,i  #aad? ,,congress  #b;d ,session  ,h4
 ,r4 #efib  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(          
,,repres5tatives  ,july #h1 #bjaf,ms4   
,de,lauro 7= h]self1 ,mr4 ,nadl]1 ,ms4  
,norton1 ,ms4 ,slaught]1 ,mr4 ,cicill9e1
 ,ms4 ,lee1 ,mr4 ,mc,dermott1 ,mr4      
,s*iff1 & ,ms4 ,judy ,*u ( ,cali=nia7   
introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to
 ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y  ,a ,,bill 
,to re/ore ! effective use ( gr\p       
actions = claims aris+ "u title ,,vii ( 
! ,civil ,rights ,act ( #aifd1 title ,i 
( ! ,am]icans ) ,disabilities ,act (    
#aiij1 title ,v ( ! ,rehabilitation ,act
 ( #aigc1 section #aigg ( ! ,revis$     
,/atutes1 & ! ,g5etic ,in=mation        
,nondiscrim9ation ,act ( #bjjh1 & = o!r 
purposes4  #a4 ,%ort title ,?is ,act may
 be cit$ z ! ,equal ,employm5t          
,opportunity ,re/oration ,act ( #bjaf4  
#b4 ,f9d+s & purpose  7a7 ,f9d+s        
,congress f9ds ! foll[+3  7#a7 ,congress
 has enact$ laws to eradicate workplace 
discrim9ation & to secure equal         
employm5t opportunities = all ,am]icans1

 z not$ 9 ,team/]s v4 ,unit$ ,/ates1    
#dca ,u4,s4 #cbd 7#aigg7 & ,mc,donnell  
,d\glas ,corp4 v4 ,gre51 #daa ,u4,s4    
#gib 7#aigc7 7/at+ t civil rights laws  
are meant to assure equality ( employm5t
 opportunities & to elim9ate '''        
discrim9atory practices & devices 9 !   
workplace74  7#b7 ,workplace            
discrim9ation laws prohibit subjective  
employm5t practices t op]ate to d5y     
equal employm5t opportunities to        
employees1 z expla9$ 9 ,watson v4 ,=t   
,wor? ,bank  ,tru/1 #dhg ,u4,s4 #igg    
7#aihh71 :i* /at$ t p]sonnel decisions  
bas$ on ! ex]cise ( p]sonal judgm5t or !
 application ( inh]5tly subjective      
crit]ia are unlawful :5 ! p]sonnel      
decisions h ! effect ( discrim9at+ on   
gr\nds prohibit$ by law4  7#c7 ,class   
actions (t5 h be5 ! mo/ effective means 
to en=ce employm5t discrim9ation laws1 z
 expla9$ 9 ,ea/ ,texas ,motor ,freight  
,sy/em ,inc4 v4 ,rodriguez1 #dca ,u4,s4 
#cie 7#aigg7 7,suits alleg+ '''         
discrim9ation are (t5 by _! v nature    

class suits1 involv+ classwide wrongs   
:]e common que/ions ( law or fact are   
typically pres5t47 & 9 ,eis5 v4 ,c>lisle
  ,jacquel91 #dag ,u4,s4 #aef 7#aigd7   
7,economic reality dictates t claims (  
relatively small value proce$ z a class 
action or n at all474  7#d7             
,hi/orically1 a class action alleg+     
employm5t discrim9ation c\ld be ma9ta9$ 
if ! class 0 unit$ by a common issue (  
law or fact4 ,z a lead+ legal treatise1 
,william ,b4 ,rub5/e91 #a ,newb]g on    
,class ,actions  #c3bj 7#e? ed4 #bjaa71 
expla9$1 ?is requirem5t 0 easily met 9  
mo/ cases4 ,z ano!r lead+ treatise1     
,*>les ,a4 ,wright et al41 #g;,a ,f$]al 
,practice & ,proc$ure1 ,wright & ,mill] 
#agfc 7#crd ed4 #bjje71 expla9$1 ?is    
requirem5t _h be5 giv5 p]missive        
application4  7#e7 ,h[ev]1 ! ,supreme   
,c\rt rec5tly made x m difficult =      
victims ( discrim9ation to v9dicate     
claims = _! rights4 ,9 ,wal-,m>t ,/ores1
 ,inc4 v4 ,dukes1 #aca ,s4 ,ct4 #beda   
7#bjaa71 ! ,c\rt requir$ conv9c+ pro( ( 

a companywide discrim9atory pay &       
promotion policy z a pr]equisite to     
class c]tification4 ,9 a diss5t 9 t     
case1 ,ju/ice ,g9sb]g wrote t ! ,c\rt's 
decision disqualifies ! class at ! />t+ 
gate4  7b7 ,purpose ,! purpose ( ?is    
,act is to re/ore employees' ability to 
*all5ge1 z a gr\p1 discrim9atory        
employm5t practices1 includ+ subjective 
employm5t practices4  #c4 ,gr\p actions 
7a7 ,9 g5]al ,"p ,,vi ( title #bh1      
,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$ by add+ at
 ! end ! foll[+3  #ahb ,gr\p actions    
,sec4 #dbja4 ,gr\p actions 9 c]ta9      
employm5t discrim9ation cases4  #dbja4  
,gr\p actions 9 c]ta9 employm5t         
discrim9ation cases  7a7 ,gr\p actions  
,9 seek+ relief "u title ,,vii ( !      
,civil ,rights ,act ( #aifd 7#db        
,u4,s4,c4 #bjjj;e et seq471 title ,i ( !
 ,am]icans ) ,disabilities ,act ( #aiij 
7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #abaaa et seq471 title ,v
 ( ! ,rehabilitation ,act ( #aigc 7#bi  
,u4,s4,c4 #gia et seq471 section #aigg (
 ! ,revis$ ,/atutes 7#db ,u4,s4,c4      

#aiha71 or title ,,ii ( ! ,g5etic       
,in=mation ,nondiscrim9ation ,act (     
#bjjh 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bjjj;ff et seq47  
7individually ref]r$ to 9 ?is section z 
a cov]$ employm5t /atute71 "o or m      
memb]s 7collectively ref]r$ to 9 ?is    
section z ! repres5tative p>ty7 ( a gr\p
 may sue on behalf ( all memb]s ( ! gr\p
 if ! repres5tative p>ty %[s1 by a      
reasonable inf]5ce1 t--  7#a7 ! memb]s (
 ! gr\p are s num]\s t _! jo9d] is      
impracticable2  7#b7 ! claims ( !       
repres5tative p>ty are typical ( !      
claims ( ! gr\p ! repres5tative p>ty    
seeks to repres5t & ! repres5tative p>ty
 & ! repres5tative p>ty's c\nsel w      
fairly & adequately protect ! int]e/s ( 
! gr\p2 &  7#c7 ! memb]s ( ! gr\p are1  
or h be51 subject to an employm5t       
practice t has adv]sely affect$ or is   
adv]sely affect+ a significant portion (
 ! gr\p's memb]s4  7b7 ,subjective      
employm5t practices  7#a7 ,def9ition ,9 
?is subsection1 ! t]m subjective        
employm5t practice means-- 7,a7 an      

employ]'s policy ( leav+ p]sonnel       
decisions to ! unguid$ discretion (     
sup]visors1 manag]s1 & o!r employees )  
au?ority to make su* p]sonnel decisions2
 or  7,b7 an employm5t practice t       
comb9es a subjective employm5t practice1
 z def9$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a71 ) o!r types
 ( p]sonnel decisions4  7#b7 ,*all5ges  
,a repres5tative p>ty may *all5ge a     
subjective employm5t practice cov]$ by a
 cov]$ employm5t /atute 9 a gr\p action 
fil$ "u ?is section to ! same ext5t z ! 
p>ty may *all5ge any o!r employm5t      
practice cov]$ by ! cov]$ employm5t     
/atute 9 su* an action4  7#c7 ,ex]cise (
 discretion 9 diff]5t ways ,! fact t    
individual sup]visors1 manag]s1 or o!r  
employees ) au?ority to make p]sonnel   
decisions may ex]cise discretion 9      
diff]5t ways 9 apply+ a subjective      
employm5t practice "u ! cov]$ employm5t 
/atute %all n preclude a repres5tative  
p>ty f fil+ a correspond+ gr\p action "u
 ?is section4  7#d7 ,consid]ation (     
writt5 nondiscrim9ation policy ,9       

det]m9+ :e!r to c]tify a gr\p action    
*all5g+ an employm5t practice1 ! c\rt   
may consid] z evid5ce1 9 opposition to  
c]tification1 an employ]'s writt5       
nondiscrim9ation policy only to ! ext5t 
t ! employ] demon/rates t ! policy has  
be5 consi/5tly & effectively us$ to     
prev5t &1 :]e necess>y1 promptly correct
 discrim9ation aga9/ ! gr\p4  7c7       
,relation%ip to ,rule #bc ( ! ,f$]al    
,rules ( ,civil ,proc$ure  7#a7         
,election ( proc$ure ,! repres5tative   
p>ty may elect to proce$ 9 a gr\p action
 "u ?is section or 9 a class action "u  
rule #bc ( ! ,f$]al ,rules ( ,civil     
,proc$ure4 ,?is election %all occur n   
lat] ?an ! late/ date on :i* !          
repres5tative p>ty may petition = class 
c]tification "u rule #bc ( ! ,f$]al     
,rules ( ,civil ,proc$ure4  7#b7 ,rule  
#bc requirem5ts ,to ! ext5t consi/5t )  
?is section1 ! c\rt %all apply !        
provisions ( rule #bc7;c7 ?r\gh rule    
#bc7;h7 ( ! ,f$]al ,rules ( ,civil      
,proc$ure1 includ+ ! requirem5ts "u rule

 #bc reg>d+ notice & reque/s =          
exclusion1 to claims br\ght pursuant to 
?is section4  7#c7 ,int]locutory        
appellate review ,decisions grant+ or   
d5y+ c]tification ( claims z gr\p       
actions "u ?is section are subject to   
review to ! same ext5t z ord]s grant+ or
 d5y+ class c]tification pursuant to    
rule #bc ( ! ,f$]al ,rules ( ,civil     
,proc$ure4  7#d7 ,class action fairness 
act ,gr\p actions c]tifi$ "u ?is section
 %all be subject to section #accb7;d71  
section #adec1 & *apt] #aad to ! same   
ext5t z class actions c]tifi$ pursuant  
to rule #bc ( ! ,f$]al ,rules ( ,civil  
,proc$ure4  7#e7 ,rule ( con/ruction    
,no?+ 9 ?is section %all be con/ru$ to  
create any inf]5ce reg>d+ ! /&>ds =     
det]m9+ :e!r claims may be adjudicat$   
toge!r "u any law o!r ?an ! cov]$       
employm5t /atutes4  7d7 ,rem$ies  7#a7  
,availability ( rem$ies ,if an employ]  
has be5 f\nd liable "u a cov]$ employm5t
 /atute aga9/ a gr\p c]tifi$ "u ?is     
section1 ! c\rt may d5y a rem$y         

available "u ! cov]$ employm5t /atute to
 a memb] ( ! gr\p only if ! employ]     
demon/rates1 by a prepond]ance ( !      
evid5ce1 t ! memb] ( ! gr\p w\ld n h    
receiv$ ! correspond+ employm5t         
opportunity or b5efit ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( a
 violation ( ! cov]$ employm5t /atute4  
7#b7 ,relief  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! c\rt %all
 fa%ion ! mo/ complete relief possible =
 memb]s ( a prevail+ gr\p describ$ 9 ?is
 section & %all h broad discretion 9    
det]m9+ h[ to fa%ion t relief4  7,b7    
,ex]cise ( discretion ,9 ex]cis+ its    
discretion "u ?is p>agraph1 ! c\rt      
%all-- 7i7 use su* proc$ures z ! int]e/s
 ( ju/ice w>rant1 :i* proc$ures may     
include economic or /ati/ical model+1   
ma!matical calculation1 sampl+1         
individual adjudication1 & o!r means !  
c\rt may adopt2  7ii7 consid] :i*       
proc$ure w be/ ensure t memb]s ( ! gr\p 
w be made :ole2  7iii7 consid] :i*      
proc$ure w be/ m9imize ! co/ to & burd5 
on ! p>ties2 &  7iv7 consid] :i*        
proc$ure mo/ reliably & effici5tly      

acc\nts = limitations on ! c\rt's       
ability to id5tify individual memb]s ( !
 gr\p & to measure ! h>m incurr$ by     
individual memb]s ( ! gr\p4  4  7b7     
,te*nical & con=m+ am5dm5t ,! table (   
*apt]s = "p ,,vi ( title #bh1 ,unit$    
,/ates ,code1 is am5d$ by add+ at ! end 
! foll[+3  #ahb4;,gr\p actions#dbja  4