,,! ,,/ory                ,,( ,,!       
,,inv5tion                 ,,( ,,/eel   
,,p5s               ,,) ,a ,,description
 ,,(          ,,! ,,manufactur+         
,,process ,,by            ,,:i* ,,!y    
,,are ,,produc$                  ,,by   
,,h5ry ,,bore                           
,,london                       #ahij  ,9
 ^! days ( ,public ,s*ools & ext5d$     
facilities = popul> education x w\ld be 
difficult to f9d _m p unaccu/om$ to !   
use ( /eel p5s1 b al?\gh ! manufacture (
 ?is article by presses & tools mu/ h   
be5 introduc$ dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( !     
pres5t c5tury1 ! inquir] aft] k w\ld    
sc>cely f9d a doz5 p]sons :o c\ld give  
any def9ite in=mation z to :51 :]e1 & by
 :om ?is inv5tion 0 made4  ,less ?an two
 decades ago !re 7 ?ree m5 liv+ :o c\ld 
h answ]$ ?is "q1 b two ( !m pass$ away  
)\t mak+ any sign1 & ! ?ird--,sir       
,josiah ,mason--has left on record t 8  
fri5d & patron--,mr4  ,samuel           
,h>rison--ab\t ! ye> #aghj1 made a /eel 
p5 = ,dr4 ,prie/ley4  ,?is int]e/+ fact 

does n contribute any?+ t[>d solv+ ! "q1
 ,:o 0 ! fir/ manufactur] ( /eel p5s by 
me*anical appliances8  ,9 ! abs5ce ( any
 def9ite in=mation1 ! balance ( te/imony
 t5ds to prove t /eel p5s 7 fir/ made by
 tools1 work$ by a screw press1 ab\t !  
beg9n+ ( ! ?ird decade ( ! pres5t       
c5tury1 & ! names associat$ ) _!        
manufacture 7 ,john ,mit*ell1 ,joseph   
,gillott1 & ,josiah ,mason1 ea*1 9 8 own
 way1 do+ some?+ t[>d p]fect+ !         
manufacture by me*anical means4  ,!     
e>lie/ ref]5ces to p5s are probably ^? 9
 ! ,bible1 & are to be f\nd 9 ,judges v4
 #ad1 #a/ ,k+s xxi4 #h1 ,job xix4 #bd1  
,psalm xlv4 #a41 ,isaiah viii4 #a1      
,j]emiah viii4 #h & xvii4 #a4 ,b ^!     
*iefly ref] to ! iron /ylus1 ?\gh ! fir/
 9 ,j]emiah--tak5 9 ref]5ce to ! m5tion 
( a p5knife1 xxxvi4 #bc--w\ld seem to   
imply t a re$ 0 9 use at t p]iod4  ,!re 
is a ref]5ce to p5 & ink 9 ! #c;d       
,epi/le ( ,john xiii4 #e1 :i* 0 writt5  
ab\t ,a4,d4 #he1 & z p5s made 9 brass & 
silv] 7 us$ 9 ! ,greek & ,roman ,empires

 at t "t1 x is probable t a metallic p5 
or re$ 0 allud$ to4  ,p5s & re$s made 9 
! preci\s metals & bronze appe> to h be5
 9 use at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t era4  
,! foll[+ are a few notable in/ances3   
,! ,que5 ( ,hung>y1 9 ! ye> #aedj1 _h a 
silv] p5 be/[$ ^u h]1 :i* _h ?is        
inscription ^u x3 ',publii ,ovidii      
,calamus1' f\nd "u ! ru9s ( "s monum5t 9
 t c\ntry1 z ,mr4 ,s&s1 9 ! ,life (     
,ovid 7prefix$ to 8 ,metamorphosis7     
relates4  --,humane ,indu/ry2 or1 a     
,hi/ory ( ,me*anical ,arts1 by ,?os4    
,p[ell1 ,d4,d43 ,london1 #affa1 page    
#fa4  ,?is 0 probably a silv] re$1 &1 f 
! locality 9 :i* x 0 f\nd1 0 once !     
prop]ty ( ! poet ,ovid4  ,publius       
,ovidius ,naso 0 born 9 ! ye> #dc       
,b4,c41 & di$ #ah ,a4,d4  ,he 0 exil$ at
 ! age ( #cj to ,tomi1 a t[n s\? ( !    
delta ( ! ,danube4  ,?is at pres5t is 9 
mod]n ,bulg>ia1 b at ! p]iod m5tion$ 0 9
 ! anci5t k+dom ( ,hung>y4  ,f ,notes & 
,qu]ies1 9 ,birm+ham ,weekly ,po/1 we   
take ! foll[+3  ,,e>ly ,,metallic       

,,p5s4---,metallic p5s are g5]ally      
suppos$ to h be5 unkn[n be=e ! e>ly "p (
 ! la/ c5tury1 :5 gold & silv] p5s are  
occasionally ref]r$ to z novel luxuries4
  ,i h1 h[ev]1 rec5tly f\nd a           
description & an engrav+ ( "o f\nd 9    
excavat+ ,pompeii1 & :i* is n[ pres]v$ 9
 ! ,museum at ,naples4  ,x is describ$ 9
 ! qu>to volume ',les ,monum5ts du      
,musee ,national de ,naples1 graves sur 
cuivre p> les meillures arti/es         
,itali5es4  ,texte p> ,dom5ico ,monaco1 
,cons]vateur du meme ,musee1 ,naples1   
#ahhb1' & is 9 ! ,catalogue3  ' ,plate  
,i#bf 7v7 ,plume en bronze1 taillee     
p>faitem5t a la facon de nos plumes     
#j4ac c5t4  ' ,plate ,i#bf 7y7 ,plume en
 roseau re$ tr\vee pres d'un papyrus a  
,h]culaneum4'  ,! =m] 7v7 is engrav$ to 
look l an ord9>y re$ p51 z n[ us$       
univ]sally 9 ! ,ea/2 & ! o!r 7y7 has a  
spe> %ape1 or almond %ape 7l _m mod]n   
metallic p5s71 b ) a sort ( fillet or r+
 on ! /em1 :i* indicates t ! 'y' example
 is n a re$1 b a metallic /ylus1 or p51 

:ile ! 'v' example is %[n cle>ly z a    
're$4' ,! two are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly old]  
?an ,a4,d4 #gi1 :5 ,pompeii &           
,h]culaneum 7 buri$ by ! eruption (     
,vesuvius4  ,accord+ to ,fa!r           
,montfaucon1 ! patri>*s ( ,con/ant9ople1
 "u ! ,greek ,empire1 7 accu/om$ to sign
 _! allocutions ) tubul> p5s ( silv]1   
simil> 9 %ape to ! re$ p5s :i* are /ill 
us$ by ,ori5tal nations4  ,! foll[+ are 
translat$ f ! ,fr5* ,notes & ,qu]ies -- 
,l',int]m$i>e3  ,a ,,metallic ,,p5 ,,9  
,,! ,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury4--,m4 ,r5i de    
,bellwal1 9 a v le>n$ volume :i* he has 
publi%$ rec5tly1 on ! fir/ campaign (   
,edw>d ,,iii4 9 ,france1 says 7p4 #ie7 )
 respect to ! fictiti\s pieces          
7docum5ts7 fabricat$ by ,rob]t          
d',artois1 t a cl]k ( ,jeanne wrote !   
de$s1 & made use ( a bronze p5 to enable
 him ! bett] to disguise 8 writ+4  ,?is 
pla9ly ref]s to a p51 & n to a /ylus4   
,is !re any record ( ! use ( metallic   
p5s at any p]iod ant]ior to ! f\rte5?   
c5tury8  ,x is v satisfactory1 h[ev]1 to

 e/abli% 7z ! ,fr5* us$ to say7 'les    
preuves de #acjj4'--,l',int]m$i>e4  ,9 !
 ,vieux-,neuf ( ,m4 ,ed4 ,f\rni] 7vol4  
ii41 p4 #bb1 note7 !re is               
m5tion$--accord+ to ! docum5ts us$ 9 !  
prosecution ( ,rob]t d',artois1 :i* are 
9 ! ,ar*ives--'! bronze p5' ) :i* ! =g]s
 9 ! pay ( ! c\nt wrote ! false pap]s   
:i* he requir$4  ,m4 ,f\rni] also quotes
 f ',montfaucon' '! silv] re$s' ) :i* ! 
,con/ant9ople patri>*s us$ to write _!  
lett]s4--,,cu?b]t1 ,l',int]m$i>e1 #a/   
,june1 #ahfd4  ,,metallic ,,p5s 7,,xv41 
#fh74-,writ+ 0 done 9 ! ,middle ,ages   
sometimes ) a metal /ylus1 or p]haps ) a
 metal p52 ) ! =m] on wax1 & ) ! p5 on  
p>*m5t or vellum4  ',at ,tr9ity         
,college1 ,cambridge1 is a manuscript   
illu/ration ( ,eadw9e1 a monk (         
,cant]bury1 & at ! end ! writ] is       
repres5t$ ) a metal p5 9 8 h&4'  7,see  
,bibliomania 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 p4      
#ajc74  ,i h 9 my possession a metal p5 
( ,dut* manufacture1 dat+ c]ta9ly f !   
ye> #agag1 m\nt$ on ! same p5cilhold]1 )

 a piece ( solid plumbago1 9 a memor&um 
book ( ! same ye>4--,,sam3 ,,timm9s4    
,mr4 ,le ,*auv9e ,gal1 ,prior ( !       
collegiate ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,b>s at    
,ao/a1 _h 9 8 collection ( ,roman       
antiquities a bronze p51 slit1 f\nd 9 a 
tomb1 among a numb] ( lamps &           
la*rymatory vases4  ,m4 ,aub]t has giv5 
a draw+ & description ( x 9 a "w on     
,ao/a4  ,x 0 subsequ5tly /ol5 f him by a
 collector4--- ,,*amb]y1 ,un ,savoy>d1  
,l',int]m$i>e1 #be? ,may1 #ahfh4        
,,metallic ,,p5s1--,9 a preci\s volume  
7an acc\nt ( ! books ( ! ,decretalia7   
pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,sa9t ,anto9e1 (   
,padua1 ! foll[+ notice is to be f\nd at
 ! bottom ( ! la/ page3 ',?is "w is     
fa%ion$ & by dilig5ce f9i%$ = ! s]vice (
 ,god1 n ) ink ( quill nor ) braz5 re$1 
b ) a c]ta9 inv5tion ( pr9t+ or         
reproduc+ by ,john ,fu/1 citiz5 (       
,may5ce1 & ,pet] ,s*oeiff]1 ( ,g]n%eim1 
,dec4  #ag?1 #adfe1 ,a4,d4'  ,"h1 !n1 we
 h a docum5t prov+ ! exi/5ce ( metallic 
p5s 9 ! ,middle ,ages4  ,b has any su*  

p5 come d[n to u8  ,if s1 c\ld a detail$
 description ( x be obta9$8  ,on ! o!r  
h&1 ,i am curi\s to "k if x is possible 
t plat9um 0 us$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ! 
manufacture ( p5s1 or :e!r x is necess>y
 to attribute a peculi> mean+ to !      
'plat9um p5' 9 ! foll[+ passage ( !     
sy/em ( %or?& by ,b]t9 7edit4 ( ! ye>   
iv41 p4 #ic7 7#agic74  ',^? ( /eel &    
plat9um are mo/ conv5i5t2 ^! latt] h !  
advantage ( all o!rs1 9 t !y hold ! ink 
a long "t1 & run ov] ! pap] easily1 &   
are n liable to corrosion by any simple 
acid4'  ,i am ignorant ( :at ! same     
au?or means :5 he m5tions ! endless p51 
:i* w\ld c]ta9ly be ! be/4 '--,j4       
,,camus1 ,l',int]m$i>e4  ,metallic p5s 7
 us$ be=e ! fifte5? c5tury2 !y 7 9 use  
at ! c\rt ( ,augu/us4 ,see ,l',int]m$4  
7,i4 #fi1 #id1 #ada2 ,,ii4 #cai47       
,consult also ,le ,vieux-,neuf ,ed4     
,f\rni]4--,a4,d4  ,! foll[+ extracts %[ 
!re h be5 sev]al claimants1 on !        
,cont95t1 :o pr(ess to h inv5t$ metallic
 p5s1 made f /eel1 9 ! e>ly "p ( !      

eighte5? c5tury2 b ! read] _h bett]     
susp5d 8 judgm5t until he has read !    
notes t foll[ !m3  ,a manuscript1       
entitl$ ',hi/orical ,*ronicle (         
,aix-la-,*apelle1 second book1 #agdh1'  
places on record ! claims ( ,johann     
,janss51 a magi/rate ( t place1 z !     
inv5tor ( /eel p5s4  ',j at ! meet+ ( ! 
congress aft] ! ,au/rian w> ,i may )\t  
boa/+1 claim ! hon\r ( hav+ inv5t$ a new
 p54  ,x is1 p]haps1 n an accid5t t ,god
 %\ld h inspir$ me at ! pres5t "t ) !   
idea ( mak+ /eel p5s1 = all ! envoys "h 
assembl$ h b\ght ! fir/ t h be5 made2   
!re)1 z may be hop$1 to sign a treaty ( 
peace1 :i*1 ) ,god's bless+1 %all be z  
p]man5t z ! h>d /eel ) :i* x is writt54 
,( ^! p5s1 z ,i h inv5t$ !m1 no man ha? 
be=e se5 or he>d4  ,if kept clean & free
 f ru/ & ink1 !y w cont9ue fit = use =  
_m ye>s4  ,inde$1 a man may write tw5ty 
reams ( pap] ) "o1 & ! la/ l9e w\ld be  
writt5 z well z ! fir/4  ,!y are n[ s5t 
into e corn] ( ! _w z a r>e ?+--to      
,spa91 ,france1 ,engl& & ,holl&4  ,o!rs 

w no d\bt make imitations ( my p5s1 b ,i
 am ! man :o fir/ inv5t$ & made !m4  ,i 
h sold a great numb] ( !m at home &     
abroad at #as4 ea*1 & ,i dispose ( !m z 
quickly z ,i c make !m4'  ,9 an article 
on ,writ+ ,in/rum5ts1 :i* appe>$ 9 !    
,b]l9 ,pap] ,zeitung1 on ! #ai? ( ,may1 
#ahhg1 ! au?or says3  ,a s*ool tea*] (  
,kon+b]g1 nam$ ,burg]1 9 ! ye> #ahjh1   
made p5s f metal1 b he got poor by 8    
trials4  ,aft] ?is "t1 & probably       
imitat+ ! p5s ( ,burg]1 ! ,engli% began 
to take 9 h& ! manufacture ( p5s2       
especially ,p]ry1 he hav+ p]fect$ ! p5s1
 z he did n re/rict himself to ! simple 
/raight slit1 b he made cuts 9 ! sides (
 diff]5t k9ds4  ,9 a pamphlet ^u !      
manufacture ( /eel p5s1 publi%$ 9 ,p>is1
 9 #ahhd1 ! writ] says3  ,! inv5tion ( !
 metallic p5 is due to a ,fr5* me*anic--
 ,arn\x--:o liv$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 :o
 made z f> back z #agej a numb] (       
metallic p5s z a curiosity4  ,?is       
inv5tion did n h any imm$iate result 9  
,france b spread to ,engl&1 & became 9  

,birm+ham1 ab\t #ahcj1 a v prosp]\s     
indu/ry4  ,a v curi\s fact ab\t ?is     
trade is t1 9 ,engl&1 x does n exi/ out 
( ,birm+ham1 :]e !re are ab\t t5        
manufactories4  ,9 ,france x has become 
localiz$ 9 ,b\logne4  ,!re is also !    
nameless ,%effield ,artisan1 :o s       
frequ5tly figures 9 newspap] p>agraphs z
 ! inv5tor ( /eel p5s2 & ,william       
,gadsby1 a ma!matical in/rum5t mak]1 :o 
= 8 own use con/ruct$ a clumsy article f
 ! ma9spr+ ( a wat*2 b x is n till !    
beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury t we get     
any?+ au!ntic respect+ ! mak+ ( metallic
 p5s4  ,e/e1 writ+ 9 ,local ,notes &    
,qu]ies 7,birm+ham ,weekly ,po/7 m5tions
 a rem>kable little volume suppli$ to ! 
memb]s ( ! ,/ates ,g5]al ( ,holl&1 9 !  
possession ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,bragge1 (        
,%effield1 dat$ #agag4  ,x conta9$ a    
silv] p5cil case1 9 two p>ts1 "o hold+ a
 piece ( plumbago1 m\nt$ l a crayon1 & !
 o!r a metallic p54  ,we h se5 ?is      
unique book 7n[ ! prop]ty ( ,mr4 ,sam3  
,timm9s74  ,! p5 is ( ! b>rel %ape1     

app>5tly silv]1 & x mu/ be reg>d$ z !   
e>lie/ au!ntic metallic p54  ,( ! date  
!re c be no d\bt1 z ! p5 is made to pass
 ?r\gh loops 9 ! cov] ( ! volume to keep
 x clos$1 aft] ! mann] ( pocket books1 &
 ! book be>s ! date1 pr9t$ on ! title   
page1 #agag4  ,pope1 ab\t ! same "t1    
receiv$ f ,lady ,frances ,%irley a      
pres5t ( a /&i%1 conta9+ a ,,/eel & a   
gold p54  ,9 ackn[l$g+ ! receipt ( ?is  
pres5t1 ! poet wrote an ode1 9 :i* !    
foll[+ l9es occur3    ,take at ?is h&   
cele/ial arms2  ,secure ! radiant       
weapons wield2   ,?is gold5 lance %all  
gu>d des]t1  ,&1 if a vice d>es keep !  
field1   ,?is /eel %all /ab x to ! he>t4
  ,aw$1 on my b5d$ knees ,i fell1       
,receiv$ ! weapons ( ! sky1  ,& dipp$ !m
 9 ! sable well--   ,! f\nt ( fame or   
infamy4  ,:at well8 ,:at weapon8 ,flavia
 cries1   ,a /&i%1 /eel & gold5 p56  ,x 
came f ,b]tr&'s199 n ! skies1   ,i gave 
x y to write aga94  99,b]tr& kept a     
fancy %op 9 ,ba?4  ,he di$ 9 #agee4  ,8 
wife is m5tion$ by ,horace ,walpole1 9 8

 lett] to ,george ,montague1 ,may #ah?1 
#agdi1 :i* lett] is pr9t$ 9 8           
,correspond5ce4  ,9 ,no4 #ejc ( !       
,spectator1 be>+ ! date ( ,octob] #g1   
#agab1 ,/eele1 m5tion+ ! conspicu\s     
mann] 9 :i* a c]ta9 lady conduct$ h]self
 9 *ur*1 says3  ,= %e fix$ h] eyes ^u ! 
prea*]1 & z he said any?+ %e approv$1 ) 
"o ( ,*>les ,ma!r's f9e tablets1 %e set 
d[n ! s5t5ce1 at once %[+ h] f9e h&1 !  
gold p51 h] read9ess 9 writ+1 & h]      
judgm5ts 9 *oos+ :at to write4  ,edmund 
,wall]1 ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5?      
c5tury1 ackn[l$g$ ! receipt ( a silv] p5
 f a lady1 9 ! foll[+ v]ses3   ,madam6  
int5d+ to h try'd1   ,! silv] fav\r :i* 
y gave1  ,9 ink ! %9+ po9t ,i dy'd1   ,&
 dr5*'d x 9 ! sable wave  ,:51 griev$ to
 be s f\lly /a9$1   ,on y x ?us to me   
compla9$4   ,s ,i1 ! wrong$ p5 to       
please1   ,made x my humble ?anks       
express  ,unto y\r ,lady%ip1 9 ^!1   ,& 
n[ 'tis =c$ to confess  ,t y\r great    
self did ne'er indite   ,nor t to me m  
noble write4  ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,lomas1 writ+

 to ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,novemb] #bc1
 #ahgh1 says3  ,i write to inquire if y 
c give me in=mation conc]n+ !           
manufacture ( metal p5s 9 ?is c\ntry4   
,i may be va9 9 ! supposition1 b ,i am  
p]suad$ t my p--! ,%ak]s--7 ! orig9ators
 ( metal p5s4  ,i write ?is to y ) a    
silv] p51 "o slit1 t 0 made 9 ! ve>     
#ahai1 at ?is village1 by ! ,%ak]s4 ,two
 or ?ree ye>s previ\sly to ! use ( silv]
 p5s1 our p us$ brass plates = _!       
manufacture1 b soon f\nd silv]          
pref]able4  ,"s p sold ^! p5s 9 ! ye>   
#ahai1 at ?is village1 = tw5ty-five     
c5ts1 & dispos$ ( all t c\ld be made4   
,! writ] fur!r says ! metal 0 made f    
silv] co9s4  ,?is communication call$ =?
 ! foll[+ f ano!r correspond5t3  ,!     
lett] 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,novemb] 
#bc1 #ahgh1 ) reg>d to ! e>ly           
manufacture ( /eel p5s1 rem9ds me ( !   
foll[+ note :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,bo/on       
,me*anic1 = ,augu/1 #ahce4 ',! inv5tor (
 /eel p5s1' says ! ,j\rnal ( ,comm]ce1 0
 an ,am]ican & a well-kn[n resid5t ( our

 city 7,new ,york71 ,mr4 ,p]egr9e       
,williamson4  ,9 ! ye> #ahjj1 ,mr4,w41  
!n a work+ jewel]1 at ,baltimore1 :ile  
att5d+ an ev5+ s*ool1 f9d+ "s difficulty
 9 mak+ a quill p5 to suit him1 made "o 
( /eel4  ,x w\ld n write well1 h[ev]1 = 
want ( flexibility4  ,aft] a :ile he    
made an additional slit on ea* side ( ! 
ma9 "o1 & ! p5s 7 s mu* improv$ t ,mr4  
,w4 0 call$ to make !m 9 su* numb]s z to
 ev5tually occupy 8 :ole "t1 & t ( a    
j\rneyman4  ,at fir/ ! bus9ess 0 v      
pr(itable & enabl$ ,mr4 ,w4 to realize =
 ! labor ( himself & j\rneyman a cle>   
pr(it ( six hundr$ doll>s p] mon?4  ,!  
,engli% soon borr[$ ! inv5tion1 & "s :o 
fir/ engag$ 9 ! bus9ess realiz$ imm5se  
=tunes4'  ,we d n "k h[ mu* reliance may
 be plac$ ^u ?is /atem5t1 b1 if ! la/   
ass]tion t ^? :o fir/ engag$ 9 ! bus9ess
 realiz$ imm5se =tunes may be tak5 z a  
te/1 ! :ole mu/ be receiv$ ) a gra9 (   
salt4  ,! lett] appe>$ 9 ! ,bo/on       
,me*anic1 9 #ahce1 & at t date !re 7    
p5mak]s :o _h made a mode/ compet5ce1 b 

9 no case 7 !y possess$ ( imm5se =tunes4
  ,9 ,london ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ! foll[+ 
appe>s respect+ e>ly /eel p5s3  ,,!     
,,fir/ ,,/eel ,,p54--7#e? ,s41 iii41    
#cie47  ,t5 ye>s be=e ,dr4 ,prie/ley 0  
born /eel p5s 7 9 use4  ,!re are        
ref]5ces to !m 9 ! ,di>y ( ,john ,byrom1
 :o requir$ !m :5 writ+ %ort-h&4  ,9 a  
lett] to 8 si/] ,phoebe1 dat$ ,augu/1   
#agbc1 he m5tions !m z foll[s3 ',alas6  
alas6 ,i _c meet ) a /eel p51 no mann] (
 :]e ,i believe ,i h ask$ at #cge       
places1 b t :i* ,i h is at y\r s]vice1 z
 ! own] himself always is4' 7,rema9s1   
,vol4 i41 #ci47  ,mr4 ,ralph ,n4 ,james1
 writ+ to ,notes & ,qu]ies1 gives !     
foll[+ extract f ! v amus+ j\rney to    
,p>is1 by ,dr4 ,m>t9 ,li/]1 #afih3  ,!re
 0 "o ?+ v curi\s1 & t 0 a ,writ+       
ln/rum5t ( ?ick & /rong silv] wire1 b\nd
 up l a holl[ button or screw1 ) bo?    
ends po9t+ "o way1 & at a di/ance1 s t a
 man might easily put 8 =ef+] betwixt ! 
two po9ts1 & ! po9t divid$ 9 two1 j l   
our /eel p5s4--,london ,notes & ,qu]ies1

 vol4 iii41 page #cdf4  ,?is note caus$ 
ano!r writ]1 ,mr4 ,c4,a4 ,w>d1 to s5d ! 
foll[+3  ,,/eel ,,p5s4--,! extract giv5 
f ,dr4 ,m4 ,li/]'s1 by ,mr4 ,ralph ,n4  
,james1 is v int]e/+4  ,! doctor !re    
speaks ( 'our /eel p5s1' z if !y 7 n at 
all uncommon4  ,:5 ! poet ,*ur*ill's    
effects 7 sold up1 aft] 8 dea?1 ,nov4   
#aj1 #agfd1 !y fet*$ extravagant prices2
 'a common /eel p5' br\ght ,l4#e4       
--,london ,notes & ,qu]ies1 vol iii41   
page #dgd4  ,! foll[+ extract f ,london 
,notes & ,qu]ies gives v plausible      
reasons aga9/ plac+ confid5ce 9 ! prec$+
 & o!r notices ( anci5t /eel p5s3       
,,/eel ,,p5s4 7#e? ,s41 vol4 iii41 pp4  
#cdf1 #dgd47  ,may ,i ask :e!r1 9 giv+ !
 int]e/+ ref]5ces to ! use ( /eel p5s   
be=e ! "t ( ,prie/ley 7"o ref]5ce ev5   
go+ s f> back z ! sev5te5? c5tury7 y\r  
correspond5ts h c>efully consid]$ :at is
 meant by ! t]ms4  ,= my own "p 7( c\rse
 ,i maybe q wrong7 ,i %\ld naturally h  
anticipat$ /eel p5s 9 ^! ref]5ces to    
mean n ! mod]n /eel nib = ord9>y        

p5man%ip1 b ! anci5t /eel p5 = draw+    
l9es or rul+ circles1 su* z is conta9$ 9
 e box ( ma!matical in/rum5ts4  ,?is    
w\ld expla9 7to "s ext5t7 ! great price 
fet*$ = a good "o ( ,*ur*ill's2 a m]e   
old /eel nib w\ld sc>cely ent] into a   
sale at all4  ,x w\ld expla91 too1 :y a 
special process ( h>d5+ %\ld be appli$  
to a quill1 9 ord] to make x d duty = ! 
/eel in/rum5t4  ,"o w\ld sc>cely ?9k (  
h>d5+ a quill 9 ord] to enable x to     
compete ) a /eel nib 9 "s ( ! lea/      
desirable qualities1 ?\gh "o (t5 wi%es  
"o c\ld accompli% ! rev]se process1 &   
s(t5 or supple a /eel '/ick frog1' s z  
to give x ! ela/icity ( ! grey goose    
quill4 --,v4 ,h4 ,i4 ,l4 ,l4 ,c4 ,,iv4  
7iv41 #cg1 #e? ,s41 ,london ,notes &    
,qu]ies47  ,mr4 ,r4 ,pross]1 au?or (    
,birm+ham ,inv5tors & ,inv5tions1 9     
writ+ to ! compil] ( ?is "w1 says3  ,x  
has (t5 occurr$ to me t "s ( ! v e>ly   
ref]5ces to metallic p5s may p]haps mean
 ! draughtsman's 'rul+ p51' & n an      
in/rum5t made aft] ! fa%ion ( a quill p5

 ) a slit 9 x4 ,t x is possible to write
 ) su* an in/rum5t ?is p>agraph w %[1 b 
,i mu/ admit t x is n equal to "o (     
,p]ry's ,j's4  ,f an entry 9 ,pepys'    
,di>y1 ,octob] #bd1 #affj1 draw+ p5s    
appe> to h be5 9 use 9 ,london1 at ! "t 
( ! ,re/oration3  ,to ,mr4 ,lilly's1    
:]e1 n f9d+ ,mr4 ,spong1 ,i w5t to ,mr4 
,greatorex1 :]e ,i met him1 & :]e ,i    
b\ght a draw+ p54  ,9 ,london ,notes &  
,qu]ies 7#d? ,s41 xi41 #ddj71 ! ,rev4   
,e4 ,sm$ley1 editor ( ! ,encyclopo$ia   
,metropolitana1 writ+ to 8 fri5d1 ,mr4  
,h4 ,hawk9s1 ,april #aj1 #ahcc1 says3   
,! process ( nibb+ & %av+ is "o :i* ,i  
always abom9at$1 & = ye>s pa/ ,i h tak5 
refuge "u ! ,p]ryian p5s4  ,! "o ) :i*  
,i n[ write has be5 9 use daily1 & all  
day long1 = m ?an a =tnight1 & ,i       
consid] t x /ill owes me q z mu* wor? z 
x has already furni%$4  ,e packet       
conta9s n9e p5s1 & on an av]age two out 
( t numb] fail to suit my h&1 b ! rema9+
 sev5 are fai?ful s]vants1 & _! price is
 #bs4  ,9 ,london ,notes & ,qu]ies 7#d? 

,s41 xii41 #eg7 a writ] says3  ,i b\ght 
my fir/ /eel p5 f ,bramah1 ,piccadilly1 
9 #ahbe4  ,! price 0 #as4 #f;d4  ,x 0 v 
?ick & h>d1 ) v little ela/icity4  ,9   
#ahbi ,i read adv]tis$ 9 ! ,times1 /eel 
p5s1 ) hold]1 #cs4 p] doz51 at ,k5dal's1
 9 ,holborn4  ,!y 7 h& made1 & mu* easi]
 to write ) ?an ,bramah's4  ,soon aft] !
 price fell1 & /eel p5s became common4  
,9 ,london ,notes & ,qu]ies 7#d? ,s41   
x41 #cji71 ,octob] #ai1 #ahgb1 ,mr4     
,william ,bates1 speak+ ( a visit he    
paid to an old lady1 at ,/udley         
7,worce/]%ire7 ab\t #ahbe1 says t he saw
 an exquisitely-f9i%$ ink/& ( pure gold1
 ! gift ( "o ( ! ,e>ls ( ,plym\? to h]  
fa!r1 #ajj ye>s be=e4  ,! ink/& 0       
provid$ ) a jo9t$ gold p5hold]1 t]m9at+ 
9 a b>rel 7"o slit7 p51 resembl+ !      
metallic p5 ( ! pres5t day1 except t he 
f\nd t x w\ld n write4  ,9 ,local ,notes
 & ,qu]ies1 publi%$ 9 ! ,birm+ham       
,j\rnal & ,weekly ,po/1 !re h appe>$ a  
numb] ( contributions relat+ to ! e>ly  
manufacture ( /eel p5s4  ,we reproduce  

!m "h4  ,a correspond5t writ+ on ,june  
#bb1 #ahfi1 says3 ,daniel ,fell[s1 (    
,s$gley1 made /eel p5s ab\t #ahjj4      
,ano!r writ]1 on ! same date1 says1 ,!  
fir/ mak]s ( /eel p5s 7 ,john ,edw>ds1  
,hill ,/reet1 & ,francis ,heeley1 ,m\nt 
,/reet1 ,birm+ham4  ,respect+1 ! =m] (  
^!1 9 ,wrightson's ,birm+ham ,directory1
 #ahbc1 ! foll[+ adv]tisem5t appe>s3    
,john ,edw>ds1 manufactur] ( improv$    
gold1 silv]1 & ela/ic sleel p5s1 m\nt$ 9
 all k9ds ( cases1 & desk h&les1 ,no4   
#dj ,hill ,/reet4  ,n4,b4--,! p5s are   
w>rant$ to write exce$+ly f9e & free4   
,?is adv]tisem5t conta9$ engrav+s ( a   
b>rel & nibb$ or slip p54  ,j4 ,s>g5t1  
writ+ f ,tett5hall1 ,june #bh1 #ahfi1   
says3  ,a j\rneyman blacksmi?1 nam$     
,fell[s1 ( ,s$gley1 0 ! fir/ orig9ator (
 /eel p5s4  ,i resid$ at ,s$gley 9      
#ahbb1 :5 ,%eldon1 ,fell[s's appr5tice1 
made "s ( ^! p5s4  ,he made two = me4   
,i wrote v well ) !m4  ,%eldon himself  
told me t ,mr4 ,gillott comm5c$ mak+ !  
p5 f see+ "s ( 8 7,%eldon's7 make4  ,"s 

"o writ+ "u ! nom de plume ( ,un ,qui   
,sait1 says3  ,i di/9ctly recollect1    
ab\t ! ye> #ahjf1 be+ at ,fell[s's home 
9 ,s$gley1 & !re see+ ,?omas ,%eldon1 8 
appr5tice1 mak+ /eel p5s4  ,he knew ( an
 entry 9 8 books ( p5s b\ght f ,fell[s 9
 #ahjg4  ,he paid ,%eldon ,l4#ajj 9     
#ahbb4 ,he believ$ ,fell[s made p5s 9   
#agic4  ,beilby & ,knott 7,birm+ham     
/ation]s7 sold ^! p5s 9 consid]able     
quantities f #ahah to #ahbh4  ,%eldon   
cont9u$ ! trade until x 0 de/roy$ ?r\gh 
inability to compete ) ! ma*9e-made p5s 
( ,mit*ell & ,gillott4  ,ano!r writ]1   
,t4 ,s41 says3  ,9 #ahae1 an uncle ( m9e
 us$ to pur*ase ^! p5s f ,%eldon1 (     
,s$gley4  ,! price 0 eighte5 %ill+s p]  
doz51 t5 p] c5t4 = ca%4  ,!y 7 b>rel    
%ape4  ,b4 ,smi? & ,co4 _h 9 _! patt]n  
book ( engrav+s ( /eel toys a draw+ ( "o
 ( ^! p5s1 :i* 7 sold at ?irty %ill+s p]
 doz52 also "o 9 a bone h&le1 ! top (   
:i* screw$ (f1 = c>ry+ 9 ! pocket1 at   
?irty-six %ill+s p] doz54  ,ano!r       
correspond5t1 writ+ on ,july #bd1 #ahfi1

 m5tions 7on au?ority ( ! late ,mr4     
,ald]man ,yates7 t an old man nam$      
,spittle made /eel p5s be=e any ( !     
pres5t mak]s4  ,9 note #cai ?is man     
,spittle is m5tion$ by ano!r writ]1 :o  
says3  ,a man nam$ ,spittle1 "o ( !     
e>lie/ mak]s ( /eel p5s1 liv$ 9 ,*equ]s'
 ,walk1 ,ba? ,r[1 ,birm+ham4  ,he made  
/eel p5s = sale1 & *>g$ "o %ill+ ea* =  
!m4  ,!y 7 made ) a tube to fit on a    
quill4  ,i b\ght "o f him =ty-five ye>s 
ago 7#ahbd74  ,e4,w41 writ+ 9 #ahfi1    
says3  ,9 #ahba !re 0 a ,b4 ,smi?1 /eel 
toy mak]1 ,/4 ,paul's ,m>y's ,squ>e1    
,birm+ham4  ,he _h a book ( engrav+s (  
/eel toys1 among :i* 7 /eel p5s1 made to
 screw on & (f4  ,?is patt]n book might 
h be5 "o hundr$ ye>s old4  ,i sold 8 p5s
 9 #ahbc4  ,! ,editor ( ,notes & ,qu]ies
 says ,smi?'s patt]n book 0 probably    
fifty ye>s old1 & fur!r rem>ks t /eel   
p5s mu/ h be5 a regul> article (        
manufacture be=e !y appe>$ 9 a /eel toy 
mak]'s patt]n book4  ,c4,j41 9 note     
#cgb1 says3  ,! patt]n book ( ,john     

,b>nes1 ,eagle ,works1 ,wolv]hampton1   
conta9s engrav+s ( e>ly /eel p5s4  ,mr4 
,rob]t ,griff9 says3  ,9 #ahbd ,i wrote 
v mu* ) a /eel p5 made "u ! direction ( 
,james ,p]ry--a p5 t la/$ ab\t eight or 
n9e weeks1 writ+ eight h\rs a day4  ,9  
note #cdd1 ,anon says he rememb]$ 8 fa!r
 7:o _h premises 9 ,wat] ,/reet1        
,birm+ham71 9 ! summ] ( #ahbc1 br++ a   
tall1 quiet1 respectable man to !       
manufactory4  ,he _h a piece ( iron1 or 
/eel1 :i* he requir$ to be cut up into  
/rips ( ab\t two in*es wide4  ,! man    
said he 0 go+ to get ! /rips roll$ to   
make into /eel p5s4  ,he gave ! writ] ( 
! note sixp5ce & a b>rel p5 = 8 tr\ble4 
,9 answ] to inquiries ! writ] put to 8  
fa!r1 ! latt] /at$ he did n "k ! man's  
"n nor :]e he liv$1 b t he met ) him 9 a
 smoke room1 :]e he 7! fa!r7 sometimes  
sp5t 8 ev5+s4  ,! writ] fur!r rem>ks3   
,:]e ! man _h got 8 ideas f :i* induc$  
him to try 8 h& at mak+ /eel p5s ,i d n 
"k1 b ,i h an impression t !re 7 sev]al 
exp]im5t]s 9 exi/5ce at t "t2 & v soon  

aft]w>d ,mr4 ,william 7,joseph7         
,gillott1 ) :om my fa!r 0 on t]ms (     
intimacy1 came into notice z a mak] (   
/eel p5s4  ,?is is a v important        
/atem5t1 z x fixes a date respect+ p5s  
be+ made f %eet /eel4  ,"o ( ! olde/    
toolmak]s 9 ! trade has in=m$ u t1 ab\t 
! ye> #ahbc or #ahbd1 he 0 frequ5tly    
tak5 by 8 fa!r to visit an uncle nam$   
,clulee1 :o r5t$ p[] at ! ,wat] ,/reet  
mill4  ,on ^! occasions 8 fa!r & uncle  
w\ld talk ab\t ! visits ( ,gillott to ! 
latt]1 & ! hopeful mann] 9 :i* he spoke 
( ! exp]im5ts he 0 !n mak+4  ,gillott   
r5t$ p[] at ! ,wat] ,/reet mill1 & 0    
engag$ 9 gr9d+ & f9i%+ p5knife blades1  
:i* 7 ins]t$ 9 "o end ( a silv] p5cil   
case1 :i* 8 relative--,mit*ell--0 !n    
mak+4  ,n[1 :o 0 ?is tall1 quiet1       
respectable man8  ,x c\ld n h be5       
,gillott1 z he 0 n tall & ! fa!r ( ,anon
 knew him2 & ,mit*ell 0 also a %ort man4
  ,we h fail$ to trace him1 & 8 id5tity 
is lo/ among ! s[]s :o fail$ to reap !  
h>ve/ ( _! inv5tions4  ,mr4 ,george     

,wallis1 speak+ ( /eel p5s1 rem>ks3  ,i 
wrote ) "o :5 a boy 7#ahbb to #ahbf71   
hav+ f\nd sev]al 9 a /ock ( old /eel    
wa/e 9 ! w>eh\se ( a relative1 a retir$ 
ornam5tal /eel work]1 at ,wolv]hampton4 
,^! p5s 7 made 7s ,i 0 told7 = ! ,london
 m>ket1 late 9 ! la/ or e>ly 9 ! pres5t 
c5tury4  ,c]ta9ly !y 7 made fifte5 or1  
p]haps1 tw5ty ye>s1 :5 ,i f\nd !m1 z !  
manufactory 9 :i* !y _h be5 produc$ _h  
be5 clos$ ! =m] numb] ( ye>s4  ,!y      
consi/$ ( a hold] ( /eel1 ) flut+s &    
facets4  ,"o 0 solid & tap]$ to light5  
x2 ! o!r _h a b>rel ) an int]nal screw4 
,! p5 _h two screws2 "o 0 us$ to screw !
 p5 into ! b>rel = use1 & ! o!r to      
secure x :5 turn$ inw>ds z a protection 
:5 n 9 use1 or to c>ry 9 ! pocket4  ,!  
foll[+ lett] f ,mr4 ,ald]man ,manton to 
,mr4 ,sam3 ,timm9s makes u acqua9t$ )   
ano!r manufactur] ( /eel p5s3  ,,!      
,,metal ,,p5s ,,( #ahbc4--;,9 a         
badly-con/ruct$ & unsanit>y manufactory 
7,mr4  ,james ,coll9s's71 at ! back (   
#aai ,suffolk ,/reet1 7,birm471 ,i      

witness$ ! process ( mak+ silv] & /eel  
p5s4 ,z bo? metals 7 manufactur$ 9 !    
same mann]1 "o description w s]ve4  ,x w
 be rememb]$ by a few t at t "t !re 0 a 
pat5t silv] p5cil case some:at          
ext5sively manufactur$1 :i* 9 addition  
to ! p5cil1 _h a p5knife1 p5 & too?pick 
provid$4  ,! p5knife 0 suppli$ by two   
bro!rs--,joseph & ,william ,gillott--:o 
at t "t r5t$ a small %op 9 a corn] ( !  
y>d belong+ to ! roll+ mill ( ,george & 
,p4,f4 ,muntz1 ,wat] ,/reet1 & f ^:     
eng9e !y obta9$ ! small am\nt ( /eam p[]
 ne$$4  ,! process ( mak+ ! p5s 0 z     
foll[s3 ,two n>r[ /rips 7 cut f a %eet (
 silv] or /eel2 !y 7 !n1 by ! help ( !  
hamm] & a lead cake1 or piece ( h>d     
wood1 curv$4  ,aft]w>ds ! two /rips 7   
plac$ opposite to ea* o!r on a          
well-poli%$ /eel wire1 & drawn ?r\gh a  
draw-plate1 ! wire & plate be+ suppli$  
by ,wm4 ,bill+s1 a celebrat$ tool       
manufactur]1 occupy+ premises ne> ! top 
( ,sn[ ,hill 7,birm474 ,by ! aid ( a    
press1 a small hole 0 made at a di/ance 

( half an in* or five-eigh?s f ! end1 ! 
slit 0 !n made by a f9e saw made ( wat* 
spr+s4  ,a b5t pair ( %e>s 0 us$ = cutt+
 ! end ( /rip into ! %ape ( a p52 & a   
half-r\nd file or smoo? 0 us$ = f9i%+ ! 
p54  ,! p5 0 !n sawn (f ! /rip by ! same
 saw :i* 0 us$ = slitt+ ! p54  ,! only  
h>d5+ process 0 ! friction ( !          
draw-plate & /eel wire4 ,i n only       
witness$ ! process1 b 0 a manipulator4  
,! co/ ( mak+ at t "t1 by a j\rneyman1 0
 #b;d4 ea*2 by an appr5tice1 ab\t       
"o-?ird ( t am\nt4  ,)9 less ?an ?irty  
ye>s ( t "t1 9 a manufactory adjo9+ my  
own1 p5s 7 made & sold 7:olesale7 at    
#b;d4 p] gross1 & a box conta9+ !m into 
! b>ga94 7,sign$7 ,h5ry ,manton1        
,septemb] #ae1 #ahhf4  ,mr4 ,t4 ,v>y    
writes t ,james ,p]ry began mak+ /eel   
p5s 9 ,man*e/]1 & quotes ! ,saturday    
,magaz9e to %[ t metallic p5s 7 giv5 by 
him z rew>ds ( m]it 9 s*ools z f> back z
 #ahai4  ,mr4 ,james ,cock]1 writ+ 9 !  
,%effield ,daily ,telegraph1 9 #ahfi1   
says3 ,t he roll$ /eel wire = ,james    

,p]ry = p5mak+ 9 #ahbi4  ,! dea? ( ,mr4 
,gillott seems to h reviv$ ! discussion 
( ! orig9 ( /eel p5s1 & a correspond5t 9
 ! ,%effield ,daily ,telegraph1 9 !     
issue ( ,janu>y #aa1 #ahgb1 9 ! foll[+  
lett]1 puts =? a claim on behalf ( a    
,%effield man3  ,! well-writt5 &        
well-m]it$ memoir ( ! late ,mr4         
,gillott1 ! ,birm+ham /eel p5 mak]1 :i* 
has j appe>$ 9 ! newspap]s1 af=ds a     
curi\s & in/ructive illu/ration ( !     
success :i* n seldom att5ds ! comb9$    
action ( +5uity1 indu/ry1 %rewdness1 &  
integrity among our lab\r+ classes4     
,born 9 ! humble/ rank ( our local      
workm51 a /eady s*ol> 9 our ,boys'      
,lanca/]ian ,s*ool1 & appr5tic$ to a    
scissors gr9d]1 ! deceas$ work$ 8 way   
upw>ds into a position ( influ5ce &     
opul5ce z a manufactur]1 :i* entitl$ him
 to take social rank ) ! m]*ant pr9ces (
 ! l&4  ,& if 8 "n has long s9ce ceas$  
to be famili> among 8 once contempor>y  
workm5 9 ,%effield1 & is n ev5 m5tion$ 9
 ! ,directory1 x has = sev]al ye>s pa/  

be5 recogniz$ & respect$ by ! visitors  
at ! annual exhibitions ( our ,s*ool (  
,art1 9 connection ) ! _m r>e & valuable
 pictures l5t by him on ^? occasions4   
,! pr9t$ fac-simile ( ! autograph appe>$
 9 ! 'adv]tis+ columns' ( almo/ e       
newspap] 9 ! _w1 & p]haps1 z an exp]t   
might h said1 0 *>act]i/ic4  ,9 !       
admirable acc\nt ( 8 life above ref]r$  
to /ress is laid ^u "o prom95t &        
praisewor?y feature ( 8 "*1 viz41 8     
read9ess to ackn[l$ge ! obscurity ( 8   
orig9 & ! /eps ( 8 indu/rial success4   
,9 ^? details no m5tion is made ( 8     
,%effield ma/] & pr$ecessor 9 ! +5i\s   
art ( /eel p5 mak+4  ,& z ! notice      
allud$ to is )\t dates1 x is difficult  
to furni% in=mation on ! mat]ial po9t ( 
priority1 ?\gh ! fact ( supremacy 9 !   
trade is cle> en\gh4  ,9 "o ( ! columns 
( ,l>dn]'s ,cyclop$ia1 publi%$ 9 #ahcc1 
! names ( ,p]ry1 ,heeley1 & ,sk9n] are  
m5tion$ z /eel p5 mak]s4  ,) ! latt]1 :o
 if he did n make weal?1 c]ta9ly e>n$ a 
wide reputation = ! l[ price & excell5t 

temp] ( 8 '/eel nibs1' ,mr4 ,gillett 0 a
 workman1 9 ,nurs]y ,/reet1 ,%effield1  
hav+ gone ) 8 ma/] f ! scissors gr9d+   
/one to ! mak+ ( poli%$ /eel ornam5ts = 
ladies' "w1 !n fa%ionable4 ,h[ mu*1 9   
:at way1 or :e!r at all1 he 0 indebt$ to
 8 exp]i5ce 9 ,mr4 ,sk9n]'s e/abli%m5t  
may be que/ionable1 b t he le>nt & fir/ 
saw practis$ 9 ,%effield ! art t        
ultimately enri*$ him 9 ,birm+ham1 he   
w\ld probably be ! la/ to d5y4  ,x is   
well rememb]$ by a wor?y deal] 9 almo/ e
 useful article1 f a m\se-trap to a     
railroad wagon1 t ,gillott1 soon aft] 8 
e/abli%m5t 9 ,birm+ham1 came into our   
t[nsman's %op1 & see+ on ! c\nt] a model
 /eam eng9e ( half-horse p[]1 at once   
pur*as$ & c>ri$ x (f to give motion to  
"s "p ( 8 p5 ma*9]y4  ,brass p5s 7 made 
9 ,%effield be=e ! close ( ! la/ c5tury4
  ,!y mo/ly accompani$ an 'inkpot1'     
call$ f its us]s an 'exciseman4'  ,!    
writ] ( ?is p>agraph himself made       
hundr$s ( doz5s ( !m1 :i*1 h[ev]1 be    
nev] us$1 nor /eel ones ei!r1 z long z  

he c\ld get a 'goose quill1' good1 bad  
or indiff]5t4  ,! matt] ( slitt+ ! nib 0
 kept secret by ,sk9n]1 & ! d\ble slit (
 ,gillott m ?an d\bl$ ! value ( 8 old   
ma/]'s inv5tion2 b a 'f\r-slit' p51     
i4e41 ) five po9ts1 if possible to make1
 w\ld be useless4  ,! e>lie/ exp]im5t] 9
 =m & mat]ial 0 ,p]ry1 flexibility be+ !
 great desid]atum2 b x is curi\s to see 
h[ _w-wide a curr5cy ,gillott's "n &    
trade h giv5 to ! simple/ %ape2 & /ill m
 curi\s to note h[ ! mak]s ( writ+ ink &
 pap] h con=m$ ^! articles to !         
requirem5ts ( ! uses ( ! /eel p54  ,x is
 always gratify+1 & n unpr(itable1 to   
contra/ ! small & feeble beg9n+s ( any  
manufactur+ ent]prise ) a l>ge &        
well-m]it$ success4  ,?is communication 
appe>s to h caus$ a ,mr4 ,william       
,levesley to call ^u ! writ] ( ! prec$+ 
epi/le1 & ! foll[+ :i* appe>$ 9 !       
,%effield ,daily ,telegraph1 ,janu>y    
#cj1 #ahgb1 0 writt53  ,i h to ?ank y = 
! ins]tion ( my qu]ies z to ! e>ly      
connection ( ,%effield ) /eel p5 mak+4  

,9 consequ5ce ( ! appe>ance ( my lett] 9
 ! ,telegraph1 a cutl]y manufactur] ( ! 
"n ( ,william ,levesley1 call$ ^u me1 & 
in=m$ me t he 0 n only an e>ly associate
 ) ! late ,mr4  ,gillott1 ( ,birm+ham1 b
 ! fir/ p]son :o made a /eel p5 out (   
,london4 ,/ress has be5 laid ^u         
,gillott's ability 'to =ge & gr9d a     
knifeblade4'  ,x is n likely he ev] us$ 
! hamm] on hot /eel1 b he 0 :5 "y1 &    
work+ ) fa!r1 acc\nt$ an excell5t       
p5knife gr9d]2 ,sk9n] be+ a scissors    
gr9d]1 & ,levesley a workbo>d h& = !    
same ma/]4  ,a man ( ! "n ( ,mit*ell    
hav+ m>ri$ ,gillott's "m1 w5t to        
,birm+ham1 & began ! cutl]y bus9ess1 !  
latt] remov+ ?i!r to gr9d = 8 fa!r-     
9-law4  ,8 bro!r _h also gone ?i!r1 &   
comm5c$ mak+ an article t _h "s run1 &  
may be said to h unit$ ! +5i\s h&icrafts
 ( ,birm+ham1 viz41 ! ins]tion ( a      
p5knife blade at ! end ( a silv] p5cil  
case4  ,mean:ile1 ab\t ! ye> #ahbe1     
,levesley saw a /eel p51 made by ,p]ry1 
( ,london1 9 ,ridge's %op w9d[1 9 ,high 

,/reet4  ,he b\ght x = "o %ill+1 &      
imm$iately set ab\t mak+ tools to       
imitate & improve ^u x4  ,he sp5t1 he   
said1 ,l4#cj 9 n unsuccessful1 ?\gh     
unremun]ative1 exp]im5ts4  ,! flypress 0
 at lea/ z well kn[n 9 ,%effield z 9    
,birm+ham1 & its p[] 0 at once br\ght   
into requisition to "w ! tools = %ap+1  
b5d+1 & slitt+ ! p5s :i* 7 made out (   
%eet /eel1 ,p]ry's be+ made out ( ?ick  
wire1 roll$ flat1 by ,cock]1 9 ,nurs]y  
,/reet4  ,9 #ahbi1 ,levesley 0 mak+ p5s 
= sale1 & t ye> is said to be ! e>lie/  
date ( actual sales 9 ,sk9n]'s l$g]4  ,9
 #ahca he 0 do+ a consid]able bus9ess 9 
,%effield1 & mak+ exp]im5ts ^u !        
article1 z appe>s f specim5s be=e me    
be>+ 8 "n4  ,/ress has be5 laid ^u !    
improvem5t ( ! d\ble slit1 introduc$ by 
,gillott1 b if ,levesley's /atem5t is to
 be tak5 lit]ally1 he 0 ! inv5tor ( a   
specialty ^u :i*1 ev5 m ?an on excell5ce
 ( mat]ial1 ! m]it ( a /eel p5 is f\nd  
to dep5d1 viz41 ! gr9d+ ( a small holl[ 
at ! back ( ! nib1 & ab\t ! eigh? ( an  

in* f ! po9t4  ,my in=mant describ$ n   
only ! b5eficial action ( ?is ?9n+ ( !  
metal1 z well 9 yield+ ! gradual fl[ ( !
 ink z 9 flexibility ( writ+1 b !       
pleasure ) :i* he took a specim5 to     
,birm+ham to %[ ,gillott1 & ! surprise (
 ! latt] at s great & s b5eficial an    
effect1 provid$ by s small a cause4  ,he
 at once adopt$ an improvem5t ( :i* e p5
 made by him be>s evid5ce2 & :5 8 fri5d 
visit$ him he told him he _h fifty wom5 
employ$ 9 gr9d+ p5 po9ts4  ,x is        
pleasant to add t ,gillott nev] visit$  
,%effield )\t call+ to see 8 old fri5d  
,levesley1 :ile ! latt] spoke ( 8 e>ly &
 lat] life ) respect & comm5dation1     
especially 9 8 dome/ic relations4  ,x is
 pleas+ to review a life ( su* humble   
beg9n+s1 culm9at+ 9 opul5ce & usefulness
 l t ( ! late ,joseph ,gillott1 (       
,birm+ham2 nor is x less to "n 9        
connection !re)1 z an e>ly exp]im5t] 9  
/eel p5 mak+1 our wor?y t[nsman1        
,william ,levesley1 to ^: +5i\s         
improvem5t e writ] is s mu* indebt$1 & (

 ^: v]bal communication to me ! =ego+ is
 an imp]fect sket*4  ,n[1 9 ?is /atem5t1
 !re are "s dales giv51 b o!rs are      
omitt$1 & t is a v un=tunate            
circum/ance4  ,levesley told ! writ] ( !
 article 9 ! ,%effield ,daily ,telegraph
 t he made use ( ! fly press = work+    
tools = %ap+1 b5d+1 & slitt+ p5s4  ,if !
 writ] _h only giv5 ! date ( ?is x w\ld 
h be5 a valuable contribution t[>d a    
hi/ory ( ! inv5tion4 ,! claim (         
,levesley to hav+ inv5t$ ! process (    
gr9d+ p5s & tea*+ ,gillott seems1 to say
 ! lea/1 curi\s1 because ! latt] 0 a    
,%effield gr9d]1 & ! idea w\ld c]ta9ly  
be q z likely to occur to ,gillott z    
,levesley4  ,besides1 :y did ,levesley  
communicate ! idea to ,gillott 9        
pref]5ce to ,sk9n]1 ) :om he _h bus9ess 
relations8  ,! /atem5t t ,gillott _h    
fifty girls employ$ :5 ,levesley99 call$
 ^u him on 8 next visit to ,birm+ham    
looks l a mi/ake4  ,fifty girls w\ld    
gr9d on an av]age sev5 ?\s& gross ( p5s 
9 a week1 & z ?is correspond5ce appe>s  

to ref] to ! e>ly "p ( ,gillott's c>e]1 
x is sc>cely possible t su* a numb] (   
p5s 7 produc$ weekly at t p]iod4        
,besides1 z a matt] ( fact1 boys 71 9 ! 
fir/ in/ance1 employ$ to gr9d p5s4  99  
,mr4 ,sam3 ,timm9s says1 t ,levesley    
told him t ,gillott />t$ 9 ,birm+ham z a
 jobb+ cutl]2 t ,mit*ell _h ! secret (  
p5 mak+2 t ,mit*ell s5t = ,gillott to   
come to ,birm+ham1 & t he 7,j4,g47 fir/ 
liv$ at ! top ( ,wat] ,/reet2 t ,gillott
 began to make p5s 9 ,bread ,/reet2 t   
,p]ry made p5s f flatt5$ /eel wire1 !   
bread? ( ! p5 7! /eel 0 #cs4 #f;d4 p]   
lb41 & drawn at ,old ,=d72 t he _h se5  
cross gr9d+ 7at ,gillott's7 9 ,ne:all   
,/reet1 & fifty wom5 at "w2 & t p5s _h  
d\ble slits & cut holes4  ,levesley     
c]ta9ly knew all ! ,gillott family1     
p]sonally1 9 ,%effield1 & he 7,s4 ,t47  
_h a long int]view ) him %ortly be=e 8  
dea?1 :5 he m5tion$ all ! facts giv5 "h4
  ,h]r ,ignaz ,nagel1 9 8 ,report on    
,writ+1 ,draw+1 & ,pa9t]s' ,requisites1 
at ! ,vi5na ,exhibition1 #ahgc1 says3   

,f c>eful inquiries t we made 9         
,birm+ham1 we le>n$ t a knife cutl]1 (  
,%effield1 0 ! fir/ man :o _h ! idea (  
mak+ p5s ( /eel1 & t a t9man ( ! "n (   
,skipp] ,sk9n]1 ( ,%effield1 aft]w>ds   
manufactur$ ! p5s 9 great quantities4   
,8 son develop$ ! idea /ill fur!r4      
,?is1 accord+ to our in=mant1 0 fifty   
ye>s ago4  ,a /eel p5 artisan1 work+ 9  
,birm+ham1 rememb]s p]fectly well read+ 
! ann\ncem5t 9 a w9d[ ( ! ,high ,/reet1 
9 ,%effield1 #ahaf3 ',/eel p5s are      
repair$ "h at sixp5ce apiece4' ,!re 0 a 
man nam$ ,spittle1 9 ,birm+ham1 :o us$  
to make /eel p5s by h&4  ,he 0 succe$$  
by ! bro!rs ,john & ,william ,mit*ell1  
:o 7 manufactur]s ( /eel p5s1 :olesale &
 by ma*9]y1 ab\t =ty- five ye>s ago4    
,p]ry came aft]w>ds1 & took out a pat5t 
= ! fir/ /eel p5s1 & aft] him ,gillott1 
:o _h le>nt ! bus9ess ) ! ,mit*ells4  ,a
 writ] 9 ,h]b]t's ,encyclopo$ia publi%$ 
9 #ahcg1 says  ,! fir/ decid$ attempt to
 introduce metallic p5s to g5]al use 0  
made by ,mr4 ,wise1 ^: p]petual p5s w   

d\btless be rememb]$ by _m ( our read]s4
  ,! "n ( ,wise 0 r5d]$ conspicu\s 9 mo/
 ( our /ation]s' %ops "s tw5ty-five or  
?irty ye>s s9ce1 z ! orig9al inv5tor &  
g5]al manufactur] ( ! /eel p5s4  ,we    
/at$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is article t ( ?ree 
m5-- ,mit*ell1 ,gillott1 & ,mason--:o   
might h done some?+ t[>d fix+ ! date ( !
 inv5tion ( manufactur+ p5s by !        
adaptation ( tools work$ by ! screw     
press1 only "o--,mason--made a /atem5t3 
,! fir/ mak+ ( /eel p5s t ,i "k ( 0 ab\t
 ! ye> #aghj1 by my late fri5d ,mr4     
,h>rison1 = ,dr4 ,prie/ley4  ,he took   
%eet /eel1 made a tube ( x1 & ! "p jo9$ 
=m$ ! slit ( ! p54  ,he !n fil$ away !  
b>rel & =m$ ! p54  ,i f\nd "s ( !       
id5tical p5s among/ o!r articles & us$  
!m = a long "t4  ,! second mode ( mak+  
p5s 0 by pun*+ a r\gh blank out ( ?9    
%eet /eel4  ,?is blank =m$ ! well-kn[n  
b>rel p54  ,x 0 br\ght into ! b>rel %ape
 by r\nd+1 b be=e r\nd+ x _h to be fil$ 
into a bett] =m ab\t ! nib1 & :5 r\nd$ 9
 ! s(t /ate1 a %>p *isel 0 us$ to m>k ! 

inside ( ! p5 :i* became ! slit1 aft]   
h>d5+4  ,be=e temp]+1 ?is m>k 0 'tabb]$'
 ) a small hamm]1 & x w\ld crack :]e !  
inside m>k 0 made4  ,!n x 0 temp]$ &    
und]w5t gr9d+1 & %ap+ ! nib until a po9t
 suitable = f9e or broad1 z requir$4  ,i
 made b>rel p5s 9 #ahbh1 & 'slip' p5s = 
,p]ry 9 #ahbi1 & ! fir/ lot ( #ajj at "o
 "t 0 s5t ,novemb] #bj1 #ahcj4          
,frequ5tly1 lots ( #bj or #cj gross 7   
s5t betwe5 #ahbi & #ahcj1 & 9 #ahca ,i  
s5t p5s to ,p]ry am\nt+ to ,l4#adba1    
#as4 #c;d4  ,p]ry c]ta9ly nev] made a p5
 z !y are n[ made1 viz41 ! slit cut )   
press tools2 all he made 7 crack$ slit4 
,i made /eel b>rel p5s "s "t be=e ,i    
made 'slip' p5s = ,p]ry4  ,x is d\btful 
:5 metal p5s 7 made4  ,! fir/ ,i "k ( 7 
made by ,mr4 ,h>rison1 = ,dr4 ,prie/ley4
  ,p]ry 0 c]ta9ly n ! fir/ mak] ( /eel  
p5s1 b ,i h no d\bt t he 0 ! fir/ /eel  
slip p5 mak]1 & no d\bt ! fir/ to use a 
goose quill = a p5 hold]1 h5ce ! slip   
p54  ,! fir/ /ick p5 hold]s ,i made =   
,p]ry 9 #ahcb1 & = ,gillott 9 #ahce1 &  

sold /icks to ,gillott 9 #ahdj--,l4#bic 
#ahs4 #g;d4  ,mason claim$ to h made    
b>rel p5s = ,p]ry1 ( ,london1 9 #ahbh1 &
 slip or nibb$ p5s 9 #ahbi2 b he does n 
appe> to h made any claim to priority ( 
inv5tion ov] ,mit*ell & ,gillott4  ,n[1 
al?\gh ,mit*ell made no claim himself1  
on ! dea? ( ,mr4 ,gillott ! foll[+ lett]
 appe>$ 9 ! ,daily ,po/3  ,! rem>ks :i* 
h appe>$ 9 a local pap] ^u ! dea? ( ,mr4
 ,j4 ,gillott1 t ! /eel p5 owes its     
exi/5ce to him1 & t ! adaptation (      
ma*9]y to ! manufacture ( metallic p5s 0
 8 inv5tion1 lead ! public to wrong     
conclusions4  ,x is due to ! memory ( my
 late fa!r--,john ,mit*ell--t ,i %\ld   
/ate t he n only made /eel p5s1 b us$   
ma*9]y 9 _! production1 = "s "t be=e    
,mr4 ,gillott comm5c$ 9 t bran* (       
bus9ess4 --,,h5ry ,,mit*ell1 ,janu>y    
#ab1 #ahgb4  ,9 ,octob]1 #ahgf1 ,mr4    
,h5ry ,mit*ell writes to ,aris's        
,gazette1 & says3  ,y review1 9 y\r     
impression ( ! #bc;d in/41 a "w entitl$ 
',briti% ,manufactur+ ,indu/ries--!     

,birm+ham ,trades1' 9 :i* ! hi/ory (    
/eel p5s =ms a prom95t *apt]4  ,i beg to
 po9t out t my late fa!r's "n--,john    
,mit*ell--is c]ta9ly m5tion$ 9 a li/ ( !
 manufactur]s ( ! article1 &1 to my     
great surprise1 simply s4  ,9 a "p ( !  
"w ! au?or /ates t ',! e>ly hi/ory (    
/eel p5s is involv$ 9 obscurity4'  ,my  
object 9 writ+ to y is to remove t      
obscurity1 z ,i am satisfi$ y w be      
equally desir\s ( giv+ honor to :om     
honor is due4  ,i claim t honor = my    
late fa!r--,john ,mit*ell--:o 0 ! fir/  
to introduce ! mak+ ( /eel p5s by means 
( tools1 :i* 7 purely 8 own inv5tion1 & 
,i w leave x to an enlight5$ public to  
judge if x is n "o ( ! greate/ b5efits  
conf]r$ on any civiliz$ community4      
,:atev] o!rs may h done does n remove ! 
fact t ! inv5tor ,i h nam$ 0 my fa!r2 & 
x is only due to him t po/]ity %\ld "k  
:o orig9at$ ! means :]eby millions (    
human be+s ( ! pres5t "t1 & g5]ations   
yet unborn are1 & w be1 enabl$ to       
communicate _! ?\ghts to ea* o!r ) a    

facility !y o!rwise w\ld n h _h4  ,=1   
unless ! /eel p5 _h be5 manufactur$ by  
tools & ma*9]y1 t useful article w\ld   
virtually be at a prohibitory price4  ,!
 date ( ! inv5tion ,i believe to be     
#ahbb or !reab\ts4  ,?is is v emphatic2 
b h[ f> may x be tak5 z an unprejudic$  
/atem5t ( facts8 ,well1 x has nev] be5  
contradict$2 & ,gillott nev] made a     
claim on 8 own behalf1 z hav+ made p5s  
be=e ,mit*ell4  ,mason gave ! ye> #ahbh 
z ! date :5 he comm5c$ mak+ p5s1 s t !  
evid5ce is 9 favor ( ,mit*ell4  ,we h   
he>d ?is /atem5t ( ,h5ry ,mit*ell       
confirm$ by a man :o work$ = ,mit*ell1 z
 a boy1 & :o rememb]$ p5s be+ made =    
,%eldon by ,mit*ell4  ,x is probable at 
?is e>ly p]iod ! p5s 7 made = a few     
deal]s1 & ! g5]al public 0 unacqua9t$ ) 
! names ( ! manufactur]s4  ,?is         
circum/ance has no d\bt contribut$ to   
involve 9  obscurity ! e>ly op]ations ( 
,mit*ell & ,gillott4  ,9 a notice 9     
,l>dn]'s ,cyclopo$ia 7writt5 by ,mr4    
,john ,holl&1 ( ,%effield71 publi%$ 9   

#ahcc1 ! names ( ?ree p5mak]s only are  
giv5--,p]ry1 ,heeley1 & ,sk9n]4  ,f ?is 
x might be suppos$ t !re 7 no o!r       
p5mak]s at ?is date2 b ,gillott _h tak5 
out a pat5t 9 #ahca1 & ! names ( bo?    
,mit*ell & ,gillott appe>$ z p5mak]s 9  
,wrightson's ,birm+ham ,directory =     
#ahcj4  ,x _c be suppos$ t ,mr4 ,holl&  
wilfully omitt$ to m5tion ! names (     
,mit*ell & ,gillott1 = ?is writ] 0 an   
imp>tial & pa9/ak+ collector ( facts1 b 
x is probable ! notice 0 writt5 "s "t   
be=e x 0 publi%$2 &1 l _m little ma/]s1 
,mit*ell & ,gillot 7 only kn[n z p5mak]s
 to ! :olesale deal]s 9 ,birm+ham1 ^u   
:om !y dep5d$ = ord]s1 consequ5tly ,mr4 
,holl& w\ld be ignorant ( _! exi/5ce4   
,9 speak+ ( ! dem& = /eel p5s1 ! writ] 9
 ,l>dn]'s says3 ,! rage orig9at$ *iefly1
 if n altoge!r1 9 ! successful          
speculations ( ,mr4 ,james ,p]ry1 (     
,london1 ^: p5s1 h[ev] %ort _! m]its may
 fall ( ! praise ( ! inv5tor1 are       
c]ta9ly sup]ior to mo/ o!rs compos$ ( a 
l mat]ial4  ,p]ry began to make /eel    

p5s1 9 ,man*e/]1 9 #ahai1 & 9 ,london 9 
#ahbd4  ,! press & tools ) :i* ^! p5s 7 
made are /ill 9 ! possession ( ,p]ry &  
,co41 at _! w>eh\se 9 ! ,holburn        
,viaduct4  ,?is fact t5ds to confirm !  
/atem5t t ,mr4 ,james ,p]ry 0 "o ( !    
e>lie/ exp]im5t]s 9 ! manufacture ( !   
article4  ,levesley says he b\ght "o (  
,p]ry's p5s1 :i* he saw 9 a %op w9d[ 9  
,%effield1 9 #ahbe1 & he took x to 8    
work%op & improv$ ^u x4 ,?is is some:at 
simil> to ! acc\nt giv5 by ,mason ( 8   
fir/ exp]im5t 9 p5 mak+4  ,mason saw a  
p5 ( ,p]ry's 9 ! w9d[ ( a booksell] nam$
 ,pe>t1 9 ,bull ,/reet1 ,birm+ham1 9    
#ahbh1 :i* he pur*as$ & took home4      
,f9d+ he c\ld produce a bett] article1  
:i* c\ld be sold at a *eap] rate1 he    
made "s & s5t !m to ,mr4 ,james ,p]ry1  
91 ,london1 & t g5tleman %ortly aft]    
wait$ ^u ,josiah ,mason1 at 8 place (   
bus9ess 9 ,lanca/] ,/reet1 & ! int]view 
result$ 9 ,mason beg9n+ to make p5s =   
,p]ry4  ,x w be rememb]$ t ! writ] 9 !  
,%effield ,daily ,telegraph /at$ t !    

e>lie/ exp]im5t] 9 =m & mat]ial 0 ,p]ry4
  ,leav+ ! honor ( hav+ orig9at$ !      
application ( labor-sav+ ma*9]y = !     
manufacture ( /eel p5s to ,mit*ell1 x   
w\ld appe> t ! m]it ( hav+ popul>iz$ !  
article is due to ,p]ry4  ,9 #ahcj1 ,mr4
 ,james ,p]ry issu$ a circul> conta9+ a 
s]ies ( engrav+s ( metallic p5s1 %[+ !  
improvem5ts he _h pat5t$ 9 _!           
manufacture4  ,9 ?is circul> x is /at$3 
,till ab\t six mon?s ago ! public _h    
he>d little ( metallic p5s4  ,at pres5t1
 x w\ld seem t comp>atively few ( any   
o!r k9d are 9 ! h&s ( any class ( !     
community4  ,?is sudd5 transition may   
cle>ly be trac$ to ! ann\ncem5t ( !     
,pat5t ,p]ryian ,p5s 9 v>i\s p]iodicals1
 ab\t six mon?s ago1 & to ! g5]al dem&  
:i* ensu$ = t p5 9 e "p ( ! empire1     
,al?\gh ?is might be reg>d$ z an ex-p>te
 /atem5t1 x is confirm$ by indep5d5t    
te/imony t ,p]ry popul>iz$ ! article4 ,!
 ,saturday ,magaz9e1 #ahch1 says3  ,ab\t
 twelve ye>s ago 7#ahbe71 ! celebrat$   
,p]ryian p5s fir/ appe>$4  ,mr4 ,p]ry   

may be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( a great       
improv]2 _m ( 8 p5s are +5i\s & orig9al 
9 con/ruction4  ,he arranges 8 p5s into 
g5]a & species4  ,mr4 ,p]ry fir/ ov]came
 ! rigidity compla9$ ( 9 /eel p5s by    
introduc+ ap]tures betwe5 ! %\ld] & po9t
 ( ! p51 ?us transf]r+ ! ela/icity ( !  
p5 to a position bel[ in/ead ( above !  
%\ld]4  ,?is 0 ! subject ( 8 pat5t 9    
#ahcj4  ,mr4 ,sam3 ,timm9s1 9 #ahff1    
writes3  ,no skill 9 manufacture1 h[ev]1
 c\ld conqu] ! prejudice aga9/ any      
metallic p51 & to ,mr4 ,james ,p]ry ! _w
 is mu* indebt$ = p]sev]+ advocacy ( !  
/eel p51 & = "o ( ! mo/ important       
improvem5ts 9 its =m4  ,mr4 ,p]ry1 ) 8  
*>act]i/ic en]gy1 almo/ =c$ ! /eel p5   
into use1 & 0 suppli$ ) p5s ( a         
fir/-class quality by ,mr4 ,josiah      
,mason1 ( ?is t[n4  ,fur!rmore1 x is    
c]ta9 t ab\t ?is "t1 /eel p5s began     
rapidly to sup]s$e ! use ( quills199 & !
 trade 0 recogniz$ z a ris+ indu/ry4  ,x
 is true t x /ill reta9$ ! secretive "* 
) :i* its op]ations 7 conduct$ 9 its    

e>li] days1 :i* inde$ 9 "s respects     
di/+ui% x at ! pres5t "t4  ,its activity
 or dullness seldom tr\bles ! writ]s ( !
 ,trade ,reports 9 ! local press1 al?\gh
 !y sometimes in=m _! read]s ab\t good  
ord]s hav+ be5 plac$ = m\setraps1 /ove  
screws1 snuff] trays1 c&le ext+ui%]s1 & 
sad irons4  99,9 a humor\s article1 ,!  
,web-foot$ ,int]e/s1 :i* appe>$ 9       
,tait's ,ed9burgh ,magaz9e1 vol4 iii41  
page #bhj 7#ahcc71 !re is a petition to 
! ,h\se ( ,commons1 f ,g&]s1 ,geese     
,gosl+s1 sett+ =? ! evils likely to     
ensue f ! use ( metallic p5s4 ,x        
progno/icates depression 9 agriculture &
 manufactures consequ5t ^u a dim9ution 9
 ! am\nt ( gra9 consum$1 & a fall+ (f 9 
! dem& = p5knives2 & draws an al>m+     
picture ( ! possible failure ( ! supply 
( iron w>e1 & ! total ext9ction (       
lit]ature1 likely to ensue ?r\gh a      
/oppage 9 ! supply ( /eel p5s1--!       
web-foot$ int]e/ be+ suppos$ to h ceas$ 
to exi/4 ,! petition concludes ) a pray]
 t ! manufacture ( metallic p5s be      

prohibit$4  ,to ! writ]s ( ! pres5t     
g5]ation1 :o c pur*ase fairly-good p5s  
at "o %ill+ or "o %ill+ & sixp5ce p]    
gross1 x seems h>d to realize t p once  
gave "o %ill+ ea* = sub/itutes = quills4
  ,x is true t quills c\ld !n be b\ght =
 a halfp5ny & p5ny ea*1 b h[ difficult x
 0 to acquire ! art ( successfully      
manipulat+ ! same into a p5 ! foll[+    
anecdote f ,edw>ds' ,life ( ,r[l& ,hill 
w te/ify3  ,mrs4 ,s9k9son1 ( ,jamaica   
,r[1 ,birm+ham1 tells me %e w5t to a    
s*ool 9 ,hur/ ,/reet1 & t %e rememb]$ t 
old ,mr4 ,hill came "o day a week to    
tea* ari?metic1 & ,r[l& ,sir ,r[l& ,hill
 on ano!r to tea* writ+4  ,9 ^? days !re
 7 no /eel p5s1 & ,r[l& c\ldn't m5d a   
p51 s t :5ev] he came he 0 accompani$ by
 8 bro!r1 ,mat!w ,dav5port1 ^: (fice x 0
 to m5d ! p5s us$ by ! pupils ! prec$+  
week4  ,sir ,josiah ,mason us$ to relate
 a simil> circum/ance 9 8 own life1 :5  
at ,kidd]m9/]1 t he accompani$ 8 bro!r  
,ri*>d1 :o 0 a ,sunday-s*ool tea*]1 to  
m5d ! p5s4  ,comp>+ ! crude specim5s (  

e>ly /eel p5s ) ! f9i%$ productions ( ! 
pres5t day1 we may be incl9$ to ?9k t "s
 praise 0 due to ! p :o p]sev]$ 9 ! use 
( !m2 b t ! pur*as]s ( ^! e>ly          
productions did appreciate !m we h !    
te/imony ( ,mr4 ,rob]t ,griff91 :o says 
t he wrote = eight weeks1 eight h\rs a  
day1 ) a p5 made by ,p]ry1 9 #ahbd4 ,n[1
 ! old scribes1 z ! law /ation]s' writ]s
 7 call$1 7 g5]ally all[$ "o quill a    
day1 & z ! "w ( ! day usually wore out !
 longe/ quill1 a consid]able am\nt ( "t 
mu/ h be5 occupi$ 9 ! r5ovation ( !     
article499 ,?is w\ld be a s]i\s         
inconv5i5ce to ^? :o c\ld manufacture a 
quill into a p51 b z ?is 0 by no means  
an univ]sal accompli%m5t1 we c =m an    
idea h[ ev5 ^! clumsy sub/itutes f\nd   
pur*as]s at su* high prices4  99,! writ]
 recollects ! t$i\s wait+ = ! pati5t    
u%]1 :o f desk to desk ) 8 p5knife1 m5d+
 p5s1 & pay+ v little att5tion to any?+ 
else2 also ! wond] felt & express$ at ! 
fir/ sight ( /eel nibs1 & h[ !y dug into
 ! pap]4   ,tom ,hood1 9 8 ,:ims &      

,oddities1 gives "s idea ( ! pre-/eel-p5
 era3   ,9 times begone1 :5 ea* man cut 
8 quill1      ,) little ,p]ryian skill2 
,:at horrid1 awkw>d1 bungl+ tools (     
trade  ,appe>$ ! writ+ in/rum5ts1 home  
made6  ,:at p5s 7 slic$1 hew$1 hack$1 & 
haggl$ out1  ,slit or unslit1 ) _m a    
v>i\s sn\t1  ,aquil9e1 ,roman1 crook$1  
squ>e1 & snubby1      ,humpy & /ubby2   
,"s capable ( ladye-billets neat1  ,"s  
only fit = l$g]-keep+ cl]k1  ,& "s to   
grub d[n1 ,pet] ,/ubbs1 8 m>k1  ,or     
smudge ?r\gh "s illegible receipt1      
,o!rs 9 florid caligraphic plans1       
,equal to %ips1 & wiggy heads1 & swans6 
,to try 9 any common ink/&s !n1  ,) all 
_! miscellane\s /ocks1      ,to f9d a   
dec5t p51  ,0 l a dip into a lucky-box2 
,y drew1 & got "o v curly1  ,& split l  
endive 9 "s hurly-burly2  ,! next       
unslit1 a squ>e at end1 a spade2  ,!    
?ird1 incipi5t pop-gun1 n yet made2  ,! 
f\r? a broom2 ! fif? ( no avail1  ,turn$
 upw>ds1 l a rabbit's tail2  ,& la/1 n  
lea/1 by way ( a relief1  ,a /ump t     

,ma/] ,ri*>d1 ,james1 or ,john  ,_h tri$
 8 c&le cook]y ^u1      ,mak+ 'roa/     
beef6'  ,^! e>ly p5s 7 at fir/ made f a 
piece ( /eel =m$ into a tube1 & fil$    
into ! %ape ( a p5 by h&1 ! jo9t ( ! two
 edges =m+ ! slit4  ,aft]w>d a blank 0  
r\ghly pun*$ out1 fil$ into %ape1 & !   
slit m>k$ out ) a *isel :ile ! blank 0 9
 a s(t /ate4  ,x 0 !n %ap$1 h>d5$1      
temp]$1 gr\nd1 & ! slit crack$ ?r\gh by 
means ( a hamm] & tool at ! place :]e ! 
m>k _h be5 made4  ,! engrav+s ( ! p5s by
 ,edw>ds1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,wrightson's     
,directory1 #ahbc1 seem to indicate t ! 
pi]c+1 side cutt+ & slitt+ 7 execut$ by 
me*anical appliances4  ,possibly1       
,edw>ds 0 n a manufactur] himself1 b _h 
8 p5s made = him by ,mit*ell4  ,9 !     
pre-/eel-p5 era !re 7 _m attempts made  
to sup]s$e quills4  ,9 ,pev]il ( !      
,peak1 ,mi/ress ,*iff9* speaks ( h]     
diamond p54  ,!re 0 a p5 ! nibs ( :i* 7 
( ruby1 set 9 gold1 made by ,d\ghty4    
,dr4 ,wolla/on made gold p5s tipp$ )1   
rhodium4  ,dur+ ! "t ! e>ly mak]s ( /eel

 p5s 7 p]fect+ ! article1 sev]al        
exp]im5t]s 7 (f]+ to ! public writ+     
in/rum5ts made f v>i\s mat]ials4        
,bramah pat5t$ quill nibs1 made by      
splitt+ quills & cutt+ ! semi-cyl9d]s   
into sections1 :i* 7 %ap$ into p5s1 &   
adapt$ to be plac$ 9 a hold]4  ,hawk9s &
 ,mordan1 9 #ahbc1 made use ( horn &    
tortoise- %ell1 :i* 0 cut into nibs1    
s(t5$ 9 wat]1 & small pieces ( ruby &   
o!r preci\s /ones 7 !n emb$d$ 9 by      
pressure4 ,9 ?is way !y insur$          
durability & great ela/icity4  ,9 ord]  
to give /ability to ! nib ?9 pieces (   
gold or o!r metal 7 affix$ to !         
tortoise-%ell4  ,look+ back at ! e>ly   
op]ations ( ! trade1 & consid]+ t /eel  
p5s 7 made by h& at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t 
c5tury1 we c sc>cely und]/& :y ! idea ( 
*eap5+ ! production by ! application (  
labor-sav+ contrivances did n occur to  
^? inv5tive g5iuses1 ! proprietors (    
,soho4  ,b\lton _h exp5d$ "s "t 9       
p]fect+ ! manufacture ( /eel buttons4 ,t
 local ,admirable ,cri*ton1 ,humphrey   

,jeff]ies1 does n appe> to h ev] direct$
 8 att5tion to ! manufacture ( ?is      
article1 :i* has n[ become a prime      
necessity ( civilization4  ,yet we he> (
 8 success 9 ! improvem5t ( buttons1 &  
button-mak]s mu/ h us$ ! screw press &  
tools = cutt+ out ! blank & %ap+ x into 
=m2 & ! process ( slitt+ _h be5         
anticipat$1 = pr9t]s _h a brass         
rule-cutt+ ma*9e 9 use1 ! cutt]s ( :i*  
bore a /rong resemblance to ^? n[ us$ = 
slitt+ /eel p5s4  ,l mo/ ( ! pione]s 9 !
 pa? ( inv5tion1 ! majority ( ! e>ly    
mak]s ( p5s 7 m5 ^: bus9ess pursuits    
gave !m no special facilities = ent]+ ^u
 ! manufacture ( /eel p5s4  ,! progress 
( ! trade f #ahbi 7) ! exception ( !    
p]iod :5 ,p]ry & ,gillott fir/ comm5c$  
adv]tis+7 _h be5 gradual1 b             
satisfactory4  ,9 "o ( ,gillott's e>ly  
adv]tisem5ts1 he /at$ t he made #dij1cfa
 gross 9 #ahdb1 & #gcj1jca 9 #ahdc4     
,?is 0 an advance by leaps & b\nds :i*  
has n s9ce be5 ma9ta9$4  ,al?\gh ,mason 
comm5c$ mak+ p5s = ,p]ry 9 ! ye> #ahbh1 

yet x 0 n till #ahfa t 8 "n became kn[n 
9 ,engl& z a /eel-p5 mak]4  ,_m m]*ants 
9 ,birm+ham & ,wolv]hampton1 :o pur*as$ 
/eel r+s f him1 _h no idea t he 0 a mak]
 ( p5s2 yet on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe p5s 
be>+ 8 "n 7 eag]ly s\ght aft]4          
,subsequ5t to #ahfa he 0 associat$ )    
,p]ry1 until1 9 #ahgf1 ! trade-m>ks1    
pat5ts1 etc41 7 pur*as$ by a limit$     
liability company1 :o n[1 "u ! "n (     
,p]ry  ,co41 h become ! l>ge/           
manufactur]s ( p5s 9 ! _w4  ,at ! pres5t
 "t 7#ahhi7 !re are ?irte5 firms engag$ 
9 ! trade 9 ,birm+ham1 & !y make up ab\t
 tw5ty-f\r tons ( /eel p] week into p5s 
& p5hold] tips4  ,mak+ due all[ance = ! 
mat]ial us$ 9 ! latt] article1 ?is      
consumption w\ld probably repres5t a    
weekly av]age production ( #bjj1jjj     
grosses ( p5s4  ,! ,birm+ham p5mak]s    
employ ab\t #c1ejj wom5 & girls1 & #fej 
m5 & boys2 & besides ^! ! numb] ( wom5 &
 girls work+ at mak+ pap] boxes1 9 :i* !
 p5s are pack$1 w\ld probably exce$     
#cjj4  ,9 addition to ?is !re are sev]al

 mills :]e /eel is roll$ = ^? firms :o h
 n suffici5t p[] on _! own premises1 b  
!re is a difficulty 9 /at+ ! numb] ( h&s
 employ$4  ,! wages ( ! females range f 
f\r %ill+s to fifte5 %ill+s2 ^? ( ! boys
 f five %ill+s to t5 %ill+s4 ,! unskill$
 workm5 e>n f twelve %ill+s to tw5ty-f\r
 %ill+s2 & skill$ m51 or toolmak]s1     
comm& wages v>y+ f tw5ty-five %ill+s to 
?ree p\nds4  ,mo/ ( ! females "w ^u !   
piece-"w sy/em1 b ! m5 are paid weekly  
wages4  ,9 #ahce1 ^u ! au?ority ( a     
writ] 9 ! ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 two tons 
two hundr$ weight ( /eel 7 us$ weekly 9 
! manufacture ( p5s4  ,mr4 ,sam3 ,timm9s
 made an approximate e/imate t six & a  
half tons ( /eel 7 us$ p] week = /eel   
p5s 9 #ahdi1 & aga91 9 #ahhf1 he gives !
 am\nt ( /eel z hav+ increas$ to t5     
tons4  ,x is at all times difficult to  
=m an accurate e/imate ( ! quantity (   
mat]ial us$1 b we believe we are )9 !   
m>k 9 putt+ d[n ! pres5t consumption (  
/eel at tw5ty-two tons weekly4  ,f ?is x
 w\ld appe> t ! trade has d\bl$ its     

production dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4       
,besides ^! ,birm+ham h\ses !re are "s  
f\r or five manufactories on ! ,cont95t1
 & two 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b _!          
productions h n increas$ 9 ! same ratio 
z t ( _! ,engli% rivals4  ,dur+ ! la/   
tw5ty ye>s a great improvem5t has tak5  
place 9 ! /yle ( boxes & labels 9 :i* ! 
p5s are pack$4  ,=m]ly 7) ! exception ( 
! goods issu$ by ,gillott & ,somm]ville7
 mo/ ( ! p5s 7 sold 9 boxes ( ! pla9e/  
description2 n[ ! cov]s or labels are   
pr9t$ 9 a numb] ( colors f elaborate    
designs1 by fir/-class arti/s1 & 9 "s   
cases ! boxes are ornam5t$ )            
well-execut$ portraits ( royal1         
political1 lit]>y1 or arti/ic           
celebrities4  ,!re are _m peculi>ities  
connect$ ) ! public ta/e z manife/$ 9 ! 
dem& = p5s4  ,! ,g]mans use a great]    
v>iety ( patt]ns ?an any o!r nation4  ,!
 ,engli% ta/e is m re/rict$1 & is       
g5]ally conf9$ to articles ( ! pla9]    
%apes4  ,autocratic ,russia & democratic
 ,am]ica make use ( ! fewe/ patt]ns4    

,by a regulation ( ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t1
 p5s 9 boxes1 be>+ portraits ( !        
,russian royal family are prev5t$ f     
ent]+ ! c\ntry1 & 9 ,am]ica public ta/e 
does n favor a dem& = portrait boxes4   
,by a law :i* came into op]ation ! #a/ (
 ,janu>y1 #ahhf1 no p5s c be import$    
into ,russia be>+ ! "n ( a ,russian     
firm4  ,! probable purpose ( ?is law 0  
to enc\rage ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,russian   
manufactory4  ,at pres5t !re are no p5  
works 9 ,russia4  ,an attempt 0 made 9  
,mosc[1 9 #ahgf-h1 to manufacture /eel  
p5s1 b ! exp]im5t prov$ a failure4  ,!  
,g]mans & ,fr5* are ! l>ge/ buy]s (     
fir/-class p5s1 b ! ,italians are cont5t
 ) articles ( ! commone/ "*4  ,! *ief   
dem& = ?ree-po9t$ p5s comes f ,spa94 ,at
 pres5t ! dem& = /eel p5s is *iefly     
conf9$ to ,european nations & _!        
desc5dants4  ,! great ,asiatic nations  
/ill write ) p5s made f re$s1 or        
camel-hair p5cils4  ,a few ( ! natives (
 ,india & ,japan1 & "s ( ! subjects ( ! 
,sultan & ,khe'dive are beg9n+ to make  

use ( /eel p5s adapt$ to ! peculi>ities 
( _! writ+4  ,f ?is x w\ld appe> t !    
possibilities ( ! progress ( ! trade 9 !
 future are v favorable2 b 9 ! meantime 
its productions are scatt]$ ov] ! globe1
 & ev5 9 "s ( ! d>ke/ corn]s ( ! e>?    
pione]s ( civilization are to be f\nd   
transcrib+ ! results ( _! exp]i5ce ) !  
aid ( t great factor ( n9ete5?-c5tury   
progress--an ,engli% ,/eel ,p54         
,,! ,,manufactur+ ,,processes           
,,( ,,/eel ,,p5s4  ,! /eel f :i* !      
great] "p ( ! metallic p5s are          
manufactur$ comes f ,%effield4  ,not)/&+
 ! _m names giv5 by ! v5d]s ( /eel p5s  
to ! mat]ial f :i* !y are manufactur$   
!re are b two sorts--good & bad--& !re=e
 ,p]uvian1 ,damascus1 ,amalgam1 & ,silv]
 ,/eel are b fancy names4  ,z a matt] ( 
fact1 :]e a numb] ( prefixes are us$ to 
describe ! quality ( an article x is    
g5]ally f\nd to h no claim to any ( !m4 
,! raw mat]ial is receiv$ f ,%effield 9 
%eets six feet 9 l5g?1 "o foot five     
in*es 9 wid?1 & #bc or #bf ,birm+ham    

wire-gauge 9 ?ickness4 ,! fir/ op]ation 
is ! cutt+ ( ^! %eets into /rips (      
conv5i5t wid?4  ,!y are !n pack$ 9 an   
oblong iron box1 plac$ ) ! op5 top      
d[nw>d 9 ano!r box ( ! same mat]ial1 & !
 int]/ices are fill$ up ) a composition 
to exclude ! air4  ,! boxes are plac$ 9 
a muffle1 :]e !y rema9 until !y h       
gradually atta9$ a dull r$ heat1 & !    
muffle is all[$ to gradually cool1 or   
else ! boxes are plac$ 9 a cool+ *amb]4 
,:5 ! boxes h be5 r$uc$ to a temp]ature 
:i* w admit ( _! be+ h&l$1 ! cont5ts    
7te*nically call$ a *>ge7 are empti$    
out4  ,n[1 x w be f\nd t ! /rips ( /eel 
are cov]$ ) bits ( small scale1 /ick+ to
 !m l a loose sk91 & if ?is 7 n remov$  
be=e ! next process--roll+--! /eel1     
in/ead ( be+ p]fectly smoo?1 w\ld be    
m>k$ ) a numb] ( ind5tations1 r5d]+ x v 
unsightly4  ,9 ord] to get rid ( ?is    
excresc5ce1 ! /rips are imm]s$ 9 a ba? (
 dilut$ sulphuric acid1 :i* loos5s !    
scale1 & are !n plac$ 9 wood b>rels to  
:i* brok5 pebbles & wat] are add$4  ,!  

b>rels are kept revolv+ until ! :ole ( !
 scaly sub/ance has be5 remov$ & ! /rips
 h assum$ a silv]-gray appe>ance4 ,!    
/eel is n[ ready = manipulation 9 !     
roll+ mill1 :]e x is pass$ betwe5       
successive pairs ( rolls until x has be5
 r$uc$ to ! requir$ gauge1 & ?is        
op]ation has to be p]=m$ ) su* nicety t 
a v>iation ( "o ?\s& "p ( an in* 9 !    
?ickness ( ! /rip w\ld make su* an      
alt]ation 9 ! flexibility ( ! p5s made f
 x z to cause consid]able               
dissatisfaction to ! pur*as]s ( !       
article4  ,! /eel on leav+ ! mill is    
convey$ to ! gaug+ room1 & x w be f\nd  
to h increas$ to ?ree times its orig9al 
l5g?1 & n[ appe>s ) a bright surface4   
,hi!rto ! op]ations h be5 conduct$ by m5
 & boys2 b n[1 9 ! c\rse ( manufacture1 
! p5s w ent] on a s]ies ( processes 9   
:i* ! quick & delicate f+]s ( wom5 &    
girls play an important "p4  ,! /rips ( 
/eel are n[ giv5 out to ! cutt]s4  ,!   
,toolmak]1 :o1 z a rule1 bo? makes &    
sets ! tools1 has plac$ 9 :at is kn[n z 

a bol/] a die1 hav+ a hole p]=at$ ?r\gh 
x ( ! exact %ape ( ! blank to be cut2 & 
atta*$ to ! bottom ( ! screw$ bolt ( !  
press is a pun*1 also be>+ ! exact %ape 
( ! blank4  ,! girl ) h] left h&        
introduces "o ( ! /rips ( /eel at ! back
 ( ! press1 &1 pull+ ! h&le t[>d h] ) ! 
"r h&1 ! screw desc5ds1 driv+ ! pun*    
into ! b$1 & 9 s do+ has p]=at$ ! /rip (
 /eel ) a scissors-l cut1 mak+ a blank  
:i* falls ?r\gh ! op5+ 9 ! die into a   
draw] bel[4  ,n[1 ) h] left h& %e pulls 
! /rip t[>d h] until x is /opp$ by a    
little projection call$ a guide2 & aga9 
! "r h& moves ! h&le1 ! screw desc5ds1 &
 ano!r blank is cut4  ,! op]ation is    
cont9u$ until ! :ole ( "o side ( ! /rip 
is p]=at$2 x is !n rev]s$ & ! o!r side  
treat$ 9 a simil> way4  ,if y 7 to hold 
up ! /rip ?us manipulat$--n[ call$      
scrap--y w\ld f9d t 9 "s p>ticul> "p !  
p]=ations approa* s ne>ly to ea* o!r z  
to =m a slight b>1 :i* breaks easily    
betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]4  ,?is is r5d]$     
necess>y f ! fact t /eel scrap is wor?  

only "o-fif? ( ! value ( ! raw mat]ial1 
&1 z "u ! mo/ favorable conditions1 !   
scrap av]ages "o-?ird ! orig9al weight  
giv5 out = cutt+1 x behooves !          
manufactur] to r$uce ! scrap z mu* z    
practicable4  ,if ^! blanks are exam9$1 
a small ,v-%ap$ ind5tation1 look+ l a   
defect1 w be f\nd ^u ! upp] edge ( t "p 
ins]t$ 9 ! hold]4  ,?is small m>k plays 
an important "p 9 ! succe$+ processes4  
,to a casual obs]v] !re does n appe> mu*
 diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sides ( ! blank2 
b1 h[ev] well ! tools are made1 t side (
 ! blank :i* is upp]mo/ 9 cutt+ out w be
 r\gh] ?an ! "u side4  ,?is m>k enables 
! op]ator to di/+ui% at a glance ! smoo?
 side1 & by always keep+ ! r\gh side    
upw>d ! burr is poli%$ (f 9 a lat]      
process4  ,! blanks are n[ ready to be  
pass$ to ! next process--m>k+4  ,?is    
op]ation is p]=m$ by a female1 ) ! aid (
 a /amp4  ,! precise m>k requir$ is cut 
^u a piece ( /eel1 &1 be+ plac$ 9 !     
hamm] ( ! /amp1 ! girl puts h] "r foot  
into a /irrup atta*$ to a rope1 :i* is  

pass$ r\nd a pulley1 &1 press+ d[nw>d1  
causes ! hamm] to asc5d4 ,tak+ a h&ful (
 blanks ) h] left h&1 by a dext]\s      
motion %e makes a little tra9 ( !m      
betwe5 ! ?umb & f+] 9 p>allel ord]1     
pres5t+ ! fir/ 9 ! mo/ ready position to
 be pass$ to ! o!r h&4  ,! "r h& is     
br\ght t[>d ! left1 &1 tak+ a blank1    
places x ) ! po9t t[>d ! work] 9 a guide
 ^u ! b$ ( ! /amp1 !n by sudd5ly lett+ !
 hamm] desc5d a bl[ is /ruck ^u ! blank1
 :i* gives an impression ( ! "n cut ^u !
 pun*4  ,! quick f+]s ( ! op]ator pass  
backw>d & =w>d ) su* rapidity t a       
skillful girl w m>k f two hundr$ to two 
hundr$ & fifty gross p] day4  ,if ! m>k 
requir$ is unusually l>ge1 ! m>k+       
process is def]r$ until aft] ! p5 has   
be5 pi]c$1 9 ord] t ! blank may be      
anneal$ 7or s(t5$71 :i* takes !         
impression m readily ?an ! h>d /eel4    
,n[1 9 ord] to make a metallic p5       
suitable = writ+ x is necess>y to       
consid] "s means ( produc+ ela/icity1 & 
also to devise "s me?od by :i* ! smoo?  

/eel %all cause ! ink to atta* itself to
 ! p54  ,?is is br\ght ab\t by ! next   
process-- pi]c+4  ,9 ?is op]ation !     
tools are ( a v delicate "*1 & z ! c5t] 
pi]ce 7! ap]ture 9 :i* ! slit t]m9ates7 
is frequ5tly ( an ornam5tal design !    
tools1 be+ small1 h to be made ) great  
precision4  ,! pi]c+ pun* & b$ hav+ be5 
fix$ 9 a screw press1 & an +5i\s        
arrangem5t ( guides fa/5$ !reto1 ! girl 
selects a blank f a tray on h] left h&1 
&1 plac+ x 9 its prop] position by ! aid
 ( ! guides1 pu%es ! fly ( ! press f h]1
 ! screw desc5ds1 driv+ ! pun* into !   
b$1 & ! op]ation ( pi]c+ is complet$4   
,! blanks are /ill mod]ately h>d1 & be=e
 !y c be made to take ! %ape ( a p5 x is
 necess>y t !y %\ld be s(t5$1 :i* is    
effect$ by ! process call$ anneal+4  ,! 
blanks hav+ be5 fre$ f ! du/ & g>base t 
has become atta*$ to !m are c>efully    
plac$ 9 r\nd iron pots1 :i* are aga9    
inclos$ 9 l>g] ones & cov]$ ov] ) *>coal
 du/ to prev5t ! entrance ( gases1 & put
 into ! muffle1 heat$ to a dull r$1 & !n

 all[$ to cool4  ,! blanks are n[ s(t & 
pliable1 readily tak+ ! v>i\s %apes into
 :i* p5s are made by ! next process1    
call$ rais+4  ,?is op]ation is p]=m$ by 
! aid ( a pun* & die fitt$ into a       
screw-press4  ,! pun* is fitt$ into a   
contrivance call$ a false nose1 fix$ 9 !
 bottom ( ! screw ( ! press2 & ! die or 
b$ is plac$ 9 a cyl9drical piece ( /eel 
7call$ a bol/]7 ) a groove cut = !      
reception ( ! die1 ! bol/] be+ fa/5$ to 
! bottom ( ! press by a screw und]nea?4 
,! pun* & die be+ fix$ s z to exactly   
fit ea* o!r1 ! toolmak] places a small  
piece ( tissue pap] betwe5 !m1 takes an 
impression1 exam9es x1 & proce$s to     
rectify any inequality 9 ! pressure1 s z
 to insure p]fection 9 ! %ape4  ,?is be+
 accompli%$1 ! toolmak] fixes f\r pieces
 ( /eel 7call$ guides7 to ! bol/] 9 su* 
positions t ! op]ator is enabl$ to slide
 ! blank into ! b$1 :]e x is held by !  
guides till ! pun* desc5ds1 =ces ! blank
 into ! b$1 & gives ! p5 its %ape4  ,!  
article is n[ n>r[] ?an x 0 9 its blank 

=m1 & ! girl pu%es x ?r\gh ! tools ) a  
small /ick held 9 ! h& ) :i* %e works ! 
press h&le1 :ile ) ! o!r h& %e places   
ano!r blank 9 its position 9 ! b$4  ,!  
p5 is n[ %ap$ or rais$1 b x is /ill s(t1
 & consequ5tly ano!r process is         
necessitat$--h>d5+4  ,?is is effect$ by 
plac+ ! p5s 9 ?9 lay]s 9 r\nd pans )    
lids4 ,!y are plac$ 9 ! muffle = a p]iod
 v>y+ f tw5ty to ?irty m9utes1 dur+ :i* 
"t !y h acquir$ a bright r$ heat4  ,!   
workman !n )draws !m & empties ! cont5ts
 into a l>ge bucket imm]s$ 9 a tank (   
oil4  ,! bucket is p]=at$ at ! bottom1 &
 be+ elevat$1 ! oil dra9s (f4  ,! p5s   
are next plac$ 9 a p]=at$ cyl9d]1 :i*1  
be+ set 9 motion1 revolves & dra9s (f ! 
rema9d] ( ! oil4  ,! p5s are /ill       
greasy1 & z brittle z glass2 & 9 ord] to
 free !m f ! grease !y are aga9 plac$ 9 
p]=at$ buckets & imm]s$ 9 a tank ( boil+
 soda wat]4  ,aft] !y are fre$ f !      
grease ! p5s are put into an iron       
cyl9d]1 :i* is kept revolv+ ov] a *>coal
 fire until !y are s(t5$ or temp]$ d[n  

to ! special degree requir$4  ,9 ?is    
process ! workman is guid$ by ! color1  
:i* indicates ! v>y+ temp]ature ( !     
metal ( :i* ! articles are made4        
,brittl5ess has giv5 place to           
pliability1 b ! p5s are black 9 color & 
scrat* at ! po9t1 & to rem$y ?is defect 
!y are subject$ to ! next               
process--sc\r+4  ,9 ord] to d ?is ! p5s 
are dipp$ 9 a ba? ( dilut$ sulphuric    
acid--call$ pickle--:i* frees ! articles
 f any extrane\s sub/ances !y may h     
acquir$ 9 ! h>d5+ & temp]+ processes4   
,?is requires to be done ) great c>e1 or
 ! acid w\ld injure ! /eel4  ,! p5s are 
!n plac$ 9 iron b>rels ) a quantity (   
wat] & small pebbly-look+ mat]ial4  ,?is
 latt] mat]ial is compos$ ( anneal+ pots
 brok5 & gr\nd f9e en\gh to pass readily
 ?r\gh a f9e riddle4  ,! b>rel be+ set 9
 motion1 ! p5s are sc\r$ = p]iods v>y+ f
 five to eight h\rs1 & are plac$ aga9 9 
b>rels ) dry pot = ab\t ! same p]iod1   
aft] :i* !y are put into o!r b>rels     
toge!r ) a quantity ( dry sawdu/4  ,on  

be+ tak5 out ( ^! b>rels ! body ( ! p5  
has acquir$ a bright silv] color1 & !   
po9t has be5 r\nd$4  ,! article has n[ !
 %ape & appe>ance ( a f9i%$ p51 & yet x 
possesses none ( its *>act]i/ics1 &1 if 
tri$1 w be f\nd to h no m action ?an a  
lead p5cil1 z x is defici5t 9 t         
important "p ( a writ+ in/rum5t--! slit4
  ,be=e be+ slit ! p5 is gr\nd betwe5 ! 
c5tre pi]ce & ! po9t4  ,?is process is  
p]=m$ by girls1 ) ! aid ( :at is call$ a
 bob or glaz]4  ,! bob is a circul>     
piece ( ald] wood ab\t t5 & a half in*es
 9 diamet] & half an in* 9 wid?4  ,r\nd 
?is a piece ( lea!r is /ret*$ & dress$ )
 em]y4  ,a sp9dle is driv5 ?r\gh !      
c5tre1 & ! two ends plac$ 9 sockets4  ,!
 bob is set 9 motion by means ( a lea!r 
b&1 & ! girl hold+ a p5 firmly1 ) a     
light t\* gr9ds (f a portion ( !        
surface4  ,?is op]ation be+ complet$1 ! 
la/ & mo/ important me*anical op]ation  
has to be p]=m$--slitt+4  ,! tools ) :i*
 ?is process is effect$ are two oblong  
pieces ( /eel ab\t an in* & a half long1

 ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 & an in* & a
 qu>t] wide4  ,^! are call$ ! cutt]s1 & 
^u ! prep>ation & sett+ ( ^! !          
successful issue ( ! process dep5ds4  ,!
 edges ( ^! cutt]s are equal 9 delicacy 
to ! cutt+ edge ( a razor1 b ! %ape is m
 sugge/ive ( a portion cut f ! ?icke/ "p
 ( a l>ge pair ( %e>s4  ,! cutt] be+    
fix$ 9 ! press1 a pair ( guides are     
screw$ on ei!r side1 & a small tool     
call$ a table1 or re/1 be+ atta*$ to !  
contrivance call$ a bol/]1 :i* holds !  
bottom cutt]1 ! op]ator takes a p51     
places x on ! table1 pu%es ! po9t up    
t[>d ! guide1 pulls ! h&le1 ! upp] cutt]
 desc5ds1 meets ! l[] "o1 & ! process ( 
slitt+ is complet$4  ,n[1 al?\gh ?is    
op]ation completes ! me*anical processes
 ( p5 mak+1 ! article is by no means    
f9i%$4  ,if y exam9e ! p5 n[ y w f9d t !
 out] edge ( ea* po9t is smoo?1 :ile !  
inside edges :i* h j be5 made by ! slit 
are %>p & scrat*4  ,to remove ?is defect
 ! op]ation ( b>rel+ has to be aga9     
resort$ to4  ,! p5s are aga9 plac$ 9 !  

iron b>rels ) p\nd$ pot1 kept revolv+ f 
five to six h\rs1 & f9ally poli%$ 9     
sawdu/4  ,! p5s are n[ ( a bright       
silv]-/eel color & p]fectly smoo?1 b z  
!y are requir$ 9 v>i\s t9ts1 !y are     
color$ & aft]w>d v>ni%$ to prev5t ru/4  
,to accompli% ! fir/ ( ^! results !     
articles are plac$ 9 a copp] or iron    
cyl9d] & kept revolv+ ov] a coke fire   
until ! requisite t9t is obta9$1 ! color
 dep5d+ ^u ! temp]ature ( ! cyl9d]4  ,if
 ! p5s are int5d$ to be lacqu]$ !y are  
plac$ 9 a solution ( %ellac dissolv$ 9  
me?ylat$ spirits4  ,! _s is dra9$ (f1 & 
! p5s are plac$ 9 wire cyl9d]s & kept   
revolv+ until ! action ( ! air dries !  
lacqu]4  ,!y are !n scatt]$ ^u iron     
trays1 ins]t$ 9 an ov51 & ! heat        
diffuses ! lacqu] equally ov] ! surface 
( ! p5s1 s t :5 !y h cool$ d[n !y h a   
glossy appe>ance1 :i* gives to !m an air
 ( f9i% & prev5ts ru/4  ,! p5 is n[     
f9i%$ z f> z manufactur+ processes are  
conc]n$1 yet be=e x c be (f]$ to !      
public x has to und]go a rigid          

exam9ation call$ look+ ov]4  ,?is is    
p]=m$ by tra9$ girls1 & :5 ! defective  
ones h be5 sort$  out ! good p5s are s5t
 to ! f9i%$ w>eh\se to be put up into   
boxes4  ,^! boxes are ( v>i\s           
descriptions1 adapt$ to suit ! m>kets = 
:i* !y are int5d$4  ,9 _m in/ances !    
labels :i* =m ! cov]s ( ! boxes are     
elaborately pr9t$ f fir/-class designs1 
& "s ( !m h highly-f9i%$ /eel engrav+s (
 royal p]sonages & celebrities 9 !      
sci5tific1 lit]>y1 musical1 & political 
_w4  ,! quantities conta9$ 9 ^! boxes   
v>y ) ! c\ntries = :i* !y are int5d$2 = 
! manufactur]s /udy ! wants ( _!        
cu/om]s1 & d n (f] articles c\nt$ 9     
doz5s to p :o reckon by t5s4  ,we h n[  
trac$ ! manufacture ( ?is little article
 f its beg9n+ z a pla9 piece ( /eel     
?r\gh all its /ages until x has develop$
 into t indisp5sable requisite ( daily  
life--a p54             ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,!
 ,,p]ryian                  ,,p5        
,,works4  ,! firm ( ,messrs4 ,p]ry      
,co41 ,london1 0 f\nd$ 9 ! ye> #ahbd by 

,mr4 ,james ,p]ry1 :o c>ri$ on bus9ess  
orig9ally 9 ,man*e/]1 !n 9 ,london4     
,mr4 ,james ,p]ry di$ 9 ! ye> #ahdc4    
,mr4 ,/eph5 ,p]ry1 :o conduct$ ! bus9ess
 aft]w>d 9 p>tn]%ip ) ,mr4 ,hayes &     
o!rs1 di$ 9 ! ye> #ahgc1 & 0 succe$$ by 
8 sons1 ,messrs4 ,joseph ,john & ,lewis 
,h5ry ,p]ry4  ,! firm ( ,p]ry  ,co4 0   
kn[n all ov] ,europe z ! h\se :i* fir/  
introduc$ to ! comm]cial _w /eel p5s ( a
 sup]ior quality1 & 9 _m c\ntries /eel  
p5s are n[ kn[n "u ! g5]al d5om9ation ( 
,p]ry p5s4  ,! fir/ p5s 7 manufactur$ by
 ,p]ry  ,co4 9 ,london1 pr9cipally f    
flatt5$ or ribbon /eel wire1 & 9 ! ye>  
#ahbh ,mr4 ,josiah1 aft]w>d ,sir        
,josiah1 ,mason1 !n a manufactur] ( /eel
 split r+s1 produc$ /eel p5s s mu*      
sup]ior to ! p5s made up to t p]iod t   
,messrs4  ,p]ry  ,co4 ent]$ into        
contracts ) him = ! sole supply ( all ! 
p5s !y might require2 ?is connection    
cont9u$ up to ! "t ( ! =mation ( ?is    
company4  ,9 ! meantime1 ,messrs4 ,p]ry 
,co4 _h also introduc$ ! sale ( ela/ic  

b&s & p5cil cases2 ! production ( !     
latt] 0 confid$ to ,mr4 ,w4,e4 ,wiley1  
:o1 9 ! ye> #ahej1 began ! manufacture  
fir/ ( gold p5s1 aft]w>d ( p5cil cases4 
,messrs4 ,p]ry  ,co4 also contract$ )   
,mr4 ,wiley = ! pur*ase ( all ! p5cil   
cases !y might dispose (1 & ?us ,mr4    
,wiley's works assum$ gigantic          
proportions4  ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,somm]ville1  
:o _h be5 connect$ ) ! /eel-p5 trade    
s9ce its infancy1 e/abli%$ ! firm ( ,a4 
,somm]ville  ,co4 9 ! ye> #ahea4 ,al?\gh
 he1 9 ! ye> #aheg1 began manufactur+   
/eel p5s 9 connection ) a p>tn]1 he     
likewise contract$ ) ,mr4 ,josiah ,mason
 = a sup]ior class ( /eel p5s1          
pr9cipally int5d$ = ! ,cont95tal m>kets1
 & _m ( :i* 7 ei!r 8 own inv5tion or    
sugge/$ by him4  ,mr4 ,somm]ville desir+
 to retire f bus9ess1 ,sir ,josiah      
,mason pur*as$ 8 trade 9 ! ye> #ahgj1 b 
cont9u$ to c>ry x on "u ! old /yle ( ,a4
 ,somm]ville  ,co4 ,^! f\r bus9esses be+
 s intimately connect$ & dep5d5t ^u ea* 
o!r1 "s g5tlem5 ( em95ce 9 ! manufactur+

 t[n ( ,birm+ham decid$1 9 conjunction )
 "s ( ! lead+ proprietors1 to e/abli% a 
limit$ company1 = ! purpose ( unit+ &   
amalgamat+ insep>ably ! v>i\s           
e/abli%m5ts1 & ?us ! company ( ,p]ry    
,co41 ,limit$1 0 =m$4  ,on ! spot =m+ ! 
pr9cipal entrance to ! works1 ,mr4      
,samuel ,h>rison1 9 ! ye> #aggh1 f\nd$ a
 manufactory 9 :i* he c>ri$ on 8        
inv5tion ( /eel split r+s2 b ,mr4       
,h>rison1 :o 0 an +5i\s me*anic1 also   
manufactur$ ma!matical in/rum5ts1 "s (  
:i* 7 us$ by ,dr4 ,prie/ley 9 8         
rese>*es1 & on "o occasion he made a    
/eel p5 = ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 probably !    
fir/ /eel p5 ev] produc$4  ,mr4 ,josiah 
,mason succe$$ to ! bus9ess ( ,mr4      
,h>rison 9 #ahbc1 & 9 #ahbh began !     
manufacture ( /eel p5s4  ,= sev]al ye>s 
he gave 8 :ole att5tion to improvem5ts 9
 ! manufacture ( /eel p5s1 & ,mr4 ,p]ry 
took out sev]al mo/ important pat5ts = !
 improvem5t ( /eel p5s1 _m ( :i* h n be5
 surpass$ 9 +5uity or 9 utility1 & !    
pr9cipal among !m1 ! s-call$ d\ble      

pat5t1 is univ]sally appli$ by ! p5     
trade to a great numb] ( p5s to ?is v   
day4  ,9 #ahdb ,mr4 ,mason's att5tion 0 
absorb$ by ! process ( electroplat+ &   
gild+1 at t "t inv5t$ & c>ri$ on by ,mr4
 ,elk+ton1 9 p>tn]%ip ) :om he f\nd$ !  
great firm ( ,elk+ton1 ,mason  ,co4 ,=  
"s ye>s ! production ( p5s flagg$1 b 9  
#aheb a nephew ( ,sir ,josiah ,mason1   
,mr4 ,isaac ,smi? 7deceas$ 9 #ahfh71    
gave a new /imulus to ! manufacture (   
p5s1 & f t "t ! production gradually    
increas$ until x assum$ its pres5t      
proportions4  ,! manufactory n[ cov]s   
ne>ly two acres2 x occupies a :ole squ>e
 & fronts f\r /reets4  ,9 ! build+      
front+ ,lanca/] ,/reet 7five /ories     
high7 ! (fices1 w>eh\ses & /or]ooms (   
f9i%$ goods are di/ribut$4  ,! und]gr\nd
 floor =ms a huge ma*9e %op1 9 :i* all !
 presses1 rolls1 & g5]al iron & ma*9e "w
 employ$ ?r\gh\t ! manufactory are      
produc$ by skillful me*anics4  ,beh9d ! 
front build+ !re are sev]al c\rty>ds &  
quadrangles1 9 ! l>ge/ ( :i* are plac$ 9

 a r[ five d\ble-flue boil]s1 ea* #bj   
feet long by #g feet diamet]1 work+ at a
 pressure ( m ?an #ee lb4 to ! squ>e    
in*1 supply+ ! /eam p[] bo? = propell+ !
 /eam eng9es & = heat+  ! manufactory4  
,9 ! roll+ mill1 measu+ #fd by #ch feet1
 ?ree d\ble-cyl9d] eng9es1 work+ up to  
#bic indicat$ horsep[]1 give motion to  
#ah pairs  ( rolls1 roll+ f\r to six    
tons ( /eel p] week4  ,! l>ge/ work%ops 
are ! slitt+  & gr9d+ rooms1 #fd by #ch 
feet1 ! latt] #bd feet high4  ,9 !      
slitt+ room #ij girls apply ! la/       
me*anical process to ! manufacture (    
/eel p5s1 9 slitt+ !m by presses ( +5i\s
 con/ruction4  ,9 ! gr9d+ room m ?an    
#afj girls are busily employ$ cross &   
/raight gr9d+ /eel p5s on wood cyl9d]s  
cov]$ ) em]y4  ,! room 9 :i* ! f9i%$ p5s
 are plac$ 9 boxes measures #ed by #cj  
feet1 & 9 x alone are employ$ #ej girls 
box+ & label+ /eel p5s1 or fitt+ p5hold]
 tips on h&les ( v>i\s mat]ials1        
pr9cipally ( c$>4  ,9 t "p ( ! build+   
hav+ a frontage on ,corporation ,/reet  

!re is a d9+ room #hf feet #f in*es long
 by #fh feet wide1 fitt$ up ) tables to 
accommodate #fjj p4  ,"h ! employees are
 s]v$ ) a w>m d9n] at prices v>y+ f     
#b;d4 to #f;d4  ,at "o end ( ! room !re 
is a /age1 :]e dramatic ent]ta9m5ts &   
conc]ts are giv5 9 ! w9t] season by !   
workpeople4  ,at ! o!r end !re is a     
libr>y1 9 a glaz$ p>tition1 conta9+ ab\t
 #b1jjj volumes ( /&>d works4  ,^! books
 are issu$ to ! h&s employ$ by ! firm   
free4  ,"o ( ! important features ( ?is 
manufactory is ! employm5t ( muffles    
heat$ by gas produc$ f ,siem5s's gas    
g5]ators4  ,^! muffles all[ ! heat to be
 regulat$ to a nicety1 & enable !       
company to c>ry on ! process ( anneal+ &
 h>d5+ to v great p]fection4  ,!        
manufacture ( /eel p5s employs 9 all    
ab\t #ijj workpeople1 ! weekly          
production is #de1jjj gross1 :i*        
quantity w %ortly be increas$ to #ej1jjj
 gross1 p] week4  ,six small] /eam      
eng9es are employ$ indep5d5tly ( ^?     
already m5tion$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! works4 

,! manufacture ( p5hold] /icks is c>ri$ 
on 9 two sep>ate build+s4  ,p5hold]     
/icks 7 produc$ by ,mr4 ,mason z f> back
 z #ahce1 b _! manufacture _h laps$2 x 0
 only resum$ eight ye>s ago1 s9ce :i*   
"t1 by new & +5i\s ma*9]y1 pr9cipally ! 
inv5tions ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,wiley1 !      
manag+ director1 x has assum$           
proportions ( great magnitude4  ,! p5cil
 case & solitaire works c>ri$ on by ,mr4
 ,wiley1 fir/ alone1 & !n 9 co-p>tn]%ip 
) 8 son 9 ,graham ,/reet1 h n[ be5      
transf]r$ to ,lanca/] ,/reet4  ,p5cil   
cases1 fir/ introduc$ by ,messrs4       
,mordan  ,lund1 9 ,london1 h und]gone   
v>i\s *anges & improvem5ts1 ! pr9cipal (
 :i* 0 a lead hold] pass+ ?r\gh ! po9t (
 ! p5cil case1 :i* 0 slit = t purpose4  
,?is inv5tion 0 pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,wiley 9 
! ye> #aheg1 & creat$ a complete        
revolution 9 ! p5cil-case trade1 z x    
enabl$ ! manufactur]s to use a ?ick] &  
long] lead1 :i* c\ld be propell$ &      
)drawn at w & w\ld la/ 9 daily use m ?an
 six mon?s4  ,?is pat5t$ me*anism 0     

introduc$ into cases made f h>d wood1   
bone & ivory1 b s9ce ! ye> #ahfh a      
composition call$ alum9ium gold1 s      
resembl+ gold t x _c be di/+ui%$ f x1 & 
resi/+ ! effects ( oxidation1           
consequ5tly free f t>ni%1 made a fur!r  
revolution 9 ! p5cil-case trade1 enabl+ 
! million to possess an elegant &       
highly-wr\ght p5cil case at a v mod]ate 
price4 ,messrs4 ,p]ry  ,co41 ( ,london1 
gave to ?is manufacture publicity 9 e "p
 ( ,europe1 & ! quantities produc$ &    
sold are incr$ible4  ,9 #ahgd a new     
pat5t 0 add$ to ! _m inv5tions = :i* ?is
 e/abli%m5t 0 fam\s4  ,its purpose 0 to 
produce a solitaire /ud made 9 two p>ts1
 s z to enable its ready application )\t
 ! tr\ble ( pass+ a button ( l>ge       
diamet] ?r\gh a small buttonhole4  ,a   
self-act+ /eel spr+ is fix$ 9 ! upp] "p 
( ! /ud1 & snaps z soon z ins]t$ into ! 
l[] "p1 :]e a slight pressure on two    
projections releases ! spr+s & p]mits ! 
sep>ation ( ! two p>ts4  ,^! solitaires 
are manufactur$ ( gold1 silv]1 & a      

v>iety ( o!r metals1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* is
 gold plate4  ,!re are n[ m ?an five    
hundr$ patt]ns 9 exi/5ce1 & ?is useful  
manufacture gr[s daily 9 ext5sion4 ,p]ry
  ,co4's pap] b9d]s1 an article n[      
univ]sally us$ = fa/5+ toge!r loose     
pap]s1 clo? patt]ns1 etc41 are produc$ 9
 inf9ite /yles & sizes1 pr9cipally by   
self-act+ ma*9]y4  ,! total numb] (     
workpeople employ$ 9 ! company's        
manufactories exce$s #a1cjj4  ,! bus9ess
 ( ,p]ry  ,co4 0 c>ri$ on = m ?an =ty   
ye>s at #cg ,r$ ,lion ,squ>e1 ,london1 b
 ! increase ( bus9ess & ! recon/ruction 
( ,london requir$ t a m c5tral position 
%\ld be f\nd = ! developm5t ( !         
comm]cial dep>tm5t ( ! company4  ,l>ge &
 h&some w>eh\ses hav+ be5 con/ruct$ on !
 ,holborn ,viaduct1 ! company transf]r$ 
_! ,london depot to a build+ five /ories
 high on ! side front+ ! ,holborn       
,viaduct & eight /ories high at ! back4 
,9 ?is imm5se w>eh\se are /or$ n only ! 
produce ( ! manufactories ( ?is company1
 b also special articles = :i* ?is firm 

has be5 fam\s = ! la/ ?irty ye>s1       
pr9cipally ! ela/ic or endless b&s1     
pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,daft & ,mr4 ,/eph5      
,p]ry1 & orig9ally introduc$ by ,p]ry   
,co4 9 conjunction ) ,mc,intosh  ,co41  
aft]w>d 9 conjunction ) ,w>ne  ,co4     
,p]ry's ,royal ,aromatic ,b&s are n[ an 
indisp5sable article1 & may be procur$ 9
 e city ( ! _w4  ,e fancy article       
requir$ by /ation]s c be f\nd 9 ^! va/  
/ores4  ,an illu/rat$ price curr5t :i*  
appe>s mon?ly1 & :i* numb]s m ?an #abj  
pages1 gives fair idea ( ! v>iety (     
articles ( :i* samples & /ock c be f\nd 
ready = daily deliv]y4  ,! increase (   
bus9ess has be5 s rapid t ! company f\nd
 x necess>y to lease ! adjo9+ premises1 
:i* is /or$ ) "s ( ! two ?\s& articles  
=m+ ! /aple trade ( ! ,london depot1 & !
 pr9cipal ( :i* are ! foll[+3 ,am]ican  
,lett] ,files1 ,clips 7n[ manufactur$ 9 
,lanca/] ,/reet71 ,m>k+ & o!r ,inks1    
,aromatic ,b&s1 ,audascript ,p5s1       
,bo/onite ,goods1 ,cig> ,light]s1 ,copy+
 ,ink & ,copy+ ,ink ,p[d]1 ,copy+ ,ink  

,p5cils1 ,copy+ ,presses1 ,corrugat$    
,imp]ial ,b&s1 ,ess5ce ( ,ink1 ,grease  
,extractors1 ,india ,rubb] = ,eras+1    
,ink & ,p5cil ,eras]s1 ,ink ,extractors1
 ,pat5t & o!r ,ink/&s 9 e v>iety1 ,key  
,r+s1 ,lett] ,clips1 ,lett] ,files1     
,metallic ,books1 ,pap] ,b9d]s1 ,p5cil  
,po9t ,protectors1 ,p5cils & ,p5cil     
,cases1 ,p5hold]s1 ,p5 ,knives1 ,p5     
,racks1 ,gold ,p5s1 ,portfolios1        
,presses1 ,scot* ,t>tan ,fancy ,goods1  
,solitaires or ,sleeve ,l9ks1 etc41     
etc41 etc4  ,?is e/abli%m5t is "u !     
exclusive managem5t ( ,mr4 ,joseph ,j4  
,p]ry1 manag+ director4  ,! illu/rations
 9 ?is "w are engrav$ f p5-&-ink sket*es
 execut$ by ,walt] ,langley ) a ,p]ry's 
,no4 #be p54