,i #aac? ,,congress #a/ ,session ,h4 ,r4 #aiaj ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,repres5tatives ,may #i1 #bjac ,mr4 ,c>twright 7= himself1 ,mr4 ,turn]1 ,mr4 ,brady ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,mr4 ,braley ( ,i[a1 ,mr4 ,cony]s1 ,mr4 ,c\rtney1 ,mr4 ,doggett1 ,mr4 ,ellison1 ,mr4 ,eny>t1 ,mr4 ,g5e ,gre5 ( ,texas1 ,mr4 ,ha/+s ( ,florida1 ,mr4 ,johnson ( ,georgia1 ,mr4 ,jones1 ,mrs4 ,mc,carthy ( ,new ,york1 ,ms4 ,norton1 ,mr4 ,pet]s ( ,mi*igan1 ,mr4 ,ryan ( ,ohio1 ,ms4 ,l9da ,t4 ,sn*ez ( ,cali=nia1 ,ms4 ,%ea-,port]1 ,mr4 ,ti]ney1 ,mr4 ,vela1 ,mr4 ,y>mu?1 ,mr4 ,mi*aud1 ,mr4 ,grayson1 ,mr4 ,joyce1 ,mr4 ,keat+1 ,mr4 ,p]lmutt]1 ,mr4 ,coh51 ,mr4 ,&rews1 ,ms4 ,bonamici1 ,ms4 ,ku/]1 ,ms4 ,edw>ds1 & ,mr4 ,pocan7 introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ,en]gy & ,comm]ce1 & 9 addition to ! ,committees on ,ways & ,means & ,agriculture1 = a p]iod to be subsequ5tly det]m9$ by ! ,speak]1 9 ea* case = consid]ation ( su* provisions z fall )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! committee conc]n$ ,a ,,bill ,to require =eign manufactur]s ( products import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates to e/abli% regi/]$ ag5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o are au?oriz$ to accept s]vice ( process aga9/ su* manufactur]s4 #a4 ,%ort title ,?is ,act may be cit$ z ! ,=eign ,manufactur]s ,legal ,acc\ntability ,act ( #bjac4 #b4 ,f9d+s ,congress makes ! foll[+ f9d+s3 7#a7 ,ea* ye>1 _m p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are injur$ by defective products manufactur$ or produc$ by =eign entities & import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7#b7 ,bo? consum]s & bus9esses 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h be5 h>m$ by injuries to p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates caus$ by defective products manufactur$ or produc$ by =eign entities4 7#c7 ,p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates injur$ by defective products manufactur$ or produc$ by =eign entities (t5 h difficulty recov]+ damages f ! =eign manufactur]s & produc]s responsible = su* injuries4 7#d7 ,! difficulty describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#c7 is caus$ by ! ob/acles 9 br++ a =eign manufactur] or produc] into a ,unit$ ,/ates c\rt & subsequ5tly en=c+ a judgm5t aga9/ t manufactur] or produc]4 7#e7 ,ob/acles to hold+ a responsible =eign manufactur] or produc] liable = an injury to a p]son 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates und]m9e ! purpose ( ! tort laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7#f7 ,! difficulty ( apply+ ! tort laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to =eign manufactur]s & produc]s puts ,unit$ ,/ates manufactur]s & produc]s at a competitive disadvantage because ,unit$ ,/ates manufactur]s & produc]s mu/-- 7,a7 abide by common law & /atutory safety /&>ds2 & 7,b7 inve/ sub/antial res\rces to ensure t !y d s4 7#g7 ,=eign manufactur]s & produc]s c avoid ! exp5ses necess>y to make _! products safe if !y "k t !y w n be held liable = violations ( ,unit$ ,/ates product safety laws4 7#h7 ,bus9esses 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates und]take num]\s comm]cial relation%ips ) =eign manufactur]s1 expos+ ! bus9esses to additional tort liability :5 =eign manufactur]s or produc]s evade ,unit$ ,/ates c\rts4 7#i7 ,bus9esses 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates engag$ 9 comm]cial relation%ips ) =eign manufactur]s or produc]s (t5 _c v9dicate _! contractual rights if su* manufactur]s or produc]s seek to avoid responsibility 9 ,unit$ ,/ates c\rts4 7#aj7 ,"o ( ! major ob/acles fac+ bus9esses & individuals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o are injur$ & :o seek comp5sation = economic or p]sonal injuries caus$ by =eign manufactur]s & produc]s is ! *all5ge ( s]v+ process on su* manufactur]s & produc]s4 7#aa7 ,an individual or bus9ess injur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by a =eign company mu/ rely on a =eign gov]nm5t to s]ve process :5 t company is locat$ 9 a c\ntry t is a signatory to ! ,conv5tion on ! ,s]vice ,abroad ( ,judicial & ,extrajudicial ,docum5ts 9 ,civil or ,comm]cial ,matt]s done at ,! ,hague ,novemb] #ae1 #aife 7#bj ,,u/ #cfa2 ,,tias #ffch74 7#ab7 ,an injur$ p]son 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ rely on ! cumb]some sy/em ( lett]s rogatory to effect s]vice 9 a c\ntry t did n sign ! ,conv5tion on ! ,s]vice ,abroad ( ,judicial & ,extrajudicial ,docum5ts 9 ,civil or ,comm]cial ,matt]s4 ,^! c\ntries d n h an en=ceable obligation to s]ve process z reque/$4 7#ac7 ,! proc$ures describ$ 9 p>agraphs 7#aa7 & 7#ab7 add "t & exp5se to litigation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !reby disc\rag+ or fru/rat+ m]itori\s lawsuits br\ght by p]sons injur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates aga9/ =eign manufactur]s & produc]s4 7#ad7 ,=eign manufactur]s & produc]s (t5 seek to avoid judicial consid]ation ( _! actions by ass]t+ t ,unit$ ,/ates c\rts lack p]sonal jurisdiction ov] !m4 7#ae7 ,! due process clauses ( ! fif? am5dm5t to & section #a ( ! f\rte5? am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution gov]n ,unit$ ,/ates c\rts' p]sonal jurisdiction ov] def5dants4 7#af7 ,! due process clauses describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#ae7 are satisfi$ :5 a def5dant cons5ts to ! jurisdiction ( a c\rt4 7#ag7 ,unit$ ,/ates m>kets pres5t _m opportunities = =eign manufactur]s4 7#ah7 ,9 *oos+ to export products to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a =eign manufactur] or produc] subjects itself to ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,su* a =eign manufactur] or produc] !reby ackn[l$ges t x is subject to ! p]sonal jurisdiction ( ! ,/ate & ,f$]al c\rts 9 at lea/ "o ,/ate4 #c4 ,s5se ( ,congress ,x is ! s5se ( ,congress t-- 7#a7 =eign manufactur]s & produc]s ^: products are sold 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld n be able to avoid liability simply because ( difficulties relat+ to s]v+ process ^u !m2 7#b7 to avoid su* lack ( acc\ntability1 =eign manufactur]s & produc]s ( =eign products di/ribut$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be requir$1 by regulation1 to regi/] an ag5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o is au?oriz$ to accept s]vice ( process = su* manufactur] or produc]2 7#c7 x is unfair to ,unit$ ,/ates consum]s & bus9esses t =eign manufactur]s & produc]s (t5 seek to avoid judicial consid]ation ( _! actions by ass]t+ t ,unit$ ,/ates c\rts lack p]sonal jurisdiction ov] !m2 7#d7 ^? :o b5efit f export+ products to ,unit$ ,/ates m>kets %\ld expect to be subject to ! jurisdiction ( at lea/ "o c\rt )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 7#e7 export+ products to ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be und]/ood z cons5t to ! acc\ntability t ! legal sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ensures = all manufactur]s & produc]s1 =eign1 & dome/ic2 7#f7 export]s recognize ! scope ( opportunities pres5t$ to !m by ,unit$ ,/ates m>kets b also %\ld recognize t products import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ satisfy ,f$]al & ,/ate safety /&>ds e/abli%$ by /atute1 regulation1 & common law2 7#g7 =eign manufactur]s %\ld recognize t !y are responsible = ! contracts !y ent] into ) ,unit$ ,/ates companies2 7#h7 =eign manufactur]s %\ld act responsibly & recognize t !y op]ate )9 ! con/ra9ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates legal sy/em :5 !y export products to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 7#i7 ,unit$ ,/ates laws & ! laws ( ,unit$ ,/ates trad+ p>tn]s %\ld n put burd5s on =eign manufactur]s & produc]s t d n apply to dome/ic companies2 7#aj7 x is fair to ensure t =eign manufactur]s1 ^: products are di/ribut$ 9 comm]ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are subject to ! jurisdiction ( ,/ate & ,f$]al c\rts 9 at lea/ "o ,/ate because all ,unit$ ,/ates manufactur]s are subject to ! jurisdiction ( ! ,/ate & ,f$]al c\rts 9 at lea/ "o ,/ate2 & 7#aa7 x %\ld be und]/ood t1 by regi/]+ an ag5t = s]vice ( process 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! =eign manufactur] or produc] ackn[l$ges cons5t to ! jurisdiction ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* ! regi/]$ ag5t is locat$4 #d4 ,def9itions ,9 ?is ,act3 7#a7 ,applicable ag5cy ,! t]m applicable ag5cy means1 ) respect to cov]$ products-- 7,a7 describ$ 9 subp>agraphs 7,a7 & 7,b7 ( p>agraph 7#d71 ! ,food & ,drug ,adm9i/ration2 7,b7 describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#d77;,c71 ! ,consum] ,product ,safety ,commission2 7,c7 describ$ 9 subp>agraphs 7,d7 & 7,e7 ( p>agraph 7#d71 ! ,environm5tal ,protection ,ag5cy2 & 7,d7 describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,f7 ( p>agraph 7#d7-- 7i7 ! ,food & ,drug ,adm9i/ration1 if ! item is int5d$ to be a compon5t "p ( a product describ$ 9 subp>agraphs 7,a7 & 7,b7 ( p>agraph 7#d72 7ii7 ! ,consum] ,product ,safety ,commission1 if ! item is int5d$ to be a compon5t "p ( a product describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#d77;,c72 & 7iii7 ! ,environm5tal ,protection ,ag5cy1 if ! item is int5d$ to be a compon5t "p ( a product describ$ 9 subp>agraphs 7,d7 & 7,e7 ( p>agraph 7#d74 7#b7 ,comm]ce ,! t]m comm]ce means trade1 traffic1 comm]ce1 or transportation-- 7,a7 betwe5 a place 9 a ,/ate & any place outside ( ! ,/ate2 or 7,b7 :i* affects trade1 traffic1 comm]ce1 or transportation describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a74 7#c7 ,commission] ( ,u4,s4 ,cu/oms & ,bord] ,protection ,! t]m ,commission] ( ,u4,s4 ,cu/oms & ,bord] ,protection means ! ,commission] responsible = ,u4,s4 ,cu/oms & ,bord] ,protection ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,homel& ,security4 7#d7 ,cov]$ product ,! t]m cov]$ product means any ( ! foll[+3 7,a7 ,drugs1 devices1 & cosmetics1 z su* t]ms are def9$ 9 section #bja ( ! ,f$]al ,food1 ,drug1 & ,cosmetic ,act 7#ba ,u4,s4,c4 #cba74 7,b7 ,a biological product1 z su* t]m is def9$ 9 section #cea7;i7 ( ! ,public ,heal? ,s]vice ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bfb7;i774 7,c7 ,a consum] product1 z su* t]m is us$ 9 section #c7;a7 ( ! ,consum] ,product ,safety ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #bjeb74 7,d7 ,a *emical sub/ance or new *emical sub/ance1 z su* t]ms are def9$ 9 section #c ( ! ,toxic ,sub/ances ,control ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #bfjb74 7,e7 ,a pe/icide1 z su* t]m is def9$ 9 section #b ( ! ,f$]al ,insecticide1 ,fungicide1 & ,rod5ticide ,act 7#g ,u4,s4,c4 #acf74 7,f7 ,an item t is int5d$ to be a compon5t "p ( a product describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a71 7,b71 7,c71 7,d71 or 7,e7 b is n yet a compon5t "p ( su* product4 7#e7 ,di/ribute 9 comm]ce ,! t]m di/ribute 9 comm]ce means to sell 9 comm]ce1 to introduce or deliv] = introduction into comm]ce1 or to hold = sale or di/ribution aft] introduction into comm]ce4 #e4 ,regi/ration ( ag5ts ( =eign manufactur]s au?oriz$ to accept s]vice ( process 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7a7 ,regi/ration 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,beg9n+ on ! date t is #ahj days aft] ! date on :i* ! regulations are prescrib$ pursuant to subsection 7e77#a7 & except z o!rwise provid$ 9 ?is subsection1 ! head ( ea* applicable ag5cy %all require =eign manufactur]s & produc]s ( cov]$ products di/ribut$ 9 comm]ce to e/abli% a regi/]$ ag5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o is au?oriz$ to accept s]vice ( process on behalf ( su* manufactur] or produc] = ! purpose ( any ,/ate or ,f$]al regulatory proce$+ or any civil action 9 any ,/ate or ,f$]al c\rt relat+ to su* cov]$ product1 if su* s]vice is made 9 accord ) ! ,/ate or ,f$]al rules = s]vice ( process 9 ! ,/ate 9 :i* ! regulatory action or case is br\ght4 7#b7 ,location ,! head ( ea* applicable ag5cy %all require t an ag5t ( a =eign manufactur] or produc] regi/]$ "u ?is subsection ) respect to a cov]$ product be locat$ 9 a ,/ate ) a sub/antial connection to ! importation1 di/ribution1 or sale ( ! cov]$ product4 7#c7 ,designation & acceptance 7,a7 ,designation by =eign manufactur]s & produc]s ,! head ( ea* applicable ag5cy %all require ea* =eign manufactur] & produc] describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a7 to provide to ! applicable ag5cy a writt5 designation ( ! ag5t e/abli%$ by ! =eign manufactur] or produc] pursuant to p>agraph 7#a7 t-- 7i7 is sign$ by an (ficial or employee ( ! =eign manufactur] or produc] :o has au?ority to appo9t an ag5t2 7ii7 conta9s ! full legal "n1 pr9cipal place ( bus9ess1 & mail+ address ( ! =eign manufactur] or produc]2 & 7iii7 conta9s a /atem5t t ! designation is valid & b9d+ on ! =eign manufactur] or produc] = ! purposes ( ?is section4 7,b7 ,acceptance by ag5ts ,! head ( ea* applicable ag5cy %all require ea* ag5t e/abli%$ pursuant to p>agraph 7#a7 ) respect to a =eign manufactur] or produc] to provide to ! applicable ag5cy a writt5 acceptance ( su* e/abli%m5t t-- 7i7 is sign$ by ! ag5t or1 9 ! case 9 :i* a dome/ic firm or dome/ic corporation is designat$ z an ag5t1 an (ficial or employee ( ! firm or corporation ) au?ority to sign = ! firm or corporation2 7ii7 conta9s ! ag5t's full legal "n1 physical address1 mail+ address1 & telephone numb]2 7iii7 conta9s a /atem5t t ! ag5t accepts su* e/abli%m5t & ! designation by ! =eign manufactur] or produc] "u subp>agraph 7,a72 & 7iv7 conta9s a /atem5t t ! ag5t ackn[l$ges t ! duties ( ! ag5t-- 7,i7 may n be assign$ to ano!r p]son2 & 7,,ii7 rema9 9 effect until )drawn or replac$ by ! =eign manufactur] or produc]4 7#d7 ,m9imum size ,?is subsection %all only apply to =eign manufactur]s & produc]s t manufacture or produce cov]$ products 9 excess ( a m9imum value or quantity ! head ( ! applicable ag5cy %all prescribe by rule = purposes ( ?is section4 ,su* rules may include diff]5t m9imum values or quantities = diff]5t subcategories ( cov]$ products prescrib$ by ! head ( ! applicable ag5cy = purposes ( ?is section4 7b7 ,regi/ry ( ag5ts ( =eign manufactur]s 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,secret>y ( ,comm]ce %all1 9 coop]ation ) ea* head ( an applicable ag5cy1 e/abli% & keep up to date a regi/ry ( ag5ts regi/]$ "u subsection 7a74 7#b7 ,availability ,! ,secret>y ( ,comm]ce %all make ! regi/ry e/abli%$ "u p>agraph 7#a7 available-- 7,a7 to ! public ?r\gh ! ,int]net website ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce2 & 7,b7 to ! ,commission] ( ,u4,s4 ,cu/oms & ,bord] ,protection4 7c7 ,cons5t to jurisdiction 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,a =eign manufactur] or produc] ( a cov]$ product t regi/]s an ag5t "u ?is section !reby cons5ts to ! p]sonal jurisdiction ( ! ,/ate or ,f$]al c\rts ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* ! regi/]$ ag5t is locat$ = ! purpose ( any regulatory proce$+ or civil action relat+ to su* cov]$ product4 7#b7 ,rule ( con/ruction ,p>agraph 7#a7 %all n be con/ru$ to apply to actions br\ght by =eign pla9tiffs 9 :i* ! alleg$ injury or damage occurr$ outside ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7d7 ,decl>ations 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,beg9n+ on ! date t is #ahj days aft] ! date on :i* ! regulations are prescrib$ pursuant to subsection 7e71 any p]son import+ a cov]$ product manufactur$ or produc$ outside ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all provide to ,u4,s4 ,cu/oms & ,bord] ,protection a decl>ation t-- 7,a7 ! p]son has made appropriate inquiry z to :e!r ! manufactur] or produc] ( ! cov]$ product has compli$ ) ! requirem5ts ( ?is section1 includ+ by seek+ appropriate docum5tation f ! export] ( ! cov]$ product & by consult+ ! regi/ry e/abli%$ pursuant to subsection 7b72 & 7,b7 to ! be/ ( ! p]son's k1 ) respect to ea* importation ( a cov]$ product1 ! =eign manufactur] or produc] ( ! product has regi/]$ an ag5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z requir$ "u subsection 7a74 7#b7 ,electronic submission ,n lat] ?an #a ye> aft] ! date ( ! enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,commission] ( ,u4,s4 ,cu/oms & ,bord] ,protection %all e/abli% a me*anism :]eby decl>ations made pursuant to p>agraph 7#a7 may be submitt$ electronically & ma9ta9$ z an electronic record )9 ! data managem5t sy/ems ( ,u4,s4 ,cu/oms & ,bord] ,protection4 7#c7 ,regulations 7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,n lat] ?an #a ye> aft] ! date ( ! enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,commission] ( ,u4,s4 ,cu/oms & ,bord] ,protection %all prescribe regulations to c>ry out ?is subsection4 7,b7 ,summ>y decl>ation ,! regulations requir$ by subp>agraph 7,a7 %all require t ea* decl>ation ( an import] made pursuant to p>agraph 7#a7 ) respect to a cov]$ product %all accompany ! entry summ>y docum5tation = su* product or1 9 ! case ( repeat$ transactions1 may be submitt$ on an annual basis4 7#d7 ,p5alties ,any p]son :o fails to provide a decl>ation requir$ "u p>agraph 7#a71 or files a false decl>ation1 %all be subject to any appropriate p5alty "u section #eib ( ! ,t>iff ,act ( #aicj 7#ai ,u4,s4,c4 #aeib7 or title #ah1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 ) respect to importation ( a cov]$ product4 7e7 ,regulations 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,n lat] ?an #a ye> aft] ! date ( ! enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,secret>y ( ,comm]ce1 ! ,commission] ( ,u4,s4 ,cu/oms & ,bord] ,protection1 & ea* head ( an applicable ag5cy %all prescribe regulations to c>ry out ?is section1 includ+ ! e/abli%m5t ( m9imum values & quantities "u subsection 7a77#d74 7#b7 ,int]ag5cy coop]ation ,! ,secret>y ( ,comm]ce1 ! ,commission] responsible = ,u4,s4 ,cu/oms & ,bord] ,protection1 & ea* head ( an applicable ag5cy %all coop]ate & consult ) "o ano!r = ! purpose (-- 7,a7 prescrib+ consi/5t regulations to ! ext5t necess>y = ! effective & effici5t %>+ ( in=mation & e/abli%m5t ( sy/ems & proc$ures necess>y to c>ry out ?is section2 & 7,b7 e/abli%+ m9imum values & quantities "u subsection 7a77#d71 & to ! ext5t advisable & practicable = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ consi/5t m9imum requirem5ts4 #f4 ,/udy on regi/ration ( ag5ts ( =eign food produc]s au?oriz$ to accept s]vice ( process 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,n lat] ?an #a ye> aft] ! date ( ! enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture & ! ,commission] ( ,food & ,drugs %all jo9tly-- 7#a7 complete a /udy on ! feasibility & advisability ( requir+ =eign produc]s ( food di/ribut$ 9 comm]ce to e/abli% a regi/]$ ag5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o is au?oriz$ to accept s]vice ( process on behalf ( su* produc]s = ! purpose ( all civil & regulatory actions 9 ,/ate & ,f$]al c\rts2 & 7#b7 submit to ,congress a report on ! f9d+s ( ! ,secret>y ) respect to su* /udy4 #g4 ,/udy on regi/ration ( ag5ts ( =eign manufactur]s & produc]s ( compon5t p>ts )9 cov]$ products ,n lat] ?an #b ye>s aft] ! date ( ! enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! head ( ea* applicable ag5cy %all-- 7#a7 complete a /udy on det]m9+ feasible & advisable me?ods ( requir+ manufactur]s or produc]s ( compon5t p>ts )9 cov]$ products manufactur$ or produc$ outside ! ,unit$ ,/ates & di/ribut$ 9 comm]ce to e/abli% regi/]$ ag5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o are au?oriz$ to accept s]vice ( process on behalf ( su* manufactur]s or produc]s = ! purpose ( all civil & regulatory actions 9 ,/ate & ,f$]al c\rts2 & 7#b7 submit to ,congress a report on ! f9d+s ( ! head ( ! applicable ag5cy ) respect to ! /udy4 #h4 ,relation%ip ) o!r laws ,no?+ 9 ?is ,act %all affect ! au?ority ( any ,/ate to e/abli% or cont9ue 9 effect a provision ( ,/ate law relat+ to s]vice ( process or p]sonal jurisdiction1 except to ! ext5t t su* provision ( law is inconsi/5t ) ! provisions ( ?is ,act1 & !n only to ! ext5t ( su* inconsi/5cy4