#aac? ,,congress #b;d ,session ,h4 ,r4 #bedh ,,an ,,act ,to e/abli% a compreh5sive ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t policy to enc\rage ! ef=ts ( c\ntries 9 sub-,sah>an ,africa to develop an appropriate mix ( p[] solutions1 includ+ r5ewable en]gy1 = m broadly di/ribut$ electricity access 9 ord] to support pov]ty r$uction1 promote developm5t outcomes1 & drive economic gr[?1 & = o!r purposes4 #a4 ,%ort title ,?is ,act may be cit$ z ! ,electrify ,africa ,act ( #bjad4 #b4 ,purpose ,! purpose ( ?is ,act is to enc\rage ! ef=ts ( c\ntries 9 sub-,sah>an ,africa to improve access to af=dable & reliable electricity 9 ,africa 9 ord] to unlock ! pot5tial = economic gr[?1 job creation1 food security1 improv$ heal?1 education & environm5tal outcomes1 & pov]ty r$uction4 #c4 ,f9d+s ,congress f9ds t-- 7#a7 #ehi1jjj1jjj p 9 sub-,sah>an ,africa1 or #fh p]c5t ( ! population1 did n h access to electricity1 z ( #bjaj2 7#b7 9 sub-,sah>an ,africa1 electricity s]vices are highly unreliable & !y are at lea/ twice z exp5sive = ^? ) electricity access comp>$ to o!r em]g+ m>kets2 7#c7 lack ( access to electricity s]vices disproportionally affects wom5 & girls1 :o (t5 %\ld] ! burd5 ( seek+ s\rces ( heat & light su* z dung1 wood or *>coal & are (t5 m expos$ to ! associat$ negative heal? impacts4 ,wom5 & girls also face an increas$ risk ( assault f walk+ long di/ances to ga!r fuel s\rces2 7#d7 access to electricity creates opportunities1 includ+ entrepr5eur%ip1 = p to "w _! way out ( pov]ty2 7#e7 a lack ( electricity contributes to ! high use ( ineffici5t & (t5 highly pollut+ fuel s\rces = indoor cook+1 heat+1 & light+ t produce toxic fumes result+ 9 m ?an #c1jjj1jjj annual premature dea?s f respiratory disease1 m annual dea?s ?an f ,,hiv_/,,aids & mal>ia 9 sub-,sah>an ,africa2 7#f7 electricity access is crucial = ! cold /orage ( vacc9es & anti-retroviral & o!r lifesav+ m$ical drugs1 z well z ! op]ation ( mod]n lifesav+ m$ical equipm5t2 7#g7 electricity access c be us$ to improve food security by enabl+ po/-h>ve/ process+1 pump+1 irrigation1 dry gra9 /orage1 mill+1 refrig]ation1 & o!r uses2 7#h7 reliable electricity access c provide improv$ light+ options & in=mation & communication te*nologies1 includ+ ,int]net access & mobile phone *>g+1 t c greatly improve heal?1 social1 & education outcomes1 z well z economic & comm]cial possibilities2 7#i7 sub-,sah>an ,africa's consum] base ( ne>ly "o billion p is rapidly gr[+ & w create increas+ dem& = ,unit$ ,/ates goods1 s]vices1 & te*nologies1 b ! curr5t electricity deficit 9 sub-,sah>an ,africa limits ?is dem& by re/rict+ economic gr[? on ! cont95t2 7#aj7 approximately #cj ,african c\ntries face endemic p[] %ortages1 & ne>ly #gj p]c5t ( survey$ ,african bus9esses cite unreliable p[] z a major con/ra9t to gr[?2 7#aa7 ! ,mill5nium ,*all5ge ,corporation's "w 9 ! en]gy sector %[s high project$ economic rates ( return t translate to su/a9able economic gr[? & t ! highe/ returns are project$ :5 infra/ructure improvem5ts are c\pl$ ) significant legislative1 regulatory1 in/itutional1 & policy re=ms2 7#ab7 9 _m c\ntries1 weak gov]nance capacity1 regulatory bottl5ecks1 legal con/ra9ts1 & lack ( transp>5cy & acc\ntability c /ifle ! ability ( private inve/m5t to assi/ 9 ! g5]ation & di/ribution ( electricity2 & 7#ac7 )\t new policies & m effective inve/m5ts 9 electricity sector capacity to increase & exp& electricity access 9 sub-,sah>an ,africa1 ov] #gj p]c5t ( ! rural population1 & #dh p]c5t ( ! total population1 w pot5tially rema9 )\t access to electricity by #bjcj4 #d4 ,/atem5t ( policy ,congress decl>es t x is ! policy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates-- 7#a7 9 consultation ) sub-,sah>an ,african gov]nm5ts1 to enc\rage ! private sector1 int]national community1 ,african ,regional ,economic ,communities1 philan?ropies1 civil society1 & o!r gov]nm5ts to promote-- 7,a7 ! in/allation ( at lea/ an additional #bj1jjj megawatts ( electrical p[] 9 sub-,sah>an ,africa by #bjbj to support pov]ty r$uction1 promote developm5t outcomes1 & drive economic gr[?2 7,b7 fir/-"t direct access to electricity = at lea/ #ej1jjj1jjj p 9 sub-,sah>an ,africa by #bjbj 9 bo? urban & rural areas2 7,c7 effici5t in/itutional plat=ms ) acc\ntable gov]nance to provide electrical s]vice to rural & und]s]v$ areas2 & 7,d7 ! necess>y 9-c\ntry legislative1 regulatory & policy re=ms to make su* expansion ( electricity access possible2 & 7#b7 to enc\rage private sector & int]national support = con/ruction ( hydroelectric dams 9 sub-,sah>an ,africa t-- 7,a7 (f] l[-co/ clean en]gy consi/5t )-- 7i7 ! national security int]e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & 7ii7 be/ int]national practices reg>d+ social & environm5tal safegu>ds1 includ+-- 7,i7 engagem5t ( local communities reg>d+ ! design1 implem5tation1 monitor+1 & evaluation ( su* projects2 7,,ii7 ! consid]ation ( en]gy alt]natives1 includ+ di/ribut$ r5ewable en]gy2 & 7,,iii7 ! developm5t ( appropriate mitigation measures2 & 7,b7 support p>tn] c\ntry ef=ts4 #e4 ,developm5t ( a compreh5sive1 multiye> /rategy 7a7 ,/rategy ,! ,presid5t %all e/abli% a compreh5sive1 integrat$1 multiye> policy1 p>tn]%ip1 & fund+ /rategy to enc\rage c\ntries 9 sub-,sah>an ,africa to develop an appropriate mix ( p[] solutions1 includ+ r5ewable en]gy1 to provide suffici5t electricity access to p liv+ 9 rural & urban areas 9 ord] to alleviate pov]ty & drive economic gr[?4 ,su* /rategy %all ma9ta9 suffici5t flexibility & rema9 responsive to te*nological innovation 9 ! p[] sector4 7b7 ,report 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,n lat] ?an #ahj days aft] ! date ( ! enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,presid5t %all transmit to ! appropriate congressional committees a report sett+ =? ! /rategy describ$ 9 subsection 7a74 7#b7 ,report cont5ts ,! report requir$ by p>agraph 7#a7 %all include a discussion ( ! elem5ts describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#c71 & %\ld include a discussion ( any additional elem5ts relevant to ! /rategy describ$ 9 subsection 7a74 7#c7 ,report elem5ts ,! elem5ts ref]r$ to 9 p>agraph 7#b7 are ! foll[+3 7,a7 ,! g5]al & specific objectives ( ! /rategy describ$ 9 subsection 7a71 ! crit]ia = det]m9+ success ( ! /rategy1 a description ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! /rategy w support p>tn] c\ntry ef=ts to increase production & improve access to electricity1 & crit]ia & indicators us$ to select p>tn] c\ntries = focus$ engagem5t on ! p[] sector4 7,b7 ,developm5t1 by p>tn] c\ntry gov]nm5ts1 ( plans & regulations at ! national1 regional1 & local level to increase p[] production1 /r5g!n exi/+ electrical transmission & di/ribution infra/ructure1 bol/] acc\ntable gov]nance & ov]sight1 & improve access to electricity4 7,c7 ,adm9i/ration plans to support p>tn] c\ntry ef=ts to increase new access to electricity1 includ+ a description ( h[ ! /rategy w address comm]cial & resid5tial ne$s1 z well z urban & rural access4 7,d7 ,adm9i/ration /rategy to support p>tn] c\ntry ef=ts to r$uce gov]nm5t wa/e1 fraud1 & corruption1 & improve exi/+ p[] g5]ation ?r\gh improvem5t ( exi/+ transmission & di/ribution sy/ems1 z well z ! use ( a broad p[] mix1 includ+ r5ewable en]gy1 & ! use ( a di/ribut$ g5]ation model4 7,e7 ,adm9i/ration policy to support p>tn] c\ntry ef=ts to attract private sector inve/m5t & public sector res\rces4 7,f7 ,a description ( ! ,adm9i/ration's /rategy = ! transf] ( relevant te*nology1 skills1 & in=mation to increase local p>ticipation 9 ! long-t]m ma9t5ance & managem5t ( ! p[] sector to ensure inve/m5ts are su/a9able & transp>5t1 includ+ details ( ! programs to be und]tak5 to maximize ,unit$ ,/ates contributions 9 ! areas ( te*nical assi/ance & tra9+4 7,g7 ,an id5tification ( ! relevant executive bran* ag5cies t w be involv$ 9 c>ry+ out ! /rategy1 ! level & di/ribution ( res\rces t w be d$icat$ on an annual basis among su* ag5cies1 timely & compreh5sive publication ( aid in=mation & available transmission ( res\rce data consi/5t ) ,adm9i/ration commitm5ts to implem5t ! transp>5cy measures specifi$ 9 ! ,int]national ,aid ,transp>5cy ,initiative by ,decemb] #bjae1 ! assignm5t ( priorities to su* ag5cies1 a description ( ! role ( ea* su* ag5cy1 & ! types ( programs t ea* su* ag5cy w und]take4 7,h7 ,a description ( ! me*anisms t w be utiliz$ by ! ,adm9i/ration1 includ+ ! ,int]national ,aid ,transp>5cy ,initiative1 to coord9ate ! ef=ts ( ! relevant executive bran* ag5cies 9 c>ry+ out ! /rategy to avoid duplication ( ef=ts1 enhance coord9ation1 & ensure t ea* ag5cy und]takes programs prim>ily 9 ^? areas :]e ea* su* ag5cy has ! greate/ exp]tise1 te*nical capabilities1 & pot5tial = success4 7,i7 ,a description ( ! me*anisms t w be e/abli%$ by ! ,adm9i/ration = monitor+ & evaluat+ ! /rategy & its implem5tation1 includ+ proc$ures = le>n+ & %>+ be/ practices among relevant executive bran* ag5cies1 z well z among p>ticipat+ c\ntries1 & = t]m9at+ unsuccessful programs4 7,j7 ,a description ( ! ,adm9i/ration's engagem5t plan1 consi/5t ) int]national be/ practices1 to ensure local & affect$ communities are in=m$1 consult$1 & b5efit f projects enc\rag$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z well z ! environm5tal & social impacts ( ! projects4 7,k7 ,a description ( ! me*anisms t w be utiliz$ to ensure great] coord9ation betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & =eign gov]nm5ts1 int]national organizations1 ,african regional economic communities1 int]national =a1 ! private sector1 & civil society organizations4 7,l7 ,a description ( h[ ,unit$ ,/ates lead]%ip w be us$ to enhance ! ov]all int]national response to prioritiz+ electricity access = sub-,sah>an ,africa & to /r5g!n coord9ation among relevant int]national =ums su* z ! ,po/-#bjae ,developm5t ,ag5da & ! ,g#h & ,g#bj1 z well z ! /atus ( ef=ts to support re=ms t are be+ und]tak5 by p>tn] c\ntry gov]nm5ts4 7,m7 ,an outl9e ( h[ ! ,adm9i/ration int5ds to p>tn] ) =eign gov]nm5ts1 ! int]national community1 & o!r public sector entities1 civil society gr\ps1 & ! private sector to assi/ sub-,sah>an ,african c\ntries to conduct compreh5sive project feasibility /udies & facilitate project developm5t4 7,n7 ,a description ( h[ ! ,adm9i/ration int5ds to help facilitate transnational & regional p[] & electrification projects :]e appropriate4 #f4 ,,usaid 7a7 ,loan gu>antees ,x is ! s5se ( ,congress t 9 pursu+ ! policy goals describ$ 9 section #d1 ! ,adm9i/rator ( ,,usaid %\ld id5tify & prioritize-- 7#a7 loan gu>antees to local sub-,sah>an ,african f9ancial in/itutions t w\ld facilitate ! involvem5t ( su* f9ancial in/itutions 9 p[] projects 9 sub-,sah>an ,africa2 & 7#b7 p>tn]%ips & grants = rese>*1 developm5t1 & deploym5t ( te*nology t w\ld increase access to electricity 9 sub-,sah>an ,africa4 7b7 ,grants ,x is ! s5se ( ,congress t ! ,adm9i/rator ( ,,usaid %\ld consid] provid+ grants to-- 7#a7 support ! developm5t & implem5tation ( national1 regional1 & local en]gy & electricity policy plans2 7#b7 exp& di/ribution ( electricity access to ! poore/2 & 7#c7 build a c\ntry's capacity to plan1 monitor & regulate ! en]gy & electricity sector4 7c7 ,,usaid def9$ ,9 ?is section1 ! t]m ,,usaid means ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ag5cy = ,int]national ,developm5t4 #g4 ,lev]ag+ int]national support ,9 pursu+ ! policy goals describ$ 9 section #d1 ! ,presid5t %\ld direct ! ,unit$ ,/ates' repres5tatives to appropriate int]national bodies to use ! influ5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 consi/5t ) ! broad developm5t goals ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to advocate t ea* su* body-- 7#a7 commit to significantly increase ef=ts to promote inve/m5t 9 well-design$ p[] sector & electrification projects 9 sub-,sah>an ,africa t increase en]gy access1 9 p>tn]%ip ) ! private sector & consi/5t ) ! ho/ c\ntries' absorptive capacity2 7#b7 address en]gy ne$s ( individuals & communities :]e access to an electricity grid is impractical or co/-prohibitive2 7#c7 enhance coord9ation ) ! private sector 9 sub-,sah>an ,africa to increase access to electricity2 7#d7 provide te*nical assi/ance to ! regulatory au?orities ( sub-,sah>an ,african gov]nm5ts to remove unnecess>y b>ri]s to inve/m5t 9 o!rwise comm]cially viable projects2 & 7#e7 utilize cle>1 acc\ntable1 & metric-bas$ t>gets to measure ! effectiv5ess ( su* projects4 #h4 ,ov]seas private inve/m5t corporation 7a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,ov]seas ,private ,inve/m5t ,corporation %\ld-- 7#a7 9 c>ry+ out its programs & pursu+ ! policy goals describ$ 9 section #d1 place a priority on support+ inve/m5t 9 ! electricity sector ( sub-,sah>an ,africa1 includ+ r5ewable en]gy1 & implem5t proc$ures = exp$it$ review ( &1 :]e appropriate1 approval (1 applications by eligible inve/ors = loans1 loan gu>antees1 & insurance = su* inve/m5ts2 7#b7 support inve/m5ts 9 projects & p>tn] c\ntry /rategies to ! ext5t p]mitt$ by its au?orities1 policies1 & programs1 t w-- 7,a7 maximize ! numb] ( p ) new access to electricity to support economic developm5t2 7,b7 improve ! g5]ation1 transmission1 & di/ribution ( electricity2 7,c7 provide reliable & l[-co/ electricity1 includ+ r5ewable en]gy & on-grid1 (f-grid1 & multi-grid solutions1 to p liv+ 9 rural & urban communities2 7,d7 consid] en]gy ne$s ( individuals :]e access to an electricity grid is impractical or co/-prohibitive2 7,e7 r$uce transmission & di/ribution losses & improve end-use effici5cy2 & 7,f7 r$uce en]gy-relat$ imp$im5ts to bus9ess & inve/m5t opportunity & success2 7#c7 enc\rage locally-own$1 micro1 small- & m$ium-siz$ ent]prises & coop]ative s]vice provid]s to p>ticipate 9 inve/m5t activities 9 sub-,sah>an ,africa2 & 7#d7 publi% 9 an accessible digital =mat measurable developm5t impacts ( its inve/m5ts1 includ+ appropriate quantifiable metrics to measure en]gy access at ! individual h\sehold1 ent]prise1 & community level2 & 7#e7 publi% 9 an accessible digital =mat ! am\nt1 type1 location1 duration1 & measurable results1 ) l9ks to relevant reports & displays on an int]active map1 :]e appropriate1 ( all ,,opic inve/m5ts & f9anc+s4 7b7 ,am5dm5ts ,title ,,iv ( *apt] #b ( "p ,i ( ! ,=eign ,assi/ance ,act ( #aifa is am5d$-- 7#a7 9 section #bcc 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4 #baic7-- 7,a7 9 subsection 7b71 by ins]t+ aft] ! six? s5t5ce ! foll[+ new s5t5ce3 ,( ! eight su* ,directors1 n m ?an five %\ld be ( ! same political p>ty42 & 7,b7 by add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new subsection3 7e7 ,inve/m5t advisory c\ncil ,! ,bo>d %all take prompt measures to increase ! loan1 gu>antee1 & insurance programs1 & f9ancial commitm5ts1 ( ! ,corporation 9 sub-,sah>an ,africa1 includ+ ?r\gh ! use ( an inve/m5t advisory c\ncil to assi/ ! ,bo>d 9 develop+ & implem5t+ policies1 programs1 & f9ancial in/rum5ts ) respect to sub-,sah>an ,africa4 ,9 addition1 ! inve/m5t advisory c\ncil %all make recomm5dations to ! ,bo>d on h[ ! ,corporation c facilitate great] support by ! ,unit$ ,/ates = trade & inve/m5t ) & 9 sub-,sah>an ,africa4 ,! inve/m5t advisory c\ncil %all t]m9ate on ,decemb] #ca1 #bjag4 2 7#b7 9 section #bcd7;c7 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4 #baid7;c771 by ins]t+ eligible inve/ors or aft] involve2 7#c7 9 section #bce7;a77#b7 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4 #baie71 by /rik+ #bjjg & ins]t+ #bjag2 7#d7 9 section #bcg7;d7 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4 #baig7;d77-- 7,a7 9 p>agraph 7#b71 by ins]t+ 1 sy/ems infra/ructure co/s1 aft] outside ! ,corporation2 & 7,b7 9 p>agraph 7#c71 by ins]t+ 1 sy/ems infra/ructure co/s1 aft] project-specific transaction co/s2 & 7#e7 by am5d+ section #bci7;e7 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4 #baii7;e77 to read z foll[s3 7e7 ,inspector g5]al ,! ,bo>d %all appo9t & ma9ta9 an ,inspector ,g5]al 9 ! ,corporation1 9 accordance ) ! ,inspector ,g5]al ,act ( #aigh 7#e ,u4,s4,c4 ,app474 4 7c7 ,annual consum] satisfaction survey & report 7#a7 ,survey 7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,= ea* ( cal5d> ye>s #bjad ?r\gh #bjaf1 ! ,ov]seas ,private ,inve/m5t ,corporation %all conduct a survey ( private entities t sponsor or are involv$ 9 projects t are insur$1 re9sur$1 gu>ante$1 or f9anc$ by ! ,corporation reg>d+ ! level ( satisfaction ( su* entities ) ! op]ations & proc$ures ( ! ,corporation ) respect to su* projects4 7,b7 ,priority ,! survey %all be prim>ily focus$ on ,unit$ ,/ates small bus9esses & bus9esses t sponsor or are involv$ 9 projects ) a co/ ( less ?an #bj1jjj1jjj 7z adju/$ = inflation74 7#b7 ,report 7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,n lat] ?an ea* ( ,july #a1 #bjae1 ,july #a1 #bjaf1 & ,july #a1 #bjag1 ! ,corporation %\ld submit to ! congressional committees specifi$ 9 subp>agraph 7,c7 a report on ! results ( ! survey requir$ "u p>agraph 7#a74 7,b7 ,matt]s to be includ$ ,! report %\ld include ! ,corporation's plans to revise its op]ations & proc$ures bas$ on conc]ns rais$ 9 ! results ( ! survey1 if appropriate4 7,c7 ,=m ,! report %all be submitt$ 9 unclassifi$ =m & %all n disclose any confid5tial bus9ess in=mation4 7,d7 ,congressional committees specifi$ ,! congressional committees specifi$ 9 ?is subp>agraph are-- 7i7 ! ,committee on ,appropriations & ! ,committee on ,=eign ,affairs ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives2 & 7ii7 ! ,committee on ,appropriations & ! ,committee on ,=eign ,relations ( ! ,s5ate4 #i4 ,trade & developm5t ag5cy 7a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,director ( ! ,trade & ,developm5t ,ag5cy %\ld-- 7#a7 promote ,unit$ ,/ates private sector p>ticipation 9 en]gy sector developm5t projects 9 sub-,sah>an ,africa ?r\gh project prep>ation activities1 includ+ feasibility /udies at ! project1 sector1 & national level1 te*nical assi/ance1 pilot projects1 rev]se trade missions1 conf]5ces & work%ops2 & 7#b7 seek opportunities to fund project prep>ation activities t involve increas$ access to electricity1 includ+ p[] g5]ation & trade capacity build+4 7b7 ,focus ,9 pursu+ ! policy goals describ$ 9 section #d1 project prep>ation activities describ$ 9 subsection 7a7 %\ld focus on p[] g5]ation1 includ+ r5ewable en]gy1 improv+ ! effici5cy ( transmission & di/ribution grids1 includ+ on-grid1 (f-grid & m9i-grid solutions1 & promot+ en]gy effici5cy & dem&-side managem5t4 #aj4 ,progress report ,n lat] ?an ?ree ye>s aft] ! date ( ! enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,presid5t %all transmit to ! ,committee on ,=eign ,affairs ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & ! ,committee on ,=eign ,relations ( ! ,s5ate1 & po/ ?r\gh appropriate digital means1 a report on progress made t[>d a*iev+ ! policy goals describ$ 9 section #d1 includ+ ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,! numb]1 type1 & /atus ( policy1 regulatory1 & legislative *anges implem5t$ 9 p>tn] c\ntries to support increas$ electricity g5]ation & access1 & /r5g!n effective1 acc\ntable gov]nance ( ! electricity sector s9ce ,unit$ ,/ates engagem5t4 7#b7 ,a li/ ( p[] sector & electrification projects ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t in/rum5ts are support+ to a*ieve ! policy goals describ$ 9 section #d1 & = ea* su* project-- 7,a7 a description ( h[ ea* su* project fits into ! national p[] plans ( ! p>tn] c\ntry2 7,b7 ! total co/ ( ea* su* project & pr$ict$ ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t contributions1 & actual grants & o!r f9anc+ provid$ to su* projects1 brok5 d[n by ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t fund+ s\rce1 includ+ f ! ,ov]seas ,private ,inve/m5t ,corporation1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ag5cy = ,int]national ,developm5t1 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,treasury1 & o!r appropriate ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts & ag5cies2 7,c7 ! pr$ict$ electrical p[] capacity ( ea* project ^u completion1 ) metrics appropriate to ! scale ( electricity access be+ suppli$1 z well z total megawatts in/all$2 7,d7 compliance ) int]national be/ practices & expect$ environm5tal & social impacts f ea* project2 7,e7 ! e/imat$ numb] ( wom51 m51 poor communities1 bus9esses1 s*ools1 & heal? facilities t h ga9$ electricity connections z a result ( ea* project at ! "t ( su* report2 & 7,f7 ! curr5t op]at+ electrical p[] capacity 9 wattage ( ea* project4 ,pass$ ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ,may #h1 #bjad4;,cl]k4