,i  #aac? ,,congress  #a/ ,session  ,h4 
,r4 #baij  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(           
,,repres5tatives  ,may #bc1 #bjac ,mr4  
,moran 7= himself1 ,mr4 ,wittman1 ,mr4  
,connolly1 & ,mr4 ,scott ( ,virg9ia7    
introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to
 ! ,committee on ,natural ,res\rces  ,a 
,,bill  ,to ext5d ,f$]al recognition to 
! ,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe1 !         
,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe-,ea/]n       
,division1 ! ,upp] ,mattaponi ,tribe1 ! 
,rappahannock ,tribe1 ,inc41 ! ,monacan 
,indian ,nation1 & ! ,nansemond ,indian 
,tribe4  #a4 ,%ort title2 table (       
cont5ts  7a7 ,%ort ,title ,?is ,act may 
be cit$ z ! ,?omas9a ,e4 ,jordan ,indian
 ,tribes ( ,virg9ia ,f$]al ,recognition 
,act ( #bjac4  7b7 ,table ( ,cont5ts ,! 
table ( cont5ts ( ?is ,act is z foll[s3 
,sec4 #a4 ,%ort title2 table ( cont5ts4 
,sec4 #b4 ,indian ,*ild ,welf>e ,act (  
#aigh4 ,title ,i--,*ickahom9y ,indian   
,tribe ,sec4 #aja4 ,f9d+s4 ,sec4 #ajb4  
,def9itions4 ,sec4 #ajc4 ,f$]al         
recognition4 ,sec4 #ajd4 ,memb]%ip2     

gov]n+ docum5ts4 ,sec4 #aje4 ,gov]n+    
body4 ,sec4 #ajf4 ,res]vation ( !       
,tribe4 ,sec4 #ajg4 ,hunt+1 fi%+1       
trapp+1 ga!r+1 & wat] rights4 ,title    
,,ii--,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe--,ea/]n
 ,division ,sec4 #bja4 ,f9d+s4 ,sec4    
#bjb4 ,def9itions4 ,sec4 #bjc4 ,f$]al   
recognition4 ,sec4 #bjd4 ,memb]%ip2     
gov]n+ docum5ts4 ,sec4 #bje4 ,gov]n+    
body4 ,sec4 #bjf4 ,res]vation ( !       
,tribe4 ,sec4 #bjg4 ,hunt+1 fi%+1       
trapp+1 ga!r+1 & wat] rights4 ,title    
,,iii--,upp] ,mattaponi ,tribe ,sec4    
#cja4 ,f9d+s4 ,sec4 #cjb4 ,def9itions4  
,sec4 #cjc4 ,f$]al recognition4 ,sec4   
#cjd4 ,memb]%ip2 gov]n+ docum5ts4 ,sec4 
#cje4 ,gov]n+ body4 ,sec4 #cjf4         
,res]vation ( ! ,tribe4 ,sec4 #cjg4     
,hunt+1 fi%+1 trapp+1 ga!r+1 & wat]     
rights4 ,title ,,iv--,rappahannock      
,tribe1 ,inc4 ,sec4 #dja4 ,f9d+s4 ,sec4 
#djb4 ,def9itions4 ,sec4 #djc4 ,f$]al   
recognition4 ,sec4 #djd4 ,memb]%ip2     
gov]n+ docum5ts4 ,sec4 #dje4 ,gov]n+    
body4 ,sec4 #djf4 ,res]vation ( !       

,tribe4 ,sec4 #djg4 ,hunt+1 fi%+1       
trapp+1 ga!r+1 & wat] rights4 ,title    
,v--,monacan ,indian ,nation ,sec4 #eja4
 ,f9d+s4 ,sec4 #ejb4 ,def9itions4 ,sec4 
#ejc4 ,f$]al recognition4 ,sec4 #ejd4   
,memb]%ip2 gov]n+ docum5ts4 ,sec4 #eje4 
,gov]n+ body4 ,sec4 #ejf4 ,res]vation ( 
! ,tribe4 ,sec4 #ejg4 ,hunt+1 fi%+1     
trapp+1 ga!r+1 & wat] rights4 ,title    
,,vi--,nansemond ,indian ,tribe ,sec4   
#fja4 ,f9d+s4 ,sec4 #fjb4 ,def9itions4  
,sec4 #fjc4 ,f$]al recognition4 ,sec4   
#fjd4 ,memb]%ip2 gov]n+ docum5ts4 ,sec4 
#fje4 ,gov]n+ body4 ,sec4 #fjf4         
,res]vation ( ! ,tribe4 ,sec4 #fjg4     
,hunt+1 fi%+1 trapp+1 ga!r+1 & wat]     
rights4 ,title ,,vii--,em95t doma9 ,sec4
 #gja4 ,limitation4  #b4 ,indian ,*ild  
,welf>e ,act ( #aigh ,no?+ 9 ?is ,act   
affects ! application ( section #aji ( !
 ,indian ,*ild ,welf>e ,act ( #aigh 7#be
 ,u4,s4,c4 #aiai74  ,i ,*ickahom9y      
,indian ,tribe  #aja4 ,f9d+s ,congress  
f9ds t--  7#a7 9 #afjg1 :5 ! ,engli%    
settl]s set %ore along ! ,virg9ia       

coa/l9e1 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe 0 
"o ( ab\t #cj tribes t receiv$ !m2  7#b7
 9 #afad1 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe  
ent]$ into a treaty ) ,sir ,?omas ,dale1
 ,gov]nor ( ! ,jame/[n ,colony1 "u :i*--
  7,a7 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe     
agre$ to provide #b bu%els ( corn p] man
 & s5d w>riors to protect ! ,engli%2 &  
7,b7 ,sir ,?omas ,dale agre$ 9 return to
 all[ ! ,tribe to cont9ue to practice   
its own tribal gov]nance2  7#c7 9 #afdf1
 a treaty 0 sign$ :i* =c$ ! ,*ickahom9y 
f _! homel& to ! area ar\nd ! ,york     
,mattaponi ,riv] 9 pres5t-day ,k+       
,william ,c\nty1 lead+ to ! =mation ( a 
res]vation2  7#d7 9 #afgg1 foll[+       
,bacon's ,rebellion1 ! ,que5 ( ,pamunkey
 sign$ ! ,treaty ( ,middle ,plantation  
on behalf ( ! ,*ickahom9y2  7#e7 9      
#agjb1 ! ,*ickahom9y 7 =c$ f _!         
res]vation1 :i* caus$ ! loss ( a l&     
base2  7#f7 9 #agaa1 ! ,college (       
,william & ,m>y 9 ,williamsburg e/abli%$
 a gramm> s*ool = ,indians call$        
,braff]ton ,college2  7#g7 a ,*ickahom9y

 *ild 0 "o ( ! fir/ ,indians to att5d   
,braff]ton ,college2  7#h7 9 #agej1 !   
,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe began to     
migrate f ,k+ ,william ,c\nty back to ! 
area ar\nd ! ,*ickahom9y ,riv] 9 ,new   
,k5t & ,*>les ,city ,c\nties2  7#i7 9   
#agic1 a ,bapti/ mission>y nam$ ,bradby 
took refuge ) ! ,*ickahom9y & took a    
,*ickahom9y woman z 8 wife2  7#aj7 9    
#ahca1 ! names ( ! ance/ors ( !         
mod]n-day ,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe    
began to appe> 9 ! ,*>les ,city ,c\nty  
c5sus records2  7#aa7 9 #aija1 !        
,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe =m$ ,sam>ia  
,bapti/ ,*ur*2  7#ab7 f #aija to #aice1 
,*ickahom9y m5 7 assess$ a tribal tax s 
t _! *ildr5 c\ld receive an education2  
7#ac7 ! ,tribe us$ ! proce$s f ! tax to 
build ! fir/ ,sam>ia ,indian ,s*ool1 buy
 supplies1 & pay a tea*]'s sal>y2  7#ad7
 9 #aiai1 ,c4 ,lee ,moore1 ,auditor (   
,public ,acc\nts = ,virg9ia1 told       
,*ickahom9y ,*ief ,o4,w4 ,adk9s t he _h 
in/ruct$ ! ,commission] ( ,rev5ue =     
,*>les ,city ,c\nty to record           

,*ickahom9y tribal memb]s on ! c\nty tax
 rolls z ,indian1 & n z ,:ite or color$2
  7#ae7 dur+ ! p]iod ( #aibj ?r\gh      
#aicj1 v>i\s ,gov]nors ( ! ,commonweal? 
( ,virg9ia wrote lett]s ( introduction =
 ,*ickahom9y ,*iefs :o _h (ficial       
bus9ess ) ,f$]al ag5cies 9 ,wa%+ton1    
,,dc2  7#af7 9 #aicd1 ,*ickahom9y ,*ief 
,o4,o4 ,adk9s wrote to ,john ,colli]1   
,commission] ( ,indian ,affairs1 reque/+
 money to acquire l& = ! ,*ickahom9y    
,indian ,tribe's use1 to build s*ool1   
m$ical1 & libr>y facilities & to buy    
tractors1 implem5ts1 & se$2  7#ag7 9    
#aicd1 ,john ,colli]1 ,commission] (    
,indian ,affairs1 wrote to ,*ickahom9y  
,*ief ,o4,o4 ,adk9s1 in=m+ him t        
,congress _h pass$ ! ,act ( ,june #ah1  
#aicd 7commonly kn[n z ! ,indian        
,reorganization ,act7 7#be ,u4,s4,c4    
#dfa et seq471 b _h n made !            
appropriation to fund ! ,act2  7#ah7 9  
#aidb1 ,*ickahom9y ,*ief ,o4,o4 ,adk9s  
wrote to ,john ,colli]1 ,commission] (  
,indian ,affairs1 ask+ = help 9 gett+ ! 

prop] racial designation on ,selective  
,s]vice records = ,*ickahom9y soldi]s2  
7#ai7 9 #aidc1 ,john ,colli]1           
,commission] ( ,indian ,affairs1 ask$   
,d\glas ,s4 ,freeman1 editor ( !        
,ri*mond ,news-,lead] newspap] (        
,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia1 to help ,virg9ia    
,indians obta9 prop] racial designation 
on bir? records2  7#bj7 ,colli] /at$ t 8
 (fice c\ld n (ficially int]v5e because 
x _h no responsibility = ! ,virg9ia     
,indians1 z a matt] l>gely ( hi/orical  
accid5t1 b 0 int]e/$ 9 !m z desc5dants (
 ! orig9al inhabitants ( ! region2      
7#ba7 9 #aidh1 ! ,vet]ans' ,education   
,committee ( ! ,virg9ia ,/ate ,bo>d (   
,education approv$ ,sam>ia ,indian      
,s*ool to provide tra9+ to vet]ans2     
7#bb7 t s*ool 0 e/abli%$ & run by !     
,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe2  7#bc7 9    
#aiej1 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe     
pur*as$ & donat$ to ! ,*>les ,city      
,c\nty ,s*ool ,bo>d l& to be us$ to     
build a mod]n s*ool = /ud5ts ( !        
,*ickahom9y & o!r ,virg9ia ,indian      

tribes2  7#bd7 ! ,sam>ia ,indian ,s*ool 
includ$ /ud5ts 9 grades #a ?r\gh #h2    
7#be7 9 #aifa1 ,s5ator ,sam ,erv91      
,*airman ( ! ,subcommittee on           
,con/itutional ,rights ( ! ,committee on
 ! ,judici>y ( ! ,s5ate1 reque/$        
,*ickahom9y ,*ief ,o4,o4 ,adk9s to      
provide assi/ance 9 analyz+ ! /atus ( ! 
con/itutional rights ( ,indians 9 y\r   
area2  7#bf7 9 #aifg1 ! ,*>les ,city    
,c\nty s*ool bo>d clos$ ,sam>ia ,indian 
,s*ool & conv]t$ ! s*ool to a c\ntywide 
prim>y s*ool z a /ep t[>d full s*ool    
integration ( ,indian & non-,indian     
/ud5ts2  7#bg7 9 #aigb1 ! ,*>les ,city  
,c\nty s*ool bo>d began receiv+ funds "u
 ! ,indian ,self-,det]m9ation &         
,education ,assi/ance ,act 7#be         
,u4,s4,c4 #deh;aa et seq47 on behalf (  
,*ickahom9y /ud5ts1 :i* fund+ is provid$
 z ( ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act "u    
title ,v ( ! ,indian ,self-,det]m9ation 
& ,education ,assi/ance ,act 7#be       
,u4,s4,c4 #deh;aaa et seq472  7#bh7 9   
#aigd1 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe     

b\ght l& & built a tribal c5t] us+      
mon?ly pl$ges f tribal memb]s to f9ance 
! transactions2  7#bi7 9 #aihc1 !       
,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe 0 grant$     
recognition z an ,indian tribe by !     
,commonweal? ( ,virg9ia1 along ) #e o!r 
,indian tribes2 &  7#cj7 9 #aihe1       
,gov]nor ,g]ald ,baliles 0 ! special    
gue/ at an int]tribal ,?anksgiv+ ,day   
d9n] ho/$ by ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian      
,tribe4  #ajb4 ,def9itions ,9 ?is title3
  7#a7 ,secret>y ,! t]m ,secret>y means 
! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior4  7#b7 ,tribal 
memb] ,! t]m tribal memb] means--  7,a7 
an individual :o is an enroll$ memb] ( !
 ,tribe z ( ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is     
,act2 &  7,b7 an individual :o has be5  
plac$ on ! memb]%ip rolls ( ! ,tribe 9  
accordance ) ?is title4  7#c7 ,tribe ,! 
t]m ,tribe means ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian  
,tribe4  #ajc4 ,f$]al recognition  7a7  
,f$]al ,recognition  7#a7 ,9 g5]al      
,f$]al recognition is ext5d$ to !       
,tribe4  7#b7 ,applicability ( laws ,all
 laws 7includ+ regulations7 ( ! ,unit$  

,/ates ( g5]al applicability to ,indians
 or nations1 ,indian tribes1 or b&s (   
,indians 7includ+ ! ,act ( ,june #ah1   
#aicd 7#be ,u4,s4,c4 #dfa et seq477 t   
are n inconsi/5t ) ?is title %all be    
applicable to ! ,tribe & tribal memb]s4 
7b7 ,f$]al ,s]vices & ,b5efits  7#a7 ,9 
g5]al ,on & aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is
 ,act1 ! ,tribe & tribal memb]s %all be 
eligible = all s]vices & b5efits provid$
 by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to f$]ally       
recogniz$ ,indian tribes )\t reg>d to ! 
exi/5ce ( a res]vation = ! ,tribe4  7#b7
 ,s]vice area ,= ! purpose ( ! deliv]y (
 ,f$]al s]vices to tribal memb]s1 !     
s]vice area ( ! ,tribe %all be consid]$ 
to be ! area compris$ ( ,new ,k5t       
,c\nty1 ,james ,city ,c\nty1 ,*>les     
,city ,c\nty1 & ,h5rico ,c\nty1         
,virg9ia4  #ajd4 ,memb]%ip2 gov]n+      
docum5ts ,! memb]%ip roll & gov]n+      
docum5ts ( ! ,tribe %all be ! mo/ rec5t 
memb]%ip roll & gov]n+ docum5ts1        
respectively1 submitt$ by ! ,tribe to ! 
,secret>y be=e ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is  

,act4  #aje4 ,gov]n+ body ,! gov]n+ body
 ( ! ,tribe %all be--  7#a7 ! gov]n+    
body ( ! ,tribe 9 place z ( ! date (    
enactm5t ( ?is ,act2 or  7#b7 any       
subsequ5t gov]n+ body elect$ 9          
accordance ) ! election proc$ures       
specifi$ 9 ! gov]n+ docum5ts ( ! ,tribe4
  #ajf4 ,res]vation ( ! ,tribe  7a7 ,9  
g5]al ,^u ! reque/ ( ! ,tribe1 !        
,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior--  7#a7 %all take
 into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe any l& 
held 9 fee by ! ,tribe t 0 acquir$ by ! 
,tribe on or be=e ,janu>y #a1 #bjjg1 if 
su* l&s are locat$ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ,new 
,k5t ,c\nty1 ,james ,city ,c\nty1 ,*>les
 ,city ,c\nty1 or ,h5rico ,c\nty1       
,virg9ia2 &  7#b7 may take into tru/ = !
 b5efit ( ! ,tribe any l& held 9 fee by 
! ,tribe1 if su* l&s are locat$ )9 !    
b\nd>ies ( ,new ,k5t ,c\nty1 ,james     
,city ,c\nty1 ,*>les ,city ,c\nty1 or   
,h5rico ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia4  7b7 ,deadl9e 
= det]m9ation ,! ,secret>y %all make a  
f9al writt5 det]m9ation n lat] ?an ?ree 
ye>s ( ! date :i* ! ,tribe submits a    

reque/ = l& to be tak5 into tru/ "u     
subsection 7a77#b7 & %all imm$iately    
make t det]m9ation available to !       
,tribe4  7c7 ,res]vation /atus ,any l&  
tak5 into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe    
pursuant to ?is p>agraph %all1 ^u reque/
 ( ! ,tribe1 be consid]$ "p ( !         
res]vation ( ! ,tribe4  7d7 ,gam+ ,!    
,tribe may n conduct gam+ activities z a
 matt] ( claim$ inh]5t au?ority or "u ! 
au?ority ( any ,f$]al law1 includ+ !    
,indian ,gam+ ,regulatory ,act 7#be     
,u4,s4,c4 #bgja et seq47 or "u any      
regulations !reund] promulgat$ by !     
,secret>y or ! ,national ,indian ,gam+  
,commission4  #ajg4 ,hunt+1 fi%+1       
trapp+1 ga!r+1 & wat] rights ,no?+ 9 ?is
 title exp&s1 r$uces1 or affects 9 any  
mann] any hunt+1 fi%+1 trapp+1 ga!r+1 or
 wat] rights ( ! ,tribe & memb]s ( !    
,tribe4  ,,ii ,*ickahom9y ,indian       
,tribe--,ea/]n ,division  #bja4 ,f9d+s  
,congress f9ds t--  7#a7 9 #afjg1 :5 !  
,engli% settl]s set %ore along !        
,virg9ia coa/l9e1 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian 

,tribe 0 "o ( ab\t #cj tribes t receiv$ 
!m2  7#b7 9 #afad1 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian
 ,tribe ent]$ into a treaty ) ,sir      
,?omas ,dale1 ,gov]nor ( ! ,jame/[n     
,colony1 "u :i*--  7,a7 ! ,*ickahom9y   
,indian ,tribe agre$ to provide #b      
bu%els ( corn p] man & s5d w>riors to   
protect ! ,engli%2 &  7,b7 ,sir ,?omas  
,dale agre$ 9 return to all[ ! ,tribe to
 cont9ue to practice its own tribal     
gov]nance2  7#c7 9 #afdf1 a treaty 0    
sign$ :i* =c$ ! ,*ickahom9y f _! homel& 
to ! area ar\nd ! ,york ,riv] 9         
pres5t-day ,k+ ,william ,c\nty1 lead+ to
 ! =mation ( a res]vation2  7#d7 9      
#afgg1 foll[+ ,bacon's ,rebellion1 !    
,que5 ( ,pamunkey sign$ ! ,treaty (     
,middle ,plantation on behalf ( !       
,*ickahom9y2  7#e7 9 #agjb1 !           
,*ickahom9y 7 =c$ f _! res]vation1 :i*  
caus$ ! loss ( a l& base2  7#f7 9 #agaa1
 ! ,college ( ,william & ,m>y 9         
,williamsburg e/abli%$ a gramm> s*ool = 
,indians call$ ,braff]ton ,college2     
7#g7 a ,*ickahom9y *ild 0 "o ( ! fir/   

,indians to att5d ,braff]ton ,college2  
7#h7 9 #agej1 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian     
,tribe began to migrate f ,k+ ,william  
,c\nty back to ! area ar\nd !           
,*ickahom9y ,riv] 9 ,new ,k5t & ,*>les  
,city ,c\nties2  7#i7 9 #agic1 a ,bapti/
 mission>y nam$ ,bradby took refuge ) ! 
,*ickahom9y & took a ,*ickahom9y woman z
 8 wife2  7#aj7 9 #ahca1 ! names ( !    
ance/ors ( ! mod]n-day ,*ickahom9y      
,indian ,tribe began to appe> 9 ! ,*>les
 ,city ,c\nty c5sus records2  7#aa7 9   
#ahgj1 a c5sus reveal$ an enclave (     
,indians 9 ,new ,k5t ,c\nty t is believ$
 to be ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian 
,tribe--,ea/]n ,division2  7#ab7 o!r    
records 7 de/roy$ :5 ! ,new ,k5t ,c\nty 
c\r?\se 0 burn$1 leav+ a ,/ate c5sus z !
 only record cov]+ t p]iod2  7#ac7 9    
#aija1 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe =m$ 
,sam>ia ,bapti/ ,*ur*2  7#ad7 f #aija to
 #aice1 ,*ickahom9y m5 7 assess$ a      
tribal tax s t _! *ildr5 c\ld receive an
 education2  7#ae7 ! ,tribe us$ !       
proce$s f ! tax to build ! fir/ ,sam>ia 

,indian ,s*ool1 buy supplies1 & pay a   
tea*]'s sal>y2  7#af7 9 #aiaj1 a #a-room
 s*ool cov]+ grades #a ?r\gh #h 0       
e/abli%$ 9 ,new ,k5t ,c\nty = !         
,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe--,ea/]n      
,division2  7#ag7 dur+ ! p]iod ( #aibj  
?r\gh #aiba1 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian      
,tribe--,ea/]n ,division began =m+ a    
tribal gov]nm5t2  7#ah7 ,e4,p4 ,bradby1 
! f\nd] ( ! ,tribe1 0 elect$ to be      
,*ief2  7#ai7 9 #aibb1 ,ts5a ,commocko  
,bapti/ ,*ur* 0 organiz$2  7#bj7 9      
#aibe1 a c]tificate ( incorporation 0   
issu$ to ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian          
,tribe--,ea/]n ,division2  7#ba7 9      
#aiej1 ! #a-room ,indian s*ool 9 ,new   
,k5t ,c\nty 0 clos$ & /ud5ts 7 bus$ to  
,sam>ia ,indian ,s*ool 9 ,*>les ,city   
,c\nty2  7#bb7 9 #aifg1 ! ,*ickahom9y   
,indian ,tribe & ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian  
,tribe--,ea/]n ,division lo/ _! s*ools z
 a result ( ! requir$ integration (     
/ud5ts2  7#bc7 dur+ ! p]iod ( #aihb     
?r\gh #aihd1 ,ts5a ,commocko ,bapti/    
,*ur* built a new sanctu>y to           

accommodate *ur* gr[?2  7#bd7 9 #aihc ! 
,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe--,ea/]n      
,division 0 grant$ ,/ate recognition    
along ) #e o!r ,virg9ia ,indian tribes2 
7#be7 9 #aihe--  7,a7 ! ,virg9ia ,c\ncil
 on ,indians 0 organiz$ z a ,/ate ag5cy2
 &  7,b7 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian          
,tribe--,ea/]n ,division 0 grant$ a seat
 on ! ,c\ncil2  7#bf7 9 #aihh1 a        
nonpr(it organization kn[n z ! ,unit$   
,indians ( ,virg9ia 0 =m$2 &  7#bg7     
,*ief ,m>v9 ,/rongoak ,bradby ( ! ,ea/]n
 ,b& ( ! ,*ickahom9y pres5tly *airs !   
organization4  #bjb4 ,def9itions ,9 ?is 
title3  7#a7 ,secret>y ,! t]m ,secret>y 
means ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior4  7#b7   
,tribal memb] ,! t]m tribal memb]       
means--  7,a7 an individual :o is an    
enroll$ memb] ( ! ,tribe z ( ! date (   
enactm5t ( ?is ,act2 &  7,b7 an         
individual :o has be5 plac$ on !        
memb]%ip rolls ( ! ,tribe 9 accordance )
 ?is title4  7#c7 ,tribe ,! t]m ,tribe  
means ! ,*ickahom9y ,indian             
,tribe--,ea/]n ,division4  #bjc4 ,f$]al 

recognition  7a7 ,f$]al ,recognition    
7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,f$]al recognition is     
ext5d$ to ! ,tribe4  7#b7 ,applicability
 ( laws ,all laws 7includ+ regulations7 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( g5]al applicability 
to ,indians or nations1 ,indian tribes1 
or b&s ( ,indians 7includ+ ! ,act (     
,june #ah1 #aicd 7#be ,u4,s4,c4 #dfa et 
seq477 t are n inconsi/5t ) ?is title   
%all be applicable to ! ,tribe & tribal 
memb]s4  7b7 ,f$]al ,s]vices & ,b5efits 
7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,on & aft] ! date (       
enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,tribe & tribal  
memb]s %all be eligible = all future    
s]vices & b5efits provid$ by ! ,f$]al   
,gov]nm5t to f$]ally recogniz$ ,indian  
tribes )\t reg>d to ! exi/5ce ( a       
res]vation = ! ,tribe4  7#b7 ,s]vice    
area ,= ! purpose ( ! deliv]y ( ,f$]al  
s]vices to tribal memb]s1 ! s]vice area 
( ! ,tribe %all be consid]$ to be ! area
 compris$ ( ,new ,k5t ,c\nty1 ,james    
,city ,c\nty1 ,*>les ,city ,c\nty1 &    
,h5rico ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia4  #bjd4        
,memb]%ip2 gov]n+ docum5ts ,! memb]%ip  

roll & gov]n+ docum5ts ( ! ,tribe %all  
be ! mo/ rec5t memb]%ip roll & gov]n+   
docum5ts1 respectively1 submitt$ by !   
,tribe to ! ,secret>y be=e ! date (     
enactm5t ( ?is ,act4  #bje4 ,gov]n+ body
 ,! gov]n+ body ( ! ,tribe %all be--    
7#a7 ! gov]n+ body ( ! ,tribe 9 place z 
( ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act2 or  7#b7
 any subsequ5t gov]n+ body elect$ 9     
accordance ) ! election proc$ures       
specifi$ 9 ! gov]n+ docum5ts ( ! ,tribe4
  #bjf4 ,res]vation ( ! ,tribe  7a7 ,9  
g5]al ,^u ! reque/ ( ! ,tribe1 !        
,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior--  7#a7 %all take
 into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe any l& 
held 9 fee by ! ,tribe t 0 acquir$ by ! 
,tribe on or be=e ,janu>y #a1 #bjjg1 if 
su* l&s are locat$ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ,new 
,k5t ,c\nty1 ,james ,city ,c\nty1 ,*>les
 ,city ,c\nty1 or ,h5rico ,c\nty1       
,virg9ia2 &  7#b7 may take into tru/ = !
 b5efit ( ! ,tribe any l& held 9 fee by 
! ,tribe1 if su* l&s are locat$ )9 !    
b\nd>ies ( ,new ,k5t ,c\nty1 ,james     
,city ,c\nty1 ,*>les ,city ,c\nty1 or   

,h5rico ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia4  7b7 ,deadl9e 
= det]m9ation ,! ,secret>y %all make a  
f9al writt5 det]m9ation n lat] ?an ?ree 
ye>s ( ! date :i* ! ,tribe submits a    
reque/ = l& to be tak5 into tru/ "u     
subsection 7a77#b7 & %all imm$iately    
make t det]m9ation available to !       
,tribe4  7c7 ,res]vation /atus ,any l&  
tak5 into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe    
pursuant to ?is p>agraph %all1 ^u reque/
 ( ! ,tribe1 be consid]$ "p ( !         
res]vation ( ! ,tribe4  7d7 ,gam+ ,!    
,tribe may n conduct gam+ activities z a
 matt] ( claim$ inh]5t au?ority or "u ! 
au?ority ( any ,f$]al law1 includ+ !    
,indian ,gam+ ,regulatory ,act 7#be     
,u4,s4,c4 #bgja et seq47 or "u any      
regulations !reund] promulgat$ by !     
,secret>y or ! ,national ,indian ,gam+  
,commission4  #bjg4 ,hunt+1 fi%+1       
trapp+1 ga!r+1 & wat] rights ,no?+ 9 ?is
 title exp&s1 r$uces1 or affects 9 any  
mann] any hunt+1 fi%+1 trapp+1 ga!r+1 or
 wat] rights ( ! ,tribe & memb]s ( !    
,tribe4  ,,iii ,upp] ,mattaponi ,tribe  

#cja4 ,f9d+s ,congress f9ds t--  7#a7   
dur+ ! p]iod ( #afjg ?r\gh #afdf1 !     
,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribes--  7,a7 liv$
 approximately #bj miles f ,jame/[n2 &  
7,b7 7 significantly involv$ 9          
,engli%-,indian affairs2  7#b7          
,mattaponi ,indians1 :o lat] jo9$ !     
,*ickahom9y ,indians1 liv$ a great]     
di/ance f ,jame/[n2  7#c7 9 #afdf1 !    
,*ickahom9y ,indians mov$ to ,mattaponi 
,riv] bas91 away f ! ,engli%2  7#d7 9   
#affa1 ! ,*ickahom9y ,indians sold l& at
 a place kn[n z ! cliffs on ! ,mattaponi
 ,riv]2  7#e7 9 #affi1 ! ,*ickahom9y    
,indians--  7,a7 appe>$ 9 ! ,virg9ia    
,colony's c5sus ( ,indian b[m52 &  7,b7 
liv$ 9 ,new ,k5t ,c\nty1 :i* includ$ !  
,mattaponi ,riv] bas9 at t "t2  7#f7 9  
#afgg1 ! ,*ickahom9y & ,mattaponi       
,indians 7 subjects ( ! ,que5 (         
,pamunkey1 :o 0 a signatory to ! ,treaty
 ( #afgg ) ! ,k+ ( ,engl&2  7#g7 9      
#afhc1 aft] a ,mattaponi t[n 0 attack$  
by ,s5eca ,indians1 ! ,mattaponi        
,indians took refuge ) ! ,*ickahom9y    

,indians1 & ! hi/ory ( ! #b gr\ps 0     
int]tw9$ = _m ye>s !reaft]2  7#h7 9     
#afie1 ! ,*ickahom9y & ,mattaponi       
,indians--  7,a7 7 assign$ a res]vation 
by ! ,virg9ia ,colony2 &  7,b7 trad$ l& 
( ! res]vation = l& at ! place kn[n z ! 
cliffs 7:i*1 z ( ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is
 ,act1 is ! ,mattaponi ,indian          
,res]vation71 :i* _h be5 own$ by !      
,mattaponi ,indians be=e #affa2  7#i7 9 
#agaa1 a ,*ickahom9y boy att5d$ !       
,indian ,s*ool at ! ,college ( ,william 
& ,m>y2  7#aj7 9 #agbf1 ! ,virg9ia      
,colony discont9u$ fund+ ( int]pret]s = 
! ,*ickahom9y & ,mattaponi ,indian      
,tribes2  7#aa7 ,james ,adams1 :o s]v$ z
 an int]pret] to ! ,indian tribes kn[n z
 ( ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act z !     
,upp] ,mattaponi ,indian ,tribe &       
,*ickahom9y ,indian ,tribe1 elect$ to   
/ay ) ! ,upp] ,mattaponi ,indians2      
7#ab7 today1 a majority ( ! ,upp]       
,mattaponi ,indians h ,adams z _!       
surname2  7#ac7 9 #aghg1 ,?omas         
,jeff]son1 9 ,notes on ! ,commonweal? ( 

,virg9ia1 m5tion$ ! ,mattaponi ,indians 
on a res]vation 9 ,k+ ,william ,c\nty & 
said t ,*ickahom9y ,indians 7 bl5d$ ) ! 
,mattaponi ,indians & ne>by ,pamunkey   
,indians2  7#ad7 9 #ahej1 ! c5sus ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates reveal$ a nucleus (       
approximately #aj families1 all ance/ral
 to mod]n ,upp] ,mattaponi ,indians1    
liv+ 9 c5tral ,k+ ,william ,c\nty1      
,virg9ia1 approximately #aj miles f !   
res]vation2  7#ae7 dur+ ! p]iod ( #ahec 
?r\gh #ahhd1 ,k+ ,william ,c\nty m>riage
 records li/$ ,upp] ,mattaponis z       
,indians 9 m>ry+ p resid+ on !          
res]vation2  7#af7 dur+ ! p]iod ( #ahhd 
?r\gh ! pres5t1 c\nty m>riage records   
usually ref] to ,upp] ,mattaponis z     
,indians2  7#ag7 9 #aija1 ,smi?sonian   
an?ropologi/ ,james ,mooney he>d ab\t ! 
,upp] ,mattaponi ,indians b did n visit 
!m2  7#ah7 9 #aibh1 ,univ]sity (        
,p5nsylvania an?ropologi/ ,frank ,speck 
publi%$ a book on mod]n ,virg9ia        
,indians ) a section on ! ,upp]         
,mattaponis2  7#ai7 f #aibi until #aicj1

 ! lead]%ip ( ! ,upp] ,mattaponi        
,indians oppos$ ! use ( a color$        
designation 9 ! #aicj ,unit$ ,/ates     
c5sus & won a compromise 9 :i* ! ,indian
 ance/ry ( ! ,upp] ,mattaponis 0 record$
 b que/ion$2  7#bj7 dur+ ! p]iod ( #aidb
 ?r\gh #aide--  7,a7 ! lead]%ip ( !     
,upp] ,mattaponi ,indians1 ) ! help (   
,frank ,speck & o!rs1 f\ght aga9/ !     
induction ( "y m5 ( ! ,tribe into color$
 units 9 ! ,arm$ ,=ces ( ! ,unit$       
,/ates2 &  7,b7 a tribal roll = ! ,upp] 
,mattaponi ,indians 0 compil$2  7#ba7 f 
#aide to #aidf1 negotiations took place 
to admit "s ( ! "y p ( ! ,upp]          
,mattaponi to high s*ools = ,f$]al      
,indians 7especially at ,*]okee7 because
 no high s*ool c\rsework 0 available =  
,indians 9 ,virg9ia s*ools2 &  7#bb7 9  
#aihc1 ! ,upp] ,mattaponi ,indians      
appli$ = & won ,/ate recognition z an   
,indian tribe4  #cjb4 ,def9itions ,9 ?is
 title3  7#a7 ,secret>y ,! t]m ,secret>y
 means ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior4  7#b7  
,tribal memb] ,! t]m tribal memb]       

means--  7,a7 an individual :o is an    
enroll$ memb] ( ! ,tribe z ( ! date (   
enactm5t ( ?is ,act2 &  7,b7 an         
individual :o has be5 plac$ on !        
memb]%ip rolls ( ! ,tribe 9 accordance )
 ?is title4  7#c7 ,tribe ,! t]m ,tribe  
means ! ,upp] ,mattaponi ,tribe4  #cjc4 
,f$]al recognition  7a7 ,f$]al          
,recognition  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,f$]al      
recognition is ext5d$ to ! ,tribe4  7#b7
 ,applicability ( laws ,all laws        
7includ+ regulations7 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
( g5]al applicability to ,indians or    
nations1 ,indian tribes1 or b&s (       
,indians 7includ+ ! ,act ( ,june #ah1   
#aicd 7#be ,u4,s4,c4 #dfa et seq477 t   
are n inconsi/5t ) ?is title %all be    
applicable to ! ,tribe & tribal memb]s4 
7b7 ,f$]al ,s]vices & ,b5efits  7#a7 ,9 
g5]al ,on & aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is
 ,act1 ! ,tribe & tribal memb]s %all be 
eligible = all s]vices & b5efits provid$
 by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to f$]ally       
recogniz$ ,indian tribes )\t reg>d to ! 
exi/5ce ( a res]vation = ! ,tribe4  7#b7

 ,s]vice area ,= ! purpose ( ! deliv]y (
 ,f$]al s]vices to tribal memb]s1 !     
s]vice area ( ! ,tribe %all be consid]$ 
to be ! area )9 #be miles ( ! ,%>on     
,indian ,s*ool at #acchc ,k+ ,william   
,road1 ,k+ ,william ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia4   
#cjd4 ,memb]%ip2 gov]n+ docum5ts ,!     
memb]%ip roll & gov]n+ docum5ts ( !     
,tribe %all be ! mo/ rec5t memb]%ip roll
 & gov]n+ docum5ts1 respectively1       
submitt$ by ! ,tribe to ! ,secret>y be=e
 ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act4  #cje4   
,gov]n+ body ,! gov]n+ body ( ! ,tribe  
%all be--  7#a7 ! gov]n+ body ( ! ,tribe
 9 place z ( ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is    
,act2 or  7#b7 any subsequ5t gov]n+ body
 elect$ 9 accordance ) ! election       
proc$ures specifi$ 9 ! gov]n+ docum5ts (
 ! ,tribe4  #cjf4 ,res]vation ( ! ,tribe
  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,^u ! reque/ ( ! ,tribe1 
! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior--  7#a7 %all   
take into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe any
 l& held 9 fee by ! ,tribe t 0 acquir$  
by ! ,tribe on or be=e ,janu>y #a1      
#bjjg1 if su* l&s are locat$ )9 !       

b\nd>ies ( ,k+ ,william ,c\nty1 ,c>ol9e 
,c\nty1 ,hanov] ,c\nty1 ,k+ & ,que5     
,c\nty1 & ,new ,k5t ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia2 & 
7#b7 may take into tru/ = ! b5efit ( !  
,tribe any l& held 9 fee by ! ,tribe1 if
 su* l&s are locat$ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ,k+ 
,william ,c\nty1 ,c>ol9e ,c\nty1 ,hanov]
 ,c\nty1 ,k+ & ,que5 ,c\nty1 & ,new ,k5t
 ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia4  7b7 ,deadl9e =      
det]m9ation ,! ,secret>y %all make a    
f9al writt5 det]m9ation n lat] ?an ?ree 
ye>s ( ! date :i* ! ,tribe submits a    
reque/ = l& to be tak5 into tru/ "u     
subsection 7a77#b7 & %all imm$iately    
make t det]m9ation available to !       
,tribe4  7c7 ,res]vation /atus ,any l&  
tak5 into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe    
pursuant to ?is p>agraph %all1 ^u reque/
 ( ! ,tribe1 be consid]$ "p ( !         
res]vation ( ! ,tribe4  7d7 ,gam+ ,!    
,tribe may n conduct gam+ activities z a
 matt] ( claim$ inh]5t au?ority or "u ! 
au?ority ( any ,f$]al law1 includ+ !    
,indian ,gam+ ,regulatory ,act 7#be     
,u4,s4,c4 #bgja et seq47 or "u any      

regulations !reund] promulgat$ by !     
,secret>y or ! ,national ,indian ,gam+  
,commission4  #cjg4 ,hunt+1 fi%+1       
trapp+1 ga!r+1 & wat] rights ,no?+ 9 ?is
 title exp&s1 r$uces1 or affects 9 any  
mann] any hunt+1 fi%+1 trapp+1 ga!r+1 or
 wat] rights ( ! ,tribe & memb]s ( !    
,tribe4  ,,iv ,rappahannock ,tribe1     
,inc4  #dja4 ,f9d+s ,congress f9ds t--  
7#a7 dur+ ! initial mon?s aft] ,virg9ia 
0 settl$1 ! ,rappahannock ,indians _h #c
 enc\nt]s ) ,capta9 ,john ,smi?2  7#b7 !
 fir/ enc\nt] occurr$ :5 ! ,rappahannock
 w]oance 7headman7--  7,a7 travel$ to   
,quiyocohannock 7a pr9cipal t[n across !
 ,james ,riv] f ,jame/[n71 :]e he met ) 
,smi? to det]m9e :e!r ,smi? _h be5 !    
great man :o _h previ\sly sail$ into !  
,rappahannock ,riv]1 kill$ a            
,rappahannock w]oance1 & kidnapp$       
,rappahannock p2 &  7,b7 det]m9$ t ,smi?
 0 too %ort to be t great man2  7#c7 on 
a second meet+1 dur+ ,john ,smi?'s      
captivity 7,decemb] #af1 #afjg to       
,janu>y #h1 #afjh71 ,smi? 0 tak5 to !   

,rappahannock pr9cipal village to %[ ! p
 t ,smi? 0 n ! great man2  7#d7 a ?ird  
meet+ took place dur+ ,smi?'s           
exploration ( ! ,*esapeake ,bay 7,july  
to ,septemb] #afjh71 :51 aft] !         
,moraughtacund ,indians _h /ol5 #c wom5 
f ! ,rappahannock ,k+1 ,smi? 0 prevail$ 
^u to facilitate a peaceful truce betwe5
 ! ,rappahannock & ! ,moraughtacund     
,indians2  7#e7 9 ! settlem5t1 ,smi? _h 
! #b ,indian tribes meet on ! spot ( _! 
fir/ fight2  7#f7 :5 x 0 e/abli%$ t bo? 
gr\ps want$ peace1 ,smi? told !         
,rappahannock ,k+ to select :i* ( ! #c  
/ol5 wom5 he want$2  7#g7 !             
,moraughtacund ,k+ 0 giv5 second *oice  
among ! #b rema9+ wom51 & ,mosco1 a     
,wighcocomoco 7on ! ,potomac ,riv]7     
guide1 0 giv5 ! ?ird woman2  7#h7 9     
#afde1 ,capta9 ,william ,claiborne tri$ 
unsuccessfully to e/abli% treaty        
relations ) ! ,rappahannocks1 z !       
,rappahannocks _h n p>ticipat$ 9 !      
,pamunkey-l$ upris+ 9 #afdd1 & ! ,engli%
 want$ to treat ) ! ,rappahannocks or   

any o!r ,indians n 9 amity )            
,ope*ancan\gh1 conc]n+ s]v+ ! c\nty     
aga9/ ! ,pamunkeys2  7#i7 9 ,april      
#afea1 ! ,rappahannocks convey$ a tract 
( l& to an ,engli% settl]1 ,colonel     
,morre ,fauntl]oy2  7#aj7 ! de$ = !     
conveyance 0 sign$ by ,accopat\gh1      
w]oance ( ! ,rappahannock ,indians2     
7#aa7 9 ,septemb] #afec1 ,lanca/] ,c\nty
 sign$ a treaty ) ,rappahannock         
,indians1 ! t]ms ( :i* treaty--  7,a7   
gave ,rappahannocks ! rights ( ,engli%m5
 9 ! c\nty c\rt2 &  7,b7 attempt$ to    
make ! ,rappahannocks m acc\ntable "u   
,engli% law2  7#ab7 9 ,septemb] #afec1  
,lanca/] ,c\nty def9$ & m>k$ ! b\nds (  
its ,indian settlem5ts2  7#ac7 accord+  
to ! ,lanca/] cl]k ( c\rt1 ! tribe call$
 ! great ,rappahannocks liv$ on !       
,rappahannock ,creek j across ! riv]    
above ,tappahannock2  7#ad7 9 ,septemb] 
#afef1 7,old7 ,rappahannock ,c\nty 7:i*1
 z ( ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 is   
compris$ ( ,ri*mond & ,essex ,c\nties1  
,virg9ia7 sign$ a treaty ) ,rappahannock

 ,indians t--  7,a7 mirror$ ! ,lanca/]  
,c\nty treaty f #afec2 &  7,b7 /at$ t-- 
7i7 ,rappahannocks 7 to be rew>d$1 9    
,roanoke1 = return+ ,engli% fugitives2 &
  7ii7 ! ,engli% enc\rag$ !             
,rappahannocks to s5d _! *ildr5 to live 
among ! ,engli% z s]vants1 :o ! ,engli% 
promis$ w\ld be well-treat$2  7#ae7 9   
#afeh1 ! ,virg9ia ,assembly revis$ a    
#afeb ,act /at+ t !re be no grants ( l& 
to any ,engli%man :atsoev] de futuro    
until ! ,indians be fir/ s]v$ ) !       
proportion ( #ej acres ( l& = ea* b[man2
  7#af7 9 #affi1 ! colony conduct$ a    
c5sus ( ,virg9ia ,indians2  7#ag7 z ( ! 
date ( t c5sus--  7,a7 ! majority ( !   
,rappahannocks 7 resid+ at _! hunt+     
village on ! nor? side ( ! ,mattaponi   
,riv]2 &  7,b7 at ! "t ( ! visit1       
c5sus-tak]s 7 c\nt+ only ! ,indian      
tribes along ! riv]s1 :i* expla9s :y    
only #cj ,rappahannock b[m5 7 c\nt$ on t
 riv]2  7#ah7 ! ,rappahannocks us$ !    
hunt+ village on ! nor? side ( !        
,mattaponi ,riv] z _! prim>y resid5ce   

until ! ,rappahannocks 7 remov$ 9 #afhd2
  7#ai7 9 ,may #afgg1 ! ,treaty (       
,middle ,plantation 0 sign$ ) ,engl&2   
7#bj7 ! ,pamunkey ,que5 ,cockacoeske    
sign$ on behalf ( ! ,rappahannocks1 :o 7
 suppos$ to be h] tribut>ies1 b be=e !  
treaty c\ld be ratifi$1 ! ,que5 (       
,pamunkey compla9$ to ! ,virg9ia        
,colonial ,c\ncil t %e 0 hav+ tr\ble )  
,rappahannocks & ,*ickahom9ies1         
suppos$ly tribut>ies ( h]s2  7#ba7 9    
,novemb] #afhb1 ! ,virg9ia ,colonial    
,c\ncil e/abli%$ a res]vation = !       
,rappahannock ,indians ( #c1dgd acres   
ab\t ! t[n :]e !y dwelt2  7#bb7 !       
,rappahannock t[n 0 ! hunt+ village on !
 nor? side ( ! ,mattaponi ,riv]1 :]e !  
,rappahannocks _h liv$ ?r\gh\t ! #afgjs2
  7#bc7 ! acreage allotm5t ( !          
res]vation 0 bas$ on ! #afeh ,indian l& 
act1 :i* translates into a b[man        
population ( #gj1 or an approximate     
total ,rappahannock population ( #cej2  
7#bd7 9 #afhc1 foll[+ raids by          
,iroquoian w>riors on bo? ,indian &     

,engli% settlem5ts1 ! ,virg9ia ,colonial
 ,c\ncil ord]$ ! ,rappahannocks to leave
 _! res]vation & unite ) ! ,nanzatico   
,indians at ,nanzatico ,indian ,t[n1 :i*
 0 locat$ across & up ! ,rappahannock   
,riv] "s #cj miles2  7#be7 betwe5 #afhg 
& #afii1 ! ,rappahannocks migrat$ out ( 
,nanzatico1 return+ to ! s\? side ( !   
,rappahannock ,riv] at ,portobacco      
,indian ,t[n2  7#bf7 9 #agjf1 by ord] ( 
,essex ,c\nty1 ,lieut5ant ,ri*>d        
,cov+ton escort$ ! ,portobaccos &       
,rappahannocks out ( ,portobacco ,indian
 ,t[n1 out ( ,essex ,c\nty1 & into ,k+ &
 ,que5 ,c\nty :]e !y settl$ along !     
ridgel9e betwe5 ! ,rappahannock &       
,mattaponi ,riv]s1 ! site ( _! anci5t   
hunt+ village & #afhb res]vation2  7#bg7
 dur+ ! #agfjs1 #c ,rappahannock girls 7
 rais$ on ,?omas ,nelson's ,bleak ,hill 
,plantation 9 ,k+ ,william ,c\nty2      
7#bh7 ( ^? girls--  7,a7 "o m>ri$ a     
,saund]s man2  7,b7 "o m>ri$ a ,johnson 
man2 &  7,c7 "o _h #b *ildr51 ,edmund & 
,c>t] ,nelson1 fa!r$ by ,?omas ,c>y     

,nelson2  7#bi7 9 ! #ai? c5tury1 ^?     
,saund]s1 ,johnson1 & ,nelson families  
are among ! core ,rappahannock families 
f :i* ! mod]n ,tribe traces its desc5t2 
7#cj7 9 #ahai & #ahbj1 ,edw>d ,bird1    
,john ,bird 7& 8 wife71 ,c>t] ,nelson1  
,edmund ,nelson1 & ,c>t] ,spurlock 7all 
,rappahannock ance/ors7 7 li/$ on ! tax 
roles ( ,k+ & ,que5 ,c\nty & tax$ at !  
c\nty poor rate2  7#ca7 ,edmund ,bird 0 
add$ to ! tax roles 9 #ahba2  7#cb7 ^?  
tax records are significant docum5tation
 because ! great majority ( pre-#ahfd   
records = ,k+ & ,que5 ,c\nty 7 de/roy$  
by fire2  7#cc7 beg9n+ 9 #ahai1 &       
cont9u+ ?r\gh ! #ahhjs1 !re 0 a solid   
,rappahannock pres5ce 9 ! memb]%ip at   
,upp] ,essex ,bapti/ ,*ur*2  7#cd7 t 0 !
 fir/ in/ance ( conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity
 by at lea/ "s ,rappahannock ,indians2  
7#ce7 :ile tw5ty-six id5tifiable &      
traceable ,rappahannock surnames appe>  
on ! pre-#ahfc memb]%ip li/1 &          
tw5ty-eight 7 li/$ on ! #ahfc memb]%ip  
ro/]1 ! numb] ( surnames li/$ _h decl9$ 

to twelve 9 #ahgh & _h ris5 only        
slightly to f\rte5 by #ahhh2  7#cf7 a   
reason = ! decl9e is t 9 #ahgj1 a       
,me?odi/ circuit rid]1 ,joseph ,ma/91   
secur$ funds to pur*ase l& & con/ruct   
,/4 ,/eph5s ,bapti/ ,*ur* = !           
,rappahannocks liv+ ne>by 9 ,c>ol9e     
,c\nty2  7#cg7 ,ma/9 ref]r$ to !        
,rappahannocks dur+ ! p]iod ( #ahej to  
#ahgj z ,indians1 hav+ a great ne$ =    
moral & ,*ri/ian guidance2  7#ch7 ,/4   
,/eph5s 0 ! dom9ant tribal *ur* until ! 
,rappahannock ,indian ,bapti/ ,*ur* 0   
e/abli%$ 9 #aifd2  7#ci7 at bo? *ur*es1 
! core ,rappahannock family names (     
,bird1 ,cl>ke1 ,=tune1 ,johnson1        
,nelson1 ,p>k]1 & ,ri*>dson pr$om9ate2  
7#dj7 dur+ ! e>ly #aijjs1 ,james        
,mooney1 not$ an?ropologi/1 ma9ta9$     
correspond5ce ) ! ,rappahannocks1       
survey+ !m & in/ruct+ !m on h[ to       
=malize _! tribal gov]nm5t2  7#da7 9    
,novemb] #aibj1 ,speck visit$ !         
,rappahannocks & assi/$ !m 9 organiz+ ! 
fight = _! sov]eign rights2  7#db7 9    

#aiba1 ! ,rappahannocks 7 grant$ a *>t] 
f ! ,commonweal? ( ,virg9ia =maliz+ _!  
tribal gov]nm5t2  7#dc7 ,speck began a  
pr(essional relation%ip ) ! ,tribe t    
w\ld la/ m ?an #cj ye>s & docum5t       
,rappahannock hi/ory & traditions z nev]
 be=e2  7#dd7 9 ,april #aiba1           
,rappahannock ,*ief ,george ,nelson ask$
 ! ,gov]nor ( ,virg9ia1 ,we/morel&      
,davis1 to =w>d a proclamation to !     
,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 along ) an 
app5d$ li/ ( tribal memb]s & a h&writt5 
copy ( ! proclamation itself2  7#de7 !  
lett] conc]n$ ,indian fre$om ( spee* &  
assembly nationwide2  7#df7 9 #aibb1 !  
,rappahannocks e/abli%$ a =mal s*ool at 
,lloyds1 ,essex ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia2  7#dg7
 prior to e/abli%m5t ( ! s*ool1         
,rappahannock *ildr5 7 taught by a      
tribal memb] 9 ,c5tral ,po9t1 ,c>ol9e   
,c\nty1 ,virg9ia2  7#dh7 9 ,decemb]     
#aibc1 ,rappahannock ,*ief ,george      
,nelson te/ifi$ be=e ,congress appeal+ =
 a #ej1jjj appropriation to e/abli% an  
,indian s*ool 9 ,virg9ia2  7#di7 9      

#aicj1 ! ,rappahannocks 7 engag$ 9 an   
ongo+ dispute ) ! ,commonweal? (        
,virg9ia & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus       
,bureau ab\t _! classification 9 ! #aicj
 ,f$]al c5sus2  7#ej7 9 ,janu>y #aicj1  
,rappahannock ,*ief ,o?o ,s4 ,nelson    
wrote to ,leon ,truesdell1 ,*ief        
,/ati/ician ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus    
,bureau1 ask+ t ! #bah enroll$          
,rappahannocks be li/$ z ,indians2      
7#ea7 9 ,febru>y #aicj1 ,truesdell      
repli$ to ,nelson say+ t special        
in/ructions 7 be+ giv5 ab\t classify+   
,indians2  7#eb7 9 ,april #aicj1 ,nelson
 wrote to ,william ,m4 ,/eu>t at !      
,c5sus ,bureau ask+ ab\t ! enum]ators'  
failure to classify 8 p z ,indians1 say+
 t enum]ators _h n ask$ ! "q ab\t race  
:5 !y int]view$ 8 p2  7#ec7 9 a foll[up 
lett] to ,truesdell1 ,nelson report$ t !
 enum]ators 7 flatly d5y+ 8 p's reque/  
to be li/$ z ,indians & t ! race "q 0   
completely avoid$ dur+ int]views2  7#ed7
 ! ,rappahannocks _h spok5 ) ,c>ol9e &  
,essex ,c\nty enum]ators1 & ) ,john     

,m4,w4 ,gre5 at t po9t1 )\t success2    
7#ee7 ,nelson ask$ ,truesdell to li/ p z
 ,indians if he s5t a li/ ( memb]s2     
7#ef7 ! matt] 0 settl$ by ,william      
,/eu>t1 :o conclud$ t ! ,bureau's rule 0
 t p ( ,indian desc5t c\ld be classifi$ 
z ,indian only if ,indian blood         
pr$om9at$ & ,indian id5tity 0 accept$ 9 
! local community2  7#eg7 ! ,virg9ia    
,vital ,/ati/ics ,bureau class$ all     
nonres]vation ,indians z ,negro1 & x    
fail$ to see :y an exception %\ld be    
made = ! ,rappahannocks2  7#eh7 !re=e1 9
 #aibe1 ! ,indian ,rights ,association  
took on ! ,rappahannock case to assi/ ! 
,rappahannocks 9 fight+ = _! recognition
 & rights z an ,indian tribe2  7#ei7    
dur+ ! ,second ,_w ,w>1 ! ,pamunkeys1   
,mattaponis1 ,*ickahom9ies1 &           
,rappahannocks _h to fight ! draft bo>ds
 ) respect to _! racial id5tities2      
7#fj7 ! ,virg9ia ,vital ,/ati/ics       
,bureau insi/$ t c]ta9 ,indian draftees 
be induct$ into ,negro units2  7#fa7    
f9ally1 #c ,rappahannocks 7 convict$ (  

violat+ ! ,f$]al draft laws &1 aft]     
sp5d+ "t 9 a ,f$]al prison1 7 grant$    
consci5ti\s objector /atus & s]v$ out ! 
rema9d] ( ! w> work+ 9 milit>y          
hospitals2  7#fb7 9 #aidc1 ,frank ,speck
 not$ t !re 7 approximately #be         
communities ( ,indians left 9 ! ,ea/]n  
,unit$ ,/ates t 7 entitl$ to ,indian    
classification1 includ+ !               
,rappahannocks2  7#fc7 9 ! #aidjs1 ,leon
 ,truesdell1 ,*ief ,/ati/ician1 ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus ,bureau1 li/$ #aah 
memb]s 9 ! ,rappahannock ,tribe 9 !     
,indian population ( ,virg9ia2  7#fd7 on
 ,april #be1 #aidj1 ! ,(fice ( ,indian  
,affairs ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior     
includ$ ! ,rappahannocks on a li/ (     
,indian tribes classifi$ by ,/ate & by  
ag5cy2  7#fe7 9 #aidh1 ! ,smi?sonian    
,in/itution ,annual ,report includ$ an  
article by ,william ,h>l5 ,gilb]t       
entitl$1 ,surviv+ ,indian ,gr\ps ( !    
,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* includ$ &     
describ$ ! ,rappahannock ,tribe2  7#ff7 
9 ! late #aidjs & e>ly #aiejs1 !        

,rappahannocks op]at$ a s*ool at ,indian
 ,neck2  7#fg7 ! ,/ate agre$ to pay a   
tribal tea*] to tea* #aj /ud5ts bus$ by 
,k+ & ,que5 ,c\nty to ,%>on ,indian     
,s*ool 9 ,k+ ,william ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia2 
7#fh7 9 #aife1 ,rappahannock /ud5ts     
ent]$ ,m>riott ,high ,s*ool 7a ,:ite    
public s*ool7 by executive ord] ( !     
,gov]nor ( ,virg9ia2  7#fi7 9 #aigb1 !  
,rappahannocks work$ ) ! ,coalition (   
,ea/]n ,native ,am]icans to fight =     
,f$]al recognition2  7#gj7 9 #aigi1 !   
,coalition e/abli%$ a pott]y & artisans 
company1 op]at+ ) o!r ,virg9ia tribes2  
7#ga7 9 #aihj1 ! ,rappahannocks receiv$ 
fund+ ?r\gh ! ,adm9i/ration = ,native   
,am]icans ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal? &      
,human ,s]vices to develop an economic  
program = ! ,tribe2 &  7#gb7 9 #aihc1 ! 
,rappahannocks receiv$ ,/ate recognition
 z an ,indian tribe4  #djb4 ,def9itions 
,9 ?is title3  7#a7 ,secret>y ,! t]m    
,secret>y means ! ,secret>y ( !         
,int]ior4  7#b7 ,tribal memb] ,! t]m    
tribal memb] means--  7,a7 an individual

 :o is an enroll$ memb] ( ! ,tribe z ( !
 date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act2 &  7,b7 an 
individual :o has be5 plac$ on !        
memb]%ip rolls ( ! ,tribe 9 accordance )
 ?is title4  7#c7 ,tribe  7,a7 ,9 g5]al 
,! t]m ,tribe means ! organization      
possess+ ! legal "n ,rappahannock       
,tribe1 ,inc4  7,b7 ,exclusions ,! t]m  
,tribe does n include any o!r ,indian   
tribe1 subtribe1 b&1 or spl9t] gr\p !   
memb]s ( :i* repres5t !mselves z        
,rappahannock ,indians4  #djc4 ,f$]al   
recognition  7a7 ,f$]al ,recognition    
7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,f$]al recognition is     
ext5d$ to ! ,tribe4  7#b7 ,applicability
 ( laws ,all laws 7includ+ regulations7 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( g5]al applicability 
to ,indians or nations1 ,indian tribes1 
or b&s ( ,indians 7includ+ ! ,act (     
,june #ah1 #aicd 7#be ,u4,s4,c4 #dfa et 
seq477 t are n inconsi/5t ) ?is title   
%all be applicable to ! ,tribe & tribal 
memb]s4  7b7 ,f$]al ,s]vices & ,b5efits 
7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,on & aft] ! date (       
enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,tribe & tribal  

memb]s %all be eligible = all s]vices & 
b5efits provid$ by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to
 f$]ally recogniz$ ,indian tribes )\t   
reg>d to ! exi/5ce ( a res]vation = !   
,tribe4  7#b7 ,s]vice area ,= ! purpose 
( ! deliv]y ( ,f$]al s]vices to tribal  
memb]s1 ! s]vice area ( ! ,tribe %all be
 consid]$ to be ! area compris$ ( ,k+ & 
,que5 ,c\nty1 ,c>ol9e ,c\nty1 ,essex    
,c\nty1 & ,k+ ,william ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia4
  #djd4 ,memb]%ip2 gov]n+ docum5ts ,!   
memb]%ip roll & gov]n+ docum5ts ( !     
,tribe %all be ! mo/ rec5t memb]%ip roll
 & gov]n+ docum5ts1 respectively1       
submitt$ by ! ,tribe to ! ,secret>y be=e
 ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act4  #dje4   
,gov]n+ body ,! gov]n+ body ( ! ,tribe  
%all be--  7#a7 ! gov]n+ body ( ! ,tribe
 9 place z ( ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is    
,act2 or  7#b7 any subsequ5t gov]n+ body
 elect$ 9 accordance ) ! election       
proc$ures specifi$ 9 ! gov]n+ docum5ts (
 ! ,tribe4  #djf4 ,res]vation ( ! ,tribe
  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,^u ! reque/ ( ! ,tribe1 
! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior--  7#a7 %all   

take into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe any
 l& held 9 fee by ! ,tribe t 0 acquir$  
by ! ,tribe on or be=e ,janu>y #a1      
#bjjg1 if su* l&s are locat$ )9 !       
b\nd>ies ( ,k+ & ,que5 ,c\nty1 ,/af=d   
,c\nty1 ,spotsylvania ,c\nty1 ,ri*mond  
,c\nty1 ,essex ,c\nty1 & ,c>ol9e ,c\nty1
 ,virg9ia2 &  7#b7 may take into tru/ = 
! b5efit ( ! ,tribe any l& held 9 fee by
 ! ,tribe1 if su* l&s are locat$ )9 !   
b\nd>ies ( ,k+ & ,que5 ,c\nty1 ,ri*mond 
,c\nty1 ,lanca/] ,c\nty1 ,k+ ,george    
,c\nty1 ,essex ,c\nty1 ,c>ol9e ,c\nty1  
,new ,k5t ,c\nty1 ,k+ ,william ,c\nty1 &
 ,james ,city ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia4  7b7    
,deadl9e = det]m9ation ,! ,secret>y %all
 make a f9al writt5 det]m9ation n lat]  
?an ?ree ye>s ( ! date :i* ! ,tribe     
submits a reque/ = l& to be tak5 into   
tru/ "u subsection 7a77#b7 & %all       
imm$iately make t det]m9ation available 
to ! ,tribe4  7c7 ,res]vation /atus ,any
 l& tak5 into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe
 pursuant to ?is p>agraph %all1 ^u      
reque/ ( ! ,tribe1 be consid]$ "p ( !   

res]vation ( ! ,tribe4  7d7 ,gam+ ,!    
,tribe may n conduct gam+ activities z a
 matt] ( claim$ inh]5t au?ority or "u ! 
au?ority ( any ,f$]al law1 includ+ !    
,indian ,gam+ ,regulatory ,act 7#be     
,u4,s4,c4 #bgja et seq47 or "u any      
regulations !reund] promulgat$ by !     
,secret>y or ! ,national ,indian ,gam+  
,commission4  #djg4 ,hunt+1 fi%+1       
trapp+1 ga!r+1 & wat] rights ,no?+ 9 ?is
 title exp&s1 r$uces1 or affects 9 any  
mann] any hunt+1 fi%+1 trapp+1 ga!r+1 or
 wat] rights ( ! ,tribe & memb]s ( !    
,tribe4  ,v ,monacan ,indian ,nation    
#eja4 ,f9d+s ,congress f9ds t--  7#a7 9 
#afgg1 ! ,monacan ,tribe sign$ ! ,treaty
 ( ,middle ,plantation betwe5 ,*>les    
,,ii ( ,engl& & #ab ,indian ,k+s & ,*ief
 ,m52  7#b7 9 #agbb1 9 ! ,treaty (      
,albany1 ,gov]nor ,spotswood negotiat$  
to save ! ,virg9ia ,indians f ext9ction 
at ! h&s ( ! ,iroquois2  7#c7           
specifically m5tion$ 9 ! negotiations 7 
! ,monacan tribes ( ! ,tot]o 7,tutelo71 
,saponi1 ,o*5ee*es 7,occanee*i71        

,/5g5ocks1 & ,meipontskys2  7#d7 9      
#agij1 ! fir/ national c5sus record$    
,b5jam9 ,evans & ,rob]t ,johns1 bo?     
ance/ors ( ! pres5t ,monacan community1 
li/$ z :ite ) mulatto *ildr52  7#e7 9   
#aghb1 tax records also began = ^?      
families2  7#f7 9 #ahej1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 c5sus record$ #bi families1 mo/ly l>ge1
 ) ,monacan surnames1 ! memb]s ( :i* are
 g5ealogically relat$ to ! pres5t       
community2  7#g7 9 #ahgj1 a log /ructure
 0 built at ! ,be> ,m\nta9 ,indian      
,mission2  7#h7 9 #aijh1 ! /ructure     
became an ,episcopal ,mission &1 z ( !  
date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! /ructure  
is li/$ z a l&m>k on ! ,national ,regi/]
 ( ,hi/oric ,places2  7#i7 9 #aibj1 #cjd
 ,amh]/ ,indians 7 id5tifi$ 9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates c5sus2  7#aj7 f #aicj ?r\gh      
#aica1 num]\s lett]s f ,monacans to !   
,bureau ( ! ,c5sus result$ f ! decision 
( ,dr4 ,walt] ,pleck]1 =m] head ( !     
,bureau ( ,vital ,/ati/ics ( !          
,commonweal? ( ,virg9ia1 n to all[      
,indians to regi/] z ,indians = ! #aicj 

c5sus2  7#aa7 ! ,monacans ev5tually     
succe$$ 9 be+ all[$ to claim _! race1   
albeit ) an a/]isk atta*$ to a note f   
,dr4 ,pleck] /at+ t !re 7 no ,indians 9 
,virg9ia2  7#ab7 9 #aidg1 ,d',arcy      
,mc,nickle1 a ,sali% ,indian1 saw "s ( !
 *ildr5 at ! ,amh]/ ,mission & reque/$ t
 ! ,*]okee ,ag5cy visit !m because !y   
appe>$ to be ,indian2  7#ac7 t lett] 0  
=w>d$ to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1      
,(fice ( ,indian ,affairs1 ,*icago1     
,ill9ois2  7#ad7 ,*ief ,j>rett ,bly! ( !
 ,ea/]n ,b& ( ,*]okee did visit !       
,mission & wrote t he w\ld be will+ to  
accept ^! *ildr5 9 ! ,*]okee s*ool2     
7#ae7 9 #aigi1 a ,f$]al ,coalition (    
,ea/]n ,native ,am]icans e/abli%$ !     
entity kn[n z ,monacan ,co-op]ative     
,pott]y at ! ,amh]/ ,mission2  7#af7 "s 
important pieces 7 produc$ at ,monacan  
,co-op]ative ,pott]y1 includ+ a piece t 
0 sold to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution2    
7#ag7 ! ,mattaponi-,pamunkey-,monacan   
,consortium1 e/abli%$ 9 #aiha1 has s9ce 
be5 organiz$ z a nonpr(it corporation t 

s]ves z a vehicle to obta9 funds = ^?   
,indian tribes f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor "u
 ,native ,am]ican programs2  7#ah7 9    
#aihi1 ! ,monacan ,tribe 0 recogniz$ by 
! ,commonweal? ( ,virg9ia1 :i* enabl$ ! 
,tribe to apply = grants & p>ticipate 9 
o!r programs2 &  7#ai7 9 #aiic1 !       
,monacan ,tribe receiv$ tax-exempt /atus
 z a nonpr(it corporation f ! ,int]nal  
,rev5ue ,s]vice4  #ejb4 ,def9itions ,9  
?is title3  7#a7 ,secret>y ,! t]m       
,secret>y means ! ,secret>y ( !         
,int]ior4  7#b7 ,tribal memb] ,! t]m    
tribal memb] means--  7,a7 an individual
 :o is an enroll$ memb] ( ! ,tribe z ( !
 date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act2 &  7,b7 an 
individual :o has be5 plac$ on !        
memb]%ip rolls ( ! ,tribe 9 accordance )
 ?is title4  7#c7 ,tribe ,! t]m ,tribe  
means ! ,monacan ,indian ,nation4  #ejc4
 ,f$]al recognition  7a7 ,f$]al         
,recognition  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,f$]al      
recognition is ext5d$ to ! ,tribe4  7#b7
 ,applicability ( laws ,all laws        
7includ+ regulations7 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 

( g5]al applicability to ,indians or    
nations1 ,indian tribes1 or b&s (       
,indians 7includ+ ! ,act ( ,june #ah1   
#aicd 7#be ,u4,s4,c4 #dfa et seq477 t   
are n inconsi/5t ) ?is title %all be    
applicable to ! ,tribe & tribal memb]s4 
7b7 ,f$]al ,s]vices & ,b5efits  7#a7 ,9 
g5]al ,on & aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is
 ,act1 ! ,tribe & tribal memb]s %all be 
eligible = all s]vices & b5efits provid$
 by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to f$]ally       
recogniz$ ,indian tribes )\t reg>d to ! 
exi/5ce ( a res]vation = ! ,tribe4  7#b7
 ,s]vice area ,= ! purpose ( ! deliv]y (
 ,f$]al s]vices to tribal memb]s1 !     
s]vice area ( ! ,tribe %all be consid]$ 
to be ! area compris$ ( all l& )9 #be   
miles f ! c5t] ( ,amh]/1 ,virg9ia4      
#ejd4 ,memb]%ip2 gov]n+ docum5ts ,!     
memb]%ip roll & gov]n+ docum5ts ( !     
,tribe %all be ! mo/ rec5t memb]%ip roll
 & gov]n+ docum5ts1 respectively1       
submitt$ by ! ,tribe to ! ,secret>y be=e
 ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act4  #eje4   
,gov]n+ body ,! gov]n+ body ( ! ,tribe  

%all be--  7#a7 ! gov]n+ body ( ! ,tribe
 9 place z ( ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is    
,act2 or  7#b7 any subsequ5t gov]n+ body
 elect$ 9 accordance ) ! election       
proc$ures specifi$ 9 ! gov]n+ docum5ts (
 ! ,tribe4  #ejf4 ,res]vation ( ! ,tribe
  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,^u ! reque/ ( ! ,tribe1 
! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior--  7#a7 %all   
take into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe any
 l& held 9 fee by ! ,tribe t 0 acquir$  
by ! ,tribe on or be=e ,janu>y #a1      
#bjjg1 if su* l&s are locat$ )9 !       
b\nd>ies ( ,amh]/ ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia2 &   
7#b7 may take into tru/ = ! b5efit ( !  
,tribe any l& held 9 fee by ! ,tribe1 if
 su* l&s are locat$ )9 ! b\nd>ies (     
,amh]/ ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 & ^? p>cels 9  
,rockbridge ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia 7subject to
 ! cons5t ( ! local unit ( gov]nm5t71   
own$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,poole1 describ$ z ,ea/
 #gca ,s&bridge 7encompass+             
approximately #d4gd acres7 & ,ea/ #gca  
7encompass+ approximately #e4ab acres74 
7b7 ,deadl9e = det]m9ation ,! ,secret>y 
%all make a f9al writt5 det]m9ation n   

lat] ?an ?ree ye>s ( ! date :i* ! ,tribe
 submits a reque/ = l& to be tak5 into  
tru/ "u subsection 7a77#b7 & %all       
imm$iately make t det]m9ation available 
to ! ,tribe4  7c7 ,res]vation /atus ,any
 l& tak5 into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe
 pursuant to ?is p>agraph %all1 ^u      
reque/ ( ! ,tribe1 be consid]$ "p ( !   
res]vation ( ! ,tribe4  7d7 ,gam+ ,!    
,tribe may n conduct gam+ activities z a
 matt] ( claim$ inh]5t au?ority or "u ! 
au?ority ( any ,f$]al law1 includ+ !    
,indian ,gam+ ,regulatory ,act 7#be     
,u4,s4,c4 #bgja et seq47 or "u any      
regulations !reund] promulgat$ by !     
,secret>y or ! ,national ,indian ,gam+  
,commission4  #ejg4 ,hunt+1 fi%+1       
trapp+1 ga!r+1 & wat] rights ,no?+ 9 ?is
 title exp&s1 r$uces1 or affects 9 any  
mann] any hunt+1 fi%+1 trapp+1 ga!r+1 or
 wat] rights ( ! ,tribe & memb]s ( !    
,tribe4  ,,vi ,nansemond ,indian ,tribe 
#fja4 ,f9d+s ,congress f9ds t--  7#a7 f 
#afjg until #afdf1 ,nansemond ,indians--
  7,a7 liv$ approximately #cj miles f   

,jame/[n2 &  7,b7 7 significantly       
involv$ 9 ,engli%-,indian affairs2  7#b7
 aft] #afdf1 !re 7 #b sections (        
,nansemonds 9 communication ) ea* o!r1 !
 ,*ri/ianiz$ ,nansemonds 9 ,norfolk     
,c\nty1 :o liv$ z citiz5s1 & !          
traditionali/ ,nansemonds1 :o liv$ fur!r
 we/2  7#c7 9 #afch1 accord+ to an entry
 9 a #ag? c5tury s]mon book /ill own$ by
 ! ,*ief's family1 a ,norfolk ,c\nty    
,engli%man m>ri$ a ,nansemond woman2    
7#d7 t man & woman are l9eal ance/ors ( 
all ( memb]s ( ! ,nansemond ,indian     
tribe alive z ( ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is 
,act1 z are "s ( ! traditionali/        
,nansemonds2  7#e7 9 #affi1 ! #b        
,nansemond sections appe>$ 9 ,virg9ia   
,colony's c5sus ( ,indian b[m52  7#f7 9 
#afgg1 ,nansemond ,indians 7 signatories
 to ! ,treaty ( #afgg ) ! ,k+ ( ,engl&2 
7#g7 9 #agjj & #agjd1 ! ,nansemonds &   
o!r ,virg9ia ,indian tribes 7 prev5t$ by
 ,virg9ia ,colony f mak+ a sep>ate peace
 ) ! ,iroquois2  7#h7 ,virg9ia repres5t$
 ^? ,indian tribes 9 ! f9al ,treaty (   

,albany1 #agbb2  7#i7 9 #agaa1 a        
,nansemond boy att5d$ ! ,indian ,s*ool  
at ! ,college ( ,william & ,m>y2  7#aj7 
9 #agbg1 ,norfolk ,c\nty grant$ ,william
 ,bass & 8 k9sm5 ! ,indian privileges ( 
cle>+ swamp l& & be>+ arms 7:i*         
privileges 7 =bidd5 to o!r non-,:ites7  
because ( _! ,nansemond ance/ry1 :i*    
meant t ,bass & 8 k9sm5 7 orig9al       
inhabitants ( t l&2  7#aa7 9 #agdb1     
,norfolk ,c\nty issu$ a c]tificate (    
,nansemond desc5t to ,william ,bass2    
7#ab7 f ! #agdjs to ! #agijs1 !         
traditionali/ section ( ! ,nansemond    
tribe1 #dj miles we/ ( ! ,*ri/ianiz$    
,nansemonds1 0 deal+ ) res]vation l&2   
7#ac7 ! la/ surviv+ memb]s ( t section  
sold out 9 #agib ) ! p]mission ( !      
,commonweal? ( ,virg9ia2  7#ad7 9 #agig1
 ,norfolk ,c\nty issu$ a c]tificate /at+
 t ,william ,bass 0 ( ,indian & ,engli% 
desc5t1 & t 8 ,indian l9e ( ance/ry ran 
directly back to ! e>ly #ah? c5tury eld]
 9 a traditionali/ section ( ,nansemonds
 on ! res]vation2  7#ae7 9 #ahcc1       

,virg9ia enact$ a law enabl+ p (        
,european & ,indian desc5t to obta9 a   
special c]tificate ( ance/ry2  7#af7 !  
law orig9at$ f ! c\nty 9 :i* ,nansemonds
 liv$1 & mo/ly ,nansemonds1 ) a few p f 
o!r c\nties1 took advantage ( ! new law2
  7#ag7 a ,me?odi/ mission e/abli%$     
ar\nd #ahej = ,nansemonds is curr5tly a 
/&>d ,me?odi/ congregation ) ,nansemond 
memb]s2  7#ah7 9 #aija1 ,smi?sonian     
an?ropologi/ ,james ,mooney--  7,a7     
visit$ ! ,nansemonds2 &  7,b7 complet$ a
 tribal c5sus t c\nt$ #fa h\seholds & 0 
lat] publi%$2  7#ai7 9 #aibb1           
,nansemonds 7 giv5 a special ,indian    
s*ool 9 ! segregat$ s*ool sy/em (       
,norfolk ,c\nty2  7#bj7 ! s*ool surviv$ 
only a few ye>s2  7#ba7 9 #aibh1        
,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania an?ropologi/  
,frank ,speck publi%$ a book on mod]n   
,virg9ia ,indians t includ$ a section on
 ! ,nansemonds2 &  7#bb7 ! ,nansemonds 7
 organiz$ =mally1 ) elect$ (fic]s1 9    
#aihd1 & lat] appli$ = & receiv$ ,/ate  
recognition4  #fjb4 ,def9itions ,9 ?is  

title3  7#a7 ,secret>y ,! t]m ,secret>y 
means ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior4  7#b7   
,tribal memb] ,! t]m tribal memb]       
means--  7,a7 an individual :o is an    
enroll$ memb] ( ! ,tribe z ( ! date (   
enactm5t ( ?is ,act2 &  7,b7 an         
individual :o has be5 plac$ on !        
memb]%ip rolls ( ! ,tribe 9 accordance )
 ?is title4  7#c7 ,tribe ,! t]m ,tribe  
means ! ,nansemond ,indian ,tribe4      
#fjc4 ,f$]al recognition  7a7 ,f$]al    
,recognition  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,f$]al      
recognition is ext5d$ to ! ,tribe4  7#b7
 ,applicability ( laws ,all laws        
7includ+ regulations7 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
( g5]al applicability to ,indians or    
nations1 ,indian tribes1 or b&s (       
,indians 7includ+ ! ,act ( ,june #ah1   
#aicd 7#be ,u4,s4,c4 #dfa et seq477 t   
are n inconsi/5t ) ?is title %all be    
applicable to ! ,tribe & tribal memb]s4 
7b7 ,f$]al ,s]vices & ,b5efits  7#a7 ,9 
g5]al ,on & aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is
 ,act1 ! ,tribe & tribal memb]s %all be 
eligible = all s]vices & b5efits provid$

 by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to f$]ally       
recogniz$ ,indian tribes )\t reg>d to ! 
exi/5ce ( a res]vation = ! ,tribe4  7#b7
 ,s]vice area ,= ! purpose ( ! deliv]y (
 ,f$]al s]vices to tribal memb]s1 !     
s]vice area ( ! ,tribe %all be consid]$ 
to be ! area compris$ ( ! cities (      
,*esapeake1 ,hampton1 ,newport ,news1   
,norfolk1 ,portsm\?1 ,suffolk1 &        
,virg9ia ,bea*1 ,virg9ia4  #fjd4        
,memb]%ip2 gov]n+ docum5ts ,! memb]%ip  
roll & gov]n+ docum5ts ( ! ,tribe %all  
be ! mo/ rec5t memb]%ip roll & gov]n+   
docum5ts1 respectively1 submitt$ by !   
,tribe to ! ,secret>y be=e ! date (     
enactm5t ( ?is ,act4  #fje4 ,gov]n+ body
 ,! gov]n+ body ( ! ,tribe %all be--    
7#a7 ! gov]n+ body ( ! ,tribe 9 place z 
( ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act2 or  7#b7
 any subsequ5t gov]n+ body elect$ 9     
accordance ) ! election proc$ures       
specifi$ 9 ! gov]n+ docum5ts ( ! ,tribe4
  #fjf4 ,res]vation ( ! ,tribe  7a7 ,9  
g5]al ,^u ! reque/ ( ! ,tribe1 !        
,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior--  7#a7 %all take

 into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe any l& 
held 9 fee by ! ,tribe t 0 acquir$ by ! 
,tribe on or be=e ,janu>y #a1 #bjjg1 if 
su* l&s are locat$ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( !    
city ( ,suffolk1 ! city ( ,*esapeake1 or
 ,isle ( ,wight ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia2 &     
7#b7 may take into tru/ = ! b5efit ( !  
,tribe any l& held 9 fee by ! ,tribe1 if
 su* l&s are locat$ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( !   
city ( ,suffolk1 ! city ( ,*esapeake1 or
 ,isle ( ,wight ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia4  7b7  
,deadl9e = det]m9ation ,! ,secret>y %all
 make a f9al writt5 det]m9ation n lat]  
?an ?ree ye>s ( ! date :i* ! ,tribe     
submits a reque/ = l& to be tak5 into   
tru/ "u subsection 7a77#b7 & %all       
imm$iately make t det]m9ation available 
to ! ,tribe4  7c7 ,res]vation /atus ,any
 l& tak5 into tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! ,tribe
 pursuant to ?is p>agraph %all1 ^u      
reque/ ( ! ,tribe1 be consid]$ "p ( !   
res]vation ( ! ,tribe4  7d7 ,gam+ ,!    
,tribe may n conduct gam+ activities z a
 matt] ( claim$ inh]5t au?ority or "u ! 
au?ority ( any ,f$]al law1 includ+ !    

,indian ,gam+ ,regulatory ,act 7#be     
,u4,s4,c4 #bgja et seq47 or "u any      
regulations !reund] promulgat$ by !     
,secret>y or ! ,national ,indian ,gam+  
,commission4  #fjg4 ,hunt+1 fi%+1       
trapp+1 ga!r+1 & wat] rights ,no?+ 9 ?is
 title exp&s1 r$uces1 or affects 9 any  
mann] any hunt+1 fi%+1 trapp+1 ga!r+1 or
 wat] rights ( ! ,tribe & memb]s ( !    
,tribe4  ,,vii ,em95t doma9  #gja4      
,limitation ,em95t doma9 may n be us$ to
 acquire l&s 9 fee or 9 tru/ = an       
,indian tribe recogniz$ "u ?is ,act4