,,ii #aac? ,,congress #a/ ,session ,s4 #agc ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,janu>y #bi1 #bjac ,mr4 ,%elby introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 read twice & ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ,f9ance ,a ,,bill ,to repeal ! curr5t ,int]nal ,rev5ue ,code & replace x ) a flat tax1 !reby gu>antee+ economic gr[? & fairness = all ,am]icans4 #a4 ,%ort title2 table ( cont5ts 7a7 ,%ort title ,?is ,act may be cit$ z ! ,simplifi$1 ,manageable1 ,& ,responsible ,tax ,act or ! ,,sm>t ,act4 7b7 ,table ( cont5ts ,sec4 #a4 ,%ort title2 table ( cont5ts4 ,title ,i--,tax r$uction & simplification ,sec4 #aja4 ,individual income tax4 ,sec4 #ajb4 ,tax on bus9ess activities4 ,sec4 #ajc4 ,simplification ( rules relat+ to qualifi$ retirem5t plans4 ,sec4 #ajd4 ,repeal ( alt]native m9imum tax4 ,sec4 #aje4 ,repeal ( cr$its4 ,sec4 #ajf4 ,repeal ( e/ate & gift taxes & obsolete income tax provisions4 ,sec4 #ajg4 ,effective date4 ,title ,,ii--,sup]majority requir$ = tax *anges ,sec4 #bja4 ,sup]majority requir$4 ,i ,tax r$uction & simplification #aja4 ,individual income tax 7a7 ,9 g5]al ,section #a ( ! ,int]nal ,rev5ue ,code ( #aihf is am5d$ to read z foll[s3 #a4 ,tax impos$ ,!re is h]eby impos$ on ! taxable income ( e individual a tax equal to #ag p]c5t ( ! taxable income ( su* individual = su* taxable ye>4 4 7b7 ,taxable income ,section #fc ( su* ,code is am5d$ to read z foll[s3 #fc4 ,taxable income 7a7 ,9 g5]al ,= purposes ( ?is subtitle1 ! t]m taxable income means ! excess (-- 7#a7 ! sum (-- 7,a7 wages 7z def9$ 9 section #caba7;a7 )\t reg>d to p>agraph 7#a7 !re(7 :i* are paid 9 ca% & :i* are receiv$ dur+ ! taxable ye> = s]vices p]=m$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 7,b7 retirem5t di/ributions :i* are includible 9 gross income = su* taxable ye>1 plus 7,c7 am\nts receiv$ "u any law ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ( any ,/ate :i* is 9 ! nature ( unemploym5t comp5sation1 ov] 7#b7 ! /&>d d$uction4 7b7 ,/&>d d$uction 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,= purposes ( ?is subtitle1 ! t]m /&>d d$uction means ! sum (-- 7,a7 ! basic /&>d d$uction1 plus 7,b7 ! additional /&>d d$uction4 7#b7 ,basic /&>d d$uction ,= purposes ( p>agraph 7#a71 ! basic /&>d d$uction is-- 7,a7 #bh1adj 9 ! case (-- 7i7 a jo9t return1 or 7ii7 a surviv+ sp\se 7z def9$ 9 section #b7;a771 7,b7 #ag1igj 9 ! case ( a head ( h\sehold 7z def9$ 9 section #b7;b771 & 7,c7 #ad1jgj 9 ! case ( an individual-- 7i7 :o is n m>ri$ & :o is n a surviv+ sp\se or head ( h\sehold1 or 7ii7 :o is a m>ri$ individual fil+ a sep>ate return4 7#c7 ,additional /&>d d$uction ,= purposes ( p>agraph 7#a71 ! additional /&>d d$uction is #f1jgj = ea* dep5d5t 7z def9$ 9 section #aeb7 :o is describ$ 9 section #aea7;c7 = ! taxable ye> & :o is n requir$ to file a return = su* taxable ye>4 7c7 ,retirem5t di/ributions ,= purposes ( subsection 7a71 ! t]m retirem5t di/ribution means any di/ribution f-- 7#a7 a plan describ$ 9 section #dja7;a7 :i* includes a tru/ exempt f tax "u section #eja7;a71 7#b7 an annuity plan describ$ 9 section #djc7;a71 7#c7 an annuity contract describ$ 9 section #djc7;b71 7#d7 an individual retirem5t acc\nt describ$ 9 section #djh7;a71 7#e7 an individual retirem5t annuity describ$ 9 section #djh7;b71 7#f7 an eligible def]r$ comp5sation plan 7z def9$ 9 section #deg71 7#g7 a gov]nm5tal plan 7z def9$ 9 section #dad7;d771 or 7#h7 a tru/ describ$ 9 section #eja7;c77#ah74 ,su* t]m includes any plan1 contract1 acc\nt1 annuity1 or tru/ :i*1 at any "t1 has be5 det]m9$ by ! ,secret>y to be su* a plan1 contract1 acc\nt1 annuity1 or tru/4 7d7 ,income ( c]ta9 *ildr5 ,= purposes ( ?is subtitle-- 7#a7 an individual's taxable income %all include ! taxable income ( ea* dep5d5t *ild ( su* individual :o has n atta9$ age #ad z ( ! close ( su* taxable ye>1 & 7#b7 su* dep5d5t *ild %all h no liability = tax impos$ by section #a ) respect to su* income & %all n be requir$ to file a return = su* taxable ye>4 7e7 ,inflation adju/m5t 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,9 ! case ( any taxable ye> beg9n+ 9 a cal5d> ye> aft] #bjad1 ea* doll> am\nt conta9$ 9 subsection 7b7 %all be increas$ by an am\nt det]m9$ by ! ,secret>y to be equal to-- 7,a7 su* doll> am\nt1 multipli$ by 7,b7 ! co/-(-liv+ adju/m5t = su* cal5d> ye>4 7#b7 ,co/-(-liv+ adju/m5t ,= purposes ( p>agraph 7#a71 ! co/-(-liv+ adju/m5t = any cal5d> ye> is ! p]c5tage 7if any7 by :i*-- 7,a7 ! ,,cpi = ! prec$+ cal5d> ye>1 exce$s 7,b7 ! ,,cpi = ! cal5d> ye> #bjac4 7#c7 ,,cpi = any cal5d> ye> ,= purposes ( p>agraph 7#b71 ! ,,cpi = any cal5d> ye> is ! av]age ( ! ,consum] ,price ,index z ( ! close ( ! #ab-mon? p]iod end+ on ,augu/ #ca ( su* cal5d> ye>4 7#d7 ,consum] ,price ,index ,= purposes ( p>agraph 7#c71 ! t]m ,consum] ,price ,index means ! la/ ,consum] ,price ,index = all-urban consum]s publi%$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor4 ,= purposes ( ! prec$+ s5t5ce1 ! revision ( ! ,consum] ,price ,index :i* is mo/ consi/5t ) ! ,consum] ,price ,index = cal5d> ye> #aihf %all be us$4 7#e7 ,r\nd+ ,if any increase det]m9$ "u p>agraph 7#a7 is n a multiple ( #aj1 su* increase %all be r\nd$ to ! next highe/ multiple ( #aj4 7f7 ,m>ital /atus ,= purposes ( ?is section1 m>ital /atus %all be det]m9$ "u section #ggjc4 4 #ajb4 ,tax on bus9ess activities 7a7 ,9 g5]al ,section #aa ( ! ,int]nal ,rev5ue ,code ( #aihf 7relat+ to tax impos$ on corporations7 is am5d$ to read z foll[s3 #aa4 ,tax impos$ on bus9ess activities 7a7 ,tax impos$ ,!re is h]eby impos$ on e p]son engag$ 9 a bus9ess activity a tax equal to #ag p]c5t ( ! bus9ess taxable income ( su* p]son4 7b7 ,liability = tax ,! tax impos$ by ?is section %all be paid by ! p]son engag$ 9 ! bus9ess activity1 :e!r su* p]son is an individual1 p>tn]%ip1 corporation1 or o!rwise4 7c7 ,bus9ess taxable income ,= purposes ( ?is section-- 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,! t]m bus9ess taxable income means gross active income r$uc$ by ! d$uctions specifi$ 9 subsection 7d74 7#b7 ,gross active income 7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,= purposes ( p>agraph 7#a71 ! t]m gross active income means gross receipts f-- 7i7 ! sale or ex*ange ( prop]ty or s]vices 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by any p]son 9 connection ) a bus9ess activity1 & 7ii7 ! export ( prop]ty or s]vices f ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 connection ) a bus9ess activity4 7,b7 ,ex*anges ,= purposes ( ?is section1 ! am\nt treat$ z gross receipts f ! ex*ange ( prop]ty or s]vices is ! fair m>ket value ( ! prop]ty or s]vices receiv$1 plus any money receiv$4 7,c7 ,coord9ation ) special rules = f9ancial s]vices1 etc ,except z provid$ 9 subsection 7e7-- 7i7 ! t]m prop]ty does n include money or any f9ancial in/rum5t1 & 7ii7 ! t]m s]vices does n include f9ancial s]vices4 7#c7 ,exemption f tax = activities ( gov]nm5tal entities & tax-exempt organizations ,= purposes ( ?is section1 ! t]m bus9ess activity does n include any activity ( a gov]nm5tal entity or ( any o!r organization :i* is exempt f tax "u ?is *apt]4 7d7 ,d$uctions 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,! d$uctions specifi$ 9 ?is subsection are-- 7,a7 ! co/ ( bus9ess inputs = ! bus9ess activity1 7,b7 wages 7z def9$ 9 section #caba7;a7 )\t reg>d to p>agraph 7#a7 !re(7 :i* are paid 9 ca% = s]vices p]=m$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z an employee1 & 7,c7 retirem5t contributions to or "u any plan or arrangem5t :i* makes retirem5t di/ributions 7z def9$ 9 section #fc7;c77 = ! b5efit ( su* employees to ! ext5t su* contributions are all[$ z a d$uction "u section #djd4 7#b7 ,bus9ess inputs 7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,= purposes ( p>agraph 7#a71 ! t]m co/ ( bus9ess inputs means-- 7i7 ! am\nt paid = prop]ty sold or us$ 9 connection ) a bus9ess activity1 7ii7 ! am\nt paid = s]vices 7o!r ?an = ! s]vices ( employees1 includ+ fr+e b5efits paid by reason ( su* s]vices7 9 connection ) a bus9ess activity1 & 7iii7 any excise tax1 sales tax1 cu/oms duty1 or o!r sep>ately /at$ levy impos$ by a ,f$]al1 ,/ate1 or local gov]nm5t on ! pur*ase ( prop]ty or s]vices :i* are = use 9 connection ) a bus9ess activity4 ,su* t]m %all n include any tax impos$ by *apt] #b or #ba4 7,b7 ,exceptions ,su* t]m %all n include-- 7i7 items describ$ 9 subp>agraphs 7,b7 & 7,c7 ( p>agraph 7#a71 & 7ii7 items = p]sonal use n 9 connection ) any bus9ess activity4 7,c7 ,ex*anges ,= purposes ( ?is section1 ! am\nt treat$ z paid 9 connection ) ! ex*ange ( prop]ty or s]vices is ! fair m>ket value ( ! prop]ty or s]vices ex*ang$1 plus any money paid4 7e7 ,special rules = f9ancial int]m$iation s]vice activities ,9 ! case ( ! bus9ess activity ( provid+ f9ancial int]m$iation s]vices1 ! taxable income f su* activity %all be equal to ! value ( ! int]m$iation s]vices provid$ 9 su* activity4 7f7 ,exception = s]vices p]=m$ z employee ,= purposes ( ?is section1 ! t]m bus9ess activity does n include ! p]=mance ( s]vices by an employee = ! employee's employ]4 7g7 ,c>ryov] ( cr$it-,equival5t ( excess d$uctions 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,if ! aggregate d$uctions = any taxable ye> exce$ ! gross active income = su* taxable ye>1 ! cr$it-equival5t ( su* excess %all be all[$ z a cr$it aga9/ ! tax impos$ by ?is section = ! foll[+ taxable ye>4 7#b7 ,cr$it-equival5t ( excess d$uctions ,= purposes ( p>agraph 7#a71 ! cr$it-equival5t ( ! excess describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a7 = any taxable ye> is an am\nt equal to-- 7,a7 ! sum (-- 7i7 su* excess1 plus 7ii7 ! product ( su* excess & ! #c-mon? ,treasury rate = ! la/ mon? ( su* taxable ye>1 multipli$ by 7,b7 ! rate ( ! tax impos$ by subsection 7a7 = su* taxable ye>4 7#c7 ,c>ryov] ( unus$ cr$it ,if ! cr$it all[able = any taxable ye> by reason ( ?is subsection exce$s ! tax impos$ by ?is section = su* ye>1 !n 79 lieu ( treat+ su* excess z an ov]paym5t7 ! sum (-- 7,a7 su* excess1 plus 7,b7 ! product ( su* excess & ! #c-mon? ,treasury rate = ! la/ mon? ( su* taxable ye>1 %all be all[$ z a cr$it aga9/ ! tax impos$ by ?is section = ! foll[+ taxable ye>4 7#d7 #c-mon? ,treasury rate ,= purposes ( ?is subsection1 ! #c-mon? ,treasury rate is ! rate det]m9$ by ! ,secret>y bas$ on ! av]age m>ket yield 7dur+ any #a-mon? p]iod select$ by ! ,secret>y & end+ 9 ! cal5d> mon? 9 :i* ! det]m9ation is made7 on out/&+ m>ketable obligations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) rema9+ p]iods to maturity ( #c mon?s or less4 4 7b7 ,tax on tax-,exempt entities provid+ nonca% comp5sation to employees ,section #digg ( su* ,code is am5d$ to read z foll[s3 #digg4 ,tax on nonca% comp5sation provid$ to employees n engag$ 9 bus9ess activity 7a7 ,imposition ( tax ,!re is h]eby impos$ a tax equal to #ag p]c5t ( ! value ( excludable comp5sation provid$ dur+ ! cal5d> ye> by an employ] = ! b5efit ( employees to :om ?is section applies4 7b7 ,liability = tax ,! tax impos$ by ?is section %all be paid by ! employ]4 7c7 ,excludable comp5sation ,= purposes ( subsection 7a71 ! t]m excludable comp5sation means any remun]ation = s]vices p]=m$ z an employee o!r ?an-- 7#a7 wages 7z def9$ 9 section #caba7;a7 )\t reg>d to p>agraph 7#a7 !re(7 :i* are paid 9 ca%1 7#b7 remun]ation = s]vices p]=m$ outside ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 7#c7 retirem5t contributions to or "u any plan or arrangem5t :i* makes retirem5t di/ributions 7z def9$ 9 section #fc7;c774 7d7 ,employees to :om section applies ,?is section %all apply to an employee :o is employ$ 9 any activity by-- 7#a7 any organization :i* is exempt f taxation "u ?is *apt]1 or 7#b7 any ag5cy or in/rum5tality ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 any ,/ate or political subdivision ( a ,/ate1 or ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 4 #ajc4 ,simplification ( rules relat+ to qualifi$ retirem5t plans 7a7 ,9 g5]al ,! foll[+ provisions ( ! ,int]nal ,rev5ue ,code ( #aihf are h]eby repeal$3 7#a7 ,nondiscrim9ation rules 7,a7 ,p>agraphs 7#d7 & 7#e7 ( section #dja7;a7 7relat+ to nondiscrim9ation requirem5ts74 7,b7 ,sections #dja7;a77#aj77;,b7 & #daf 7relat+ to top heavy plans74 7,c7 ,section #dja7;a77#ag7 7relat+ to comp5sation limit74 7,d7 ,sections #dja7;a77#bf7 & #daj7;b7 7relat+ to m9imum p>ticipation & cov]age requirem5ts74 7,e7 ,p>agraphs 7#c71 7#h71 7#aa71 & 7#ab7 ( sections #dja7k71 & section #digi1 7relat+ to actual def]ral p]c5tage74 7,f7 ,section #dja7l7 7relat+ to p]mitt$ disp>ity 9 plan contributions or b5efits74 7,g7 ,section #dja7m7 7relat+ to nondiscrim9ation te/ = mat*+ contributions & employee contributions74 7,h7 ,p>agraphs 7#a77;,d7 & 7#ab7 ( section #djc7;b7 7relat+ to nondiscrim9ation requirem5ts74 7,i7 ,p>agraph 7#c7 ( section #djh7k7 & p>agraph 7#f7 7o!r ?an subp>agraph 7,a77i77 ( su* section 7relat+ to simplifi$ employee p5sions74 7#b7 ,contribution limits 7,a7 ,sections #dja7;a77#af71 #djc7;b7 7#b7 & 7#c71 & #dae 7relat+ to limitations on b5efits & contributions "u qualifi$ plans74 7,b7 ,sections #dja7;a77#cj7 & #djb7;g7 7relat+ to limitation on exclusion = elective def]rals74 7,c7 ,p>agraphs 7#c7 & 7#g7 ( section #djd7;a7 7relat+ to p]c5tage ( comp5sation limits74 7,d7 ,section #djd7l7 7relat+ to limit on includible comp5sation74 7#c7 ,re/rictions on di/ributions 7,a7 ,section #gb7t7 7relat+ to #aj-p]c5t additional tax on e>ly di/ributions f qualifi$ retirem5t plans74 7,b7 ,sections #dja7;a77#i71 #djc7;b77#aj71 & #digd 7relat+ to m9imum di/ribution rules74 7,c7 ,section #djb7;e77#d7 7relat+ to net unrealiz$ appreciation74 7#d7 ,special requirem5ts = plan b5efitt+ self-employ$ individuals ,subsections 7a77#aj77;,a7 & 7d7 ( section #dja4 7#e7 ,prohibition ( tax-exempt organizations & gov]nm5ts f hav+ qualifi$ ca% or def]r$ arrangem5ts ,section #dja7k77#d77;,b74 7b7 ,employ] rev]sions ( excess p5sion assets p]mitt$ subject only to income inclusion 7#a7 ,repeal ( tax on employ] rev]sions ,section #dihj ( su* ,code is h]eby repeal$4 7#b7 ,employ] rev]sions p]mitt$ )\t plan t]m9ation ,section #dbj ( su* ,code is am5d$ to read z foll[s3 #dbj4 ,transf]s ( excess p5sion assets 7a7 ,9 g5]al ,if !re is a qualifi$ transf] ( any excess p5sion assets ( a def9$ b5efit plan 7o!r ?an a multiemploy] plan7 to an employ]-- 7#a7 a tru/ :i* is "p ( su* plan %all n be treat$ z fail+ to meet ! requirem5ts ( section #dja7;a7 or any o!r provision ( law solely by reason ( su* transf] 7or any o!r action au?oriz$ "u ?is section71 & 7#b7 su* transf] %all n be treat$ z a prohibit$ transaction = purposes ( section #dige4 ,! gross income ( ! employ] %all include ! am\nt ( any qualifi$ transf] made dur+ ! taxable ye>4 7b7 ,qualifi$ transf] ,= purposes ( ?is section-- 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,! t]m qualifi$ transf] means a transf]-- 7,a7 ( excess p5sion assets ( a def9$ b5efit plan to ! employ]1 & 7,b7 ) respect to :i* ! ve/+ requirem5ts ( subsection 7c7 are met 9 connection ) ! plan4 7#b7 ,only #a transf] p] ye> ,no m ?an #a transf] ) respect to any plan dur+ a taxable ye> may be treat$ z a qualifi$ transf] = purposes ( ?is section4 7c7 ,ve/+ requirem5ts ( plans transf]r+ assets ,! ve/+ requirem5ts ( ?is subsection are met if ! plan provides t ! accru$ p5sion b5efits ( any p>ticipant or b5efici>y "u ! plan become non=feitable 9 ! same mann] :i* w\ld be requir$ if ! plan _h t]m9at$ imm$iately be=e ! qualifi$ transf] 7or 9 ! case ( a p>ticipant :o sep>at$ dur+ ! #a-ye> p]iod end+ on ! date ( ! transf]1 imm$iately be=e su* sep>ation74 7d7 ,def9ition & special rule ,= purposes ( ?is section-- 7#a7 ,excess p5sion assets ,! t]m excess p5sion assets means ! excess 7if any7 (-- 7,a7 ! am\nt det]m9$ "u section #dab7;c77#g77;,a77ii71 ov] 7,b7 ! great] (-- 7i7 ! am\nt det]m9$ "u section #dab7;c77#g77;,a77i71 or 7ii7 #abe p]c5t ( curr5t liability 7z def9$ 9 section #dab7;c77#g77;,b774 ,! det]m9ation "u ?is p>agraph %all be made z ( ! mo/ rec5t valuation date ( ! plan prec$+ ! qualifi$ transf]4 7#b7 ,coord9ation ) section #dab ,9 ! case ( a qualifi$ transf]-- 7,a7 any assets transf]r$ 9 a plan ye> on or be=e ! valuation date = su* ye> 7& any income allocable !reto7 %all1 = purposes ( section #dab1 be treat$ z assets 9 ! plan z ( ! valuation date = su* ye>1 & 7,b7 ! plan %all be treat$ z hav+ a net exp]i5ce loss "u section #dab7;b77#b77;,b77iv7 9 an am\nt equal to ! am\nt ( su* transf] & = :i* amortization *>ges beg9 = ! fir/ plan ye> aft] ! plan ye> 9 :i* su* transf] occurs1 except t su* section %all be appli$ to su* am\nt by sub/itut+ #aj plan ye>s = #e plan ye>s4 4 #ajd4 ,repeal ( alt]native m9imum tax ,"p ,,vi ( sub*apt] ,a ( *apt] #a ( ! ,int]nal ,rev5ue ,code ( #aihf is h]eby repeal$4 #aje4 ,repeal ( cr$its ,"p ,,iv ( sub*apt] ,a ( *apt] #a ( ! ,int]nal ,rev5ue ,code ( #aihf is h]eby repeal$4 #ajf4 ,repeal ( e/ate & gift taxes & obsolete income tax provisions 7a7 ,repeal ( e/ate & gift taxes 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,subtitle ,b ( ! ,int]nal ,rev5ue ,code ( #aihf is h]eby repeal$4 7#b7 ,effective date ,! repeal made by p>agraph 7#a7 %all apply to ! e/ates ( dec$5ts dy+1 & gifts & g5]ation-skipp+ transf]s made1 aft] ,decemb] #ca1 #bjac4 7b7 ,repeal ( obsolete income tax provisions 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,except z provid$ 9 p>agraph 7#b71 *apt] #a ( ! ,int]nal ,rev5ue ,code ( #aihf is h]eby repeal$4 7#b7 ,exceptions ,p>agraph 7#a7 %all n apply to-- 7,a7 sections #a1 #aa1 & #fc ( su* ,code1 z am5d$ by ?is ,act1 7,b7 ^? provisions ( *apt] #a ( su* ,code :i* are necess>y = det]m9+ :e!r or n-- 7i7 retirem5t di/ributions are includible 9 ! gross income ( employees1 or 7ii7 an organization is exempt f tax "u su* *apt]1 & 7,c7 sub*apt] ,d ( su* *apt] #a 7relat+ to def]r$ comp5sation74 #ajg4 ,effective date ,except z o!rwise provid$ 9 ?is title1 ! am5dm5ts made by ?is title %all apply to taxable ye>s beg9n+ aft] ,decemb] #ca1 #bjac4 ,,ii ,sup]majority requir$ = tax *anges #bja4 ,sup]majority requir$ 7a7 ,9 g5]al ,x %all n be 9 ord] 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives or ! ,s5ate to consid] any bill1 jo9t resolution1 am5dm5t !reto1 or conf]5ce report !reon t includes any provision t-- 7#a7 increases any ,f$]al income tax rate1 7#b7 creates any additional ,f$]al income tax rate1 7#c7 r$uces ! /&>d d$uction1 or 7#d7 provides any exclusion1 d$uction1 cr$it1 or o!r b5efit :i* results 9 a r$uction 9 ,f$]al rev5ues4 7b7 ,waiv] or susp5sion ,?is section may be waiv$ or susp5d$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives or ! ,s5ate only by ! affirmative vote ( ?ree-fif?s ( ! ,memb]s1 duly *os5 & sworn4