,,iv  #aae? ,,congress  #b;d ,session   
,h4 ,,con4 ,,res4 #acb  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se  
,,( ,,repres5tatives  ,july #bf1        
#bjah,ms4 ,max9e ,wat]s ( ,cali=nia 7=  
h]self1 ,ms4 ,bass1 ,mr4 ,johnson (     
,georgia1 ,mr4 ,meeks1 ,ms4 ,cl>ke (    
,new ,york1 ,mr4 ,c>son ( ,indiana1 ,mr4
 ,danny ,k4 ,davis ( ,ill9ois1 ,mr4     
,coh51 ,mr4 ,mc,govern1 ,mr4 ,s]rano1 & 
,ms4 ,lee7 submitt$ ! foll[+ concurr5t  
resolution2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to ! ,committee
 on ! ,judici>y  ,,concurr5t            
,,resolution  ,express+ ! s5se (        
,congress t ! ,presid5t does n h !      
au?ority "u ! ,con/itution to grant     
himself reprieve or p>don = (f5ses aga9/
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,:]eas :ile article  
,,ii1 section #b ( ! ,con/itution ve/s 9
 ! ,presid5t ! p[] to grant reprieves & 
p>dons = (f5ses aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1  
!re is an ov]rid+ fundam5tal common law 
rule1 nemo iudex 9 causa sua1 :i* holds 
t no "o may be a judge 9 8 own case2    
,:]eas ! ,con/itution & laws ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates1 & any actions pursuant !reto1   

mu/ adh]e to fundam5tal & common s5se   
pr9ciples ( law2 ,:]eas "o ( ! ,fram]s (
 ! ,con/itution1 ,james ,madison1 decl>$
 9 ! #aj? essay ( ! ,f$]ali/ ,pap]s t no
 man is all[$ to be a judge 9 8 own     
cause1 because 8 int]e/ w\ld c]ta9ly    
bias 8 judgm5t1 &1 n improbably1 corrupt
 8 integrity2 ,:]eas ano!r ,fram] ( !   
,con/itution1 ,alex&] ,hamilton1 wrote 9
 ! #gd? essay ( ! ,f$]ali/ ,pap]s t !   
p>don p[] exi/s z a matt] ( humanity &  
good policy1 & t ! ,presid5t mu/ reflect
 on ! fate ( a fell[-creature dep5d$ on 
8 sole fiat1 :i* cle>ly sugge/s t !     
,presid5t is ! grantor ( p>dons to      
ano!r1 & ex]cises ?is p[] to ! b5efit ( 
ano!r & n to ! b5efit ( himself2 ,:]eas 
und]/&+ ! fundam5tal rules ( law1 no    
,presid5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
has ev] attempt$ to p>don himself2      
,:]eas ! executive bran*1 ?r\gh !       
,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice ,(fice ( ,legal     
,c\nsel1 itself op9$ 9 an ,augu/ #e1    
#aigd1 legal op9ion t ! ,executive1 !   
,presid5t1 _c p>don himself2 ,:]eas :5  

fac$ ) ! prospect ( crim9al prosecution1
 ,presid5t ,ri*>d ,nixon appe>$ to      
ackn[l$ge ! limitations ( ! ,presid5t's 
p>don p[] z express$ 9 ! ,augu/ #e1     
#aigd1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice ,(fice (     
,legal ,c\nsel memor&um :5 he resign$   
)\t attempt+ to act contr>y to !        
memor&um2 ,:]eas if a ,presid5t 7 to    
p>don himself1 su* an action w\ld       
directly & inh]5tly violate ! common    
law1 z well z ! ,presid5t's duty "u     
article ,,ii1 section #c ( !            
,con/itution to take c>e t ! laws be    
fai?fully execut$2 ,:]eas no reasonable 
rationale exi/ = ! ,fram]s ( !          
,con/itution to h int5d$ to be/[ ^u !   
,presid5t ! p[] to exempt himself f     
acc\ntability to ! law2 & ,:]eas ! rule 
( law is mean+less if any p]son or      
entity1 includ+ ! ,presid5t1 is beyond !
 law's rea*3 ,n[1 !re=e1 be x  ,t x is !
 s5se ( ,congress t ! ,presid5t does n h
 ! au?ority "u ! ,con/itution to grant  
himself reprieve or p>don = (f5ses aga9/
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4