,,ib  ,union ,cal5d> ,no4 #ffc  #aad?   
,,congress  #b;d ,session  ,h4 ,r4 #cgfd
  ,report ,no4 #aad-hdg  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se 
,,( ,,repres5tatives  ,octob] #bj1 #bjae
 ,mr4 ,bi%op ( ,utah introduc$ ! foll[+ 
bill2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to ! ,committee on   
,natural ,res\rces  ,decemb] #g1 #bjaf  
,additional sponsors3 ,mr4 ,gos> & ,mr4 
,goodlatte  ,decemb] #g1 #bjaf ,report$ 
) an am5dm5t1 committ$ to ! ,committee (
 ! ,:ole ,h\se on ! ,/ate ( ! ,union1 & 
ord]$ to be pr9t$ ,/rike out all aft] ! 
enact+ clause & ins]t ! "p pr9t$ 9      
italic ,= text ( introduc$ bill1 see    
copy ( bill z introduc$ on ,octob] #bj1 
#bjae  ,a ,,bill  ,to provide t an      
,indian gr\p may receive ,f$]al         
ackn[l$gm5t z an ,indian tribe only by  
an ,act ( ,congress1 & = o!r purposes4  
,i ,f$]al ,recognition ( ,indian        
,tribes1 ,g5]ally  #aja4 ,%ort title    
,?is title may be cit$ z ! ,tribal      
,recognition ,act ( #bjaf4  #ajb4 ,f9d+s
 ,congress f9ds z foll[s3  7#a7 ,article
 ,i1 section #h1 clause #c ( !          

,con/itution 7commonly kn[n z ! ,indian 
,comm]ce ,clause7 gives ,congress       
au?ority ov] ,indian affairs4  7#b7 ,su*
 au?ority is pl5>y & exclusive4  7#c7   
,su* au?ority may n be ex]cis$ by !     
executive bran*1 except z expressly     
delegat$ by an ,act ( ,congress 7or by a
 treaty ratifi$ by ! ,s5ate be=e ,m>*   
#ahga74  #ajc4 ,def9itions ,z us$ 9 ?is 
title3  7#a7 ,assi/ant ,secret>y ,! t]m 
,assi/ant ,secret>y means ! ,assi/ant   
,secret>y ( ,indian ,affairs1 or t      
(fic]'s au?oriz$ repres5tative4  7#b7   
,autonom\s ,! t]m autonom\s means !     
ex]cise ( political influ5ce or au?ority
 indep5d5t ( ! control ( any o!r ,indian
 gov]n+ entity4 ,autonom\s mu/ be       
und]/ood 9 ! context ( ! hi/ory1        
geography1 culture & social organization
 ( ! petition+ gr\p4  7#c7 ,community ,!
 t]m ,community means any gr\p ( p :i* c
 demon/rate t consi/5t int]actions &    
significant social relation%ips exi/ )9 
its memb]%ip & t its memb]s are         
diff]5tiat$ f & id5tifi$ z di/9ct f     

nonmemb]s4 ,community mu/ be und]/ood 9 
! context ( ! hi/ory1 geography1 culture
 & social organization ( ! gr\p4  7#d7  
,cont95tal ,unit$ ,/ates ,! t]m         
cont95tal ,unit$ ,/ates means !         
contigu\s #dh ,/ates & ,alaska4  7#e7   
,cont9u\sly or cont9u\s ,! t]m          
cont9u\sly or cont9u\s means ext5d+ f   
fir/ su/a9$ contact ) non-,indians      
?r\gh\t ! gr\p's hi/ory to ! pres5t     
sub/antially )\t int]ruption4  7#f7     
,docum5t$ petition ,! t]m docum5t$      
petition means ! detail$ argum5ts made  
by a petition] to sub/antiate its claim 
to cont9u\s exi/5ce z an ,indian tribe1 
toge!r ) ! factual exposition & all     
docum5t>y evid5ce necess>y to demon/rate
 t ^! argum5ts address ! m&atory        
crit]ia4  7#g7 ,hi/orically1 hi/orical  
or hi/ory ,! t]m hi/orically1 hi/orical 
or hi/ory means dat+ f fir/ su/a9$      
contact ) non-,indians4  7#h7 ,indian   
gr\p or gr\p ,! t]m ,indian gr\p or gr\p
 means any ,indian or ,alaska ,native   
aggregation )9 ! cont95tal ,unit$ ,/ates

 t ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior does n      
ackn[l$ge to be an ,indian tribe4       
,indian tribe1 also ref]r$ to h]e9 z    
tribe1 means any ,indian or ,alaska     
,native tribe1 b&1 pueblo1 village1 or  
community )9 ! cont95tal ,unit$ ,/ates t
 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior has lawfully  
ackn[l$g$ z an ,indian tribe4  7#i7     
,indig5\s ,! t]m indig5\s means native  
to ! cont95tal ,unit$ ,/ates 9 t at lea/
 "p ( ! petition]'s t]ritory at ! "t (  
su/a9$ contact ext5d$ into :at is n[ !  
cont95tal ,unit$ ,/ates4  7#aj7 ,in=m$  
p>ty ,! t]m in=m$ p>ty means any p]son  
or organization1 o!r ?an an int]e/$     
p>ty1 :o reque/s an opportunity to      
submit comm5ts or evid5ce or to be kept 
in=m$ ( g5]al actions reg>d+ a specific 
petition]4  7#aa7 ,int]e/$ p>ty ,! t]m  
int]e/$ p>ty means any p]son1           
organization or o!r entity :o c e/abli% 
a legal1 factual or prop]ty int]e/ 9 an 
ackn[l$gm5t det]m9ation & :o reque/s an 
opportunity to submit comm5ts or evid5ce
 or to be kept in=m$ ( g5]al actions    

reg>d+ a specific petition]4 ,int]e/$   
p>ty includes ! gov]nor & attorney g5]al
 ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* a petition] is locat$1 
& may include1 b is n limit$ to1 local  
gov]nm5tal units1 & any recogniz$       
,indian tribes & unrecogniz$ ,indian    
gr\ps t might be affect$ by an          
ackn[l$gm5t det]m9ation4  7#ab7 ,lett] (
 int5t ,! t]m lett] ( int5t means an    
undocum5t$ lett] or resolution by :i* an
 ,indian gr\p reque/s ,f$]al ackn[l$gm5t
 z an ,indian tribe & expresses its     
int5t to submit a docum5t$ petition4    
7#ac7 ,petition] ,! t]m petition] means 
any entity t has submitt$ a lett] (     
int5t to ! ,secret>y reque/+ ackn[l$gm5t
 t x is an ,indian tribe4  7#ad7        
,political influ5ce or au?ority ,! t]m  
political influ5ce or au?ority means a  
tribal c\ncil1 lead]%ip1 int]nal process
 or o!r me*anism :i* ! gr\p has us$ z a 
means ( influ5c+ or controll+ ! behavior
 ( its memb]s 9 significant respects1   
&_/or mak+ decisions = ! gr\p :i*       
sub/antially affect its memb]s1 &_/or   

repres5t+ ! gr\p 9 deal+ ) outsid]s 9   
matt]s ( consequ5ce4 ,?is process is to 
be und]/ood 9 ! context ( ! hi/ory1     
culture & social organization ( ! gr\p4 
7#ae7 ,previ\s ,f$]al ackn[l$gm5t ,! t]m
 previ\s ,f$]al ackn[l$gm5t means action
 by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t cle>ly premis$ on
 id5tification ( a tribal political     
entity & indicat+ cle>ly ! recognition (
 a relation%ip betwe5 t entity & !      
,unit$ ,/ates4  7#af7 ,secret>y ,! t]m  
,secret>y means ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior
 or t (fic]'s au?oriz$ repres5tative4   
7#ag7 ,su/a9$ contact ,! t]m su/a9$     
contact means ! p]iod ( e>lie/ su/a9$   
non-,indian settlem5t &_/or gov]nm5tal  
pres5ce 9 ! local area 9 :i* ! hi/orical
 tribe or tribes f :i* ! petition]      
desc5ds 0 locat$ hi/orically4  #ajd4    
,gr\ps eligible to submit petitions  7a7
 ,eligible gr\ps ,indian gr\ps indig5\s 
to ! cont95tal ,unit$ ,/ates t are n    
f$]ally recogniz$ ,indian tribes on !   
date ( ! enactm5t ( ?is ,act may submit 
a petition "u ?is title4  7b7           

,ineligible gr\ps ,! foll[+ may n submit
 a petition "u ?is title3 7#a7 ,spl9t]  
gr\ps1 political factions1 communities  
or gr\ps ( any "* t sep>ate f ! ma9 body
 ( a f$]ally recogniz$ ,indian tribe1   
unless !y c e/abli% cle>ly t !y h       
function$ ?r\gh\t hi/ory until ! pres5t 
z an autonom\s tribal entity1 ev5 if !y 
h be5 reg>d$ by "s z "p ( or h be5      
associat$ 9 "s mann] ) a f$]ally        
recogniz$ ,indian tribe4  7#b7 ,indian  
tribes1 organiz$ b&s1 pueblos1 ,alaska  
native villages1 or communities t h be5 
lawfully ackn[l$g$ to be f$]ally        
recogniz$ ,indian tribes & are receiv+  
s]vices f ! ,bureau ( ,indian ,affairs4 
7#c7 ,gr\ps t petition$ & 7 d5i$ ,f$]al 
ackn[l$gm5t "u "p #hc ( title #be1 ,code
 ( ,f$]al ,regulations1 includ+         
reorganiz$ or recon/itut$ petition]s    
previ\sly d5i$1 or spl9t] gr\ps1        
sp9-(fs1 or compon5t gr\ps ( any type t 
7 once "p ( petition]s previ\sly d5i$4  
7#d7 ,gr\ps = :i* a docum5t$ petition   
has n be5 fil$ pursuant to section #aji 

by ! date t is five ye>s aft] ! date ( !
 enactm5t ( ?is ,act4  7c7 ,gr\ps )     
petitions 9 progress ,?is title1 includ+
 ! crit]ia 9 section #ajg1 %all apply to
 any ,indian gr\p ^: docum5t$ petition 0
 submitt$ & n d5i$ on ! date ( !        
enactm5t ( ?is ,act4  #aje4 ,fil+ a     
lett] ( int5t ,any ,indian gr\p 9 !     
cont95tal ,unit$ ,/ates t believes x    
%\ld be ackn[l$g$ z an ,indian tribe & t
 x c satisfy ! crit]ia 9 ?is title may  
submit a lett] ( int5t reque/+          
ackn[l$gm5t t an ,indian gr\p exi/s z an
 ,indian tribe4 ,! lett] ( int5t        
submitt$ "u ?is section-- 7#a7 %all be  
fil$ ) ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y--,indian   
,affairs1 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior2  7#b7 
may be fil$ 9 advance (1 or at ! same "t
 z1 a gr\p's docum5t$ petition2 &  7#c7 
%all be produc$1 dat$ & sign$ by !      
gov]n+ body ( an ,indian gr\p4  #ajf4   
,duties ( ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y  7a7    
,guidel9es ,! ,assi/ant ,secret>y %all  
make available guidel9es = ! prep>ation 
( docum5t$ petitions4 ,^! guidel9es     

%all-- 7#a7 include an explanation ( !  
crit]ia1 a discussion ( ! types (       
evid5ce :i* may be us$ to demon/rate    
p>ticul> crit]ia1 & g5]al sugge/ions &  
guidel9es on h[ & :]e to conduct rese>*2
  7#b7 include an example ( a docum5t$  
petition =mat :i* %all provide guidance1
 b n preclude ! use ( any o!r =mat2 &   
7#c7 may be supplem5t$ or updat$ z      
necess>y4  7b7 ,rese>* & prep>ation (   
petition ,! ,assi/ant ,secret>y-- 7#a7  
%all provide petition]s ) sugge/ions &  
advice reg>d+ prep>ation ( ! docum5t$   
petition2 &  7#b7 %all n be responsible 
= ! actual rese>* on behalf ( !         
petition]4  #ajg4 ,crit]ia = ,f$]al     
ackn[l$gm5t ,! crit]ia = consid]ation = 
,f$]al ackn[l$gm5t is1 at a m9imum1 !   
foll[+3  7#a7 ,! petition] has be5      
id5tifi$ z an ,am]ican ,indian entity on
 a sub/antially cont9u\s basis s9ce     
#aijj4 ,evid5ce t ! gr\p's "* z an      
,indian entity has f "t to "t be5 d5i$  
%all n be consid]$ to be conclusive     
evid5ce t ?is crit]ion has n be5 met4   

,evid5ce to be reli$ ^u 9 det]m9+ a     
gr\p's ,indian id5tity may include "o or
 a comb9ation ( ! foll[+1 z well z o!r  
evid5ce ( id5tification by o!r ?an !    
petition] itself or its memb]s3 7,a7    
,id5tification z an ,indian entity by   
,f$]al au?orities4  7,b7 ,relation%ips )
 ,/ate gov]nm5ts bas$ on id5tification (
 ! gr\p z ,indian4  7,c7 ,deal+s ) a    
c\nty1 p>i%1 or o!r local gov]nm5t 9 a  
relation%ip bas$ on ! gr\p's ,indian    
id5tity4  7,d7 ,id5tification z an      
,indian entity by an?ropologi/s1        
hi/orians1 &_/or o!r s*ol>s4  7,e7      
,id5tification z an ,indian entity 9    
newspap]s & books4  7,f7 ,id5tification 
z an ,indian entity 9 relation%ips )    
,indian tribes or ) national1 regional1 
or ,/ate ,indian organizations4  7#b7 ,a
 pr$om9ant portion ( ! petition+ gr\p   
comprises a di/9ct community & has exi/$
 z a community f hi/orical times until !
 pres5t4  7,a7 ,?is crit]ion may be     
demon/rat$ by "s comb9ation ( ! foll[+  
evid5ce &_/or o!r evid5ce t ! petition] 

meets ! def9ition ( community3 7i7      
,significant rates ( m>riage )9 ! gr\p1 
&_/or1 z may be culturally requir$1     
patt]n$ out-m>riages ) o!r ,indian      
populations4  7ii7 ,significant social  
relation%ips connect+ individual memb]s4
  7iii7 ,significant rates ( in=mal     
social int]action :i* exi/ broadly among
 ! memb]s ( a gr\p4  7iv7 ,a significant
 degree ( %>$ or coop]ative labor or o!r
 economic activity among ! memb]%ip4    
7v7 ,evid5ce ( /rong patt]ns (          
discrim9ation or o!r social di/9ctions  
by nonmemb]s4  7vi7 ,%>$ sacr$ or secul>
 ritual activity encompass+ mo/ ( !     
gr\p4  7vii7 ,cultural patt]ns %>$ among
 a significant portion ( ! gr\p t are   
diff]5t f ^? ( ! non-,indian populations
 ) :om x int]acts4 ,^! patt]ns mu/      
function z m ?an a symbolic             
id5tification ( ! gr\p z ,indian4 ,!y   
may include1 b are n limit$ to1         
language1 k9%ip organization1 or        
religi\s beliefs & practices4  7viii7 ,!
 p]si/5ce ( a nam$1 collective ,indian  

id5tity cont9u\sly ov] a p]iod ( m ?an  
#ej ye>s1 not)/&+ *anges 9 "n4  7ix7 ,a 
demon/ration ( hi/orical political      
influ5ce "u ! crit]ion 9 p>agraph 7#c7  
%all be evid5ce = demon/rat+ hi/orical  
community4  7,b7 ,a petition] %all be   
consid]$ to h provid$ suffici5t evid5ce 
( community at a giv5 po9t 9 "t if      
evid5ce is provid$ to demon/rate any "o 
( ! foll[+3 7i7 ,m ?an #ej p]c5t ( !    
memb]s reside 9 a geographical area     
exclusively or almo/ exclusively compos$
 ( memb]s ( ! gr\p1 & ! balance ( ! gr\p
 ma9ta9s consi/5t int]action ) "s memb]s
 ( ! community4  7ii7 ,at lea/ #ej p]c5t
 ( ! m>riages 9 ! gr\p are betwe5 memb]s
 ( ! gr\p4  7iii7 ,at lea/ #ej p]c5t ( !
 gr\p memb]s ma9ta9 di/9ct cultural     
patt]ns su* z1 b n limit$ to1 language1 
k9%ip organization1 or religi\s beliefs 
& practices4  7iv7 ,!re are di/9ct      
community social in/itutions encompass+ 
mo/ ( ! memb]s1 su* z k9%ip             
organizations1 =mal or in=mal economic  
coop]ation1 or religi\s organizations4  

7v7 ,! gr\p has met ! crit]ion 9        
p>agraph 7#c7 us+ evid5ce describ$ 9    
p>agraph 7#c77;,b74  7#c7 ,! petition]  
has ma9ta9$ political influ5ce or       
au?ority ov] its memb]s z an autonom\s  
entity f hi/orical times until ! pres5t4
 7,a7 ,?is crit]ion may be demon/rat$ by
 "s comb9ation ( ! evid5ce li/$ bel[    
&_/or by o!r evid5ce t ! petition] meets
 ! def9ition ( political influ5ce or    
au?ority3  7i7 ,! gr\p is able to       
mobilize significant numb]s ( memb]s &  
significant res\rces f its memb]s = gr\p
 purposes4  7ii7 ,mo/ ( ! memb]%ip      
consid]s issues act$ ^u or actions tak5 
by gr\p lead]s or gov]n+ bodies to be ( 
importance4  7iii7 ,!re is widespread k1
 communication & involvem5t 9 political 
processes by mo/ ( ! gr\p's memb]s4     
7iv7 ,! gr\p meets ! crit]ion 9 p>agraph
 7#b7 at m ?an a m9imal level4  7v7 ,!re
 are int]nal conflicts :i* %[ controv]sy
 ov] valu$ gr\p goals1 prop]ties1       
policies1 processes &_/or decisions4    
7,b7 ,a petition+ gr\p %all be consid]$ 

to h provid$ suffici5t evid5ce to       
demon/rate ! ex]cise ( political        
influ5ce or au?ority at a giv5 po9t 9 "t
 by demon/rat+ t gr\p lead]s &_/or o!r  
me*anisms exi/ or exi/$ :i*--  7i7      
allocate gr\p res\rces su* z l&1        
resid5ce rights & ! l on a consi/5t     
basis2  7ii7 settle disputes betwe5     
memb]s or subgr\ps by m$iation or o!r   
means on a regul> basis2  7iii7 ex]t    
/rong influ5ce on ! behavior (          
individual memb]s1 su* z ! e/abli%m5t or
 ma9t5ance ( norms & ! en=cem5t (       
sanctions to direct or control behavior2
 &  7iv7 organize or influ5ce economic  
subsi/5ce activities among ! memb]s1    
includ+ %>$ or coop]ative labor4  7,c7  
,a gr\p t has met ! requirem5ts 9       
p>agraph 7#b77;,b7 at a giv5 po9t 9 "t  
%all be consid]$ to h provid$ suffici5t 
evid5ce to meet ?is crit]ion at t po9t 9
 "t4  7#d7 ,a copy ( ! gr\p's pres5t    
gov]n+ docum5t includ+ its memb]%ip     
crit]ia4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a writt5 docum5t1
 ! petition] mu/ provide a /atem5t      

describ+ 9 full its memb]%ip crit]ia &  
curr5t gov]n+ proc$ures4  7#e7 ,!       
petition]'s memb]%ip consi/s (          
individuals :o desc5d f a hi/orical     
,indian tribe or f hi/orical ,indian    
tribes :i* comb9$ & function$ z a s+le  
autonom\s political entity4 7,a7 ,"s    
types ( evid5ce t c be us$ = ?is purpose
 include ! foll[+3  7i7 ,rolls prep>$ by
 ! ,secret>y on a desc5dancy basis =    
purposes ( di/ribut+ claims money1      
provid+ allotm5ts1 or o!r purposes4     
7ii7 ,/ate1 ,f$]al1 or o!r (ficial      
records or evid5ce id5tify+ pres5t      
memb]s or ance/ors ( pres5t memb]s z be+
 desc5dants ( a hi/orical tribe or      
tribes t comb9$ & function$ z a s+le    
autonom\s political entity4  7iii7      
,*ur*1 s*ool1 & o!r simil> enrollm5t    
records id5tify+ pres5t memb]s or       
ance/ors ( pres5t memb]s z be+          
desc5dants ( a hi/orical tribe or tribes
 t comb9$ & function$ z a s+le autonom\s
 political entity4  7iv7 ,affidavits (  
recognition by tribal eld]s1 lead]s1 or 

! tribal gov]n+ body id5tify+ pres5t    
memb]s or ance/ors ( pres5t memb]s z be+
 desc5dants ( a hi/orical tribe or      
tribes t comb9$ & function$ z a s+le    
autonom\s political entity4  7v7 ,o!r   
records or evid5ce id5tify+ pres5t      
memb]s or ance/ors ( pres5t memb]s z be+
 desc5dants ( a hi/orical tribe or      
tribes t comb9$ & function$ z a s+le    
autonom\s political entity4  7,b7 ,!    
petition] mu/ provide an (ficial        
memb]%ip li/1 sep>ately c]tifi$ by !    
gr\p's gov]n+ body1 ( all kn[n curr5t   
memb]s ( ! gr\p4 ,?is li/ mu/ include   
ea* memb]'s full "n 7includ+ maid5 "n71 
date ( bir?1 & curr5t resid5tial        
address4 ,! petition] mu/ also provide a
 copy ( ea* available =m] li/ ( memb]s  
bas$ on ! gr\p's own def9$ crit]ia1 z   
well z a /atem5t describ+ ! circum/ances
 surr\nd+ ! prep>ation ( ! curr5t li/ &1
 ins(> z possible1 ! circum/ances       
surr\nd+ ! prep>ation ( =m] li/s4  7#f7 
,! memb]%ip ( ! petition+ gr\p is       
compos$ pr9cipally ( p]sons :o are n    

memb]s ( any ackn[l$g$ ,nor? ,am]ican   
,indian tribe4 ,h[ev]1 "u c]ta9         
conditions a petition+ gr\p may be      
ackn[l$g$ ev5 if its memb]%ip is compos$
 pr9cipally ( p]sons ^: names h appe>$  
on rolls (1 or :o h be5 o!rwise         
associat$ )1 an ackn[l$g$ ,indian tribe4
 ,! conditions are t ! gr\p mu/ e/abli% 
t x has function$ ?r\gh\t hi/ory until !
 pres5t z a sep>ate & autonom\s ,indian 
tribal entity1 t its memb]s d n ma9ta9 a
 bilat]al political relation%ip ) !     
ackn[l$g$ tribe1 & t its memb]s h       
provid$ writt5 confirmation ( _!        
memb]%ip 9 ! petition+ gr\p4  7#g7      
,nei!r ! petition] nor its memb]s are ! 
subject ( congressional legislation t   
has expressly t]m9at$ or =bidd5 ! ,f$]al
 relation%ip4  #ajh4 ,previ\s ,f$]al    
ackn[l$gm5t  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,unambigu\s   
previ\s ,f$]al ackn[l$gm5t %all be      
acceptable evid5ce ( ! tribal "* ( a    
petition] to ! date ( ! la/ su* previ\s 
ackn[l$gm5t4 ,if a petition] provides   
sub/antial evid5ce ( unambigu\s ,f$]al  

ackn[l$gm5t1 ! petition] %all only be   
requir$ to demon/rate t x meets !       
requirem5ts ( section #ajg to ! ext5t   
requir$ by ?is section4 ,a det]m9ation (
 ! adequacy ( ! evid5ce ( previ\s ,f$]al
 action ackn[l$g+ tribal /atus %all be  
made dur+ ! te*nical assi/ance review ( 
! docum5t$ petition conduct$ pursuant to
 section #aaj7;b74  7b7 ,evid5ce        
,evid5ce to demon/rate previ\s ,f$]al   
ackn[l$gm5t includes evid5ce t ! gr\p-- 
7#a7 has _h treaty relations ) ! ,unit$ 
,/ates2  7#b7 has be5 d5om9at$ a tribe  
by an ,act ( ,congress or ,executive    
ord]2 &  7#c7 has be5 treat$ by ! ,f$]al
 ,gov]nm5t z hav+ collective rights 9   
tribal l&s or funds4  #aji4 ,notice (   
receipt ( a petition  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,n   
lat] ?an #cj days aft] receiv+ a lett] (
 int5t1 or a docum5t$ petition if a     
lett] ( int5t has n previ\sly be5       
receiv$ & notic$1 ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y 
%all ackn[l$ge to ! s5d] su* receipt 9  
writ+4 ,notice "u ?is subsection %all-- 
7#a7 include ! "n1 location1 & mail+    

address ( ! petition] & su* o!r         
in=mation to id5tify ! entity submitt+ !
 lett] ( int5t or docum5t$ petition & ! 
date x 0 receiv$2  7#b7 s]ve to ann\nce 
! opportunity = int]e/$ p>ties & in=m$  
p>ties to submit factual or legal       
argum5ts 9 support ( or 9 opposition to 
! petition]'s reque/ = ackn[l$gm5t or to
 reque/ to be kept in=m$ ( all g5]al    
actions affect+ ! petition2 &  7#c7     
indicate :]e a copy ( ! lett] ( int5t & 
! docum5t$ petition may be exam9$4  7b7 
,notice to ,/ate gov]nm5ts ,! ,assi/ant 
,secret>y %all notify1 9 writ+--  7#a7 !
 ,gov]nor & ,attorney ,g5]al ( ! ,/ate  
or ,/ates 9 :i* a petition] is locat$2 &
  7#b7 any recogniz$ tribe & any o!r    
petition] t--  7,a7 appe>s to h a       
hi/orical or pres5t relation%ip ) !     
petition]2 or  7,b7 may o!rwise be      
consid]$ to h a pot5tial int]e/ 9 !     
ackn[l$gm5t det]m9ation4  7c7           
,publication ,n lat] ?an #fj days aft]  
receiv+ a lett] ( int5t1 or a docum5t$  
petition if a lett] ( int5t has n       

previ\sly be5 receiv$ & notic$1 !       
,assi/ant ,secret>y %all h ! notice     
requir$ "u ?is section publi%$-- 7#a7 9 
! ,f$]al ,regi/]2 &  7#b7 9 a major     
newspap] or newspap]s ( g5]al           
circulation 9 ! t[n or city ne>e/ to !  
petition]4  #aaj4 ,process+ ( ! docum5t$
 petition  7a7 ,review ,^u receipt ( a  
docum5t$ petition1 ! ,assi/ant          
,secret>y--  7#a7 %all cause a review to
 be conduct$ to det]m9e ! ext5t to :i* !
 petition] has met ! crit]ia set =? 9   
section #ajg2  7#b7 %all include        
consid]ation ( ! docum5t$ petition & !  
factual /atem5ts conta9$ !re92  7#c7 may
 initiate o!r rese>* = any purpose      
relative to analyz+ ! docum5t$ petition 
& obta9+ additional in=mation ab\t !    
petition]'s /atus2 &  7#d7 may consid]  
any evid5ce :i* may be submitt$ by      
int]e/$ p>ties or in=m$ p>ties4  7b7    
,te*nical assi/ance  7#a7 ,prior to     
review ( ! docum5t$ petition "u         
subsection 7a71 ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y   
%all conduct a prelim9>y review ( !     

petition 9 ord] to provide te*nical     
assi/ance to ! petition]4  7#b7 ,!      
review "u p>agraph 7#a7 %all be a       
prelim9>y review = ! purpose ( provid+ !
 petition] an opportunity to supplem5t  
or revise ! docum5t$ petition prior to !
 review "u p>agraph 7#a74 ,ins(> z      
possible1 te*nical assi/ance reviews "u 
?is p>agraph w be conduct$ 9 ! ord] (   
receipt ( docum5t$ petitions4 ,h[ev]1   
te*nical assi/ance reviews w n h        
priority ov] active consid]ation (      
docum5t$ petitions4  7#c7 ,aft] !       
te*nical assi/ance review1 ! ,assi/ant  
,secret>y %all notify ! petition] by    
lett] ( any obvi\s defici5cies or       
significant omissions app>5t 9 !        
docum5t$ petition & provide ! petition] 
) an opportunity to )draw ! docum5t$    
petition = fur!r "w or to submit        
additional in=mation4  7#d7 ,if a       
petition]'s docum5t$ petition claims    
previ\s ,f$]al ackn[l$gm5t or includes  
evid5ce ( previ\s ,f$]al ackn[l$gm5t1 ! 
te*nical assi/ance review %all also     

include a review to det]m9e :e!r t      
evid5ce is suffici5t to meet !          
requirem5ts ( previ\s ,f$]al            
ackn[l$gm5t4  7c7 ,response to te*nical 
assi/ance review  7#a7 ,petition]s may  
respond 9 "p or 9 full to ! te*nical    
assi/ance review lett] or reque/1 9     
writ+1 t ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y proce$ ) 
! active consid]ation ( ! docum5t$      
petition us+ ! mat]ials already         
submitt$4  7#b7 ,if ! petition] reque/s 
t ! mat]ials submitt$ 9 response to !   
te*nical assi/ance review lett] be aga9 
review$ = adequacy1 ! ,assi/ant         
,secret>y %all provide ! additional     
review4  7#c7 ,if ! ass]tion ( previ\s  
,f$]al ackn[l$gm5t "u section #ajh _c be
 sub/antiat$ dur+ ! te*nical assi/ance  
review1 ! petition] may respond by      
provid+ additional evid5ce4 ,a petition]
 t claims previ\s ,f$]al ackn[l$gm5t &  
fails to respond to a te*nical assi/ance
 review lett] "u ?is subsection1 or ^:  
response fails to e/abli% ! claim1 %all 
h its docum5t$ petition consid]$ on !   

same basis z docum5t$ petitions submitt$
 by gr\ps n claim+ previ\s ,f$]al       
ackn[l$gm5t4 ,petition]s t fail to      
demon/rate previ\s ,f$]al ackn[l$gm5t   
aft] a review ( mat]ials submitt$ 9     
response to ! te*nical assi/ance review 
%all be s notifi$4 ,su* petition]s may  
submit additional mat]ials conc]n+      
previ\s ackn[l$gm5t dur+ ! c\rse (      
active consid]ation4  7d7 ,consid]ation 
( docum5t$ petitions ,! ,assi/ant       
,secret>y %all--  7#a7 review docum5t$  
petitions 9 ! ord] t !y are det]m9$     
ready = review2  7#b7 e/abli% & ma9ta9 a
 numb]$ regi/] ( docum5t$ petitions :i* 
h be5 det]m9$ ready = active            
consid]ation2  7#c7 ma9ta9 a numb]$     
regi/] ( lett]s ( int5t or incomplete   
petitions bas$ on ! orig9al date receiv$
 by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior2 &  7#d7   
use ! regi/] ( lett]s ( int5t or        
incomplete petitions to det]m9e ! ord] (
 review by ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y if two 
or m docum5t$ petitions are det]m9$     
ready = review on ! same date4  7e7     

,report ,n lat] ?an #a ye> aft] notify+ 
! petition] t review ( ! docum5t$       
petition has begun1 ! ,assi/ant         
,secret>y %all-- 7#a7 submit a report   
includ+ a summ>y ( ! evid5ce1 f9d+s1    
petition1 & support+ docum5tation1 to ! 
,committee on ,natural ,res\rces ( !    
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & ! ,committee  
on ,indian ,affairs ( ! ,s5ate2  7#b7   
notify ! petition] & int]e/$ p>ties t ! 
review is complete & ! report requir$ "u
 p>agraph 7#a7 has be5 submitt$2  7#c7  
provide copies ( ! report to ! petition]
 & int]e/$ p>ties2 &  7#d7 provide      
copies ( ! report to in=m$ p>ties & o!rs
 ^u writt5 reque/4  #aaa4 ,cl>ification 
( ,f$]al recognition au?ority  7a7 ,act 
( ,congress requir$ ,an ,indian gr\p may
 receive ,f$]al ackn[l$gm5t 7or         
reackn[l$gm5t7 z an ,indian tribe only  
by an ,act ( ,congress4 ,! ,secret>y may
 n grant ,f$]al ackn[l$gm5t 7or         
reackn[l$gm5t7 to any ,indian gr\p4  7b7
 ,previ\s ackn[l$gm5t ,?is title %all n 
affect ! /atus ( any ,indian tribe t 0  

f$]ally ackn[l$g$ be=e ! date ( !       
enactm5t ( ?is ,act4  #aab4 ,=ce &      
effect ( regulations ,"p #hc ( title    
#be1 ,code ( ,f$]al ,regulations1 %all h
 no =ce or effect4  ,,ii ,f$]al         
,recognition ( ,virg9ia ,indian ,tribes 
#bja4 ,%ort title ,?is title may be cit$
 z ! ,?omas9a ,e4 ,jordan ,indian       
,tribes ( ,virg9ia ,f$]al ,recognition  
,act ( #bjaf4  #bjb4 ,indian ,*ild      
,welf>e ,act ( #aigh ,no?+ 9 ?is title  
affects ! application ( section #aji ( !
 ,indian ,*ild ,welf>e ,act ( #aigh 7#be
 ,u4,s4,c4 #aiai74  ,a ,*ickahom9y      
,indian ,tribe  #baa4 ,f9d+s ,congress  
f9ds t-- 7#a7 9 #afjg1 :5 ! ,engli%     
settl]s set %ore along ! ,virg9ia       
coa/l9e1 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe 0 
"o ( ab\t #cj tribes t receiv$ !m2  7#b7
 9 #afad1 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe  
ent]$ into a treaty ) ,sir ,?omas ,dale1
 ,gov]nor ( ! ,jame/[n ,colony1 "u :i*--
 7,a7 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe agre$
 to provide #b bu%els ( corn p] man &   
s5d w>riors to protect ! ,engli%2 &     

7,b7 ,sir ,?omas ,dale agre$ 9 return to
 all[ ! ,tribe to cont9ue to practice   
its own tribal gov]nance2  7#c7 9 #afdf1
 a treaty 0 sign$ :i* =c$ ! ,*ickahom9y 
f _! homel& to ! area ar\nd ! ,york     
,mattaponi ,riv] 9 pres5t-day ,k+       
,william ,c\nty1 lead+ to ! =mation ( a 
res]vation2  7#d7 9 #afgg1 foll[+       
,bacon's ,rebellion1 ! ,que5 ( ,pamunkey
 sign$ ! ,treaty ( ,middle ,plantation  
on behalf ( ! ,*ickahom9y2  7#e7 9      
#agjb1 ! ,*ickahom9y 7 =c$ f _!         
res]vation1 :i* caus$ ! loss ( a l&     
base2  7#f7 9 #agaa1 ! ,college (       
,william & ,m>y 9 ,williamsburg e/abli%$
 a gramm> s*ool = ,indians call$        
,braff]ton ,college2  7#g7 a ,*ickahom9y
 *ild 0 "o ( ! fir/ ,indians to att5d   
,braff]ton ,college2  7#h7 9 #agej1 !   
,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe began to     
migrate f ,k+ ,william ,c\nty back to ! 
area ar\nd ! ,*ickahom9y ,riv] 9 ,new   
,k5t & ,*>les ,city ,c\nties2  7#i7 9   
#agic1 a ,bapti/ mission>y nam$ ,bradby 
took refuge ) ! ,*ickahom9y & took a    

,*ickahom9y woman z 8 wife2  7#aj7 9    
#ahca1 ! names ( ! ance/ors ( !         
mod]n-day ,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe    
began to appe> 9 ! ,*>les ,city ,c\nty  
c5sus records2  7#aa7 9 #aija1 !        
,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe =m$ ,sam>ia  
,bapti/ ,*ur*2  7#ab7 f #aija to #aice1 
,*ickahom9y m5 7 assess$ a tribal tax s 
t _! *ildr5 c\ld receive an education2  
7#ac7 ! ,tribe us$ ! proce$s f ! tax to 
build ! fir/ ,sam>ia ,indian ,s*ool1 buy
 supplies1 & pay a tea*]'s sal>y2  7#ad7
 9 #aiai1 ,c4 ,lee ,moore1 ,auditor (   
,public ,acc\nts = ,virg9ia1 told       
,*ickahom9y ,*ief ,o4,w4 ,adk9s t he _h 
in/ruct$ ! ,commission] ( ,rev5ue =     
,*>les ,city ,c\nty to record           
,*ickahom9y tribal memb]s on ! c\nty tax
 rolls z ,indian1 & n z ,:ite or color$2
  7#ae7 dur+ ! p]iod ( #aibj ?r\gh      
#aicj1 v>i\s ,gov]nors ( ! ,commonweal? 
( ,virg9ia wrote lett]s ( introduction =
 ,*ickahom9y ,*iefs :o _h (ficial       
bus9ess ) ,f$]al ag5cies 9 ,wa%+ton1    
,,dc2  7#af7 9 #aicd1 ,*ickahom9y ,*ief 

,o4,o4 ,adk9s wrote to ,john ,colli]1   
,commission] ( ,indian ,affairs1 reque/+
 money to acquire l& = ! ,*ickahom9y    
,indian ,tribe's use1 to build s*ool1   
m$ical1 & libr>y facilities & to buy    
tractors1 implem5ts1 & se$2  7#ag7 9    
#aicd1 ,john ,colli]1 ,commission] (    
,indian ,affairs1 wrote to ,*ickahom9y  
,*ief ,o4,o4 ,adk9s1 in=m+ him t        
,congress _h pass$ ! ,act ( ,june #ah1  
#aicd 7commonly kn[n z ! ,indian        
,reorganization ,act7 7#be ,u4,s4,c4    
#dfa et seq471 b _h n made !            
appropriation to fund ! ,act2  7#ah7 9  
#aidb1 ,*ickahom9y ,*ief ,o4,o4 ,adk9s  
wrote to ,john ,colli]1 ,commission] (  
,indian ,affairs1 ask+ = help 9 gett+ ! 
prop] racial designation on ,selective  
,s]vice records = ,*ickahom9y soldi]s2  
7#ai7 9 #aidc1 ,john ,colli]1           
,commission] ( ,indian ,affairs1 ask$   
,d\glas ,s4 ,freeman1 editor ( !        
,ri*mond ,news-,lead] newspap] (        
,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia1 to help ,virg9ia    
,indians obta9 prop] racial designation 

on bir? records2  7#bj7 ,colli] /at$ t 8
 (fice c\ld n (ficially int]v5e because 
x _h no responsibility = ! ,virg9ia     
,indians1 z a matt] l>gely ( hi/orical  
accid5t1 b 0 int]e/$ 9 !m z desc5dants (
 ! orig9al inhabitants ( ! region2      
7#ba7 9 #aidh1 ! ,vet]ans' ,education   
,committee ( ! ,virg9ia ,/ate ,bo>d (   
,education approv$ ,sam>ia ,indian      
,s*ool to provide tra9+ to vet]ans2     
7#bb7 t s*ool 0 e/abli%$ & run by !     
,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe2  7#bc7 9    
#aiej1 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe     
pur*as$ & donat$ to ! ,*>les ,city      
,c\nty ,s*ool ,bo>d l& to be us$ to     
build a mod]n s*ool = /ud5ts ( !        
,*ickahom9y & o!r ,virg9ia ,indian      
tribes2  7#bd7 ! ,sam>ia ,indian ,s*ool 
includ$ /ud5ts 9 grades #a ?r\gh #h2    
7#be7 9 #aifa1 ,s5ator ,sam ,erv91      
,*airman ( ! ,subcommittee on           
,con/itutional ,rights ( ! ,committee on
 ! ,judici>y ( ! ,s5ate1 reque/$        
,*ickahom9y ,*ief ,o4,o4 ,adk9s to      
provide assi/ance 9 analyz+ ! /atus ( ! 

con/itutional rights ( ,indians 9 y\r   
area2  7#bf7 9 #aifg1 ! ,*>les ,city    
,c\nty s*ool bo>d clos$ ,sam>ia ,indian 
,s*ool & conv]t$ ! s*ool to a c\ntywide 
prim>y s*ool z a /ep t[>d full s*ool    
integration ( ,indian & non-,indian     
/ud5ts2  7#bg7 9 #aigb1 ! ,*>les ,city  
,c\nty s*ool bo>d began receiv+ funds "u
 ! ,indian ,self-,det]m9ation &         
,education ,assi/ance ,act 7#be         
,u4,s4,c4 #deh;aa et seq47 on behalf (  
,*ickahom9y /ud5ts1 :i* fund+ is provid$
 z ( ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act "u    
title ,v ( ! ,indian ,self-,det]m9ation 
& ,education ,assi/ance ,act 7#be       
,u4,s4,c4 #deh;aaa et seq472  7#bh7 9   
#aigd1 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe     
b\ght l& & built a tribal c5t] us+      
mon?ly pl$ges f tribal memb]s to f9ance 
! transactions2  7#bi7 9 #aihc1 !       
,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe 0 grant$     
recognition z an ,indian tribe by !     
,commonweal? ( ,virg9ia1 along ) #e o!r 
,indian tribes2 &  7#cj7 9 #aihe1       
,gov]nor ,g]ald ,baliles 0 ! special    

gue/ at an int]tribal ,?anksgiv+ ,day   
d9n] ho/$ by ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian      
,tribe4  #bab4 ,def9itions ,9 ?is       
subtitle3  7#a7 ,secret>y ,! t]m        
,secret>y means ! ,secret>y ( !         
,int]ior4  7#b7 ,tribal memb] ,! t]m    
tribal memb] means--  7,a7 an individual
 :o is an enroll$ memb] ( ! ,tribe z ( !
 date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act2 &  7,b7 an 
individual :o has be5 plac$ on !        
memb]%ip rolls ( ! ,tribe 9 accordance )
 ?is subtitle4  7#c7 ,tribe ,! t]m      
,tribe means ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian      
,tribe4  #bac4 ,f$]al recognition  7a7  
,f$]al ,recognition  7#a7 ,9 g5]al      
,f$]al recognition is ext5d$ to !       
,tribe4  7#b7 ,applicability ( laws ,all
 laws 7includ+ regulations7 ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates ( g5]al applicability to ,indians
 or nations1 ,indian tribes1 or b&s (   
,indians 7includ+ ! ,act ( ,june #ah1   
#aicd 7#be ,u4,s4,c4 #dfa et seq477 t   
are n inconsi/5t ) ?is subtitle %all be 
applicable to ! ,tribe & tribal memb]s4 
7b7 ,f$]al ,s]vices & ,b5efits  7#a7 ,9 

g5]al ,on & aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is
 ,act1 ! ,tribe & tribal memb]s %all be 
eligible = all s]vices & b5efits provid$
 by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to f$]ally       
recogniz$ ,indian tribes )\t reg>d to ! 
exi/5ce ( a res]vation = ! ,tribe4  7#b7
 ,s]vice area ,= ! purpose ( ! deliv]y (
 ,f$]al s]vices to tribal memb]s1 !     
s]vice area ( ! ,tribe %all be consid]$ 
to be ! area compris$ ( ,new ,k5t       
,c\nty1 ,james ,city ,c\nty1 ,*>les     
,city ,c\nty1 & ,h5rico ,c\nty1         
,virg9ia4  #bad4 ,memb]%ip2 gov]n+      
docum5ts ,! memb]%ip roll & gov]n+      
docum5ts ( ! ,tribe %all be ! mo/ rec5t 
memb]%ip roll & gov]n+ docum5ts1        
respectively1 submitt$ by ! ,tribe to ! 
,secret>y be=e ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is  
,act4  #bae4 ,gov]n+ body ,! gov]n+ body
 ( ! ,tribe %all be-- 7#a7 ! gov]n+ body
 ( ! ,tribe 9 place z ( ! date (        
enactm5t ( ?is ,act2 or  7#b7 any       
subsequ5t gov]n+ body elect$ 9          
accordance ) ! election proc$ures       
specifi$ 9 ! gov]n+ docum5ts ( ! ,tribe4

  #baf4 ,res]vation ( ! ,tribe  7a7 ,9  
g5]al ,^u ! reque/ ( ! ,tribe1 !        
,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior--  7#a7 %all take
 into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe any l& 
held 9 fee by ! ,tribe t 0 acquir$ by ! 
,tribe on or be=e ,janu>y #a1 #bjjg1 if 
su* l&s are locat$ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ,new 
,k5t ,c\nty1 ,james ,city ,c\nty1 ,*>les
 ,city ,c\nty1 or ,h5rico ,c\nty1       
,virg9ia2 &  7#b7 may take into tru/ = !
 b5efit ( ! ,tribe any l& held 9 fee by 
! ,tribe1 if su* l&s are locat$ )9 !    
b\nd>ies ( ,new ,k5t ,c\nty1 ,james     
,city ,c\nty1 ,*>les ,city ,c\nty1 or   
,h5rico ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia4  7b7 ,deadl9e 
= det]m9ation ,! ,secret>y %all make a  
f9al writt5 det]m9ation n lat] ?an ?ree 
ye>s ( ! date :i* ! ,tribe submits a    
reque/ = l& to be tak5 into tru/ "u     
subsection 7a77#b7 & %all imm$iately    
make t det]m9ation available to !       
,tribe4  7c7 ,res]vation /atus ,any l&  
tak5 into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe    
pursuant to ?is p>agraph %all1 ^u reque/
 ( ! ,tribe1 be consid]$ "p ( !         

res]vation ( ! ,tribe4  7d7 ,gam+ ,!    
,tribe may n conduct gam+ activities z a
 matt] ( claim$ inh]5t au?ority or "u ! 
au?ority ( any ,f$]al law1 includ+ !    
,indian ,gam+ ,regulatory ,act 7#be     
,u4,s4,c4 #bgja et seq47 or "u any      
regulations !reund] promulgat$ by !     
,secret>y or ! ,national ,indian ,gam+  
,commission4  #bag4 ,hunt+1 fi%+1       
trapp+1 ga!r+1 & wat] rights ,no?+ 9 ?is
 subtitle exp&s1 r$uces1 or affects 9   
any mann] any hunt+1 fi%+1 trapp+1      
ga!r+1 or wat] rights ( ! ,tribe &      
memb]s ( ! ,tribe4  ,b ,*ickahom9y      
,indian ,tribe--,ea/]n ,division  #bba4 
,f9d+s ,congress f9ds t-- 7#a7 9 #afjg1 
:5 ! ,engli% settl]s set %ore along !   
,virg9ia coa/l9e1 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian 
,tribe 0 "o ( ab\t #cj tribes t receiv$ 
!m2  7#b7 9 #afad1 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian
 ,tribe ent]$ into a treaty ) ,sir      
,?omas ,dale1 ,gov]nor ( ! ,jame/[n     
,colony1 "u :i*-- 7,a7 ! ,*ickahom9y    
,indian ,tribe agre$ to provide #b      
bu%els ( corn p] man & s5d w>riors to   

protect ! ,engli%2 &  7,b7 ,sir ,?omas  
,dale agre$ 9 return to all[ ! ,tribe to
 cont9ue to practice its own tribal     
gov]nance2  7#c7 9 #afdf1 a treaty 0    
sign$ :i* =c$ ! ,*ickahom9y f _! homel& 
to ! area ar\nd ! ,york ,riv] 9         
pres5t-day ,k+ ,william ,c\nty1 lead+ to
 ! =mation ( a res]vation2  7#d7 9      
#afgg1 foll[+ ,bacon's ,rebellion1 !    
,que5 ( ,pamunkey sign$ ! ,treaty (     
,middle ,plantation on behalf ( !       
,*ickahom9y2  7#e7 9 #agjb1 !           
,*ickahom9y 7 =c$ f _! res]vation1 :i*  
caus$ ! loss ( a l& base2  7#f7 9 #agaa1
 ! ,college ( ,william & ,m>y 9         
,williamsburg e/abli%$ a gramm> s*ool = 
,indians call$ ,braff]ton ,college2     
7#g7 a ,*ickahom9y *ild 0 "o ( ! fir/   
,indians to att5d ,braff]ton ,college2  
7#h7 9 #agej1 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian     
,tribe began to migrate f ,k+ ,william  
,c\nty back to ! area ar\nd !           
,*ickahom9y ,riv] 9 ,new ,k5t & ,*>les  
,city ,c\nties2  7#i7 9 #agic1 a ,bapti/
 mission>y nam$ ,bradby took refuge ) ! 

,*ickahom9y & took a ,*ickahom9y woman z
 8 wife2  7#aj7 9 #ahca1 ! names ( !    
ance/ors ( ! mod]n-day ,*ickahom9y      
,indian ,tribe began to appe> 9 ! ,*>les
 ,city ,c\nty c5sus records2  7#aa7 9   
#ahgj1 a c5sus reveal$ an enclave (     
,indians 9 ,new ,k5t ,c\nty t is believ$
 to be ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian 
,tribe--,ea/]n ,division2  7#ab7 o!r    
records 7 de/roy$ :5 ! ,new ,k5t ,c\nty 
c\r?\se 0 burn$1 leav+ a ,/ate c5sus z !
 only record cov]+ t p]iod2  7#ac7 9    
#aija1 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe =m$ 
,sam>ia ,bapti/ ,*ur*2  7#ad7 f #aija to
 #aice1 ,*ickahom9y m5 7 assess$ a      
tribal tax s t _! *ildr5 c\ld receive an
 education2  7#ae7 ! ,tribe us$ !       
proce$s f ! tax to build ! fir/ ,sam>ia 
,indian ,s*ool1 buy supplies1 & pay a   
tea*]'s sal>y2  7#af7 9 #aiaj1 a #a-room
 s*ool cov]+ grades #a ?r\gh #h 0       
e/abli%$ 9 ,new ,k5t ,c\nty = !         
,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe--,ea/]n      
,division2  7#ag7 dur+ ! p]iod ( #aibj  
?r\gh #aiba1 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian      

,tribe--,ea/]n ,division began =m+ a    
tribal gov]nm5t2  7#ah7 ,e4,p4 ,bradby1 
! f\nd] ( ! ,tribe1 0 elect$ to be      
,*ief2  7#ai7 9 #aibb1 ,ts5a ,commocko  
,bapti/ ,*ur* 0 organiz$2  7#bj7 9      
#aibe1 a c]tificate ( incorporation 0   
issu$ to ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian          
,tribe--,ea/]n ,division2  7#ba7 9      
#aiej1 ! #a-room ,indian s*ool 9 ,new   
,k5t ,c\nty 0 clos$ & /ud5ts 7 bus$ to  
,sam>ia ,indian ,s*ool 9 ,*>les ,city   
,c\nty2  7#bb7 9 #aifg1 ! ,*ickahom9y   
,indian ,tribe & ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian  
,tribe--,ea/]n ,division lo/ _! s*ools z
 a result ( ! requir$ integration (     
/ud5ts2  7#bc7 dur+ ! p]iod ( #aihb     
?r\gh #aihd1 ,ts5a ,commocko ,bapti/    
,*ur* built a new sanctu>y to           
accommodate *ur* gr[?2  7#bd7 9 #aihc ! 
,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe--,ea/]n      
,division 0 grant$ ,/ate recognition    
along ) #e o!r ,virg9ia ,indian tribes2 
7#be7 9 #aihe--  7,a7 ! ,virg9ia ,c\ncil
 on ,indians 0 organiz$ z a ,/ate ag5cy2
 &  7,b7 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian          

,tribe--,ea/]n ,division 0 grant$ a seat
 on ! ,c\ncil2  7#bf7 9 #aihh1 a        
nonpr(it organization kn[n z ! ,unit$   
,indians ( ,virg9ia 0 =m$2 &  7#bg7     
,*ief ,m>v9 ,/rongoak ,bradby ( ! ,ea/]n
 ,b& ( ! ,*ickahom9y pres5tly *airs !   
organization4  #bbb4 ,def9itions ,9 ?is 
subtitle3 7#a7 ,secret>y ,! t]m         
,secret>y means ! ,secret>y ( !         
,int]ior4  7#b7 ,tribal memb] ,! t]m    
tribal memb] means-- 7,a7 an individual 
:o is an enroll$ memb] ( ! ,tribe z ( ! 
date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act2 &  7,b7 an  
individual :o has be5 plac$ on !        
memb]%ip rolls ( ! ,tribe 9 accordance )
 ?is subtitle4  7#c7 ,tribe ,! t]m      
,tribe means ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian      
,tribe--,ea/]n ,division4  #bbc4 ,f$]al 
recognition  7a7 ,f$]al ,recognition    
7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,f$]al recognition is     
ext5d$ to ! ,tribe4  7#b7 ,applicability
 ( laws ,all laws 7includ+ regulations7 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( g5]al applicability 
to ,indians or nations1 ,indian tribes1 
or b&s ( ,indians 7includ+ ! ,act (     

,june #ah1 #aicd 7#be ,u4,s4,c4 #dfa et 
seq477 t are n inconsi/5t ) ?is subtitle
 %all be applicable to ! ,tribe & tribal
 memb]s4  7b7 ,f$]al ,s]vices & ,b5efits
  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,on & aft] ! date (     
enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,tribe & tribal  
memb]s %all be eligible = all future    
s]vices & b5efits provid$ by ! ,f$]al   
,gov]nm5t to f$]ally recogniz$ ,indian  
tribes )\t reg>d to ! exi/5ce ( a       
res]vation = ! ,tribe4  7#b7 ,s]vice    
area ,= ! purpose ( ! deliv]y ( ,f$]al  
s]vices to tribal memb]s1 ! s]vice area 
( ! ,tribe %all be consid]$ to be ! area
 compris$ ( ,new ,k5t ,c\nty1 ,james    
,city ,c\nty1 ,*>les ,city ,c\nty1 &    
,h5rico ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia4  #bbd4        
,memb]%ip2 gov]n+ docum5ts ,! memb]%ip  
roll & gov]n+ docum5ts ( ! ,tribe %all  
be ! mo/ rec5t memb]%ip roll & gov]n+   
docum5ts1 respectively1 submitt$ by !   
,tribe to ! ,secret>y be=e ! date (     
enactm5t ( ?is ,act4  #bbe4 ,gov]n+ body
 ,! gov]n+ body ( ! ,tribe %all be--    
7#a7 ! gov]n+ body ( ! ,tribe 9 place z 

( ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act2 or  7#b7
 any subsequ5t gov]n+ body elect$ 9     
accordance ) ! election proc$ures       
specifi$ 9 ! gov]n+ docum5ts ( ! ,tribe4
  #bbf4 ,res]vation ( ! ,tribe  7a7 ,9  
g5]al ,^u ! reque/ ( ! ,tribe1 !        
,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior-- 7#a7 %all take 
into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe any l&  
held 9 fee by ! ,tribe t 0 acquir$ by ! 
,tribe on or be=e ,janu>y #a1 #bjjg1 if 
su* l&s are locat$ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ,new 
,k5t ,c\nty1 ,james ,city ,c\nty1 ,*>les
 ,city ,c\nty1 or ,h5rico ,c\nty1       
,virg9ia2 &  7#b7 may take into tru/ = !
 b5efit ( ! ,tribe any l& held 9 fee by 
! ,tribe1 if su* l&s are locat$ )9 !    
b\nd>ies ( ,new ,k5t ,c\nty1 ,james     
,city ,c\nty1 ,*>les ,city ,c\nty1 or   
,h5rico ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia4  7b7 ,deadl9e 
= det]m9ation ,! ,secret>y %all make a  
f9al writt5 det]m9ation n lat] ?an ?ree 
ye>s ( ! date :i* ! ,tribe submits a    
reque/ = l& to be tak5 into tru/ "u     
subsection 7a77#b7 & %all imm$iately    
make t det]m9ation available to !       

,tribe4  7c7 ,res]vation /atus ,any l&  
tak5 into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe    
pursuant to ?is p>agraph %all1 ^u reque/
 ( ! ,tribe1 be consid]$ "p ( !         
res]vation ( ! ,tribe4  7d7 ,gam+ ,!    
,tribe may n conduct gam+ activities z a
 matt] ( claim$ inh]5t au?ority or "u ! 
au?ority ( any ,f$]al law1 includ+ !    
,indian ,gam+ ,regulatory ,act 7#be     
,u4,s4,c4 #bgja et seq47 or "u any      
regulations !reund] promulgat$ by !     
,secret>y or ! ,national ,indian ,gam+  
,commission4  #bbg4 ,hunt+1 fi%+1       
trapp+1 ga!r+1 & wat] rights ,no?+ 9 ?is
 subtitle exp&s1 r$uces1 or affects 9   
any mann] any hunt+1 fi%+1 trapp+1      
ga!r+1 or wat] rights ( ! ,tribe &      
memb]s ( ! ,tribe4  ,c ,upp] ,mattaponi 
,tribe  #bca4 ,f9d+s ,congress f9ds t-- 
7#a7 dur+ ! p]iod ( #afjg ?r\gh #afdf1 !
 ,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribes-- 7,a7 liv$
 approximately #bj miles f ,jame/[n2 &  
7,b7 7 significantly involv$ 9          
,engli%-,indian affairs2  7#b7          
,mattaponi ,indians1 :o lat] jo9$ !     

,*ickahom9y ,indians1 liv$ a great]     
di/ance f ,jame/[n2  7#c7 9 #afdf1 !    
,*ickahom9y ,indians mov$ to ,mattaponi 
,riv] bas91 away f ! ,engli%2  7#d7 9   
#affa1 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indians sold l& at
 a place kn[n z ! cliffs on ! ,mattaponi
 ,riv]2  7#e7 9 #affi1 ! ,*ickahom9y    
,indians-- 7,a7 appe>$ 9 ! ,virg9ia     
,colony's c5sus ( ,indian b[m52 &  7,b7 
liv$ 9 ,new ,k5t ,c\nty1 :i* includ$ !  
,mattaponi ,riv] bas9 at t "t2  7#f7 9  
#afgg1 ! ,*ickahom9y & ,mattaponi       
,indians 7 subjects ( ! ,que5 (         
,pamunkey1 :o 0 a signatory to ! ,treaty
 ( #afgg ) ! ,k+ ( ,engl&2  7#g7 9      
#afhc1 aft] a ,mattaponi t[n 0 attack$  
by ,s5eca ,indians1 ! ,mattaponi        
,indians took refuge ) ! ,*ickahom9y    
,indians1 & ! hi/ory ( ! #b gr\ps 0     
int]tw9$ = _m ye>s !reaft]2  7#h7 9     
#afie1 ! ,*ickahom9y & ,mattaponi       
,indians--  7,a7 7 assign$ a res]vation 
by ! ,virg9ia ,colony2 &  7,b7 trad$ l& 
( ! res]vation = l& at ! place kn[n z ! 
cliffs 7:i*1 z ( ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is

 ,act1 is ! ,mattaponi ,indian          
,res]vation71 :i* _h be5 own$ by !      
,mattaponi ,indians be=e #affa2  7#i7 9 
#agaa1 a ,*ickahom9y boy att5d$ !       
,indian ,s*ool at ! ,college ( ,william 
& ,m>y2  7#aj7 9 #agbf1 ! ,virg9ia      
,colony discont9u$ fund+ ( int]pret]s = 
! ,*ickahom9y & ,mattaponi ,indian      
,tribes2  7#aa7 ,james ,adams1 :o s]v$ z
 an int]pret] to ! ,indian tribes kn[n z
 ( ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act z !     
,upp] ,mattaponi ,indian ,tribe &       
,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe1 elect$ to   
/ay ) ! ,upp] ,mattaponi ,indians2      
7#ab7 today1 a majority ( ! ,upp]       
,mattaponi ,indians h ,adams z _!       
surname2  7#ac7 9 #aghg1 ,?omas         
,jeff]son1 9 ,notes on ! ,commonweal? ( 
,virg9ia1 m5tion$ ! ,mattaponi ,indians 
on a res]vation 9 ,k+ ,william ,c\nty & 
said t ,*ickahom9y ,indians 7 bl5d$ ) ! 
,mattaponi ,indians & ne>by ,pamunkey   
,indians2  7#ad7 9 #ahej1 ! c5sus ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates reveal$ a nucleus (       
approximately #aj families1 all ance/ral

 to mod]n ,upp] ,mattaponi ,indians1    
liv+ 9 c5tral ,k+ ,william ,c\nty1      
,virg9ia1 approximately #aj miles f !   
res]vation2  7#ae7 dur+ ! p]iod ( #ahec 
?r\gh #ahhd1 ,k+ ,william ,c\nty m>riage
 records li/$ ,upp] ,mattaponis z       
,indians 9 m>ry+ p resid+ on !          
res]vation2  7#af7 dur+ ! p]iod ( #ahhd 
?r\gh ! pres5t1 c\nty m>riage records   
usually ref] to ,upp] ,mattaponis z     
,indians2  7#ag7 9 #aija1 ,smi?sonian   
an?ropologi/ ,james ,mooney he>d ab\t ! 
,upp] ,mattaponi ,indians b did n visit 
!m2  7#ah7 9 #aibh1 ,univ]sity (        
,p5nsylvania an?ropologi/ ,frank ,speck 
publi%$ a book on mod]n ,virg9ia        
,indians ) a section on ! ,upp]         
,mattaponis2  7#ai7 f #aibi until #aicj1
 ! lead]%ip ( ! ,upp] ,mattaponi        
,indians oppos$ ! use ( a color$        
designation 9 ! #aicj ,unit$ ,/ates     
c5sus & won a compromise 9 :i* ! ,indian
 ance/ry ( ! ,upp] ,mattaponis 0 record$
 b que/ion$2  7#bj7 dur+ ! p]iod ( #aidb
 ?r\gh #aide--  7,a7 ! lead]%ip ( !     

,upp] ,mattaponi ,indians1 ) ! help (   
,frank ,speck & o!rs1 f\ght aga9/ !     
induction ( "y m5 ( ! ,tribe into color$
 units 9 ! ,arm$ ,=ces ( ! ,unit$       
,/ates2 &  7,b7 a tribal roll = ! ,upp] 
,mattaponi ,indians 0 compil$2  7#ba7 f 
#aide to #aidf1 negotiations took place 
to admit "s ( ! "y p ( ! ,upp]          
,mattaponi to high s*ools = ,f$]al      
,indians 7especially at ,*]okee7 because
 no high s*ool c\rsework 0 available =  
,indians 9 ,virg9ia s*ools2 &  7#bb7 9  
#aihc1 ! ,upp] ,mattaponi ,indians      
appli$ = & won ,/ate recognition z an   
,indian tribe4  #bcb4 ,def9itions ,9 ?is
 subtitle3 7#a7 ,secret>y ,! t]m        
,secret>y means ! ,secret>y ( !         
,int]ior4  7#b7 ,tribal memb] ,! t]m    
tribal memb] means-- 7,a7 an individual 
:o is an enroll$ memb] ( ! ,tribe z ( ! 
date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act2 &  7,b7 an  
individual :o has be5 plac$ on !        
memb]%ip rolls ( ! ,tribe 9 accordance )
 ?is subtitle4  7#c7 ,tribe ,! t]m      
,tribe means ! ,upp] ,mattaponi ,tribe4 

#bcc4 ,f$]al recognition  7a7 ,f$]al    
,recognition  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,f$]al      
recognition is ext5d$ to ! ,tribe4  7#b7
 ,applicability ( laws ,all laws        
7includ+ regulations7 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
( g5]al applicability to ,indians or    
nations1 ,indian tribes1 or b&s (       
,indians 7includ+ ! ,act ( ,june #ah1   
#aicd 7#be ,u4,s4,c4 #dfa et seq477 t   
are n inconsi/5t ) ?is subtitle %all be 
applicable to ! ,tribe & tribal memb]s4 
7b7 ,f$]al ,s]vices & ,b5efits  7#a7 ,9 
g5]al ,on & aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is
 ,act1 ! ,tribe & tribal memb]s %all be 
eligible = all s]vices & b5efits provid$
 by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to f$]ally       
recogniz$ ,indian tribes )\t reg>d to ! 
exi/5ce ( a res]vation = ! ,tribe4  7#b7
 ,s]vice area ,= ! purpose ( ! deliv]y (
 ,f$]al s]vices to tribal memb]s1 !     
s]vice area ( ! ,tribe %all be consid]$ 
to be ! area )9 #be miles ( ! ,%>on     
,indian ,s*ool at #acchc ,k+ ,william   
,road1 ,k+ ,william ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia4   
#bcd4 ,memb]%ip2 gov]n+ docum5ts ,!     

memb]%ip roll & gov]n+ docum5ts ( !     
,tribe %all be ! mo/ rec5t memb]%ip roll
 & gov]n+ docum5ts1 respectively1       
submitt$ by ! ,tribe to ! ,secret>y be=e
 ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act4  #bce4   
,gov]n+ body ,! gov]n+ body ( ! ,tribe  
%all be--  7#a7 ! gov]n+ body ( ! ,tribe
 9 place z ( ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is    
,act2 or  7#b7 any subsequ5t gov]n+ body
 elect$ 9 accordance ) ! election       
proc$ures specifi$ 9 ! gov]n+ docum5ts (
 ! ,tribe4  #bcf4 ,res]vation ( ! ,tribe
  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,^u ! reque/ ( ! ,tribe1 
! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior-- 7#a7 %all    
take into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe any
 l& held 9 fee by ! ,tribe t 0 acquir$  
by ! ,tribe on or be=e ,janu>y #a1      
#bjjg1 if su* l&s are locat$ )9 !       
b\nd>ies ( ,k+ ,william ,c\nty1 ,c>ol9e 
,c\nty1 ,hanov] ,c\nty1 ,k+ & ,que5     
,c\nty1 & ,new ,k5t ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia2 & 
7#b7 may take into tru/ = ! b5efit ( !  
,tribe any l& held 9 fee by ! ,tribe1 if
 su* l&s are locat$ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ,k+ 
,william ,c\nty1 ,c>ol9e ,c\nty1 ,hanov]

 ,c\nty1 ,k+ & ,que5 ,c\nty1 & ,new ,k5t
 ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia4  7b7 ,deadl9e =      
det]m9ation ,! ,secret>y %all make a    
f9al writt5 det]m9ation n lat] ?an ?ree 
ye>s ( ! date :i* ! ,tribe submits a    
reque/ = l& to be tak5 into tru/ "u     
subsection 7a77#b7 & %all imm$iately    
make t det]m9ation available to !       
,tribe4  7c7 ,res]vation /atus ,any l&  
tak5 into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe    
pursuant to ?is p>agraph %all1 ^u reque/
 ( ! ,tribe1 be consid]$ "p ( !         
res]vation ( ! ,tribe4  7d7 ,gam+ ,!    
,tribe may n conduct gam+ activities z a
 matt] ( claim$ inh]5t au?ority or "u ! 
au?ority ( any ,f$]al law1 includ+ !    
,indian ,gam+ ,regulatory ,act 7#be     
,u4,s4,c4 #bgja et seq47 or "u any      
regulations !reund] promulgat$ by !     
,secret>y or ! ,national ,indian ,gam+  
,commission4  #bcg4 ,hunt+1 fi%+1       
trapp+1 ga!r+1 & wat] rights ,no?+ 9 ?is
 subtitle exp&s1 r$uces1 or affects 9   
any mann] any hunt+1 fi%+1 trapp+1      
ga!r+1 or wat] rights ( ! ,tribe &      

memb]s ( ! ,tribe4  ,d ,rappahannock    
,tribe1 ,inc4  #bda4 ,f9d+s ,congress   
f9ds t--  7#a7 dur+ ! initial mon?s aft]
 ,virg9ia 0 settl$1 ! ,rappahannock     
,indians _h #c enc\nt]s ) ,capta9 ,john 
,smi?2  7#b7 ! fir/ enc\nt] occurr$ :5 !
 ,rappahannock w]oance 7headman7--  7,a7
 travel$ to ,quiyocohannock 7a pr9cipal 
t[n across ! ,james ,riv] f ,jame/[n71  
:]e he met ) ,smi? to det]m9e :e!r ,smi?
 _h be5 ! great man :o _h previ\sly     
sail$ into ! ,rappahannock ,riv]1 kill$ 
a ,rappahannock w]oance1 & kidnapp$     
,rappahannock p2 &  7,b7 det]m9$ t ,smi?
 0 too %ort to be t great man2  7#c7 on 
a second meet+1 dur+ ,john ,smi?'s      
captivity 7,decemb] #af1 #afjg1 to      
,janu>y #h1 #afjh71 ,smi? 0 tak5 to !   
,rappahannock pr9cipal village to %[ ! p
 t ,smi? 0 n ! great man2  7#d7 a ?ird  
meet+ took place dur+ ,smi?'s           
exploration ( ! ,*esapeake ,bay 7,july  
to ,septemb] #afjh71 :51 aft] !         
,moraughtacund ,indians _h /ol5 #c wom5 
f ! ,rappahannock ,k+1 ,smi? 0 prevail$ 

^u to facilitate a peaceful truce betwe5
 ! ,rappahannock & ! ,moraughtacund     
,indians2  7#e7 9 ! settlem5t1 ,smi? _h 
! #b ,indian tribes meet on ! spot ( _! 
fir/ fight2  7#f7 :5 x 0 e/abli%$ t bo? 
gr\ps want$ peace1 ,smi? told !         
,rappahannock ,k+ to select :i* ( ! #c  
/ol5 wom5 he want$2  7#g7 !             
,moraughtacund ,k+ 0 giv5 second *oice  
among ! #b rema9+ wom51 & ,mosco1 a     
,wighcocomoco 7on ! ,potomac ,riv]7     
guide1 0 giv5 ! ?ird woman2  7#h7 9     
#afde1 ,capta9 ,william ,claiborne tri$ 
unsuccessfully to e/abli% treaty        
relations ) ! ,rappahannocks1 z !       
,rappahannocks _h n p>ticipat$ 9 !      
,pamunkey-l$ upris+ 9 #afdd1 & ! ,engli%
 want$ to treat ) ! ,rappahannocks or   
any o!r ,indians n 9 amity )            
,ope*ancan\gh1 conc]n+ s]v+ ! c\nty     
aga9/ ! ,pamunkeys2  7#i7 9 ,april      
#afea1 ! ,rappahannocks convey$ a tract 
( l& to an ,engli% settl]1 ,colonel     
,morre ,fauntl]oy2  7#aj7 ! de$ = !     
conveyance 0 sign$ by ,accopat\gh1      

w]oance ( ! ,rappahannock ,indians2     
7#aa7 9 ,septemb] #afec1 ,lanca/] ,c\nty
 sign$ a treaty ) ,rappahannock         
,indians1 ! t]ms ( :i* treaty-- 7,a7    
gave ,rappahannocks ! rights ( ,engli%m5
 9 ! c\nty c\rt2 &  7,b7 attempt$ to    
make ! ,rappahannocks m acc\ntable "u   
,engli% law2  7#ab7 9 ,septemb] #afec1  
,lanca/] ,c\nty def9$ & m>k$ ! b\nds (  
its ,indian settlem5ts2  7#ac7 accord+  
to ! ,lanca/] cl]k ( c\rt1 ! tribe call$
 ! great ,rappahannocks liv$ on !       
,rappahannock ,creek j across ! riv]    
above ,tappahannock2  7#ad7 9 ,septemb] 
#afef1 7,old7 ,rappahannock ,c\nty 7:i*1
 z ( ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 is   
compris$ ( ,ri*mond & ,essex ,c\nties1  
,virg9ia7 sign$ a treaty ) ,rappahannock
 ,indians t--  7,a7 mirror$ ! ,lanca/]  
,c\nty treaty f #afec2 &  7,b7 /at$ t-- 
7i7 ,rappahannocks 7 to be rew>d$1 9    
,roanoke1 = return+ ,engli% fugitives2 &
  7ii7 ! ,engli% enc\rag$ !             
,rappahannocks to s5d _! *ildr5 to live 
among ! ,engli% z s]vants1 :o ! ,engli% 

promis$ w\ld be well-treat$2  7#ae7 9   
#afeh1 ! ,virg9ia ,assembly revis$ a    
#afeb ,act /at+ t !re be no grants ( l& 
to any ,engli%man :atsoev] de futuro    
until ! ,indians be fir/ s]v$ ) !       
proportion ( #ej acres ( l& = ea* b[man2
  7#af7 9 #affi1 ! colony conduct$ a    
c5sus ( ,virg9ia ,indians2  7#ag7 z ( ! 
date ( t c5sus-- 7,a7 ! majority ( !    
,rappahannocks 7 resid+ at _! hunt+     
village on ! nor? side ( ! ,mattaponi   
,riv]2 &  7,b7 at ! "t ( ! visit1       
c5sus-tak]s 7 c\nt+ only ! ,indian      
tribes along ! riv]s1 :i* expla9s :y    
only #cj ,rappahannock b[m5 7 c\nt$ on t
 riv]2  7#ah7 ! ,rappahannocks us$ !    
hunt+ village on ! nor? side ( !        
,mattaponi ,riv] z _! prim>y resid5ce   
until ! ,rappahannocks 7 remov$ 9 #afhd2
  7#ai7 9 ,may #afgg1 ! ,treaty (       
,middle ,plantation 0 sign$ ) ,engl&2   
7#bj7 ! ,pamunkey ,que5 ,cockacoeske    
sign$ on behalf ( ! ,rappahannocks1 :o 7
 suppos$ to be h] tribut>ies1 b be=e !  
treaty c\ld be ratifi$1 ! ,que5 (       

,pamunkey compla9$ to ! ,virg9ia        
,colonial ,c\ncil t %e 0 hav+ tr\ble )  
,rappahannocks & ,*ickahom9ies1         
suppos$ly tribut>ies ( h]s2  7#ba7 9    
,novemb] #afhb1 ! ,virg9ia ,colonial    
,c\ncil e/abli%$ a res]vation = !       
,rappahannock ,indians ( #c1dgd acres   
ab\t ! t[n :]e !y dwelt2  7#bb7 !       
,rappahannock t[n 0 ! hunt+ village on !
 nor? side ( ! ,mattaponi ,riv]1 :]e !  
,rappahannocks _h liv$ ?r\gh\t ! #afgjs2
  7#bc7 ! acreage allotm5t ( !          
res]vation 0 bas$ on ! #afeh ,indian l& 
act1 :i* translates into a b[man        
population ( #gj1 or an approximate     
total ,rappahannock population ( #cej2  
7#bd7 9 #afhc1 foll[+ raids by          
,iroquoian w>riors on bo? ,indian &     
,engli% settlem5ts1 ! ,virg9ia ,colonial
 ,c\ncil ord]$ ! ,rappahannocks to leave
 _! res]vation & unite ) ! ,nanzatico   
,indians at ,nanzatico ,indian ,t[n1 :i*
 0 locat$ across & up ! ,rappahannock   
,riv] "s #cj miles2  7#be7 betwe5 #afhg 
& #afii1 ! ,rappahannocks migrat$ out ( 

,nanzatico1 return+ to ! s\? side ( !   
,rappahannock ,riv] at ,portobacco      
,indian ,t[n2  7#bf7 9 #agjf1 by ord] ( 
,essex ,c\nty1 ,lieut5ant ,ri*>d        
,cov+ton escort$ ! ,portobaccos &       
,rappahannocks out ( ,portobacco ,indian
 ,t[n1 out ( ,essex ,c\nty1 & into ,k+ &
 ,que5 ,c\nty :]e !y settl$ along !     
ridgel9e betwe5 ! ,rappahannock &       
,mattaponi ,riv]s1 ! site ( _! anci5t   
hunt+ village & #afhb res]vation2  7#bg7
 dur+ ! #agfjs1 #c ,rappahannock girls 7
 rais$ on ,?omas ,nelson's ,bleak ,hill 
,plantation 9 ,k+ ,william ,c\nty2      
7#bh7 ( ^? girls--  7,a7 "o m>ri$ a     
,saund]s man2  7,b7 "o m>ri$ a ,johnson 
man2 &  7,c7 "o _h #b *ildr51 ,edmund & 
,c>t] ,nelson1 fa!r$ by ,?omas ,c>y     
,nelson2  7#bi7 9 ! #ai? c5tury1 ^?     
,saund]s1 ,johnson1 & ,nelson families  
are among ! core ,rappahannock families 
f :i* ! mod]n ,tribe traces its desc5t2 
7#cj7 9 #ahai & #ahbj1 ,edw>d ,bird1    
,john ,bird 7& 8 wife71 ,c>t] ,nelson1  
,edmund ,nelson1 & ,c>t] ,spurlock 7all 

,rappahannock ance/ors7 7 li/$ on ! tax 
roles ( ,k+ & ,que5 ,c\nty & tax$ at !  
c\nty poor rate2  7#ca7 ,edmund ,bird 0 
add$ to ! tax roles 9 #ahba2  7#cb7 ^?  
tax records are significant docum5tation
 because ! great majority ( pre-#ahfd   
records = ,k+ & ,que5 ,c\nty 7 de/roy$  
by fire2  7#cc7 beg9n+ 9 #ahai1 &       
cont9u+ ?r\gh ! #ahhjs1 !re 0 a solid   
,rappahannock pres5ce 9 ! memb]%ip at   
,upp] ,essex ,bapti/ ,*ur*2  7#cd7 t 0 !
 fir/ in/ance ( conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity
 by at lea/ "s ,rappahannock ,indians2  
7#ce7 :ile tw5ty-six id5tifiable &      
traceable ,rappahannock surnames appe>  
on ! pre-#ahfc memb]%ip li/1 &          
tw5ty-eight 7 li/$ on ! #ahfc memb]%ip  
ro/]1 ! numb] ( surnames li/$ _h decl9$ 
to twelve 9 #ahgh & _h ris5 only        
slightly to f\rte5 by #ahhh2  7#cf7 a   
reason = ! decl9e is t 9 #ahgj1 a       
,me?odi/ circuit rid]1 ,joseph ,ma/91   
secur$ funds to pur*ase l& & con/ruct   
,/4 ,/eph5s ,bapti/ ,*ur* = !           
,rappahannocks liv+ ne>by 9 ,c>ol9e     

,c\nty2  7#cg7 ,ma/9 ref]r$ to !        
,rappahannocks dur+ ! p]iod ( #ahej to  
#ahgj z ,indians1 hav+ a great ne$ =    
moral & ,*ri/ian guidance2  7#ch7 ,/4   
,/eph5s 0 ! dom9ant tribal *ur* until ! 
,rappahannock ,indian ,bapti/ ,*ur* 0   
e/abli%$ 9 #aifd2  7#ci7 at bo? *ur*es1 
! core ,rappahannock family names (     
,bird1 ,cl>ke1 ,=tune1 ,johnson1        
,nelson1 ,p>k]1 & ,ri*>dson pr$om9ate2  
7#dj7 dur+ ! e>ly #aijjs1 ,james        
,mooney1 not$ an?ropologi/1 ma9ta9$     
correspond5ce ) ! ,rappahannocks1       
survey+ !m & in/ruct+ !m on h[ to       
=malize _! tribal gov]nm5t2  7#da7 9    
,novemb] #aibj1 ,speck visit$ !         
,rappahannocks & assi/$ !m 9 organiz+ ! 
fight = _! sov]eign rights2  7#db7 9    
#aiba1 ! ,rappahannocks 7 grant$ a *>t] 
f ! ,commonweal? ( ,virg9ia =maliz+ _!  
tribal gov]nm5t2  7#dc7 ,speck began a  
pr(essional relation%ip ) ! ,tribe t    
w\ld la/ m ?an #cj ye>s & docum5t       
,rappahannock hi/ory & traditions z nev]
 be=e2  7#dd7 9 ,april #aiba1           

,rappahannock ,*ief ,george ,nelson ask$
 ! ,gov]nor ( ,virg9ia1 ,we/morel&      
,davis1 to =w>d a proclamation to !     
,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 along ) an 
app5d$ li/ ( tribal memb]s & a h&writt5 
copy ( ! proclamation itself2  7#de7 !  
lett] conc]n$ ,indian fre$om ( spee* &  
assembly nationwide2  7#df7 9 #aibb1 !  
,rappahannocks e/abli%$ a =mal s*ool at 
,lloyds1 ,essex ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia2  7#dg7
 prior to e/abli%m5t ( ! s*ool1         
,rappahannock *ildr5 7 taught by a      
tribal memb] 9 ,c5tral ,po9t1 ,c>ol9e   
,c\nty1 ,virg9ia2  7#dh7 9 ,decemb]     
#aibc1 ,rappahannock ,*ief ,george      
,nelson te/ifi$ be=e ,congress appeal+ =
 a #ej1jjj appropriation to e/abli% an  
,indian s*ool 9 ,virg9ia2  7#di7 9      
#aicj1 ! ,rappahannocks 7 engag$ 9 an   
ongo+ dispute ) ! ,commonweal? (        
,virg9ia & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus       
,bureau ab\t _! classification 9 ! #aicj
 ,f$]al c5sus2  7#ej7 9 ,janu>y #aicj1  
,rappahannock ,*ief ,o?o ,s4 ,nelson    
wrote to ,leon ,truesdell1 ,*ief        

,/ati/ician ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus    
,bureau1 ask+ t ! #bah enroll$          
,rappahannocks be li/$ z ,indians2      
7#ea7 9 ,febru>y #aicj1 ,truesdell      
repli$ to ,nelson say+ t special        
in/ructions 7 be+ giv5 ab\t classify+   
,indians2  7#eb7 9 ,april #aicj1 ,nelson
 wrote to ,william ,m4 ,/eu>t at !      
,c5sus ,bureau ask+ ab\t ! enum]ators'  
failure to classify 8 p z ,indians1 say+
 t enum]ators _h n ask$ ! "q ab\t race  
:5 !y int]view$ 8 p2  7#ec7 9 a foll[up 
lett] to ,truesdell1 ,nelson report$ t !
 enum]ators 7 flatly d5y+ 8 p's reque/  
to be li/$ z ,indians & t ! race "q 0   
completely avoid$ dur+ int]views2  7#ed7
 ! ,rappahannocks _h spok5 ) ,c>ol9e &  
,essex ,c\nty enum]ators1 & ) ,john     
,m4,w4 ,gre5 at t po9t1 )\t success2    
7#ee7 ,nelson ask$ ,truesdell to li/ p z
 ,indians if he s5t a li/ ( memb]s2     
7#ef7 ! matt] 0 settl$ by ,william      
,/eu>t1 :o conclud$ t ! ,bureau's rule 0
 t p ( ,indian desc5t c\ld be classifi$ 
z ,indian only if ,indian blood         

pr$om9at$ & ,indian id5tity 0 accept$ 9 
! local community2  7#eg7 ! ,virg9ia    
,vital ,/ati/ics ,bureau class$ all     
nonres]vation ,indians z ,negro1 & x    
fail$ to see :y an exception %\ld be    
made = ! ,rappahannocks2  7#eh7 !re=e1 9
 #aibe1 ! ,indian ,rights ,association  
took on ! ,rappahannock case to assi/ ! 
,rappahannocks 9 fight+ = _! recognition
 & rights z an ,indian tribe2  7#ei7    
dur+ ! ,second ,_w ,w>1 ! ,pamunkeys1   
,mattaponis1 ,*ickahom9ies1 &           
,rappahannocks _h to fight ! draft bo>ds
 ) respect to _! racial id5tities2      
7#fj7 ! ,virg9ia ,vital ,/ati/ics       
,bureau insi/$ t c]ta9 ,indian draftees 
be induct$ into ,negro units2  7#fa7    
f9ally1 #c ,rappahannocks 7 convict$ (  
violat+ ! ,f$]al draft laws &1 aft]     
sp5d+ "t 9 a ,f$]al prison1 7 grant$    
consci5ti\s objector /atus & s]v$ out ! 
rema9d] ( ! w> work+ 9 milit>y          
hospitals2  7#fb7 9 #aidc1 ,frank ,speck
 not$ t !re 7 approximately #be         
communities ( ,indians left 9 ! ,ea/]n  

,unit$ ,/ates t 7 entitl$ to ,indian    
classification1 includ+ !               
,rappahannocks2  7#fc7 9 ! #aidjs1 ,leon
 ,truesdell1 ,*ief ,/ati/ician1 ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus ,bureau1 li/$ #aah 
memb]s 9 ! ,rappahannock ,tribe 9 !     
,indian population ( ,virg9ia2  7#fd7 on
 ,april #be1 #aidj1 ! ,(fice ( ,indian  
,affairs ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior     
includ$ ! ,rappahannocks on a li/ (     
,indian tribes classifi$ by ,/ate & by  
ag5cy2  7#fe7 9 #aidh1 ! ,smi?sonian    
,in/itution ,annual ,report includ$ an  
article by ,william ,h>l5 ,gilb]t       
entitl$1 ,surviv+ ,indian ,gr\ps ( !    
,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* includ$ &     
describ$ ! ,rappahannock ,tribe2  7#ff7 
9 ! late #aidjs & e>ly #aiejs1 !        
,rappahannocks op]at$ a s*ool at ,indian
 ,neck2  7#fg7 ! ,/ate agre$ to pay a   
tribal tea*] to tea* #aj /ud5ts bus$ by 
,k+ & ,que5 ,c\nty to ,%>on ,indian     
,s*ool 9 ,k+ ,william ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia2 
7#fh7 9 #aife1 ,rappahannock /ud5ts     
ent]$ ,m>riott ,high ,s*ool 7a ,:ite    

public s*ool7 by executive ord] ( !     
,gov]nor ( ,virg9ia2  7#fi7 9 #aigb1 !  
,rappahannocks work$ ) ! ,coalition (   
,ea/]n ,native ,am]icans to fight =     
,f$]al recognition2  7#gj7 9 #aigi1 !   
,coalition e/abli%$ a pott]y & artisans 
company1 op]at+ ) o!r ,virg9ia tribes2  
7#ga7 9 #aihj1 ! ,rappahannocks receiv$ 
fund+ ?r\gh ! ,adm9i/ration = ,native   
,am]icans ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal? &      
,human ,s]vices to develop an economic  
program = ! ,tribe2 &  7#gb7 9 #aihc1 ! 
,rappahannocks receiv$ ,/ate recognition
 z an ,indian tribe4  #bdb4 ,def9itions 
,9 ?is subtitle3  7#a7 ,secret>y ,! t]m 
,secret>y means ! ,secret>y ( !         
,int]ior4  7#b7 ,tribal memb] ,! t]m    
tribal memb] means--  7,a7 an individual
 :o is an enroll$ memb] ( ! ,tribe z ( !
 date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act2 &  7,b7 an 
individual :o has be5 plac$ on !        
memb]%ip rolls ( ! ,tribe 9 accordance )
 ?is subtitle4  7#c7 ,tribe  7,a7 ,9    
g5]al ,! t]m ,tribe means ! organization
 possess+ ! legal "n ,rappahannock      

,tribe1 ,inc4  7,b7 ,exclusions ,! t]m  
,tribe does n include any o!r ,indian   
tribe1 subtribe1 b&1 or spl9t] gr\p !   
memb]s ( :i* repres5t !mselves z        
,rappahannock ,indians4  #bdc4 ,f$]al   
recognition  7a7 ,f$]al ,recognition    
7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,f$]al recognition is     
ext5d$ to ! ,tribe4  7#b7 ,applicability
 ( laws ,all laws 7includ+ regulations7 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( g5]al applicability 
to ,indians or nations1 ,indian tribes1 
or b&s ( ,indians 7includ+ ! ,act (     
,june #ah1 #aicd 7#be ,u4,s4,c4 #dfa et 
seq477 t are n inconsi/5t ) ?is subtitle
 %all be applicable to ! ,tribe & tribal
 memb]s4  7b7 ,f$]al ,s]vices & ,b5efits
  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,on & aft] ! date (     
enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,tribe & tribal  
memb]s %all be eligible = all s]vices & 
b5efits provid$ by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to
 f$]ally recogniz$ ,indian tribes )\t   
reg>d to ! exi/5ce ( a res]vation = !   
,tribe4  7#b7 ,s]vice area ,= ! purpose 
( ! deliv]y ( ,f$]al s]vices to tribal  
memb]s1 ! s]vice area ( ! ,tribe %all be

 consid]$ to be ! area compris$ ( ,k+ & 
,que5 ,c\nty1 ,c>ol9e ,c\nty1 ,essex    
,c\nty1 & ,k+ ,william ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia4
  #bdd4 ,memb]%ip2 gov]n+ docum5ts ,!   
memb]%ip roll & gov]n+ docum5ts ( !     
,tribe %all be ! mo/ rec5t memb]%ip roll
 & gov]n+ docum5ts1 respectively1       
submitt$ by ! ,tribe to ! ,secret>y be=e
 ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act4  #bde4   
,gov]n+ body ,! gov]n+ body ( ! ,tribe  
%all be--  7#a7 ! gov]n+ body ( ! ,tribe
 9 place z ( ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is    
,act2 or  7#b7 any subsequ5t gov]n+ body
 elect$ 9 accordance ) ! election       
proc$ures specifi$ 9 ! gov]n+ docum5ts (
 ! ,tribe4  #bdf4 ,res]vation ( ! ,tribe
  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,^u ! reque/ ( ! ,tribe1 
! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior-- 7#a7 %all    
take into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe any
 l& held 9 fee by ! ,tribe t 0 acquir$  
by ! ,tribe on or be=e ,janu>y #a1      
#bjjg1 if su* l&s are locat$ )9 !       
b\nd>ies ( ,k+ & ,que5 ,c\nty1 ,/af=d   
,c\nty1 ,spotsylvania ,c\nty1 ,ri*mond  
,c\nty1 ,essex ,c\nty1 & ,c>ol9e ,c\nty1

 ,virg9ia2 &  7#b7 may take into tru/ = 
! b5efit ( ! ,tribe any l& held 9 fee by
 ! ,tribe1 if su* l&s are locat$ )9 !   
b\nd>ies ( ,k+ & ,que5 ,c\nty1 ,ri*mond 
,c\nty1 ,lanca/] ,c\nty1 ,k+ ,george    
,c\nty1 ,essex ,c\nty1 ,c>ol9e ,c\nty1  
,new ,k5t ,c\nty1 ,k+ ,william ,c\nty1 &
 ,james ,city ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia4  7b7    
,deadl9e = det]m9ation ,! ,secret>y %all
 make a f9al writt5 det]m9ation n lat]  
?an ?ree ye>s ( ! date :i* ! ,tribe     
submits a reque/ = l& to be tak5 into   
tru/ "u subsection 7a77#b7 & %all       
imm$iately make t det]m9ation available 
to ! ,tribe4  7c7 ,res]vation /atus ,any
 l& tak5 into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe
 pursuant to ?is p>agraph %all1 ^u      
reque/ ( ! ,tribe1 be consid]$ "p ( !   
res]vation ( ! ,tribe4  7d7 ,gam+ ,!    
,tribe may n conduct gam+ activities z a
 matt] ( claim$ inh]5t au?ority or "u ! 
au?ority ( any ,f$]al law1 includ+ !    
,indian ,gam+ ,regulatory ,act 7#be     
,u4,s4,c4 #bgja et seq47 or "u any      
regulations !reund] promulgat$ by !     

,secret>y or ! ,national ,indian ,gam+  
,commission4  #bdg4 ,hunt+1 fi%+1       
trapp+1 ga!r+1 & wat] rights ,no?+ 9 ?is
 subtitle exp&s1 r$uces1 or affects 9   
any mann] any hunt+1 fi%+1 trapp+1      
ga!r+1 or wat] rights ( ! ,tribe &      
memb]s ( ! ,tribe4  ,e ,monacan ,indian 
,nation  #bea4 ,f9d+s ,congress f9ds t--
  7#a7 9 #afgg1 ! ,monacan ,tribe sign$ 
! ,treaty ( ,middle ,plantation betwe5  
,*>les ,,ii ( ,engl& & #ab ,indian ,k+s 
& ,*ief ,m52  7#b7 9 #agbb1 9 ! ,treaty 
( ,albany1 ,gov]nor ,spotswood negotiat$
 to save ! ,virg9ia ,indians f ext9ction
 at ! h&s ( ! ,iroquois2  7#c7          
specifically m5tion$ 9 ! negotiations 7 
! ,monacan tribes ( ! ,tot]o 7,tutelo71 
,saponi1 ,o*5ee*es 7,occanee*i71        
,/5g5ocks1 & ,meipontskys2  7#d7 9      
#agij1 ! fir/ national c5sus record$    
,b5jam9 ,evans & ,rob]t ,johns1 bo?     
ance/ors ( ! pres5t ,monacan community1 
li/$ z :ite ) mulatto *ildr52  7#e7 9   
#aghb1 tax records also began = ^?      
families2  7#f7 9 #ahej1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates

 c5sus record$ #bi families1 mo/ly l>ge1
 ) ,monacan surnames1 ! memb]s ( :i* are
 g5ealogically relat$ to ! pres5t       
community2  7#g7 9 #ahgj1 a log /ructure
 0 built at ! ,be> ,m\nta9 ,indian      
,mission2  7#h7 9 #aijh1 ! /ructure     
became an ,episcopal ,mission &1 z ( !  
date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! /ructure  
is li/$ z a l&m>k on ! ,national ,regi/]
 ( ,hi/oric ,places2  7#i7 9 #aibj1 #cjd
 ,amh]/ ,indians 7 id5tifi$ 9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates c5sus2  7#aj7 f #aicj ?r\gh      
#aica1 num]\s lett]s f ,monacans to !   
,bureau ( ! ,c5sus result$ f ! decision 
( ,dr4 ,walt] ,pleck]1 =m] head ( !     
,bureau ( ,vital ,/ati/ics ( !          
,commonweal? ( ,virg9ia1 n to all[      
,indians to regi/] z ,indians = ! #aicj 
c5sus2  7#aa7 ! ,monacans ev5tually     
succe$$ 9 be+ all[$ to claim _! race1   
albeit ) an a/]isk atta*$ to a note f   
,dr4 ,pleck] /at+ t !re 7 no ,indians 9 
,virg9ia2  7#ab7 9 #aidg1 ,d',arcy      
,mc,nickle1 a ,sali% ,indian1 saw "s ( !
 *ildr5 at ! ,amh]/ ,mission & reque/$ t

 ! ,*]okee ,ag5cy visit !m because !y   
appe>$ to be ,indian2  7#ac7 t lett] 0  
=w>d$ to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1      
,(fice ( ,indian ,affairs1 ,*icago1     
,ill9ois2  7#ad7 ,*ief ,j>rett ,bly! ( !
 ,ea/]n ,b& ( ,*]okee did visit !       
,mission & wrote t he w\ld be will+ to  
accept ^! *ildr5 9 ! ,*]okee s*ool2     
7#ae7 9 #aigi1 a ,f$]al ,coalition (    
,ea/]n ,native ,am]icans e/abli%$ !     
entity kn[n z ,monacan ,co-op]ative     
,pott]y at ! ,amh]/ ,mission2  7#af7 "s 
important pieces 7 produc$ at ,monacan  
,co-op]ative ,pott]y1 includ+ a piece t 
0 sold to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution2    
7#ag7 ! ,mattaponi-,pamunkey-,monacan   
,consortium1 e/abli%$ 9 #aiha1 has s9ce 
be5 organiz$ z a nonpr(it corporation t 
s]ves z a vehicle to obta9 funds = ^?   
,indian tribes f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor "u
 ,native ,am]ican programs2  7#ah7 9    
#aihi1 ! ,monacan ,tribe 0 recogniz$ by 
! ,commonweal? ( ,virg9ia1 :i* enabl$ ! 
,tribe to apply = grants & p>ticipate 9 
o!r programs2 &  7#ai7 9 #aiic1 !       

,monacan ,tribe receiv$ tax-exempt /atus
 z a nonpr(it corporation f ! ,int]nal  
,rev5ue ,s]vice4  #beb4 ,def9itions ,9  
?is subtitle3  7#a7 ,secret>y ,! t]m    
,secret>y means ! ,secret>y ( !         
,int]ior4  7#b7 ,tribal memb] ,! t]m    
tribal memb] means--  7,a7 an individual
 :o is an enroll$ memb] ( ! ,tribe z ( !
 date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act2 &  7,b7 an 
individual :o has be5 plac$ on !        
memb]%ip rolls ( ! ,tribe 9 accordance )
 ?is subtitle4  7#c7 ,tribe ,! t]m      
,tribe means ! ,monacan ,indian ,nation4
  #bec4 ,f$]al recognition  7a7 ,f$]al  
,recognition  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,f$]al      
recognition is ext5d$ to ! ,tribe4  7#b7
 ,applicability ( laws ,all laws        
7includ+ regulations7 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
( g5]al applicability to ,indians or    
nations1 ,indian tribes1 or b&s (       
,indians 7includ+ ! ,act ( ,june #ah1   
#aicd 7#be ,u4,s4,c4 #dfa et seq477 t   
are n inconsi/5t ) ?is subtitle %all be 
applicable to ! ,tribe & tribal memb]s4 
7b7 ,f$]al ,s]vices & ,b5efits  7#a7 ,9 

g5]al ,on & aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is
 ,act1 ! ,tribe & tribal memb]s %all be 
eligible = all s]vices & b5efits provid$
 by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to f$]ally       
recogniz$ ,indian tribes )\t reg>d to ! 
exi/5ce ( a res]vation = ! ,tribe4  7#b7
 ,s]vice area ,= ! purpose ( ! deliv]y (
 ,f$]al s]vices to tribal memb]s1 !     
s]vice area ( ! ,tribe %all be consid]$ 
to be ! area compris$ ( all l& )9 #be   
miles f ! c5t] ( ,amh]/1 ,virg9ia4      
#bed4 ,memb]%ip2 gov]n+ docum5ts ,!     
memb]%ip roll & gov]n+ docum5ts ( !     
,tribe %all be ! mo/ rec5t memb]%ip roll
 & gov]n+ docum5ts1 respectively1       
submitt$ by ! ,tribe to ! ,secret>y be=e
 ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act4  #bee4   
,gov]n+ body ,! gov]n+ body ( ! ,tribe  
%all be-- 7#a7 ! gov]n+ body ( ! ,tribe 
9 place z ( ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is     
,act2 or  7#b7 any subsequ5t gov]n+ body
 elect$ 9 accordance ) ! election       
proc$ures specifi$ 9 ! gov]n+ docum5ts (
 ! ,tribe4  #bef4 ,res]vation ( ! ,tribe
  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,^u ! reque/ ( ! ,tribe1 

! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior--  7#a7 %all   
take into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe any
 l& held 9 fee by ! ,tribe t 0 acquir$  
by ! ,tribe on or be=e ,janu>y #a1      
#bjjg1 if su* l&s are locat$ )9 !       
b\nd>ies ( ,amh]/ ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia2 &   
7#b7 may take into tru/ = ! b5efit ( !  
,tribe any l& held 9 fee by ! ,tribe1 if
 su* l&s are locat$ )9 ! b\nd>ies (     
,amh]/ ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 & ^? p>cels 9  
,rockbridge ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia 7subject to
 ! cons5t ( ! local unit ( gov]nm5t71   
own$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,poole1 describ$ z ,ea/
 #gca ,s&bridge 7encompass+             
approximately #d4gd acres7 & ,ea/ #gca  
7encompass+ approximately #e4ab acres74 
7b7 ,deadl9e = det]m9ation ,! ,secret>y 
%all make a f9al writt5 det]m9ation n   
lat] ?an ?ree ye>s ( ! date :i* ! ,tribe
 submits a reque/ = l& to be tak5 into  
tru/ "u subsection 7a77#b7 & %all       
imm$iately make t det]m9ation available 
to ! ,tribe4  7c7 ,res]vation /atus ,any
 l& tak5 into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe
 pursuant to ?is p>agraph %all1 ^u      

reque/ ( ! ,tribe1 be consid]$ "p ( !   
res]vation ( ! ,tribe4  7d7 ,gam+ ,!    
,tribe may n conduct gam+ activities z a
 matt] ( claim$ inh]5t au?ority or "u ! 
au?ority ( any ,f$]al law1 includ+ !    
,indian ,gam+ ,regulatory ,act 7#be     
,u4,s4,c4 #bgja et seq47 or "u any      
regulations !reund] promulgat$ by !     
,secret>y or ! ,national ,indian ,gam+  
,commission4  #beg4 ,hunt+1 fi%+1       
trapp+1 ga!r+1 & wat] rights ,no?+ 9 ?is
 subtitle exp&s1 r$uces1 or affects 9   
any mann] any hunt+1 fi%+1 trapp+1      
ga!r+1 or wat] rights ( ! ,tribe &      
memb]s ( ! ,tribe4  ,f ,nansemond       
,indian ,tribe  #bfa4 ,f9d+s ,congress  
f9ds t-- 7#a7 f #afjg until #afdf1      
,nansemond ,indians--  7,a7 liv$        
approximately #cj miles f ,jame/[n2 &   
7,b7 7 significantly involv$ 9          
,engli%-,indian affairs2  7#b7 aft]     
#afdf1 !re 7 #b sections ( ,nansemonds 9
 communication ) ea* o!r1 ! ,*ri/ianiz$ 
,nansemonds 9 ,norfolk ,c\nty1 :o liv$ z
 citiz5s1 & ! traditionali/ ,nansemonds1

 :o liv$ fur!r we/2  7#c7 9 #afch1      
accord+ to an entry 9 a #ag? c5tury     
s]mon book /ill own$ by ! ,*ief's       
family1 a ,norfolk ,c\nty ,engli%man    
m>ri$ a ,nansemond woman2  7#d7 t man & 
woman are l9eal ance/ors ( all ( memb]s 
( ! ,nansemond ,indian tribe alive z ( !
 date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 z are "s ( 
! traditionali/ ,nansemonds2  7#e7 9    
#affi1 ! #b ,nansemond sections appe>$ 9
 ,virg9ia ,colony's c5sus ( ,indian     
b[m52  7#f7 9 #afgg1 ,nansemond ,indians
 7 signatories to ! ,treaty ( #afgg ) ! 
,k+ ( ,engl&2  7#g7 9 #agjj & #agjd1 !  
,nansemonds & o!r ,virg9ia ,indian      
tribes 7 prev5t$ by ,virg9ia ,colony f  
mak+ a sep>ate peace ) ! ,iroquois2     
7#h7 ,virg9ia repres5t$ ^? ,indian      
tribes 9 ! f9al ,treaty ( ,albany1      
#agbb2  7#i7 9 #agaa1 a ,nansemond boy  
att5d$ ! ,indian ,s*ool at ! ,college ( 
,william & ,m>y2  7#aj7 9 #agbg1        
,norfolk ,c\nty grant$ ,william ,bass & 
8 k9sm5 ! ,indian privileges ( cle>+    
swamp l& & be>+ arms 7:i* privileges 7  

=bidd5 to o!r non-,:ites7 because ( _!  
,nansemond ance/ry1 :i* meant t ,bass & 
8 k9sm5 7 orig9al inhabitants ( t l&2   
7#aa7 9 #agdb1 ,norfolk ,c\nty issu$ a  
c]tificate ( ,nansemond desc5t to       
,william ,bass2  7#ab7 f ! #agdjs to !  
#agijs1 ! traditionali/ section ( !     
,nansemond tribe1 #dj miles we/ ( !     
,*ri/ianiz$ ,nansemonds1 0 deal+ )      
res]vation l&2  7#ac7 ! la/ surviv+     
memb]s ( t section sold out 9 #agib ) ! 
p]mission ( ! ,commonweal? ( ,virg9ia2  
7#ad7 9 #agig1 ,norfolk ,c\nty issu$ a  
c]tificate /at+ t ,william ,bass 0 (    
,indian & ,engli% desc5t1 & t 8 ,indian 
l9e ( ance/ry ran directly back to !    
e>ly #ah? c5tury eld] 9 a traditionali/ 
section ( ,nansemonds on ! res]vation2  
7#ae7 9 #ahcc1 ,virg9ia enact$ a law    
enabl+ p ( ,european & ,indian desc5t to
 obta9 a special c]tificate ( ance/ry2  
7#af7 ! law orig9at$ f ! c\nty 9 :i*    
,nansemonds liv$1 & mo/ly ,nansemonds1 )
 a few p f o!r c\nties1 took advantage (
 ! new law2  7#ag7 a ,me?odi/ mission   

e/abli%$ ar\nd #ahej = ,nansemonds is   
curr5tly a /&>d ,me?odi/ congregation ) 
,nansemond memb]s2  7#ah7 9 #aija1      
,smi?sonian an?ropologi/ ,james         
,mooney-- 7,a7 visit$ ! ,nansemonds2 &  
7,b7 complet$ a tribal c5sus t c\nt$ #fa
 h\seholds & 0 lat] publi%$2  7#ai7 9   
#aibb1 ,nansemonds 7 giv5 a special     
,indian s*ool 9 ! segregat$ s*ool sy/em 
( ,norfolk ,c\nty2  7#bj7 ! s*ool       
surviv$ only a few ye>s2  7#ba7 9 #aibh1
 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania an?ropologi/ 
,frank ,speck publi%$ a book on mod]n   
,virg9ia ,indians t includ$ a section on
 ! ,nansemonds2 &  7#bb7 ! ,nansemonds 7
 organiz$ =mally1 ) elect$ (fic]s1 9    
#aihd1 & lat] appli$ = & receiv$ ,/ate  
recognition4  #bfb4 ,def9itions ,9 ?is  
subtitle3  7#a7 ,secret>y ,! t]m        
,secret>y means ! ,secret>y ( !         
,int]ior4  7#b7 ,tribal memb] ,! t]m    
tribal memb] means--  7,a7 an individual
 :o is an enroll$ memb] ( ! ,tribe z ( !
 date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act2 &  7,b7 an 
individual :o has be5 plac$ on !        

memb]%ip rolls ( ! ,tribe 9 accordance )
 ?is subtitle4  7#c7 ,tribe ,! t]m      
,tribe means ! ,nansemond ,indian       
,tribe4  #bfc4 ,f$]al recognition  7a7  
,f$]al ,recognition  7#a7 ,9 g5]al      
,f$]al recognition is ext5d$ to !       
,tribe4  7#b7 ,applicability ( laws ,all
 laws 7includ+ regulations7 ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates ( g5]al applicability to ,indians
 or nations1 ,indian tribes1 or b&s (   
,indians 7includ+ ! ,act ( ,june #ah1   
#aicd 7#be ,u4,s4,c4 #dfa et seq477 t   
are n inconsi/5t ) ?is subtitle %all be 
applicable to ! ,tribe & tribal memb]s4 
7b7 ,f$]al ,s]vices & ,b5efits  7#a7 ,9 
g5]al ,on & aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is
 ,act1 ! ,tribe & tribal memb]s %all be 
eligible = all s]vices & b5efits provid$
 by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to f$]ally       
recogniz$ ,indian tribes )\t reg>d to ! 
exi/5ce ( a res]vation = ! ,tribe4  7#b7
 ,s]vice area ,= ! purpose ( ! deliv]y (
 ,f$]al s]vices to tribal memb]s1 !     
s]vice area ( ! ,tribe %all be consid]$ 
to be ! area compris$ ( ! cities (      

,*esapeake1 ,hampton1 ,newport ,news1   
,norfolk1 ,portsm\?1 ,suffolk1 &        
,virg9ia ,bea*1 ,virg9ia4  #bfd4        
,memb]%ip2 gov]n+ docum5ts ,! memb]%ip  
roll & gov]n+ docum5ts ( ! ,tribe %all  
be ! mo/ rec5t memb]%ip roll & gov]n+   
docum5ts1 respectively1 submitt$ by !   
,tribe to ! ,secret>y be=e ! date (     
enactm5t ( ?is ,act4  #bfe4 ,gov]n+ body
 ,! gov]n+ body ( ! ,tribe %all be--    
7#a7 ! gov]n+ body ( ! ,tribe 9 place z 
( ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act2 or  7#b7
 any subsequ5t gov]n+ body elect$ 9     
accordance ) ! election proc$ures       
specifi$ 9 ! gov]n+ docum5ts ( ! ,tribe4
  #bff4 ,res]vation ( ! ,tribe  7a7 ,9  
g5]al ,^u ! reque/ ( ! ,tribe1 !        
,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior--  7#a7 %all take
 into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe any l& 
held 9 fee by ! ,tribe t 0 acquir$ by ! 
,tribe on or be=e ,janu>y #a1 #bjjg1 if 
su* l&s are locat$ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( !    
city ( ,suffolk1 ! city ( ,*esapeake1 or
 ,isle ( ,wight ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia2 &     
7#b7 may take into tru/ = ! b5efit ( !  

,tribe any l& held 9 fee by ! ,tribe1 if
 su* l&s are locat$ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( !   
city ( ,suffolk1 ! city ( ,*esapeake1 or
 ,isle ( ,wight ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia4  7b7  
,deadl9e = det]m9ation ,! ,secret>y %all
 make a f9al writt5 det]m9ation n lat]  
?an ?ree ye>s ( ! date :i* ! ,tribe     
submits a reque/ = l& to be tak5 into   
tru/ "u subsection 7a77#b7 & %all       
imm$iately make t det]m9ation available 
to ! ,tribe4  7c7 ,res]vation /atus ,any
 l& tak5 into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe
 pursuant to ?is p>agraph %all1 ^u      
reque/ ( ! ,tribe1 be consid]$ "p ( !   
res]vation ( ! ,tribe4  7d7 ,gam+ ,!    
,tribe may n conduct gam+ activities z a
 matt] ( claim$ inh]5t au?ority or "u ! 
au?ority ( any ,f$]al law1 includ+ !    
,indian ,gam+ ,regulatory ,act 7#be     
,u4,s4,c4 #bgja et seq47 or "u any      
regulations !reund] promulgat$ by !     
,secret>y or ! ,national ,indian ,gam+  
,commission4  #bfg4 ,hunt+1 fi%+1       
trapp+1 ga!r+1 & wat] rights ,no?+ 9 ?is
 subtitle exp&s1 r$uces1 or affects 9   

any mann] any hunt+1 fi%+1 trapp+1      
ga!r+1 or wat] rights ( ! ,tribe &      
memb]s ( ! ,tribe4  ,,iii ,little ,%ell 
,tribe ( ,*ippewa ,indians  #cja4 ,%ort 
title ,?is title may be cit$ z ! ,little
 ,%ell ,tribe ( ,*ippewa ,indians       
,re/oration ,act ( #bjaf4  #cjb4 ,f9d+s 
,congress f9ds t--  7#a7 ! ,little ,%ell
 ,tribe ( ,*ippewa ,indians is a        
political successor to signatories ( !  
,pemb9a ,treaty ( #ahfc1 "u :i* a l>ge  
area ( l& 9 ! ,/ate ( ,nor? ,dakota 0   
c$$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2  7#b7 ! ,turtle 
,m\nta9 ,b& ( ,*ippewa ( ,nor? ,dakota &
 ! ,*ippewa-,cree ,tribe ( ! ,rocky     
,boy's ,res]vation ( ,montana1 :i* also 
are political successors to !           
signatories ( ! ,pemb9a ,treaty ( #ahfc1
 h be5 recogniz$ by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t z
 di/9ct ,indian tribes2  7#c7 ! memb]s (
 ! ,little ,%ell ,tribe cont9ue to live 
9 ! ,/ate ( ,montana1 z _! ance/ors h = 
m ?an #ajj ye>s s9ce c$+ l& 9 ! ,/ate ( 
,nor? ,dakota z describ$ 9 p>agraph     
7#a72  7#d7 9 ! #aicjs & #aidjs1 !      

,tribe repeat$ly petition$ ! ,f$]al     
,gov]nm5t = reorganization "u ! ,act (  
,june #ah1 #aicd 7#be ,u4,s4,c4 #dfa et 
seq47 7commonly kn[n z ! ,indian        
,reorganization ,act72  7#e7 ,f$]al     
ag5ts :o visit$ ! ,tribe & ,commission] 
( ,indian ,affairs ,john ,colli] atte/$ 
to ! responsibility ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t
 = ! ,tribe & memb]s ( ! ,tribe1        
conclud+ t memb]s ( ! ,tribe are        
eligible =1 & %\ld be provid$ )1 tru/   
l&1 mak+ ! ,tribe eligible =            
reorganization "u ! ,act ( ,june #ah1   
#aicd 7#be ,u4,s4,c4 #dfa et seq47      
7commonly kn[n z ! ,indian              
,reorganization ,act72  7#f7 due to a   
lack ( ,f$]al appropriations dur+ !     
,depression1 ! ,bureau ( ,indian        
,affairs lack$ adequate f9ancial        
res\rces to pur*ase l& = ! ,tribe1 & !  
memb]s ( ! ,tribe 7 d5i$ ! opportunity  
to reorganize2  7#g7 9 spite ( ! failure
 ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to appropriate    
adequate fund+ to secure l& = ! ,tribe z
 requir$ = reorganization "u ! ,act (   

,june #ah1 #aicd 7#be ,u4,s4,c4 #dfa et 
seq47 7commonly kn[n z ! ,indian        
,reorganization ,act71 ! ,tribe cont9u$ 
to exi/ z a sep>ate community1 ) lead]s 
exhibit+ cle> political au?ority2  7#h7 
! ,tribe1 toge!r ) ! ,turtle ,m\nta9 ,b&
 ( ,*ippewa ( ,nor? ,dakota & !         
,*ippewa-,cree ,tribe ( ! ,rocky ,boy's 
,res]vation ( ,montana1 fil$ #b lawsuits
 "u ! ,act ( ,augu/ #ac1 #aidf 7#fj     
,/at4 #ajdi7 7commonly kn[n z ! ,indian 
,claims ,commission ,act71 to petition =
 additional comp5sation = l& c$$ to !   
,unit$ ,/ates "u ! ,pemb9a ,treaty (    
#ahfc & ! ,mc,cumber ,agreem5t ( #ahib2 
7#i7 9 #aiga & #aihb1 pursuant to ,acts 
( ,congress1 ! tribes receiv$ aw>ds = ! 
claims describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#h72  7#aj7 
9 #aigh1 ! ,tribe submitt$ to ! ,bureau 
( ,indian ,affairs a petition = ,f$]al  
recognition1 :i* is /ill p5d+ z ( ! date
 ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act2 &  7#aa7 !      
,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 ! ,/ate ( ,montana1 & 
! o!r f$]ally recogniz$ ,indian tribes (
 ! ,/ate h _h cont9u\s deal+s ) !       

recogniz$ political lead]s ( ! ,tribe   
s9ce ! #aicjs4  #cjc4 ,def9itions ,9 ?is
 title3  7#a7 ,memb] ,! t]m memb] means 
an individual :o is enroll$ 9 ! ,tribe  
pursuant to section #cjg4  7#b7         
,secret>y ,! t]m ,secret>y means !      
,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior4  7#c7 ,tribe ,! 
t]m ,tribe means ! ,little ,%ell ,tribe 
( ,*ippewa ,indians ( ,montana4  #cjd4  
,f$]al recognition  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,f$]al 
recognition is ext5d$ to ! ,tribe4  7b7 
,effect ( ,f$]al laws ,except z o!rwise 
provid$ 9 ?is title1 all ,f$]al laws    
7includ+ regulations7 ( g5]al           
application to ,indians & ,indian       
tribes1 includ+ ! ,act ( ,june #ah1     
#aicd 7#be ,u4,s4,c4 #dfa et seq47      
7commonly kn[n z ! ,indian              
,reorganization ,act71 %all apply to !  
,tribe & memb]s4  #cje4 ,f$]al s]vices &
 b5efits  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,beg9n+ on ! date
 ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,tribe & ea*  
memb] %all be eligible = all s]vices &  
b5efits provid$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates to   
,indians & f$]ally recogniz$ ,indian    

tribes1 )\t reg>d to--  7#a7 ! exi/5ce (
 a res]vation = ! ,tribe2 or  7#b7 !    
location ( ! resid5ce ( any memb] on or 
ne> an ,indian res]vation4  7b7 ,s]vice 
area ,= purposes ( ! deliv]y ( s]vices &
 b5efits to memb]s1 ! s]vice area ( !   
,tribe %all be consid]$ to be ! area    
compris$ ( ,bla9e1 ,cascade1 ,glaci]1 & 
,hill ,c\nties 9 ! ,/ate ( ,montana4    
#cjf4 ,reaffirmation ( rights  7a7 ,9   
g5]al ,no?+ 9 ?is title dim9i%es any "r 
or privilege ( ! ,tribe or any memb] t  
exi/$ be=e ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act4
  7b7 ,claims ( ,tribe ,except z o!rwise
 provid$ 9 ?is title1 no?+ 9 ?is title  
alt]s or affects any legal or equitable 
claim ( ! ,tribe to en=ce any "r or     
privilege res]v$ by1 or grant$ to1 !    
,tribe t 0 wrongfully d5i$ to1 or tak5  
f1 ! ,tribe be=e ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is
 ,act4  #cjg4 ,memb]%ip roll  7a7 ,9    
g5]al ,z a condition ( receiv+          
recognition1 s]vices1 & b5efits pursuant
 to ?is title1 ! ,tribe %all submit to !
 ,secret>y1 by n lat] ?an #ah mon?s aft]

 ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 a        
memb]%ip roll consi/+ ( ! "n ( ea*      
individual enroll$ z a memb] ( ! ,tribe4
  7b7 ,det]m9ation ( memb]%ip ,!        
qualifications = inclusion on ! memb]%ip
 roll ( ! ,tribe %all be det]m9$ 9      
accordance ) sections #a ?r\gh #c (     
article #e ( ! con/itution ( ! ,tribe   
dat$ ,septemb] #aj1 #aigg 7includ+      
am5dm5ts to ! con/itution74  7c7        
,ma9t5ance ( roll ,! ,tribe %all ma9ta9 
! memb]%ip roll "u ?is section4  #cjh4  
,transf] ( l&  7a7 ,homel& ,! ,secret>y 
%all acquire1 = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe1    
tru/ title to #bjj acres ( l& )9 !      
s]vice area ( ! ,tribe to be us$ = a    
tribal l& base4  7b7 ,additional l& ,!  
,secret>y may acquire additional l& = ! 
b5efit ( ! ,tribe pursuant to section #e
 ( ! ,act ( ,june #ah1 #aicd 7#be       
,u4,s4,c4 #dfe7 7commonly kn[n z !      
,indian ,reorganization ,act74  ,decemb]
 #g1 #bjaf ,report$ ) an am5dm5t1       
committ$ to ! ,committee ( ! ,:ole ,h\se
 on ! ,/ate ( ! ,union1 & ord]$ to be   

pr9t$