           
manufactur$ or assembl$ 9 out] space2 & 
7ii7 int5d$ = op]ations 9 out] space    
outside (1 & indep5d5t (1 ! op]ations ( 
su* object 9 :i* ! manufactur+ or       
assembly occurr$4  7,c7 ,exclusions ,su*
 t]m does n include-- 7i7 an article on 
bo>d a space object t is only int5d$ =  
use inside ! space object2  7ii7 an     
article manufactur$ or process$ 9 out]  
space t is a mat]ial2 or  7iii7 an      
article int5d$ = use outside ( a space  
object z "p ( ! c]tifi$ op]ations ( !   
space object4  7#ab7 ,/ate ,! t]m ,/ate 
means ea* ( ! sev]al ,/ates ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates1 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 !       
,commonweal? ( ,pu]to ,rico1 ! ,unit$   
,/ates ,virg9 ,isl&s1 ,guam1 ,am]ican   
,samoa1 ! ,commonweal? ( ! ,nor!rn      
,m>iana ,isl&s1 & any o!r commonweal?1  
t]ritory1 or possession ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates4  7#ac7 ,unit$ ,/ates ,! t]m     
,unit$ ,/ates means ! ,/ates1           
collectively4  7#ad7 ,unit$ ,/ates      
entity ,! t]m ,unit$ ,/ates entity      

means-- 7,a7 an individual :o is a      
national ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 or  7,b7 a  
nongov]nm5tal entity organiz$ or exi/+  
"u1 & subject to1 ! laws ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates or a ,/ate4  #hjajb4             
,c]tification au?ority  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,n 
lat] ?an #a ye> aft] ! date ( enactm5t (
 ! ,am]ican ,space ,comm]ce ,free       
,ent]prise ,act1 ! ,secret>y %all beg9  
issu+ c]tifications = ! op]ation ( a    
space object to any ,unit$ ,/ates entity
 :o submits an application = a          
c]tification 9 satisfaction ( !         
requirem5ts ( ?is *apt]4  7b7           
,consultation  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,!         
,secret>y %all1 z ! ,secret>y consid]s  
necess>y1 consult ) ! heads ( o!r       
relevant ag5cies 9 c>ry+ out !          
requirem5ts ( ?is *apt]1 pursuant to    
section #hjcaj4  7#b7 ,exploitation &   
integration ( wave=ms ,! ,secret>y %all 
consult ) ! ,secret>y ( ,def5se be=e    
issu+ a c]tification or approv+ a *ange 
to an exi/+ c]tification if ! op]ations 
( ! space object involve exploitation & 

integration ( wave=ms o!r ?an publicly  
available or /&>d public wave=ms4 ,!    
previ\s s5t5ce %all n grant au?ority to 
! ,secret>y to regulate su* op]ations4  
7c7 ,c]tification requir$ = op]ation    
,beg9n+ on ! date t is #a ye> aft] !    
date ( enactm5t ( ! ,am]ican ,space     
,comm]ce ,free ,ent]prise ,act1 a ,unit$
 ,/ates entity may n op]ate a space     
object unless ! entity holds a          
c]tification issu$ "u ?is *apt] = !     
op]ation ( su* object or ! entity holds 
a valid payload approval = laun* or     
re5try "u section #ejijd z "p ( a lic5se
 issu$ "u *apt] #eji1 & t satisfies !   
requirem5ts ( section #hjajh7;a74  7d7  
,=eign entities prohibit$ ,! ,secret>y  
may n issue a c]tification "u ?is *apt] 
to any p]son :o is n a ,unit$ ,/ates    
entity4  7e7 ,cov]age ( c]tification ,! 
,secret>y %all1 to ! maximum ext5t      
practicable1 require only "o            
c]tification "u ?is *apt] = a ,unit$    
,/ates entity to-- 7#a7 conduct multiple
 op]ations c>ri$ out us+ a s+le space   

object2  7#b7 op]ate multiple space     
objects t c>ry out sub/antially simil>  
op]ations2 or  7#c7 use multiple space  
objects to c>ry out a s+le space        
op]ation4  #hjajc4 ,c]tification        
application & requirem5ts  7a7          
,application process  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,to 
be eligible = a c]tification or transf] 
( a c]tification to op]ate a space      
object "u ?is *apt]1 a ,unit$ ,/ates    
entity %all submit an application to !  
,secret>y z provid$ 9 p>agraph 7#b74    
,su* application %all include1 = ea*    
requir$ item or atte/ation1 suffici5t   
evid5ce to demon/rate ea* fact or       
ass]tion4  7#b7 ,cont5ts ,an application
 describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a7 %all include  
only ! foll[+ in=mation1 ) respect to   
ea* space object & ! op]ations propos$  
to be c]tifi$3  7,a7 ,! "n1 address1 &  
contact in=mation ( "o or m nationals ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates designat$ by ! applicant
 z responsible = ! op]ation ( ! space   
object4  7,b7 ,an affirmation1 & a      
docum5t ( pro(1 t ! applicant is a      

,unit$ ,/ates entity4  7,c7 ,if         
available at ! "t ( submission ( !      
application1 ! plann$ date & location ( 
! laun* ( ! space object1 includ+ !     
id5tity ( ! laun* provid]4  7,d7 ,!     
g5]al physical =m & composition ( !     
space object4  7,e7 ,a description ( !  
propos$ op]ations ( ! space object t    
includes-- 7i7 :5 & :]e ! space object w
 op]ate2 &  7ii7 :5 & :]e ! op]ation ( !
 space object w t]m9ate4  7,f7 ,a       
description ( h[ ! space object w be    
op]at$ & dispos$ ( 9 a mann] to mitigate
 ! g5]ation ( space debris4  7,g7       
,in=mation ab\t ?ird-p>ty liability     
insurance obta9$1 if any1 by ! applicant
 = op]ations ( ! space object1 includ+ !
 am\nt & cov]age ( su* liability        
insurance4  7,h7 ,:e!r ! space object w 
include a space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em4 
7,i7 ,:e!r ! op]ations w involve        
exploitation & integration ( wave=ms o!r
 ?an publicly available or /&>d public  
wave=ms &1 if s1 in=mation ab\t su*     
op]ations z proscrib$ 9 advance by      

regulation by ! ,secret>y4  7#c7        
,atte/ations ,an application describ$ 9 
p>agraph 7#a7 %all conta9 an atte/ation 
by ! applicant ( ea* ! foll[+3  7,a7 ,! 
space object is n a nucle> weapon or a  
weapon ( mass de/ruction4  7,b7 ,! space
 object w n c>ry a nucle> weapon or     
weapon ( mass de/ruction4  7,c7 ,! space
 object w n be op]at$ or us$ = te/+ (   
any weapon on a cele/ial body4  7,d7    
,all in=mation 9 ! application &        
support+ docum5ts is true1 complete1 &  
accurate4  7b7 ,review ( application    
7#a7 ,v]ification ( in=mation &         
atte/ations ,n lat] ?an #ij days aft]   
receipt ( an application "u ?is section1
 ! ,secret>y %all v]ify t-- 7,a7 !      
application is complete1 includ+ any    
requir$ support+ docum5ts2  7,b7 !      
application does n conta9 any cle>      
indication ( fraud or falsification2 &  
7,c7 ! application conta9s ea*          
atte/ation requir$ "u subsection        
7a77#c74  7#b7 ,det]m9ation ,n lat] ?an 
#ij days aft] receipt ( an application  

"u ?is section-- 7,a7 if ! ,secret>y    
v]ifies t ! applicant has met !         
application requirem5ts describ$ 9      
p>agraph 7#a71 ! ,secret>y %all approve 
! application & issue a c]tification to 
! applicant ) or )\t conditions on !    
propos$ op]ation ( ! space object       
pursuant to subsection 7c77#a77;,a72 or 
7,b7 if ! ,secret>y _c v]ify t !        
applicant has met ! application         
requirem5ts describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a7 or 
if ! ,secret>y det]m9es x is necess>y to
 d5y ! application pursuant to          
subsection 7c77#a77;,b71 ! ,secret>y--  
7i7 %all issue a d5ial ( ! application  
sign$ by ! ,secret>y 7a duty t may n be 
delegat$1 includ+ to ! ,(fice ( ,space  
,comm]ce72 &  7ii7 %all1 n lat] ?an #aj 
days aft] ! decision to d5y !           
c]tification-- 7,i7 provide ! applicant 
) a writt5 notification conta9+ a cle>ly
 articulat$ rationale = ! d5ial t       
provides1 to ! maximum ext5t            
practicable1 guidance to ! applicant z  
to h[ su* rationale = d5ial c\ld be     

address$ 9 a subsequ5t application2 &   
7,,ii7 notify ! ,committee on ,comm]ce1 
,sci5ce1 & ,transportation ( ! ,s5ate & 
! ,committee on ,sci5ce1 ,space1 &      
,te*nology ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives (
 su* rationale4  7#c7 ,automatic        
approval ,if ! ,secret>y has n approv$  
or d5i$ ! application be=e ! deadl9e "u 
p>agraph 7#b71 ! c]tification %all be   
approv$ )\t condition4 ,! ,secret>y may 
n all[ toll+ ( ! #ij-;day p]iod "u su*  
p>agraph4  7#d7 ,improp] basis = d5ial  
,! ,secret>y may n d5y an application = 
a c]tification "u ?is section 9 ord] to 
protect an exi/+ c]tification hold] f   
competition4  7#e7 ,subsequ5t review ,! 
,secret>y may n prejudice a new         
application = ! propos$ op]ations d5i$  
pursuant to p>agraph 7#b77;,b7 if su*   
new application conta9s rem$ies address+
 ! rationale = su* d5ial4  7c7          
,compliance ) ! ,out] ,space ,treaty    
7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,if ! ,secret>y det]m9es1 
) cle> & conv9c+ evid5ce1 t ! propos$   
op]ation ( a space object "u an         

application = a c]tification "u ?is     
*apt] is a violation ( an int]national  
obligation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates p]ta9+ to a
 nongov]nm5tal entity ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
"u ! ,out] ,space ,treaty-- 7,a7 !      
,secret>y may condition ! propos$       
op]ation cov]$ by ! c]tification only to
 ! ext5t necess>y to prev5t a violation 
( su* int]national obligation2 or  7,b7 
if ! ,secret>y det]m9es t !re is no     
practicable way to condition su*        
c]tification to prev5t su* a violation1 
! ,secret>y may d5y ! application4  7#b7
 ,limitation = det]m9ations ,a          
det]m9ation "u p>agraph 7#a7 %all be    
limit$ z foll[s3  7,a7 ,! ,f$]al        
,gov]nm5t %all int]pret & fulfill its   
int]national obligations "u ! ,out]     
,space ,treaty 9 a mann] t m9imizes     
regulations & limitations on ! fre$om ( 
,unit$ ,/ates nongov]nm5tal entities to 
explore & use space4  7,b7 ,! ,f$]al    
,gov]nm5t %all int]pret & fulfill its   
int]national obligations "u ! ,out]     
,space ,treaty 9 a mann] t promotes free

 ent]prise 9 out] space4  7,c7 ,! ,f$]al
 ,gov]nm5t %all n presume all           
obligations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ! ,out]
 ,space ,treaty are obligations to be   
imput$ ^u ,unit$ ,/ates nongov]nm5tal   
entities4  7,d7 ,guidel9es promulgat$ by
 ! ,committee on ,space ,rese>* may n be
 consid]$ int]national obligations ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates4  7#c7 ,presumptions ,9   
mak+ a det]m9ation "u p>agraph 7#a71 !  
,secret>y %all presume1 abs5t cle> &    
conv9c+ evid5ce to ! contr>y1 t-- 7,a7  
any atte/ation made by an applicant     
pursuant to subsection 7a77#c7 is       
suffici5t to meet ! int]national        
obligations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates p]ta9+ to 
nongov]nm5tal entities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 "u ! ,out] ,space ,treaty address$ by  
su* atte/ation2 &  7,b7 reasonably      
comm]cially available ef=ts are         
suffici5t to be 9 con=mity ) !          
int]national obligations ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates p]ta9+ to nongov]nm5tal entities 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ! ,out] ,space     
,treaty4  7#d7 ,prohibition on          

retroactive conditions ,no o!r          
modifications may be made1 or additional
 conditions plac$1 on a c]tification    
aft] ! date on :i* ! c]tification is    
issu$ 7except to acc\nt = a mat]ial     
*ange z provid$ 9 section #hjaje7;c7 or 
! removal ( a condition pursuant to     
subsection 7d774  7#e7 ,nondelegable ,! 
responsibilities ( ! ,secret>y "u ?is   
subsection may n be delegat$1 includ+ to
 ! ,(fice ( ,space ,comm]ce4  7d7       
,au?ority ,to remove conditions ,!      
,secret>y1 z det]m9$ appropriate1 may   
remove a condition plac$ on a           
c]tification pursuant to subsection 7c74
  #hjajd4 ,mitigation ( space debris    
7a7 ,plan submission ,to be eligible = a
 c]tification "u ?is *apt]1 ea*         
application %all include a space debris 
mitigation plan = ! space object4 ,su*  
plan-- 7#a7 %all take into acc\nt be/   
practice guidel9es promulgat$ by !      
,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,int]ag5cy ,debris    
,coord9at+ ,committee2 &  7#b7 may take 
into acc\nt t a space object may end    

c]tifi$ op]ations & be /or$ 9 a safe    
mann] until su* "t z ! space object is  
p]man5tly dispos$ ( or c]tifi$ = fur!r  
op]ations4  7b7 ,implem5tation ,to !    
maximum ext5t practicable1 a hold] ( a  
c]tification "u ?is *apt] %all notify ! 
,secret>y n lat] ?an #cj days be=e      
beg9n+ to implem5t ! disposal phase ( a 
space debris mitigation plan describ$ 9 
subsection 7a74 ,su* c]tification hold] 
%all1 n lat] ?an #cj days aft] complet+ 
implem5tation ( su* phase1 update !     
,secret>y ( ! results ( any space debris
 mitigation ef=ts4  #hjaje4 ,cont9u+    
c]tification requirem5ts  7a7           
,notification requirem5t ,a c]tification
 hold] %all1 9 a timely mann]1 notify ! 
,secret>y if-- 7#a7 a c]tifi$ space     
object has t]m9at$ op]ations2 or  7#b7 a
 cata/rophic ev5t has occurr$ to a      
c]tifi$ space object1 su* z ! unplann$  
de/ruction ( a space object4  7b7       
,mat]ial *ange ,! ,secret>y %all require
 c]tification hold]s to in=m ! ,secret>y
 (--  7#a7 any mat]ial *anges to ! space

 object or ! plann$ op]ations ( ! space 
object prior to laun*2 &  7#b7 any      
mat]ial anomalies or dep>tures f !      
plann$ op]ations dur+ ! c\rse (         
op]ations4  7c7 ,update to c]tification 
,n lat] ?an #ad days aft] ! date (      
receipt ( in=mation reg>d+ a mat]ial    
*ange pursuant to subsection 7b71 !     
,secret>y %all make a det]m9ation ( :e!r
 su* mat]ial *ange is sub/antial en\gh  
to w>rant additional review "u section  
#hjajc7;b74 ,n lat] ?an #ij days aft] a 
det]m9ation t su* review is w>rant$1 !  
,secret>y %all complete a simil> su*    
review process = su* mat]ial *ange z is 
requir$ = a c]tification applicant "u   
su* section4  #hjajf4 ,c]tification     
transf]  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,subject to       
subsections 7b7 & 7c71 ! ,secret>y %all 
provide = ! transf] ( a c]tification "u 
?is *apt] f ! c]tification hold] to     
ano!r ,unit$ ,/ates entity to cont9ue ! 
op]ations all[$ "u su* c]tification4    
7b7 ,transf] reque/ requirem5ts ,to be  
eligible = a transf] "u subsection 7a71 

! c]tification hold] %all submit to !   
,secret>y a reque/ t includes-- 7#a7 any
 id5tify+ in=mation reg>d+ ! propos$    
transf]ee1 includ+ accompany+ support+  
docum5ts1 t w\ld be requir$ "u an       
initial application "u section #hjajc2 &
  7#b7 ea* atte/ation requir$ "u section
 #hjajc7;a77#c71 includ+ accompany+     
support+ docum5ts1 complet$ by ! propos$
 transf]ee4  7c7 ,det]m9ation ,n lat]   
?an #ij days aft] a c]tification hold]  
submits a reque/ "u subsection 7b71 !   
,secret>y %all complete a simil> review 
process = ! reque/ = transf] z requir$ =
 a c]tification applicant "u section    
#hjajc7;b74  #hjajg4 ,c]tification      
expiration & t]m9ation  7a7             
,c]tification expiration ,a c]tification
 issu$ "u ?is *apt] %all expire on !    
e>li] (-- 7#a7 ! date on :i* all        
op]ations approv$ "u su* c]tification   
cease1 includ+ c>ry+ out a space debris 
mitigation plan ( any space object      
approv$ "u su* c]tification2  7#b7 !    
date on :i* all space objects approv$ "u

 ! c]tification no long] exi/2 or  7#c7 
! date t is #e ye>s aft] ! date on :i* !
 c]tification 0 approv$1 if no op]ations
 approv$ "u ! c]tification h comm5c$ by 
su* date4  7b7 ,c]tification t]m9ation  
7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,secret>y %all t]m9ate 
a c]tification "u ?is *apt] if an       
applicant or c]tification hold] is      
convict$ ( a violation ( section #ajja (
 title #ah relat$ to ! c]tification     
process "u ?is *apt]4  7#b7 ,eligibility
 ,a c]tification hold] ^: c]tification  
is t]m9at$ "u ?is subsection %all be    
ineligible to apply = or receive a      
c]tification "u ?is *apt]4  7#c7 ,space 
debris mitigation plan ,^u t]m9ation ( a
 c]tification "u p>agraph 7#a71 !       
,secret>y may require ! c]tification    
hold] to c>ry out ! space debris        
mitigation plan submitt$ by !           
c]tification hold] "u section #hjajd4   
#hjajh4 ,exi/+ lic5se or p5d+           
application = laun* or re5try  7a7      
,cont9uation ( exi/+ lic5se ,any ,unit$ 
,/ates entity = :om a payload has be5   

approv$ 7& n subject to an exemption "u 
section #hjaaj7 on or be=e ! effective  
date ( ?is section = laun* or re5try "u 
section #ejijd z "p ( a lic5se issu$ "u 
*apt] #eji may--  7#a7 elect to be      
imm$iately consid]$ c]tifi$ = op]ation  
"u ?is *apt] on su* effective date1 9   
:i* case all t]ms & conditions          
applicable to ! payload z approv$ =     
laun* or re5try z "p ( a lic5se issu$ "u
 *apt] #eji %all apply = ! duration ( ! 
op]ation ( ! payload2 or  7#b7 apply = a
 c]tification "u ?is *apt] = ! op]ation 
( ! lic5s$ activities & may cont9ue to  
op]ate pursuant to su* lic5se until su* 
"t z su* c]tification is issu$4  7b7    
,resc9d+ or transf] ( p5d+ lic5se ,a    
payload ( a ,unit$ ,/ates entity t1 on !
 effective date ( ?is section1 is p5d+  
approval "u section #ejijd z "p ( a     
laun* or re5try lic5se issu$ "u *apt]   
#eji may be1 at ! election ( ! applicant
 = payload approval-- 7#a7 resc9d$ )\t  
prejudice2 or  7#b7 transf]r$ to !      
,(fice ( ,space ,comm]ce & deem$ to be a

 p5d+ application = c]tification "u ?is 
*apt]4  7c7 ,effective date ,?is section
 %all take effect on ! date t is #a ye> 
aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ! ,am]ican     
,space ,comm]ce ,free ,ent]prise ,act4  
#hjaji4 ,private ,space ,activity       
,advisory ,committee  7a7 ,e/abli%m5t ,!
 ,secret>y %all e/abli% a ,private      
,space ,activity ,advisory ,committee 79
 ?is section ref]r$ to z ! ,committee7  
consi/+ ( #ae memb]s :o %all be appo9t$ 
by ! ,secret>y4  7b7 ,*air ,! ,committee
 %all designate "o memb] z ! *air ( !   
,committee4  7c7 ,memb]%ip  7#a7        
,limitation ,memb]s ( ! ,committee may n
 be ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t employees or       
(ficials4  7#b7 ,travel exp5ses ,memb]s 
( ! ,committee %all receive travel      
exp5ses1 includ+ p] diem 9 lieu (       
subsi/5ce1 9 accordance ) ! applicable  
provisions "u sub*apt] ,i ( *apt] #eg ( 
title #e4  7#c7 ,qualifications ,memb]s 
( ! ,committee %all include a v>iety (  
space policy1 eng9e]+1 te*nical1 sci5ce1
 legal1 & f9ance pr(essionals4 ,n less  

?an ?ree memb]s %all h significant      
exp]i5ce work+ 9 ! comm]cial space      
indu/ry4  7d7 ,t]ms ,ea* memb] ( !      
,committee %all s]ve = a t]m ( #d ye>s &
 may n s]ve z a memb] = ! #b-ye> p]iod  
foll[+ ! date ( completion ( ea* su*    
t]m4  7e7 ,duties ,! duties ( !         
,committee %all be to-- 7#a7 analyze !  
/atus & rec5t developm5ts (             
nongov]nm5tal space activities2  7#b7   
analyze ! effectiv5ess & effici5cy ( !  
implem5tation ( ! c]tification process  
"u ?is *apt]2  7#c7 provide             
recomm5dations to ! ,secret>y &         
,congress on h[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates c       
facilitate & promote a robu/ &          
innovative private sector t is inve/+ 91
 develop+1 & op]at+ space objects2  7#d7
 id5tify any *all5ges ! ,unit$ ,/ates   
private sector is exp]i5c+-- 7,a7 ) !   
au?orization & sup]vision ( ! op]ation (
 space objects "u ?is *apt]2  7,b7 m    
g5]ally1 ) int]national obligations ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates relevant to private sector
 activities 9 out] space2  7,c7 ) h>mful

 int]f]5ce to private sector activities 
9 out] space2 &  7,d7 ) access to       
adequate1 pr$ictable1 & reliable radio  
frequ5cy spectrum2  7#e7 review exi/+   
be/ practices = ,unit$ ,/ates entities  
to avoid ! h>mful contam9ation ( ! ,moon
 & o!r cele/ial bodies2  7#f7 review    
exi/+ be/ practices = ,unit$ ,/ates     
entities to avoid adv]se *anges 9 !     
environm5t ( ! ,e>? result+ f !         
introduction ( extrat]re/rial matt]2    
7#g7 provide in=mation1 advice1 &       
recomm5dations on matt]s relat+ to      
,unit$ ,/ates private sector activities 
9 out] space2 &  7#h7 provide in=mation1
 advice1 & recomm5dations on matt]s     
relat$ to ! au?ority ( ! ,secret>y "u   
?is *apt] or to private sector space    
activities au?oriz$ pursuant to ?is     
*apt] t ! ,committee det]m9es necess>y4 
7f7 ,annual report ,! ,committee %all   
submit to ,congress1 ! ,presid5t1 & !   
,secret>y an annual report t includes ! 
in=mation1 analysis1 f9d+s1 &           
recomm5dations describ$ 9 subsection    

7e74  7g7 ,sunset ,! ,committee %all    
t]m9ate on ! date t is #aj ye>s aft] !  
date on :i* ! ,committee is e/abli%$4   
#hjaaj4 ,exemptions  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,a    
c]tification is n requir$ "u ?is *apt] =
 any ( ! foll[+ op]ations3  7#a7 ,space 
object activities au?oriz$ by ano!r     
c\ntry t is a p>ty to ! ,out] ,space    
,treaty4  7#b7 ,laun* or re5try vehicle 
op]ations lic5s$ by ! ,dep>tm5t (       
,transportation "u *apt] #eji4  7#c7    
,space /ations lic5s$ by ! ,f$]al       
,communications ,commission "u !        
,communications ,act ( #aicd 7#dg       
,u4,s4,c4 #aea et seq474  7b7 ,rule (   
con/ruction ,no?+ 9 ?is section %all be 
con/ru$ to exempt any entity f !        
requirem5t to obta9 a p]mit to op]ate a 
space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em "u *apt]   
#hjb4  #hjaaa4 ,protect+ ! int]e/s (    
,unit$ ,/ates entity space objects ,!   
,presid5t %all-- 7#a7 protect ! int]e/s 
( ,unit$ ,/ates entity exploration & use
 ( out] space1 includ+ comm]cial        
activity & ! exploitation ( space       

res\rces1 f acts ( =eign aggression &   
=eign h>mful int]f]5ce2  7#b7 protect   
own]%ip rights ( ,unit$ ,/ates entity   
space objects & obta9$ space res\rces2 &
  7#c7 ensure t ,unit$ ,/ates entities  
op]at+ 9 out] space are giv5 due reg>d4 
4  #d4 ,p]mitt+ ( space-bas$ remote s5s+
 sy/ems  7a7 ,f9d+s ,congress f9ds !    
foll[+3 7#a7 ,! comm]cial m>ket =       
space-bas$ remote s5s+ te*nologies &    
in=mation has exp]i5c$ significant gr[? 
s9ce ! passage ( ! ,l& ,remote ,s5s+    
,policy ,act ( #aiib4  7#b7 ,x is 9 !   
int]e/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to fo/] new &  
novel space-bas$ remote s5s+            
applications & s]vices & to help        
facilitate _! cont9u$ dome/ic gr[?4     
7#c7 ,s9ce ! passage ( ! ,l& ,remote    
,s5s+ ,policy ,act ( #aiib1 ! ,national 
,oceanic & ,atmosph]ic ,adm9i/ration's  
,(fice ( ,comm]cial ,remote ,s5s+ has   
exp]i5c$ a significant increase 9       
applications = private remote s5s+ space
 sy/em lic5ses z au?oriz$ "u section    
#fjaba ( title #ea1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code4

  7#d7 ,_m ( ! applicants = comm]cial   
space-bas$ remote s5s+ lic5ses h        
enc\nt]$ significant delays & unnecess>y
 ob/acles 9 ! application process4  7#e7
 ,! curr5t lic5s+ p>adigm mu/ be updat$ 
z to n disc\rage ! cont9u$ gr[? ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates space-bas$ remote s5s+    
indu/ry4 ,x mu/ be updat$ 9 a way t     
satisfies ! ne$s ( comm]cial remote s5s+
 m>ket z well z ! national security ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates4  7#f7 ,9 ord] to protect 
,unit$ ,/ates lead]%ip & comm]cial      
viability 9 remote s5s+ te*nologies1 !  
,f$]al ,gov]nm5t %\ld n limit comm]cial 
entities f provid+ remote s5s+          
capabilities or data products t are     
available or reasonably expect$ to be   
made available 9 ! next #c ye>s 9 !     
int]national or dome/ic m>ketplace4  7b7
 ,policy ,x is ! policy ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates t1 to ! maximum ext5t            
practicable1 ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t %all    
take /eps to protect ! national security
 int]e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t d n involve
 regulat+ or limit+ ! fre$oms ( ,unit$  

,/ates nongov]nm5tal entities to explore
 & use space4 ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t ag5cies  
%all mitigate any ?reat to national     
security pos$ by ! exploration & use (  
out] space by ,unit$ ,/ates citiz5s &   
entities1 to ! maximum ext5t            
practicable1 *ang+ ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t     
activities & op]ations4  7c7 ,am5dm5t   
,title #ea1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is     
fur!r am5d$ by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3  
#hjb ,p]mitt+ ( space-bas$ remote s5s+  
sy/ems  ,sec4 #hjbja4 ,p]mitt+ au?ority4
 #hjbjb4 ,application = p]mit4 #hjbjc4  
,cont9u+ p]mitt+ requirem5ts4 #hjbjd4   
,p]mit transf]4 #hjbje4 ,ag5cy          
activities4 #hjbjf4 ,annual reports4    
#hjbjg4 ,advisory ,committee on         
,comm]cial ,remote ,s5s+4 #hjbjh4       
,cont9uation ( exi/+ lic5se or p5d+     
application4 #hjbji4 ,comm]cial ,remote 
,s5s+ ,regulatory ,affairs ,(fice4      
#hjbja4 ,p]mitt+ au?ority  7a7 ,9 g5]al 
,n lat] ?an #a ye> aft] ! date (        
enactm5t ( ! ,am]ican ,space ,comm]ce   
,free ,ent]prise ,act1 ! ,secret>y is   

au?oriz$ to p]mit p]sons to op]ate      
space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/ems4  7b7     
,consultation ,! ,secret>y %all1 z !    
,secret>y consid]s necess>y1 consult ) !
 heads ( o!r relevant ag5cies 9 c>ry+   
out ! requirem5ts ( ?is *apt]1 pursuant 
to section #hjcaj4  7c7 ,limitation )   
respect to sy/em us$ = o!r purposes ,9 !
 case ( a space object t is us$ = remote
 s5s+ & o!r purposes1 ! au?ority ( !    
,secret>y "u ?is *apt] %all be limit$ to
 ! remote s5s+ op]ations ( su* space    
object4  7d7 ,de m9imis exception  7#a7 
,waiv] ,! ,secret>y may waive !         
requirem5t = a p]mit = a space-bas$     
remote s5s+ sy/em t ! ,secret>y det]m9es
 is-- 7,a7 ancill>y to ! prim>y design  
purpose ( ! space object2 or  7,b7 too  
trivial to require a det]m9ation "u     
section #hjbjb7;c7 relat+ to national   
security4  7#b7 ,guidance ,n lat] ?an #a
 ye> aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is       
subsection1 ! ,secret>y %all issue      
guidance provid+ a cle> explanation ( ! 
crit]ia us$ by ! ,secret>y to grant a de

 m9imis waiv] "u p>agraph 7#a77;,b7 = a 
space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em t is too   
trivial to require a det]m9ation "u     
section #hjbjb7;c74  7e7 ,cov]age (     
p]mit ,! ,secret>y %all1 to ! maximum   
ext5t practicable1 ensure t only "o     
p]mit is requir$ "u ?is *apt] to-- 7#a7 
conduct multiple op]ations c>ri$ out us+
 a space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em2  7#b7  
op]ate multiple space-bas$ remote s5s+  
sy/ems t c>ry out sub/antially simil>   
op]ations2 or  7#c7 use multiple        
space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/ems to c>ry   
out a s+le remote s5s+ op]ation4  7f7   
,prohibition on op]ation ,n lat] ?an #a 
ye> aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ! ,am]ican 
,space ,comm]ce ,free ,ent]prise ,act1  
no p]son may1 directly or ?r\gh any     
subsidi>y or affiliate1 op]ate any      
space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em )\t a p]mit
 issu$ "u ?is *apt]4  7g7 ,responsible  
p>ty ,9 any case 9 :i* ! applicant = a  
p]mit "u ?is *apt] is n a ,unit$ ,/ates 
entity1 ! applicant %all id5tify a      
,unit$ ,/ates entity t cons5ts to be    

responsible = ! p]mitt$ op]ation ( !    
space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em4  7h7      
,op]ation ( space-,bas$ remote s5s+     
sy/em ,= purposes ( ?is *apt]1 !        
op]ation ( a space-bas$ remote s5s+     
sy/em-- 7#a7 beg9s :5 ! sy/em--  7,a7 is
 locat$ 9 out] space2 &  7,b7 c meet !  
m9imum ?re%old & objective capabilities 
= ! sy/em's /at$ ne$2 &  7#b7 %all n    
cov] ! acts ( di/ribution1 sale1 or     
transf] ( data1 in=mation1 or s]vices to
 p]sons1 =eign or dome/ic1 includ+ any  
su* acts tak5 pursuant to an agreem5t ) 
su* p]sons4  #hjbjb4 ,application =     
p]mit  7a7 ,application process  7#a7 ,9
 g5]al ,to receive a p]mit to op]ate a  
space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em "u ?is     
*apt]1 a p]son %all submit an           
application to ! ,secret>y z provid$ 9  
p>agraph 7#b74 ,su* application %all    
include1 = ea* requir$ item1 suffici5t  
evid5ce to demon/rate ea* fact or       
ass]tion4  7#b7 ,cont5ts ,an application
 describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a7 %all include  
only ! foll[+ in=mation1 ) respect to   

ea* space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em & !    
op]ations propos$ to be p]mitt$3 7,a7 ,!
 "n1 address1 & contact in=mation ( "o  
or m ,unit$ ,/ates entity id5tifi$ by ! 
applicant1 pursuant to section          
#hjbja7;g71 z responsible = ! op]ation (
 ! space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em4  7,b7  
,if available at ! "t ( submission ( !  
application1 ! plann$ date & location ( 
! laun* ( ! applicable space object1    
includ+ ! id5tity ( ! laun* provid]4    
7,c7 ,! g5]al physical =m & composition 
( ! space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em4  7,d7 
,a description ( ! propos$ op]ations ( !
 space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em t         
includes-- 7i7 :5 & :]e ! space-bas$    
remote s5s+ sy/em w op]ate2  7ii7 :5 &  
:]e ! op]ation ( ! space-bas$ remote    
s5s+ sy/em w t]m9ate2 &  7iii7 any      
additional in=mation necess>y to make a 
det]m9ation "u subsection 7c7 reg>d+ a  
significant ?reat to national security1 
z prescrib$ 9 advance 9 regulation by ! 
,secret>y4  7,e7 ,a description ( h[ !  
space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em w be op]at$

 & dispos$ ( 9 a mann] to mitigate !    
g5]ation ( space debris4  7,f7          
,in=mation ab\t ?ird-p>ty liability     
insurance obta9$1 if any1 by ! applicant
 = op]ations ( ! space-bas$ remote s5s+ 
sy/em1 includ+ ! am\nt & cov]age ( su*  
liability insurance4  7b7 ,review (     
application  7#a7 ,v]ifications ,n lat] 
?an #ij days aft] receipt ( an          
application "u ?is section1 ! ,secret>y 
%all v]ify t-- 7,a7 ! application is    
complete pursuant to subsection 7a72 &  
7,b7 ! application does n conta9 any    
cle> indication ( fraud or              
falsification4  7#b7 ,det]m9ation ,n    
lat] ?an #ij days aft] receipt ( an     
application "u ?is section--  7,a7 if ! 
,secret>y v]ifies t ! applicant has met 
! application requirem5ts describ$ 9    
p>agraph 7#a71 ! ,secret>y %all approve 
! application & issue a p]mit to !      
applicant ) or )\t conditions on !      
propos$ op]ation ( ! space-bas$ remote  
s5s+ sy/em pursuant to subsection       
7c77#a77;,a72 or  7,b7 if ! ,secret>y _c

 v]ify t ! applicant has met !          
application requirem5ts describ$ 9      
p>agraph 7#a7 or if ! ,secret>y makes a 
det]m9ation to d5y ! application "u     
subsection 7c77#a77;,b71 ! ,secret>y--  
7i7 %all issue a d5ial ( ! application  
sign$ by ! ,secret>y 7a duty t may n be 
delegat$1 includ+ to ! ,(fice ( ,space  
,comm]ce72 &  7ii7 %all1 n lat] ?an #aj 
days aft] ! decision to d5y !           
application--  7,i7 provide ! applicant 
) a writt5 notification conta9+ a cle>ly
 articulat$ rationale = ! d5ial t1 to ! 
maximum ext5t practicable-- 7aa7        
provides guidance to ! applicant z to h[
 ! articulat$ rationale = d5ial c\ld be 
address$ 9 a subsequ5t application2 &   
7bb7 includes all classifi$ in=mation   
includ$ 9 su* rationale = :i* !         
applicant has ! requir$ security        
cle>ance2 &  7,,ii7 submit a            
notification ( ! d5ial to ! ,committee  
on ,sci5ce1 ,space1 & ,te*nology ( !    
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & ! ,committee  
on ,comm]ce1 ,sci5ce1 & ,transportation 

( ! ,s5ate t--  7aa7 conta9s ! cle>ly   
articulat$ rationale = ! d5ial2 &  7bb7 
9 ! case ( a d5ial pursuant to a        
national security det]m9ation "u        
subsection 7c7-- 7,,aa7 includes an     
explanation ( h[1 & cle> & conv9c+      
evid5ce t1 to ! maximum ext5t           
practicable1 ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t took    
/eps to mitigate a significant ?reat to 
! national security ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates   
pos$ by ! op]ation ( ! applicant's      
space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em by *ang+   
,f$]al ,gov]nm5t activities & op]ations2
 & 7,,bb7 may conta9 classifi$          
in=mation4  7#c7 ,automatic approval    
7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,if ! ,secret>y has n     
approv$ or d5i$ ! application be=e !    
deadl9e "u p>agraph 7#b71 ! application 
%all be approv$ )\t condition4 ,!       
,secret>y may n all[ toll+ ( ! #ij-;day 
p]iod "u su* p>agraph4  7#d7 ,delay (   
automatic approval  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,!    
,presid5t is p]mitt$ to ext5d ! #ij-;day
 p]iod "u p>agraph 7#b7 once = ea*      
application = an additional #fj days to 

fur!r evaluate ! national security      
implications ( ! application only if !  
,presid5t notifies ! ,committee on      
,sci5ce1 ,space1 & ,te*nology ( ! ,h\se 
( ,repres5tatives & ! ,committee on     
,comm]ce1 ,sci5ce1 & ,transportation ( !
 ,s5ate ( ! ne$1 ) cle> & conv9c+       
evid5ce1 to ext5d ! review p]iod4 ,su*  
notification %all include--  7i7 details
 on ! ef=ts tak5 to review ! application
 dur+ ! #ij-;day p]iod1 includ+ /aff "t1
 /udies produc$1 & int]im conclusions2 &
  7ii7 a plan = assur+ a f9al decision  
)9 ! additional #fj days4  7,b7         
,nondelegable ,! responsibilities ( !   
,presid5t "u ?is p>agraph may n be      
delegat$4  7#e7 ,improp] basis = d5ial  
,! ,secret>y may n d5y an application = 
a p]mit "u ?is section 9 ord] to protect
 an exi/+ p]mit hold] f competition4    
7#f7 ,subsequ5t review ,! ,secret>y may 
n prejudice a new application = !       
propos$ op]ations d5i$ pursuant to      
p>agraph 7#b77;,b7 if su* new           
application conta9s rem$ies address+ !  

rationale = su* d5ial4  7c7 ,address+   
national security ?reat  7#a7 ,9 g5]al  
,if ! ,secret>y det]m9es1 9 consultation
 ) ! ,secret>y ( ,def5se & ) cle> &     
conv9c+ evid5ce1 t ! propos$ op]ation ( 
a space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em "u an    
application = a p]mit "u ?is *apt] poses
 a significant ?reat to ! national      
security ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z provid$ 9  
p>agraph 7#b7--  7,a7 ! ,secret>y may   
condition ! propos$ op]ation cov]$ by ! 
p]mit only to ! ext5t necess>y to       
address su* ?reat2 or  7,b7 if !        
,secret>y det]m9es t !re is no          
practicable way to condition su* p]mit  
to address su* ?reat1 ! ,secret>y may   
d5y ! application4  7#b7 ,significant   
?reat to national security ,= purposes (
 a det]m9ation "u p>agraph 7#a71 a      
significant ?reat to ! national security
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a ?reat-- 7,a7 t  
is imm95t2 &  7,b7 t _c practicably be  
mitigat$ ?r\gh *anges to ,f$]al         
,gov]nm5t activities or op]ations4  7#c7
 ,reasonably comm]cially available ef=ts

 ,to ! maximum ext5t practicable1 !     
,secret>y %all only place a condition on
 a p]mit t is a*ievable us+ reasonably  
comm]cially available ef=ts4  7#d7      
,notification ,n lat] ?an #aj days aft] 
! decision to condition ! propos$       
op]ation cov]$ by a p]mit pursuant to   
?is subsection1 ! ,secret>y %all-- 7,a7 
provide ! applicant ) a writt5          
notification conta9+ a cle>ly articulat$
 rationale = ! condition t1 to ! maximum
 ext5t practicable--  7i7 provides      
guidance to ! applicant z to h[ !       
articulat$ rationale = condition c\ld be
 address$ 9 a subsequ5t application2 &  
7ii7 includes all necess>y classifi$    
in=mation includ$ 9 su* rationale = :i* 
! applicant has ! requir$ security      
cle>ance2 &  7,b7 submit a notification 
( ! condition to ! ,committee on        
,comm]ce1 ,sci5ce1 & ,transportation ( !
 ,s5ate & ! ,committee on ,sci5ce1      
,space1 & ,te*nology ( ! ,h\se (        
,repres5tatives t-- 7i7 conta9s ! cle>ly
 articulat$ rationale = ! condition2    

7ii7 includes an explanation ( h[1 &    
cle> & conv9c+ evid5ce t1 to ! maximum  
ext5t practicable1 ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t   
took /eps to mitigate a significant     
?reat to ! national security ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates pos$ by ! op]ation ( !           
applicant's space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em
 by *ang+ ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t activities & 
op]ations2 &  7iii7 may conta9 classifi$
 in=mation4  7#e7 ,prohibition on       
retroactive conditions ,no o!r          
modifications may be made1 or additional
 conditions plac$1 on a p]mit aft] !    
date on :i* ! p]mit is issu$ except to  
acc\nt = a mat]ial *ange z provid$ 9    
section #hjbjc7;c74  7#f7 ,nondelegable 
,! responsibilities ( ! ,secret>y "u ?is
 subsection may n be delegat$1 includ+  
to ! ,(fice ( ,space ,comm]ce4  7d7     
,limitations on conditions  7#a7 ,same  
or simil> capability ,no op]ational     
condition "u subsection 7c7 may be plac$
 on a space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em t has
 ! same or sub/antially simil>          
space-bas$ remote s5s+ capabilities z   

ano!r sy/em p]mitt$ "u ?is *apt] ) no   
su* condition4  7#b7 ,conditions t exce$
 p]mitt$ conditions ,! ,secret>y may n  
place a condition on a p]mit = a        
space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em t exce$s a 
condition plac$ on an exi/+ p]mitt$     
sy/em t has ! same or sub/antially      
simil> capabilities4  7#c7 ,scope ,)    
respect to a condition plac$ on a p]mit 
= a space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em because
 ( a national security conc]n1 !        
,secret>y may only place su* a condition
 = ! smalle/ area & = ! %orte/ p]iod    
necess>y to protect ! national security 
conc]n at issue4  7e7 ,comm]cially      
available capability  7#a7 ,exception ,!
 ,secret>y may n d5y an application =1  
or place a condition on1 a p]mit = !    
op]ation ( a space-bas$ remote s5s+     
sy/em = :i* ! same or sub/antially      
simil> capabilities1 d]iv$ data1        
products1 or s]vices are already        
comm]cially available or reasonably     
expect$ to be made available 9 ! next #c
 ye>s 9 ! int]national or dome/ic       

m>ketplace4 ,! exception 9 ! previ\s    
s5t5ce applies reg>dless ( :e!r !       
m>ketplace products & s]vices orig9ate f
 ! op]ation ( aircraft1 unmann$         
aircraft1 or o!r plat=ms or te*nical    
means or are assimilat$ f a v>iety (    
data s\rces4  7#b7 ,cle> & conv9c+      
evid5ce ,ea* d5ial ( an application =1 &
 ea* condition plac$ on1 a p]mit = !    
op]ation ( a space-bas$ remote s5s+     
sy/em1 %all include an explanation (1 & 
cle> & conv9c+ evid5ce t1 ! exception "u
 p>agraph 7#a7 does n apply ) respect to
 ! propos$ p]mitt$ op]ations ( su*      
sy/em4  7#c7 ,database ,! ,presid5t     
%all--  7,a7 ma9ta9 a database (        
comm]cially available capabilities      
describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a72  7,b7 update  
su* database n less ?an once e #c mon?s2
 &  7,c7 submit to ! ,committee on      
,comm]ce1 ,sci5ce1 & ,transportation ( !
 ,s5ate & ! ,committee on ,sci5ce1      
,space1 & ,te*nology ( ! ,h\se (        
,repres5tatives a report conta9+ !      
cont5ts ( ! database ^u ea* update      

requir$ "u subp>agraph 7,b74  7#d7      
,applicant submissions ,an applicant =1 
or hold] (1 a p]mit = ! op]ation ( a    
space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em may submit 
to ! ,secret>y evid5ce (1 or in=mation  
reg>d+1 a comm]cially available         
capability describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a7 =   
consid]ation = inclusion 9 ! database4  
7#e7 ,nonapplication ( condition ,9 any 
case 9 :i* ! ,secret>y det]m9es t !     
exception "u p>agraph 7#a7 applies )    
respect to a p]mit = ! op]ation ( a     
space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em = :i* !    
,secret>y has plac$ a condition "u      
subsection 7c71 su* condition %all no   
long] apply ) respect to su* p]mitt$    
op]ations4  7f7 ,au?ority ,to remove    
conditions ,no?+ 9 ?is section %all be  
con/ru$ to prohibit ! ,secret>y f remov+
 a condition plac$ on a p]mit pursuant  
to subsection 7c74  #hjbjc4 ,cont9u+    
p]mitt+ requirem5ts  7a7 ,notification  
requirem5t ,a p]mit hold] %all1 9 a     
timely mann]1 notify ! ,secret>y if--   
7#a7 a p]mitt$ space-bas$ remote s5s+   

sy/em has t]m9at$ op]ations2 or  7#b7 a 
cata/rophic ev5t has occurr$ to a       
space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em1 su* z !   
unplann$ de/ruction ( su* sy/em4  7b7   
,mat]ial *ange ,! ,secret>y %all require
 p]mit hold]s to in=m ! ,secret>y (--   
7#a7 any mat]ial *anges to ! space-bas$ 
remote s5s+ sy/em or ! plann$ op]ations 
( su* sy/em prior to laun*2 &  7#b7 any 
mat]ial anomalies or dep>tures f !      
plann$ op]ations dur+ ! c\rse (         
op]ations4  7c7 ,update to p]mit ,n lat]
 ?an #ad days aft] ! date ( receipt (   
in=mation reg>d+ a mat]ial *ange        
pursuant to subsection 7b71 ! ,secret>y 
%all make a det]m9ation ( :e!r su*      
mat]ial *ange is sub/antial en\gh to    
w>rant additional review "u section     
#hjbjb7;b74 ,n lat] ?an #ij days aft] a 
det]m9ation t su* review is w>rant$1 !  
,secret>y %all complete a simil> su*    
review process = su* mat]ial *ange z is 
requir$ = a p]mit applicant "u su*      
section4  #hjbjd4 ,p]mit transf]  7a7 ,9
 g5]al ,subject to subsections 7b7 &    

7c71 ! ,secret>y %all provide = !       
transf] ( a p]mit "u ?is *apt] f ! p]mit
 hold] to ano!r p]son to cont9ue !      
op]ations all[$ "u su* p]mit4  7b7      
,transf] reque/ requirem5ts ,to be      
eligible = a transf] "u subsection 7a71 
! p]mit hold] %all submit to ! ,secret>y
 a reque/ t includes any id5tify+       
in=mation reg>d+ ! transf]ee t w\ld be  
requir$ "u an initial application "u    
section #hjbjb4  7c7 ,det]m9ation ,n    
lat] ?an #ad days aft] ! date on :i* !  
,secret>y receives a transf] reque/     
pursuant to subsection 7b71 ! ,secret>y 
%all make a det]m9ation ( :e!r su*      
mat]ial *ange is sub/antial en\gh to    
w>rant additional review "u section     
#hjbjb7;b74 ,n lat] ?an #ij days aft] a 
det]m9ation t su* review is w>rant$1 !  
,secret>y %all complete a simil> su*    
review process = su* transf]ee z is     
requir$ = a p]mit applicant "u su*      
section4  7d7 ,mat]ial *ange ,any       
transf] ( a p]mit "u ?is *apt]          
con/itutes a mat]ial *ange "u section   

#hjbjc7;b74  #hjbje4 ,ag5cy activities  
7a7 ,utilization ( ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t     
vehicle ,a p]son may apply = a p]mit to 
op]ate a space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em t 
utilizes1 on a space-available basis1 a 
civilian ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t satellite or  
vehicle z a plat=m = su* sy/em4 ,!      
,secret>y1 pursuant to ?is *apt]1 may   
p]mit su* sy/em if x meets all          
conditions ( ?is *apt]4  7b7 ,assi/ance 
,! ,secret>y may (f] assi/ance to p]sons
 9 f9d+ appropriate opportunities = !   
utilization describ$ 9 subsection 7a74  
7c7 ,agreem5ts ,to ! ext5t provid$ 9    
advance by appropriation ,acts1 an ag5cy
 may ent] into an agreem5t = !          
utilization describ$ 9 subsection 7a7 if
 su* agreem5t is consi/5t ) ! ag5cy's   
mission & /atutory au?ority1 & if !     
space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em is issu$ a 
p]mit by ! ,secret>y "u ?is *apt] be=e  
comm5c+ op]ation4  #hjbjf4 ,annual      
reports  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,secret>y %all 
submit a report to ! ,committee on      
,comm]ce1 ,sci5ce1 & ,transportation ( !

 ,s5ate & ! ,committee on ,sci5ce1      
,space1 & ,te*nology ( ! ,h\se (        
,repres5tatives n lat] ?an #ahj days    
aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ! ,am]ican     
,space ,comm]ce ,free ,ent]prise ,act1 &
 annually !reaft]1 on-- 7#a7 !          
,secret>y's implem5tation ( ?is *apt]1  
includ+--  7,a7 a li/ ( all applications
 receiv$ 9 ! previ\s cal5d> ye>2  7,b7 a
 li/ ( all applications t result$ 9 a   
p]mit2  7,c7 a li/ ( all applications   
d5i$ & an explanation ( :y ea*          
application 0 d5i$1 includ+ any         
in=mation relevant to ! adjudication    
process ( a reque/ = a p]mit2  7,d7 a   
li/ ( all applications t requir$        
additional in=mation2 &  7,e7 a li/ (   
all applications ^: disposition exce$$ !
 #ij-;day deadl9e1 ! total days ov]due =
 ea* application t exce$$ su* deadl9e1 &
 an explanation = ! delay2 &  7#b7 a    
description ( all actions tak5 by !     
,secret>y "u ! adm9i/rative au?ority    
grant$ by section #hjcja4  7b7          
,classifi$ annexes ,ea* report "u       

subsection 7a7 may include classifi$    
annexes z necess>y to protect !         
disclosure ( s5sitive or classifi$      
in=mation4  #hjbjg4 ,advisory ,committee
 on ,comm]cial ,remote ,s5s+  7a7       
,e/abli%m5t ,! ,secret>y %all e/abli% an
 ,advisory ,committee on ,comm]cial     
,remote ,s5s+ 79 ?is section ref]r$ to z
 ! ,committee7 consi/+ ( #ae memb]s :o  
%all be appo9t$ by ! ,secret>y4  7b7    
,*air ,! ,committee %all designate "o   
memb] z ! *air ( ! ,committee4  7c7     
,memb]%ip  7#a7 ,limitation ,memb]s ( ! 
,committee may n be ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t    
employees or (ficials4  7#b7 ,travel    
exp5ses ,memb]s ( ! ,committee %all     
receive travel exp5ses1 includ+ p] diem 
9 lieu ( subsi/5ce1 9 accordance ) !    
applicable provisions "u sub*apt] ,i (  
*apt] #eg ( title #e4  7d7 ,t]ms ,ea*   
memb] ( ! ,committee %all s]ve = a t]m (
 #d ye>s & may n s]ve z a memb] = !     
#b-ye> p]iod foll[+ ! date ( completion 
( ea* su* t]m4  7e7 ,duties ,! duties ( 
! ,committee %all be to-- 7#a7 provide  

in=mation1 advice1 & recomm5dations on  
matt]s relat+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates        
comm]cial space-bas$ remote s5s+        
indu/ry2  7#b7 analyze ! effectiv5ess & 
effici5cy ( ! implem5tation ( !         
space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em p]mitt+    
process "u ?is *apt]2  7#c7 provide     
recomm5dations to ! ,secret>y &         
,congress on h[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates c       
facilitate & promote a robu/ & innovate 
private sector t is inve/+ 91 develop+1 
& op]at+ space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/ems2 
7#d7 id5tify any *all5ges ! ,unit$      
,/ates private sector is exp]i5c+ ) !   
au?orization & sup]vision ( ! op]ation (
 space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/ems "u ?is   
*apt]2 &  7#e7 provide in=mation1       
advice1 & recomm5dations on matt]s      
relat$ to ! au?ority ( ! ,secret>y "u   
?is *apt] or to private sector space    
activities au?oriz$ pursuant to ?is     
*apt] t ! ,committee det]m9es necess>y4 
7f7 ,annual report ,! ,committee %all   
submit to ,congress1 ! ,presid5t1 !     
,secret>y1 & ! ,director ( ! ,(fice (   

,space ,comm]ce1 an annual report t     
includes ! in=mation1 analysis1 f9d+s1 &
 recomm5dations describ$ 9 subsection   
7e74  7g7 ,sunset ,! ,committee %all    
t]m9ate on ! date t is #aj ye>s aft] !  
date on :i* ! ,committee is e/abli%$4   
#hjbjh4 ,cont9uation ( exi/+ lic5se or  
p5d+ application  7a7 ,cont9uation (    
exi/+ lic5se ,any ,unit$ ,/ates entity =
 :om a lic5se = ! op]ation ( a          
space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/em issu$ "u   
sub*apt] ,,iii ( *apt] #fja t is valid  
on ! effective date ( ?is section may-- 
7#a7 elect to be imm$iately consid]$    
p]mitt$ = op]ation "u ?is *apt]1 9 :i*  
case all t]ms & conditions ( a lic5se   
issu$ "u su* sub*apt] ) respect to !    
op]ation ( su* sy/em %all apply = !     
duration ( ! lic5se2 or  7#b7 apply = a 
p]mit = op]ation "u ?is *apt] & may     
cont9ue to op]ate pursuant to su* lic5se
 until su* "t z su* p]mit is issu$4  7b7
 ,resc9d or transf] ( p5d+ lic5se ,an   
applicant ) an application = a remote   
s5s+ lic5se "u sub*apt] ,,iii ( *apt]   

#fja t is p5d+ on ! effective date ( ?is
 section may be1 at ! election ( !      
applicant--  7#a7 resc9d$ )\t prejudice2
 or  7#b7 transf]r$ to ! ,(fice ( ,space
 ,comm]ce & deem$ to be a p5d+          
application = a p]mit "u ?is *apt]4  7c7
 ,effective date ,?is section %all take 
effect on ! date t is #a ye> aft] ! date
 ( enactm5t ( ! ,am]ican ,space ,comm]ce
 ,free ,ent]prise ,act4  #hjbji4        
,comm]cial ,remote ,s5s+ ,regulatory    
,affairs ,(fice ,on ! date t is #a ye>  
aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ! ,am]ican     
,space ,comm]ce ,free ,ent]prise ,act1 !
 ,comm]cial ,remote ,s5s+ ,regulatory   
,affairs ,(fice ( ! ,national ,oceanic &
 ,atmosph]ic ,adm9i/ration is aboli%$4  
4  #e4 ,adm9i/rative provisions relat$  
to c]tification & p]mitt+ ,title #ea1   
,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is fur!r am5d$ by  
add+ at ! end ! foll[+3  #hjc           
,adm9i/rative provisions relat$ to      
c]tification & p]mitt+  ,sec4 #hjcja4   
,adm9i/rative au?ority4 #hjcjb4         
,consultation4 #hjcjc4 ,appeal ( d5ial  

or condition ( c]tification or p]mit4   
#hjcjd4 ,limitation on c]ta9 ag5cy      
sup]vision4 #hjcje4 ,comm]cial          
exploration & use ( out] space4 #hjcjf4 
,rule ( con/ruction on concurr5t        
application submission4 #hjcjg4 ,f$]al  
jurisdiction4 #hjcjh4 ,global commons4  
#hjcji4 ,regulatory au?ority4 #hjcaj4   
,consultation ) relevant ag5cies4       
#hjcaa4 ,au?orization ( appropriations4 
#hjcja4 ,adm9i/rative au?ority  7a7     
,functions ,9 ord] to c>ry out !        
responsibilities specifi$ 9 ?is         
subtitle1 ! ,secret>y may--  7#a7 seek  
an ord] ( injunction or simil> judicial 
det]m9ation f a di/rict c\rt ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates ) p]sonal jurisdiction ov] !     
c]tification or p]mit hold] to t]m9ate  
c]tifications or p]mits "u ?is subtitle 
& to t]m9ate c]tifi$ or p]mitt$         
op]ations on an imm$iate basis1 if !    
,secret>y det]m9es t ! c]tification or  
p]mit hold] has sub/antially fail$ to   
comply ) any provisions ( ?is subtitle1 
or ) any t]ms ( a c]tification or p]mit2

  7#b7 provide = civil p5alties n to    
exce$ #aj1jjj 7ea* day ( op]ation       
con/itut+ a sep>ate violation7 & n to   
exce$ #ejj1jjj 9 total1 =--  7,a7       
noncompliance ) ! c]tification or       
p]mitt+ requirem5ts or regulations issu$
 "u ?is subtitle2 or  7,b7 ! op]ation ( 
a space object or space-bas$ remote s5s+
 sy/em )\t ! applicable c]tification or 
p]mit issu$ "u ?is subtitle2  7#c7      
compromise1 modify1 or remit any su*    
civil p5alty2  7#d7 seize any object1   
record1 or report1 or copies ( mat]ials1
 docum5ts1 or records1 pursuant to a    
w>rant f a magi/rate bas$ on a %[+ (    
probable cause to believe t su* object1 
record1 or report 0 us$1 is be+ us$1 or 
is likely to be us$ 9 violation ( ?is   
subtitle or ! requirem5ts ( a           
c]tification or p]mit or regulation     
issu$ !reund]2 &  7#e7 make             
inve/igations & inquiries conc]n+ any   
matt] relat+ to ! en=cem5t ( ?is        
subtitle4  7b7 ,review ( ag5cy action   
,any hold] (1 or applicant =1 a         

c]tification or a p]mit :o makes a      
timely reque/ = review ( an adv]se      
action pursuant to p>agraph 7#b7 or 7#d7
 ( subsection 7a7 %all be entitl$ to    
adjudication by ! ,secret>y on ! record 
aft] an opportunity = any ag5cy he>+ )  
respect to su* adv]se action4 ,any f9al 
action by ! ,secret>y "u ?is subsection 
%all be subject to judicial review "u   
*apt] #g ( title #e1 z provid$ 9 section
 #hjcjc ( ?is *apt]4  7c7 ,no co/ =     
c]tification or p]mit ,! ,secret>y may n
 impose a fee or o!r co/ on a hold] (1  
or applicant =-- 7#a7 a c]tification "u 
*apt] #hja2 or  7#b7 a p]mit "u *apt]   
#hjb4  7d7 ,no au?ority ,to set         
conditions ,! ,secret>y may n impose a  
sub/antive condition on1 or any o!r     
requirem5t =1 ! issuance ( a            
c]tification or p]mit except z          
specifically provid$ 9 ?is subtitle4    
7e7 ,,foia exemption ,p>agraph 7#c7 (   
section #eeb7;b7 ( title #e %all apply )
 respect to any fil+ relat+ to a        
c]tification or a p]mit "u ?is subtitle4

  7f7 ,limitation on exceptions to      
adm9i/rative proc$ures ,! exceptions "u 
section #eec7;a77#a71 section           
#eec7;b77,b71 or section #eed7;a77#d7 ( 
title #e %all n apply ) respect to a    
c]tification or p]mit "u ?is subtitle4  
#hjcjb4 ,consultation  7a7 ,s5se (      
,congress ,x is ! s5se ( ! ,congress t--
 7#a7 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t has     
assets 9 ,e>? orbit critical to national
 security1 sci5tific rese>*1 economic   
gr[?1 & exploration2  7#b7 su* assets   
repres5t a consid]able inve/m5t ( ,unit$
 ,/ates taxpay]s2 &  7#c7 x is 9 !      
national int]e/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to    
facilitate opportunities to provide = ! 
protection ( su* assets4  7b7 ,review ,n
 lat] ?an #cj days aft] ! ,secret>y     
issues a c]tification "u *apt] #hja1 !  
,secret>y %all review ! op]ations ( any 
space objects cov]$ by ! c]tification to
 det]m9e :e!r ! int]action betwe5 su*   
op]ations & ! op]ations ( a ,f$]al      
,gov]nm5t space object pres5t a         
sub/antial risk to ! physical safety ( a

 space object op]at$ by ei!r p>ty4  7c7 
,requirem5t ,to p>ticipate 9            
consultation ,if ! ,secret>y makes a    
det]m9ation t a sub/antial risk id5tifi$
 "u subsection 7b7 exi/s1 ! ,secret>y   
may require t ! c]tification hold]      
p>ticipate 9 a consultation "u ?is      
section4  7d7 ,p>ties to a consultation 
7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,a consultation "u ?is    
section may be held1 ) respect to a     
sub/antial safety risk id5tifi$ "u      
subsection 7b71 betwe5-- 7,a7 a         
c]tification hold] responsible = !      
c]tifi$ space object op]ations2 &  7,b7 
any entity ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t op]at+ a
 pot5tially affect$ space object4  7#b7 
,p>ticipation ,! ,secret>y may n impose 
any requirem5t on a p>ty pursuant to    
p>ticipation 9 ! consultation4  7e7     
,mitigation ( safety risk ,9 c>ry+ out a
 consultation1 ! ,secret>y %all-- 7#a7  
facilitate a discussion among ! p>ties  
to ! consultation2  7#b7 enc\rage a     
mutual und]/&+ ( ! safety risk2 &  7#c7 
enc\rage1 to ! maximum ext5t            

practicable1 volunt>y agreem5ts betwe5 !
 p>ties to ! consultation to improve !  
physical safety ( affect$ space object  
op]ations or mitigate ! physical safety 
risk4  7f7 ,duration ( consultation2    
notice ,n lat] ?an #ij days aft] !      
,secret>y requires a consultation "u ?is
 section1 ! ,secret>y %all-- 7#a7       
complete all activities relat$ to !     
consultation2 &  7#b7 submit to         
,congress a writt5 notification )       
respect to su* consultation1 t          
includes-- 7,a7 ! names ( ea* p>ty to ! 
consultation2  7,b7 a description ( !   
physical safety risk at issue2  7,c7    
:e!r any volunt>y agreem5t 0 made by !  
p>ties2 &  7,d7 ! cont5t ( any su*      
agreem5t4  7g7 ,rule ( con/ruction ,no?+
 9 ?is section %all be con/ru$ to grant 
any additional au?ority to ! ,secret>y  
to regulate1 or place conditions on1 any
 activity = :i* a c]tification or p]mit 
is requir$ "u ?is subtitle4  #hjcjc4    
,appeal ( d5ial or condition (          
c]tification or p]mit ,an applicant :o  

is d5i$ a c]tification "u section       
#hjajc7;b77#b77;,b71 an applicant :o is 
d5i$ a p]mit "u section                 
#hjbjb7;b77#b77;,b71 or an applicant ^: 
c]tification or p]mit is condition$     
pursuant to section #hjajc7;c7 or       
section #hjbjb7;c71 respectively1 may   
appeal ! d5ial or placem5t ( a condition
 to ! ,secret>y4 ,! ,secret>y %all      
affirm or rev]se ! d5ial or placem5t ( a
 condition aft] provid+ ! applicant     
notice & an opportunity to be he>d4 ,!  
,secret>y %all dispose ( ! appeal n lat]
 ?an #fj days aft] ! appeal is submitt$4
 ,if ! ,secret>y d5ies ! appeal1 !      
applicant may seek review 9 ! ,unit$    
,/ates ,c\rt ( ,appeals = ! ,di/rict (  
,columbia ,circuit or 9 ! c\rt ( appeals
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! circuit 9 :i* !  
p]son resides or has its pr9cipal place 
( bus9ess4  #hjcjd4 ,limitation on c]ta9
 ag5cy sup]vision  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,n lat] 
?an #a ye> aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( !   
,am]ican ,space ,comm]ce ,free          
,ent]prise ,act1 no o!r ag5cy %all h !  

au?ority to au?orize1 place conditions  
on1 or sup]vise ! op]ation ( space      
objects requir$ to be c]tifi$ "u *apt]  
#hja or space-bas$ remote s5s+ sy/ems   
requir$ to be p]mitt$ "u *apt] #hjb     
except--  7#a7 ! ,dep>tm5t (            
,transportation ) respect to laun* or   
re5try vehicle op]ations lic5s$ "u *apt]
 #eji2 &  7#b7 ! ,f$]al ,communications 
,commission ) respect to space /ations  
lic5s$ "u ! ,communications ,act ( #aicd
 7#dg ,u4,s4,c4 #aea et seq474  7b7     
,agreem5t limitations ,no?+ 9 ?is       
section %all be con/ru$ to prev5t an    
ag5cy f includ+ additional t]ms1        
conditions1 limitations1 or requirem5ts1
 consi/5t ) applicable provisions ( law1
 beyond ^? requir$ 9 ?is subtitle 9 a   
contract or o!r agreem5t )-- 7#a7 !     
hold] ( a c]tification "u *apt] #hja = !
 op]ation ( ! applicable space object2  
or  7#b7 ! hold] ( a p]mit "u *apt] #hjb
 = ! op]ation ( ! applicable space-bas$ 
remote s5s+ sy/em4  #hjcje4 ,comm]cial  
exploration & use ( out] space ,to !    

maximum ext5t practicable1 ! ,presid5t1 
act+ ?r\gh appropriate ,f$]al ag5cies1  
%all int]pret & fulfill int]national    
obligations1 includ+ "u ! cov]$ treaties
 on out] space1 to m9imize regulations &
 limitations on ! fre$om ( ,unit$ ,/ates
 nongov]nm5tal entities to explore & use
 space4  #hjcjf4 ,rule ( con/ruction on 
concurr5t application submission ,no?+ 9
 ?is subtitle %all be con/ru$ to prev5t 
an applicant f submitt+ to ! ,secret>y  
concurr5t applications = a c]tification 
"u *apt] #hja & a p]mit "u *apt] #hjb4  
,! ,secret>y %all provide = applications
 "u *apt] #hja & *apt] #hjb to be fil$  
concurr5tly or at diff]5t times1 at !   
discretion ( ! applicant4 ,to ! maximum 
ext5t practicable1 ! ,secret>y %all     
avoid duplication ( in=mation requir$ 9 
concurr5tly fil$ applications4  #hjcjg4 
,f$]al jurisdiction ,! di/rict c\rts    
%all h orig9al jurisdiction1 exclusive (
 ! c\rts ( ! ,/ates1 ( any civil action 
result+ f ! op]ation ( a space object = 
:i* a c]tification or p]mit is requir$  

"u ?is subtitle4  #hjcjh4 ,global       
commons ,not)/&+ any o!r provision (    
law1 out] space %all n be consid]$ a    
global commons4  #hjcji4 ,regulatory    
au?ority  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,secret>y %all
 issue su* regulations z are necess>y to
 c>ry out ?is subtitle4  7b7 ,r$uc+     
regulatory burd5 ,9 issu+ regulations to
 c>ry out ?is subtitle1 ! ,secret>y %all
 avoid1 to ! maximum ext5t practicable1 
! placem5t ( inconsi/5t1 duplicative1 or
 o!rwise burd5some requirem5ts on !     
op]ations ( ,unit$ ,/ates nongov]nm5tal 
entities 9 out] space4  7c7             
,adm9i/rative ,proc$ures ,act ,all      
activities c>ri$ out pursuant to ?is    
section %all comply ) ! requirem5ts (   
*apt] #e ( title #e4  #hjcaj4           
,consultation ) relevant ag5cies  7a7 ,9
 g5]al ,subject to subsection 7b71 !    
,secret>y %all1 z ! ,secret>y consid]s  
necess>y1 consult ) ! heads ( o!r       
relevant ag5cies 9 c>ry+ out ?is        
subtitle4  7b7 ,exclusive au?ority ( !  
,secret>y ,! consultation au?ority      

provid$ by subsection 7a7 %all n be     
int]pret$ to alt] ! exclusive au?ority (
 ! ,secret>y to au?orize1 place         
conditions on1 & sup]vise ! op]ation (  
space objects "u *apt] #hja & space-bas$
 remote s5s+ sy/ems "u *apt] #hjb1 z    
provid$ 91 & subject to1 ! limitations (
 section #hjcjd4  #hjcaa4 ,au?orization 
( appropriations ,!re are au?oriz$ to be
 appropriat$ #e1jjj1jjj to ! ,(fice (   
,space ,comm]ce = ea* ( fiscal ye>s     
#bjah & #bjai to c>ry out ?is subtitle4 
4  #f4 ,te*nical & con=m+ am5dm5ts  7a7 
,table ( *apt]s ,! table ( *apt]s (     
title #ea1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$
 by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3  ,subtitle  
,,viii--,au?orization & ,sup]vision (   
,nongov]nm5tal ,space ,activities       
#hja4;,c]tification to ,op]ate ,space   
,objects#hjaja #hjb4,p]mitt+ (          
,space-,bas$ ,remote ,s5s+ ,sy/ems#hjbja
 #hjc4;,adm9i/rative ,provisions ,relat$
 to ,c]tification & ,p]mitt+#hjcja  4   
7b7 ,repeals  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,title #ea1 
,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$ z foll[s3 

7,a7 ,sub*apt] ,,iii ( *apt] #fja is    
repeal$4  7,b7 ,section #fjadg is       
repeal$4  7,c7 ,! table ( sections =    
*apt] #fja is am5d$ by /rik+ ! item     
relat+ to section #fjadg4  7,d7 ,! table
 ( sections = *apt] #fja is am5d$ by    
/rik+ ! items relat+ to sub*apt] ,,iii4 
7#b7 ,effective date ,! am5dm5ts made by
 p>agraph 7#a7 %all take effect on !    
date t is #a ye> aft] ! date ( enactm5t 
( ?is ,act4  7c7 ,te*nical corrections  
7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,title #ea1 ,unit$ ,/ates 
,code1 is am5d$-- 7,a7 9 section        
#bjcjb7;c77#b71 by /rik+ means has !    
mean+ & ins]t+ has ! mean+2  7,b7 9     
section #ejgjb7;c77#e71 by /rik+        
,space-,bas$ ,position & ins]t+         
,space-,bas$ ,position+2 &  7,c7 9      
section #gaajb7a71 by /rik+ track+      
device & ins]t+ track+ device to4  7#b7 
,*apt] #eac ,! table ( *apt]s ( title   
#ea1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$ by   
/rik+ ! item relat$ to *apt] #eac &     
ins]t+ ! foll[+3  #eac4,space ,res\rce  
,comm]cial ,exploration &               

,utilization#eacja  4  7#c7 ,*apt] #gja 
,! table ( *apt]s ( title #ea1 ,unit$   
,/ates ,code1 is am5d$ by /rik+ ! item  
relat$ to *apt] #gja & ins]t+ ! foll[+3 
#gja4,use ( ,space ,laun* ,sy/em or     
,alt]natives#gjaja  4  #g4 ,(fice (     
,space ,comm]ce ,section #ejgjb ( title 
#ea1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$--    
7#a7 9 subsection 7a71 by add+ at ! end 
be=e ! p]iod 1 :i* %all be locat$ 9 !   
pr9cipal physical location ( ! ,(fice ( 
! ,secret>y ( ,comm]ce2  7#b7 9         
subsection 7b71 by /rik+ a s5ior        
executive & %all be comp5sat$ at a level
 9 ! ,s5ior ,executive ,s]vice "u       
section #echb ( title #e z det]m9$ by ! 
,secret>y ( ,comm]ce & ins]t+ appo9t$ by
 ! ,presid5t & confirm$ by ! ,s5ate4 ,! 
,director %all be ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y 
( ,comm]ce = ,space ,comm]ce & %all     
report directly to ! ,secret>y (        
,comm]ce2 &  7#c7 9 subsection 7c7--    
7,a7 9 p>agraph 7#d71 by /rik+ & at !   
end2  7,b7 9 p>agraph 7#e71 by /rik+ !  
p]iod at ! end & ins]t+ a semicolon2 &  

7,c7 by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3  7#f7 to
 au?orize & sup]vise ! op]ations (      
,unit$ ,/ates nongov]nm5tal entities 9  
out] space1 pursuant to *apt] #hja ( ?is
 title2  7#g7 to au?orize & sup]vise !  
op]ations ( space-bas$ remote s5s+      
sy/ems pursuant to *apt] #hjb ( ?is     
title2 &  7#h7 to facilitate & promote !
 developm5t ( be/ practices among       
op]ators ( space objects & space-bas$   
remote s5s+ sy/ems "u ?is subtitle to   
address sub/antial risks to ! physical  
safety ( ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t space objects1
 includ+ ! risk ( on-orbit collisions4  
4  #h4 ,re/riction on prev5t+ laun*es & 
re5tries ( c]tifi$ space objects        
,section #ejijd7;c7 ( title #ea1 ,unit$ 
,/ates ,code1 is am5d$ by add+ at ! end 
! foll[+3 ,no laun* or re5try may be    
prev5t$ "u ?is au?ority on ! basis (    
national security1 =eign policy1 or     
int]national obligations ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates1 includ+ "u ! cov]$ treaties on  
out] space 7z def9$ 9 section #hjaja7 if
 ! payload has receiv$ a c]tification to

 op]ate z a space object "u *apt] #hja44
  #i4 ,report on regi/ration ( space    
objects  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,n lat] ?an #a ye>
 aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 !   
,secret>y ( ,comm]ce1 act+ ?r\gh !      
,(fice ( ,space ,comm]ce & 9            
consultation ) ! ,private ,space        
,activity ,advisory ,committee e/abli%$ 
"u section #hjaji ( title #ea1 ,unit$   
,/ates ,code1 %all submit to !          
,committee on ,sci5ce1 ,space1 &        
,te*nology ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives &
 ! ,committee on ,comm]ce1 ,sci5ce1 &   
,transportation ( ! ,s5ate a report on !
 implem5tation ( ! space object         
regi/ration obligations ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates & o!r c\ntries "u ,article ,,viii
 ( ! ,out] ,space ,treaty & ! ,conv5tion
 on ,regi/ration ( ,space ,objects4  7b7
 ,cont5ts ( report ,! report requir$ "u 
subsection 7a7 %all include-- 7#a7 an   
id5tification ( ! practices & proc$ures 
among c\ntries t are memb]s ( ! ,out]   
,space ,treaty & ! ,conv5tion on        
,regi/ration ( ,space ,objects 9        

implem5t+ & comply+ ) ! regi/ration     
obligations conta9$ 9 ! treaties2  7#b7 
a description ( any exi/+ practices &   
proc$ures ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t = !      
regi/ration ( nongov]nm5tal space       
objects2 &  7#c7 recomm5dations on h[ ! 
regi/ration ( space objects 9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates c\ld be improv$ to b5efit !      
,unit$ ,/ates1 includ+ enabl+ ,unit$    
,/ates lead]%ip 9 comm]cial space       
activities4  #aj4 ,comptroll] ,g5]al    
report ,n lat] ?an #ahj days aft] ! date
 ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,comptroll]   
,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all submit to 
,congress a report on remov+ ! ,(fice ( 
,comm]cial ,space ,transportation f "u !
 jurisdiction ( ! ,f$]al ,aviation      
,adm9i/ration & ree/abli%+ ! ,(fice "u !
 jurisdiction ( ! ,secret>y (           
,transportation4 ,su* report %all       
include-- 7#a7 ! id5tification ( key    
practices = successful organizational   
transitions2  7#b7 ! advantages &       
disadvantages ( ! removal & ree/abli%m5t
 ) respect to ! ability ( ! ,(fice to   

cont9ue to coord9ate & communicate )    
,f$]al ,aviation ,adm9i/ration on       
airspace issues2 &  7#c7 ! id5tification
 ( any issues t are prev5t+ ! ,(fice f  
fully c>ry+ out its /atutory m&ate1 & if
 su* issues w\ld p]si/ reg>dless (      
organizational location ( ! ,(fice )9 ! 
,dep>tm5t ( ,transportation4  #aa4      
,radi(requ5cy mapp+ report  7a7 ,9 g5]al
 ,n lat] ?an #ahj days aft] ! date (    
enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,secret>y (      
,comm]ce1 9 consultation ) ! ,secret>y (
 ,def5se & ! ,director ( ,national      
,intellig5ce1 %all complete & submit to 
! ,advisory ,committee on ,comm]cial    
,remote ,s5s+ a report on space-bas$    
radi(requ5cy mapp+4  7b7 ,cont5ts ,!    
report requir$ "u subsection 7a7 %all   
include--  7#a7 :e!r !re is a ne$ to    
regulate space-bas$ radi(requ5cy mapp+2 
7#b7 any immitigable impacts (          
space-bas$ radi(requ5cy mapp+ on        
national security1 ,u4,s4 competitiv5ess
 & space lead]%ip1 & con/itutional      
fre$oms2 &  7#c7 f9d+s1 conclusions1 &  

recomm5dations reg>d+ ! co/s & b5efits (
 additional regulatory au?ority ov]     
space-bas$ radi(requ5cy mapp+2 &  7#d7  
an evaluation (--  7,a7 :e!r !          
developm5t ( volunt>y cons5sus indu/ry  
/&>ds 9 coord9ation ) ! ,dep>tm5t (     
,def5se is m appropriate ?an issu+      
regulations ) respect to space-bas$     
radi(requ5cy mapp+2 &  7,b7 h[ exi/+    
au?orities1 regulations1 & laws c\ld be 
appli$ 9 a mann] t prev5ts ! ne$ =      
additional regulation ( su* mapp+4  7c7 
,advisory ,committee on ,comm]cial      
,remote ,s5s+ review ,n lat] ?an #ij    
days aft] ! date ( receipt ( ! report   
requir$ "u subsection 7a71 ! ,advisory  
,committee on ,comm]cial ,remote ,s5s+  
%all submit to ! ,committee on ,sci5ce1 
,space1 & ,te*nology ( ! ,h\se (        
,repres5tatives & ! ,committee on       
,comm]ce1 ,sci5ce1 & ,transportation ( !
 ,s5ate ! report submitt$ "u subsection 
7a7 & ! op9ion ( ! ,advisory ,committee 
) respect to su* report1 includ+ any    
critiques1 conc]ns1 recomm5dations1 &   

endorsem5ts4 ,su* op9ion %all be        
submitt$ directly f ! ,*air ( !         
,advisory ,committee to ^? ,committees (
 ,congress )\t any review or *ange by ! 
,adm9i/ration4  ,pass$ ! ,h\se (        
,repres5tatives ,april #bd1             
#bjah4;,cl]k4