,9 ! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1  ,decemb]
 #aj 7legislative day1 ,decemb] #i71    
#bjaf4  ,am5dm5t3  ,t ! bill f ! ,h\se (
 ,repres5tatives 7,h4,r4 #aaej7 entitl$ 
,an ,act to am5d ! ,int]national        
,religi\s ,fre$om ,act ( #aiih to       
improve ! ability ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to  
advance religi\s fre$om globally ?r\gh  
enhanc$ diplomacy1 tra9+1 c\nt]t]rorism1
 & =eign assi/ance ef=ts1 & ?r\gh /rong]
 & m flexible political responses to    
religi\s fre$om violations & viol5t     
extremism worldwide1 & = o!r purposes41 
d pass ) ! foll[+ ,/rike all aft] !     
enact+ clause & ins]t ! foll[+3 #a4     
,%ort title2 table ( cont5ts  7a7 ,%ort 
title ,?is ,act may be cit$ z ! ,frank  
,r4 ,wolf ,int]national ,religi\s       
,fre$om ,act4  7b7 ,table ( cont5ts ,!  
table ( cont5ts = ?is ,act is z foll[s3 
,sec4 #a4 ,%ort title2 table (          
cont5ts4,sec4 #b4 ,f9d+s2 policy2 s5se (
 ,congress4,sec4 #c4 ,def9itions4,,title
 ,i--,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate activities,sec4  
#aja4 ,(fice on ,int]national ,religi\s 

,fre$om2 ,ambassador at ,l>ge =         
,int]national ,religi\s ,fre$om4,sec4   
#ajb4 ,annual ,report on ,int]national  
,religi\s ,fre$om4,sec4 #ajc4 ,tra9+ =  
,=eign ,s]vice (fic]s4,sec4 #ajd4       
,prison] li/s & issue briefs on religi\s
 fre$om conc]ns4,,title ,,ii--,national 
,security ,council,sec4 #bja4 ,special  
,advis] = ,int]national ,religi\s       
,fre$om4,,title ,,iii--,presid5tial     
actions,sec4 #cja4 ,non-/ate actor      
designations4,sec4 #cjb4 ,presid5tial   
actions 9 response to p>ticul>ly sev]e  
violations ( religi\s fre$om4,sec4 #cjc4
 ,report to ,congress4,sec4 #cjd4       
,presid5tial waiv]4,sec4 #cje4          
,publication 9 ! ,f$]al ,regi/]4,,title 
,,iv--,promotion ( religi\s freedom,sec4
 #dja4 ,assi/ance = promot+ religi\s    
fre$om4,,title ,v--,designat$ ,p]sons   
,li/ = ,p>ticul>ly ,sev]e ,violations ( 
,religi\s ,freedom,sec4 #eja4 ,designat$
 ,p]sons ,li/ = ,p>ticul>ly ,sev]e      
,violations ( ,religi\s ,fre$om4,,title 
,,vi--,miscellane\s provisions,sec4     

#fja4 ,miscellane\s provisions4,sec4    
#fjb4 ,cl]ical am5dm5ts4  #b4 ,f9d+s2   
policy2 s5se ( ,congress  7a7 ,f9d+s    
,section #b7;a7 ( ! ,int]national       
,religi\s ,fre$om ,act ( #aiih 7#bb     
,u4,s4,c4 #fdja7;a77 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9  
p>agraph 7#c71 by ins]t+ ,! fre$om (    
?\ght1 consci5ce1 & religion is und]/ood
 to protect !i/ic & non-!i/ic beliefs & 
! "r n to pr(ess or practice any        
religion4 be=e ,gov]nm5ts2  7#b7 9      
p>agraph 7#d71 by add+ at ! end !       
foll[+3 ,a policy or practice ( r\t9ely 
d5y+ applications = visas = religi\s    
work]s 9 a c\ntry c be indicative ( a   
poor /ate ( religi\s fre$om 9 t c\ntry42
 &  7#c7 9 p>agraph 7#f7-- 7,a7 by      
ins]t+ & ! specific t>get+ ( non-!i/s1  
humani/s1 & a!i/s because ( _! beliefs  
aft] religi\s p]secution2 &  7,b7 by    
ins]t+ & 9 regions :]e non-/ate actors  
ex]cise significant political p[] &     
t]ritorial control be=e ! p]iod at !    
end4  7b7 ,policy ,section #b7;b7 ( !   
,int]national ,religi\s ,fre$om ,act (  

#aiih 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4 #fdja7;b77 is      
am5d$-- 7#a7 by r$esignat+ p>agraphs    
7#a7 ?r\gh 7#e7 z subp>agraphs 7,a7     
?r\gh 7,e72  7#b7 by /rik+ ! matt]      
prec$+ subp>agraph 7,a71 z r$esignat$1 &
 ins]t+ ! foll[+3  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,!     
foll[+ %all be ! policy ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates3  2 &  7#c7 by add+ at ! end !   
foll[+3  7#b7 ,evolv+ policies &        
coord9at$ diplomatic responses ,because 
! promotion ( int]national religi\s     
fre$om protects human rights1 advances  
democracy abroad1 & advances ,unit$     
,/ates int]e/s 9 /ability1 security1 &  
developm5t globally1 ! promotion (      
int]national religi\s fre$om requires   
new & evolv+ policies & diplomatic      
responses t-- 7,a7 are drawn f !        
exp]tise ( ! national security ag5cies1 
! diplomatic s]vices1 & o!r gov]nm5tal  
ag5cies & nongov]nm5tal organizations2 &
  7,b7 are coord9at$ across & c>ri$ out 
by ! entire range ( ,f$]al ag5cies4  4  
7c7 ,s5se ( ,congress ,x is ! s5se (    
,congress t-- 7#a7 a policy or practice 

by ! gov]nm5t ( any =eign c\ntry (      
r\t9ely d5y+ visa applications =        
religi\s work]s c be indicative ( a poor
 /ate ( religi\s fre$om 9 t c\ntry2 &   
7#b7 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t %\ld seek
 to rev]se any su* policy by review+ !  
entirety ( ! bilat]al relation%ip betwe5
 su* c\ntry & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  #c4     
,def9itions ,section #c ( !             
,int]national ,religi\s ,fre$om ,act (  
#aiih 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4 #fdjb7 is am5d$--  
7#a7 by r$esignat+ p>agraph 7#ac7 z     
p>agraph 7#af72  7#b7 by r$esignat+     
p>agraphs 7#aj71 7#aa71 & 7#ab7 z       
p>agraphs 7#ab71 7#ac71 & 7#ad71        
respectively2  7#c7 by ins]t+ aft]      
p>agraph 7#i7 ! foll[+3  7#aj7          
,in/itution ( high] education ,! t]m    
in/itution ( high] education has ! mean+
 giv5 t t]m 9 section #aja ( ! ,high]   
,education ,act ( #aife 7#bj ,u4,s4,c4  
#ajja74  7#aa7 ,non-/ate actor ,! t]m   
non-/ate actor means a nonsov]eign      
entity t-- 7,a7 ex]cises significant    
political p[] & t]ritorial control2     

7,b7 is outside ! control ( a sov]eign  
gov]nm5t2 &  7,c7 (t5 employs viol5ce 9 
pursuit ( its objectives4  2  7#d7 by   
ins]t+ aft] p>agraph 7#ad71 z           
r$esignat$1 ! foll[+3  7#ae7 ,special   
wat* li/ ,! t]m ,special ,wat* ,li/     
means ! ,special ,wat* ,li/ describ$ 9  
section #djb7;b77#a77;,a77iii74  2 &    
7#e7 9 p>agraph 7#af71 z r$esignat$--   
7,a7 9 subp>agraph 7,a7-- 7i7 by        
r$esignat+ clauses 7iv7 & 7v7 z clauses 
7v7 & 7vi71 respectively2 &  7ii7 by    
ins]t+ aft] clause 7iii7 ! foll[+3  7iv7
 n pr(ess+ a p>ticul> religion1 or any  
religion2  2 &  7,b7 9 subp>agraph      
7,b7-- 7i7 by ins]t+ consci5ce1         
non-!i/ic views1 or be=e religi\s belief
 or practice2 &  7ii7 by ins]t+ =cibly  
compell+ non-believ]s or non-!i/s to    
recant _! beliefs or to conv]t1 aft] =c$
 religi\s conv]sion14  ,i ,dep>tm5t (   
,/ate activities  #aja4 ,(fice on       
,int]national ,religi\s ,fre$om2        
,ambassador at ,l>ge = ,int]national    
,religi\s ,fre$om  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,section

 #aja ( ! ,int]national ,religi\s       
,fre$om ,act ( #aiih 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4     
#fdaa7 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9 subsection 7b71
 by ins]t+ 1 & %all report directly to !
 ,secret>y ( ,/ate be=e ! p]iod at !    
end2  7#b7 9 subsection 7c7-- 7,a7 9    
p>agraph 7#a7-- 7i7 by /rik+            
responsibility & ins]t+                 
responsibilities2  7ii7 by /rik+ %all be
 to advance & ins]t+ ! foll[+3 %all be  
to-- 7,a7 advance  2  7iii7 9           
subp>agraph 7,a71 z r$esignat$1 by /rik+
 ! p]iod at ! end & ins]t+ 2 &2 &  7iv7 
by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3  7,b7        
integrate ,unit$ ,/ates int]national    
religi\s fre$om policies & /rategies    
into ! =eign policy ef=ts ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates4  2  7,b7 9 p>agraph 7#b71 by    
ins]t+ ! pr9cipal advis] to be=e !      
,secret>y ( ,/ate2  7,c7 9 p>agraph     
7#c7-- 7i7 9 subp>agraph 7,a71 by /rik+ 
& at ! end2  7ii7 9 subp>agraph 7,b71 by
 /rik+ ! p]iod at ! end & ins]t+ 2 &2 & 
7iii7 by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3  7,c7  
contacts ) nongov]nm5tal organizations t

 h an impact on ! /ate ( religi\s fre$om
 9 _! respective societies or regions1  
or int]nationally4  2  7,d7 by          
r$esignat+ p>agraph 7#d7 z p>agraph     
7#e72 &  7,e7 by ins]t+ aft] p>agraph   
7#c7 ! foll[+3  7#d7 ,coord9ation       
responsibilities ,9 ord] to promote     
religi\s fre$om z an int]e/ ( ,unit$    
,/ates =eign policy1 ! ,ambassador at   
,l>ge-- 7,a7 %all coord9ate int]national
 religi\s fre$om policies across all    
programs1 projects1 & activities ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates2 &  7,b7 %\ld p>ticipate 9
 any int]ag5cy processes on issues 9 :i*
 ! promotion ( int]national religi\s    
fre$om policy c advance ,unit$ ,/ates   
national security int]e/s1 includ+ 9    
democracy promotion1 /ability1 security1
 & developm5t globally4  2 &  7#c7 9    
subsection 7d71 by /rik+ /aff = ! ,(fice
 & all t foll[s & ins]t+ appropriate    
/aff = ! ,(fice1 includ+ full-"t        
equival5t positions & o!r tempor>y /aff 
positions ne$$ to compile1 edit1 &      
manage ! ,annual ,report "u ! direct    

sup]vision ( ! ,ambassador at ,l>ge1 & =
 ! conduct ( inve/igations by ! ,(fice &
 = necess>y travel to c>ry out ?is ,act4
 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate %\ld provide !    
,ambassador at ,l>ge ) suffici5t fund+  
to c>ry out ! duties describ$ 9 ?is     
section1 includ+1 z necess>y1           
repres5tation funds4 ,on ! date on :i* !
 ,presid5t's annual budget reque/ is    
submitt$ to ,congress1 ! ,secret>y %all 
submit an annual report to ! appropriate
 congressional committees t includes a  
report on /aff+ levels = ! ,int]national
 ,religi\s ,fre$om ,(fice44  7b7 ,s5se (
 ,congress ,x is ! s5se ( ,congress t   
ma9ta9+ an adequate /aff+ level at !    
,(fice1 su* z 0 9 place dur+ fiscal ye> 
#bjaf1 is necess>y = ! ,(fice to c>ry   
out its important "w4  #ajb4 ,annual    
,report on ,int]national ,religi\s      
,fre$om  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,section          
#ajb7;b77#a7 ( ! ,int]national ,religi\s
 ,fre$om ,act ( #aiih 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4    
#fdab7;b77#a77 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9 ! matt]
 prec$+ subp>agraph 7,a71 by /rik+      

,septemb] #a & ins]t+ ,may #a2  7#b7 9  
subp>agraph 7,a7-- 7,a7 9 clause 7iii71 
by /rik+ 2 & & ins]t+ z well z ! r\t9e  
d5ial ( visa applications = religi\s    
work]s22  7,b7 by r$esignat+ clause 7iv7
 z clause 7vii72 &  7,c7 by ins]t+ aft] 
clause 7iii7 ! foll[+3  7iv7 p>ticul>ly 
sev]e violations ( religi\s fre$om 9 t  
c\ntry if su* c\ntry does n h a         
function+ gov]nm5t or ! gov]nm5t ( su*  
c\ntry does n control its t]ritory2  7v7
 ! id5tification ( prison]s1 to ! ext5t 
possible1 9 t c\ntry pursuant to section
 #ajh7;d72  7vi7 any action tak5 by !   
gov]nm5t ( t c\ntry to c5sor religi\s   
cont5t1 communications1 or wor%ip       
activities onl9e1 includ+ descriptions (
 ! t>get$ religi\s gr\p1 ! cont5t1      
communication1 or activities c5sor$1 & !
 means us$2 &  2  7#c7 9 subp>agraph    
7,b71 9 ! matt] prec$+ clause 7i7-- 7,a7
 by ins]t+ p]secution ( lawy]s1         
politicians1 or o!r human rights        
advocates seek+ to def5d ! rights (     
memb]s ( religi\s gr\ps or highlight    

religi\s fre$om violations1 prohibitions
 on ritual animal slaught] or male      
infant circumcision1 aft] entire        
religions12 &  7,b7 by ins]t+ policies t
 ban or re/rict ! public manife/ation ( 
religi\s belief & ! peaceful involvem5t 
( religi\s gr\ps or _! memb]s 9 !       
political life ( ea* su* =eign c\ntry1  
aft] su* gr\ps12  7#d7 9 subp>agraph    
7,c71 by /rik+ ,a description ( ,unit$  
,/ates actions & & ins]t+ ,a detail$    
description ( ,unit$ ,/ates actions1    
diplomatic & political coord9ation      
ef=ts1 & o!r2 &  7#e7 9 subp>agraph     
7,f77i7-- 7,a7 by /rik+ section         
#djb7;b77#a7 & ins]t+ section           
#djb7;b77#a77;,a77ii72 &  7,b7 by add+  
at ! end ! foll[+3 ,any c\ntry 9 :i* a  
non-/ate actor designat$ z an entity (  
p>ticul> conc]n = religi\s fre$om "u    
section #cja ( ! ,frank ,r4 ,wolf       
,int]national ,religi\s ,fre$om ,act is 
locat$ %all be includ$ 9 ?is section ( !
 report44  7b7 ,s5se ( ,congress ,x is !
 s5se ( ,congress t-- 7#a7 ! orig9al    

int5t ( ! ,int]national ,religi\s       
,fre$om ,act ( #aiih 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4     
#fdja et seq47 0 to require annual      
reports f bo? ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate & !   
,commission on ,int]national ,religi\s  
,fre$om to be deliv]$ ea* ye>1 dur+ !   
same cal5d> ye>1 & ) at lea/ #e mon?s   
sep>at+ ^! reports1 9 ord] to provide   
updat$ in=mation = policymak]s1 ,memb]s 
( ,congress1 & nongov]nm5tal            
organizations2 &  7#b7 giv5 t ! annual  
,c\ntry ,reports on ,human ,rights      
,practices no long] conta9 updat$       
in=mation on religi\s fre$om conditions 
globally1 x is important t ! ,dep>tm5t (
 ,/ate coord9ate ) ! ,commission to     
fulfill ! orig9al int5t ( !             
,int]national ,religi\s ,fre$om ,act (  
#aiih4  #ajc4 ,tra9+ = ,=eign ,s]vice   
(fic]s  7a7 ,am5dm5ts to ,=eign ,s]vice 
,act ( #aihj ,section #gjh ( ! ,=eign   
,s]vice ,act ( #aihj 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4     
#djbh7 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9 subsection     
7a7-- 7,a7 by r$esignat+ p>agraphs 7#a71
 7#b71 & 7#c7 z subp>agraphs 7,a71 7,b71

 & 7,c71 respectively2  7,b7 by /rik+   
7a7 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate & ins]t+ !     
foll[+3  7a7 ,human rights1 religi\s    
fre$om1 & human traffick+ tra9+  7#a7 ,9
 g5]al ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate  2 &  7,c7  
by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3  7#b7        
,religi\s fre$om tra9+  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,9
 c>ry+ out ! tra9+ requir$ "u p>agraph  
7#a77;,b71 ! ,director ( ! ,george ,p4  
,%ultz ,national ,=eign ,affairs ,tra9+ 
,c5t] %all1 n lat] ?an ! "o ye> aft] !  
date ( ! enactm5t ( ! ,frank ,r4 ,wolf  
,int]national ,religi\s ,fre$om ,act1   
conduct tra9+ on religi\s fre$om = all  
,=eign ,s]vice (fic]s1 includ+ all entry
 level (fic]s1 all (fic]s prior to      
dep>ture = po/+ outside ! ,unit$ ,/ates1
 & all outgo+ deputy *iefs ( mission &  
ambassadors4 ,su* tra9+ %all be includ$ 
9-- 7i7 ! ,a-#ajj c\rse att5d$ by all   
,=eign ,s]vice (fic]s2  7ii7 ! c\rses   
requir$ ( e ,=eign ,s]vice (fic] prior  
to a po/+ outside ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 )    
segm5ts tailor$ to ! p>ticul> religi\s  
demography1 religi\s fre$om conditions1 

& ,unit$ ,/ates /rategies = advanc+     
religi\s fre$om1 9 ea* receiv+ c\ntry2 &
  7iii7 ! c\rses requir$ ( all outgo+   
deputy *iefs ( mission & ambassadors4   
7,b7 ,developm5t ( curriculum ,9 c>ry+  
out ! tra9+ requir$ "u p>agraph         
7#a77;,b71 ! ,ambassador at ,l>ge =     
,int]national ,religi\s ,fre$om1 9      
coord9ation ) ! ,director ( ! ,george   
,p4 ,%ultz ,national ,=eign ,affairs    
,tra9+ ,c5t] & o!r ,f$]al (ficials1 z   
appropriate1 & 9 consultation ) ! ,unit$
 ,/ates ,commission on ,int]national    
,religi\s ,fre$om e/abli%$ "u section   
#bja7;a7 ( ! ,int]national ,religi\s    
,fre$om ,act ( #aiih 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4     
#fdca7;a771 %all make recomm5dations to 
! ,secret>y ( ,/ate reg>d+ a curriculum 
= ! tra9+ ( ,unit$ ,/ates ,=eign ,s]vice
 (fic]s "u p>agraph 7#a77;,b7 on ! scope
 & /rategic value ( int]national        
religi\s fre$om1 h[ violations (        
int]national religi\s fre$om h>m        
fundam5tal ,unit$ ,/ates int]e/s1 h[ !  
advancem5t ( int]national religi\s      

fre$om c advance su* int]e/s1 h[ ,unit$ 
,/ates int]national religi\s fre$om     
policy %\ld be c>ri$ out 9 practice by  
,unit$ ,/ates diplomats & o!r ,=eign    
,s]vice (fic]s1 & ! relevance &         
relation%ip ( int]national religi\s     
fre$om to ,unit$ ,/ates def5se1         
diplomacy1 developm5t1 & public affairs 
ef=ts4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate %\ld ensure 
! availability ( suffici5t res\rces to  
develop & implem5t su* curriculum4  7,c7
 ,in=mation %>+ ,! curriculum & tra9+   
mat]ials develop$ "u ?is p>agraph %all  
be %>$ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,arm$ ,=ces &  
o!r ,f$]al dep>tm5ts & ag5cies )        
p]sonnel :o are /ation$ ov]seas1 z      
appropriate1 to provide tra9+ on-- 7i7  
,unit$ ,/ates religi\s fre$om policies2 
7ii7 religi\s traditions2  7iii7        
religi\s engagem5t /rategies2  7iv7     
religi\s & cultural issues2 &  7v7 ef=ts
 to c\nt] viol5t religi\s extremism4  2 
7#b7 9 subsection 7b71 by /rik+ ,!      
,secret>y ( ,/ate & ins]t+              
,refugees4--,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate2 &     

7#c7 9 subsection 7c71 by /rik+ ,!      
,secret>y ( ,/ate & ins]t+ ,*ild        
,soldi]s4--,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate4  7b7   
,report ,n lat] ?an #ahj days aft] !    
date ( ! enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 !         
,secret>y ( ,/ate1 ) ! assi/ance ( !    
,ambassador at ,l>ge = ,int]national    
,religi\s ,fre$om1 & ! ,director ( !    
,=eign ,s]vice ,in/itute1 locat$ at !   
,george ,p4 ,%ultz ,national ,=eign     
,affairs ,tra9+ ,c5t]1 %all submit a    
report to ! ,committee on ,=eign        
,affairs ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & !
 ,committee on ,=eign ,relations ( !    
,s5ate t conta9s a plan = und]tak+ tra9+
 = ,=eign ,s]vice (fic]s "u section #gjh
 ( ! ,=eign ,s]vices ,act ( #aihj1 z    
am5d$ by subsection 7a74  #ajd4 ,prison]
 li/s & issue briefs on religi\s fre$om 
conc]ns ,section #ajh ( ! ,int]national 
,religi\s ,fre$om ,act ( #aiih 7#bb     
,u4,s4,c4 #fdag7 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9      
subsection 7b71 by /rik+ fai?1 & ins]t+ 
activities1 religi\s fre$om advocacy1 or
 ef=ts to protect & advance ! univ]sally

 recogniz$ "r to ! fre$om ( religion12  
7#b7 9 subsection 7c71 by /rik+ 1 z     
appropriate1 provide & ins]t make       
available2 &  7#c7 by add+ at ! end !   
foll[+3  7d7 ,victims li/ ma9ta9$ by !  
,unit$ ,/ates ,commission on            
,int]national ,religi\s ,fre$om  7#a7 ,9
 g5]al ,! ,commission %all make publicly
 available1 to ! ext5t practicable1     
onl9e & 9 (ficial publications1 li/s (  
p]sons x det]m9es are imprison$ or      
deta9$1 h disappe>$1 be5 plac$ "u h\se  
arre/1 be5 tortur$1 or subject$ to =c$  
r5unciations ( fai? = _! religi\s       
activity or religi\s fre$om advocacy by 
! gov]nm5t ( a =eign c\ntry t !         
,commission recomm5ds = designation z a 
c\ntry ( p>ticul> conc]n = religi\s     
fre$om "u section #djb7;b77#a77;,a77ii7 
or by a non-/ate actor t ! ,commission  
recomm5ds = designation z an entity (   
p>ticul> conc]n = religi\s fre$om "u    
section #cja ( ! ,frank ,r4 ,wolf       
,int]national ,religi\s ,fre$om ,act &  
include z mu* publicly available        

in=mation z practicable on ! conditions 
& circum/ances ( su* p]sons4  7#b7      
,discretion ,9 compil+ li/s "u p>agraph 
7#a71 ! ,commission %all ex]cise all    
appropriate discretion1 includ+         
consid]ation ( ! safety & security (1 & 
b5efit to1 ! p]sons :o may be includ$ on
 ! li/s & ! families ( su* p]sons4  4   
,,ii ,national ,security ,c\ncil  #bja4 
,special ,advis] = ,int]national        
,religi\s ,fre$om ,! position describ$ 9
 section #aja7k7 ( ! ,national ,security
 ,act ( #aidg 7#ej ,u4,s4,c4 #cjba7k77  
%\ld assi/ ! ,ambassador at ,l>ge =     
,int]national ,religi\s ,fre$om to      
coord9ate int]national religi\s fre$om  
policies & /rategies ?r\gh\t ! executive
 bran* & )9 any int]ag5cy policy        
committee ( :i* ! ,ambassador at ,l>ge  
is a memb]4  ,,iii ,presid5tial actions 
#cja4 ,non-/ate actor designations  7a7 
,9 g5]al ,! ,presid5t1 concurr5t ) !    
annual =eign c\ntry review requir$ "u   
section #djb7;b77#a77;,a7 ( !           
,int]national ,religi\s ,fre$om ,act (  

#aiih 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4                    
#fddb7;b77#a77;,a771 %all-- 7#a7 review 
& id5tify any non-/ate actors op]at+ 9  
any su* review$ c\ntry or surr\nd+      
region t h engag$ 9 p>ticul>ly sev]e    
violations ( religi\s fre$om2 &  7#b7   
designate1 9 a mann] consi/5t ) su*     
,act1 ea* su* non-/ate actor z an entity
 ( p>ticul> conc]n = religi\s fre$om4   
7b7 ,report ,:5ev] ! ,presid5t          
designates a non-/ate actor "u          
subsection 7a7 z an entity ( p>ticul>   
conc]n = religi\s fre$om1 ! ,presid5t1 z
 soon z practicable aft] ! designation  
is made1 %all submit a report to !      
appropriate congressional committees t  
describes ! reasons = su* designation4  
7c7 ,actions ,! ,presid5t %\ld take     
specific actions1 :5 practicable1 to    
address sev]e violations ( religi\s     
fre$om ( non-/ate actors t are designat$
 "u subsection 7a77#b74  7d7 ,dep>tm5t (
 ,/ate annual report ,! ,secret>y (     
,/ate %\ld include in=mation detail+ !  
reasons ! ,presid5t designat$ a non-/ate

 actor z an entity ( p>ticul> conc]n =  
religi\s fre$om "u subsection 7a7 9 !   
,annual ,report requir$ "u section      
#ajb7;b77#a7 ( ! ,int]national ,religi\s
 ,fre$om ,act ( #aiih 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4    
#fdab7;b77#a774  7e7 ,s5se ( ,congress  
,x is ! s5se ( ,congress t-- 7#a7 !     
,secret>y ( ,/ate %\ld "w ) ,congress & 
! ,u4,s4 ,commission on ,int]national   
,religi\s ,fre$om-- 7,a7 to create new  
political1 f9ancial1 & diplomatic tools 
to address sev]e violations ( religi\s  
fre$om by non-/ate actors2 &  7,b7 to   
update ! actions ! ,presid5t c take "u  
section #dje ( ! ,int]national ,religi\s
 ,fre$om ,act ( #aiih 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4    
#fdde72  7#b7 gov]nm5ts mu/ ultimately  
be held acc\ntable = ! abuses t occur 9 
_! t]ritories2 &  7#c7 any actions !    
,presid5t takes aft] designat+ a        
non-/ate actor z an entity ( p>ticul>   
conc]n %\ld also involve high-level     
diplomacy ) ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* 
! non-/ate actor is op]at+4  7f7        
,det]m9ations ( responsible p>ties ,9   

ord] to appropriately t>get ,presid5tial
 actions "u ! ,int]national ,religi\s   
,fre$om ,act ( #aiih 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4     
#fdja et seq471 ! ,presid5t1 ) respect  
to ea* non-/ate actor designat$ z an    
entity ( p>ticul> conc]n = religi\s     
fre$om "u subsection 7a71 %all seek to  
det]m9e1 to ! ext5t practicable1 !      
specific (ficials or memb]s t are       
responsible = ! p>ticul>ly sev]e        
violations ( religi\s fre$om engag$ 9 or
 tol]at$ by su* non-/ate actor4  7g7    
,def9itions ,9 ?is section1 ! t]ms      
appropriate congressional committees1   
non-/ate actor1 & p>ticul>ly sev]e      
violations ( religi\s fre$om h ! mean+s 
giv5 su* t]ms 9 section #c ( !          
,int]national ,religi\s ,fre$om ,act (  
#aiih 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4 #fdjb71 z am5d$ by 
section #c ( ?is ,act4  #cjb4           
,presid5tial actions 9 response to      
p>ticul>ly sev]e violations ( religi\s  
fre$om ,section #djb ( ! ,int]national  
,religi\s ,fre$om ,act ( #aiih 7#bb     
,u4,s4,c4 #fddb7 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9      

subsection 7b7-- 7,a7 9 p>agraph 7#a7-- 
7i7 by am5d+ subp>agraph 7,a7 to read z 
foll[s3  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,n lat] ?an #ij  
days aft] ! date on :i* ea* ,annual     
,report is submitt$ "u section #ajb7;b71
 ! ,presid5t %all-- 7i7 review ! /atus (
 religi\s fre$om 9 ea* =eign c\ntry to  
det]m9e :e!r ! gov]nm5t ( t c\ntry has  
engag$ 9 or tol]at$ p>ticul>ly sev]e    
violations ( religi\s fre$om 9 ea* su*  
c\ntry dur+ ! prec$+ #ab mon?s or long]2
  7ii7 designate ea* c\ntry ! gov]nm5t (
 :i* has engag$ 9 or tol]at$ violations 
describ$ 9 clause 7i7 z a c\ntry (      
p>ticul> conc]n = religi\s fre$om2 &    
7iii7 designate ea* c\ntry t engag$ 9 or
 tol]at$ sev]e violations ( religi\s    
fre$om dur+ ! previ\s ye>1 b does n     
meet1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,presid5t at ! "t (
 publication ( ! ,annual ,report1 all ( 
! crit]ia describ$ 9 section #c7ae7 =   
designation "u clause 7ii7 z be+ plac$  
on a ,special ,wat* ,li/4  2 &  7ii7 9  
subp>agraph 7,c71 by /rik+ prior to     
,septemb] #a ( ! respective ye> & ins]t+

 be=e ! date on :i* ea* ,annual ,report 
is submitt$ "u section #ajb7;b72  7,b7  
by am5d+ p>agraph 7#c7 to read z foll[s3
  7#c7 ,congressional notification  7,a7
 ,9 g5]al ,:5ev] ! ,presid5t designates 
a c\ntry z a c\ntry ( p>ticul> conc]n = 
religi\s fre$om "u p>agraph             
7#a77;,a77ii71 ! ,presid5t1 n lat] ?an  
#ij days aft] su* designation1 %all     
submit to ! appropriate congressional   
committees-- 7i7 ! designation ( !      
c\ntry1 sign$ by ! ,presid5t2  7ii7 !   
id5tification1 if any1 ( responsible    
p>ties det]m9$ "u p>agraph 7#b72 &      
7iii7 a description ( ! actions tak5 "u 
subsection 7c71 ! purposes ( ! actions  
tak51 & ! effectiv5ess ( ! actions tak54
  7,b7 ,removal ( designation ,a c\ntry 
t is designat$ z a c\ntry ( p>ticul>    
conc]n = religi\s fre$om "u p>agraph    
7#a77;,a77ii7 %all reta9 su* designation
 until ! ,presid5t det]m9es & reports to
 ! appropriate congressional committees 
t ! c\ntry %\ld no long] be s designat$4
  2 &  7,c7 by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3  

7#d7 ,effect on designation z c\ntry (  
p>ticul> conc]n ,! pres5ce or abs5ce ( a
 c\ntry f ! ,special ,wat* ,li/ 9 any   
giv5 ye> %all n preclude ! designation (
 su* c\ntry z a c\ntry ( p>ticul> conc]n
 = religi\s fre$om "u p>agraph          
7#a77;,a77ii7 9 any su* ye>4  2 &  7#b7 
9 subsection 7c77#e71 by /rik+ !        
,presid5t mu/ designate ! specific      
sanction or sanctions :i* he det]m9es   
satisfy ! requirem5ts ( ?is subsection4 
& ins]t+ ! ,presid5t %all designate !   
specific sanction or sanctions t !      
,presid5t det]m9es satisfy ! requirem5ts
 "u ?is subsection & include a          
description ( ! impact ( su* sanction or
 sanctions on ea* c\ntry44  #cjc4       
,report to ,congress ,section           
#djd7;a77#d77;,a7 ( ! ,int]national     
,religi\s ,fre$om ,act ( #aiih 7#bb     
,u4,s4,c4 #fddd7;a77#d77;,a77 is am5d$--
 7#a7 9 clause 7ii71 by /rik+ & at !    
end2  7#b7 9 clause 7iii71 by /rik+ !   
p]iod at ! end & ins]t+ 2 &2 &  7#c7 by 
add+ at ! end ! foll[+3  7iv7 ! impact  

on ! advancem5t ( ,unit$ ,/ates int]e/s 
9 democracy1 human rights1 & security1 &
 a description ( policy tools be+ appli$
 9 ! c\ntry1 includ+ programs t t>get   
democratic /ability1 economic gr[?1 &   
c\nt]t]rorism4  4  #cjd4 ,presid5tial   
waiv] ,section #djg ( ! ,int]national   
,religi\s ,fre$om ,act ( #aiih 7#bb     
,u4,s4,c4 #fddg7 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9      
subsection 7a7-- 7,a7 by /rik+          
subsection 7b7 & ins]t+ subsection 7c72 
7,b7 by ins]t+ 1 = a s+le1 #ahj-;day    
p]iod1 aft] may waive2  7,c7 by /rik+   
p>agraph 7#a72 &  7,d7 by r$esignat+    
p>agraphs 7#b7 & 7#c7 z p>agraphs 7#a7 &
 7#b71 respectively2  7#b7 by r$esignat+
 subsection 7b7 z subsection 7c72  7#c7 
by ins]t+ aft] subsection 7a7 ! foll[+3 
7b7 ,additional au?ority ,subject to    
subsection 7c71 ! ,presid5t may waive1 =
 any additional specifi$ p]iod ( "t aft]
 ! #ahj-;day p]iod describ$ 9 subsection
 7a71 ! application ( any ( ! actions   
describ$ 9 p>agraphs 7#i7 ?r\gh 7#ae7 ( 
section #dje7;a7 7or a comm5surate      

sub/itute action7 ) respect to a c\ntry1
 if ! ,presid5t det]m9es & reports to ! 
appropriate congressional committees t--
 7#a7 ! respective =eign gov]nm5t has   
ceas$ ! violations giv+ rise to !       
,presid5tial action2 or  7#b7 !         
important national int]e/ ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates requires ! ex]cise ( su* waiv]   
au?ority4  2  7#d7 9 subsection 7c71 z  
r$esignat$1 by ins]t+ or 7b7 aft]       
subsection 7a72 &  7#e7 by add+ at ! end
 ! foll[+3  7d7 ,s5se ( ,congress ,x is 
! s5se ( ,congress t-- 7#a7 ongo+ &     
p]si/5t waiv]s ( ! application ( any ( !
 actions describ$ 9 p>agraphs 7#i7 ?r\gh
 7#ae7 ( section #dje7;a7 7or           
comm5surate sub/itute action7 ) respect 
to a c\ntry d n fulfill ! purposes ( ?is
 ,act2 &  7#b7 because ! promotion (    
religi\s fre$om is an important int]e/ (
 ,unit$ ,/ates =eign policy1 !          
,presid5t1 ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 & o!r   
executive bran* (ficials1 9 consultation
 ) ,congress1 %\ld seek to f9d ways to  
address exi/+ violations1 on a          

case-by-case basis1 ?r\gh ! actions     
describ$ 9 section #dje or o!r          
comm5surate sub/itute action4  4  #cje4 
,publication 9 ! ,f$]al ,regi/] ,section
 #djh7;a77#a7 ( ! ,int]national         
,religi\s ,fre$om ,act ( #aiih 7#bb     
,u4,s4,c4 #fddh7;a77#a77 is am5d$ by    
add+ at ! end ! foll[+3 ,any designation
 ( a non-/ate actor z an entity (       
p>ticul> conc]n = religi\s fre$om "u    
section #cja ( ! ,frank ,r4 ,wolf       
,int]national ,religi\s ,fre$om ,act &1 
if applicable & to ! ext5t practicable1 
! id5tities ( individuals det]m9$ to be 
responsible = violations describ$ 9     
subsection 7f7 ( su* section44  ,,iv    
,promotion ( religi\s fre$om  #dja4     
,assi/ance = promot+ religi\s fre$om    
7a7 ,availability ( assi/ance ,x is !   
s5se ( ,congress t = ea* fiscal ye> t   
beg9s on or aft] ! date ( ! enactm5t (  
?is ,act1 ! ,presid5t %\ld reque/       
suffici5t appropriations f ,congress to 
support-- 7#a7 ! vigor\s promotion (    
int]national religi\s fre$om & =        

projects to advance ,unit$ ,/ates       
int]e/s 9 ! protection & advancem5t (   
int]national religi\s fre$om1 9         
p>ticul>1 ?r\gh grants to gr\ps t-- 7,a7
 are capable ( develop+ legal           
protections or promot+ cultural &       
societal und]/&+ ( int]national norms ( 
religi\s fre$om2  7,b7 seek to address &
 mitigate religi\sly motivat$ & sect>ian
 viol5ce & combat viol5t extremism2 or  
7,c7 seek to /r5g!n inve/igations1      
report+1 & monitor+ ( religi\s fre$om   
violations1 includ+ g5ocide p]petrat$   
aga9/ religi\s m9orities2 &  7#b7 !     
e/abli%m5t ( an effective ,religi\s     
,fre$om ,def5se ,fund1 to be adm9i/]$ by
 ! ,ambassador at ,l>ge = ,int]national 
,religi\s ,fre$om1 to provide grants =--
 7,a7 victims ( religi\s fre$om abuses &
 _! families to cov] legal & o!r exp5ses
 t may arise f det5tion1 imprisonm5t1   
torture1 f9es1 & o!r re/rictions2 &     
7,b7 projects to help create & support  
tra9+ ( a new g5]ation ( def5d]s (      
religi\s fre$om1 includ+ legal &        

political advocates1 & civil society    
projects :i* seek to create advocacy    
networks1 /r5g!n legal repres5tation1   
tra9 & educate new religi\s fre$om      
def5d]s1 & build ! capacity ( religi\s  
communities & rights def5d]s to protect 
aga9/ religi\s fre$om violations1       
mitigate societal or sect>ian viol5ce1  
or m9imize legal or o!r re/rictions ( ! 
"r to fre$om ( religion4  7b7 ,pref]5ce 
,x is ! s5se ( ,congress t1 9 provid+   
grants "u subsection 7a71 ! ,ambassador 
at ,l>ge = ,int]national ,religi\s      
,fre$om %\ld1 z appropriate1 give       
pref]5ce to projects t>get+ religi\s    
fre$om violations 9 c\ntries-- 7#a7     
designat$ z c\ntries ( p>ticul> conc]n =
 religi\s fre$om "u section #djb7;b77#a7
 ( ! ,int]national ,religi\s ,fre$om    
,act ( #aiih 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4             
#fddb7;b77#a772 or  7#b7 includ$ on !   
,special ,wat* ,li/ describ$ 9 section  
#djb7;b77#a77;,a77iii7 ( ! ,int]national
 ,religi\s ,fre$om ,act ( #aiih1 z add$ 
by section #cjb7a77;,a77i7 ( ?is ,act4  

7c7 ,adm9i/ration & consultations  7#a7 
,adm9i/ration ,am\nts made available "u 
subsection 7a7 %all be adm9i/]$ by !    
,ambassador at ,l>ge = ,int]national    
,religi\s ,fre$om4  7#b7 ,consultations 
,9 develop+ priorities & policies =     
provid+ grants au?oriz$ "u subsection   
7a71 includ+ programm+ & policy1 !      
,ambassador at ,l>ge = ,int]national    
,religi\s ,fre$om %\ld consult ) o!r    
,f$]al ag5cies1 includ+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
,commission on ,int]national ,religi\s  
,fre$om &1 z appropriate1 nongov]nm5tal 
organizations4  ,v ,designat$ ,p]sons   
,li/ = ,p>ticul>ly ,sev]e ,violations ( 
,religi\s ,fre$om  #eja4 ,designat$     
,p]sons ,li/ = ,p>ticul>ly ,sev]e       
,violations ( ,religi\s ,fre$om ,title  
,,vi ( ! ,int]national ,religi\s ,fre$om
 ,act ( #aiih 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4 #fdga et   
seq47 is am5d$-- 7#a7 by r$esignat+     
section #fje z section #fjf2 &  7#b7 by 
ins]t+ aft] section #fjd ! foll[+3      
#fje4 ,designat$ ,p]sons ,li/ =         
,p>ticul>ly ,sev]e ,violations (        

,religi\s ,fre$om  7a7 ,li/  7#a7 ,9    
g5]al ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 9           
coord9ation ) ! ,ambassador at ,l>ge & 9
 consultation ) relevant gov]nm5t &     
nongov]nm5t exp]ts1 %all e/abli% &      
ma9ta9 a li/ ( =eign individuals to :om 
a consul> po/ has d5i$ a visa on !      
gr\nds ( p>ticul>ly sev]e violations (  
religi\s fre$om "u section              
#bab7;a77#b77;,g7 ( ! ,immigration &    
,nationality ,act 7#h ,u4,s4,c4         
#aahb7;a77#b77;,g771 or :o are subject  
to f9ancial sanctions or o!r measures = 
p>ticul>ly sev]e violations ( fre$om    
religion4  7#b7 ,ref]5ce ,! li/ requir$ 
"u p>agraph 7#a7 %all be kn[n z !       
,designat$ ,p]sons ,li/ = ,p>ticul>ly   
,sev]e ,violations ( ,religi\s ,fre$om4 
7b7 ,report  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,secret>y 
( ,/ate %all submit a report to !       
appropriate congressional committees t  
conta9s ! li/ requir$ "u subsection 7a71
 includ+1 ) respect to ea* =eign        
individual on ! li/-- 7,a7 ! "n ( !     
individual & a description ( !          

p>ticul>ly sev]e violation ( religi\s   
fre$om committ$ by ! individual2  7,b7 !
 "n ( ! c\ntry or o!r location 9 :i* su*
 violation took place2 &  7,c7 a        
description ( ! actions tak5 pursuant to
 ?is ,act or any o!r ,act or ,executive 
ord] 9 response to su* violation4  7#b7 
,submission & updates ,! ,secret>y (    
,/ate %all submit to ! appropriate      
congressional committees-- 7,a7 !       
initial report requir$ "u p>agraph 7#a7 
n lat] ?an #ahj days aft] ! date ( !    
enactm5t ( ! ,frank ,r4 ,wolf           
,int]national ,religi\s ,fre$om ,act2 & 
7,b7 updates to ! report e #ahj days    
!reaft] & z new in=mation becomes       
available4  7#c7 ,=m ,! report requir$  
"u p>agraph 7#a7 %\ld be submitt$ 9     
unclassifi$ =m b may conta9 a classifi$ 
annex4  7#d7 ,def9ition ,9 ?is          
subsection1 ! t]m appropriate           
congressional committees means-- 7,a7 ! 
,committee on ,=eign ,relations ( !     
,s5ate2  7,b7 ! ,committee on           
,appropriations ( ! ,s5ate2  7,c7 !     

,committee on ,bank+1 ,h\s+1 & ,urban   
,affairs ( ! ,s5ate2  7,d7 ! ,committee 
on ,=eign ,affairs ( ! ,h\se (          
,repres5tatives2  7,e7 ! ,committee on  
,appropriations ( ! ,h\se (             
,repres5tatives2 &  7,f7 ! ,committee on
 ,f9ancial ,s]vices ( ! ,h\se (         
,repres5tatives4  4  ,,vi ,miscellane\s 
provisions  #fja4 ,miscellane\s         
provisions ,title ,,vii ( !             
,int]national ,religi\s ,fre$om ,act (  
#aiih 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4 #fdha et seq47 is  
am5d$ by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3  #gjb4 
,volunt>y codes ( conduct = ,unit$      
,/ates in/itutions ( high] education    
outside ! ,unit$ ,/ates  7a7 ,f9d+      
,congress recognizes ! endur+ importance
 ( ,unit$ ,/ates in/itutions ( high]    
education worldwide-- 7#a7 = _! pot5tial
 = %ap+ positive lead]%ip & new         
educational models 9 ho/ c\ntries2 &    
7#b7 = _! emphasis on tea*+ univ]sally  
recogniz$ rights ( free inquiry &       
academic fre$om4  7b7 ,s5se ( ,congress 
,x is ! s5se ( ,congress t ,unit$ ,/ates

 in/itutions ( high] education op]at+   
campuses outside ! ,unit$ ,/ates or     
e/abli%+ any educational entities )     
=eign gov]nm5ts1 p>ticul>ly ) or 9      
c\ntries ! gov]nm5ts ( :i* engage 9 or  
tol]ate sev]e violations ( religi\s     
fre$om z id5tifi$ 9 ! ,annual ,report1  
%\ld seek to adopt a volunt>y code (    
conduct = op]at+ 9 su* c\ntries t %\ld--
 7#a7 uphold ! "r ( fre$om ( religion ( 
_! employees & /ud5ts1 includ+ ! "r to  
manife/ t religion peacefully z protect$
 9 int]national law2  7#b7 ensure t !   
religi\s views & peaceful practice (    
religion 9 no way affect1 or be all[$ to
 affect1 ! /atus ( a work]'s or faculty 
memb]'s employm5t or a /ud5t's          
enrollm5t2 &  7#c7 make e ef=t 9 all    
negotiations1 contracts1 or memor&a (   
und]/&+ engag$ 9 or con/ruct$ ) a =eign 
gov]nm5t to protect academic fre$om & ! 
rights en%r9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,nations       
,decl>ation ( ,human ,rights4  #gjc4    
,s5se ( ,congress reg>d+ national       
security /rategy to promote religi\s    

fre$om ?r\gh ,unit$ ,/ates =eign policy 
,x is ! s5se ( ,congress t ! annual     
national security /rategy report ( !    
,presid5t requir$ "u section #ajh ( !   
,national ,security ,act ( #aidg 7#ej   
,u4,s4,c4 #cjdc7-- 7#a7 %\ld promote    
int]national religi\s fre$om z a =eign  
policy & national security priority2 &  
7#b7 %\ld articulate t promotion ( ! "r 
to fre$om ( religion is a /rategy t--   
7,a7 protects o!r1 relat$ human rights1 
& advances democracy outside ! ,unit$   
,/ates2 &  7,b7 makes cle> its          
importance to ,unit$ ,/ates =eign policy
 goals ( /ability1 security1 developm5t1
 & diplomacy2  7#c7 %\ld be a guide = ! 
/rategies & activities ( relevant ,f$]al
 ag5cies2 &  7#d7 %\ld in=m ! ,dep>tm5t 
( ,def5se quadr5nial def5se review "u   
section #aah ( title #aj1 ,unit$ ,/ates 
,code1 & ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate ,quadr5nial
 ,diplomacy & ,developm5t ,review4  4   
#fjb4 ,cl]ical am5dm5ts ,! table (      
cont5ts ( ! ,int]national ,religi\s     
,fre$om ,act ( #aiih 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4     

#fdja note7 is am5d$-- 7#a7 by /rik+ !  
item relat+ to section #fje & ins]t+ !  
foll[+3  ,sec4 #fjf4 ,/udies on ! effect
 ( exp$it$ removal provisions on asylum 
claims4  2  7#b7 by ins]t+ aft] ! item  
relat+ to section #fjd ! foll[+3  ,sec4 
#fje4 ,designat$ ,p]sons ,li/ =         
,p>ticul>ly ,sev]e ,violations (        
,religi\s ,fre$om4  2  &  7#c7 by add+  
at ! end ! foll[+3  ,sec4 #gjb4         
,volunt>y codes ( conduct = ,unit$      
,/ates in/itutions ( high] education    
op]at+ outside ! ,unit$ ,/ates4,sec4    
#gjc4 ,s5se ( ,congress reg>d+ national 
security /rategy to promote religi\s    
fre$om ?r\gh ,unit$ ,/ates =eign policy4
  4  ,secret>y