,i  #aac? ,,congress  #a/ ,session  ,h4 
,r4 #aiea  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(           
,,repres5tatives  ,may #ac1 #bjac ,mr4  
,smi? ( ,new ,j]sey 7= himself & ,mr4   
,moran7 introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0  
ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ,=eign        
,affairs1 & 9 addition to ! ,committees 
on ,ways & ,means1 ,f9ancial ,s]vices1 !
 ,judici>y1 & ,ov]sight & ,gov]nm5t     
,re=m1 = a p]iod to be subsequ5tly      
det]m9$ by ! ,speak]1 9 ea* case =      
consid]ation ( su* provisions z fall )9 
! jurisdiction ( ! committee conc]n$  ,a
 ,,bill  ,to ensure compliance ) ! #aihj
 ,hague ,conv5tion on ! ,civil ,aspects 
( ,int]national ,*ild ,abduction by     
c\ntries ) :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates enjoys   
reciprocal obligations1 to e/abli%      
proc$ures = ! prompt return ( *ildr5    
abduct$ to o!r c\ntries1 & = o!r        
purposes4  #a4 ,%ort title & table (    
cont5ts  7a7 ,%ort title ,?is ,act may  
be cit$ z ! ,sean & ,david ,goldman     
,int]national ,*ild ,abduction          
,prev5tion & ,return ,act ( #bjac4  7b7 

,table ( cont5ts ,! table ( cont5ts =   
?is ,act is z foll[s3  ,sec4 #a4 ,%ort  
title & table ( cont5ts4 ,sec4 #b4      
,f9d+s2 s5se ( ,congress2 purposes4     
,sec4 #c4 ,def9itions4 ,sec4 #d4 ,fund+4
 ,title ,i--,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate actions   
,sec4 #aja4 ,annual report4 ,sec4 #ajb4 
,/&>ds & assi/ance4 ,sec4 #ajc4         
,memor&um ( ,und]/&+4 ,sec4 #ajd4       
,notification ( congressional           
repres5tatives4 ,title                  
,,ii--,presid5tial actions ,sec4 #bja4  
,presid5tial actions 9 response to      
unresolv$ cases4 ,sec4 #bjb4            
,presid5tial actions 9 response to      
patt]ns ( noncoop]ation 9 cases (       
int]national *ild abductions4 ,sec4     
#bjc4 ,consultations4 ,sec4 #bjd4       
,report to ,congress4 ,sec4 #bje4       
,presid5tial actions4 ,sec4 #bjf4       
,effects on exi/+ contracts4 ,sec4 #bjg4
 ,presid5tial waiv]4 ,sec4 #bjh4        
,publication 9 ,f$]al ,regi/]4 ,sec4    
#bji4 ,t]m9ation ( ,presid5tial actions4
 ,sec4 #baj4 ,unit$ ,/ates assi/ance4   

,sec4 #baa4 ,multilat]al assi/ance4     
,sec4 #bab4 ,am5dm5t to g5]aliz$ sy/em (
 pref]5ces eligibility = g5]aliz$ sy/em 
( pref]5ces4  #b4 ,f9d+s2 s5se (        
,congress2 purposes  7a7 ,f9d+s         
,congress f9ds ! foll[+3  7#a7 ,sean    
,goldman1 a ,unit$ ,/ates citiz5 &      
resid5t ( ,new ,j]sey1 0 abduct$ f !    
,unit$ ,/ates 9 #bjjd & sep>at$ f 8     
fa!r1 ,david ,goldman1 :o sp5t ne>ly six
 ye>s battl+ = ! return ( 8 son f       
,brazil be=e ,sean 0 f9ally return$ to  
,mr4 ,goldman's cu/ody on ,decemb] #bd1 
#bjji4  7#b7 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate's     
,(fice ( ,*ildr5's ,issues1 :i* s]ves z 
! ,c5tral ,au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = 
! purposes ( ! #aihj ,hague ,conv5tion  
on ! ,civil ,aspects ( ,int]national    
,*ild ,abduction1 has receiv$ ?\s&s (   
reque/s s9ce #bjjg = assi/ance 9 !      
return to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( *ildr5 :o h 
be5 abduct$ by a p>5t or o!r legal      
gu>dian to ano!r c\ntry4 ,= a v>iety (  
reasons reflect+ ! significant ob/acles 
to ! recov]y ( abduct$ *ildr51 z well z 

! legal & factual complexity involv+ su*
 cases1 n all cases are report$ to !    
,c5tral ,au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4    
7#c7 ,! numb] ( outgo+ int]national *ild
 abductions report$ to ! ,c5tral        
,au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has increas$
 sub/antially s9ce #bjjf4  7#d7 ,only   
ab\t half ( ! *ildr5 abduct$ f ! ,unit$ 
,/ates to c\ntries ) :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 enjoys reciprocal obligations "u !     
,hague ,abduction ,conv5tion are return$
 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  7#e7 ,! ,unit$    
,/ates & ,conv5tion c\ntries h express$ 
_! desire1 ?r\gh ! ,hague ,abduction    
,conv5tion1 to protect *ildr5           
int]nationally f ! h>mful effects ( _!  
wrongful removal or ret5tion & to       
e/abli% proc$ures to ensure _! prompt   
return to ! ,/ate ( _! habitual         
resid5ce1 z well z to secure protection 
= rights ( access44  7#f7 ,compliance by
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,conv5tion c\ntries  
dep5ds on ! actions ( _! designat$      
c5tral au?orities1 ! p]=mance ( _!      
judici>ies z reflect$ 9 ! legal process 

& decisions r5d]$ to en=ce or effectuate
 ! ,hague ,abduction ,conv5tion1 & !    
ability & will+ness ( _! law en=cem5t to
 insure ! swift en=cem5t ( ord]s r5d]$  
pursuant to ! ,hague ,abduction         
,conv5tion4  7#g7 ,! ,c5tral ,au?ority (
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates reports t ne>ly #dj    
p]c5t ( abduction cases & access cases  
involve *ildr5 tak5 f ! ,unit$ ,/ates to
 c\ntries ) :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates does n h
 ,hague ,abduction ,conv5tion           
obligations or o!r agreem5ts relat+ to !
 resolution ( abduction cases & access  
cases4  7#h7 ,accord+ to ! ,dep>tm5t (  
,/ate's ,april #bjaj ,report on         
,compliance ) ! ,hague ,conv5tion on !  
,civil ,aspects ( ,int]national ,*ild   
,abduction1 p>5tal *ild abduction       
jeop>dizes ! *ild & has sub/antial      
long-t]m consequ5ces = bo? ! *ild & !   
left-beh9d p>5t44  7#i7 ,abduct$ *ildr5 
are at risk ( s]i\s emotional &         
psy*ological problems & h be5 f\nd to   
exp]i5ce anxiety1 eat+ problems1        
nightm>es1 mood sw+s1 sleep di/urbances1

 aggressive behavior1 res5tm5t1 guilt & 
fe>fulness1 & z adults may /ruggle )    
id5tity issues1 p]sonal relation%ips1 & 
p>5t+4  7#aj7 ,left-beh9d p>5ts may     
enc\nt] sub/antial psy*ological &       
emotional problems1 & few h !           
extraord9>y f9ancial res\rces necess>y  
to pursue individual civil or crim9al   
rem$ies 9 bo? ! ,unit$ ,/ates & a =eign 
c\ntry1 ev5 :]e available1 or to engage 
9 repeat$ =eign travel to attempt to    
procure ! return ( _! *ildr5 by evok+   
diplomatic & humanit>ian rem$ies4  7#aa7
 ,left-beh9d p>5ts :o are milit>y p>5ts 
may be unable to leave _! milit>y duties
 to pursue mult9ational litigation or   
take leave to att5d multiple c\rt       
proce$+s1 & =eign au?orities may n      
s*$ule proce$+s to accommodate su*      
duties4  7b7 ,s5se ( ,congress ,x is !  
s5se ( ,congress t ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld 
set a /rong example = ,conv5tion        
c\ntries 9 ! timely location & return ( 
abduct$ *ildr5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ^:     
habitual resid5ce is n ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 

7c7 ,purposes ,! purposes ( ?is ,act are
 to--  7#a7 protect *ildr5 ^: habitual  
resid5ce is ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ! h>mful  
effects ( abduction & to assi/          
left-beh9d p>5ts to h access to _!      
abduct$ *ild 9 a safe & pr$ictable      
mann]1 :]ev] ! *ild is locat$1 :ile an  
abduction case is p5d+2  7#b7 provide   
left-beh9d p>5ts1 includ+ milit>y p>5ts1
 _! advocates1 & judges ! in=mation !y  
ne$ to enhance ! resolution ( abduction 
cases & access cases ?r\gh e/abli%$     
legal proc$ures1 ! tools = assess+ !    
risk ( abduction & d5ial ( rights (     
access1 & ! practical means = ov]com+   
ob/acles to recov]+ an abduct$ *ild2    
7#c7 e/abli% measur$1 effective1 &      
pr$ictable actions to be und]tak5 by !  
,presid5t on behalf ( abduct$ *ildr5 ^: 
habitual resid5ce is ! ,unit$ ,/ates at 
! "t ( ! abduction2  7#d7 promote an    
int]national cons5sus t x is 9 ! int]e/ 
( *ildr5 to h any issues relat$ to _!   
c>e & cu/ody det]m9$ 9 ! c\ntry ( _!    
habitual resid5ce2  7#e7 provide !      

necess>y tra9+ = (ficials ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates ,arm$ ,=ces & ! ,dep>tm5t (      
,def5se to e/abli% policies & provide   
s]vices to milit>y p>5ts t address !    
unique circum/ances ( abductions &      
violations ( rights ( access t may occur
 ) reg>d to milit>y dep5d5t *ildr52 &   
7#f7 enc\rage ! effective implem5tation 
( int]national me*anisms1 p>ticul>ly ^? 
e/abli%$ pursuant to ! ,hague ,abduction
 ,conv5tion1 to a*ieve reciprocity 9 !  
resolution ( abductions & to protect    
*ildr5 f ! h>mful effects ( an          
abduction4  #c4 ,def9itions ,9 ?is ,act3
  7#a7 ,abduct$ *ild ,! t]m abduct$ *ild
 means a *ild :o is ! victim ( an       
abduction4  7#b7 ,abduction ,! t]m      
abduction means--  7,a7 ! alleg$        
wrongful removal ( a *ild f ! *ild's    
c\ntry ( habitual resid5ce2  7,b7 !     
alleg$ wrongful ret5tion ( a *ild       
outside ! *ild's c\ntry ( habitual      
resid5ce2 or  7,c7 ! alleg$ wrongful    
removal or ret5tion ( a milit>y dep5d5t 
*ild f ! ex]cise ( rights ( cu/ody ( a  

milit>y p>5t4  7#c7 ,abduction case ,!  
t]m abduction case means a case involv+ 
an application fil$ ) ! ,c5tral         
,au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by a        
left-beh9d p>5t = ! resolution ( an     
abduction4  7#d7 ,access case ,! t]m    
access case means a case involv+ an     
application fil$ ) ! ,c5tral ,au?ority (
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by a left-beh9d p>5t = 
! e/abli%m5t ( rights ( access4  7#e7   
,annual ,report ,! t]m ,annual ,report  
means ! ,annual ,report on ,int]national
 ,*ild ,abduction requir$ "u section    
#aja4  7#f7 ,application ,! t]m         
application means--  7,a7 9 ! case ( a  
,conv5tion c\ntry1 ! application requir$
 pursuant to article #h ( ! ,hague      
,abduction ,conv5tion2  7,b7 9 ! case ( 
an ,,m\ c\ntry1 ! =mal docum5t requir$  
pursuant to ! provisions ( ! applicable 
,,m\ to reque/ ! return ( an abduct$    
*ild or to reque/ rights ( access1 z    
applicable2 &  7,c7 9 ! case ( a nonp>ty
 c\ntry1 ! =mal reque/ by ! ,c5tral     
,au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! ,c5tral

 ,au?ority ( su* c\ntry reque/+ ! return
 ( an abduct$ *ild or = rights ( access 
to an abduct$ *ild4  7#g7 ,appropriate  
congressional committees ,! t]m         
appropriate congressional committees    
means ! ,committee on ,=eign ,affairs ( 
! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & ! ,committee
 on ,=eign ,relations ( ! ,s5ate4  7#h7 
,c5tral ,au?ority ,! t]m ,c5tral        
,au?ority means--  7,a7 9 ! case ( a    
,conv5tion c\ntry1 ! mean+ giv5 su* t]m 
9 article #f ( ! ,hague ,abduction      
,conv5tion2  7,b7 9 ! case ( an ,,m\    
c\ntry1 ! (ficial entity designat$ by ! 
gov]nm5t ( ! ,,m\ c\ntry )9 ! applicable
 ,,m\ pursuant to section #ajc7;b77#a7  
to dis*>ge ! duties impos$ on ! entity 9
 su* ,,m\2 &  7,c7 9 ! case ( a nonp>ty 
c\ntry1 ! =eign m9i/ry ( su* c\ntry4    
7#i7 ,*ild ,! t]m *ild means an         
individual :o has n atta9$ ! age ( #af4 
7#aj7 ,conv5tion c\ntry ,! t]m          
,conv5tion c\ntry means a c\ntry o!r ?an
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t has ratifi$1 acc$$1  
or succe$$ to ! ,hague ,abduction       

,conv5tion & ) respect to :i* ! ,unit$  
,/ates has ent]$ into a reciprocal      
agreem5t pursuant to ! ,hague ,abduction
 ,conv5tion4  7#aa7 ,hague ,abduction   
,conv5tion ,! t]m ,hague ,abduction     
,conv5tion means ! ,conv5tion on !      
,civil ,aspects ( ,int]national ,*ild   
,abduction1 done at ,! ,hague on ,octob]
 #be1 #aihj4  7#ab7 ,left-beh9d p>5t ,! 
t]m left-beh9d p>5t means--  7,a7 reg>d+
 an abduction1 an individual or entity1 
ei!r individually or jo9tly1 :o alleges 
t an abduction has occurr$ t is 9 brea* 
( rights ( cu/ody--  7i7 attribut$ to   
su* individual or entity1 z applicable2 
&  7ii7 ex]cis$ at ! "t ( ! abduction or
 t w\ld h be5 ex]cis$ b = ! abduction2 &
  7,b7 reg>d+ rights ( access1 an       
individual ) rights ( cu/ody :o is      
reque/+ e/abli%m5t ( rights ( access or 
:o alleges t rights ( access are be+    
d5i$4  7#ac7 ,legal resid5ce ,! t]m     
legal resid5ce means ! congressional    
di/rict & ,/ate 9 :i* an individual ei!r
 is resid+1 or if an individual is      

resid+ tempor>ily outside ! ,unit$      
,/ates1 ! congressional di/rict & ,/ate 
to :i* ! individual int5ds to return4   
7#ad7 ,milit>y dep5d5t *ild ,! t]m      
milit>y dep5d5t *ild means a *ild ^:    
habitual resid5ce is ! ,unit$ ,/ates    
accord+ to ,unit$ ,/ates law ev5 ?\gh ! 
*ild is resid+ outside ! ,unit$ ,/ates )
 a milit>y p>5t4  7#ae7 ,milit>y p>5t ,!
 t]m milit>y p>5t means an individual :o
 has rights ( cu/ody ov] a *ild & :o is 
s]v+ outside ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a memb] (
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,arm$ ,=ces4  7#af7    
,,m\ ,! t]m ,,m\ means a memor&um (     
und]/&+ betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & a      
c\ntry t is n a ,conv5tion c\ntry to    
resolve abduction cases & rights (      
access cases 9 accordance ) section     
#ajd4  7#ag7 ,,m\ c\ntry ,! t]m ,,m\    
c\ntry means a c\ntry ) respect to :i* !
 ,unit$ ,/ates has ent]$ into an ,,m\4  
7#ah7 ,nonp>ty c\ntry ,! t]m nonp>ty    
c\ntry means a c\ntry t is nei!r a      
,conv5tion c\ntry nor an ,,m\ c\ntry4   
7#ai7 ,patt]n ( noncoop]ation  7,a7 ,9  

g5]al ,! t]m patt]n ( noncoop]ation     
means ! p]si/5t failure--  7i7 ( a      
,conv5tion c\ntry to implem5t & abide by
 ! provisions ( ! ,hague ,abduction     
,conv5tion2  7ii7 ( an ,,m\ ,c\ntry to  
implem5t & abide by ! provisions ( !    
applicable ,,m\2 &  7iii7 ( a nonp>ty   
c\ntry to coop]ate ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates to 
exp$iti\sly resolve abduction cases &   
access cases )9 a reasonable p]iod ( "t4
  7,b7 ,crit]ia ,su* p]si/5t failure may
 be evid5c$ by "o or m ( ! foll[+       
crit]ia3  7i7 ,! exi/5ce ( #aj or m     
unresolv$ cases4  7ii7 ,! failure ( !   
,c5tral ,au?ority ( ! c\ntry to fulfill 
its responsibilities pursuant to !      
,hague ,abduction ,conv5tion or ! ,,m\1 
z applicable1 or 9 ! case ( a nonp>ty   
c\ntry1 ! repeat$ failure ( ! ,c5tral   
,au?ority ( ! c\ntry to coop]ate ) !    
,c5tral ,au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to  
resolve unresolv$ cases4  7iii7 ,!      
failure ( ! judicial or adm9i/rative    
bran*1 z applicable1 ( ! national       
gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry to implem5t & comply

 ) ! provisions ( ! ,hague ,abduction   
,conv5tion or ! ,,m\1 z applicable1 or 9
 ! case ( a nonp>ty c\ntry1 ! failure ( 
! appropriate judicial or adm9i/rative  
bran* ( ! national gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry  
to exp$iti\sly delib]ate & r5d] a       
decision 9 abduction cases & access     
cases4  7iv7 ,! failure ( law en=cem5t  
to locate abduct$ *ildr5 or to en=ce    
return ord]s or det]m9ations ( rights ( 
access r5d]$ by ! judicial or           
adm9i/rative au?orities ( ! national    
gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry 9 abduction cases or
 access cases4  7#bj7 ,rights ( access  
,! t]m rights ( access means ! rights ( 
contact betwe5 a *ild & a left-beh9d    
p>5t t may arise--  7,a7 z a provisional
 measure :ile an abduction case is p5d+2
 &  7,b7 by op]ation ( law or by reason 
( judicial or adm9i/rative det]m9ation  
or by agreem5t hav+ legal effect "u !   
law ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* ! *ild is locat$4  
7#ba7 ,rights ( cu/ody ,! t]m rights (  
cu/ody means rights ( c>e & cu/ody ( an 
abduct$ *ild1 includ+ ! "r to det]m9e ! 

place ( resid5ce ( an abduct$ *ild--    
7,a7 attribut$ to an individual or      
entity1 ei!r individually or jo9tly1 &  
7,b7 aris+ by op]ation ( law or by      
reason ( a judicial or adm9i/rative     
decision1 or by reason ( an agreem5t    
hav+ legal effect1  "u ! law ( ! c\ntry 
9 :i* ! *ild 0 an habitual resid5t      
imm$iately be=e ! abduction4  7#bb7     
,unresolv$ abduction case  7,a7 ,9 g5]al
 ,subject to subp>agraph 7,b71 ! t]m    
unresolv$ abduction case means an       
abduction case t rema9s unresolv$ = a   
p]iod t exce$s #f weeks aft] ! date on  
:i* ! application = return ( ! *ild is  
submitt$ = det]m9ation to ! judicial or 
adm9i/rative au?ority1 z applicable1 9 !
 c\ntry 9 :i* ! *ild is locat$4  7,b7   
,resolution ( case ,an abduction case   
%all be consid]$ to be resolv$ if--  7i7
 ! *ild is return$ to ! c\ntry (        
habitual resid5ce1 pursuant to ! ,hague 
,abduction ,conv5tion or ,,m\1 if       
applicable2  7ii7 ! judicial or         
adm9i/rative bran*1 z applicable1 ( !   

national gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* !    
*ild is locat$ has implem5t$ & is       
comply+ ) ! provisions ( ! ,hague       
,abduction ,conv5tion or ! ,,m\1 z      
applicable1 & a f9al det]m9ation is made
 by su* judicial or adm9i/rative bran* t
 ! *ild w n be return$ to ! c\ntry (    
habitual resid5ce2 or  7iii7 ! *ild     
atta9s ! age ( #af4  7#bc7 ,unresolv$   
access case  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,subject to  
subp>agraph 7,b71 ! t]m unresolv$ access
 case means an access case t rema9s     
unresolv$ = a p]iod t exce$s #f weeks   
aft] ! date on :i* ! application = !    
e/abli%m5t ( rights ( access is submitt$
 to ! judicial or adm9i/rative au?ority1
 z applicable1 9 ! c\ntry 9 :i* ! *ild  
is locat$4  7,b7 ,resolution ( case ,an 
access case %all be consid]$ to be      
resolv$ if--  7i7 rights ( access are   
e/abli%$ = ! left-beh9d p>5t & su* p>5t 
is all[$ access to ! *ild 9 accordance )
 su* rights2  7ii7 a f9al det]m9ation is
 made by ! appropriate adm9i/rative or  
judicial entity 9 ! c\ntry 9 :i* ! *ild 

is locat$ t ! left-beh9d p>5t does n h  
rights ( access & ! ,unit$ ,/ates       
,c5tral ,au?ority concludes t su*       
det]m9ation is 9 accordance ) applicable
 int]national /&>ds2 or  7iii7 !        
abduction case relat$ to ! unresolv$    
access case is resolv$4  7#bd7          
,unresolv$ cases ,! t]m unresolv$ cases 
means unresolv$ abduction cases &       
unresolv$ access cases4  #d4 ,fund+     
,am\nts necess>y to c>ry out ?is ,act   
%all be tak5 out ( ! discretion>y funds 
available to ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ea* (
 ! fiscal ye>s #bjad ?r\gh #bjah4  ,i   
,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate actions  #aja4 ,annual
 report  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,n lat] ?an ,m>*  
#ca ( ea* ye>1 ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate %all 
submit to ! appropriate congressional   
committees an ,annual ,report on        
,int]national ,*ild ,abduction4  7b7    
,cont5ts ,ea* ,annual ,report %all1 )   
respect to ! prec$+ ye>1 include !      
foll[+3  7#a7 ,= ea* c\ntry ) respect to
 :i* !re 0 #a or m abduction cases3     
7,a7 ,:e!r ! c\ntry is a ,conv5tion     

c\ntry1 an ,,m\ c\ntry1 or a nonp>ty    
c\ntry4  7,b7 ,! numb] ( abduction cases
 & ! numb] ( rights ( access cases1     
respectively1 report$4  7,c7 ,! numb] ( 
abduction cases & ! numb] ( access      
cases1 respectively1 t are p5d+4  7,d7  
7i7 ,! numb] ( abduction cases & ! numb]
 ( access cases1 respectively1 t 7 p5d+ 
at any po9t = m ?an #ij days aft] ! date
 on :i* ! ,c5tral ,au?ority ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates transmitt$ ! application = ea*   
su* case to ! ,c5tral ,au?ority ( su*   
c\ntry1 & 7 n submitt$ by ! ,c5tral     
,au?ority to ! judicial or adm9i/rative 
au?ority1 z applicable1 ( su* c\ntry )9 
! #ij-;day p]iod4  7ii7 ,! reason = !   
delay 9 submission ( ea* case id5tifi$ 9
 clause 7i7 by ! ,c5tral ,au?ority ( su*
 c\ntry to ! judicial or adm9i/rative   
au?ority4  7,e7 ,! numb] ( unresolv$    
abduction cases & unresolv$ access      
cases1 respectively1 & ! l5g? ( "t ea*  
case has be5 p5d+4  7,f7 ,! numb] (     
unresolv$ cases 9 :i* law en=cem5t has  
fail$ to locate ! abduct$ *ild or to    

en=ce a return ord] or det]m9ations (   
rights ( access r5d]$ by ! judicial or  
adm9i/rative au?orities ( su* c\ntry4   
7,g7 ,! m$ian "t requir$ = resolution ( 
abduction cases & access cases1         
respectively1 to be measur$ f ! date on 
:i* ! application ) respect to !        
abduction case or access case is        
transmitt$ by ! ,c5tral ,au?ority ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates to ! ,c5tral ,au?ority (  
su* c\ntry to ! date on :i* ! abduction 
case or access case is resolv$4  7,h7 ,!
 p]c5tage ( ! total numb] ( abduction   
cases & access cases1 respectively1     
resolv$4  7,i7 ,detail$ in=mation ab\t  
ea* case describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,c7 &  
on actions tak5 by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate  
to resolve su* case1 includ+ ! specific 
actions tak5 by ! ,unit$ ,/ates *ief (  
mission 9 su* c\ntry4  7,j7             
,recomm5dations to improve resolution ( 
abduction cases & access cases4  7#b7 ,!
 numb] ( abduct$ *ildr5 f ! ,unit$      
,/ates :o 7 return$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates f
 ,conv5tions c\ntries1 ,,m\ c\ntries1 & 

nonp>ty c\ntries1 respectively4  7#c7 ,a
 li/ ( ,conv5tion c\ntries & ,,m\       
c\ntries t h fail$ to comply ) any ( _! 
obligations "u ! ,hague ,abduction      
,conv5tion or ! ,,m\1 z applicable1 )   
respect to ! resolution ( abduction     
cases & access cases4  7#d7 ,a li/ (    
c\ntries demon/rat+ a patt]n (          
noncoop]ation1 & a summ>y ( ! crit]ia on
 :i* ! det]m9ation ( a patt]n (         
noncoop]ation = ea* c\ntry is bas$4     
7#e7 7,a7 ,in=mation on ef=ts by !      
,secret>y ( ,/ate to enc\rage o!r       
c\ntries to become signatories to !     
,hague ,abduction ,conv5tion or to ent] 
into an ,,m\4  7,b7 ,! ef=ts ref]r$ to 9
 subp>agraph 7,a7 %all include ef=ts to 
address p5d+ abduction cases & access   
cases 9 su* c\ntry4  7#f7 ,a description
 ( ! ef=ts ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate to     
enc\rage ,conv5tion c\ntries & ,,m\     
c\ntries to facilitate ! "w (           
nongov]nm5tal organizations )9 _!       
respective c\ntries t assi/ left-beh9d  
p>5ts4  7c7 ,exception ,! ,annual       

,report %all n include--  7#a7 ! names (
 left-beh9d p>5ts or *ildr5 involv$ 9   
abduction cases or access cases2 or     
7#b7 in=mation t may id5tify a p>ty     
involv$ 9 an abduction case or access   
case unless ! p>ty /ipulates 9 writ+ to 
! ,c5tral ,au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t 
su* in=mation may be includ$ 9 ! ,annual
 ,report4  7d7 ,additional !matic       
sections ,ea* ,annual ,report %all also 
include--  7#a7 in=mation on ! numb] (  
unresolv$ cases affect+ left-beh9d p>5ts
 :o are milit>y p>5ts & a summ>y (      
assi/ance (f]$ to su* left-beh9d p>5ts2 
7#b7 in=mation on ! use ( airl9es 9     
abductions1 includ+ :i* airl9es h be5   
utiliz$ to c>ry out an abduction1       
volunt>y airl9e practices to prev5t     
abductions1 & recomm5dations = be/      
airl9e practices to prev5t abductions2  
7#c7 in=mation on actions tak5 by !     
,c5tral ,au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to  
tra9 dome/ic judges 9 application ( !   
,hague ,abduction ,conv5tion2 &  7#d7   
in=mation on actions tak5 by ! ,c5tral  

,au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to tra9     
,unit$ ,/ates ,arm$ ,=ces legal         
assi/ance p]sonnel1 milit>y *apla9s1 &  
milit>y family support c5t] p]sonnel    
ab\t abductions1 ! risk ( loss ( access 
to *ildr51 & ! legal frameworks         
available to resolve su* cases4  7e7    
,repeal ( ! ,hague ,conv5tion compliance
 report ,section #bhjc ( ! ,=eign       
,affairs ,re=m & ,re/ructur+ ,act (     
#aiih 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aafaa7 is repeal$4
  #ajb4 ,/&>ds & assi/ance ,! ,secret>y 
( ,/ate %all ensure t ,unit$ ,/ates     
diplomatic & consul> missions abroad--  
7#a7 ma9ta9 a consi/5t report+ /&>d )   
respect to abduction cases & access     
cases involv+ abduct$ *ildr5 9 ! c\ntry 
9 :i* su* mission is locat$ = purposes (
 ! ,annual ,report2  7#b7 designate at  
lea/ "o (ficial 9 ea* su* mission to    
assi/ left-beh9d p>5ts f ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 :o are visit+ su* c\ntry to resolve    
cases involv+ an abduction or rights (  
access2 &  7#c7 monitor developm5ts 9   
cases involv+ abduct$ *ildr5 9 ! c\ntry 

9 :i* su* mission is locat$4  #ajc4     
,memor&um ( ,und]/&+  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,!   
,secret>y ( ,/ate %all seek to ent] into
 an ,,m\ ) e c\ntry t is n a ,conv5tion 
c\ntry4  7b7 ,,m\ provisions ,an ,,m\   
%all include1 ) respect to ! applicable 
,,m\ c\ntry--  7#a7 id5tification ( !   
,c5tral ,au?ority2  7#b7 a protocol to  
id5tify1 locate1 & effectuate ! return (
 an abduct$ *ild id5tifi$ 9 an abduction
 case n lat] ?an #f weeks aft] !        
application ) respect to ! abduction    
case has be5 submitt$ to ! judicial or  
adm9i/rative au?ority1 z applicable1 ( !
 c\ntry 9 :i* ! abduct$ *ild is locat$2 
7#c7 a protocol = ! e/abli%m5t &        
protection ( ! rights ( access2  7#d7   
id5tification ( ! judicial or           
adm9i/rative au?ority t w promptly      
adjudicate abduction cases & access     
cases2  7#e7 id5tification ( a law      
en=cem5t ag5cy & available law en=cem5t 
me*anisms & proc$ures to ensure !       
imm$iate en=cem5t ( an ord] issu$ by !  
au?ority id5tifi$ pursuant to p>agraph  

7#d7 to return an abduct$ *ild to a     
left-beh9d p>5t1 includ+ by--  7,a7     
conduct+ an inve/igation to asc]ta9 !   
location ( ! abduct$ *ild2  7,b7 provid+
 protection to ! abduct$ *ild aft] su*  
*ild is locat$2 &  7,c7 retriev+ !      
abduct$ *ild & mak+ ! appropriate       
arrangem5ts = su* *ild to be return$ to 
! c\ntry ( habitual resid5ce2  7#f7 a   
protocol to e/abli% p]iodic visits      
betwe5 a ,unit$ ,/ates embassy or       
consul> (ficial & an abduct$ *ild to    
all[ ! (ficial to asc]ta9 ! *ild's      
location & welf>e2 &  7#g7 su* o!r      
provisions z det]m9$ to be appropriate  
by ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate4  7c7 ,rule (    
con/ruction  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,no?+ 9 ?is  
,act %all be con/ru$ to prohibit !      
,unit$ ,/ates f propos+ & ent]+ into a  
memor&um ( und]/&+ ) a ,conv5tion c\ntry
 to fur!r cl>ify ! reciprocal           
obligations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & !       
,conv5tion c\ntry "u ! ,hague ,abduction
 ,conv5tion4  7#b7 ,treatm5t (          
obligations ( ,conv5tion c\ntry ,9 ^?   

in/ances 9 :i* !re is a memor&um (      
und]/&+ z describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a71 !   
obligations ( ! ,conv5tion c\ntry "u su*
 memor&um %all be consid]$ to be        
obligations ( su* c\ntry "u ! ,hague    
,abduction ,conv5tion = purposes ( ?is  
,act4  #ajd4 ,notification (            
congressional repres5tatives  7a7       
,notification ,except z provid$ 9       
subsection 7b71 ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate %all
 notify 9 writ+ ! ,memb] ( ,congress &  
,s5ators repres5t+ ! legal resid5ce ( a 
left-beh9d p>5t :5 su* p>5t reports an  
abduction to ! ,c5tral ,au?ority ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates4  7b7 ,exception ,!       
notification requirem5t "u subsection   
7a7 %all n apply if ! left-beh9d p>5t   
does n cons5t to ! notification describ$
 9 su* subsection4  7c7 ,memb] (        
,congress def9$ ,9 ?is section1 ! t]m   
,memb] ( ,congress means a              
,repres5tative 91 or ,delegate or       
,resid5t ,commission] to1 ! ,congress4  
,,ii ,presid5tial actions  #bja4        
,presid5tial actions 9 response to      

unresolv$ cases  7a7 ,response to       
int]national *ild abductions  7#a7      
,unit$ ,/ates policy ,x %all be ! policy
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to--  7,a7 promote ! 
be/ int]e/ ( *ildr5 abduct$ f ! ,unit$  
,/ates by e/abli%+ legal rights &       
proc$ures = _! prompt return & by       
promot+ su* rights & proc$ures ?r\gh    
actions t ensure ! en=cem5t ( reciprocal
 int]national obligations2 &  7,b7      
recognize ! int]national "* ( ! ,hague  
,abduction ,conv5tion1 & ! ne$ =        
reciprocity pursuant to & ! uni=m       
int]national int]pretation ( ! ,hague   
,abduction ,conv5tion1 by promot+ !     
timely resolution ( abduction cases &   
access cases ?r\gh #a or m ( ! actions  
describ$ 9 section #bje4  7#b7          
,requirem5t ( ,presid5tial ,action      
,:5ev] ! ,presid5t det]m9es t ! gov]nm5t
 ( a =eign c\ntry has fail$ to resolve  
an unresolv$ abduction case or unresolv$
 access case1 ! ,presid5t %all oppose   
su* failure ?r\gh "o or m ( ! actions   
describ$ 9 subsection 7b74  7b7         

,presid5tial actions  7#a7 ,9 g5]al     
,subject to p>agraphs 7#b7 & 7#c71 !    
,presid5t1 9 consultation ) ! ,secret>y 
( ,/ate1 %all1 z exp$iti\sly z          
practicable 9 response to ! failure     
describ$ 9 subsection 7a7 by ! gov]nm5t 
( a =eign c\ntry1 take #a or m ( !      
actions describ$ 9 p>agraphs 7#a7 ?r\gh 
7#ah7 ( section #bje7;a7 7or comm5surate
 action z provid$ 9 section #bje7;b77 ) 
respect to su* c\ntry4  7#b7 ,deadl9e = 
actions  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,except z provid$
 9 subp>agraph 7,b71 n lat] ?an ,m>* #ca
 ( ea* ye>1 ! ,presid5t %all take #a or 
m ( ! actions describ$ 9 p>agraphs 7#a7 
?r\gh 7#ah7 ( section #bje7;a7 7or      
comm5surate action z provid$ 9 section  
#bje7;b77 ) respect to ea* =eign c\ntry 
! gov]nm5t ( :i* has fail$ to resolve an
 unresolv$ abduction case or access case
 t is p5d+ z ( su* date4  7,b7          
,exception ,9 ! case ( an action "u any 
( p>agraphs 7#aa7 ?r\gh 7#ah7 ( section 
#bje7;a7 7or comm5surate action z       
provid$ 9 section #bje7;b77--  7i7 !    

action may only be tak5 aft] !          
requirem5ts ( sections #bjc & #bjd h be5
 satisfi$2 &  7ii7 ! ,m>* #ca deadl9e to
 take ! action %all n apply4  7#c7      
,au?ority = delay ( presid5tial actions 
,! ,presid5t may delay action describ$ 9
 any ( ! p>agraphs 7#aa7 ?r\gh 7#ah7 (  
section #bje7;a7 7or comm5surate action 
z provid$ 9 section #bje7;b771 z requir$
 "u p>agraph 7#b71 if ! ,presid5t       
det]m9es & c]tifies to ! appropriate    
congressional committees t a s+le1      
additional p]iod ( "t1 n to exce$ #ij   
days1 is necess>y--  7,a7 = a           
cont9uation ( negotiations t h be5      
comm5c$ ) ! c\ntry to resolve !         
unresolv$ case2 or  7,b7 9 anticipation 
t ! case w be resolv$ by su* c\ntry dur+
 su* #ij-;day p]iod4  7c7 ,implem5tation
  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,9 c>ry+ out subsection 
7b71 ! ,presid5t %all--  7,a7 take #a or
 m actions t mo/ appropriately respond  
to ! nature & sev]ity ( ! failure to    
resolve ! unresolv$ cases2 &  7,b7 seek 
to ! fulle/ ext5t possible to t>get     

action z n>r[ly z practicable ) respect 
to ! ag5cies or in/rum5talities ( !     
=eign gov]nm5t t are responsible = su*  
failures4  7#b7 ,guidel9es = presid5tial
 actions ,9 addition to ! guidel9es "u  
p>agraph 7#a71 ! ,presid5t1 9 det]m9+   
:e!r to take #a or m actions "u         
p>agraphs 7#aa7 ?r\gh 7#ah7 ( section   
#bje7;a7 7or comm5surate action z       
provid$ 9 section #bje7;b771 %all seek  
to m9imize any adv]se impact on--  7,a7 
! population ( ! c\ntry ^: gov]nm5t is  
t>get$ by ! action or actions2 &  7,b7 !
 humanit>ian activities ( ,unit$ ,/ates 
& =eign nongov]nm5tal organizations 9 ! 
c\ntry4  #bjb4 ,presid5tial actions 9   
response to patt]ns ( noncoop]ation 9   
cases ( int]national *ild abductions    
7a7 ,response to a patt]n (             
noncoop]ation  7#a7 ,unit$ /ates policy 
,x %all be ! policy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates   
to--  7,a7 oppose in/itutional or o!r   
sy/emic failures ( =eign gov]nm5ts to   
fulfill _! obligations pursuant to !    
,hague ,abduction ,conv5tion or ,,m\1 z 

applicable1 to resolve abduction cases &
 access cases2 &  7,b7 promote          
reciprocity pursuant to & compliance ) !
 ,hague ,abduction ,conv5tion by        
,conv5tion c\ntries & compliance ) !    
applicable ,,m\ by ,,m\ c\ntries4  7#b7 
,requirem5t ( presid5tial action ,:5ev] 
! ,presid5t det]m9es t ! gov]nm5t ( a   
=eign c\ntry has engag$ 9 a patt]n (    
noncoop]ation1 ! ,presid5t %all promote 
! resolution ( ! unresolv$ cases ?r\gh  
"o or m ( ! actions describ$ 9          
subsection 7c74  7b7 ,designations (    
c\ntries ) patt]ns ( noncoop]ation 9    
cases ( int]national *ild abduction     
7#a7 ,annual review  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,n   
lat] ?an ,m>* #ca ( ea* ye>1 ! ,presid5t
 %all review ! /atus ( abduction cases &
 access cases 9 ea* =eign c\ntry to     
det]m9e :e!r ! gov]nm5t ( su* c\ntry has
 engag$ 9 a patt]n ( noncoop]ation dur+ 
! prec$+ #ab mon?s or s9ce ! date ( !   
la/ review ( su* c\ntry "u ?is          
subp>agraph1 :i*ev] p]iod is long]4 ,!  
,presid5t %all designate ea* c\ntry !   

gov]nm5t ( :i* has engag$ 9 a patt]n (  
noncoop]ation z a ,c\ntry ,) a ,patt]n (
 ,noncoop]ation4  7,b7 ,basis ( review  
,ea* review conduct$ "u subp>agraph 7,a7
 %all be bas$ ^u in=mation conta9$ 9 !  
late/ ,annual ,report & on any o!r      
evid5ce available4  7#b7 ,det]m9ations (
 responsible p>ties ,= ! gov]nm5t ( ea* 
c\ntry designat$ z a ,c\ntry ,) a       
,patt]n ( ,noncoop]ation "u p>agraph    
7#a77;,a71 ! ,presid5t %all seek to     
det]m9e ! ag5cies or in/rum5talities (  
su* gov]nm5t t are responsible = !      
patt]n ( noncoop]ation by su* gov]nm5t 9
 ord] to appropriately t>get actions "u 
?is section 9 response4  7#c7           
,congressional notification ,:5ev] !    
,presid5t designates a c\ntry z a       
,c\ntry ,) a ,patt]n ( ,noncoop]ation "u
 p>agraph 7#a77;,a71 ! ,presid5t %all1 z
 soon z practicable aft] su* designation
 is made1 transmit to ! appropriate     
congressional committees--  7,a7 !      
designation ( ! c\ntry1 sign$ by !      
,presid5t2 &  7,b7 ! id5tification1 if  

any1 ( responsible ag5cies or           
in/rum5talities det]m9$ "u p>agraph     
7#b74  7c7 ,presid5tial actions )       
respect to a ,c\ntry ,) a ,patt]n (     
,noncoop]ation  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,subject  
to p>agraphs 7#b7 & 7#c7 ) respect to   
ea* ,c\ntry ,) a ,patt]n (              
,noncoop]ation designat$ "u subsection  
7b77#a77;,a71 ! ,presid5t %all1 aft] !  
requirem5ts ( sections #bjc & #bjd h be5
 satisfi$1 b n lat] ?an #ij days 7or    
#ahj days 9 case ( a delay "u p>agraph  
7#b77 aft] ! date ( su* designation ( ! 
c\ntry "u su* subsection1 take #a or m (
 ! actions "u p>agraphs 7#aa7 ?r\gh     
7#ah7 ( section #bje7;a7 7or comm5surate
 action z provid$ 9 section #bje7;b774  
7#b7 ,au?ority = delay ( presid5tial    
actions ,if1 on or be=e ! date t !      
,presid5t is requir$ to take action "u  
p>agraph 7#a71 ! ,presid5t det]m9es &   
c]tifies to ! appropriate congressional 
committees t a s+le1 additional p]iod ( 
"t n to exce$ #ij days is necess>y--    
7,a7 = a cont9uation ( negotiations t h 

be5 comm5c$ ) ! gov]nm5t ( su* c\ntry to
 br+ ab\t a cessation ( ! patt]n (      
noncoop]ation by su* c\ntry1 or  7,b7 = 
a review ( corrective action tak5 by su*
 c\ntry aft] designation ( su* c\ntry z 
a ,c\ntry ,) a ,patt]n ( ,noncoop]ation 
"u subsection 7b77#a77;,a7 or 9         
anticipation t corrective action w be   
tak5 by su* c\ntry dur+ su* #ij-;day    
p]iod1  ! ,presid5t %all n be requir$ to
 take su* action until ! expiration (   
su* p]iod ( "t4  7#c7 ,exception = ongo+
 presid5tial action  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,!   
,presid5t %all n be requir$ to take     
action "u p>agraph 7#a7 ) respect to a  
,c\ntry ,) a ,patt]n ( ,noncoop]ation   
if--  7i7 ! ,presid5t has tak5 action   
pursuant to p>agraph 7#a7 ) respect to  
su* c\ntry 9 a prec$+ ye>1 su* action is
 9 effect at ! "t su* c\ntry is         
designat$ z a ,c\ntry ) a ,patt]n (     
,noncoop]ation "u subsection            
7b77#a77;,a71 & ! ,presid5t submits to !
 appropriate congressional committees ! 
in=mation describ$ 9 section #bjd reg>d+

 ! actions 9 effect ) respect to su*    
c\ntry2 or  7ii7 subject to subp>agraph 
7,b71 ! ,presid5t det]m9es t su* c\ntry 
is subject to multiple1 broad-bas$      
sanctions impos$ 9 significant "p 9     
response to human rights abuses & t su* 
sanctions also satisfy ! requirem5ts (  
?is subsection4  7,b7 ,additional       
requirem5ts ,if ! ,presid5t makes a     
det]m9ation "u subp>agraph 7,a77ii7--   
7i7 ! report "u section #bjd &1 z       
applicable1 ! publication 9 ! ,f$]al    
,regi/] "u section #bjh1 %all specify ! 
specific sanction or sanctions t !      
,presid5t has det]m9$ satisfy !         
requirem5ts ( ?is subsection2 &  7ii7   
su* sanctions %all rema9 9 effect       
subject to section #bji4  7d7 ,rule (   
con/ruction ,a det]m9ation "u ?is       
section t a =eign c\ntry has engag$ 9 a 
patt]n ( noncoop]ation %all n be con/ru$
 to require ! t]m9ation ( assi/ance or  
o!r activities ) respect to su* c\ntry  
"u any o!r provision ( law1 includ+     
section #aaf or #ejb;,b ( ! ,=eign      

,assi/ance ,act ( #aifa 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4  
#baea7n7 or #bcjd74  #bjc4              
,consultations  7a7 ,duty ,to consult ) 
=eign gov]nm5ts  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,z soon z
 practicable aft] ! ,presid5t makes a   
det]m9ation "u section #bja 9 response  
to failures to resolve unresolv$ cases &
 ! ,presid5t decides to take action "u  
p>agraphs 7#aa7 ?r\gh 7#ah7 ( section   
#bje7;a7 7or comm5surate action z       
provid$ 9 section #bje7;b77 ) respect to
 t c\ntry1 or n lat] ?an #ij days aft] !
 ,presid5t designates a c\ntry z a      
,c\ntry ,) a ,patt]n ( ,noncoop]ation   
pursuant to section #bjb7;b77#a77;,a71 !
 ,presid5t %all--  7,a7 reque/          
consultation ) ! gov]nm5t ( su* c\ntry  
reg>d+ ! failures giv+ rise to          
designation ( t c\ntry z a ,c\ntry ,) a 
,patt]n ( ,noncoop]ation reg>d+ ! patt]n
 ( noncoop]ation or to action "u section
 #bja2 &  7,b7 if agre$ to1 ent] into   
su* consultations ) su* c\ntry1         
privately or publicly4  7#b7 ,duty ,to  
consult ) left-beh9d p>5ts ,! ,presid5t 

%all consult ) left-beh9d p>5ts :o h an 
abduction case involv+ a *ild locat$ 9 !
 c\ntry ref]5c$ 9 p>agraph 7#a77;,a71 or
 designat$ repres5tatives or            
repres5tative gr\ps ( su* left-beh9d    
p>5ts1 dur+ ! c\rse ( ! consultations   
conduct$ pursuant to p>agraph 7#a7      
conc]n+ ! pot5tial impact ( su*         
consultations on ! resolution ( su*     
cases4  #bjd4 ,report to ,congress  7a7 
,9 g5]al ,subject to subsection 7b71 n  
lat] ?an #ij days aft] ! ,presid5t makes
 a det]m9ation "u section #bja 9        
response to failures to resolve         
unresolv$ cases & ! ,presid5t decides to
 take action "u p>agraphs 7#aa7 ?r\gh   
7#ah7 ( section #bje7;a7 7or comm5surate
 action z provid$ 9 section #bje7;b77 ) 
respect to t c\ntry1 or n lat] ?an #ij  
days aft] ! ,presid5t designates a      
c\ntry z a ,c\ntry ,) a ,patt]n (       
,noncoop]ation pursuant to section      
#bjb7;b77#a77;,a71 ! ,presid5t %all     
transmit to ! appropriate congressional 
committees a report on ! foll[+3  7#a7  

,id5tification ( presid5tial actions ,an
 id5tification ( ! action or actions    
describ$ 9 section #bje7;a7 7or         
comm5surate action z provid$ 9 section  
#bje7;b77 to be tak5 ) respect to su*   
c\ntry4  7#b7 ,description ( violations 
,a description ( ! failure to resolve an
 unresolv$ case or ! patt]n (           
noncoop]ation1 z applicable1 giv+ rise  
to ! action or actions to be tak5 by !  
,presid5t4  7#c7 ,purpose ( presid5tial 
actions ,a description ( ! purpose ( !  
action or actions4  7#d7 ,evaluation    
7,a7 ,description ,an evaluation1 9     
consultation ) ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 !   
p>ties describ$ 9 section #bjc7;b71 &   
o!r p>ties ! ,presid5t det]m9es         
appropriate1 ( ! anticipat$ impact ( !  
,presid5tial action ^u--  7i7 p5d+      
abduction cases 9 su* c\ntry2  7ii7 !   
gov]nm5t ( su* c\ntry2  7iii7 !         
population ( su* c\ntry2  7iv7 ! ,unit$ 
,/ates economy2  7v7 o!r int]e/$ p>ties2
 &  7vi7 if su* c\ntry is a ,conv5tion  
c\ntry or an ,,m\ c\ntry1 ! reciprocal  

fulfillm5t ( obligations pursuant to su*
 ,conv5tion or applicable ,,m\1 z       
applicable4  7,b7 ,=m ,! evaluation "u  
subp>agraph 7,a7 %all be transmitt$ 9   
unclassifi$ =m1 b may conta9 a classifi$
 annex if necess>y4  7#e7 ,/atem5t (    
,policy ,options ,a /atem5t t           
noneconomic policy options design$ to   
resolve ! unresolv$ case or br+ ab\t !  
cessation ( ! patt]n ( noncoop]ation h  
reasonably be5 exhau/$1 includ+ !       
consultations requir$ 9 section #bjc4   
7b7 ,delay 9 transmittal ( report ,if1  
on or be=e ! date t ! ,presid5t is      
requir$ to submit a report "u subsection
 7a7 to ! appropriate congressional     
committees1 ! ,presid5t det]m9es &      
c]tifies to su* committees t a s+le1    
additional p]iod ( "t n to exce$ #ij    
days is necess>y pursuant to section    
#bjb7;c77#b71 ! ,presid5t %all n be     
requir$ to submit ! report to su*       
committees until ! expiration ( su*     
p]iod ( "t4  #bje4 ,presid5tial actions 
7a7 ,description ( presid5tial actions  

,except z provid$ 9 subsection 7c71 !   
,presid5tial actions ref]r$ to 9 ?is    
subsection are ! foll[+3  7#a7 ,a       
private dem>*e4  7#b7 ,an (ficial public
 dem>*e4  7#c7 ,a public condemnation4  
7#d7 ,a public condemnation )9 "o or m  
multilat]al =a4  7#e7 ,! delay or       
cancellation ( "o or m sci5tific        
ex*anges4  7#f7 ,! delay or cancellation
 ( "o or m cultural ex*anges4  7#g7 ,!  
d5ial ( "o or m work+1 (ficial1 or /ate 
visits4  7#h7 ,! delay or cancellation (
 "o or m work+1 (ficial1 or /ate visits4
  7#i7 ,a =mal reque/ to ! =eign c\ntry 
conc]n$ to extradite ! individual :o is 
engag$ 9 abduction4  7#aj7 ,! re/riction
 ( ! numb] ( visas issu$ to nationals ( 
su* c\ntry pursuant to subp>agraphs     
7,f71 7,j71 or 7,m7 ( section           
#aja7;a77#ae7 ( ! ,immigration &        
,nationality ,act 7#h ,u4,s4,c4         
#aaja7;a77#ae774  7#aa7 ,! )drawal1     
limitation1 or susp5sion ( ,unit$ ,/ates
 developm5t assi/ance 9 accordance )    
section #aaf ( ! ,=eign ,assi/ance ,act 

( #aifa 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4 #baean74  7#ab7  
,direct+ ! ,export-,import ,bank ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,ov]seas ,private      
,inve/m5t ,corporation1 or ! ,trade &   
,developm5t ,ag5cy n to approve !       
issuance ( any 7or a specifi$ numb] (7  
gu>antees1 insurance1 ext5sions ( cr$it1
 or p>ticipations 9 ! ext5sion ( cr$it )
 respect to su* gov]nm5t or ! ag5cy or  
in/rum5tality ( su* gov]nm5t det]m9$ by 
! ,presid5t to be responsible = su*     
unresolv$ case or patt]n (              
noncoop]ation1 z applicable4  7#ac7 ,!  
)drawal1 limitation1 or susp5sion (     
,unit$ ,/ates security assi/ance 9      
accordance ) section #ejb;,b ( ! ,=eign 
,assi/ance ,act ( #aifa 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4  
#bcjd74  7#ad7 ,9 accordance ) section  
#gja ( ! ,int]national ,f9ancial        
,in/itutions ,act ( #aigg 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4
 #bfb;d71 direct+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates       
executive directors ( int]national      
f9ancial in/itutions to oppose & vote   
aga9/ loans prim>ily b5efitt+ su*       
gov]nm5t or ! ag5cy or in/rum5tality (  

su* gov]nm5t det]m9$ by ! ,presid5t to  
be responsible = su* unresolv$ case or  
patt]n ( noncoop]ation1 z applicable4   
7#ae7 ,! d5ial1 )drawal1 susp5sion1 or  
limitation ( b5efits provid$ pursuant to
 title ,v ( ! ,trade ,act ( #aigd 7#ai  
,u4,s4,c4 #bdfa et seq471 relat+ to !   
,g5]aliz$ ,sy/em ( ,pref]5ces4  7#af7   
,ord]+ ! heads ( ! appropriate ,unit$   
,/ates ag5cies n to issue any 7or a     
specifi$ numb] (7 specific lic5ses1 & n 
to grant any o!r specific au?ority 7or a
 specifi$ numb] ( au?orities71 to export
 any goods or te*nology to su* gov]nm5t 
or to ! ag5cy or in/rum5tality ( su*    
gov]nm5t det]m9$ by ! ,presid5t to be   
responsible = su* unresolv$ case or     
patt]n ( noncoop]ation1 z applicable1   
"u--  7,a7 ! ,export ,adm9i/ration ,act 
( #aigi 7z cont9u$ 9 effect "u !        
,int]national ,em]g5cy ,economic ,p[]s  
,act72  7,b7 ! ,arms ,export ,control   
,act2  7,c7 ! ,atomic ,en]gy ,act (     
#aied2 or  7,d7 any o!r /atute t        
requires ! prior review & approval ( !  

,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t z a condition = 
! export or re-export ( goods or        
s]vices4  7#ag7 ,prohibit+ any ,unit$   
,/ates f9ancial in/itution f mak+ loans 
or provid+ cr$its total+ m ?an          
#aj1jjj1jjj 9 any #ab-mon? p]iod to su* 
gov]nm5t or to ! ag5cy or in/rum5tality 
( su* gov]nm5t det]m9$ by ! ,presid5t to
 be responsible = su* unresolv$ case or 
patt]n ( noncoop]ation1 z applicable4   
7#ah7 ,prohibit+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates        
,gov]nm5t f procur+1 or ent]+ into any  
contract = ! procurem5t (1 any goods or 
s]vices f su* gov]nm5t or f ! ag5cy or  
in/rum5tality ( su* gov]nm5t det]m9$ by 
! ,presid5t to be responsible = su*     
unresolv$ case or patt]n (              
noncoop]ation1 z applicable4  7b7       
,comm5surate action ,except z provid$ 9 
subsection 7c71 ! ,presid5t may         
sub/itute any o!r action au?oriz$ by law
 = any action describ$ 9 subsection 7a7 
if su* action is comm5surate 9 effect to
 ! action sub/itut$ & if su* action w\ld
 fur!r ! purposes ( ?is ,act z specifi$ 

9 section #b7;c74 ,! ,presid5t %all seek
 to take all appropriate & feasible     
actions au?oriz$ by law to resolve !    
unresolv$ case or to obta9 ! cessation (
 su* patt]n ( noncoop]ation1 z          
applicable4 ,if comm5surate action is   
tak5 "u ?is subsection1 ! ,presid5t %all
 transmit to ! appropriate congressional
 committees a report on su* action1     
toge!r ) an explanation = tak+ su*      
action4  7c7 ,exceptions ,any action    
tak5 pursuant to subsection 7a7 or 7b7  
may n prohibit or re/rict ! provision ( 
m$ic9e1 m$ical equipm5t or supplies1    
food1 or o!r life-sav+ humanit>ian      
assi/ance4  #bjf4 ,effects on exi/+     
contracts ,! ,presid5t %all n be requir$
 to apply or ma9ta9 any action "u       
section #bje--  7#a7 9 ! case (         
procurem5t ( def5se articles or def5se  
s]vices--  7,a7 "u exi/+ contracts or   
subcontracts1 includ+ ! ex]cise (       
options = production quantities1 to     
satisfy requirem5ts ess5tial to !       
national security ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2    

7,b7 if ! ,presid5t det]m9es 9 writ+ &  
transmits to ! appropriate congressional
 committees a report t ! gov]nm5t or !  
ag5cy or in/rum5tality ( su* gov]nm5t to
 :i* su* action w\ld o!rwise be appli$  
is a sole s\rce suppli] ( su* def5se    
articles or s]vices1 t su* def5se       
articles or s]vices are ess5tial1 & t   
alt]native s\rces are n readily or      
reasonably available2 or  7,c7 if !     
,presid5t det]m9es 9 writ+ & transmits  
to ! appropriate congressional          
committees a report t su* def5se        
articles or s]vices are ess5tial to !   
national security ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u  
def5se co-production agreem5ts2 or  7#b7
 to products or s]vices provid$ "u      
contracts ent]$ into be=e ! date on :i* 
! ,presid5t publi%es 9 ! ,f$]al ,regi/] 
notice ( su* action 9 accordance )      
section #bjh4  #bjg4 ,presid5tial waiv] 
7a7 ,9 g5]al ,subject to subsection 7b71
 ! ,presid5t may waive ! application (  
any ( ! actions describ$ 9 p>agraphs    
7#aa7 ?r\gh 7#ah7 ( section #bje7;a7 7or

 comm5surate action z provid$ 9 section 
#bje7;b77 ) respect to a c\ntry1 if !   
,presid5t det]m9es & s reports to !     
appropriate congressional committees t--
  7#a7 ! gov]nm5t ( su* c\ntry has      
satisfactorily resolv$ any abduction    
cases or access cases giv+ rise to !    
application ( any ( su* actions &--     
7,a7 if su* c\ntry is a ,conv5tion      
c\ntry1 su* c\ntry has tak5 measures to 
ensure future compliance ) ! provisions 
( ! ,hague ,abduction ,conv5tion2  7,b7 
if su* c\ntry is an ,,m\ c\ntry1 su*    
c\ntry has tak5 measures to ensure      
future compliance ) ! provisions ( !    
,,m\ at issue2 or  7,c7 if su* c\ntry 0 
a nonp>ty c\ntry at ! "t ! abductions or
 d5ials ( rights ( access result+ 9 !   
abduction cases or access cases occurr$1
 su* c\ntry has become a ,conv5tion     
c\ntry or an ,,m\ c\ntry2  7#b7 !       
ex]cise ( su* waiv] au?ority w\ld fur!r 
! purposes ( ?is ,act2 or  7#c7 !       
important national int]e/ ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates requires ! ex]cise ( su* waiv]   

au?ority4  7b7 ,congressional           
notification ,n lat] ?an ! date ( !     
ex]cise ( a waiv] "u subsection 7a71 !  
,presid5t %all notify ! appropriate     
congressional committees ( su* waiv] or 
! int5tion to ex]cise su* waiv]1 toge!r 
) a detail$ ju/ification !re(4  #bjh4   
,publication 9 ,f$]al ,regi/]  7a7 ,9   
g5]al ,subject to subsection 7b71 !     
,presid5t %all ensure publication 9 !   
,f$]al ,regi/] ( ! foll[+3  7#a7        
,det]m9ations ( gov]nm5ts1 ag5cies1     
in/rum5talities ( c\ntries ) patt]ns (  
noncoop]ation ,any designation ( a      
c\ntry t ! ,presid5t has designat$ z a  
,c\ntry ,) a ,patt]n ( ,noncoop]ation "u
 section #bjb7;b77#a71 toge!r )1 :5     
applicable & to ! ext5t practicable1 !  
id5tities ( ag5cies or in/rum5talities  
det]m9$ to be responsible = su* patt]n (
 noncoop]ation4  7#b7 ,presid5tial      
actions ,a description ( any action "u  
p>agraphs 7#aa7 ?r\gh 7#ah7 ( section   
#bje7;a7 7or comm5surate action z       
provid$ 9 section #bje7;b77 & !         

effective date ( su* action4  7#c7      
,delays 9 transmittal ( presid5tial     
action reports ,any delay 9 transmittal 
( a report requir$ "u section #bjd4     
7#d7 ,waiv]s ,any waiv] issu$ "u section
 #bjg4  7b7 ,limit$ disclosure (        
in=mation ,! ,presid5t may limit        
publication ( in=mation "u ?is section 9
 ! same mann] & to ! same ext5t z !     
,presid5t may limit ! publication (     
f9d+s & det]m9ations describ$ 9 section 
#fed7;c7 ( ! ,=eign ,assi/ance ,act (   
#aifa 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4 #bdad7;c771 if !   
,presid5t det]m9es t ! publication ( su*
 in=mation--  7#a7 w\ld be h>mful to !  
national security ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 or 
7#b7 w\ld n fur!r ! purposes ( ?is ,act4
  #bji4 ,t]m9ation ( ,presid5tial       
actions ,any action tak5 "u ?is ,act or 
any am5dm5t made by ?is ,act ) respect  
to a =eign c\ntry %all t]m9ate on !     
e>li] ( ! foll[+ two dates3  7#a7 ,n    
lat] ?an two ye>s aft] ! effective date 
( su* action unless expressly reau?oriz$
 by law4  7#b7 ,! date on :i* !         

,presid5t transmits to ,congress a      
c]tification conta9+ a det]m9ation ( !  
,presid5t t ! gov]nm5t ( su* c\ntry has 
resolv$ any unresolv$ case or has tak5  
sub/antial & v]ifiable /eps to correct !
 patt]n ( noncoop]ation at issue1 z     
applicable1 t gave rise to su* action4  
#baj4 ,unit$ ,/ates assi/ance  7a7      
,implem5tation ( prohibition on economic
 assi/ance ,section #aaf7;c7 ( ! ,=eign 
,assi/ance ,act ( #aifa 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4  
#baean7c77 is am5d$--  7#a7 9 p>agraph  
7#b71 by /rik+ & at ! end2  7#b7 9      
p>agraph 7#c77;,b71 by /rik+ ! p]iod at 
! end & ins]t+ 2 &2 &  7#c7 by add+ at !
 end ! foll[+ new p>agraph3  7#d7 :e!r !
 gov]nm5t has engag$ 9 a patt]n (       
noncoop]ation reg>d+ abduction cases or 
access cases1 z su* t]ms are def9$ 9 !  
,sean & ,david ,goldman ,int]national   
,*ild ,abduction ,prev5tion & ,return   
,act ( #bjac4  4  7b7 ,implem5tation (  
prohibition on security assi/ance       
,section #ejb;,b7a77#d7 ( ! ,=eign      
,assi/ance ,act ( #aifa 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4  

#bcjd7;a77#d77 is am5d$--  7#a7 9       
subp>agraph 7,a71 by /rik+ or at ! end2 
7#b7 9 subp>agraph 7,b71 by /rik+ !     
p]iod at ! end & ins]t+ 2 or2 &  7#c7 by
 add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new subp>agraph3
  7,c7 has engag$ 9 a patt]n (          
noncoop]ation reg>d+ abduction cases or 
access cases1 z su* t]ms are def9$ 9 !  
,sean & ,david ,goldman ,int]national   
,*ild ,abduction ,prev5tion & ,return   
,act ( #bjac4  4  #baa4 ,multilat]al    
assi/ance ,section #gja ( !             
,int]national ,f9ancial ,in/itutions    
,act 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4 #bfb;d7 is am5d$--  
7#a7 by r$esignat+ ! second subsection  
7g7 7z add$ by ,public ,law #aje-bib7 z 
subsection 7h72 &  7#b7 by add+ at ! end
 ! foll[+ new subsection3  7i7 ,9       
det]m9+ :e!r ! gov]nm5t ( a c\ntry      
engages 9 a patt]n ( gross violations ( 
int]nationally recogniz$ human rights1 z
 describ$ 9 subsection 7a71 ! ,presid5t 
%all give p>ticul> consid]ation to :e!r 
su* gov]nm5t has engag$ 9 a patt]n (    
noncoop]ation reg>d+ abduction cases or 

access cases1 z su* t]ms are def9$ 9 !  
,sean & ,david ,goldman ,int]national   
,*ild ,abduction ,prev5tion & ,return   
,act ( #bjac4  4  #bab4 ,am5dm5t to     
g5]aliz$ sy/em ( pref]5ces eligibility =
 g5]aliz$ sy/em ( pref]5ces ,section    
#ejb7;b77#b7 ( ! ,trade ,act ( #aigd    
7#ai ,u4,s4,c4 #bdfb7;b77#b77 is am5d$--
  7#a7 by ins]t+ aft] subp>agraph 7,h7 !
 foll[+ new subp>agraph3  7,i7 ,su*     
c\ntry is a c\ntry ) a patt]n (         
noncoop]ation reg>d+ abduction cases or 
access cases1 z su* t]ms are def9$ 9 !  
,sean & ,david ,goldman ,int]national   
,*ild ,abduction ,prev5tion & ,return   
,act ( #bjac4  2 &  7#b7 9 ! flu% left  
matt] aft] subp>agraph 7,i7 7z add$ by  
p>agraph 7#a7 ( ?is section7--  7,a7 by 
/rik+ & 7,h7 & ins]t+ 7,h72 &  7,b7 by  
ins]t+ aft] ,d77 ! foll[+3 & 7,i74