,,ii ,cal5d> ,no4 #bch #aac? ,,congress #a/ ,session ,s4 #ihg ,report ,no4 #aac-aah ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,may #af1 #bjac,mr4 ,s*um] 7= himself1 ,mr4 ,graham1 ,mr4 ,te/]1 ,ms4 ,klobu*>1 ,mr4 ,h>k91 ,mr4 ,b5net1 ,mrs4 ,murray1 ,mr4 ,udall ( ,new ,mexico1 ,mr4 ,baucus1 ,ms4 ,cantwell1 ,mrs4 ,box]1 ,mr4 ,isakson1 ,ms4 ,baldw91 ,mr4 ,blum5?al1 ,mr4 ,blunt1 ,mrs4 ,gillibr&1 ,mrs4 ,mc,caskill1 ,mr4 ,coons1 ,ms4 ,hirono1 & ,mr4 ,leahy7 introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 read twice & ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y ,novemb] #f1 #bjac,report$ by ,mr4 ,leahy1 ) an amendment,strike out all aft] ! enact+ clause & ins]t ! "p pr9t$ 9 italic ,a ,,bill ,to ma9ta9 ! free fl[ ( in=mation to ! public by provid+ conditions = ! f$]ally compell$ disclosure ( in=mation by c]ta9 p]sons connect$ ) ! news m$ia4 #a4 ,%ort title ,?is ,act may be cit$ z ! ,free ,fl[ ( ,in=mation ,act ( #bjac4 #b4 ,compell$ disclosure f cov]$ p]sons 7a7 ,conditions = compell$ disclosure ,9 any proce$+ or 9 connection ) any issue aris+ "u ,f$]al law1 a ,f$]al entity may n compel a cov]$ p]son to comply ) a subpo5a1 c\rt ord]1 or o!r compulsory legal process seek+ to compel ! disclosure ( protect$ in=mation1 unless a ,f$]al c\rt 9 ! jurisdiction :]e ! subpo5a1 c\rt ord]1 or o!r compulsory legal process has be5 or w\ld be issu$ det]m9es1 aft] provid+ notice & an opportunity to be he>d to su* cov]$ p]son-- 7#a7 t ! p>ty seek+ to compel disclosure ( ! protect$ in=mation has exhau/$ all reasonable alt]native s\rces 7o!r ?an a cov]$ p]son7 ( ! protect$ in=mation2 & 7#b7 t-- 7,a7 9 a crim9al inve/igation or prosecution-- 7i7 if ! p>ty seek+ to compel disclosure is ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 bas$ on public in=mation or in=mation obta9$ f a s\rce o!r ?an ! cov]$ p]son1 !re are reasonable gr\nds to believe t a crime has occurr$2 7ii7 bas$ on public in=mation or in=mation obta9$ f a s\rce o!r ?an ! cov]$ p]son1 !re are reasonable gr\nds to believe t ! protect$ in=mation s\ght is ess5tial to ! inve/igation or prosecution or to ! def5se aga9/ ! prosecution2 7iii7 ! ,attorney ,g5]al c]tifies t ! decision to reque/ compell$ disclosure 0 made 9 a mann] consi/5t ) section #ej4aj ( title #bh1 ,code ( ,f$]al ,regulations1 if compell$ disclosure is s\ght by a memb] ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice 9 circum/ances gov]n$ by section #ej4aj ( title #bh1 ,code ( ,f$]al ,regulations2 & 7iv7 ! cov]$ p]son has n e/abli%$ by cle> & conv9c+ evid5ce t disclosure ( ! protect$ in=mation w\ld be contr>y to ! public int]e/1 tak+ into acc\nt bo? ! public int]e/ 9 ga!r+ & dissem9at+ ! in=mation or news at issue & ma9ta9+ ! free fl[ ( in=mation & ! public int]e/ 9 compell+ disclosure 7includ+ ! ext5t ( any h>m to national security72 or 7,b7 9 a matt] o!r ?an a crim9al inve/igation or prosecution1 bas$ on public in=mation or in=mation obta9$ f a s\rce o!r ?an ! cov]$ p]son-- 7i7 ! protect$ in=mation s\ght is ess5tial to ! resolution ( ! matt]2 & 7ii7 ! p>ty seek+ to compel disclosure ( ! protect$ in=mation has e/abli%$ t ! int]e/ 9 compell+ disclosure cle>ly outweighs ! public int]e/ 9 ga!r+ & dissem9at+ ! in=mation or news at issue & ma9ta9+ ! free fl[ ( in=mation4 7b7 ,limitations on cont5t ( in=mation ,a subpo5a1 c\rt ord]1 or o!r compulsory legal process seek+ to compel ! disclosure ( protect$ in=mation "u subsection 7a7 %all1 to ! ext5t possible1 be n>r[ly tailor$ 9 purpose1 subject matt]1 & p]iod ( "t cov]$ s z to avoid compell+ disclosure ( p]iph]al1 noness5tial1 or speculative in=mation4 #c4 ,exception relat+ to crim9al conduct 7a7 ,9 g5]al ,section #b %all n apply to any in=mation1 record1 docum5t1 or item obta9$ z ! result ( ! eyewitness obs]vations (1 or obta9$ dur+ ! c\rse (1 alleg$ crim9al conduct by ! cov]$ p]son1 includ+ any physical evid5ce or visual or audio record+ ( ! conduct4 7b7 ,exception ,?is section %all n apply1 &1 subject to sections #d & #e1 section #b %all apply1 if ! alleg$ crim9al conduct is ! act ( communicat+ ! docum5ts or in=mation at issue4 #d4 ,exception to prev5t dea?1 kidnapp+1 sub/antial bodily injury1 sex (f5ses aga9/ m9ors1 or incapacitation or de/ruction ( critical infra/ructure ,section #b %all n apply to any protect$ in=mation t is reasonably necess>y to /op1 prev5t1 or mitigate a specific case (-- 7#a7 dea?2 7#b7 kidnapp+2 7#c7 sub/antial bodily h>m2 7#d7 conduct t con/itutes a crim9al (f5se t is a specifi$ (f5se aga9/ a m9or 7z ^? t]ms are def9$ 9 section #aaa ( ! ,adam ,wal% ,*ild ,protection & ,safety ,act ( #bjjf 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #afiaa771 or an attempt or conspiracy to commit su* a crim9al (f5se2 or 7#e7 incapacitation or de/ruction ( critical infra/ructure 7z def9$ 9 section #ajaf7;e7 ( ! ,,usa ,,patriot ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #eaie;c7e7774 #e4 ,exception to prev5t t]rori/ activity or h>m to ! national security 7a7 ,9 g5]al ,section #b %all n apply to any protect$ in=mation if-- 7#a7 ! p>ty seek+ to compel disclosure is ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t2 & 7#b7 7,a7 9 a crim9al inve/igation or prosecution ( ! alleg$ly unlawful disclosure ( prop]ly classifi$ in=mation1 ! c\rt f9ds by a prepond]ance ( ! evid5ce t ! protect$ in=mation = :i* compell$ disclosure is s\ght w\ld mat]ially assi/ ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t 9 prev5t+ or mitigat+-- 7i7 an act ( t]rorism2 or 7ii7 o!r acts t are reasonably likely to cause significant & articulable h>m to national security2 or 7,b7 9 any o!r crim9al inve/igation or prosecution1 ! c\rt f9ds by a prepond]ance ( ! evid5ce t ! protect$ in=mation = :i* compell$ disclosure is s\ght w\ld mat]ially assi/ ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t 9 prev5t+1 mitigat+1 or id5tify+ ! p]petrator (-- 7i7 an act ( t]rorism2 or 7ii7 o!r acts t h caus$ or are reasonably likely to cause significant & articulable h>m to national security4 7b7 ,def]5ce ,9 assess+ ! exi/5ce or ext5t ( ! h>m describ$ 9 subsection 7a71 a ,f$]al c\rt %all give appropriate def]5ce to a specific factual %[+ submitt$ to ! c\rt by ! head ( any executive bran* ag5cy or dep>tm5t conc]n$4 7c7 ,relation%ip to section #b ,subsection 7a7 %all n apply1 &1 subject to sections #c & #d1 section #b %all apply1 to any crim9al inve/igation or prosecution ( ! alleg$ly unlawful disclosure ( prop]ly classifi$ in=mation o!r ?an "o 9 :i* ! protect$ in=mation is s\ght by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to prev5t or mitigate ! h>m specifi$ 9 subsection 7a77#b77;,a74 ,9 consid]+ ! ext5t ( any h>m to national security :5 apply+ section #b to su* cases1 a ,f$]al c\rt %all give appropriate def]5ce to any specific factual %[+ submitt$ to ! c\rt by ! head ( any executive bran* ag5cy or dep>tm5t conc]n$4 7d7 ,subsequ5t unlawful disclosure ,! pot5tial = a subsequ5t unlawful disclosure ( in=mation by ! s\rce s\ght to be id5tifi$ %all n1 by itself & )\t any %[+ ( additional facts beyond su* pot5tial disclosure1 be suffici5t to e/abli% t compell$ disclosure ( ! protect$ in=mation w\ld mat]ially assi/ ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t 9 prev5t+ or mitigat+-- 7#a7 an act ( t]rorism2 or 7#b7 o!r acts t are reasonably likely to cause significant & articulable h>m to national security4 #f4 ,compell$ disclosure f communications s]vice provid]s 7a7 ,conditions = compell$ disclosure 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,except z provid$ 9 p>agraph 7#b71 if any docum5t or o!r in=mation f ! acc\nt ( a p]son :o is kn[n to be1 or reasonably likely to be1 a cov]$ p]son is s\ght f a communications s]vice provid]1 sections #b ?r\gh #e %all apply 9 ! same mann] t su* sections apply to any docum5t or o!r in=mation s\ght f a cov]$ p]son4 7#b7 ,exception ,if any docum5t or o!r in=mation f ! acc\nt ( a p]son :o is kn[n to be1 or reasonably likely to be1 a cov]$ p]son is s\ght f a communications s]vice provid] "u section #bgji ( title #ah1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 ! provisions ( sections #b ?r\gh #e gov]n+ crim9al inve/igations & prosecutions %all apply 9 ! same mann] t su* sections apply to any docum5t or o!r in=mation s\ght f a cov]$ p]son 9 ! c\rse ( a crim9al inve/igation or prosecution1 except t clauses 7i7 & 7iii7 ( section #b7;a77#b77;,a7 & ! phrase p>ticul>ly ) ref]5ce to directly e/abli%+ guilt or innoc5ce 9 section #b7;a77#b77;,a77ii7 %all n apply4 7b7 ,notice & opportunity provid$ to cov]$ p]sons ,a ,f$]al c\rt may compel ! disclosure ( a docum5t or o!r in=mation describ$ 9 ?is section only aft] ! cov]$ p]son f ^: acc\nt ! docum5t or o!r in=mation is s\ght has be5 giv5-- 7#a7 notice f ! p>ty seek+ ! docum5t or o!r in=mation ?r\gh a subpo5a or o!r compulsory reque/1 n lat] ?an ! "t at :i* su* subpo5a or reque/ is issu$ to ! communications s]vice provid]2 & 7#b7 an opportunity to be he>d be=e ! c\rt be=e compell+ te/imony or ! disclosure ( a docum5t4 7c7 ,exception to notice requirem5t ,notice "u subsection 7b77#a7 may be delay$ = n m ?an #de days if ! ,f$]al c\rt involv$ det]m9es by cle> & conv9c+ evid5ce t su* notice w\ld pose a sub/antial ?reat to ! integrity ( a crim9al inve/igation1 a national security inve/igation1 or intellig5ce ga!r+1 or t exig5t circum/ances exi/4 ,?is p]iod may be ext5d$ by ! c\rt = an additional p]iod ( n m ?an #de days ea* "t ! c\rt makes su* a det]m9ation4 7d7 ,notice to communications s]vice provid] ,9 all cases 9 :i* notice is requir$ to be provid$ to ! cov]$ p]son "u ?is section1 a copy ( su* notice %all be provid$ simultane\sly to ! communications s]vice provid] f :om disclosure is s\ght4 ,once x has receiv$ su* notice1 ! communications s]vice provid] %all n comply ) ! reque/ = disclosure unless & until disclosure is ei!r ord]$ by ! c\rt or au?oriz$ 9 writ+ by ! cov]$ p]son4 #g4 ,s\rces & "w product produc$ )\t promise or agreem5t ( confid5tiality ,no?+ 9 ?is ,act %all sup]s$e1 dilute1 or preclude any law or c\rt decision compell+ or n compell+ disclosure by a cov]$ p]son or communications s]vice provid] (-- 7#a7 in=mation id5tify+ a s\rce :o provid$ in=mation )\t a promise or agreem5t ( confid5tiality made by ! cov]$ p]son z "p ( engag+ 9 j\rnalism2 or 7#b7 records1 o!r in=mation1 or cont5ts ( a communication obta9$ )\t a promise or agreem5t t su* records1 o!r in=mation1 or cont5ts ( a communication w\ld be confid5tial4 #h4 ,proc$ures = review & appeal 7a7 ,conditions = ex p>te review or submissions "u seal ,) reg>d to any det]m9ation made by a ,f$]al c\rt "u ?is ,act1 ^u a %[+ ( good cause1 t ,f$]al c\rt may receive & consid] submissions f ! p>ties 9 cam]a or "u seal1 & if ! c\rt det]m9es x is necess>y1 ex p>te4 7b7 ,contempt ( c\rt ,) reg>d to any det]m9ation made by a ,f$]al c\rt "u ?is ,act1 a ,f$]al c\rt may f9d a cov]$ p]son to be 9 civil or crim9al contempt if ! cov]$ p]son fails to comply ) an ord] ( a ,f$]al c\rt compell+ disclosure ( protect$ in=mation4 7c7 ,to provide = timely det]m9ation ,) reg>d to any det]m9ation to be made by a ,f$]al c\rt "u ?is ,act1 t ,f$]al c\rt1 to ! ext5t practicable1 %all make t det]m9ation n lat] ?an #cj days aft] ! date ( receiv+ a motion reque/+ ! c\rt make t det]m9ation4 7d7 ,exp$it$ appeal process 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,! c\rts ( appeal %all h jurisdiction-- 7,a7 ( appeals by a ,f$]al entity or cov]$ p]son ( an int]locutory ord] ( a ,f$]al c\rt "u ?is ,act2 & 7,b7 9 an appeal ( a f9al decision ( a ,f$]al c\rt by a ,f$]al entity or cov]$ p]son1 to review any det]m9ation ( a ,f$]al c\rt "u ?is ,act4 7#b7 ,exp$ition ( appeals ,x %all be ! duty ( a ,f$]al c\rt to :i* an appeal is made "u ?is subsection to advance on ! docket & to exp$ite to ! greate/ possible ext5t ! disposition ( t appeal4 #i4 ,rule ( con/ruction ,no?+ 9 ?is ,act may be con/ru$ to-- 7#a7 preempt any law or claim relat+ to defamation1 sl&]1 or libel2 7#b7 modify ! requirem5ts ( section #eeb;a ( title #e1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 or ,f$]al laws or rules relat+ to gr& jury secrecy 7except t ?is ,act %all apply 9 any proce$+ & 9 connection ) any issue aris+ "u t section or ! ,f$]al laws or rules relat+ to gr& jury secrecy72 7#c7 create new obligations1 or affect or modify ! au?orities or obligations ( a ,f$]al entity ) respect to ! acquisition or dissem9ation ( in=mation pursuant to ! ,=eign ,intellig5ce ,surveillance ,act ( #aigh 7#ej ,u4,s4,c4 #ahja et seq472 or 7#d7 preclude volunt>y disclosure ( in=mation to a ,f$]al entity 9 a situation t is n gov]n$ by ?is ,act4 #aj4 ,audit 7a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,inspector ,g5]al ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice %all p]=m a compreh5sive audit ( ! use ( ?is ,act dur+ ! p]iod beg9n+ on ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act & end+ on ,decemb] #ca1 #bjaf4 ,! audit %all include an exam9ation ( ea* in/ance 9 :i* a c\rt fail$ to compel ! disclosure ( protect$ in=mation "u ?is ,act1 & :e!r ?is ,act has creat$ any proc$ural imp$im5ts t h _h a detrim5tal op]ational impact on ! activities ( ! ,f$]al ,bureau ( ,inve/igation4 7b7 ,report ,n lat] ?an ,june #cj1 #bjag1 ! ,inspector ,g5]al ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice %all submit to ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y & ! ,select ,committee on ,intellig5ce ( ! ,s5ate & ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y & ! ,p]man5t ,select ,committee on ,intellig5ce ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives a report conta9+ ! results ( ! audit conduct$ "u subsection 7a74 7c7 ,review ,n lat] ?an #cj days be=e ! submission ( ! report "u subsection 7b71 ! ,inspector ,g5]al ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice %all provide ! report to ! ,attorney ,g5]al & ! ,director ( ,national ,intellig5ce4 ,! ,attorney ,g5]al or ! ,director ( ,national ,intellig5ce may provide su* comm5ts to be includ$ 9 ! report submitt$ "u subsection 7b7 z ! ,attorney ,g5]al or ! ,director ( ,national ,intellig5ce may consid] necess>y4 7d7 ,=m ,! report submitt$ "u subsection 7b7 & any comm5ts includ$ "u subsection 7c7 %all be 9 unclassifi$ =m1 b may include a classifi$ annex4 #aa4 ,def9itions ,9 ?is ,act3 7#a7 ,communications s]vice provid] ,! t]m communications s]vice provid]-- 7,a7 means any p]son t transmits in=mation ( ! cu/om]'s *oos+ by electronic means2 & 7,b7 includes a telecommunications c>ri]1 an in=mation s]vice provid]1 an int]active comput] s]vice provid]1 & an in=mation cont5t provid] 7z su* t]ms are def9$ 9 section #c or #bcj ( ! ,communications ,act ( #aicd 7#dg ,u4,s4,c4 #aec & #bcj774 7#b7 ,cov]$ p]son ,! t]m cov]$ p]son-- 7,a7 means a p]son :o-- 7i7 ) ! prim>y int5t to inve/igate ev5ts & procure mat]ial 9 ord] to dissem9ate to ! public news or in=mation conc]n+ local1 national1 or int]national ev5ts or o!r matt]s ( public int]e/1 regul>ly ga!rs1 prep>es1 collects1 photographs1 records1 writes1 edits1 reports or publi%es on su* matt]s by-- 7,i7 conduct+ int]views2 7,,ii7 mak+ direct obs]vation ( ev5ts2 or 7,,iii7 collect+1 review+1 or analyz+ orig9al writ+s1 /atem5ts1 communications1 reports1 memor&a1 records1 transcripts1 docum5ts1 photographs1 record+s1 tapes1 mat]ials1 data1 or o!r in=mation :e!r 9 pap]1 electronic1 or o!r =m2 7ii7 has su* int5t at ! inception ( ! process ( ga!r+ ! news or in=mation s\ght2 & 7iii7 obta9s ! news or in=mation s\ght 9 ord] to dissem9ate ! news or in=mation by means ( pr9t 7includ+ newspap]s1 books1 wire s]vices1 news ag5cies1 or magaz9es71 broadca/+ 7includ+ dissem9ation ?r\gh networks1 cable1 satellite c>ri]s1 broadca/ /ations1 or a *annel or programm+ s]vice = any su* m$ia71 me*anical1 photographic1 electronic1 or o!r means2 7,b7 includes a sup]visor1 employ]1 p>5t company1 subsidi>y1 or affiliate ( a p]son describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a72 & 7,c7 does n include any p]son :o is or is reasonably likely to be-- 7i7 a =eign p[] or an ag5t ( a =eign p[]1 z ^? t]ms are def9$ 9 section #aja ( ! ,=eign ,intellig5ce ,surveillance ,act ( #aigh 7#ej ,u4,s4,c4 #ahja72 7ii7 a memb] or affiliate ( a =eign t]rori/ organization designat$ "u section #bai7;a7 ( ! ,immigration & ,nationality ,act 7#h ,u4,s4,c4 #aahi7;a772 7iii7 designat$ z a ,specially ,designat$ ,global ,t]rori/ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,treasury "u ,executive ,ord] ,no4 #acbbd 7#ej ,u4,s4,c4 #agja72 7iv7 a specially designat$ t]rori/1 z t t]m is def9$ 9 section #eie4caa ( title #ca1 ,code ( ,f$]al ,regulations 7or any successor !reto72 7v7 a t]rori/ organization1 z t t]m is def9$ 9 section #bab7;a77#c77;,b77vi77,,ii7 ( ! ,immigration & ,nationality ,act 7#h ,u4,s4,c4 #aahb7;a77#c77;,b77vi77,,ii772 7vi7 committ+ or attempt+ to commit ! crime ( t]rorism1 z t (f5se is def9$ 9 section #bcca7e7 or #bccb;b7g77#e7 ( title #ah1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code2 7vii7 committ+ or attempt+ ! crime ( provid+ mat]ial support1 z t t]m is def9$ 9 section #bcci;,a7b77#a7 ( title #ah1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 to a t]rori/ organization2 or 7viii7 aid+1 abett+1 or conspir+ 9 illegal activity ) a p]son or organization def9$ 9 clauses 7i7 ?r\gh 7vii74 7#c7 ,docum5t ,! t]m docum5t means writ+s1 record+s1 & photographs1 z ^? t]ms are def9$ by rule #ajja ( ! ,f$]al ,rules ( ,evid5ce 7#bh ,u4,s4,c4 ,app474 7#d7 ,f$]al entity ,! t]m ,f$]al entity means an entity or employee ( ! judicial or executive bran* or an adm9i/rative ag5cy ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t ) ! p[] to issue a subpo5a or issue o!r compulsory process4 7#e7 ,prop]ly classifi$ in=mation ,! t]m prop]ly classifi$ in=mation means in=mation t is classifi$ 9 accordance ) any applicable ,executive ord]s1 /atutes1 or regulations reg>d+ classification ( in=mation4 7#f7 ,protect$ in=mation ,! t]m protect$ in=mation means-- 7,a7 in=mation id5tify+ a s\rce :o provid$ in=mation "u a promise or agreem5t ( confid5tiality made by a cov]$ p]son z "p ( engag+ 9 j\rnalism2 or 7,b7 any records1 cont5ts ( a communication1 docum5ts1 or in=mation t a cov]$ p]son obta9$ or creat$-- 7i7 z "p ( engag+ 9 j\rnalism2 & 7ii7 ^u a promise or agreem5t t su* records1 cont5ts ( a communication1 docum5ts1 or in=mation w\ld be confid5tial4 #a4 ,%ort title ,?is ,act may be cit$ z ! ,free ,fl[ ( ,in=mation ,act ( #bjac4 #b4 ,compell$ disclosure f cov]$ j\rnali/s 7a7 ,conditions = compell$ disclosure ,9 any proce$+ or 9 connection ) any issue aris+ "u ,f$]al law1 a ,f$]al entity may n compel a cov]$ j\rnali/ to comply ) a subpo5a1 c\rt ord]1 or o!r compulsory legal process seek+ to compel ! disclosure ( protect$ in=mation1 unless a judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! jurisdiction :]e ! subpo5a1 c\rt ord]1 or o!r compulsory legal process has be5 or w\ld be issu$ det]m9es1 aft] provid+ notice & an opportunity to be he>d to su* cov]$ j\rnali/-- 7#a7 t ! p>ty seek+ to compel disclosure ( ! protect$ in=mation has exhau/$ all reasonable alt]native s\rces 7o!r ?an a cov]$ j\rnali/7 ( ! protect$ in=mation2 & 7#b7 t-- 7,a7 9 a crim9al inve/igation or prosecution-- 7i7 if ! p>ty seek+ to compel disclosure is ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 bas$ on public in=mation or in=mation obta9$ f a s\rce o!r ?an ! cov]$ j\rnali/1 !re are reasonable gr\nds to believe t a crime has occurr$2 7ii7 bas$ on public in=mation or in=mation obta9$ f a s\rce o!r ?an ! cov]$ j\rnali/1 !re are reasonable gr\nds to believe t ! protect$ in=mation s\ght is ess5tial to ! inve/igation or prosecution or to ! def5se aga9/ ! prosecution2 7iii7 ! ,attorney ,g5]al c]tifies t ! decision to reque/ compell$ disclosure 0 made 9 a mann] consi/5t ) section #ej4aj ( title #bh1 ,code ( ,f$]al ,regulations1 if compell$ disclosure is s\ght by a memb] ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice 9 circum/ances gov]n$ by section #ej4aj ( title #bh1 ,code ( ,f$]al ,regulations2 & 7iv7 ! cov]$ j\rnali/ has n e/abli%$ by cle> & conv9c+ evid5ce t disclosure ( ! protect$ in=mation w\ld be contr>y to ! public int]e/1 tak+ into acc\nt bo? ! public int]e/ 9 ga!r+ & dissem9at+ ! in=mation or news at issue & ma9ta9+ ! free fl[ ( in=mation & ! public int]e/ 9 compell+ disclosure 7includ+ ! ext5t ( any h>m to national security72 or 7,b7 9 a matt] o!r ?an a crim9al inve/igation or prosecution1 bas$ on public in=mation or in=mation obta9$ f a s\rce o!r ?an ! cov]$ j\rnali/-- 7i7 ! protect$ in=mation s\ght is ess5tial to ! resolution ( ! matt]2 & 7ii7 ! p>ty seek+ to compel disclosure ( ! protect$ in=mation has e/abli%$ t ! int]e/ 9 compell+ disclosure cle>ly outweighs ! public int]e/ 9 ga!r+ & dissem9at+ ! in=mation or news at issue & ma9ta9+ ! free fl[ ( in=mation4 7b7 ,limitations on cont5t ( in=mation ,a subpo5a1 c\rt ord]1 or o!r compulsory legal process seek+ to compel ! disclosure ( protect$ in=mation "u subsection 7a7 %all1 to ! ext5t possible1 be n>r[ly tailor$ 9 purpose1 subject matt]1 & p]iod ( "t cov]$ s z to avoid compell+ disclosure ( p]iph]al1 noness5tial1 or speculative in=mation4 7c7 ,rule ( con/ruction = compell$ disclosure f cov]$ j\rnali/s ,no?+ 9 ?is section %all be con/ru$ to preclude1 9 addition to ! proc$ures requir$ "u ?is section-- 7#a7 ! requirem5t t a ,f$]al or gov]nm5tal entity %all obta9 a w>rant = c]ta9 communications1 z set =? 9 section #bgjc ( title #ah1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code 7commonly kn[n z ! ,electronic ,communications ,privacy ,act72 or 7#b7 ! requirem5ts & proc$ures reg>d+ se>* & seizure set =? 9 ,rule #da ( ! ,f$]al ,rules ( ,crim9al ,proc$ure4 #c4 ,exception relat+ to crim9al conduct 7a7 ,9 g5]al ,section #b %all n apply to any in=mation1 record1 docum5t1 or item obta9$ z ! result ( ! eyewitness obs]vations (1 or obta9$ dur+ ! c\rse (1 alleg$ crim9al conduct by ! cov]$ j\rnali/1 includ+ any physical evid5ce or visual or audio record+ ( ! conduct4 7b7 ,exception ,?is section %all n apply1 &1 subject to sections #d & #e1 section #b %all apply1 if ! alleg$ crim9al conduct is ! act ( communicat+ ! docum5ts or in=mation at issue4 #d4 ,exception to prev5t dea?1 kidnapp+1 sub/antial bodily injury1 sex (f5ses aga9/ m9ors1 or incapacitation or de/ruction ( critical infra/ructure ,section #b %all n apply to any protect$ in=mation t is reasonably necess>y to /op1 prev5t1 or mitigate a specific case (-- 7#a7 dea?2 7#b7 kidnapp+2 7#c7 sub/antial bodily h>m2 7#d7 conduct t con/itutes a crim9al (f5se t is a specifi$ (f5se aga9/ a m9or 7z ^? t]ms are def9$ 9 section #aaa ( ! ,adam ,wal% ,*ild ,protection & ,safety ,act ( #bjjf 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #afiaa771 or an attempt or conspiracy to commit su* a crim9al (f5se2 or 7#e7 incapacitation or de/ruction ( critical infra/ructure 7z def9$ 9 section #ajaf7;e7 ( ! ,,usa ,,patriot ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #eaie;c7e7774 #e4 ,exception to prev5t t]rori/ activity or h>m to ! national security 7a7 ,9 g5]al ,section #b %all n apply to any protect$ in=mation if-- 7#a7 ! p>ty seek+ to compel disclosure is ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t2 & 7#b7 7,a7 9 a crim9al inve/igation or prosecution ( ! alleg$ly unlawful disclosure ( prop]ly classifi$ in=mation1 ! c\rt f9ds by a prepond]ance ( ! evid5ce t ! protect$ in=mation = :i* compell$ disclosure is s\ght w\ld mat]ially assi/ ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t 9 prev5t+ or mitigat+-- 7i7 an act ( t]rorism2 or 7ii7 o!r acts t are reasonably likely to cause significant & articulable h>m to national security2 or 7,b7 9 any o!r crim9al inve/igation or prosecution1 ! c\rt f9ds by a prepond]ance ( ! evid5ce t ! protect$ in=mation = :i* compell$ disclosure is s\ght w\ld mat]ially assi/ ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t 9 prev5t+1 mitigat+1 or id5tify+ ! p]petrator (-- 7i7 an act ( t]rorism2 or 7ii7 o!r acts t h caus$ or are reasonably likely to cause significant & articulable h>m to national security4 7b7 ,def]5ce ,9 assess+ ! exi/5ce or ext5t ( ! h>m describ$ 9 subsection 7a71 a ,f$]al c\rt %all give appropriate def]5ce to a specific factual %[+ submitt$ to ! c\rt by ! head ( any executive bran* ag5cy or dep>tm5t conc]n$4 7c7 ,relation%ip to section #b ,subsection 7a7 %all n apply1 &1 subject to sections #c & #d1 section #b %all apply1 to any crim9al inve/igation or prosecution ( ! alleg$ly unlawful disclosure ( prop]ly classifi$ in=mation o!r ?an "o 9 :i* ! protect$ in=mation is s\ght by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to prev5t or mitigate ! h>m specifi$ 9 subsection 7a77#b77;,a74 ,9 consid]+ ! ext5t ( any h>m to national security :5 apply+ section #b to su* cases1 a ,f$]al c\rt %all give appropriate def]5ce to any specific factual %[+ submitt$ to ! c\rt by ! head ( any executive bran* ag5cy or dep>tm5t conc]n$4 7d7 ,subsequ5t unlawful disclosure ,! pot5tial = a subsequ5t unlawful disclosure ( in=mation by ! s\rce s\ght to be id5tifi$ %all n1 by itself & )\t any %[+ ( additional facts beyond su* pot5tial disclosure1 be suffici5t to e/abli% t compell$ disclosure ( ! protect$ in=mation w\ld mat]ially assi/ ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t 9 prev5t+ or mitigat+-- 7#a7 an act ( t]rorism2 or 7#b7 o!r acts t are reasonably likely to cause significant & articulable h>m to national security4 #f4 ,compell$ disclosure f cov]$ s]vice provid]s 7a7 ,conditions = compell$ disclosure 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,except z provid$ 9 p>agraph 7#b71 if any docum5t or o!r in=mation f ! acc\nt ( a p]son :o is kn[n to be1 or reasonably likely to be1 a cov]$ j\rnali/ is s\ght f a cov]$ s]vice provid]1 sections #b ?r\gh #e %all apply 9 ! same mann] t su* sections apply to any docum5t or o!r in=mation s\ght f a cov]$ j\rnali/4 7#b7 ,exception ,if any docum5t or o!r in=mation f ! acc\nt ( a p]son :o is kn[n to be1 or reasonably likely to be1 a cov]$ j\rnali/ is s\ght f a cov]$ s]vice provid] "u section #bgji ( title #ah1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 ! provisions ( sections #b ?r\gh #e gov]n+ crim9al inve/igations & prosecutions %all apply 9 ! same mann] t su* sections apply to any docum5t or o!r in=mation s\ght f a cov]$ j\rnali/ 9 ! c\rse ( a crim9al inve/igation or prosecution1 except t clauses 7i7 & 7iii7 ( section #b7;a77#b77;,a7 %all n apply4 7b7 ,notice & opportunity provid$ to cov]$ j\rnali/s ,a judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates may compel ! disclosure ( a docum5t or o!r in=mation describ$ 9 ?is section only aft] ! cov]$ j\rnali/ f ^: acc\nt ! docum5t or o!r in=mation is s\ght has be5 giv5-- 7#a7 notice f ! p>ty seek+ ! docum5t or o!r in=mation ?r\gh a subpo5a or o!r compulsory reque/1 n lat] ?an ! "t at :i* su* subpo5a or reque/ is issu$ to ! cov]$ s]vice provid]2 & 7#b7 an opportunity to be he>d be=e ! judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates be=e compell+ te/imony or ! disclosure ( a docum5t4 7c7 ,exception to notice requirem5t 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,notice & opportunity to be he>d "u subsection 7b7 may be delay$ = n m ?an #de days if ! judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates involv$ det]m9es by cle> & conv9c+ evid5ce t su* notice w\ld pose a cle> & sub/antial ?reat to ! integrity ( a crim9al inve/igation1 w\ld risk grave h>m to national security1 or w\ld pres5t an imm95t risk ( dea? or s]i\s bodily h>m4 7#b7 ,ext5sion ,! #de-;day p]iod describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a7 may be ext5d$ by ! c\rt = #a additional p]iod ( n m ?an #de days if ! judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates involv$ makes a new & indep5d5t det]m9ation by cle> & conv9c+ evid5ce t provid+ notice to ! cov]$ j\rnali/ w\ld pose a cle> & sub/antial ?reat to ! integrity ( a crim9al inve/igation1 w\ld risk grave h>m to national security1 or w\ld pres5t an imm95t risk ( dea? or s]i\s bodily h>m "u curr5t circum/ances4 7#c7 ,sub/antial ?reat to ! integrity ( a crim9al inve/igation ,= purposes ( ?is subsection1 a sub/antial ?reat to ! integrity ( a crim9al inve/igation exi/s :5 ! judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates involv$ f9ds1 by cle> & conv9c+ evid5ce1 t ! t>get ( ! inve/igation may le>n ( ! inve/igation & de/roy evid5ce if notice is provid$4 7#d7 ,protective ord]s ,= purposes ( a det]m9ation "u ?is subsection1 ! judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates involv$ %all consid] :e!r provid+ notice pursuant to a protective ord] to ! cov]$ j\rnali/ may mitigate any cle> & sub/antial ?reat to ! integrity ( a crim9al inve/igation1 any risk ( grave h>m to national security1 or any imm95t risk ( dea? or s]i\s bodily h>m4 7d7 ,notice to cov]$ s]vice provid] ,9 all cases 9 :i* notice is requir$ to be provid$ to ! cov]$ j\rnali/ "u ?is section1 a copy ( su* notice %all be provid$ simultane\sly to ! cov]$ s]vice provid] f :om disclosure is s\ght4 ,once x has receiv$ su* notice1 ! cov]$ s]vice provid] %all n comply ) ! reque/ = disclosure unless & until disclosure is ei!r ord]$ by ! c\rt or au?oriz$ 9 writ+ by ! cov]$ j\rnali/4 7e7 ,rule ( con/ruction = delay$ notice ,! delay$ notice requirem5ts 9 ?is section %all be con/ru$ to sup]s$e ! requirem5ts = delay$ notice set =? 9 sections #bgjc & #bgje7;a7 ( title #ah1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code4 #g4 ,s\rces & "w product produc$ )\t promise or agreem5t ( confid5tiality ,no?+ 9 ?is ,act %all sup]s$e1 dilute1 or preclude any law or c\rt decision compell+ or n compell+ disclosure by a cov]$ j\rnali/ or cov]$ s]vice provid] (-- 7#a7 in=mation id5tify+ a s\rce :o provid$ in=mation )\t a promise or agreem5t ( confid5tiality made by ! cov]$ j\rnali/ z "p ( engag+ 9 j\rnalism2 or 7#b7 records1 o!r in=mation1 or cont5ts ( a communication obta9$ )\t a promise or agreem5t t su* records1 o!r in=mation1 or cont5ts ( a communication w\ld be confid5tial4 #h4 ,proc$ures = review & appeal 7a7 ,conditions = ex p>te review or submissions "u seal ,) reg>d to any det]m9ation made by a judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ?is ,act1 ^u a %[+ ( good cause1 t judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates may receive & consid] submissions f ! p>ties 9 cam]a or "u seal1 & if ! c\rt det]m9es x is necess>y1 ex p>te4 7b7 ,contempt ( c\rt ,) reg>d to any det]m9ation made by a judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ?is ,act1 a judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates may f9d a cov]$ j\rnali/ to be 9 civil or crim9al contempt if ! cov]$ j\rnali/ fails to comply ) an ord] ( a judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates compell+ disclosure ( protect$ in=mation4 7c7 ,to provide = timely det]m9ation ,) reg>d to any det]m9ation to be made by a judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ?is ,act1 t judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to ! ext5t practicable1 %all make t det]m9ation n lat] ?an #cj days aft] ! date ( receiv+ a motion reque/+ ! c\rt make t det]m9ation4 7d7 ,exp$it$ appeal process 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,! c\rts ( appeal %all h jurisdiction-- 7,a7 ( appeals by a ,f$]al entity or cov]$ j\rnali/ ( an int]locutory ord] ( a judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ?is ,act2 & 7,b7 9 an appeal ( a f9al decision ( a judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by a ,f$]al entity or cov]$ j\rnali/1 to review any det]m9ation ( a judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ?is ,act4 7#b7 ,exp$ition ( appeals ,x %all be ! duty ( a ,f$]al c\rt to :i* an appeal is made "u ?is subsection to advance on ! docket & to exp$ite to ! greate/ possible ext5t ! disposition ( t appeal4 #i4 ,rule ( con/ruction ,no?+ 9 ?is ,act may be con/ru$ to-- 7#a7 preempt any law or claim relat+ to defamation1 sl&]1 or libel2 7#b7 modify ! requirem5ts ( section #eeb;a ( title #e1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 or ,f$]al laws or rules relat+ to gr& jury secrecy 7except t ?is ,act %all apply 9 any proce$+ & 9 connection ) any issue aris+ "u t section or ! ,f$]al laws or rules relat+ to gr& jury secrecy72 7#c7 create new obligations1 or affect or modify ! au?orities or obligations ( a ,f$]al entity ) respect to ! acquisition or dissem9ation ( in=mation pursuant to ! ,=eign ,intellig5ce ,surveillance ,act ( #aigh 7#ej ,u4,s4,c4 #ahja et seq472 or 7#d7 preclude volunt>y disclosure ( in=mation to a ,f$]al entity 9 a situation t is n gov]n$ by ?is ,act4 #aj4 ,audit 7a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,inspector ,g5]al ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice %all p]=m a compreh5sive audit ( ! use ( ?is ,act dur+ ! p]iod beg9n+ on ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act & end+ on ,decemb] #ca1 #bjaf4 ,! audit %all include an exam9ation ( ea* in/ance 9 :i* a c\rt fail$ to compel ! disclosure ( protect$ in=mation "u ?is ,act1 & :e!r ?is ,act has creat$ any proc$ural imp$im5ts t h _h a detrim5tal op]ational impact on ! activities ( ! ,f$]al ,bureau ( ,inve/igation4 7b7 ,report ,n lat] ?an ,june #cj1 #bjag1 ! ,inspector ,g5]al ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice %all submit to ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y & ! ,select ,committee on ,intellig5ce ( ! ,s5ate & ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y & ! ,p]man5t ,select ,committee on ,intellig5ce ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives a report conta9+ ! results ( ! audit conduct$ "u subsection 7a74 7c7 ,review ,n lat] ?an #cj days be=e ! submission ( ! report "u subsection 7b71 ! ,inspector ,g5]al ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice %all provide ! report to ! ,attorney ,g5]al & ! ,director ( ,national ,intellig5ce4 ,! ,attorney ,g5]al or ! ,director ( ,national ,intellig5ce may provide su* comm5ts to be includ$ 9 ! report submitt$ "u subsection 7b7 z ! ,attorney ,g5]al or ! ,director ( ,national ,intellig5ce may consid] necess>y4 7d7 ,=m ,! report submitt$ "u subsection 7b7 & any comm5ts includ$ "u subsection 7c7 %all be 9 unclassifi$ =m1 b may include a classifi$ annex4 #aa4 ,def9itions ,9 ?is ,act3 7#a7 ,cov]$ j\rnali/ 7,a7 ,def9ition ,! t]m cov]$ j\rnali/-- 7i7 7,i7 means a p]son :o-- 7aa7 is1 or on ! relevant date1 01 an employee1 indep5d5t contractor1 or ag5t ( an entity or s]vice t dissem9ates news or in=mation by means ( newspap]2 nonfiction book2 wire s]vice2 news ag5cy2 news website1 mobile application or o!r news or in=mation s]vice 7:e!r di/ribut$ digitally or o!rwise72 news program2 magaz9e or o!r p]iodical1 :e!r 9 pr9t1 electronic1 or o!r =mat2 or ?r\gh television or radio broadca/1 multi*annel video programm+ di/ributor 7z su* t]m is def9$ 9 section #fjb7ac7 ( ! ,communications ,act ( #aicd 7#dg ,u4,s4,c4 #ebb7ac771 or motion picture = public %[+2 7bb7 ) ! prim>y int5t to inve/igate ev5ts & procure mat]ial 9 ord] to dissem9ate to ! public news or in=mation conc]n+ local1 national1 or int]national ev5ts or o!r matt]s ( public int]e/1 engages1 or z ( ! relevant date engag$1 9 ! regul> ga!r+1 prep>ation1 collection1 photograph+1 record+1 writ+1 edit+1 report+ or publi%+ on su* matt]s by-- 7,,aa7 conduct+ int]views2 7,,bb7 mak+ direct obs]vation ( ev5ts2 or 7,,cc7 collect+1 review+1 or analyz+ orig9al writ+s1 /atem5ts1 communications1 reports1 memor&a1 records1 transcripts1 docum5ts1 photographs1 record+s1 tapes1 mat]ials1 data1 or o!r in=mation :e!r 9 pap]1 electronic1 or o!r =m2 7cc7 _h su* int5t at ! inception ( ! process ( ga!r+ ! news or in=mation s\ght2 & 7dd7 obta9$ ! news or in=mation s\ght 9 ord] to dissem9ate ! news or in=mation to ! public2 or 7,,ii7 means a p]son :o-- 7aa7 at ! inception ( ! process ( ga!r+ ! news or in=mation s\ght1 _h ! prim>y int5t to inve/igate issues or ev5ts & procure mat]ial 9 ord] to dissem9ate to ! public news or in=mation conc]n+ local1 national1 or int]national ev5ts or o!r matt]s ( public int]e/1 & regul>ly conduct$ int]views1 review$ docum5ts1 captur$ images ( ev5ts1 or directly obs]v$ ev5ts2 7bb7 obta9$ ! news or in=mation s\ght 9 ord] to dissem9ate x by means ( a m$ium set out 9 subclause 7,i77aa7 ( ?is section2 & 7cc7 ei!r-- 7,,aa7 w\ld h be5 includ$ 9 ! def9ition 9 subclause 7,i77aa7 ( ?is section = any cont9u\s "o-ye> p]iod )9 ! #bj ye>s prior to ! relevant date or any cont9u\s ?ree-mon? p]iod )9 ! #e ye>s prior to ! relevant date2 7,,bb7 _h sub/antially contribut$1 z an au?or1 editor1 photograph]1 or produc]1 to a significant numb] ( articles1 /ories1 programs1 or publications by a m$ium set out 9 subclause 7,i77aa7 ( ?is section )9 #e ye>s prior to ! relevant date2 or 7,,cc7 0 a /ud5t p>ticipat+ 9 a j\rnali/ic m$ium at an in/itution ( high] education 7z def9$ 9 section #ajb ( ! ,high] ,education ,act ( #aife 7#bj ,u4,s4,c4 #ajjb77 on ! relevant date2 7ii7 includes a sup]visor1 editor1 employ]1 p>5t company1 subsidi>y1 or affiliate ( a p]son describ$ 9 subclause 7,i7 or 7,,ii7 ( clause 7i72 & 7iii7 does n include any p]son or entity-- 7,i7 ^: pr9cipal function1 z demon/rat$ by ! totality ( su* p]son or entity's "w1 is to publi% prim>y s\rce docum5ts t h be5 disclos$ to su* p]son or entity )\t au?orization2 or 7,,ii7 :o is or is reasonably likely to be-- 7aa7 a =eign p[] or an ag5t ( a =eign p[]1 z ^? t]ms are def9$ 9 section #aja ( ! ,=eign ,intellig5ce ,surveillance ,act ( #aigh 7#ej ,u4,s4,c4 #ahja72 7bb7 a memb] or affiliate ( a =eign t]rori/ organization designat$ "u section #bai7;a7 ( ! ,immigration & ,nationality ,act 7#h ,u4,s4,c4 #aahi7;a772 7cc7 designat$ z a ,specially ,designat$ ,global ,t]rori/ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,treasury "u ,executive ,ord] #acbbd 7#ff ,f$4 ,reg4 #dijgi72 7dd7 a specially designat$ t]rori/1 z t t]m is def9$ 9 section #eie4caa ( title #ca1 ,code ( ,f$]al ,regulations 7or any successor !reto72 7ee7 a t]rori/ organization1 z t t]m is def9$ 9 section #ab7;a77#c77;,b77vi77,,ii7 ( ! ,immigration & ,nationality ,act 7#h ,u4,s4,c4 #aahb7;a77#c77;,b77vi77,,ii772 7ff7 committ+ or attempt+ to commit ! crime ( t]rorism1 z t (f5se is def9$ 9 section #bcca7e7 or #bccb;b7g77#e7 ( title #ah1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code2 7gg7 committ+ or attempt+ ! crime ( provid+ mat]ial support1 z t t]m is def9$ 9 section #bcci;,a7b77#a7 ( title #ah1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 to a t]rori/ organization2 or 7hh7 aid+1 abett+1 or conspir+ 9 illegal activity ) a p]son or organization def9$ 9 items 7aa7 ?r\gh 7gg74 7,b7 ,judicial discretion ,9 ! case ( a p]son t does n fit )9 ! def9ition ( cov]$ j\rnali/ describ$ 9 subclause 7,i7 or 7,,ii7 ( p>agraph 7,a77i71 a judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates may ex]cise discretion to avail ! p]son ( ! protections ( ?is ,act if1 bas$ on specific facts conta9$ 9 ! record1 ! judge det]m9es t su* protections w\ld be 9 ! int]e/ ( ju/ice & necess>y to protect lawful & legitimate news-ga!r+ activities "u ! specific circum/ances ( ! case4 7#b7 ,cov]$ s]vice provid] ,! t]m cov]$ s]vice provid] means-- 7,a7 any p]son t transmits in=mation ( ! cu/om]'s *oos+ by electronic means2 7,b7 a telecommunications c>ri] or an in=mation s]vice1 z def9$ 9 section #c ( ! ,communications ,act ( #aicd 7#dg ,u4,s4,c4 #aec72 7,c7 an int]active comput] s]vice or an in=mation cont5t provid]1 z def9$ 9 section #bcj ( ! ,communications ,act ( #aicd 7#dg ,u4,s4,c4 #bcj72 7,d7 a remote comput+ s]vice1 z def9$ 9 section #bgaa ( title #ah1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code2 7,e7 an electronic communications s]vice1 z def9$ 9 section #beaj ( title #ah1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code2 or 7,f7 any comm]cial entity t ma9ta9s records relat$ to a cov]$ j\rnali/4 7#c7 ,docum5t ,! t]m docum5t means writ+s1 record+s1 & photographs1 z ^? t]ms are def9$ by rule #ajja ( ! ,f$]al ,rules ( ,evid5ce 7#bh ,u4,s4,c4 ,app474 7#d7 ,f$]al entity ,! t]m ,f$]al entity means an entity or employee ( ! judicial or executive bran* or an adm9i/rative ag5cy ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t ) ! p[] to issue a subpo5a or issue o!r compulsory process4 7#e7 ,judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,! t]m judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates includes judges ( ! c\rts ( appeals1 di/rict c\rts1 ,c\rt ( ,int]national ,trade & any c\rt creat$ by ,act ( ,congress1 ! judges ( :i* are entitl$ to hold (fice dur+ good behavior1 z def9$ 9 section #dea ( title #bh1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code4 7#f7 ,prop]ly classifi$ in=mation ,! t]m prop]ly classifi$ in=mation means in=mation t is classifi$ 9 accordance ) any applicable ,executive ord]s1 /atutes1 or regulations reg>d+ classification ( in=mation4 7#g7 ,protect$ in=mation ,! t]m protect$ in=mation means-- 7,a7 in=mation id5tify+ a s\rce :o provid$ in=mation "u a promise or agreem5t ( confid5tiality made by a cov]$ j\rnali/ z "p ( engag+ 9 j\rnalism2 or 7,b7 any records1 cont5ts ( a communication1 docum5ts1 or in=mation t a cov]$ j\rnali/ obta9$ or creat$-- 7i7 z "p ( engag+ 9 j\rnalism2 & 7ii7 ^u a promise or agreem5t t su* records1 cont5ts ( a communication1 docum5ts1 or in=mation w\ld be confid5tial4 7#h7 ,relevant date ,! t]m relevant date means ! date on :i* ! protect$ in=mation s\ght 0 obta9$ or creat$ by ! p]son ass]t+ protection "u ?is ,act4 ,novemb] #f1 #bjac,report$ ) an am5dm5t