,i #aacth ,,congress #ast ,session ,h4 ,r4 #cgh ,,in ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,representatives ,january #bc1 #bjac ,mr4 ,fattah introduced the following bill2 which was referred to the ,committee on ,education and the ,workforce ,a ,,bill ,to provide for adequate and equitable educational opportunities for students in ,state public school systems1 and for other purposes4 #a4 ,short title ,this ,act may be cited as the ,student ,bill of ,rights4 #b4 ,table of contents ,the table of contents for this ,act is as follows3 ,sec4 #a4 ,short title4 ,sec4 #b4 ,table of contents4 ,sec4 #c4 ,findings and purposes4 ,title ,i--,educational opportunity in ,state public school systems ,subtitle ,a--,access to educational opportunity ,sec4 #aaa4 ,adequate and equitable ,state public school systems4 ,sec4 #aab4 ,state educational adequacy and equity requirements4 ,sec4 #aac4 ,state-established standards for opportunity to learn4 ,subtitle ,b--,state accountability ,sec4 #aba4 ,determination of educationally adequate and inequitable ,state public school systems4 ,sec4 #abb4 ,state accountability for improvement of educational opportunity4 ,sec4 #abc4 ,consequences of nonremediation4 ,subtitle ,c--,public reporting and remedy ,sec4 #aca4 ,annual report by ,secretary on adequacy and equity in ,state public school systems4 ,sec4 #acb4 ,civil action for enforcement4 ,title ,,ii--,effects of educational disparities on economic growth and national defense ,sec4 #bja4 ,effects on economic growth and productivity4 ,sec4 #bjb4 ,effects on national defense4 ,title ,,iii--,general provisions ,sec4 #cja4 ,definitions4 ,sec4 #cjb4 ,notice and opportunity for hearing4 ,sec4 #cjc4 ,rulemaking4 ,sec4 #cjd4 ,rule of construction4 #c4 ,findings and purposes 7a7 ,findings ,the ,congress finds the following3 7#a7 ,a high-quality1 highly competitive education for all students is imperative for the economic growth and productivity of the ,united ,states1 for its effective national defense1 and for achievement of the historical aspiration to be one ,nation of equal citizens4 ,it is therefore necessary and proper to overcome the nationwide phenomenon of educationally inadequate or inequitable ,state public school systems1 in which high-quality public schools serve high-income communities and poor-quality schools serve low-income1 urban1 rural1 and minority communities4 7#b7 ,there exists in the ,states an ever-widening educational opportunity gap for low-income1 urban1 rural1 and minority students characterized by the following3 7,a7 ,highly differential educational expenditures among local educational agencies within ,states4 7,b7 ,continuing disparities within the ,states in students' access to the opportunity to learn indicators described in section #aab7;a74 7,c7 ,radically differential educational achievement among local educational agencies within the ,states1 as measured by the following3 7i7 ,achievement in mathematics1 reading or language arts1 and science on ,state academic achievement tests and measures1 including the academic assessments described in section #aac7;b77#a74 7ii7 ,advanced placement courses offered and taken4 7iii7 ,scholastic ,aptitude ,test 7,,sat7 and ,,act ,assessment scores4 7iv7 ,dropout rates and graduation rates4 7v7 ,college-going and college-completion rates4 7vi7 ,job placement and retention rates and indices of job quality4 7#c7 ,as a consequence of this educational opportunity gap1 the quality of a child's education depends largely upon where the child's family lives1 and the detriments of lower quality public education are imposed particularly on-- 7,a7 children from low-income families2 7,b7 children living in urban and rural areas2 and 7,c7 minority children4 7#d7 ,since #aghe1 the ,congress of the ,united ,states1 exercising the power to admit new ,states under article ,,iv1 section #c of the ,constitution 7and previously1 the ,congress of the ,confederation of ,states under the ,articles of ,confederation71 has imposed upon every ,state1 as a fundamental condition of the ,state's admission1 the following requirements3 7,a7 ,one1 and sometimes two1 square-mile lots in every township were to be granted and ''' reserved for the maintenance and use of public schools4 7,b7 ,schools and the means of education are to be forever encouraged4 7,c7 ,state conventions were to provide1 by ordinances irrevocable without the consent of the ,united ,states and the people of said ,states ''' that provision ''' be made for the establishment and maintenance of systems of public schools which shall be open to all children of said ,states4 7,see ,ordinances of ,may #bj1 #aghe1 and ,july #ac1 #aghg2 ,act of ,march #c1 #ahde1 #bhth ,cong4 #b;d ,sess41 #e ,stat4 #ghi1 ,chap4 #gf 7admitting ,iowa and ,florida72 ,act of ,february #bb1 #ahhi1 #ejth ,cong41 #b;d ,sess41 ,chap4 #ahj 7admitting ,states created from the ,dakota ,territories72 and the ,acts of ,congress pertaining to the admission of each of the ,states47 7#e7 ,over the years since the landmark ruling in ,brown v4 ,board of ,education1 when a unanimous ,united ,states ,supreme ,court held that the opportunity of an education ''' 1 where the state has undertaken to provide it1 is a right which must be made available to all on equal terms1 courts in #dd of the ,states have heard challenges to the establishment1 maintenance1 and operation of educationally inadequate or inequitable ,state public school systems4 7#cdg ,u4,s4 #dhc1 #dic 7#aied774 7#f7 ,in #aigj1 the ,presidential ,commission on ,school ,finance found that significant disparities in the distribution of educational resources existed among local educational agencies within ,states because the ,states relied too significantly on local district financing for educational revenues1 and that reforms in systems of school financing would increase the ,nation's ability to serve the educational needs of all children4 7#g7 ,in #aiii1 the ,national ,research ,council of the ,national ,academy of ,sciences published a report entitled ,making ,money ,matter1 ,financing ,america's ,schools1 which found that the concept of funding adequacy1 which moves beyond the more traditional concepts of finance equity to focus attention on the sufficiency of funding for desired educational outcomes1 is an important step in developing a fair and productive educational system4 7#h7 ,in #bjja1 the ,executive order establishing the ,president's ,commission on ,educational ,resource ,equity declared1 ,a quality education is essential to the success of every child in the #bast century and to the continued strength and prosperity of our ,nation4 ''' ,long-standing gaps in access to educational resources exist1 including disparities based on race and ethnicity4 7,executive ,order #acaij1 #a 7,january #ae1 #bjja72 #ff ,fed4 ,reg4 #edbd47 7#i7 ,according to the ,secretary of ,education1 as stated in a letter 7with enclosures7 dated ,january #ai1 #bjjb1 from the ,secretary to ,states-- 7,a7 racial and ethnic minorities continue to suffer from lack of access to educational resources1 including experienced and qualified teachers1 adequate facilities1 and instructional programs and support1 including technology1 as well as ''' the funding necessary to secure these resources2 and 7,b7 these inadequacies are particularly acute in high-poverty schools1 including urban schools1 where many students of color are isolated and where the effect of the resource gaps may be cumulative4 ,in other words1 students who need the most may often receive the least1 and these students often are students of color4 7#aj7 ,the ,elementary and ,secondary ,education ,act of #aife 7#bj ,u4,s4,c4 #fcja et seq471 as amended by the ,no ,child ,left ,behind ,act of #bjja 7,public ,law #ajg-aaj71 provides that-- 7,a7 ,states must establish standards and assessments in mathematics1 reading or language arts1 and science2 7,b7 elementary schools and secondary schools must ensure that all students are proficient in such subjects within #ab years after the end of the #bjja-bjjb school year2 and 7,c7 elementary schools and secondary schools will be held accountable for the students' progress4 7#aa7 ,the standards and accountability movement will succeed only if1 in addition to standards and accountability1 all schools have access to the educational resources necessary to enable students to achieve4 7#ab7 ,raising standards without ensuring adequate and equitable access to educational resources may1 in fact1 exacerbate achievement gaps and set children up for failure4 7#ac7 ,according to the ,world ,economic ,forum's ,global ,competitiveness ,report #bjja-bjjb1 the ,united ,states ranks last among developed countries in the difference in the quality of schools available to rich and poor children4 7#ad7 ,each ,state ,government has ultimate authority in determining every important aspect and priority of the public school system that provides elementary and secondary education to children in the ,state1 including whether children throughout the ,state have high access to the opportunity to learn indicators described in section #aab7;a74 7#ae7 ,since #aife1 the ,congress1 in exercising its spending authority1 has provided substantial ,federal financial assistance to the ,states for the improvement of their public school systems4 ,in their expenditure and oversight of this assistance1 the ,states have failed systematically to achieve the purpose of the ,congress in providing the assistance1 namely the effective education of all the children of the ,united ,states4 7#af7 ,because a well-educated populace is critical to the ,nation's political and economic well-being and national security1 the ,federal ,government has a substantial interest in ensuring that ,states provide a high-quality education by ensuring that all children have access to the opportunity to learn indicators described in section #aab7;a7 to enable the children to succeed academically and in life4 7b7 ,purposes ,the purposes of this ,act are the following3 7#a7 ,to further the goals of the ,no ,child ,left ,behind ,act of #bjja 7,public ,law #ajg-aaj7 and the ,elementary and ,secondary ,education ,act of #aife 7#bj ,u4,s4,c4 #fcja et seq47 by holding ,states accountable for providing all students access to the opportunity to learn indicators described in section #aab7;a74 7#b7 ,to ensure that all students in public elementary schools and secondary schools receive educational opportunities that enable the students-- 7,a7 to acquire the knowledge and skills necessary for responsible citizenship1 including the ability to participate fully in the political process through informed electoral choice2 7,b7 to meet challenging ,state student academic achievement standards2 and 7,c7 to be able to compete and succeed in a global economy4 7#c7 ,to end the pervasive pattern of educationally inadequate or inequitable ,state public school systems4 ,i ,educational opportunity in ,state public school systems ,a ,access to educational opportunity #aaa4 ,adequate and equitable ,state public school systems ,each ,state receiving ,federal financial assistance for elementary or secondary education shall maintain a public school system that meets the requirements of section #aab and provides all students in the ,state with-- 7#a7 the educational resources needed to succeed academically and in life2 and 7#b7 an education that enables the students-- 7,a7 to acquire the knowledge and skills necessary for responsible citizenship2 7,b7 to participate fully in the political process through informed electoral choice2 and 7,c7 to be able to compete and succeed in a global economy4 #aab4 ,state educational adequacy and equity requirements 7a7 ,opportunity ,to learn ,a ,state shall provide for all public schools in the ,state access1 at levels defined by the ,state under section #aac as ideal or adequate1 to each of the following opportunity to learn indicators3 7#a7 highly effective teachers2 7#b7 early childhood education2 7#c7 college preparatory curricula2 and 7#d7 equitable instructional resources4 7b7 ,comparable educational services ,a ,state shall provide educational services in local educational agencies that receive funds under part ,a of title ,i of the ,elementary and ,secondary ,education ,act of #aife 7#bj ,u4,s4,c4 #fcaa et seq47 that are1 taken as a whole1 at least comparable to educational services provided in local educational agencies not receiving such funds4 7c7 ,compliance with court orders ,a ,state shall comply with any substantive ,federal or ,state court order in any matter concerning the adequacy or equity of the ,state's public school system1 to the extent required in the order4 #aac4 ,state-established standards for opportunity to learn 7a7 ,establishment ,in carrying out section #aab7;a71 each ,state educational agency1 in consultation with local educational agencies1 teachers1 principals1 pupil services personnel1 administrators1 other staff1 and parents1 shall develop standards to describe and measure the extent to which the ,state provides to the students in each public school and local educational agency in the ,state each of the opportunity to learn indicators described in section #aab7;a7 in terms of ideal1 adequate1 and basic levels of such access4 7b7 ,factors for consideration ,in defining the levels of access required under subsection 7a71 the ,state shall consider1 in addition to the factors described in section #aab7;a7-- 7#a7 the access available to students in schools in the highest achieving decile of public elementary schools and secondary schools in the ,state1 as determined on the basis of student performance on statewide student academic assessments1 including-- 7,a7 student academic assessments in reading or language arts1 mathematics1 and science under section #aaaa7;b77#c7 of the ,elementary and ,secondary ,education ,act of #aife 7#bj ,u4,s4,c4 #fcaa7;b77#c772 7,b7 national student academic assessments of reading and mathematics under the ,national ,assessment of ,educational ,progress carried out under section #cjc7;a7 of the ,national ,assessment of ,educational ,progress ,authorization ,act 7#bj ,u4,s4,c4 #ifbb7;a772 and 7,c7 ,state student academic assessments of reading and mathematics under the ,national ,assessment of ,educational ,progress carried out under section #cjc7;b77#c7 of the ,national ,assessment of ,educational ,progress ,authorization ,act 7#bj ,u4,s4,c4 #ifbb7;b77#c772 7#b7 the unique needs of low-income1 urban and rural1 and minority students2 and 7#c7 other educationally appropriate factors4 7c7 ,challenging standards ,the levels of access required under subsection 7a7 shall be aligned with the challenging ,state academic content and achievement standards1 and the high-quality academic assessments1 required under the ,elementary and ,secondary ,education ,act of #aife 7#bj ,u4,s4,c4 #fcja et seq474 7d7 ,submission to ,secretary ,a ,state educational agency shall submit to the ,secretary-- 7#a7 a description of each of the levels of access required under subsection 7a72 7#b7 a description of the level of access of each local educational agency1 elementary school1 and secondary school in the ,state to each of the opportunity to learn indicators described in section #aab7;a71 including identification of any such schools that do not provide ideal or adequate levels of access 7as defined under subsection 7a772 7#c7 an estimate of the additional cost1 if any1 of ensuring that the public school system meets the requirements of section #aab2 and 7#d7 the information required under subparagraphs 7,b7 and 7,c7 of paragraph 7#a7 and paragraph 7#b77;,b7 of section #aca7;b74 7e7 ,publication and dissemination to parents ,the ,state annually shall publish the information submitted under subsection 7d7 and shall disseminate the information to the public and the parents of children attending 7or who may attend7 public schools in the ,state1 in an understandable and uniform format and1 to the extent practicable1 in a language that the parents can understand1 through such means as the ,internet1 the media1 and public agencies4 ,b ,state accountability #aba4 ,determination of educationally adequate and inequitable ,state public school systems 7a7 ,annual determination by ,secretary ,beginning not later than ,october #a of the first full school year after the date of enactment of this ,act1 the ,secretary shall annually determine whether each ,state meets each of the requirements of section #aab4 7b7 ,publication by ,secretary ,the ,secretary shall publish and make available to the general public 7including by means of the ,internet7 the determinations under subsection 7a74 #abb4 ,state accountability for improvement of educational opportunity 7a7 ,state remediation plan ,a ,state determined under section #aba not to meet the requirements of section #aab shall develop and submit to the ,secretary1 by not later than #a year after the determination1 a remediation plan 7which the ,state may amend to improve the plan or to take into account significantly changed circumstances71 as follows3 7#a7 ,long-term remediation for ,access to opportunity to learn indicators ,if the ,state is determined not to meet the requirements under section #aab7;a7 7relating to access to the opportunity to learn indicators71 the plan shall provide for the following3 7,a7 ,a description of the actions the ,state will take to meet the requirements of section #aab7;a71 by not later than #ab years after the end of the #bjjc-bjjd school year1 to provide ideal or adequate access 7as defined by the ,state under section #aac7 to the opportunity to learn indicators for each public school in the ,state4 7,b7 ,a timeline for improvement that includes annual interim goals for increasing the number of public schools and local educational agencies in the ,state that have ideal or adequate levels of access 7as defined by the ,state under section #aac7 to each of the opportunity to learn indicators1 in order to achieve the required levels of access within the time described in subparagraph 7,a74 7,c7 ,implementation of a single1 statewide accountability system to ensure that the ,state achieves the interim goals described in subparagraph 7,b74 7#b7 ,two-year remediation for comparable educational services ,if the ,state is determined not to meet the requirements of section #aab7;b7 7relating to comparable educational services71 the plan shall describe the actions the ,state will take to meet the requirements of such section by not later than #b school years after submission of the plan4 7b7 ,disapproval of plan ,the ,secretary may disapprove a plan 7or amendment7 submitted under subsection 7a7 that the ,secretary determines does not meet the requirements of such subsection4 #abc4 ,consequences of nonremediation 7a7 ,failure ,to meet annual interim access goals ,notwithstanding any other provision of law and in addition to any other consequence under this section1 the ,secretary shall withhold #b4ge percent of any funds otherwise available to a ,state 7or a ,state educational agency7 for administration of ,federal elementary and secondary education programs for each annual interim goal established under section #abb7;a77#a77;,b7 for a fiscal year1 or a prior fiscal year1 that the ,secretary determines the ,state fails to meet4 7b7 ,continuing failure ,to provide comparable educational services ,notwithstanding any other provision of law and in addition to any other consequence under this section1 the ,secretary shall withhold from a ,state determined by the ,secretary to continue to fail to meet the requirements of section #aab7;b7 7relating to comparable educational services7 at the end of the second school year after a plan is required to be submitted under section #abb1 up to #cca_/c percent of funds otherwise available to the ,state for administration of ,federal elementary and secondary education programs4 7c7 ,noncompliance with court orders ,notwithstanding any other provision of law and in addition to any other consequence under this section1 the ,secretary shall withhold from a ,state determined by the ,secretary to fail to meet the requirements of section #aab7;c7 7relating to compliance with court orders7 up to #cca_/c percent of funds otherwise available to the ,state for the administration of ,federal elementary and secondary education programs4 7d7 ,disposition of withheld funds ,for each ,state from which funds are withheld under this section1 the ,secretary shall make a determination whether the ,state1 by not later than #a year after a determination under subsection 7a71 7b71 or 7c71 has corrected the condition leading to a withholding of funds and shall distribute withheld funds as follows3 7#a7 ,if the ,state corrects a condition leading to a withholding of funds1 the ,secretary shall make the applicable withheld funds available to the ,state 7or ,state educational agency74 7#b7 ,if the ,state fails to correct a condition leading to a withholding of funds1 the ,secretary shall allocate the applicable withheld funds to public schools or local educational agencies affected by the ,state's failure to make adequate remediation1 for the purpose of enabling the school or local educational agency to correct such condition4 7e7 ,temporary waiver ,the ,secretary may grant a request by a ,state for a waiver of the withholding provisions of subsections 7a7 through 7c7 for a total period of not more than #a year if-- 7#a7 the ,secretary is satisfied that exceptional circumstances 7such as a precipitous decrease in ,state revenues7 prevent a ,state from complying with the requirements of section #aab2 and 7#b7 the ,state's request describes the manner in which the ,state will comply with the requirements of section #aab by the end of the waiver period4 ,c ,public reporting and remedy #aca4 ,annual report by ,secretary on adequacy and equity in ,state public school systems 7a7 ,annual report to ,congress ,not later than ,october #a of the first full school year after the date of enactment of this ,act1 the ,secretary shall transmit to the ,congress a report that provides a detailed analysis of the public school system of each ,state4 7b7 ,contents of report ,the analysis under subsection 7a7 shall include the following information with respect to each ,state's public school system3 7#a7 ,basic public school system information 7,a7 ,the number of students1 elementary schools1 secondary schools1 and local educational agencies in the public school system4 7,b7 ,for each such school and local educational agency1 the number and percentage of-- 7i7 children counted under section #aabd7;c7 of the ,elementary and ,secondary ,education ,act of #aife 7#bj ,u4,s4,c4 #fccc7;c772 and 7ii7 students1 disaggregated by groups described in section #aaaa7;b77#c77;,c77xiii7 of the ,elementary and ,secondary ,education ,act of #aife 7#bj ,u4,s4,c4 #fcaa7;b77#c77;,c77xiii774 7,c7 ,for each such school1 a statement whether the school is an urban1 rural1 or mixed school 7as defined by the ,commissioner for ,education ,statistics74 7,d7 ,the average per-pupil expenditure 7in actual dollars and adjusted for cost and need7 for the ,state and for each school and local educational agency4 7,e7 ,the decile ranking of each local educational agency1 as measured by achievement in mathematics1 reading or language arts1 and science on the academic assessments described in subparagraphs 7,a7 and 7,c7 of section #aac7;b77#a74 7#b7 ,success in providing opportunity to learn indicators 7,a7 ,a description of the ideal1 adequate1 and basic levels of access established by the ,state under section #aac to each of the opportunity to learn indicators described under section #aab7;a74 7,b7 ,for each school and local educational agency1 the following information3 7i7 ,the level of access 7as established under section #aac7 of the school or local educational agency to each of the opportunity to learn indicators described in section #aab7;a74 7ii7 ,the percentage of students proficient in mathematics1 reading or language arts1 and science1 as measured through assessments under section #aaaa7;b77#c77;,c77v7 of the ,elementary and ,secondary ,education ,act of #aife 7#bj ,u4,s4,c4 #fcaa7;b77#c77;,c77v774 7iii7 ,whether the school or local educational agency is making adequate yearly progress under section #aaaa7;b77#b7 of the ,elementary and ,secondary ,education ,act of #aife 7#bj ,u4,s4,c4 #fcaa7;b77#b774 7,c7 ,the number and names of each school in the ,state that does not provide each of the opportunity to learn indicators described in section #aab7;a7 at an ideal or adequate level 7as established under section #aac74 7#c7 ,state remediation actions ,if the ,state is determined under section #aba not to meet the requirements of section #aab-- 7,a7 a detailed description and evaluation of-- 7i7 the ,state's success in carrying out any remediation plan required to be submitted by the ,state under section #abb2 and 7ii7 any other actions taken1 or measures proposed to be taken1 by the ,state to meet the requirements of section #aab2 and 7,b7 a copy of any remediation plan required to be submitted by the ,state under section #abb 7including any amendments74 7#d7 ,effects on academic achievement ,an analysis of the effects of the average per-pupil expenditure1 and the level of access 7as provided by the ,state under section #aac7 to each of the opportunity to learn indicators described in section #aab7;a7 provided to students in each school and local educational agency on the outcomes of the academic assessments identified in section #aac7;b77#a74 7#e7 ,other information 7,a7 ,the most recent information submitted by the ,state under section #aac7;d74 7,b7 ,for the year covered by the report1 a summary of any changes in the data required in paragraphs 7#a7 and 7#b7 for each of the preceding #c years 7which may be based on such data as are available for the first #c reports under subsection 7a774 7,c7 ,such other information as the ,secretary considers useful and appropriate to include4 7c7 ,scope of report ,the report required under subsection 7a7 shall cover the school year ending in the calendar year in which the report is required to be submitted4 7d7 ,submission of data to ,secretary ,each ,state receiving ,federal financial assistance for elementary and secondary education shall submit to the ,secretary1 at such time and in such manner as the ,secretary may reasonably require1 such data as the ,secretary deems necessary to make a determination under section #aba and to submit the report under this section4 ,such data shall include the information used to measure the ,state's success in providing the opportunity to learn indicators described in section #aab7;a74 7e7 ,failure ,to submit data ,if a ,state fails to submit the data required to make a determination under section #aba-- 7#a7 the ,state shall be deemed to have been determined under such section not to meet the applicable requirements of section #aab1 until the ,state submits the data and the ,secretary is able to make a determination under such section based on such data2 and 7#b7 the ,secretary shall-- 7,a7 provide1 to the extent practicable1 the analysis required in subsection 7a7 for the ,state based on the best data available to the ,secretary2 and 7,b7 update the analysis1 as necessary1 after submission of the data by the ,state4 7f7 ,publication ,the ,secretary shall publish and make available to the general public 7including by means of the ,internet7 the report required under subsection 7a74 #acb4 ,civil action for enforcement ,a student or parent of a student aggrieved by a violation of this ,act may bring a civil action against an appropriate official in an appropriate ,united ,states district court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief to enforce the requirements of this ,act1 together with reasonable attorney fees and the costs of the action1 without regard to the citizenship of the parties or the amount in controversy4 ,,ii ,effects of educational disparities on economic growth and national defense #bja4 ,effects on economic growth and productivity 7a7 ,study ,the ,commissioner for ,education ,statistics1 in consultation with the ,secretaries of ,commerce1 ,labor1 and the ,treasury1 shall conduct a comprehensive study concerning the effects on economic growth and productivity of eliminating disparities in public school systems that do not meet the requirements of section #aab4 ,such study shall include the following3 7#a7 ,the economic costs to the ,nation resulting from the maintenance by ,states of public school systems that do not meet the requirements of section #aab4 7#b7 ,the economic gains to be expected from the elimination of disparities in public school systems that do not meet the requirements of section #aab4 7b7 ,report to ,congress ,not later than #a year after the date of enactment of this ,act1 the ,commissioner for ,education ,statistics shall submit to the ,congress a final report detailing the results of the study required under subsection 7a74 #bjb4 ,effects on national defense 7a7 ,study ,the ,commissioner for ,education ,statistics1 in consultation with the ,secretary of ,defense1 shall conduct a comprehensive study concerning the effects on national defense of eliminating disparities in public school systems that do not meet the requirements of section #aab4 ,such study shall include the following3 7#a7 ,the detriments to national defense resulting from the maintenance by ,states of public school systems that do not meet the requirements of section #aab1 including the effects of education deficits arising from low-quality schools on-- 7,a7 knowledge and skills necessary for the effective functioning of the ,armed ,forces2 7,b7 the costs to the ,armed ,forces of training2 and 7,c7 efficiency resulting from the use of sophisticated equipment and information technology4 7#b7 ,the gains to national defense to be expected from the elimination of disparities in public school systems that do not meet the requirements of section #aab4 7b7 ,report to ,congress ,not later than #a year after the date of enactment of this ,act1 the ,commissioner for ,education ,statistics shall submit to the ,congress a final report detailing the results of the study required under subsection 7a74 ,,iii ,general provisions #cja4 ,definitions ,in this ,act3 7#a7 ,the terms average per-pupil expenditure1 core academic subjects1 elementary school1 highly qualified1 local educational agency1 parent1 pupil services1 pupil services personnel1 secondary school1 and ,state educational agency each have the meanings given those terms in section #iaja of the ,elementary and ,secondary ,education ,act of #aife 7#bj ,u4,s4,c4 #ghja74 7#b7 ,the term public school system means a ,state's system of public elementary and secondary education4 7#c7 ,the term ,federal elementary and secondary education programs means programs providing ,federal financial assistance for elementary or secondary education1 other than programs under the following provisions of law3 7,a7 ,the ,individuals with ,disabilities ,education ,act 7#bj ,u4,s4,c4 #adjj et seq474 7,b7 ,title ,,iii of the ,elementary and ,secondary ,education ,act of #aife 7#bj ,u4,s4,c4 #fhja et seq474 7,c7 ,the ,richard ,b4 ,russell ,national ,school ,lunch ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #agea et seq474 7,d7 ,the ,child ,nutrition ,act of #aiff 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #agga et seq474 7#d7 ,the term ,state includes the several ,states1 the ,district of ,columbia1 the ,commonwealth of ,puerto ,rico1 the ,commonwealth of the ,northern ,mariana ,islands1 ,american ,samoa1 ,guam1 the ,virgin ,islands1 and any other territory or possession of the ,united ,states4 #cjb4 ,notice and opportunity for hearing ,the ,secretary may make an adverse determination under this ,act only after notice and opportunity for hearing4 #cjc4 ,rulemaking ,the ,secretary may prescribe regulations to carry out this ,act4 #cjd4 ,rule of construction ,nothing in this ,act may be construed to require a jurisdiction to increase property tax or other tax rates or to redistribute revenues from such taxes4