,,woman',s ,,in/itute ,,libr>y ,,( ,,cook]y ,,volume ,,"o ,,ess5tials ,,( ,,cook]y ,,c]eals ,,bread ,,hot ,,breads ,,woman',s ,,in/itute ,,( ,,dome/ic ,,arts ,,& ,,sci5ces1 ,inc4 ,,preface ,! ,woman's ,in/itute ,libr>y ( ,cook]y consi/s ( five volumes t cov] ! v>i\s phases ( ! subject ( cook]y z x is c>ri$ on 9 ! home4 ,^! books conta9 ! same text z ! ,in/ruction ,pap]s ( ! ,in/itute's ,c\rse 9 ,cook]y arrang$ s t relat$ subjects are gr\p$ toge!r4 ,exam9ation que/ions p]ta9+ to ! subject matt] appe> at ! end ( ea* section4 ,^! que/ions w prove helpful 9 a ma/]y ( ! subjects to :i* !y relate1 z !y are ! same z ^? on :i* /ud5ts ( ! ,in/itute are requir$ to report4 ,at ! back ( ea* volume is a complete index1 :i* w assi/ mat]ially 9 mak+ quick ref]5ce to ! subjects conta9$ 9 x4 ,?is volume1 :i* is ! fir/ ( ! set1 deals ) ! ess5tials ( cook]y1 c]eals1 bread1 & hot breads4 ,9 ,ess5tials ( ,cook]y1 ,p>ts #a & #b1 are ?or\ghly treat$ ! selection1 buy+1 & c>e ( food1 z well z o!r matt]s t w lead to famili>ity ) t]ms us$ 9 cook]y & to effici5cy 9 ! prep>ation ( food4 ,9 ,c]eals are discuss$ ! production1 composition1 selection1 & c>e & ! cook+ & s]v+ ( c]eals ( all k9ds4 ,9 ,bread & ,hot ,breads are describ$ all ! +r$i5ts requir$ = bread1 rolls1 & hot breads ( e k9d1 ! processes & recipes to be foll[$ 9 mak+ & bak+ !m1 ! proc$ure 9 s]v+ !m1 & ! way 9 :i* to c>e = su* foods4 ,:5ev] advisable1 ut5sils = ! prep>ation ( food1 z well z labor-sav+ devices1 are describ$1 s z to enable beg9n]s 9 ! art ( cook]y to become acqua9t$ ) !m quickly4 ,9 addition1 ?is volume conta9s breakfa/1 lun*eon1 & d9n] m5us t w enable ! h\sewife to put into practical1 e-day use _m ( ! recipes giv54 ,x is our hope t ^! volumes w help ! h\sewife to acquire ! k ne$$ to prep>e daily meals t w conta9 ! prop] su/5ance = ea* memb] ( h] family1 tea* h] h[ to buy h] food judici\sly & prep>e & s]ve x economically & appetiz+ly1 & also in/il 9 h] su* a lik+ = cook]y t %e w become en?usia/ic ab\t ma/]+ & dignify+ ?is womanly art4 ,,cont5ts ,,ess5tials ,,( ,,cook]y ,! ,problem ( ,food ,selection ( ,food ,food ,sub/ances ,food ,value ,dige/ion & ,absorption ( ,food ,prep>ation ( ,food ,me?ods ( ,cook+ ,heat = ,cook+ ,ut5sils = ,cook+ ,prep>+ ,foods = ,cook+ ,ord] ( ,"w ,table = ,cook+ ,foods ,c>e ( ,food ,m5us & ,recipes ,t]ms ,us$ 9 ,cook]y ,,c]eals ,production1 ,composition1 & ,selection ,c]eals z a ,food ,prep>ation ( ,c]eals = ! ,table ,indian ,corn1 or ,maize ,:eat ,rice ,oats ,b>ley ,rye1 ,buck:eat1 & ,millet ,prep>$1 or ,ready-to-,eat1 ,c]eals ,s]v+ ,c]eals ,italian ,pa/es ,breakfa/ ,m5u ,,bread ,importance ( ,bread z ,food ,+r$i5ts = ,bread ,mak+ ,ut5sils = ,bread ,mak+ ,bread-,mak+ ,processes ,mak+ ! ,d\gh ,c>e ( ! ,ris+ ,d\gh ,knead+ ! ,d\gh ,%ap+ ! ,d\gh ,into ,loaves ,bak+ ! ,bread ,scor+ ,bread ,use ( ! ,bread ,mix] ,s]v+ ,bread ,bread ,recipes ,recipes = ,rolls1 ,buns1 & ,biscuits ,toa/ ,left-,ov] ,bread ,,hot ,,breads ,hot ,breads 9 ! ,diet ,pr9cipal ,requirem5ts = ,hot ,breads ,leav5+ ,ag5ts ,hot-,bread ,ut5sils & ,_! ,use ,prep>+ ! ,hot-,bread ,mixture ,bak+ ! ,hot-,bread ,mixture ,s]v+ ,hot ,breads ,popov] ,recipes ,griddle-,cake ,recipes ,waffle ,recipes ,muff9 ,recipes ,corn-,cake ,recipes ,biscuit ,recipes ,miscellane\s ,hot-,bread ,recipes ,utilis+ ,left-,ov] ,hot ,breads ,lun*eon ,m5u ,,index 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ess5tials ,,( ,,cook]y 7,,"p #a7 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,food #a4 ,)\t d\bt1 ! greate/ problem confront+ ! human race is t ( food4 ,9 ord] to exi/1 e p]son mu/ eat2 b eat+ simply to keep life 9 ! body is n en\gh4 ,aside f ?is1 ! body mu/ be suppli$ ) an ample am\nt ( en]gy to c>ry on ea* day's "w1 z well z ) ! mat]ial ne$$ = its gr[?1 repair1 & work+ p[]4 ,to meet ^! requirem5ts ( ! human body1 !re is no?+ to take ! place ( food1 n m]ely any k9d1 h[ev]1 b ! "r k9d4 ,inde$1 s important is ! "r k9d ( food 9 ! s*eme ( life t ! *ild depriv$ ( x nei!r gr[s nor increases 9 weight1 & ! adult :o is unable to secure en\gh ( x = adequate n\ri%m5t is defici5t 9 n]ve =ce & work+ p[]4 ,if a p]son is to get ! be/ out ( life1 ! food tak5 into ! body mu/ possess real su/a9+ p[] & supply ! tissues ) ! necess>y build+ mat]ial2 & ?is tru? po9ts out t !re are facts & pr9ciples t mu/ be kn[n 9 ord] t ! prop] selection ( food may be made1 t x may be s prep>$ z to increase its value1 & t economy 9 its selection1 prep>ation1 use1 & c>e may be ex]cis$4 #b4 ,probably ! mo/ important ( ^! pr9ciples is ! cook+ ( food4 ,:ile ?is ref]s especially to ! prep>ation ( food by subject+ edible mat]ials to ! action ( heat1 x involves mu* m4 ,! cook+ ( food is a sci5ce z well z an art1 & x dep5ds = its success on kn[n & e/abli%$ pr9ciples4 ,9 its full s5se1 cook]y means n only ! ability to foll[ a recipe1 !reby produc+ a successfully cook$ di%1 b also ! ability to select mat]ials1 a k ( ! ways 9 :i* to prep>e !m1 an und]/&+ ( _! value = ! p]sons = :om !y are prep>$1 & +5uity 9 s]v+ foods attractively & 9 mak+ ! be/ use ( food t may be left ov] f ! previ\s meals1 s t !re w be practically no wa/e4 ,?us1 :ile cook]y 9 all its phases is a broad subject1 x is "o t truly belongs to woman1 n only because ( ! pleasure %e d]ives 9 prep>+ food = ! memb]s ( h] family1 b because %e is p>ticul>ly qualifi$ to c>ry on ! "w4 #c4 ,! provid+ ( food 9 ! home is a matt] t usually falls to ! lot ( ! h\sewife2 9 fact1 on h] dep5ds ! wise use ( ! family income4 ,?is means1 !n1 t :e!r a woman is e>n+ h] own livelihood & has only h]self to provide =1 or :e!r %e is sp5d+ a "p ( "s o!r p]son's income1 z1 = in/ance1 h] fa!r's or h] husb&'s1 %e %\ld und]/& h[ to proportion h] money s z to provide ! ess5tial ne$s1 namely1 food1 clo?+1 & %elt]4 ,9 consid]+ ! "q ( provid+ food1 ! h\sewife %\ld set ab\t to det]m9e :at ?ree meals a day w co/1 & 9 ?is matt] %e %\ld be guid$ by ! ?\ght t ! meals mu/ be ! be/ t c possibly be pur*as$ = ! am\nt ( money all[$ = food f ! family income & t _! co/ mu/ n exce$ ! allotm5t4 ,to a great ext5t %e c control ! co/ ( h] foods by select+ !m ) c>e & !n mak+ good use ( :at h] money has b\ght4 ,x is only by con/ant ?\ght & c>eful plann+1 h[ev]1 t %e w be able to keep )9 h] means1 & %e w f9d t h] greate/ assi/ance lies 9 /udy+ foods & ! ways 9 :i* to prep>e !m4 #d4 ,a factor t %\ld n be disreg>d$ 9 ! problem ( food is wa/e1 & s t ! h\sewife c cope ) x prop]ly %e %\ld und]/& ! di/9ction betwe5 wa/e & refuse4 ,^! t]ms are ?\ght by "s to mean ! same ?+ & are (t5 confus$2 b !re is a decid$ diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,wa/e1 z appli$ to food1 is some?+ t c\ld be us$ b is n1 :]eas refuse is some?+ t is reject$ because x is unfit = use4 ,= example1 ! fat ( meat1 :i* is (t5 eat51 is wa/e if x is ?r[n away1 b potato p>+s1 :i* are n suitable z food1 are refuse4 ,9 connection ) ! problem ( wa/e1 x may be well to "k t leakage 9 ! h\sehold is due to ?ree causes4 ,! fir/ "o is lack ( k on ! "p ( ! h\sekeep] z to ! diff]5ce betwe5 wa/e & refuse & a consequ5t failure to m>ket well4 ,z an illu/ration1 _m h\sewives w reject turkey at a c]ta9 price a p\nd z be+ too exp5sive &1 in/ead1 w buy *ick5 at1 say1 #e c5ts a p\nd less4 ,9 reality1 *ick5 at #e c5ts a p\nd less ?an ! price ( turkey is m exp5sive1 because turkey1 ^: proportion ( meat to bone is great] ?an t ( *ick51 furni%es m edible mat]ial2 !re=e1 9 buy+ *ick51 !y pay m = refuse 9 proportion to good mat]ial4 ,! second cause = ?is leakage 9 ! h\sehold is excessive wa/e 9 ! prep>ation ( food = ! table1 aris+ f ! selection ( ! wrong cook+ me?od or ! lack ( skill 9 cook+2 & ! ?ird cause is ! s]v+ ( too l>ge quantities & a consequ5t wa/e ( food left on individual plates & unfit = any o!r use 9 ! home4 #e4 ,ano!r matt] t con/antly confronts ! h\sewife is :at foods %e %all select = ea* day's meals4 ,to be successful1 all meals %\ld be plann$ ) ! idea ( mak+ !m :olesome & appetiz+1 giv+ !m v>iety1 & us+ ! left-ov]s4 ,e woman %\ld und]/& t food is cook$ = bo? hygi5ic & e/hetic reasons2 t is1 x mu/ be made safe & :olesome = heal?'s sake & mu/ satisfy ! appetite1 :i* to a consid]able degree is m5tal &1 ( c\rse1 is influ5c$ by ! appe>ance ( ! food4 ,:5 ! h\sewife kn[s h[ to cook ord9>y foods well1 %e has an excell5t f\ndation f :i* to obta9 v>iety 9 ! diet--by :i* 9 ^! lessons is meant ! daily food & dr9k ( any individual1 & n some?+ prescrib$ by a physician = a p]son :o is ill--= !n x is simply a matt] ( putt+ a little c>eful ?\ght into ! "w %e is do+ 9 ord] to get ideas ( new ways 9 :i* to prep>e ^! same foods & ( utiliz+ food/uffs %e has on h&4 ,h[ev]1 ample "t mu/ always be all[$ = ! prep>ation ( meals1 = no "o c expect to produce ta/y meals by ru%+ into ! kit*5 j be=e meal "t & gett+ up ! easie/ ?+ 9 ! quicke/ mann]4 ,well-plann$ meals c>efully prep>$ w /imulate int]e/ 9 ! next day's bill ( f>e & w prove extremely b5eficial to all conc]n$4 #f4 ,9 ! practice ( cook]y x is also important t ! meals be plann$ & ! cook+ done = ! sake ( build+ ! human body & c>+ = x4 ,z soon z any woman realizes t bo? ! pres5t & ! future welf>e ( ! p]sons = :om %e is provid+ foods dep5d on s _m ?+s t are includ$ 9 cook]y1 h] int]e/ 9 ?is bran* ( dome/ic sci5ce w increase2 & 9 mak+ a /udy ( x %e may re/ assur$ t !re is possibly no o!r call+ t af=ds a m con/ant s\rce ( enjoym5t & a bett] opportunity = acquir+ k1 display+ skill1 & help+ o!rs to be well & happy4 ,! fact t p con/antly desire some?+ new & diff]5t 9 ! way ( food (f]s ! h\sewife a *ance to develop h] +5uity along ?is l9e4 ,!n1 too1 ea* season br+s ) x special foods = enjoym5t & n\ri%m5t1 & !re is con/ant satisfaction 9 provid+ ! family ) "s surprise 9 ! =m ( a di% to :i* !y are unaccu/om$1 or an old "o prep>$ 9 a new or a bett] way4 ,b ! pleasure ne$ n be "o-sid$1 = ! add+ ( "s new t\* to ea* meal w give z mu* delight to ! "o :o prep>es ! food z to ^? :o p>take ( x4 ,:5 cook]y is ?\ght ( 9 ?is way1 x is really a creative art & has = its object some?+ m ?an ! mak+ ( a s+le di% or ! plann+ ( a s+le meal4 #g4 ,f :at has be5 po9t$ out1 x w readily be se5 t a correct k ( cook]y & all t x implies is ( extreme importance to ^? :o mu/ prep>e food = o!rs2 inde$1 x is = j su* p]sons--! h\sewife :o mu/ solve cook]y problems f day to day1 z well z girls & wom5 :o mu/ prep>e !mselves to p]=m ! duties ) :i* !y w be confront$ :5 !y take up ! managem5t ( a h\sehold & its affairs--t ^! lessons 9 cook]y are int5d$4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is c\rse ( /udy 9 cook]y x is deem$ advisable to call att5tion to ! ord] 9 :i* ! subject matt] is pres5t$4 ,z w be se5 be=e mu* progress is made1 ! lessons are arrang$ progressively2 t is1 ! in/ruction beg9s ) ! ess5tials1 or important fundam5tals1 ( food--its selection1 prep>ation1 & c>e--&1 f ^! z a f\ndation1 advances /ep by /ep into ! m complicat$ matt]s & m9or details4 ,! beg9n] eag] to take up ! actual "w ( cook]y may feel t too mu* att5tion is giv5 to prelim9>ies4 ,h[ev]1 ^! are extremely ess5tial1 = !y are ! gr\ndwork on :i* ! actual cook+ ( food dep5ds2 inde$1 )\t a k ( !m1 v little conc]n+ cook]y 9 its v>i\s phases c\ld be readily compreh5d$4 #h4 ,ea* beg9n] 9 cook]y is !re=e urg$ to ma/] e lesson 9 ! ord] 9 :i* %e receives x & to c>ry out dilig5tly e detail4 ,no lesson %\ld be disreg>d$ z soon z x is und]/ood1 = ! in/ruction giv5 9 x be>s a close relation to ! entire subject & %\ld be cont9ually put into practice z progress is made4 ,?is ?\ght applies ) p>ticul> emphasis to ! ,sections relat+ to ! ess5tials ( cook]y4 ,^! %\ld be us$ 9 connection ) all o!r ,sections z books ( ref]5ce & an aid 9 call+ to m9d po9ts t mu/ ev5tually become a "p ( a woman's cook]y k4 ,by c>ry+ on h] /udies sy/ematically & foll[+ directions c>efully1 ! beg9n] w f9d ! cook+ ( foods a simple matt] & w take delight 9 putt+ into practice ! _m ?+s t %e le>ns4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,selection ,,( ,,food ,,matt]s ,,involv$ ,,9 ,,"r ,,selection #i4 ,ea* "o ( ! phases ( cook]y has its importance1 b if success is to be a*iev$ 9 ?is art1 c>eful att5tion mu/ be giv5 to ! selection ( :at is to be cook$1 s z to det]m9e its value & suitability4 ,to insure ! be/ selection1 !re=e1 ! h\sewife %\ld decide :e!r ! food mat]ial %e pur*ases w fit ! ne$s ( ! p]sons :o are to eat x2 :e!r ! am\nt ( labor involv$ 9 ! prep>ation w be too great 9 proportion to ! results obta9$2 :e!r ! loss 9 prep>ation1 t is1 ! proportion ( refuse to edible matt]1 w be suffici5t to affect ! co/ mat]ially2 :at ! approximate loss 9 cook+ w be2 :e!r ! food w s]ve to ! be/ advantage aft] x is cook$2 &1 f9ally1 :e!r or n all :o are to eat x w l x4 ,! m>ket price also is a factor t _c be disreg>d$1 =1 z has be5 expla9$1 x is important to keep )9 ! limits ( ! am\nt t may be sp5t & at ! same "t provide ! "r k9d ( n\ri%m5t = ea* memb] ( ! family4 #aj4 ,9 ord] to select food mat]ial t w meet ! requirem5ts j set =?1 ?ree important matt]s mu/ be consid]$2 namely1 ! sub/ances ( :i* x is compos$2 its measure ( en]gy-produc+ mat]ial1 or :at is call$ its food1 or fuel1 value2 & its dige/ion & absorption4 ,until ^! are und]/ood1 ! actual co/ ( any article ( food _c be prop]ly det]m9$1 al?\gh its price at all times may be kn[n4 ,h[ev]1 be=e a /udy ( any ( ^! matt]s is ent]$ into1 x is necess>y to "k j :at is meant by food & :at food does = ! body4 ,z is well und]/ood1 ! body requires mat]ial by :i* x may be built & its tissues repair$ :5 !y are torn d[n by "w & ex]cise4 ,9 addition x requires a supply ( heat to ma9ta9 x at normal temp]ature & provide x ) suffici5t en]gy to d ! "w requir$ ( x4 ,! mat]ial t w accompli% ^! important ?+s is food1 :i* may !re=e be reg>d$ z any?+ t1 :5 tak5 into ! body1 w build & repair its tissues or w furni% x ) ! en]gy requir$ to d its "w4 ,,food ,,sub/ances #aa4 ,al?\gh1 z has j be5 /at$1 food may be consid]$ z any?+ t ! human eng9e c make ov] into tissue or use 9 liv+ & work+1 n all foods are equally desirable any m ?an all mat]ials are equally good 9 ! con/ruction ( a /eam eng9e & 9 ! production ( its work+ p[]4 ,^? food sub/ances :i* are ! mo/ :olesome & heal?ful are ! ones to be *os51 b prop] *oice _c be made unless ! buy] kn[s ( :at ! p>ticul> food consi/s & :at x is expect$ to d4 ,to aid 9 ! selection ( food1 !re=e1 x is extremely necess>y to become famili> ) ! five sub/ances1 con/itu5ts1 or pr9ciples ( :i* foods are made up2 namely1 wat]1 m9]al matt]1 or a%1 prote91 fat1 & c>bohydrate4 ,a k ( ^! w help also 9 det]m9+ ! cook+ me?ods to adopt1 = ?is dep5ds on ! effect t heat has on ! v>i\s sub/ances pres5t 9 a food4 ,( c\rse1 s f> z flavor is conc]n$1 x is possible = ! exp]i5c$ cook to prep>e _m di%es successfully )\t kn[+ ! effect ( heat on ! diff]5t food con/itu5ts2 b to cook intellig5tly1 ) t success :i* makes = actual economy & dige/ibility1 c]ta9 facts mu/ be kn[n conc]n+ ! food pr9ciples & ! effect ( dry & moi/ heat on foods4 #ab4 ,wat]4--,( ! v>i\s con/itu5ts t are f\nd 9 ! human body1 wat] occurs 9 ! l>ge/ quantity4 ,z a food sub/ance1 x is an extremely important feature ( a p]son's diet4 ,its *ief purpose is to repl5i% ! liquids ( ! body & to assi/ 9 ! dige/ion ( food4 ,al?\gh nature provides consid]able am\nts ( wat] 9 mo/ foods1 l>ge quantities mu/ be tak5 9 ! diet z a bev]age4 ,9 fact1 x is ! ne$ ( ! body = wat] t has l$ to ! developm5t ( num]\s bev]ages4 ,besides be+ necess>y 9 build+ up ! body & keep+ x 9 a heal?y condition1 wat] has a special function to p]=m 9 cook+1 z is expla9$ lat]4 ,al?\gh ?is food sub/ance is extremely ess5tial to life1 x is seldom consid]$ 9 ! selection ( food1 because1 z has j be5 m5tion$1 ne>ly all foods conta9 wat]4 #ac4 ,m9]al ,matt]4--,rank+ next to wat] 9 ! quantity conta9$ 9 ! human body is m9]al matt]4 ,?is con/itu5t1 :i* is also call$ a% or m9]al salts1 =ms ! ma9 "p ( ! body's framework1 or skeleton4 ,9 ! build+ & ma9ta9+ ( ! body1 m9]al salts s]ve ?ree purposes--to give rigidity & p]man5ce to ! skeleton1 to =m an ess5tial elem5t ( active tissue1 & to provide ! requir$ alkal9ity or acidity = ! dige/ive juices & o!r secretions4 ,! orig9 & di/ribution ( ^! m9]al sub/ances are ( int]e/4 ,plants 9 _! gr[? seize f ! e>? ! salts ( m9]als & comb9e !m ) o!r sub/ances t make up _! liv+ tissue4 ,!n human be+s1 z well z o!r liv+ creatures1 get _! supply ( ^! ne$$ salts f ! plants t !y take z food1 ?is be+ ! only =m 9 :i* ! salts c be ?or\ghly assimilat$4 ,^! salts are n affect$ by cook+ unless "s process is us$ t removes su* ( !m z are readily soluble 9 wat]4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 ! result is usually wa/e1 z1 = in/ance1 :]e no use is made ( ! wat] 9 :i* "s vegetables are boil$4 ,z is true ( wat]1 m9]al matt]1 ev5 ?\gh x is f\nd 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! body1 is usually disreg>d$ :5 food is pur*as$4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ?is important nutritive mat]ial appe>s 9 "s =m 9 ne>ly all foods & !re=e does n necessitate ! h\sewife's /opp+ to "q its pres5ce4 #ad4 ,prote94--,! food sub/ance kn[n z prote9 is a v important factor 9 ! gr[? & repair ( ! body2 9 fact1 ^! processes _c be c>ri$ on unless prote9 is pres5t 9 ! diet4 ,h[ev]1 :ile a c]ta9 quantity ( prote9 is ess5tial1 ! am\nt is n v l>ge & m ?an is requir$ is likely to be h>mful1 or1 s9ce ! body c make no use ( x1 to be at lea/ wa/e mat]ial4 ,! pr9cipal s\rces ( prote9 are lean meat1 eggs1 milk1 c]ta9 gra9s1 nuts1 & ! legumes1 :i* include su* foods z beans & peas4 ,because ( ! ease ) :i* !y are dige/$1 meat1 fi%1 eggs1 & milk are m valuable s\rces ( prote9 ?an bread1 beans1 & nuts4 ,h[ev]1 z ! foods t are mo/ valuable = prote9s co/ m ?an o!rs1 a mix$ diet is necess>y if only a limit$ am\nt ( money ) :i* to pur*ase foods is available4 #ae4 ,s mu* is involv$ 9 ! cook+ ( foods conta9+ prote9 t ! effect ( heat on su* foods %\ld be ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,! cook+ ( any food1 z is g5]ally und]/ood1 t5ds to break up ! food & prep>e x = dige/ion4 ,h[ev]1 foods h c]ta9 *>act]i/ics1 su* z _! /ructure & texture1 t influ5ce _! dige/ibility1 & ! me?od ( cook+ us$ or ! degree to :i* ! cook+ is c>ri$ s affects ^! *>act]i/ics z to increase or decrease ! dige/ibility ( ! food4 ,9 ! case ( foods conta9+ prote91 unless ! cook+ is prop]ly done1 ! application ( heat is liable to make ! prote9 indige/ible1 = ! heat fir/ coagulates ?is sub/ance--t is1 causes x to become ?ick--& !n1 z ! heat increases1 %r9ks & h>d5s x4 ,?is fact is cle>ly demon/rat$ 9 ! cook+ ( an egg1 ! :ite ( :i* is ! type ( prote9 call$ album94 ,9 a raw egg1 ! album9 is ne>ly liquid1 b z heat is appli$1 x gradually coagulates until x becomes solid4 ,if ! egg is cook$ too fa/ or too long1 x t\gh5s & %r9ks & becomes less palatable1 less attractive1 & less dige/ible4 ,h[ev]1 if ! egg is prop]ly cook$ aft] ! heat has coagulat$ ! album91 ! :ite w rema9 t5d] & ! yolk w be f9e & mealy 9 texture1 ?us r5d]+ x dige/ible4 ,simil> results1 al?\gh n s evid5t to ! sight1 are br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! "r or wrong way ( cook+ practically all o!r foods t conta9 mu* prote94 ,milk1 ^: pr9cipal +r$i5t is a prote9 kn[n z case91 famili> z ! curd ( *eese1 illu/rates ?is fact v pla9ly4 ,:5 x is us$ to make cottage *eese1 heat+ x too long or to too high a degree w t\gh5 ! curd & actually spoil ! texture ( ! product1 :i* w be gra9y & h>d1 in/ead ( smoo? & t5d]4 #af4 ,,fats4--,! food sub/ances j discuss$--wat]1 m9]al matt]1 & prote9--yield ! mat]ials requir$ = build+ & repair+ ! tissues ( ! body1 b1 z has be5 expla9$1 ! body also requires foods t produce en]gy1 or work+ p[]4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( ! total solids ( food tak5 into ! body s]ve ?is purpose1 & ( ^! fats =m a l>ge p]c5tage4 ,al?\gh fats make up su* a l>ge proportion ( ! daily food supply1 !y ent] into ! body composition to a less ext5t ?an d ! food sub/ances t h be5 expla9$4 ,! fats commonly us$ = food are ( bo? animal & vegetable orig91 su* z l>d1 suet1 butt]1 cream1 olive oil1 nut oil1 & cottonse$ oil4 ,! ord9>y cook+ temp]atures h comp>atively little effect on fat1 except to melt x if x is solid4 ,! high] temp]atures decompose at lea/ "s ( x1 & ?us lib]ate sub/ances t may be irritat+ to ! dige/ive tract4 #ag4 ,,c>bohydrates4--,l fats1 ! food sub/ances includ$ 9 ! t]m c>bohydrates supply ! body ) en]gy4 ,h[ev]1 fats & c>bohydrates diff] 9 ! =ms 9 :i* !y supply en]gy1 ! =m] produc+ x 9 ! mo/ conc5trat$ =m & ! latt] 9 ! mo/ economical =m4 ,s t ! t]m c>bohydrate may be cle>ly und]/ood & firmly fix$ 9 ! m9d1 x is deem$ advisable to discuss briefly ! composition ( ! body & ! food t ent]s x4 ,( c\rse1 9 a lesson on cook]y1 n s mu* att5tion ne$ be giv5 to ?is matt] z 9 a lesson on dietetics1 :i* is a bran* ( hygi5e t treats ( diet2 nev]!less1 x is important t e p]son :o prep>es food = ! table be famili> ) ! fact t ! body1 z well z food1 is made up ( a c]ta9 numb] ( *emical elem5ts1 ( :i* nitrog51 c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg5 =m a l>ge "p4 ,prote9 owes its importance to ! fact t ( ! v>i\s food sub/ances x alone conta9s ! elem5t nitrog51 :i* is absolutely ess5tial to ! =mation ( any plant or animal tissue4 ,! o!r ?ree elem5ts1 c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 g to make up ! c>bohydrates2 9 fact1 x is f ! names ( ^! ?ree elem5ts t ! t]m c>bohydrate is d]iv$4 ,! c>bohydrates include ! />*es & sug>s t are us$ & eat5 9 s _m =ms1 & ^! conta9 ! ?ree elem5ts m5tion$1 ! hydrog5 & oxyg5 conta9$ 9 !m be+ 9 ! proportion t produces wat]4 ,?us1 z w readily be se51 by sep>at+ ! "n into its p>ts--c>bo 7c>bon7 & hydrate 7hydrog5 & oxyg5 9 ! proportion ( two p>ts ( hydrog5 & "o ( oxyg51 t is1 9 ! =m ( wat]7--c>bohydrate is simply c>bon unit$ ) wat]4 ,:ile ! facts j br\ght out h mu* to d ) food economy1 !y are ( int]e/ "h *iefly because !y help to make cle> ! t]m c>bohydrate1 :i*1 z w be admitt$1 is ! only correct "n = ! food sub/ance x repres5ts4 #ah4 ,,/>*1 "o ( ! *ief =ms ( c>bohydrates1 is f\nd 9 only ! vegetable k+dom4 ,x is pres5t 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! gra9s & 9 potatoes2 9 fact1 ne>ly all vegetables conta9 l>ge or small am\nts ( x4 ,x is /or$ 9 ! plant 9 ! =m ( granules t lie )9 ! plant cells4 ,cook+ appli$ to />* *anges x into a =m t is dige/ible4 ,moi/ heat cooks ! granules until !y exp& & bur/ & ?us ?ick5 ! mass4 ,dry heat *anges />* fir/ into a soluble =m & f9ally into :at is call$ dextr9e1 ?is be+ ! int]m$iate /ep 9 ! *ang+ ( />* into sug>4 #ai4 ,,sug>1 ano!r important =m ( c>bohydrate1 is ma9ly ( vegetable orig91 except t :i* is f\nd 9 milk & call$ lactose4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! fat f\nd 9 milk1 supplies ! *ild ) en]gy be=e x is able to dige/ a v>iety ( foods4 ,! sap ( v>i\s plants conta9s su* l>ge quantities ( sug> t x c be cry/aliz$ out & secur$ 9 dry =m4 ,! liquid t rema9s is valuable z food1 =1 by boil+ x d[n1 x =ms molasses4 ,sug> is also pres5t 9 consid]able am\nts 9 all fruits1 & mu* ( x is 9 a =m t c be assimilat$1 or tak5 up by ! body1 quickly4 ,a sug> v simil> to ?is natural fruit sug> is made f ! />* ( corn & is call$ glucose4 ,mu* ( ! c>bohydrate f\nd 9 vegetables1 especially "y1 t5d] vegetables1 is 9 ! =m ( sug>1 :i*1 z ! vegetables gr[ old]1 *anges to />*4 ,sug> melts ^u ! application ( heat or1 if x is 9 a melt$ condition1 z sirup or molasses1 x boils d[n & gives (f wat]4 ,:5 all ! wat] has boil$ away1 ! sug> beg9s to c>amelize or become br[n1 & develops a *>act]i/ic flavor4 ,if ! cook+ is cont9u$ too long1 a d>k-br[n color & a bitt] ta/e are develop$4 ,because ! sug> 9 fruits & vegetables is 9 solution1 "s ( x is lo/ :5 !y are boil$1 unless1 ( c\rse1 ! wat] 9 :i* !y are cook$ is utiliz$4 #bj4 ,,cellulose is a =m ( c>bohydrate closely relat$ to />*4 ,x helps to =m ! /ructure ( plants & vegetables4 ,v little cellulose is dige/$1 b x %\ld n be ignor$1 because x gives ! necess>y bulk to ! food 9 :i* x occurs & because /rict att5tion mu/ be paid to ! cook+ ( x4 ,z cellulose usually surr\nds nutritive mat]ial ( vegetable orig91 x mu/ be s(t5$ & loos5$ suffici5tly by cook+ to p]mit ! nutritive mat]ial to be dissolv$ by ! dige/ive juices4 ,!n1 too1 9 old vegetables1 !re is m />* & ! cellulose is h>d] & t\gh]1 j z an old tree is mu* h>d] ?an a sapl+4 ,?is1 !n1 acc\nts = ! fact t rapid cook+ is ne$$ = "s vegetables & sl[ cook+ = o!rs1 ! me?od & ! "t ( cook+ dep5d+ on ! pres5ce & ! consi/5cy ( ! cellulose t occurs 9 ! food4 #ba4 ,,importance ,,( ,a ,,v>iety ,,( ,,foods4--,e "o ( ! five food sub/ances j consid]$ mu/ be includ$ 9 a p]son's diet2 yet1 ) ! exception ( milk1 no s+le food yields ! "r am\nts ( mat]ial necess>y = tissue build+ & repair & = heat & en]gy4 ,ev5 milk is 9 ! "r proportion1 z f> z its food sub/ances are conc]n$1 only = babies & v "y *ildr54 ,x w ?us be se5 t to provide ! body ) ! "r foods1 ! diet mu/ be su* z to include all ! food sub/ances4 ,9 food selection1 !re=e1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! v>i\s food sub/ances mu/ be consid]$ well4 ,fats yield ! mo/ heat1 b are ! mo/ sl[ly dige/$4 ,prote9s & c>bohydrates are m quickly dige/$ ?an fats1 b1 9 equal am\nts1 h less ?an half z mu* food value4 ,wat] & m9]al salts d n yield heat1 b are requir$ to build tissue & to keep ! body 9 a heal?y condition4 ,9 addition1 x is well to note t a well-balanc$ diet is "o t conta9s all ( ! five food sub/ances 9 j ! "r proportion 9 :i* ! individual ne$s !m to build up ! body1 repair x1 & supply x ) en]gy4 ,:at ?is proportion %\ld be1 h[ev]1 _c be /at$ (fh&1 because ! quantity & k9d ( food sub/ances necess>ily v>y ) ! size1 age1 & activity ( ea* p]son4 ,,food ,,value #bb4 ,ne>ly all foods are complex sub/ances1 & !y diff] f "o ano!r 9 :at is kn[n z _! value1 :i* is measur$ by ! "w ! food does 9 ! body ei!r z a tissue build] or z a produc] ( en]gy4 ,h[ev]1 9 consid]+ food value1 ! p]son :o prep>es food mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t ! individual appetite mu/ be appeal$ to by a suffici5t v>iety ( appetiz+ foods4 ,!re w\ld be nei!r economy nor advantage 9 s]v+ food t does n please ^? :o are to eat x4 ,:ile all foods supply ! body ) en]gy1 !y diff] v mu* 9 ! quantity !y yield4 ,if c]ta9 ones 7 *os5 solely = t purpose1 x w\ld be necess>y = any ord9>y p]son to consume a l>g] quantity ( !m ?an c\ld be eat5 at any "o "t4 ,= in/ance1 gre5 vegetables furni% ! body ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( en]gy1 b !y _c be eat5 to ! exclusion ( o!r ?+s1 because no p]son c\ld eat 9 a day a suffici5t am\nt ( !m to give ! body all ! en]gy x w\ld ne$ = t day's "w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9 foods produce pr9cipally build+ mat]ial1 & if !y 7 tak5 = ! purpose ( yield+ only en]gy1 !y w\ld be mu* too exp5sive4 ,meats1 = example1 build up ! body1 b a p]son's diet w\ld co/ too mu* if meat alone 7 dep5d$ on to provide ! body ) all ! en]gy x requires4 ,_m foods1 too1 conta9 m9]al salts1 :i*1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 are ne$$ = build+ tissue & keep+ ! body 9 a heal?y condition4 #bc4 ,to come to a correct appreciation ( ! value ( diff]5t foods1 x is necess>y to und]/& ! unit employ$ to measure ! am\nt ( "w t foods d 9 ! body4 ,?is unit is ! ,,calorie1 or calory1 & x is us$ to measure foods j z ! in*1 ! y>d1 ! p\nd1 ! p9t1 & ! qu>t are ! units us$ to measure mat]ials & liquids2 h[ev]1 in/ead ( measur+ ! food itself1 x det]m9es its food value1 or fuel value4 ,to illu/rate :at is meant1 consid]1 = in/ance1 #a_/b ounce ( sug> & #a_/b ounce ( butt]4 ,z f> z ! actual weight ( ^! two foods is conc]n$1 !y are equal2 b ) reg>d to ! "w !y d 9 ! body !y diff] consid]ably4 ,_! relative value 9 ! body1 h[ev]1 c be det]m9$ if !y are measur$ by "s unit t c be appli$ to bo?4 ,x is def9itely kn[n t bo? ( !m produce heat :5 !y are oxidiz$1 t is1 :5 !y are comb9$ ) oxyg52 ?us1 ! logical way ( measur+ !m is to det]m9e ! quantity ( heat t w be produc$ :5 !y are eat5 & unit$ ) oxyg51 a process t causes ! lib]ation ( heat4 ,! calorie is ! unit by :i* ?is heat c be measur$1 x be+ ! quantity ( heat requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( #a p9t ( wat] #d degrees ,fahr5heit1 :i* is ! "n ( ! !rmomet] commonly us$ 9 ! home4 ,:5 burn$ z fuel1 a squ>e ( butt] weigh+ #a_/b ounce produces en\gh heat to raise #a p9t ( wat] #djj degrees ,fahr5heit1 & x w yield ! same am\nt ( heat :5 x is eat5 & goes ?r\gh ! sl[ process ( oxidation 9 ! body4 ,on ! o!r h&1 #a_/b ounce ( sug> ^u be+ oxidiz$ w produce only en\gh heat to raise ! temp]ature ( #a p9t ( wat] ab\t #bcj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,?us1 z w be se51 #a_/b ounce ( butt] has a value ( approximately #ajj calories1 :]eas #a_/b ounce ( sug> conta9s only ab\t #eg-a_/b calories4 ,o!r foods yield heat 9 v>y+ degrees1 & _! food value is det]m9$ 9 exactly ! same way z t ( butt] & sug>4 ,to give an idea ( ! composition ( v>i\s food mat]ials1 z well z ! numb] ( calories t #a p\nd ( ^! food mat]ials w yield1 food *>ts publi%$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture are "h pres5t$4 ,z an und]/&+ ( ^! *>ts w prove extremely pr(itable 9 ! selection ( food1 a c>eful /udy ( !m at ?is "t is urg$4 ,9 addition1 ref]5ce to !m %\ld be made f "t to "t z ! v>i\s k9ds ( foods are tak5 up1 z ! *>ts w !n be m easily compreh5d$ & _! cont5ts ( m value4 ,,dige/ion ,,& ,,absorption ,,( ,,food #bd4 ,! ?ird requirem5t 9 ! selection ( food1 namely1 its dige/ion & absorption1 dep5ds consid]ably on ! p]sons :o are to be f$4 ,food t is *os5 = adults entirely w\ld n be ! same z t int5d$ = bo? "y p]sons & adults2 nei!r w\ld food t is to be f$ to *ildr5 or p]sons :o are ill be ! same z t :i* is to be s]v$ to robu/ adults :o d a normal am\nt ( "w4 ,no h>d-&-fa/ rules c be laid d[n "h = ?is phase ( food selection1 b z ^! lessons 9 cook]y are tak5 up 9 turn1 ! necess>y k reg>d+ dige/ibility w be acquir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,composition ( food mat]ials ,illu/ration3 ,composition ( food mat]ials 99 99 99 99 99 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,food ,,reasons ,,= ,,cook+ ,,food #be4 ,! t]m cook]y1 z has be5 expla9$1 means ! prep>ation ( bo? hot & cold di%es = use z food1 z well z ! selection ( ! mat]ials or sub/ances t are to be cook$4 ,! importance ( cook+ foods by subject+ !m to ! action ( heat has be5 recogniz$ = ages2 & :ile x is true t !re are _m foods t appeal to ! appetite 9 _! raw /ate & /ill o!rs t c be eat5 ei!r raw or cook$1 !re are sev]al reasons :y x is desirable to cook food1 z w be se5 f ! foll[+3 #a4 ,cook+ makes foods m palatable4 ,?is is true ( su* foods z meat1 c]eals1 & _m vegetables1 :i* w\ld be v unappetiz+ if !y 7 eat5 raw4 #b4 ,cook+ r5d]s foods m dige/ible4 ,= in/ance1 ! h>d gra9s1 su* z :eat1 & ! dri$ vegetables1 su* z beans1 _c be readily dige/$ unless !y are s(t5$ by cook+4 ,b :ile cook+ makes su* foods m dige/ible1 x r5d]s o!rs m difficult ( dige/ion1 z 9 ! case ( eggs1 ! degree ( dige/ibility dep5d+ some:at on ! cook+ me?od us$ & ! skill ( ! cook4 ,an egg 9 an almo/ liquid =m1 or :5 only slightly cook$1 z a s(t-boil$ egg1 is m easily dige/$ ?an :5 x becomes h>d5$ by cook+4 ,!n1 too1 a prop]ly prep>$ h>d-cook$ egg is m dige/ible ?an an improp]ly cook$ "o1 al?\gh ! degree ( h>dness may be ! same4 #c4 ,cook+ gives foods great] v>iety4 ,! same food may be cook$ by v>i\s me?ods & be giv5 v diff]5t ta/es & appe>ances2 on ! o!r h&1 x may be comb9$ ) a l>ge numb] ( o!r foods1 s z to increase ! v>iety ( ! di%es 9 :i* x is us$4 ,! l>ge numb] ( recipes f\nd 9 cook books %[ ! attempts t h be5 made to obta9 v>iety 9 cook$ di%es by ! comb9+ ( diff]5t foods4 #d4 ,cook+ /]ilizes foods ei!r p>tly or completely4 ,_m foods ne$ p>tial or complete /]ilization = safety4 ,!y mu/ be completely /]iliz$ if ! g]ms t produce f]m5tation or putrefaction & !reby spoil food w\ld be de/roy$4 ,?is is done :5 fruits & vegetables are cann$ = keep+4 ,foods t are expos$ to du/1 flies1 & improp] h&l+ %\ld be ?or\ghly cook$ 9 ord] to de/roy any pa?og5ic g]ms t might be pres5t4 ,by su* g]ms are meant disease-be>+ g]ms4 ,!y diff] f g]ms t produce f]m5tation & putrefaction1 or spoil+1 & t mu/ 9 g5]al be consid]$ z a help1 = ^! play an important "p 9 ! rais+ ( bread & ! prep>ation ( v>i\s foods1 z is po9t$ out lat]4 #e4 ,cook+ develops flavor 9 _m foods4 ,9 ! case ( "s vegetables1 ! flavor+ sub/ance is giv5 (f 9 ! air by c]ta9 me?ods ( cook+ & a bett] flavor is !reby develop$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,cook+ ,,cook+ ,,processes #bf4 ,food is cook$ by ! application ( heat1 :i* may be ei!r moi/ or dry4 ,:ile x is true t ! art ( cook+ includes ! prep>ation ( mat]ial t is s]v$ or eat5 raw1 cook+ itself is impossible )\t heat2 inde$1 ! "p ( cook+ t requires ! mo/ skill & exp]i5ce is t 9 :i* heat is involv$4 ,explicit directions = c>ry+ on ! v>i\s cook+ processes dep5d on ! k9d ( /ove1 ! cook+ ut5sils1 & ev5 ! atmosph]ic conditions4 ,9 tru?1 ! results ( "s processes dep5d s mu* on ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e t !y are n successful on a day on :i* x is damp & heavy2 also1 z is well kn[n1 ! /ove acts p]fectly on "s days1 :]eas on o!r days x seems to h a /ubborn w ( its own4 ,besides ! difficulties m5tion$1 ! heat itself sometimes pres5ts ob/acles 9 ! cook+ ( foods1 to regulate x 9 su* a way z to keep x uni=m be+ (t5 a h>d matt]4 ,?us1 a di% may be spoil$ by subject+ x to heat t is too int5se1 by cook+ x too long1 or by n cook+ x rapidly en\gh4 ,all ^! po9ts mu/ be le>n$1 & ! be/ way to ma/] !m is to put into con/ant practice ! pr9ciples t are involv$ 9 cook]y4 #bg4 ,)\t d\bt1 ! fir/ /ep 9 ga9+ a ma/]y ( cook]y is to become famili> ) ! diff]5t me?ods & processes1 ! ways 9 :i* !y are appli$1 & ! reasons = apply+ !m4 ,!re are num]\s ways ( cook+ food1 b ! pr9cipal processes are boil+1 /ew+1 /eam+1 dry /eam+1 braiz+1 fricassee+1 roa/+1 bak+1 broil+1 pan broil+1 fry+1 & saut+4 ,:i* "o ( ^! to use w dep5d on ! food t is to be cook$ & ! result desir$4 ,if ! wrong me?od is employ$1 !re w be a wa/e ( food mat]ial or ! food w be r5d]$ less desirable 9 flavor or t5d]ness4 ,= example1 x w\ld be bo? wa/eful & undesirable to roa/ a t\gh old f[l or to boil a t5d] "y broil]4 ,! v>i\s me?ods ( cook]y j m5tion$ naturally divide !mselves into ?ree gr\ps2 namely1 ^? involv+ dry heat1 ^? requir+ moi/ heat1 & ^? 9 :i* hot fat is ! cook+ m$ium4 ,,cook+ ,,) ,,dry ,,heat #bh4 ,cook+ ) dry heat includes broil+1 pan broil+1 roa/+1 & bak+2 b1 :i*ev] ( ^! processes is us$1 ! pr9ciple is practically ! same4 ,9 ^! processes ! food is cook$ by be+ expos$ to ! s\rce ( heat or by be+ plac$ 9 a clos$ ov5 & subject$ to heat$ air4 ,:5 dry heat is appli$1 ! food to be cook$ is heat$ to a mu* great] temp]ature ?an :5 moi/ heat is us$4 #bi4 ,,broil+4--,! cook+ process kn[n z broil+ consi/s 9 expos+ directly to ! s\rce ( heat ! food t is to be cook$2 t is1 9 cook+ x ov] or be=e a cle> b$ ( coals or a gas flame4 ,! aim 9 broil+ is to reta9 ! juices ( food & develop flavor4 ,z x is a quick me?od1 foods t are n t5d]1 z1 = example1 t\gh meats1 %\ld n be broil$1 because broil+ does n help to r5d] _! fib]s m t5d]4 ,9 apply+ ?is cook+ process1 :i* is p>ticul>ly suitable = t5d] portions ( meat & = "y f[l1 ! food %\ld be expos$ to int5se heat at fir/ 9 ord] to se> all surfaces quickly & ?us reta9 ! juices4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! cook+1 ! article t is be+ broil$ %\ld be turn$ (t52 !n1 z soon z ! outside is br[n$1 ! heat %\ld be r$uc$ if possible1 z ) a gas /ove1 & ! article all[$ to cook until done4 ,if ! broil+ is done ov] coals1 x is necess>y to cont9ue ! turn+ dur+ ! entire process4 ,:ile broil+ produces an especially good flavor 9 ! foods to :i* x is appli$1 provid$ !y are n t\gh1 x is n ! mo/ economical way ( cook+4 #cj4 ,,pan ,,broil+4--,pan broil+ is an adaptation ( ! broil+ me?od4 ,x consi/s 9 cook+ food 9 a siss+-hot pan on top ( ! /ove )\t ! use ( fat4 ,9 ?is process ! surfaces ( ! /eak1 *op1 or :atev] ! food may be1 are quickly se>$1 aft] :i* ! article is turn$ frequ5tly & cook$ m sl[ly until done4 ,! object ( pan broil+ is ! same z t ( broil+1 & x is resort$ to1 z a rule1 :5 ! fire is n 9 ! "r condition = broil+4 #ca4 ,,roa/+4--,orig9ally1 ! t]m to roa/ meant to cook be=e a fire1 because1 be=e ! "t ( /oves1 practically all food 0 cook$ 9 ! fireplace4 ,food t 0 to be roa/$ 0 plac$ be=e ! fire 9 a device t reflect$ heat1 ?is device be+ op5 on ! side t[>d ! fire & clos$ on t t[>d ! room4 ,! roa/ 0 susp5d$ 9 ?is device1 sl[ly turn$1 & ?us cook$ by radiant heat--t is1 heat giv5 (f 9 ! =m ( direct rays--! pr9ciple be+ ! same z t ( broil+1 b ! application diff]5t4 ,n[adays1 ! t]m roa/+ is almo/ univ]sally appli$ to ! action ( bo? hot air & radiant heat4 ,h[ev]1 mu* ( :at is call$ roa/+ is 9 reality bak+4 ,foods cook$ 9 ! ov5 ( an ord9>y coal or gas range are really bak$1 al?\gh !y are said to be roa/$1 & a cov]$ roa/+ pan is a misnom]4 ,food mu/ be expos$ to ! air 9 ! process ( cook+ if x is to be roa/$ 9 ! true s5se4 ,x may be well to note t successful roa/+ or broil+ dep5ds m on ! %ape ( ! article to be roa/$ or broil$ ?an on its weight4 ,= ?is reason1 ?ick1 compact cuts ( meat are usually select$ = roa/+ & ?9 cuts = broil+4 ,good results also dep5d v mu* on ! pan select$ = ! roa/+ process4 ,"o ( ! great aims 9 cook+ %\ld be to save or cons]ve all ! food possible2 t is1 if by "o process less wa/e 9 cook+ results1 x %\ld be *os5 r ?an "o t w result 9 loss at ! end ( ! cook+ process4 #cb4 ,,bak+4--,by bak+ is meant cook+ 9 a heat$ ov5 at temp]atures rang+ f #cjj to #ejj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,z ! t]m bak+ is frequ5tly us$ 9 a wrong s5se1 ! actual conditions ( ! process %\ld be ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,9 bo? broil+ & ! orig9al me?od ( roa/+1 ! heat is appli$ directly2 t is1 ! food is expos$ directly to ! s\rce ( heat4 ,actual bak+ diff]s f ^! processes 9 t x is done 9 a clos$ ov5 or by means ( heat$ air4 ,/>*y foods1 su* z bread1 cakes1 & pa/ry1 are ne>ly always bak$1 & gradually o!r foods1 su* z meats1 fi%1 & vegetables are be+ subject$ to ?is me?od ( cook+4 ,9 fact1 p]sons :o are skill$ 9 cook+ use ! ov5 m & m = ?+s t !y =m]ly ?\ght _h to be cook$ 9 o!r ways4 ,b ! "n t is appli$ to ! process dep5ds some:at on cu/om1 = :ile meat t is cook$ 9 ! ov5 is really bak$1 x is usually t]m$ roa/$ meat4 ,x seems /range1 b x is nev]!less true1 t ham cook$ 9 ! ov5 has always be5 t]m$ bak$1 :ile turkey cook$ 9 exactly ! same way is said to be roa/$4 ,,cook+ ,,) ,,moi/ ,,heat #cc4 ,! me?ods ( cook+ ) moi/ heat1 t is1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( wat]1 are boil+1 simm]+1 /eam+1 dry /eam+1 & braiz+4 ,9 e "o ( ^! processes1 ! effect ( moi/ heat on food is entirely diff]5t f t ( dry heat4 ,h[ev]1 ! me?od to be select$ dep5ds to a great ext5t on ! am\nt ( wat] t ! food conta9s4 ,to "s foods mu* wat] mu/ be add$ 9 ! cook+ process2 to o!rs1 only a little or none at all4 ,if food is n plac$ directly 9 l>ge or small quantities ( wat]1 x is cook$ by contact ) /eam or 9 a ut5sil t is heat$ by be+ plac$ 9 ano!r conta9+ boil+ wat]1 z1 = example1 a d\ble boil]4 ,z wat] is su* an important factor 9 cook+ ) moi/ heat1 some?+ conc]n+ its nature & use %\ld be und]/ood4 ,!re=e1 be=e consid]+ ! moi/-heat cook+ processes 9 detail1 ! function ( wat] 9 ! body & 9 cook+ & also ! k9ds ( wat] are discuss$4 #cd4 ,,function ,,( ,,wat] ,,9 ,,! ,,body4--,wat] supplies no en]gy to ! body1 b x plays a v important "p 9 nutrition4 ,9 fact1 its p>ticul> function 9 ! body is to act z a solv5t & a c>ri] ( nutritive mat]ial & wa/e4 ,9 do+ ?is "w1 x keeps ! liquids ( ! body prop]ly dilut$1 increases ! fl[ ( ! dige/ive juices1 & helps to c>ry (f wa/e mat]ial4 ,h[ev]1 its ability to p]=m ^! necess>y functions 9 ! "r way dep5ds on its quality & its safety4 #ce4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,wat]4--,wat] is ei!r h>d or s(t4 ,z x falls f ! cl\ds1 x is pure & s(t until x comes 9 contact ) gases & solids1 :i* are dissolv$ by x & *ange its "*4 ,x is def9itely kn[n t ! la/ ( ! wat] t falls 9 a %[] is mu* bett] ?an ! fir/1 z ! fir/ cleanses n only ! air1 b ! ro(s & o!r ?+s ) :i* x comes 9 contact4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh c]ta9 k9ds ( soil or ov] rocks1 wat] dissolves "s ( ! m9]als t are conta9$ !re & is ?us *ang$ f s(t to h>d wat]4 ,if sewage dra9s into a well or wat] supply1 ! wat] is liable to conta9 bact]ia1 :i* w r5d] x unfit & unsafe = dr9k+ until x is /]iliz$ by boil+4 ,besides ra9 wat] & di/ill$ wat]1 !re is none t is entirely s(t2 all o!r wat]s hold c]ta9 salts 9 solution to a great] or less degree4 ,! quality ( h>dness1 :i* is pres5t 9 ne>ly all wat]1 is ei!r tempor>y or p]man5t4 ,wat] is tempor>ily h>d :5 x conta9s soluble lime1 :i* is precipitat$1 t is1 sep>at$ f x1 ^u boil+4 ,e h\sewife :o uses a teakettle is famili> ) ?is condition4 ,! lime precipitat$ day aft] day cl+s to ! sides ( ! vessel 9 :i* ! wat] is boil$1 & 9 "t !y become v ?ickly coat$4 ,p]man5t h>dness is caus$ by o!r comp\nds ( lime t are n precipitat$ by boil+ ! wat]4 ,! only way 9 :i* to s(t5 su* wat] is to add to x an alkali1 su* z borax1 wa%+ soda1 or bic>bonate ( soda4 #cf4 ,,uses ,,( ,,wat] ,,9 ,,cook+4--,x is ! solv5t1 or dissolv+1 p[] ( wat] t makes ?is liquid valuable 9 cook+1 b ( ! two k9ds1 s(t wat] is pref]able to h>d1 because x possesses great] solv5t p[]4 ,?is is due to ! fact t h>d wat] has already dissolv$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( mat]ial & w !re=e dissolve less ( ! food sub/ances & flavors :5 x is us$ = cook+ purposes ?an s(t wat]1 :i* has dissolv$ no?+4 ,x is kn[n1 too1 t ! flavor ( su* bev]ages z tea & c(fee is (t5 greatly impair$ by ! use ( h>d wat]4 ,dri$ beans & peas1 c]eals1 & t\gh cuts ( meat w n cook t5d] s readily 9 h>d wat] z 9 s(t1 b ! addition ( a small am\nt ( soda dur+ ! cook+ ( ^! foods w assi/ 9 s(t5+ !m4 ,wat] is us$ 9 cook+ *iefly = extract+ flavors1 z 9 ! mak+ ( c(fee1 tea1 & s\ps2 z a m$ium = c>ry+ flavors & foods 9 su* bev]ages z lemonade & cocoa2 = s(t5+ bo? vegetable & animal fib]2 & = cook+ />* & dissolv+ sug>1 salt1 gelat9e1 etc4 ,9 accompli%+ mu* ( ?is "w1 wat] acts z a m$ium = convey+ heat4 #cg4 ,,boil+4--,z appli$ to cook+1 boil+ means cook+ foods 9 boil+ wat]4 ,wat] boils :5 its temp]ature is rais$ by heat to :at is commonly t]m$ its boil+ po9t4 ,?is v>ies ) ! atmosph]ic pressure1 b at sea level1 "u ord9>y conditions1 x is always #bab degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,:5 ! atmosph]ic pressure on ! surface ( ! wat] is less5$1 boil+ takes place at a l[] temp]ature ?an t m5tion$1 & 9 extremely high altitudes ! boil+ po9t is s l[]$ t to cook c]ta9 foods by means ( boil+ wat] is difficult4 ,z ! wat] heats 9 ! process ( boil+1 t9y bubbles appe> on ! bottom ( ! vessel 9 :i* x is conta9$ & rise to ! surface4 ,!n1 gradually1 ! bubbles increase 9 size until l>ge ones =m1 rise rapidly1 & break1 ?us produc+ con/ant agitation ( ! wat]4 #ch4 ,boil+ has v>i\s effects on foods4 ,x t\gh5s ! album9 9 eggs1 t\gh5s ! fib] & dissolves ! connective tissues 9 meat1 s(t5s ! cellulose 9 c]eals1 vegetables1 & fruits1 & dissolves o!r sub/ances 9 _m foods4 ,a good po9t to be> 9 m9d 9 prep>+ foods by boil+ is t sl[ly boil+ wat] has ! same temp]ature z rapidly boil+ wat] & is !re=e able to d exactly ! same "w4 ,keep+ ! gas burn+ full heat or runn+ ! fire h>d to keep ! wat] boil+ rapidly is !re=e unnecess>y2 besides1 x wa/es fuel )\t do+ ! "w any fa/] & sometimes n s well4 ,h[ev]1 !re are sev]al factors t influ5ce ! rapidity ) :i* wat] may be br\ght to ! boil+ po9t2 namely1 ! k9d ( ut5sil us$1 ! am\nt ( surface expos$1 & ! quantity ( heat appli$4 ,a cov] plac$ on a saucepan or a kettle 9 :i* food is to be boil$ reta9s ! heat1 & ?us causes ! temp]ature to rise m quickly2 besides1 a cov] s us$ prev5ts a loss ( wat] by cond5s+ ! /eam z x rises aga9/ ! cov]4 ,z wat] boils1 "s ( x con/antly passes (f 9 ! =m ( /eam1 & = ?is reason sirups or sauces become ?ick] ! long] !y are cook$4 ,! evaporation takes place all ov] ! surface ( ! wat]2 consequ5tly1 ! great] ! surface expos$1 ! m quickly is ! quantity ( wat] decreas$ dur+ boil+4 ,ano!r po9t to obs]ve 9 ! boil+ process is t foods boil$ rapidly 9 wat] h a t5d5cy to lose _! %ape & are r$uc$ to small pieces if all[$ to boil long en\gh4 ,besides s]v+ to cook foods1 boil+ also r5d]s wat] safe1 z x de/roys any g]ms t may be pres5t4 ,?is expla9s :y wat] mu/ sometimes be boil$ to make x safe = dr9k+4 ,boil$ wat]1 z is kn[n1 loses its good ta/e4 ,h[ev]1 z ?is *ange is br\ght ab\t by ! loss ( air dur+ boil+1 ! flavor c be re/or$ & air aga9 introduc$ if ! wat] is %ak5 9 a p>tly fill$ j> or bottle1 or beat5 vigor\sly = a %ort "t ) an egg beat]4 #ci4 ,,simm]+1 ,,or ,,/ew+4--,! cook+ process kn[n z simm]+1 or /ew+1 is a modification ( boil+4 ,by ?is me?od1 food is cook$ 9 wat] at a temp]ature bel[ ! boil+ po9t1 or any:]e f #ahe to #bjj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,wat] at ! simm]+ po9t always moves g5tly--nev] rapidly z x does 9 boil+4 ,less heat & consequ5tly less fuel are requir$ to cook foods 9 ?is way1 unless1 ( c\rse1 ! "t consum$ 9 cook+ ! food at a l[ temp]ature is mu* great] ?an t consum$ 9 cook+ x m rapidly4 ,aside f p]mitt+ economy 9 ! use ( fuel1 simm]+1 or /ew+1 cooks delici\sly c]ta9 foods t c\ld n be select$ = ! m rapid me?ods4 ,= example1 t\gh cuts ( meat & old f[l c be made t5d] & ta/y by long cook+ at a l[ temp]ature1 = ?is me?od t5ds to s(t5 ! fib] & to develop an excell5t flavor4 ,t\gh vegetables1 too1 c be cook$ t5d] by ! simm]+ process )\t us+ s mu* fuel z w\ld be us$ if !y 7 boil$1 = :atev] me?od is us$ !y require long cook+4 ,beets1 turnips1 & o!r w9t] vegetables %\ld be /ew$ r ?an boil$1 z x is some:at difficult to cook !m t5d]1 especially 9 ! late w9t] & e>ly spr+4 ,if dry beans & peas are br\ght to ! simm]+ po9t & !n all[$ to cook1 !y c be prep>$ = ! table 9 practically ! same l5g? ( "t & )\t s mu* fuel z if !y boil$ cont9u\sly4 #dj4 ,,/eam+4--,z its "n implies1 /eam+ is ! cook+ ( food by ! application ( /eam4 ,9 ?is cook+ process1 ! food is put into a /eam]1 :i* is a cook+ ut5sil t consi/s ( a vessel ) a p]=at$ bottom plac$ ov] "o conta9+ wat]4 ,z ! wat] boils1 /eam rises & cooks ! food 9 ! upp]1 or p]=at$1 vessel4 ,/eam]s are sometimes arrang$ ) a numb] ( p]=at$ vessels1 "o on top ( ! o!r4 ,su* a /eam] p]mits ( ! cook+ ( sev]al foods at ! same "t )\t ! ne$ ( additional fuel1 because a diff]5t food may be plac$ 9 ea* vessel4 ,/eam+ is pref]able to boil+ 9 "s cases1 because by x !re is no loss ( m9]al salts nor food sub/ances2 besides1 ! flavor is n s likely to be lo/ z :5 food is boil$4 ,vegetables prep>$ 9 ?is way prove v palatable1 & v (t5 v>iety is add$ to ! diet by /eam+ bread1 cake1 & pudd+ mixtures & !n1 provid$ a crisp outside is desir$1 plac+ !m 9 a hot ov5 to dry out ! moi/ surface4 #da4 ,,dry ,,/eam+4--,cook+ foods 9 a vessel t is susp5d$ 9 ano!r "o conta9+ boil+ wat] con/itutes ! cook+ me?od kn[n z dry /eam+4 ,! d\ble boil] is a cook+ ut5sil devis$ especially = c>ry+ on ?is process4 ,! food plac$ 9 ! susp5d$1 or inn]1 vessel does n rea* ! boil+ po9t1 b is cook$ by ! transf] ( heat f ! wat] 9 ! outside1 or l[]1 vessel4 ,a decid$ advantage ( ?is me?od is t no wat*+ is requir$ except to see t ! wat] 9 ! l[] vessel does n boil away completely1 = z long z !re is wat] betwe5 ! food & ! fire1 ! food w nei!r boil nor burn4 ,because ( ! nature ( c]ta9 foods1 cook+ !m by ?is process is especially desirable4 ,! flavor & consi/5cy ( c]eals & foods conta9+ />* are greatly improv$ by long cook+ 9 ?is way4 ,likewise1 cu/>ds & mixtures conta9+ eggs c be conv5i5tly cook$ 9 a d\ble boil]1 because !y d n require a high temp]ature2 9 fact1 _! texture is spoil$ if !y are cook$ at ! boil+ po9t4 ,to heat milk directly ov] ! flame )\t scor*+ x is a difficult matt]1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 boil$ milk is h>d to dige/4 ,because ( ^! facts1 food conta9+ milk %\ld n be boil$1 b %\ld be cook$ at a l[] temp]ature 9 a d\ble boil]4 #db4 ,,braiz+4--,cook+ meat 9 an ov5 9 a clos$ pan ) a small quantity ( wat] con/itutes braiz+4 ,?is cook+ process might be call$ a comb9ation ( /ew+ & bak+1 b :5 x is prop]ly c>ri$ out1 ! meat is plac$ on a rack s z to be rais$ above ! wat]1 9 :i* may be plac$ slic$ vegetables4 ,9 ?is process ! meat actually cooks 9 ! flavor$ /eam t surr\nds x 9 ! hot pan4 ,! s-call$ d\ble roa/+ pans are 9 fact braiz+ pans :5 !y are prop]ly us$4 ,a pot roa/ is ! result ( a modification ( ! braiz+ me?od4 ,,cook+ ,,) ,,hot ,,fat #dc4 ,( ! ?ree m$iums ( convey+ heat to food1 namely1 hot air1 hot wat]1 & hot fat1 t ( hot fat r5d]s food ! lea/ dige/ible4 ,mu* ( ?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 c be ov]come if an ef=t is made to secure z little absorption ( ! fat z possible4 ,if ! +r$i5ts ( ! food are prop]ly mix$ be=e apply+ ! fat & if ! fat is at ! "r temp]ature1 good results c be obta9$ by ! v>i\s me?ods ( cook+ ) hot fat1 :i* are fry+1 saut+1 & fricassee+4 #dd4 ,,fry+4--,by fry+ is meant ! cook+ ( food 9 deep fat at a temp]ature ( #cej to #djj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,any k9d ( fat t w n imp>t flavor to ! food may be us$ = fry+1 b ! vegetable oils1 su* z cottonse$ oils1 comb9ations ( coconut & cottonse$ oils1 & nut oils1 are pref]able to l>ds & o!r animal fats1 because !y d n burn s easily4 ,foods cook$ 9 deep fat w n absorb ! fat nor become greasy if !y are prop]ly prep>$1 quickly fri$1 & well dra9$ on pap] t w absorb any extra fat4 #de4 ,,saut,,+4--,br[n+ food fir/ on "o side & !n on ! o!r 9 a small quantity ( fat is t]m$ saut+4 ,9 ?is cook+ process1 ! fat is plac$ 9 a %all[ pan1 & :5 x is suffici5tly hot1 ! food is put into x4 ,foods t are to be sautd are usually slic$ ?9 or cut into small pieces1 & !y are turn$ frequ5tly dur+ ! process ( cook+4 ,all foods prep>$ 9 ?is way are difficult to dige/1 because !y become m or less h>d & soak$ ) fat4 ,*ops & ?9 cuts ( meat1 :i* are int5d$ to be pan-broil$1 are really sautd if !y are all[$ to cook 9 ! fat t fries out ( !m4 #df4 ,,fricassee+4--,a comb9ation ( saut+ & /ew+ results 9 ! cook+ process kn[n z fricassee+4 ,?is process is us$ 9 prep>+ su* foods z *ick51 veal1 or game1 b x is m frequ5tly employ$ = cook+ f[l1 :i*1 9 cook]y1 is ! t]m us$ to di/+ui% ! old ( dome/ic f[ls f *ick5s or pullets4 ,9 fricassee+1 ! meat to be cook$ is cut into pieces & sautd ei!r be=e or aft] /ew+2 !n x is s]v$ ) a :ite or a br[n sauce4 ,ord9>ily1 ! meat %\ld be br[n$ fir/1 unless x is v t\gh1 9 ord] to reta9 ! juices & improve ! flavor4 ,h[ev]1 v old f[l or t\gh meat %\ld be /ew$ fir/ & !n br[n$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,heat ,,= ,,cook+ ,,g5]al ,,discussion #dg4 ,inasmu* z heat is s important a factor 9 ! cook+ ( foods1 x is absolutely necess>y t ! p]son :o is to prep>e !m be ?or\ghly famili> ) ! ways 9 :i* ?is heat is produc$4 ,! production ( heat = cook+ involves ! use ( fuels & /oves 9 :i* to burn !m1 z well z electricity1 :i* s]ves ! purpose ( a fuel1 & app>atus = us+ electricity4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 t ! be/ results may be obta9$ 9 cook]y1 ^! subjects are "h tak5 up 9 detail4 #dh4 ,probably ! fir/ fuel to be us$ 9 ! production ( heat = cook+ 0 wood1 b lat] su* fuels z peat1 coal1 *>coal1 coke1 & k]os5e came into use4 ,( ^! fuels1 coal1 gas1 & k]os5e are us$ to ! greate/ ext5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,wood1 ( c\rse1 is us$ consid]ably = k9dl+ fires1 & x s]ves z fuel 9 localities :]e x is abundant or less difficult to procure ?an o!r fuels4 ,h[ev]1 x is fa/ becom+ too sc>ce & too exp5sive to burn4 ,if x mu/ be burn$ = cook+ purposes1 ^? :o use x %\ld rememb] t dry1 h>d wood gives (f heat at a m ev5 rate ?an s(t wood1 :i* is usually select$ = k9dl+4 ,electricity is com+ into favor = supply+ heat = cook+1 b only :5 x c be sold z *eaply z gas w its use 9 ! home become g5]al4 #di4 ,! selection ( a /ove to be us$ = cook+ dep5ds on ! fuel t is to be us$1 & ! fuel1 9 turn1 dep5ds on ! locality 9 :i* a p]son lives4 ,h[ev]1 z ! fuel t is ! mo/ conv5i5t & easily obta9$ is usually ! *eape/1 x is ! "o to be select$1 = ! co/ ( ! cook$ di% may be greatly increas$ by ! use ( fuel t is too exp5sive4 ,9 cook+1 e fuel %\ld be made to d its maximum am\nt ( "w1 because wa/e ( fuel also adds mat]ially to ! co/ ( cook+ &1 besides1 x (t5 causes great inconv5i5ce4 ,= example1 cook+ on a r$-hot /ove ) a fire t1 in/ead ( be+ held 9 ! ov5 & ! lids1 ov]heats ! kit*5 & burns out ! /ove n only wa/es fuel & mat]ial1 b also taxes ! temp] ( ! p]son :o is do+ ! "w4 ,f :at has j be5 said1 x w readily be se5 t a k ( fuels & app>atus = produc+ heat w assi/ mat]ially 9 ! economical production ( food1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 x is appli$ to ! be/ advantage4 ,,coal ,,& ,,coke #ej4 ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,coal4--,possibly ! mo/ common fuel us$ = cook+ is coal4 ,?is fuel comes 9 two v>ieties1 namely1 an?racite1 or h>d coal1 & bitum9\s1 or s(t coal4 ,_! relative co/ dep5ds on ! locality1 ! k9d ( /ove1 & an intellig5t use ( bo? /ove & fuel4 ,h>d coal co/s mu* m 9 "s places ?an s(t coal1 b x burns m sl[ly & ev5ly & gives (f v little smoke4 ,s(t coal heats m rapidly ?an h>d coal1 b x produces consid]able smoke & makes a fire t does n la/ s long4 ,unless a /ove is especially con/ruct$ = s(t coal1 x %\ld n be us$ = ?is purpose1 because ! burn+ ( s(t coal w we> x out 9 a %ort "t4 ,! be/ plan is to use ea* v>iety ( coal 9 a /ove especially con/ruct$ = x1 b if a h\sewife f9ds t %e mu/ at times d o!rwise1 %e %\ld realize t a diff]5t me?od ( managem5t & c>e ( ! /ove is dem&$4 #ea4 ,,sizes ,,( ,,coal4--,z ! effect ( coal on ! /ove mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation 9 ! buy+ ( fuel1 s ! diff]5t sizes ( h>d coal mu/ be kn[n be=e ! "r k9d c be select$4 ,! sizes kn[n z /ove & egg coal1 :i* range f ab\t #a-c_/h to #b-c_/d in*es 9 diamet]1 are int5d$ = a furnace & %\ld n be us$ 9 ! kit*5 /ove = cook+ purposes4 ,"s p]sons :o "k h[ to use ! size ( coal kn[n z pea1 :i* is ab\t #a_/b to #c_/d in* 9 diamet]1 l t k9d1 :]eas o!rs pref] ! size call$ *e/nut1 :i* is ab\t #c_/d in* to #a-c_/h in*es 9 diamet]4 ,9 reality1 a mixture ( ^! two1 if prop]ly us$1 makes ! be/ & mo/ easily regulat$ kit*5 coal fire4 #eb4 ,,quality ,,( ,,coal4--,9 addition to kn[+ ! names1 prices1 & uses ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( coal1 ! h\sewife %\ld be able to di/+ui% poor coal f good coal4 ,9 fact1 prop] c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 all pur*as+1 = ! p]son :o und]/&s ! quality ( ! ?+ to be pur*as$ w be m likely to get full value = ! money paid ?an ! "o :o does n4 ,ab\t coal1 x %\ld be und]/ood t good h>d coal has a glossy black color & a bright surface1 :]eas poor coal conta9s slaty pieces4 ,! quality ( coal c also be det]m9$ f ! a% t rema9s aft] x is burn$4 ,l>ge *unks or great quantities ( a% indicate a poor quality ( coal1 & f9e1 p[d]y a% a good quality4 ,( c\rse1 ev5 if ! coal is ( ! "r k9d1 poor results are (t5 br\ght ab\t by ! bad managem5t ( a fire1 :e!r 9 a furnace or a /ove4 ,l>ge manufactur+ companies1 ^: bus9ess dep5ds consid]ably on ! prop] k9d ( fuel1 buy coal by ! heat units--t is1 accord+ to ! quantity ( heat x w give (f--& at "s future "t ?is plan may h to be foll[$ 9 ! private home1 unless "s o!r fuel is provid$ 9 ! meantime4 ,mix$ ) poor coal are c]ta9 unburnable mat]ials t melt & /ick toge!r z x burns & =m :at are kn[n z cl9k]s4 ,cl9k]s are v tr\blesome because !y (t5 adh]e to ! /ove grate or ! l9+ ( ! firebox4 ,!y g5]ally =m dur+ ! burn+ ( an extremely hot fire1 b ! usual temp]ature ( a kit*5 fire does n produce cl9k]s unless ! coal is ( a v poor quality4 ,mix+ oy/] %ells ) coal ( ?is k9d (t5 helps to prev5t _! =mation4 #ec4 ,,coke4--,ano!r fuel t is sometimes us$ = cook+ is coke4 ,=m]ly1 coke 0 a by-product 9 ! manufacture ( illum9at+ gas1 b n[ x is manufactur$ f coal = use z a fuel4 ,because ( ! nature ( its composition1 coke produces a v hot fire & is !re=e favorable = rapid cook+1 su* z broil+4 ,h[ev]1 x is us$ m ext5sively 9 hotels & in/itutions ?an 9 kit*5s :]e cook+ is done on a small scale4 ,,gas #ed4 ,,value ,,( ,,gas ,,z ,,fuel4--,z a fuel = cook+ purposes1 gas1 bo? artificial & natural1 is v effective1 & 9 localities :]e ! pip+ ( gas into homes is possible x is us$ ext5sively4 ,( ! two k9ds1 artificial gas produces ! lea/ heat2 also1 x is ! mo/ exp5sive1 usually co/+ two or ?ree times z mu* z natural gas4 ,bo? are v *eap1 h[ev]1 consid]+ _! conv5i5ce z a kit*5 fuel4 ,heat f gas is obta9$ by m]ely turn+ x on & ignit+ x1 z ) a light$ mat*4 ,its consumption c be /opp$ at once by clos+ (f ! supply1 or x c be regulat$ z desir$ & 9 ?is way made to give ! exact am\nt ( heat requir$ = ! me?od ( cook]y adopt$4 ,nei!r smoke nor soot is produc$ 9 burn+ gas if ! burn]s ( ! gas /ove are adju/$ to admit ! "r am\nt ( air1 & no a%es nor refuse rema9 to be dispos$ ( aft] gas has be5 burn$4 ,because gas is s easily h&l$1 good results c be obta9$ by ^? :o h _h v little exp]i5ce 9 us+ x1 & ) /udy & practice results become uni=m & gas proves to be an economical fuel4 #ee4 ,,measurem5t ,,( ,,gas4--,gas is measur$ by ! cubic foot1 & a def9ite price is *>g$ = ea* #a1jjj cubic feet4 ,to det]m9e ! quantity us$1 x is pass$ ?r\gh :at is call$ a met]1 :i* measures z ! gas burns4 ,x is important t ea* h\sewife be able to read ! am\nt regi/]$ by ! met]1 s t %e c comp>e h] gas bill ) ! met] read+ & ?us det]m9e :e!r ! *>ges are correct4 ,if only ! usual am\nt ( gas has be5 consum$ & ! bill does n seem to be correct or is mu* l>g] ?an x has be5 previ\sly1 ! matt] %\ld be report$ to ! prop] au?orities1 = ! met] may be out ( ord] & 9 ne$ ( repair4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,gas ,met] ,dials #ef4 ,,read+ ,a ,,gas ,,met]4--,to regi/] ! quantity ( gas t is consum$1 a gas met]1 z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 is provid$ ) ?ree l>ge dials1 ea* ( :i* has t5 spaces ov] :i* ! h&1 or indicator1 passes to indicate ! am\nt ( gas consum$1 & ) "o small dial1 ar\nd :i* ! h& makes "o revolution e "t #b cubic feet ( gas is consum$4 ,?is small dial s]ves to tell :e!r gas is leak+ :5 ! /oves & lights are n turn$ on4 ,above ea* l>ge dial is an arr[ t po9ts out ! direction 9 :i* to read1 ! two outside ones read+ t[>d ! "r & ! c5t] "o t[>d ! left2 also1 above ea* dial is lett]$ ! quantity ( gas t ea* dial regi/]s1 t at ! "r regi/]+ #a1jjj cubic feet1 t 9 ! c5t] #aj1jjj cubic feet1 & t at ! left #ajj1jjj cubic feet4 ,to read ! dials1 beg9 at ! left1 or ! #ajj1jjj dial1 & read t[>d ! "r4 ,9 ea* in/ance1 read ! numb] ov] :i* ! h& has pass$ la/4 ,= in/ance1 :51 z 9 ,fig4 #a1 ! h& lies betwe5 #e & #f on ! left dial1 #e is read2 on ! c5t] dial1 :5 ! h& lies betwe5 #e & #f1 #e is read also2 & on ! "r dial1 :5 ! h& lies betwe5 #b & #c1 ! #b1 :i* is really #bjj1 is read4 #eg4 ,to compute ! quantity ( gas us$1 ! dials are read f left to "r & ! ?ree read+s are add$4 ,!n1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! quantity burn$ s9ce ! previ\s read+1 ! am\nt regi/]$ at t "t1 :i* is always /at$ on ! gas bill1 mu/ be subtract$ f ! new read+4 ,to illu/rate ! mann] 9 :i* ! co/ ( gas consum$ may be det]m9$1 assume t gas co/s #ij c5ts p] #a1jjj cubic feet1 t ! previ\s read+ ( ! gas met]1 say on ,may #ae1 0 #eb1fjj cubic feet1 & t on ,june #ae ! met] regi/]$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,z 0 j expla9$1 ! left dial ( ! met] reads #e1 ! c5t] dial #e1 & ! "r dial #bjj4 ,!re=e1 put ^! figures d[n s t !y foll[ "o ano!r1 z #e-e-bjj4 ,?is means !n t ! read+ on ,june #ae is #ee1bjj cubic feet4 ,) ?is am\nt asc]ta9$1 subtract f x ! previ\s read+1 or #eb1fjj cubic feet1 :i* w give #b1fjj cubic feet1 or ! quantity ( gas burn$ f ,may #ae to ,june #ae4 ,s9ce gas co/s #ij c5ts p] #a1jjj cubic feet1 ! co/ ( ! am\nt burn$1 or #b1fjj cubic feet1 may be e/imat$ by divid+ #b1fjj cubic feet by #a1jjj & multiply+ ! result by #ij2 ?us #b1fjj #a1jjj #b4f1 & #b4f x 4#ij #b4cd #eh4 ,,prepaym5t ,,met]s4--,9 _m places1 gas conc]ns in/all :at are call$ prepaym5t met]s2 t is1 met]s 9 :i* ! money is deposit$ be=e ! gas is burn$4 ,su* met]s regi/] ! consumption ( ! gas 9 ! same way z ! met]s j m5tion$1 b !y conta9 a receptacle = money4 ,a co91 g5]ally a qu>t]1 is dropp$ into a slot lead+ to ?is receptacle1 & ! am\nt ( gas sold = ?is sum is !n p]mitt$ to pass ?r\gh z x is ne$$4 ,:5 ?is am\nt ( gas has be5 burn$1 ano!r co9 mu/ be ins]t$ 9 ! met] be=e m gas w be lib]at$4 ,,k]os5e #ei4 ,9 communities :]e gas is n available1 k]os5e1 :i* is produc$ by ! ref9em5t ( petroleum1 is us$ ext5sively z a fuel = cook+1 especially 9 hot wea!r :5 ! use ( a coal or a wood /ove adds mat]ially to ! discom=t ( ! p]son :o does ! cook+4 ,k]os5e is burn$ 9 /oves especially design$ = its use1 & :ile x is a *eap fuel x is n always ! same 9 quality4 ,x conta9s wat] at all times1 b sometimes ! proportion ( wat] is great] ?an at o!rs4 ,! great] ! am\nt ( wat]1 ! less fuel w be conta9$ 9 ea* gallon ( k]os5e4 ,! quality ( k]os5e c be det]m9$ by *eck+ up ! l5g? ( "t ! /ove w burn on a specifi$ quantity ( ea* new pur*ase ( x4 ,ano!r product ( ! ref9em5t ( petroleum is gasol9e4 ,h[ev]1 x is n us$ s ext5sively = fuel z k]os5e1 because x is m dang]\s & m exp5sive4 ,,electricity #fj4 ,! use ( electricity = supply+ heat = cook+ is v popul> 9 "s homes1 especially ^? :i* are prop]ly wir$1 because ( its conv5i5ce & cleanl9ess & ! fact t ! heat x produces c be appli$ direct4 ,! fir/ electrical cook+ app>atus 0 introduc$ at ! "t ( ! ,_w's ,fair 9 ,*icago1 9 #ahib1 & s9ce t "t rapid advancem5t has be5 made 9 ! production ( suitable app>atus = cook+ electrically4 ,electricity w\ld und\bt$ly be 9 m g5]al use today if x 7 possible to /ore x 9 ! same way z artificial gas1 b z yet no su* me?od has be5 devis$ & its co/ is !re=e great]4 ,electricity is g5]at$ 9 l>ge p[] plants1 & z x is consum$ 9 ! home = light+ & cook+ x passes ?r\gh a met]1 :i* indicates ! quantity us$ 9 mu* ! same mann] z a gas met]4 ,x w be well1 !re=e1 to und]/& ! way 9 :i* an electric met] is read1 s t ! bills = electricity c be *eck$4 #fa4 ,,read+ ,,an ,,electric ,,met]4--,an electric met]1 :i* is simil> 9 appe>ance to a gas met]1 consi/s ( ?ree or f\r dials1 :i* are plac$ side by side or 9 ! %ape ( an arc4 ,9 ! usual type1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b & :i* consi/s ( f\r dials plac$ side by side1 ea* "o ( ! dials conta9s t5 spaces & a h&1 or indicator1 t passes ov] numb]s rang+ f to #i to %[ ! am\nt ( electricity us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #b4 ,! numb]s on ! dials repres5t kil[att-h\rs1 a t]m mean+ ! en]gy result+ f ! activity ( #a kil[att = #a h\r1 or #a watt1 :i* is ! practical unit ( electrical p[]1 = #a1jjj h\rs4 ,s9ce #a1jjj h\rs equal #a kil[att1 #a1jjj watt-h\rs equal #a kil[att-h\r4 ,x w be obs]v$ f ! accompany+ illu/ration t ! dial on ! extreme "r has ! figures read+ 9 a clockwise direction1 t is1 f "r to left1 ! second "o 9 a c\nt]-clockwise direction1 or f left to "r1 ! ?ird "o 9 a clockwise direction1 & ! f\r? "o 9 a c\nt]-clockwise direction2 also t above ea* dial is indicat$ 9 figures ! numb] ( kil[att-h\rs t "o complete revolution ( ! h& ( t dial regi/]s4 ,to read ! met]1 beg9 at ! "r-h& dial & cont9ue to ! left until all ! dials are read & set ! numb]s d[n j z !y are read2 t is1 f "r to left4 ,9 case ! indicator does n po9t directly to a numb]1 b is some:]e betwe5 two numb]s1 read ! numb] t x is leav+4 ,= example1 9 ,fig4 #b1 ! indicator 9 ! "r-h& dial po9ts to figure #d2 !re=e1 ?is numb] %\ld be put d[n fir/4 ,9 ! second dial1 ! h& lies betwe5 & #a1 & z x is leav+ #j1 ?is numb] %\ld be read & plac$ to ! left ( ! fir/ "o read1 :i* gives #jd4 ,! h& on ! ?ird dial po9ts exactly to #f2 s #f %\ld be read = ?is dial & plac$ directly be=e ! numb]s read = ! fir/ & second dials1 ?us1 #fjd4 ,on ! f\r? & la/ dial1 ! indicator is betwe5 #d & #e2 !re=e #d1 :i* is ! numb] x is leav+ %\ld be read & us$ z ! fir/ figure 9 ! entire read+1 :i* is #d1fjd4 ,aft] ! read+ ( ! electric met] has be5 asc]ta9$1 x is a simple matt] to det]m9e ! electricity consum$ s9ce ! la/ read+ & ! am\nt ( ! bill4 ,= in/ance1 assume t a met] regi/]s ! numb] ( kil[att-h\rs %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 or #d1fjd1 & t at ! previ\s read+ x regi/]$ #d1eei4 ,m]ely subtract ! previ\s read+ f ! la/ "o1 :i* w give #de1 or ! numb] ( kil[att-h\rs f :i* ! bill = electricity is comput$4 ,if electricity co/s #c c5ts a kil[att-h\r1 :i* is ! price *>g$ 9 "s localities1 ! bill %\ld come to #de ,x 4#jc or #a4ce4 ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,/oves #fb4 ,be=e /oves = cook+ came into use 9 ! home1 food 0 cook$ 9 op5 fireplaces4 ,ev5 :5 wood 0 ! only fuel kn[n1 a /ove = burn+ x1 call$ ! ,frankl9 /ove1 0 inv5t$ by ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 b n until coal came into use z fuel 7 iron /oves made4 ,= a long "t /oves 7 us$ ma9ly = heat+ purposes1 z _m h\sewives pref]r$ to cook at ! op5 fireplace4 ,h[ev]1 ?is me?od ( cook+ has practically disappe>$ & a /ove ( "s k9d is 9 use = cook+ 9 e home4 #fc4 ,= ea* fuel 9 common use !re are _m specially con/ruct$ /oves1 ea* hav+ "s advantage\s feature2 yet all /oves con/ruct$ = ! same fuel are practically ! same 9 pr9ciple4 ,9 ord] t fuel w burn & produce heat1 x mu/ h air1 because fuel1 :e!r x is wood1 coal1 or gas1 is compos$ l>gely ( c>bon & air l>gely ( oxyg51 & x is ! rapid union ( ^! two *emical elem5ts t produces heat4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] t ea* /ove may "w prop]ly1 "s way 9 :i* to furni% air = ! fire 9 ! firebox mu/ be provid$4 ,= ?is reason1 e /ove = cook+ conta9s passageways = air & is connect$ ) a *imney1 :i* conta9s a flue1 or passage1 t leads to ! out] air4 ,:5 ! air 9 a /ove becomes heat$1 x rises1 & z x asc5ds cold air ru%es ?r\gh ! passageways ( ! /ove to take its place4 ,x is ! flue1 h[ev]1 t p]mits ( ! necess>y draft & c>ries (f unburn$ gases4 ,at times x is necess>y to regulate ! am\nt ( air t ent]s1 & 9 ord] t ?is may be done ea* /ove is provid$ ) damp]s4 ,^! devices are locat$ 9 ! air passages & !y are s design$ z to close (f ! air or all[ ! desir$ am\nt to ent]4 ,by means ( ^! damp]s x is possible also to =ce ! heat ar\nd ! /ove ov51 aga9/ ! top ( ! /ove1 or up ! *imney flue4 ,a k ( ! ways 9 :i* to manipulate ^! damp]s is absolutely necess>y if correct results are to be obta9$ f a /ove4 ,! flue1 h[ev]1 %\ld receive due consid]ation4 ,if a /ove is to give its be/ s]vice1 ! flue1 9 addition to be+ well con/ruct$1 %\ld be free f ob/ructions & kept 9 good condition4 ,inde$1 ! /ove is (t5 blam$ = do+ unsatisfactory "w :5 ! fault is really ) ! flue4 #fd4 ,probably "o ( ! mo/ important ?+s consid]$ 9 ! con/ruction ( /oves is ! economiz+ ( fuel1 = ev] s9ce ! days ( ! fireplace !re has be5 m or less ( a t5d5cy to save fuel = cook+1 & z ! v>i\s k9ds gr[ sc>c]1 & consequ5tly m exp5sive1 ! economical use ( fuel becomes a necessity4 ,:ile mo/ /oves = cook+ purposes are s con/ruct$ z to save fuel1 _m ( !m d n1 especially if ! me?od ( c>+ = !m is n und]/ood4 ,any h\sewife1 h[ev]1 c economize 9 ! use ( fuel if %e w le>n h[ ! /ove %e has mu/ be op]at$2 & ?is c be done by foll[+ closely ! directions t come ) ! /ove :5 x is pur*as$4 ,su* directions are ! be/ to foll[1 because !y h be5 work$ out by ! manufactur]1 :o und]/&s ! "r way 9 :i* 8 product %\ld be op]at$4 ,,coal1 ,,/oves ,,& ,,_! ,,op]ation #fe4 ,,g5]al ,,con/ruction4--,9 ,fig4 #c is illu/rat$ ! g5]al con/ruction ( ! type ( coal /ove us$ = cook+4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( su* a /ove1 :i* is commonly ref]r$ to z a cook /ove1 or range1 are ! firebox a2 ! grate b2 ! a% pit c1 :i* usually conta9s an a%-pan d2 ! ov5 e2 ! damp]s f1 g1 h1 & i2 ! flue op5+ j & flue k2 op5+s 9 ! top & suitable lids1 n %[n1 = kettles & pans2 & ! air space ext5d+ f ! firebox ar\nd ?ree sides ( ! ov51 z %[n by ! arr[s4 ,to prev5t ! /ove f we>+ out rapidly1 ! firebox1 9 :i* ! fuel is burn$1 is l9$ ) a mat]ial1 su* z fireclay1 t w )/& great heat4 ,! fire 9 ! firebox is support$ by ! grate1 :i* is 9 ! =m ( metal tee? or b>s1 s z to p]mit air to pass ?r\gh ! fuel f und]nea?4 ,! grate is usually s con/ruct$ t :5 ! fire is rak$ x p]mits burnt coal or a%es to fall into ! a%-pan1 by means ( :i* !y c be readily remov$ f ! /ove4 ,! ov51 :i* lies directly back ( ! firebox & is really an enclos$ *amb] 9 :i* food may be cook$1 receives its heat f ! hot air t passes ar\nd x4 ,! damp]s are devices t control ! fl[ ( air 9 & out ( ! /ove4 ,^? %[n at f & g s]ve to admit fre% air into ! /ove or to keep x out1 & ^? %[n at h & i s]ve to keep heat$ air 9 ! /ove or to p]mit x to pass out ?r\gh ! flue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c #ff4 ,build+ a ,coal ,fire4--,to build a coal fire is a simple matt]4 ,s t ! draft w be "r = rapid combu/ion1 x is fir/ necess>y to close ! damp]s f & h & to op5 ! bottom damp] g & ! *imney damp] i4 ,) ^! damp]s arrang$1 place cru%$ pap] or %av+s on ! grate2 !n on top ( ! pap] or %av+s place k9dl+1 & on top ( ! k9dl+ put a small quantity ( coal4 ,be c>eful to place ! fuel on ! grate loosely en\gh to p]mit curr5ts ( air to pass ?r\gh x1 because x w n burn readily if x is closely pack$4 ,light ! fire by ins]t+ a flame f bel[4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! flame w rise & ignite ! k9dl+1 & ?is1 9 turn1 w cause ! coal to take fire4 ,:5 ! fire is burn+ well1 close ! damp]s g & i s t ! fuel w n burn too rapidly & ! heat w surr\nd ! ov5 in/ead ( pass+ up ! *imney2 also1 be=e too mu* ( ! fir/ supply ( coal is burn$ out1 add a new supply1 b be sure t ! coal is suffici5tly ignit$ be=e ! new supply is add$ s z n to smo!r ! fire4 ,if only a ?9 lay] is add$ ea* "t1 ?is dang] w be remov$4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ t ! be/ results are secur$ if ! fire is built only #d in*es high4 ,:5 hot coals come ne> ! top ( ! /ove1 ! lids are likely to w>p & crack f ! heat & ! cook+ w n be done any m effectively4 ,ano!r ?+ to avoid 9 connection ) a fire is ! accumulation ( a%es4 ,! a%-pan %\ld be kept z ne>ly empty z possible1 = a full a%-pan w *eck ! draft & cause ! grate 9 ! firebox to burn out4 #fg4 ,,adju/+ ,,! ,,damp]s4--,to get ! be/ results f a cook /ove1 & at ! same "t ov]come ! wa/+ ( fuel1 ! ways 9 :i* to adju/ ! damp]s %\ld be fully kn[n4 ,if x is desir$ to heat ! ov5 = bak+1 close damp]s f & i & op5 damp]s g & h4 ,) ! damp]s s arrang$1 ! heat$ air above ! fire is =c$ ar\nd ! ov5 & up ! flue1 z is cle>ly %[n by ! arr[s 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,a /udy ( ?is diagram w readily %[ t ! l[] left-h& corn] ( ! ov5 is its coole/ "p1 s9ce ! heat$ air does n rea* ?is place directly1 & t ! top c5t] is ! hotte/ "p1 because ! hotte/ air passes directly ov] ?is portion ( ! ov5 & ! heat$ air 9 ! ov5 rises to x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,if x is desir$ to heat ! surface ( ! /ove1 s t cook+ may be done on top ( x1 close damp]s f1 h1 & i & op5 damp] g4 ,) ! damp]s s arrang$1 ! heat$ air does n pass ar\nd ! ov51 b is conf9$ 9 ! space above x & ! firebox1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,:ile ! damp] i 9 ! flue is clos$ 9 ord] to conf9e ! heat$ air z mu* z possible to ! space "u ! top ( ! /ove1 x conta9s op5+s t all[ j en\gh air to pass up ! flue to ma9ta9 ! draft necess>y = combu/ion4 ,:5 ! damp]s are arrang$ z m5tion$1 ! hotte/ place on ! surface ( ! /ove is betwe5 ! firebox & ! /ovepipe1 & ! coole/ place is beh9d ! damp] h4 #fh4 ,,bank+ ,a ,,coal ,,fire4--,to economize 9 ! use ( fuel1 z well z to save ! labor involv$ 9 build+ a new fire1 x is advisable to keep a fire burn+ l[ f "o meal to ano!r & f "o day to ! next4 ,z ! nature ( h>d coal is su* t x w hold fire = a long "t1 ?is c be done by :at is call$ bank+ ! fire4 ,to a*ieve ?is1 aft] ! fire has s]v$ to cook a meal1 %ake ! a%es out ( ! grate s t ! gl[+ coals are left4 ,!n put fre% coal on ?is b$ ( coals1 &1 ) ! damp]s arrang$ z = build+ a new fire1 all[ ! coal to burn well = a %ort "t4 ,f9ally1 cov] ! fire ) a lay] ( f9e coal & adju/ ! damp]s prop]ly2 t is1 close damp]s g & h & op5 damp]s f & i4 ,if ! bank+ is c>efully done ! fire %\ld la/ #h or #aj h\rs )\t fur!r att5tion4 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 h[ev]1 to use suffici5t coal 9 bank+ ! fire1 s t :5 x is to be us$ aga9 ! coal w n be completely burn$1 b en\gh burn+ coals w rema9 to ignite a fre% supply4 ,:5 ! fire is to be us$ aga91 rake x slightly1 put a ?9 lay] ( coal ov] ! top1 & arrange ! damp]s z = />t+ a fire4 ,z soon z ?is lay] ( coal has begun to burn1 add m until ! fire is 9 good condition4 ,,gas ,,/oves ,,& ,,_! ,,op]ation #fi4 ,,gas ,,ranges4--,a gas /ove = cook+1 or gas range1 z x is frequ5tly call$1 consi/s ( an ov51 a broil]1 & sev]al burn]s ov] :i* are plates to hold pans1 pots1 & kettles 9 :i* food is to be cook$4 ,z is true ( a coal range1 a gas range also requires a flue to c>ry (f ! products ( unburn$ gas4 ,gas /oves1 or ranges1 are ( _m makes1 b 9 pr9ciple all ( !m are practically ! same2 9 fact1 ! *ief diff]5ce lies 9 ! location or arrangem5t ( ! ov51 broil]1 & burn]s4 ,9 ,fig4 #e is illu/rat$ a simple type ( gas range4 ,! ov5 a ( ?is /ove is locat$ above ! top ( ! /ove1 in/ead ( bel[ x1 z 9 "s /oves4 ,an ov5 s locat$ is ( advantage 9 t x saves /oop+ or b5d+ ov]4 ,! door ( ?is ov5 conta9s a glass1 :i* makes x possible to obs]ve ! food bak+ inside )\t op5+ ! door & !reby los+ heat4 ,! broil] b1 :i* may also be us$ z a toa/]1 is locat$ directly b5ea? ! ov51 & to ! "r are ! burn]s c = cook+4 ,! gas = ^! p>ts is conta9$ 9 ! pipe d1 :i* is connect$ to a pipe jo9$ to ! gas ma9 9 ! /reet4 ,to get heat = cook+ x is simply necess>y to turn on ! /op-cocks & light ! gas4 ,! f\r burn]s are controll$ by ! /op-cocks e1 & ! ov5 & ! broil] by ! /op-cock f4 ,! /ove is also equipp$ ) a simm]+ burn] = ! sl[ me?ods ( cook+ on top ( ! /ove1 gas to ?is burn] be+ controll$ by ! /op-cock g4 ,to cat* any?+ t may be spill$ 9 cook+1 !re is a removable metal or enamel %eet h4 ,su* a %eet is a great advantage1 z x aids consid]ably 9 keep+ ! /ove clean4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e #gj4 ,"s gas /oves are provid$ ) a pilot1 :i* is a t9y flame ( gas t is controll$ by a button on ! gas pipe to :i* ! /op-cocks are atta*$4 ,! pilot is kept light$1 & :5 x is desir$ to light a burn]1 press+ ! button causes ! flame to %oot ne> en\gh to ea* burn] to ignite ! gas4 ,h[ev]1 :e!r ! burn]s are light$ 9 ?is way or by apply+ a light$ mat*1 !y %\ld nev] be light$ until heat is requir$2 likewise1 9 ord] to save gas1 !y %\ld be turn$ (f z soon z ! cook+ is complet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f ,to produce ! be/ results1 ! flame giv5 (f by gas %\ld be blue4 ,a flame t is yell[ & a burn] t makes a noise :5 light$1 indicate t ! gas flame has caught 9 ! pipe1 & to rem$y ?is ! gas mu/ be turn$ out & relight$4 ,:5 ! gas flame com+ f a new burn] is yell[1 x may be tak5 = grant$ t n en\gh air is be+ admitt$ to make ! prop] mixture4 ,to p]mit ( ! prop] mixture1 ea* gas pipe ext5d+ f ! /op-cock & t]m9at+ 9 ! burn] is provid$ ) :at is call$ a mix]4 ,?is device1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 consi/s ( sev]al slots t may be op5$ or clos$ by turn+ "p a1 ?us mak+ x a simple matt] to admit ! "r am\nt ( air to produce ! desir$ blue flame4 ,if burn]s t h be5 9 use = "s "t give (f a yell[ flame1 x is probable t ! tr\ble is caus$ by a deposit ( soot or burn$ mat]ial4 ,su* burn]s %\ld be remov$1 boil$ 9 a solution ( wa%+ soda or lye until ! holes 9 ! top are ?or\ghly clean$1 & !n replac$ & adju/$4 ,z long z ! flame rema9s yell[1 ! gas is n giv+ (f z mu* heat z x %\ld produce & is liable to smoke cook+ ut5sils black4 ,!re=e1 to get ! be/ results ! burn]s %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ e n[ & !n 9 ! mann] m5tion$4 ,likewise1 ! pan b5ea? ! burn]s1 :i* may be remov$1 %\ld be clean$ v frequ5tly1 & ! entire /ove %\ld be wip$ ea* "t x is us$1 = ! bett] su* a /ove is tak5 c>e (1 ! bett] w x cont9ue to d its "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g #ga4 ,,fireless-,,cook+ ,,gas ,,/oves4--,a /yle ( gas /ove t meets ) favor 9 _m homes is ! s-call$ fireless-cook+ gas /ove1 "o /yle ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,su* a /ove has ! comb9$ advantages ( a fireless cook]1 :i* is expla9$ lat]1 & a gas /ove1 = x p]mits ( quick cook+ ) direct heat1 z well z sl[ cook+ ) heat t is reta9$ 9 an insulat$ *amb]1 t is1 "o t is suffici5tly cov]$ to prev5t heat f escap+4 ,9 con/ruction1 ?is type ( /ove is simil> to any o!r gas /ove1 except t its ov5 is insulat$ & x is provid$ ) "o or m comp>tm5ts = fireless cook+1 z at a & b4 ,ea* ( ^! comp>tm5ts is s arrang$ t x may be mov$ up & d[n on an upright rod1 ne> ! base ( :i*1 re/+ on a solid plate c1 is a gas burn] d1 ov] :i* ! insulat$ hood ( ! comp>tm5t fits4 ,:5 x is desir$ to cook food 9 "o ( ^! comp>tm5ts1 ! hood is rais$1 z at b1 & ! gas burn] is light$4 ,! food 9 ! cook] is all[$ to cook ov] ! light$ burn] until suffici5t heat has be5 reta9$ or ! process has be5 c>ri$ suffici5tly f> to p]mit ! cook+ to cont9ue )\t fire4 ,!n ! insulat$ hood is l[]$ until ! comp>tm5t is 9 ! position ( ! "o %[n at a4 ,x is n necess>y to turn (f ! gas1 z ?is is done automatically :5 ! hood is l[]$4 ,,k]os5e ,,/oves ,,& ,,_! ,,op]ation ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h #gb4 ,z has be5 m5tion$1 k]os5e is us$ consid]ably z a fuel 9 localities :]e gas _c be obta9$4 ,k]os5e /oves are n unlike gas /oves1 b1 z a rule1 in/ead ( hav+ built-9 ov5s1 !y are provid$ ) portable ov5s1 :i* are heat$ by plac+ !m on top ( ! /ove1 ov] ! burn]s4 ,su* /oves are ( two types1 ^? 9 :i* cotton wicks are us$1 z 9 oil lamps1 & ^? :i* are wickless1 ! =m] be+ g5]ally consid]$ m conv5i5t & satisfactory ?an ! latt]4 ,9 ,fig4 #h is %[n a ?ree-burn] k]os5e /ove ( ! fir/ type m5tion$4 ,oil = ! burn]s1 or lamps1 a is /or$ 9 ! conta9] b1 :i* may be ( glass or metal1 & x is suppli$ to ! res]voir ( ea* burn] by ! pipe c4 ,ea* burn] is provid$ ) a door d1 :i* is op5$ :5 x is desir$ to light ! wick4 ,! flame ( ea* burn] is controll$ by ! screw e1 :i* s]ves to raise or l[] ! wick1 & ! heat passes up to ! op5+ f 9 ! top ( ! /ove ?r\gh ! cyl9drical pipe above ! burn]4 ,! arrangem5t ( a wickless k]os5e /ove is mu* ! same z ! "o j describ$1 b x is s con/ruct$ t ! oil1 :i* is also /or$ 9 a tank at ! side1 fl[s into :at is call$ a burn] b[l & burns f ?is b[l up ?r\gh a p]=at$ *imney1 ! quantity ( oil us$ be+ regulat$ by a valve atta*$ to ea* b[l4 #gc4 ,! burn]s ( k]os5e /oves are light$ by apply+ a mat*1 j z ! burn]s ( a gas /ove are light$4 ,9 "s /oves1 especially ^? ( ! wickless type1 ! burn]s are s con/ruct$ t ! flame c rise to only a c]ta9 height4 ,?is is a good feature1 z x prev5ts ! flame f gradually creep+ up & smok+1 a common occurr5ce 9 an oil /ove4 ,! k]os5e-/ove flame t gives ! mo/ heat1 consumes ! lea/ fuel1 & produces ! lea/ soot & odor is blue 9 color4 ,a yell[ flame1 :i* is giv5 (f 9 "s /oves1 produces m or less soot & consequ5tly makes x h>d] to keep ! /ove clean4 ,glass conta9]s are bett] ?an metal conta9]s1 because ! wat] t is always pres5t 9 small quantities 9 k]os5e is apt to ru/ ! metal conta9] & cause x to leak4 ,to prev5t ! accumulation ( dirt1 z well z ! disagreeable odor usually pres5t :5 an oil /ove is us$1 ! burn]s %\ld be remov$ frequ5tly & boil$ 9 a solution ( wa%+ soda2 also1 if a wick is us$1 ! *>r$ portion %\ld be rubb$ f x1 b n cut1 z cutt+ is liable to make x give (f an unev5 flame4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i ,,electric ,,/oves ,,& ,,ut5sils #gd4 ,,electric ,,/oves4 ,electric /oves = cook+ h be5 p]fect$ to su* an ext5t t !y are a great conv5i5ce1 & 9 places :]e ! co/ ( electricity does n greatly exce$ t ( gas !y are us$ consid]ably4 ,9 appe>ance1 electric /oves are v simil> to gas /oves1 z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 :i* illu/rates an electric /ove ( ! usual type4 ,! ov5 a is locat$ at "o side & conta9s a broil] pan b4 ,on top ( ?is /ove are op5+s = cook+1 into :i* fit lids c t h ! appe>ance ( ord9>y /ove lids1 b are 9 reality electrical heat+ units1 call$ hotplates4 ,heat = cook+ is suppli$ by a curr5t ( electricity t passes ?r\gh ! hotplates1 z well z ?r\gh simil> devices 9 ! ov51 ! /ove be+ connect$ to ! supply ( electricity at ! connection-box d1 :i* is "h %[n ) ! cov] remov$4 ,! heat ( ! diff]5t hotplates & ! ov5 is controll$ by sev]al swit*es e at ! front ( ! /ove4 ,ea* ( ^! swit*es provides ?ree degrees ( heat--high1 m$ium1 & l[--& j ! am\nt ( heat requir$ = cook+ c be suppli$ by turn+ ! swit* to ! "r po9t4 ,bel[ ! swit*es are sev]al fuse plugs f t conta9 ! fuses1 :i* are devices us$ 9 electrical app>atus to avoid injury to x 9 case ! curr5t ( electricity becomes too great4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj ,x is n absolutely necess>y to h flue connections = an electric /ove1 z su* a /ove does n require a draft & gives (f no products ( combu/ion to be c>ri$ away4 ,9 fact1 "o ( ! favorable po9ts ab\t an electric /ove is t x produces no dirt & causes no inconv5i5ce4 ,:5 ! cook+ is done1 ! electricity c be turn$ (f1 aft] :i* ! /ove quickly cools4 ,:5 electricity is us$ = cook+1 cook+ ut5sils1 me?ods1 & recipes c be appli$ 9 ! same ways z :5 o!r means ( produc+ heat are employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa #ge4 ,,small ,,electric ,,ut5sils4--,9 addition to electric /oves1 !re are a numb] ( small] electrical cook+ ut5sils t c be atta*$ to an electric-light socket or a wall socket4 ,among ^! are p]colators1 toa/]s1 hotplates1 or grills1 *af+ di%es1 egg poa*]s1 & simil> devices4 ,an idea ( su* ut5sils = cook+ may be =m$ by ref]r+ to ,fig4 #aj1 :i* %[s an electric toa/]1 & ,fig4 #aa1 :i* %[s a hotplate1 or grill4 ,! toa/] is arrang$ s t bread to be toa/$ may be plac$ on ea* side1 z well z on top1 ( an upright "p t gives (f heat :5 ! curr5t ( electricity is turn$ on4 ,! grill is s con/ruct$ t a pan = cook+ may be plac$ "u & on top ( ! "p t gives (f heat4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ess5tials ,,( ,,cook]y 7,,"p #a7 ,,exam9ation ,,que/ions 7#a7 ,give 9 its full s5se ! mean+ ( ! t]m cook]y4 7#b7 ,h[ may ! h\sewife control ! co/ ( h] foods8 7#c7 7a7 ,expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 wa/e & refuse4 7b7 ,to :at is leakage 9 ! h\sehold due8 7#d7 ,:at ?ree important matt]s ent] into ! problem ( pur*as+ food8 7#e7 7a7 ,"n ! five sub/ances t are f\nd 9 food1 7b7 ,( :at value is a k ( ^! food sub/ances8 7#f7 7a7 ,:at is ! function ( prote9 9 ! body8 7b7 ,m5tion ! pr9cipal s\rces ( prote91 7c7 ,expla9 ! effect ( heat on foods t conta9 prote94 7#g7 7a7 ,) :at d c>bohydrates supply ! body8 7b7 ,m5tion ! two =ms ( c>bohydrates & also "s ( ! foods 9 :i* ea* may be f\nd4 7#h7 ,:at is a calorie8 7#i7 ,give five reasons = cook+ food4 7#aj7 ,m5tion ! twelve pr9cipal processes employ$ 9 ! cook+ ( food4 7#aa7 ,describe "o me?od ( cook+ )3 7a7 dry heat2 7b7 moi/ heat2 7c7 hot fat4 7#ab7 7a7 ,at :at temp]ature does wat] boil8 7b7 ,h[ is h>d wat] affect$ by boil+8 7c7 ,expla9 ! uses ( wat] 9 cook+4 7#ac7 7a7 ,:at g5]ally controls ! k9d ( /ove to be us$ = cook+8 7b7 ,expla9 h[ x is possible to keep d[n ! co/ ( cook+ 9 us+ fuel4 7#ad7 ,m5tion ! be/ way 9 :i* to become famili> ) ! op]ation ( a /ove4 7#ae7 7a7 ,( :at value is gas z a fuel8 7b7 ,:at k9d ( gas flame is be/ = cook+8 7#af7 ,suppose t a gas met] regi/]s #gb1ejj cubic feet on ,m>* #a1 & t on ,april #a ! h& ( ! left dial is betwe5 #g & #h1 t ( ! middle dial is betwe5 #e & #f1 & t ( ! "r dial is at #e4 ,at #ij c5ts a #a1jjj cubic feet1 :at is ! co/ ( ! gas consum$8 7#ag7 7a7 ,h[ is heat produc$ 9 a /ove8 7b7 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! damp]s ( a /ove8 7#ah7 7a7 ,h[ %\ld ! damp]s ( a coal range be adju/$ s z to heat ! ov5 = bak+8 7b7 ,h[ %\ld !y be adju/$ = cook+ on top ( ! /ove8 7#ai7 7a7 ,:at is ! purpose ( a mix] on a gas /ove8 7b7 ,h[ may a gas /ove be kept 9 good condition8 7#bj7 ,h[ may ! burn]s ( a k]os5e /ove be kept clean8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ess5tials ,,( ,,cook]y 7,,"p #b7 99 99 99 99 99 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,food--7,cont9u$7 ,,ut5sils ,,= ,,cook+ ,,importance ,,( ,,ut5sils #a4 ,:ile success 9 cook+1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 dep5ds to a consid]able ext5t on ! selection ( mat]ials & ! prop] cook+ me?ods1 z well z on an und]/&+ ( ! /ove & fuel employ$1 ! importance ( ! ut5sils t are to be us$ mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,z is well kn[n1 ea* cook+ ut5sil is fitt$ to its p>ticul> use2 9 fact1 ! wrong k9d ( pan1 di%1 or o!r ut5sil w n br+ ab\t ! same result z ! "r "o4 ,?is does n mean1 h[ev]1 t ! h\sewife mu/ possess a l>ge supply ( e k9d ( ut5sil1 =1 really1 ! exp]t cook is kn[n by ! small numb] ( ut5sils %e uses4 ,( c\rse1 ! prop] h&l+ ( ut5sils1 z well z ! "r selection ( !m1 w come ) exp]i5ce1 b be=e %e />ts to cook ! beg9n] %\ld endeavor to plan def9itely :at mu/ be provid$4 ,%e %\ld likewise rememb] t ! use ( an unnecess>y numb] ( ut5sils n only w increase ! labor involv$ 9 prep>+ a di%1 b w affect consid]ably ! am\nt ( "w requir$ to cle> !m away & wa% !m aft] ! cook+ is done4 #b4 ,! mat]ials ( :i* cook+ ut5sils are made1 z well z _! %ape & size1 h also a great be>+ on ! success ) :i* cook+ may be done4 ,z no "o mat]ial is suitable = all ut5sils1 !y are made ( v>i\s mat]ials1 su* z wood1 t91 glass1 enamel1 alum9um1 %eet iron1 & e>!nw>e4 ,9 ! pur*ase ( a ut5sil1 !re=e1 x is well to h 9 m9d ! use to :i* ! ut5sil w be put1 & !n to select "o t is made ( durable mat]ial1 t c be easily clean$1 & t w n affect ! food t is cook$ 9 x4 ,likewise1 ! %ape ( ! ut5sil %\ld receive consid]ation1 = mu* dep5ds on x4 ,to be satisfactory1 a ut5sil %\ld be )\t seams or curv$ edges1 because x is difficult to remove p>ticles ( food t collect 9 su* places4 ,a vessel t is h>d to wa% %\ld be avoid$1 & "o t w tip easily is n desirable1 ei!r4 ,! size ( ut5sils mu/ be det]m9$ by ! numb] ( p]sons = :om food is to be cook$1 = ! am\nt ( food to be prep>$ indicates :e!r a l>ge or a small ut5sil %\ld be select$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = foods to cook dep5ds to a l>ge ext5t on ! size & %ape ( ! ut5sil4 ,:5 food is to be cook$ a long "t1 a deep vessel ) a comp>atively small surface expos$ = evaporation %\ld be *os52 b = quick cook+1 use %\ld be made ( a %all[ ut5sil t w all[ a great deal ( surface to be expos$1 z ! evaporation w be accompli%$ m rapidly4 ,9 furni%+ a kit*51 x is well to beg9 ) a few ess5tial ut5sils ( ! be/ quality t c be obta9$1 & !n1 z ne$$1 to add o!r well-select$ ut5sils to ! equipm5t4 ,,mat]ials ,,us$ ,,= ,,ut5sils #c4 ,,alum9um4--,because ( ! prop]ties ( alum9um1 ?is metal is us$ ext5sively = cook+ ut5sils4 ,x is m co/ly ?an mo/ ( ! mat]ials employ$ = ?is purpose1 b :ile ! fir/ co/ ( alum9um pans & kettles may seem l>ge1 ! extra exp5se is ju/ifi$ by ! durability ( ! ut5sils4 ,!y la/ mu* long] ?an ut5sils made ( _m o!r mat]ials1 = :5 alum9um is hamm]$ & roll$ x becomes extremely h>d4 ,"s alum9um ut5sils are v ?91 & s9ce !y melt & d5t v easily !y are suitable = only light1 c>eful h&l+4 ,al?\gh heavi] alum9um ut5sils are m exp5sive ?an ! light] ones on acc\nt ( ! metal requir$ & ! manufactur+ process involv$1 !y are h>d] & m durable4 ,ca/ alum9um is us$ = l>ge vessels1 su* z ^? requir$ 9 in/itutions :]e l>ge quantities ( food are cook$ & :]e pots & kettles are subject$ to extremely h>d we>1 b ?is is ! mo/ exp5sive k9d1 = 9 ord] to make ! alum9um h>d en\gh = ca/+ "s h>d] metal mu/ be mix$ ) x4 ,"o ( ! disadvantages ( alum9um is t x is n always easy to clean1 b ?is is ov]balanc$ by ! fact t foods d n burn s readily 9 alum9um ut5sils z 9 o!r k9ds1 s9ce ! heat is ev5ly di/ribut$ by ?is metal4 #d4 ,,enamel4--,good enamel cook+ ut5sils are desirable = "s purposes & are only mod]ately exp5sive4 ,ut5sils made ( enamel are n s durable z ^? made ( metal1 because excessive heat or a %>p bl[ w cause ! enamel to *ip4 ,enamel ut5sils come 9 v>i\s colors1 & all c be kept clean easily1 b ! gray enamel is consid]$ to be ! be/ = we>4 #e4 ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel4--,ut5sils made ( iron & /eel are usually inexp5sive1 b "s1 especially ^? ( iron1 are heavy4 ,^! metals are us$ pr9cipally = su* ut5sils z fry+ pans1 or skillets1 griddles1 waffle irons1 & kettles = deep-fat fry+4 ,%eet iron makes excell5t %all[ pans = bak+ cookies & o!r cakes1 v satisfactory bread pans1 & ! be/ k9d ( pans = omelet & o!r fry+4 #f4 ,,e>!nw>e4--,a c]ta9 numb] ( fairly durable e>!nw>e ut5sils are necess>y 9 a kit*5 equipm5t4 ,mix+ b[ls are usually made ( e>!nw>e1 z are also cass]oles1 :i* are cov]$ di%es us$ = ! bak+ ( foods t require long cook+1 & o!r bak+ ut5sils4 ,meat1 f[l1 & "s vegetables1 su* z dri$ beans1 are delici\s :5 prep>$ 9 a cass]ole1 z v little flavor or food is lo/ 9 su* a di%4 #g4 ,,t94--,! *eape/ metal f :i* cook+ ut5sils are made is t91 b x is n g5]ally us$ = ut5sils 9 :i* food is to be cook$1 because x melts at too l[ a temp]ature4 ,t9 is us$1 h[ev]1 = su* small articles z measures1 cutt]s1 apple cor]s1 sieves1 /ra9]s1 & o!r ?+s ( ?is k9d1 & x is especially desirable = !m4 #h4 ,,copp]4--,be=e iron 0 kn[n copp] 0 ! pr9cipal mat]ial = cook+ ut5sils4 ,! *ief po9t 9 favor ( copp] is its durability1 b ut5sils made ( x are n practical = use 9 ! ord9>y kit*5 because !y are exp5sive1 heavy1 & v difficult to keep clean4 #i4 ,,glass4--,ut5sils made ( heavy glassw>e are mu* us$ = cook+4 ,glass ut5sils are especially desirable = cu/>ds & o!r di%es t ! cook likes to wat* :ile cook+ or t are to be s]v$ 9 ! bak+ di%4 ,glass cook+ ut5sils possess ! advantage ( reta9+ ! heat well4 #aj4 ,,wood4--,c]ta9 ut5sils made ( wood are requir$ 9 a cook+ outfit1 a mold+ bo>d ( h>dwood & a small] wood5 cutt+ bo>d be+ p>ticul>ly necess>y 9 e kit*54 ,b[ls 9 :i* to *op foods1 roll+ p9s1 & mix+ spoons are usually made ( h>dwood1 & :5 su* wood is us$ = !m !y are entirely satisfactory4 ,,labor-,,sav+ ,,devices #aa4 ,a ,,labor-,,sav+ ,,device is any app>atus t w p]mit a c]ta9 piece ( "w to be accompli%$ ) less ex]tion ?an w\ld be necess>y to d ! same ?+ )\t x4 ,a s9k & a du/pan are labor-sav+ devices j z truly z are a bread mix] & a vacuum clean]1 b because a s9k & a du/pan are necessities z well1 !y are n usually ?\ght ( z true labor-sav+ devices4 ,! new] appliances = sav+ labor are (t5 consid]$ to be q unnecess>y1 & inde$ "s ( !m are4 ,x is only :5 su* app>atus w1 ) less labor involv$ & less "t consum$ 9 ! process1 secure results z good z or bett] ?an w ano!r device1 & :5 ! clean+ & c>e ( x d n consume s mu* "t & labor z is sav$ by us+ x1 t x may be consid]$ a true labor-sav+ device4 ,ea* h\sewife mu/ decide = h]self :e!r ! exp5se ( a s-call$ labor-sav+ device is great] ?an ! value ( ! "t & /r5g? %e w\ld use )\t su* a device4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a 7a7 7b7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c #ab4 ,,common ,,labor-,,sav+ ,,devices4 ,e h\sewife does n h occasion to use all ! devices t h be5 inv5t$ to save labor1 b a numb] ( ^! are 9 su* common use1 produce su* good results1 & save s mu* "t & ef=t t !y %\ld be f\nd 9 e kit*54 ,among !m is ! rot>y egg beat] %[n 9 ,fig4 #a 7a74 ,?is is s made t "o revolution ( ! :eel to :i* ! crank is atta*$ does ab\t five times z mu* "w z c be done ) a =k or ) an egg :ip1 :i* is %[n 9 7b74 ,ano!r inexp5sive device t is a real help is ! potato ric]4 ,?is device1 "o /yle ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 is really a press ?r\gh :i* any fruit or vegetable c be put to make a pure4 ,x is us$ consid]ably = ma%+ potatoes1 z x makes !m p]fectly smoo? & saves consid]able "t & labor4 ,/ill ano!r useful device is ! meat *opp]1 or gr9d]1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,su* a device clamp$ to ! edge ( a table takes ! place ( a *opp+ b[l & knife1 & 9 addition to be+ m sanit>y x p]mits ! "w to be done 9 a %ort] "t & ) less ef=t4 ,besides ! devices m5tion$1 !re are _m small labor-sav+ devices1 su* z ! apple cor]1 ! b]ry hull]1 ! mayonnaise mix]1 etc41 ! m]its ( :i* e busy h\sewife w d well to consid]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d #ac4 ,,bread ,,& ,,cake ,,mix]s4 ,:]e bak+ is done = only a small numb] ( p]sons1 bread & cake mix]s are n indisp5sable1 b !y save mu* labor :]e bak+ is done on a l>ge scale4 ,x is comp>atively easy1 = in/ance1 to knead d\gh = ?ree or f\r loaves ( bread1 b ! process becomes r difficult :5 en\gh d\gh = eight to sixte5 loaves mu/ be h&l$4 ,= l>ge quantities ( bread & cake1 mix]s1 :5 prop]ly us$1 are labor-sav+4 ,9 addition1 su* devices are sanit>y1 & = ?is reason !y are us$ 9 _m homes :]e ! bak+s are comp>atively small4 #ad4 ,! type ( bread mix] 9 common use is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,x consi/s ( a cov]$ t9 pail a t may be fa/5$ to ! edge ( a table by ! clamp b4 ,inside ( ! pail is a knead+ prong c1 9 ! %ape ( a goos5eck1 t is revolv$ by turn+ ! h&le d4 ,! fl\r & o!r mat]ials = ! d\gh are put into ! pail1 & !y are mix$ & knead$ me*anically by turn+ ! h&le4 #ae4 ,a cake mix]1 ! usual type ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 is simil> 9 con/ruction to a bread mix]4 ,in/ead ( a pail1 h[ev]1 = ! d\gh +r$i5ts1 x has a deep pan a1 & in/ead ( "o knead+ prong x has sev]al prongs1 :i* are atta*$ to two arms b1 z %[n4 ,^! arms are revolv$ by ge>-:eels c t fit 9 a l>ge ge>:eel d atta*$ to a %aft e1 :i* is turn$ by means ( a h&le f4 ,! l>ge numb] ( mix+ prongs 9 a cake mix] are necess>y1 because cake d\gh mu/ be ?or\ghly /irr$ & beat51 :]eas 9 bread mak+ ! d\gh mu/ be made to =m a compact mass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e #af4 ,,di%-,,wa%+ ,,ma*9es4--,al?\gh ma*9es = wa%+ di%es are to be _h1 !y are mo/ helpful :]e l>ge numb]s ( p are s]v$ &1 consequ5tly1 :]e great quantities ( di%es are to be wa%$4 ,su* ma*9es are usually l>ge & !re=e take up m space ?an ! ord9>y kit*5 c af=d4 ,likewise ! c>e & clean+ ( !m require m labor ?an ! wa%+ ( di%es = a small family entails4 ,l>ge quantities ( hot wat] are ne$$ to op]ate me*anical di% wa%]s1 & ev5 :]e !y are in/all$1 ! glassw>e1 silv]1 & cook+ ut5sils mu/1 z a rule1 be wa%$ by h&4 #ag4 ,,fireless ,,cook]4--,a device t has prov$ to be really labor-sav+ is ! fireless cook]1 "o type ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,x consi/s ( an insulat$ box a l9$ ) metal & divid$ into comp>tm5ts b1 ) pans c t fit into !m4 ,hotplates1 or /ones1 z !y are sometimes call$1 are frequ5tly us$ if ! article to be cook$ requires !m4 ,^! /ones1 :i* are %[n at d1 are support$ 9 ! comp>tm5ts by metal racks e1 & !y are lift$ 9 & out by means ( wire h&les f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #f4 ,to use a fireless cook] prop]ly1 ! food mu/ be cook$ = a %ort "t on ! /ove2 !n x mu/ be tightly cov]$ & plac$ 9 "o ( ! insulat$ comp>tm5ts4 ,if hotplates are to be us$ !y mu/ be heat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! food loses its heat s gradually 9 ! fireless cook] t ! cook+ proce$s sl[ly b effectually4 ,:5 ! previ\s heat+ has be5 suffici5t1 ! food w be cook$ & /ill w>m :5 ! cook] is op5$ h\rs lat]4 ,"s articles ( food occasionally ne$ reheat+ dur+ ! process4 ,by ?is me?od ( cook+ !re is no loss ( flavor or food value1 & ! food usually requires no fur!r att5tion aft] be+ plac$ 9 ! cook]4 ,x also p]mits ( economy 9 bo? fuel & "t4 ,,ut5sils ,,= ,,furni%+ ,a ,,kit*5 #ah4 ,z a guide 9 pur*as+ equipm5t = a kit*51 a li/ ( ut5sils is "h pres5t$4 ,?is li/ is divid$ into ut5sils t are necess>y & ^? t are conv5i5t & only at times necess>y4 ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 ! numb] ( ut5sils & ! size mu/ be det]m9$ by ! quantity ( food t is to be prep>$4 ,,necess>y ,,equipm5t ,bak+ di% ) cov] ,bread box ,bread knife ,bread pans ,c op5] ,cake knife ,*opp+ b[l & knife or food *opp] ,c(fee mill ,c(fee pot ,col&] ,cookie cutt] ,cor]1 ,apple ,cutt+ bo>d ,di%pan ,d\ble boil] ,egg beat] ,fl\r sift] ,=ks ,fry+ pan1 l>ge ,fry+ pan1 small ,g>bage c ,grat] ,kettle cov]s ,kettles1 two or m ,knife %>p5] ,knives ,lemon squeez] ,long-h&l$ =k ,measur+ cup ,meat bo>d ,meat knife ,mix+ b[ls ,mix+ spoons ,mold+ bo>d ,muff9 pan ,p>+ knife ,pepp] %ak] ,pie pans ,potato ma%] ,r9s+1 or dra9+1 pan ,roa/+ pan ,roll+ p9 ,salt box ,saucepans ,spatula ,tablespoons ,teakettle ,teapot ,teaspoons ,toa/] ,wire /ra9] ,wood5 spoon ,,conv5i5t ,,equipm5t ,bread mix] ,cake cool]s ,cake mix] ,cake turn] ,cass]oles ,clock ,c(fee p]colator ,conta9]s = spices & dry groc]ies ,cookie %eets ,cream :ip ,egg :ip ,fireless cook] ,fry+ kettle & basket ,funnel ,glass j>s = cann+ ,griddle ,ice-cream freez] ,ice pick ,jelly molds ,ne/ ( b[ls ,pan = bak+ fi% ,potato knife ,potato ric] ,ramek9s ,qu>t measure ,scales ,scissors ,set ( skew]s ,/eam] ,waffle iron ,:eel c>t 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gett+ ,,foods ,,ready ,,= ,,cook+ ,,prelim9>y ,,prep>ation #ai4 ,be=e foods t require cook+ are cook$ or be=e foods t are to be eat5 raw are s]v$1 !y mu/ be prop]ly prep>$1 = _! palatability & _! value z food dep5d consid]ably on ! way 9 :i* !y are made ready = cook+ or = eat+4 ,( c\rse1 ! way 9 :i* food %\ld be prep>$ w dep5d on h[ x is to be s]v$1 b 9 any ev5t all foods1 = ! sake ( cleanl9ess1 mu/ fir/ be wa%$ ) wat] or wip$ ) a clean1 damp clo?4 #bj4 ,! ways 9 :i* vegetables & fruits are made ready = cook+ v>y4 ,sometimes su* foods are cook$ ) ! sk9s on1 & sometimes c]ta9 vegetables1 su* z new potatoes1 "y c>rots & p>snips1 vegetable oy/]s1 etc41 are made ready 9 an economical way by scrap+ (f _! sk9s ) a knife4 ,vegetables are also peel$1 & :5 ?is is done a v %>p knife ) a ?9 blade %\ld be us$ & z little ( ! food remov$ z possible4 ,/ill ano!r way ( remov+ ! sk9s ( su* foods z tomatoes1 nuts1 & "s fruits is by blan*+4 ,9 ?is process1 ! sk9s are loos5$ s t !y may be remov$ easily1 ei!r by imm]s+ ! foods 9 boil+ wat] or by p\r+ boil+ wat] ov] !m & all[+ !m to /& 9 ! wat] = a few m9utes1 b n long en\gh to s(t5 !m4 ,blan*+ us$ 9 ?is s5se %\ld n be confus$ ) ! same ^w :5 x means to take color out & has ref]5ce to a process ( blea*+4 ,only :5 ! ^w means to remove ! cov]+ ( c x be appli$ to ! peel+ ( tomatoes1 fruits1 & nuts4 ,vegetables & fruits may be cook$ :ole or !y may be cut into *unks1 or pieces1 or into slices4 #ba4 ,9 ord] to get meats ready = cook+1 x is necess>y to wipe !m clean & usually to trim (f all unnecess>y bone1 fat1 & sk94 ,meats may be cook$ 9 l>ge pieces or small pieces or !y may be gr\nd1 dep5d+ on ! cook+ process to be us$4 ,be=e cook+ p\ltry & fi%1 !y %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ & !n trimm$ & cut to suit ! cook+ process *os54 ,if desir$1 ! bones may be remov$ f p\ltry or fi% be=e cook+1 & sometimes x is advantage\s to d s4 ,cream & raw eggs may be :ipp$ or beat5 light be=e !y are s]v$ or cook$1 & aft] su* foods z fruits1 vegetables1 meats1 & fi% h be5 cook$1 !y may be slic$1 *opp$1 gr\nd1 ma%$1 or cut into dice1 or small pieces4 ,,mix+ ,,( ,,food ,,+r$i5ts #bb4 ,,processes ,,involv$ ,,9 ,,mix+4--,9 cook]y1 ! mix+ ( +r$i5ts is done = sev]al purposes--to produce a c]ta9 texture1 to give a smoo?ness or cream9ess to a mixture1 or to imp>t lightness4 ,v>i\s processes are involv$ 9 ! mix+ ( +r$i5ts1 & ! results t are accompli%$ dep5d entirely on ! me?od t is select$4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! processes ) brief explanations ( :at !y mean foll[4 ,,beat+ is a rapid motion t picks up mat]ial f ! bottom & mixes x ) t ne>] ! surface4 ,x is done ) a spoon1 a =k1 an egg :ip1 or1 if ! mixture is ?91 ) a rot>y egg beat]4 ,sometimes beat+ is done = ! purpose ( incorporat+ air & ?us mak+ ! mixture light4 ,,/irr+ is usually done ) a spoon1 & is accompli%$ by mov+ ! spoon 9 circles1 ar\nd & ar\nd1 ?r\gh +r$i5ts conta9$ 9 a pan or a b[l4 ,?is is ! me?od t is g5]ally appli$ to ! simple mix+ ( +r$i5ts4 ,,fold+ is a c>eful process :]eby beat5 egg or :ipp$ cream is add$ to a mixture )\t de/roy+ its lightness4 ,x is accompli%$ by plac+ ! egg or cream on top ( a mixture 9 a b[l or a pan1 & !n pass+ a spoon d[n ?r\gh bo? & br++ up a spoonful ( ! mixture & plac+ x on top4 ,?is motion is repeat$ until ! two are well bl5d$1 b ?is result %\ld be accompli%$ ) z few /rokes z possible4 ,,rubb+ is done by press+ mat]ials aga9/ ! side ( a b[l ) ! back ( a spoon4 ,?is is ! process t is appli$ :5 butt] & o!r fats are to be mix$ ) su* dry +r$i5ts z sug> & fl\r4 ,,cream+ consi/s 9 cont9u+ ! rubb+ process until ! texture becomes s(t & smoo? & is ( a creamy consi/5cy4 ,,cutt+-,,9 is a me?od us$ to comb9e butt] ) fl\r :5 x is desir$ to h ! butt] rema9 h>d or 9 small pieces4 ,x is done by *opp+ ! butt] into ! fl\r ) a knife4 ,,sift+ is %ak+ or /irr+ mat]ial ?r\gh a sift] hav+ a f9e wire me%4 ,x is done to remove =eign or co>se mat]ial1 to imp>t lightness1 or to mix dry +r$i5ts toge!r4 ,,ric+ is a process :]eby c]ta9 cook$ foods1 su* z fruits1 vegetables1 meats1 & fi%1 may be r$uc$ to ! =m ( a pure4 ,?is result is accompli%$ by =c+ ! cook$ mat]ial ?r\gh a ric]4 #bc4 ,,application ,,( ,,mix+ ,,processes4--,9 apply+ ! v>i\s mix+ processes1 x is well to be> 9 m9d t good results dep5d consid]ably on ! ord] ( mix+1 z well z on ! deftness & ?or\ghness ) :i* ea* process is p]=m$4 ,?is fact is cle>ly demon/rat$ 9 a cake 9 :i* ! butt] & sug> h n be5 actually cream$1 = su* a cake w n h ! same texture z "o 9 :i* ! cream+ has be5 done prop]ly4 ,x is also %[n 9 angel food or sun%9e cake1 = ! success ( su* a cake dep5ds l>gely on ! skill employ$ 9 fold+ 9 ! :ites ( eggs or 9 beat+ ! yolks4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lightness ( pa/ry & ! t5d]ness ( cookies dep5d on h[ ea* is roll$ out1 & ! knead+ ( bread is a process t demon/rates t _m ?+s c be le>n$ by actually do+ !m4 ,z progress is made ) ^! cook]y lessons1 !re=e1 ! application ( ! mix+ processes %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,beg9n]s 9 cook]y1 ow+ possibly to ! fact t at fir/ !y _c h&le s(t mat]ial skilfully1 are liable to make ! mi/ake ( gett+ ! +r$i5ts too /iff4 ,yet no beg9n] ne$ feel ! lea/ bit disc\rag$1 = ability 9 ?is direction comes ) exp]i5ce2 inde$1 j z skill 9 sew+1 embroid]+1 & o!r processes comes ab\t by practice & p]si/5t ef=t1 s w come skill 9 cook+4 ,,measur+ #bd4 ,uni=m results 9 cook]y dep5d on accurate measurem5t4 ,( c\rse1 !re are "s cooks--& good ones1 too--:o claim t !y d n measure1 b z a matt] ( fact !y h1 ?r\gh long exp]i5ce1 develop$ a judgm5t1 or s5se1 ( measurem5t1 :i* am\nts to ! same ?+ z if !y actually did measure4 ,/ill1 ev5 ^! cooks _c be absolutely sure ( secur+ z satisfactory results "t aft] "t z are likely to foll[ ! employm5t ( a m accurate me?od4 ,!re=e1 to secure ! be/ results1 e kit*5 %\ld be suppli$ ) ! prop] measur+ ut5sils1 :i* are scales1 a measur+ cup1 & a set ( measur+ spoons1 or a /&>d tablespoon & a /&>d teaspoon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g #be4 ,,scales4--,9 ,fig4 #g is %[n ! type ( scales g5]ally includ$ 9 ! kit*5 equipm5t4 ,! mat]ial to be weigh$ is plac$ on ! plat=m at ! top1 & ! weight ( x is indicat$ on ! dial by a po9t]1 or h&4 ,sometimes ^! scales are provid$ ) a scoop 9 :i* loose mat]ials may be plac$ 9 weigh+4 ,su* scales furni% a correct means n only ( measur+ mat]ials1 b ( v]ify+ ! weights ( foods f ! m>ket1 ! but*] %op1 or ! groc]y4 ,to use !m prop]ly1 ! h\sewife %\ld le>n to balance !m exactly1 & :5 %e is weigh+ articles %e %\ld always all[ = ! weight ( ! conta9] or receptacle1 ev5 if x is only ! pap] t holds ! food4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h #bf4 ,,measur+ ,,cups4--,weigh+ ! articles call$ = 9 a recipe is (t5 a less conv5i5t me?od ?an measur+2 !re=e1 9 ! prep>ation ( foods1 measur+ is m (t5 resort$ to ?an weigh+4 ,z accuracy 9 measurem5t is productive ( ! be/ results1 x is necess>y t all measures be z accurate & def9ite z possible4 ,= measur+ ! +r$i5ts call$ = 9 recipes1 use is g5]ally made ( a measur+ cup l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,su* a cup is design$ to hold #b gills1 or #a_/b p9t1 & x is m>k$ to indicate ?irds & qu>t]s1 s t x may be us$ = recipes ( all k9ds4 ,if a liquid is to be measur$ ) su* a cup1 x %\ld be fill$ to ! brim1 b if dry mat]ial is to be measur$ ) x1 ! mat]ial %\ld be heap$ up 9 ! cup ) a spoon & !n scrap$ level ) a knife1 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,9 case fractions or p>ts ( a cup are to be measur$1 ! cup %\ld be plac$ level & /ation>y & !n fill$ ev5ly to ! m>k indicat$ on ! cup itself4 #bg4 ,_m times x w be f\nd m conv5i5t to measure dry mat]ials ) a spoon4 ,?is c be done ) accuracy if x is rememb]$ t #af tablespoonfuls make #a cup1 or #a_/b p9t2 #ab tablespoonfuls1 #c_/d cup2 #h tablespoonfuls1 #a_/b cup2 & #d tablespoonfuls1 #a_/d cup4 ,if no measur+ cup l ! "o j describ$ is at h&1 "o t w hold #af level tablespoonfuls ( dry mat]ial may be select$ f ! kit*5 supply ( di%es4 ,su* a cup1 h[ev]1 _c be us$ successfully 9 measur+ a half1 ?irds1 or f\r?s2 = su* measurem5ts x w be bett] to use a spoon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i ,z a rule1 x w be f\nd v conv5i5t to h two measur+ cups ( /&>d size1 "o = measur+ dry +r$i5ts & ! o!r = measur+ moi/ or wet ones4 ,if x is impossible to h m ?an "o1 ! dry mat]ials %\ld be measur$ fir/ 9 work+ out a recipe1 & ! fats & liquids aft]w>ds4 ,:atev] plan ( measur+ is foll[$1 h[ev]1 x %\ld always be rememb]$ t recipes are writt5 = ! def9ite quantities indicat$ & mean /&>d1 n approximate1 cupfuls1 tablespoonfuls1 & teaspoonfuls4 #bh4 ,,measur+ ,,spoons4--,9 addition to a measur+ cup or two1 a set ( measur+ spoons w be f\nd extremely conv5i5t 9 a kit*54 ,h[ev]1 if x is impossible to obta9 su* a set1 a teaspoon & a tablespoon ( /&>d size w answ] = measur+ purposes4 ,?ree level teaspoonfuls are equal to #a tablespoonful4 ,:5 a spoon is us$1 x is heap$ ) ! dry mat]ial & !n level$ ) a knife1 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj 7a74 ,if #a_/b spoonful is desir$1 x is level$ fir/1 z indicat$ 9 7a71 & !n m>k$ ?r\gh ! c5t] ) a knife & half ( its cont5ts pu%$ (f1 z %[n 9 7b74 ,f\r?s & eigh?s are measur$ 9 ! same way1 z is indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #aa 7a71 b ?irds are measur$ across ! b[l ( ! spoon1 z 9 7b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj #bi4 ,precautions to ,obs]ve 9 ,measur+4--,9 measur+ "s ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( foods1 c]ta9 po9ts conc]n+ !m %\ld receive att5tion4 ,= in/ance1 all p[d]$ mat]ials1 su* z fl\r1 mu/ fir/ be sift$1 z ! am\nt increases ^u sift+1 x be+ def9itely kn[n t a cupful ( unsift$ fl\r w measure ab\t #a-a_/d cupfuls aft] x is sift$4 ,lumps1 su* z ^? :i* =m 9 salt & sug>1 %\ld be ?or\ghly cru%$ be=e measur+2 if ?is is n done1 accurate measurem5ts _c be secur$1 because lumps ( su* +r$i5ts are m compact ?an ! loose mat]ial4 ,butt] & o!r fats %\ld be tightly pack$ into ! measure1 & if ! fat is to be melt$ 9 ord] to c>ry out a recipe1 x %\ld be melt$ be=e x is measur$4 ,any?+ measur$ 9 a cup %\ld be p\r$ into ! cup2 t is1 ! cup %\ld n be fill$ by dipp+ x into ! mat]ial nor by draw+ x ?r\gh ! mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa #cj4 ,,tables ,,( ,,weights ,,& ,,measures4--,z foods are sold by weight & by measure1 & z recipes always call = c]ta9 weights & measures1 x is absolutely necess>y t e p]son engag$ 9 ! pur*ase & prep>ation ( foods %\ld be famili> ) ! tables ( weights & measures 9 common use = su* purposes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & practically all o!r ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries4 ,9 addition1 x w be well to h a k ( relative weights & measures1 s z to be 9 a position to use ^! tables to ! be/ advantage4 #ca4 ,! table us$ ord9>ily = weigh+ foods is ! table ( ,,avoirdupois ,,weight4 ,ano!r table ( weights1 call$ ! table ( ,troy weight1 is us$ by goldsmi?s & jewel]s = weigh+ preci\s metals4 ,x %\ld n be confus$ ) avoirdupois weight1 h[ev]1 because its p\nd conta9s only #ab ounces1 :]eas ! avoirdupois p\nd conta9s #af ounces4 ,! table ( avoirdupois weight1 toge!r ) ! abbreviations ( ! t]ms us$ 9 x1 is z foll[s3 ,,avoirdupois ,,weight #dcg-a_/b gra9s 7gr4744444 #a ounce4444444444444 oz4 #af ounces4444444444444444 #a p\nd4444444444444 lb4 #ajj p\nds444444444444444 #a hundr$weight44444 cwt4 #bj hundr$weight 4444444 #a ton444444444444444 ,t4 #b1jjj p\nds _/ ,al?\gh #b1jjj p\nds make #a ton1 x is well to note t #b1bdj p\nds make #a long ton 7,l4,t474 ,! long ton is us$ by coal deal]s 9 "s localities1 b ! ton1 sometimes call$ ! %ort ton1 is 9 m g5]al use & is ! "o meant unless long ton is specifi$4 #cb4 ,! table ( ,,liquid ,,measure is us$ = measur+ all liquids1 & is extremely useful to ! h\sewife4 ,?is table1 toge!r ) ! abbreviations ( its t]ms1 is z foll[s3 ,,liquid ,,measure #d gills 7gi4744444444444 #a p9t44444444444444444 pt4 #b p9ts44444444444444444 #a qu>t4444444444444444 qt4 #d qu>ts4444444444444444 #a gallon444444444444444 gal4 #ca-a_/b gallons4444444444 #a b>rel444444444444444 bbl4 #b b>rels 444444444444 #a hog%ead4444444444444 hhd4 #fc gallons_/ #cc4 ,! table ( ,,dry ,,measure is us$ = measur+ dry foods1 su* z potatoes1 dri$ peas & beans1 etc4 ,! table ( dry measure1 ) its abbreviations1 foll[s3 ,,dry ,,measure #b p9ts 7pt4744444444444 #a qu>t4444444444444444 qt4 #h qu>ts4444444444444444 #a peck44444444444444444 pk4 #d pecks44444444444444444 #a bu%el444444444444444 bu4 #cd4 ,tables ( ,,relative ,,weights ,,& ,,measures are ( value to ! h\sewife 9 t !y w assi/ h] greatly 9 com+ to an und]/&+ ( ! relation t "s ( ! diff]5t weights & measures be> to "o ano!r4 ,= example1 z dry foods are sold by ! p\nd 9 "s localities1 x w be well = h] to "k ! approximate equival5t 9 p\nds ( a def9ite quantity ( ano!r measure1 say a qu>t or a bu%el ( a c]ta9 food4 ,likewise1 %e ought to "k t :5 a recipe calls = a cupful x means #a_/b p9t1 z has be5 expla9$4 ,e "o is famili> ) ! old say+1 ,a p9t's a p\nd ! _w ar\nd1 :i*1 l _m old say+s1 is n /rictly true1 = :ile #a p9t is equal to #a p\nd ( "s ?+s1 x is n ( o!rs4 ,! foll[+ tables give approximately ! relative weights & measures ( mo/ ( ! common foods3 ,,approximate ,,measure ,,( #a ,,p\nd ,,( ,,food ,beans1 dri$444444444444444444 #b ,,cupfuls ,butt]444444444444444444444444 #b ,c(fee1 :ole44444444444444444 #d ,corn meal444444444444444444444 #c ,fl\r4444444444444444444444444 #d ,milk44444444444444444444444444 #b ,molasses4444444444444444444444 #a-a_/b ,meat1 *opp$1 f9ely pack$44 #b ,nuts1 %ell$44444444444444444 #c ,oats1 roll$444444444444444444 #d ,olive oil444444444444444444444 #b-a_/b ,peas1 split4444444444444444444 #b ,rais9s44444444444444444444444 #c ,rice44444444444444444444444444 #b ,sug>1 br[n444444444444444444 #b-b_/c ,sug>1 granulat$4444444444444 #b ,sug>1 p[d]$444444444444444 #b-c_/d ,,approximate ,,weight ,,( #a ,,tablespoonful ,,( ,,food ,butt]444444444444444444444444 #a_/b ,,ounce ,corn />*4444444444444444444 #c_/h ,fl\r4444444444444444444444444 #a_/d ,milk44444444444444444444444444 #a_/b ,sug>4444444444444444444444444 #a_/b ,,approximate ,,weight ,,( #a ,,cupful ,,( ,,food ,butt]444444444444444444444444 #h ,,ounces ,corn meal444444444444444444444 #e ,corn />*4444444444444444444 #f ,fl\r4444444444444444444444444 #d ,milk44444444444444444444444444 #h ,molasses444444444444444444444 #aj ,nuts1 %ell$44444444444444444 #d ,rais9s44444444444444444444444 #e ,sug>4444444444444444444444444 #h ,9 measur+1 y w f9d ! foll[+ relative proportions ( great assi/ance3 #c tsp4 #a ,tb4 #af ,tb4 #a c4 #ce4 ,,abbreviations ,,( ,,measures4--,9 ord] to simplify directions & recipes 9 books relat+ to cook]y1 x is cu/om>y to use ! abbreviations ( "s weights & measures4 ,^? :i* occur mo/ frequ5tly 9 cook books are ! foll[+3 tsp4 = teaspoonful pt4 = p9t ,tb4 = tablespoonful qt4 = qu>t c4 = cupful oz4 = ounce lb4 = p\nd ,,ord] ,,( ,,"w #cf4 ,= successful results 9 cook]y1 ! "w to be done %\ld be plann$ be=eh& & !n c>ri$ on ) sy/ematic c>e4 ,by foll[+ su* a plan1 a wa/e ( "t & mat]ial w be prev5t$ & good results w be secur$1 = !re w be little *ance = mi/akes to occur4 ,! ord] ( "w "h outl9$ w s]ve to make cle> ! way 9 :i* cook+ processes c be c>ri$ out satisfactorily4 ,fir/1 read ! quantity & k9d ( +r$i5ts li/$ 9 ! recipe1 & /udy c>efully ! me?od by :i* !y are to be prep>$ & comb9$4 ,9 s do+1 det]m9e :e!r ! di% is too exp5sive & :e!r ! am\nts call$ = w make a di% suffici5t 9 size = ! numb] ( p]sons to be s]v$4 ,if !y are too l>ge1 c>efully divide !m to make ! "r quantity2 if !y are too small1 multiply !m to make !m en\gh4 ,! heat itself1 :i* plays su* an important "p 9 cook+1 %\ld receive att5tion at ! prop] "t4 ,if ! fuel to be us$ is coal or wood & bak+ is to be done1 build ! fire long en\gh be=e x is ne$$1 s t x w be burn+ ev5ly & /eadily4 ,!n1 :ile ! recipe is be+ prep>$1 provid$ x is to be bak$1 regulate ! heat ( ! ov54 ,if gas or k]os5e is to be us$1 light x aft] ! recipe is read1 & regulate x dur+ ! measur+ & mix+ ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,be=e proce$+ to prep>e a di%1 cle> en\gh work+ space = ! ut5sils t are to be us$1 z well z = c>ry+ on ! v>i\s op]ations )\t feel+ cr[d$4 ,!n1 on ! cle>$ space1 place ! necess>y measur+ ut5sils1 su* z a measur+ cup1 a knife1 a teaspoon1 & a tablespoon4 ,select a b[l or a pan = mix+1 a spoon = /irr+1 &1 :5 ne$$1 an egg :ip or beat] = eggs & sep>ate b[ls 9 :i* to beat !m4 ,*oose ! ut5sil 9 :i* ! mixture is to be cook$1 &1 if necess>y1 grease x4 ,dur+ ! process ( prep>+ ! di%1 measure accurately all ! +r$i5ts to be us$1 & *eck !m up ) ! recipe1 s z to be sure t none are miss+ & t ea* "o is 9 its prop] am\nt4 ,if all ^! /eps are accurately tak51 ! mix+1 :i* is ! next /ep1 c be accompli%$ quickly & )\t error4 ,) all ! +r$i5ts prop]ly comb9$1 ! mixture is ready = ! la/ /ep1 ! cook+ or ! bak+4 ,?is mu/ be done ) ! utmo/ c>e1 or an o!rwise prop]ly prep>$ di% may be spoil$4 ,,table ,,= ,,cook+ ,,foods #cg4 ,s t ! beg9n] 9 cook]y may =m a def9ite idea ( ! l5g? ( "t requir$ to cook c]ta9 foods1 !re is pres5t$ "h :at is commonly kn[n z a cook]y "t table4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! "t requir$ to cook food is influ5c$ by _m factors4 ,= in/ance1 ! age ( vegetables & fruits v l>gely det]m9es h[ long !y %\ld be cook$2 t\gh meats & f[l require long] cook+ ?an t5d] ones2 & ! heat ( ! ov5 has mu* to d ) ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = cook+1 especially ! process ( bak+ or roa/+ ,!re=e1 :ile ?is "t table w prove ( great help to beg9n]s1 x c s]ve only z a guide4 ,to det]m9e :e!r or n foods h be5 cook$ long en\gh1 x is advisable to apply ! prop] te/s1 :i* are giv5 lat] 9 discuss+ ! v>i\s foods r ?an to dep5d solely on ! "t table4 ,9 ?is table1 ! l5g? ( "t = cook+ is giv5 9 m9utes 7abbreviat$ m947 & h\rs 7abbreviat$ hr47 ,,cook]y ,,"t ,,table ,,meats ,,& ,,fi% ,broil$ ,bacon44444444444444444444444 #c to #e m94 ,*ick544444444444444444444 #bj to #be m94 ,fi%44444444444444444444444 #ae to #bj m94 ,fi%1 slices444444444444444 #aj to #ae m94 ,fi%1 v small444444444444 #e to #aj m94 ,lamb *ops444444444444444444 #f to #h m94 ,quail or squabs4444444444444 #h to #aj m94 ,/eak1 ?ick444444444444444 #aj to #ae m94 ,/eak1 ?944444444444444444 #e to #g m94 ,veal *ops444444444444444444 #f to #aj m94 ,boil$ ,beef1 corn$4444444444444444 #c to #d hr4 ,*ick51 #c lb444444444444444 #a to #a-a_/d hr4 ,fi%1 bluefi%1 cod1 or bass1 #d to #e lb4444444444 #bj to #cj m94 ,fi%1 slices1 #b to #c lb4444 #bj to #be m94 ,fi%1 small4444444444444444 #aj to #ae m94 ,f[l1 #d to #e lb4444444444444 #b to #c hr4 ,ham1 #ab to #ad lb444444444444 #d to #e hr4 ,mutton1 leg (44444444444444 #b to #c hr4 ,tongue4444444444444444444444 #c to #d hr4 ,roa/$ ,beef1 rib or lo91 #e lb41 r>e44444444444444444444444 #a hr4 #e m94 ,beef1 rib or lo91 #e lb41 well done444444444444444444 #a hr4 #bj m94 ,beef1 rib or lo91 #aj lb41 r>e44444444444444444444444 #a hr4 #cj m94 ,beef1 rib or lo91 #aj lb41 well done444444444444444444 #b hr4 ,beef1 rump1 #aj lb41 r>e444 #a hr4 #cj m94 ,beef1 rump1 #aj lb41 well done44 #b hr4 ,*ick51 #d or #e lb44444444 #a-a_/b to #b hr4 ,duck1 #e to #f lb44444444444 #a-a_/d to #a-a_/b hr4 ,fi%1 #c to #e lb44444444444 #de to #fj m94 ,fi%1 small444444444444444 #bj to #cj m94 ,goose1 #aj lb44444444444444 #b to #b-a_/b hr4 ,lamb1 leg (44444444444444 #a-a_/d to #a-c_/d hr4 ,mutton1 saddle444444444444 #a-a_/d to #a-a_/b hr4 ,pork1 rib1 #e lb44444444444 #b to #b-a_/b hr4 ,turkey1 #aj lb4444444444444 #b-a_/b to #c hr4 ,,vegetables ,boil$ ,asp>agus44444444444444 #bj to #cj m94 ,beans1 lima or %ell4444 #dj to #fj m94 ,beans1 /r+4444444444 #cj to #de m94 ,beets1 old444444444444444 #d to #f hr4 ,beets1 "y44444444444 #de to #fj m94 ,brussels spr\ts4444444 #ae to #be m94 ,cabbage4444444444444444 #ce to #fj m94 ,c>rots444444444444444 #c_/d to #b hr4 ,caulifl[]4444444444444 #bj to #cj m94 ,gre5 corn444444444444444 #h to #ab m94 ,mac>oni4444444444444444 #cj to #dj m94 ,onions444444444444444444 #de to #fj m94 ,peas44444444444444444444 #be to #fj m94 ,potatoes4444444444444444 #cj to #de m94 ,rice44444444444444444444 #bj to #cj m94 ,sp9a*44444444444444444 #bj to #cj m94 ,turnips4444444444444444 #a_/b to #a-a_/b hr4 ,vegetable oy/]s444444 #c_/d to #a-a_/b hr4 ,,bak$ ,,foods ,beans444444444444444444444 #f to #h hr4 ,biscuits1 bak+ p[d] 444 #ae to #be m94 ,biscuits1 yea/44444444444 #aj to #be m94 ,bread1 g+]4444444444444 #bj to #cj m94 ,bread1 loaf444444444444444 #dj to #fj m94 ,cake1 corn4444444444444444 #bj to #cj m94 ,cake1 fruit444444444444 #a-a_/d to #b hr4 ,cake1 lay]444444444444444 #ae to #bj m94 ,cake1 loaf4444444444444444 #dj to #fj m94 ,cake1 p\nd444444444444 #a-a_/d to #a-a_/b hr4 ,cake1 sponge44444444444444 #de to #fj m94 ,cookies44444444444444444444 #f to #aj m94 ,cu/>d4444444444444444444 #bj to #de m94 ,muff9s1 bak+ p[d]4444 #ae to #be m94 ,pa/ry44444444444444444444 #cj to #de m94 ,potatoes444444444444444444 #de to #fj m94 ,pudd+1 ,indian444444444444 #b to #c hr4 ,pudd+1 rice 7poor man's74 #b to #c hr4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,c>e ,,( ,,food ,,reasons ,,= ,,c>e #ch4 ,al?\gh1 z has be5 expla9$1 ! selection & prep>ation ( foods require mu* consid]ation f ! h\sewife :o desires to get good results 9 cook]y1 !re is /ill "o ?+ to :i* %e mu/ give att5tion if %e w\ld keep d[n ! co/ ( liv+1 & t is ! c>e ( food4 ,unless food is prop]ly tak5 c>e ( be=e x is cook$1 z well z aft] x is cook$--t is1 ! left-ov]s--consid]able loss is liable to result ?r\gh its spoil+ or decay+4 ,bo? uncook$ & cook$ food may be kept :olesome 9 sev]al ways1 b be=e ^! are discuss$ x may be well to look into ! causes ( spoil+4 ,) ^! causes und]/ood1 ! me?ods ( c>+ = foods w be bett] appreciat$1 & ! results 9 buy+1 /or+1 & h&l+ foods w be m satisfactory4 #ci4 ,to come to a k ( :y foods spoil1 x w be well to note t nature ab\nds 9 micro-organisms1 or liv+ ?+s s m9ute z to be invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,^! micro-organisms are kn[n to sci5ce z microbes & g]ms1 & !y are compris$ ( bact]ia1 yea/s1 & molds1 a k ( :i* is ( ! utmo/ importance to ! physician & ! f>m]1 z well z ! h\sewife4 ,j 9 :at ways ^! are b5eficial to ! f>m] & ! physician is beyond ! scope ( ! subject ( cook]y1 b 9 ! h\sehold _! influ5ce is felt 9 ?ree ways3 ,!y are ! cause ( ! decay & spoil+ ( foods2 !y are ( value 9 ! prep>ation ( c]ta9 foods2 & !y are ! cause ( contagi\s diseases4 ,x w ?us be se5 t :ile "s microbes are undesirable1 o!rs ex]t a b5eficial action4 #dj4 ,x is only )9 comp>atively rec5t ye>s t ! action ( micro-organisms has be5 und]/ood4 ,x is n[ def9itely kn[n t ^! m9ute liv+ ?+s seize e possible *ance to attack articles ( food & produce ! *anges kn[n z f]m5tation1 putrefaction1 s\r+1 & decay4 ,micro-organisms t cause f]m5tation are necess>y 9 bread mak+ & v9eg> mak+1 b !y are de/ructive to o!r foods1 z1 = example1 ^? :i* are cann$ or pres]v$4 ,organisms t cause putrefaction are ne$$ 9 ! mak+ ( sau] kraut1 salt ris+ bread1 & *eese4 ,molds also help to make *eese1 b nei!r ^! nor putrefactive organisms are desirable = foods o!r ?an ^? m5tion$4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ev5 ^? foods :i* require micro-organisms 9 _! mak+ are con/antly 9 dang] ( ! attacks ( ^! small liv+ ?+s1 = unless some?+ is done to ret>d _! gr[? !y w cause food to s\r or decay & ?us become unfit = consumption4 ,"s foods1 ( c\rse1 )/& ! attacks ( micro-organisms = long] p]iods ( "t ?an o!rs4 ,= example1 mo/ fruits t are protect$ by an unbrok5 sk9 w1 "u ! "r conditions1 keep = long p]iods ( "t1 b b]ries1 on acc\nt ( hav+ less protective cov]+1 spoil mu* m quickly4 ,likewise1 vegetables )\t sk9s decay fa/] ?an ^? ) sk9s1 because !y h no protective cov]+ & conta9 m wat]1 9 :i*1 z is def9itely kn[n1 mo/ micro-organisms ?rive4 #da4 ,if food is to be kept f decay+1 ! h\sewife mu/ endeavor to prev5t ! gr[? ( micro-organisms1 & %e c be/ accompli% ?is if %e is famili> ) ! ways 9 :i* !y "w4 ,x is = ?is reason t1 :e!r %e possesses a sci5tific k ( bact]ia or n1 an und]/&+ ( "s practical facts conc]n+ :y food spoils & h[ to keep x f decay+ is imp]ative4 ,9 ?is "p ( cook]y1 z 9 e o!r phase1 x is ! reason :y ?+s %\ld be done t makes all t relates to ! cook+ ( food s int]e/+4 ,9 all p>ts ( ! "w !re are sci5tific facts und]ly+ ! processes1 & ! m ! h\sewife le>ns ab\t ^!1 ! m %e c ex]cise ! art ( cook]y1 :i*1 l all o!r arts1 dep5ds on sci5tific pr9ciples4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,c>e ,,classification #db4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out1 x is n ! m]e pres5ce ( micro-organisms t causes ! spoil+ ( food1 b _! con/ant gr[?4 ,!re=e1 to keep milk f s\r+1 meat f spoil+1 bread f mold+1 cann$ fruit f f]m5t+1 & s on1 x is necess>y to "k :at w prev5t ! gr[? ( ^! m9ute organisms4 ,diff]5t foods require diff]5t treatm5t4 ,"s foods mu/ be kept v cold1 "s mu/ be heat$ or cook$1 o!rs mu/ be dri$1 & to o!rs mu/ be add$ pres]vatives4 ,an unw>rantable prejudice has be5 rais$ 9 ! m9ds ( _m p]sons aga9/ ! use ( pres]vatives1 b ?is is due to ! fact t ! t]m is n prop]ly und]/ood4 ,9 ?is use1 x means any?+ t helps to pres]ve or keep safe ! food to :i* x is add$4 ,sug>1 salt1 spices1 & v9eg> are all pres]vatives1 & are add$ to food z mu* = ! purpose ( pres]v+ x z = season+ x4 ,,cann+ ,,& ,,dry+ ,,( ,,foods #dc4 ,among ! common me?ods ( c>+ = foods t are to be us$ at a future "t are cann+ & dry+4 ,,cann+1 :i* is discuss$ fully 9 ano!r ,section1 consi/s 9 pres]v+ /]ile foods 9 seal$ cans or j>s4 ,! aim 9 cann+ is to prev5t ! gr[? ( micro-organisms1 & to d ?is ! process kn[n z /]iliz+--t is1 ! de/roy+ ( bact]ia & o!r micro-organisms by means ( heat--is resort$ to4 ,cann+ !ories are diff]5t n[ f :at !y 7 9 =m] times4 ,= example1 h\sewives =m]ly made heavy1 ri* pres]ves ( available fruits because x 0 ?\ght t sug> mu/ be us$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 ord] to keep or prev5t !m f spoil+4 ,:ile x is true t ! sug> assi/$1 sci5ce has s9ce prov$ t /]iliz+ is :at mu/ be done1 s t n[ only ! sug> desir$ = sweet5+ ne$ be us$4 #dd4 ,! o!r me?od ( keep+ food1 namely1 ,,dry+1 dep5ds = its success on ! fact t su* micro-organisms z bact]ia _c gr[ unless !y h a consid]able quantity ( moi/ure or wat]4 ,molds gr[ on *eese1 bread1 damp clo? or pap]1 or articles t conta9 only a small am\nt ( moi/ure1 b bact]ia ne$ f #bj to #cj p] c5t4 ( wat] 9 food 9 ord] to gr[ & multiply4 ,?is expla9s :y 9 high altitudes & dry climates foods keep = a long "t )\t artificial means ( pres]vation4 ,x also expla9s :y ! old-fa%ion$ h\sekeep] dri$ fruits & :y ! pres]vation ( c]ta9 meats is accompli%$ by ! comb9$ me?ods ( smok+ & dry+1 ! creosote ( ! smoke giv5 (f f ! wood us$ 9 ?is process act+ z a pres]vative4 ,all ! gra9s1 :i* are v dry1 keep = long p]iods ( "t1 ev5 c5turies1 if !y are protect$ f ! moi/ure ( ! air4 ,peas1 beans1 & l5tils1 z well z dri$ biscuits & crack]s1 are all examples ( h[ well food w keep :5 little or no moi/ure is pres5t4 ,,keep+ ,,foods ,,) ,,ice #de4 ,al?\gh1 z has j be5 po9t$ out1 moi/ure is requir$ = ! gr[? ( "s micro-organisms1 bo? moi/ure & w>m? are necess>y = ! gr[? ( mo/ ( ! organisms t cause mold+1 putrefaction1 & f]m5tation4 ,x is def9itely kn[n1 also1 t 9 w9t] or 9 cold climates food c be kept = long p]iods ( "t )\t any app>5t *ange2 9 fact1 ! l[] ! temp]ature ! less likely are foods to spoil1 al?\gh freez+ r5d]s _m ( !m unfit = use4 ,^! facts are :at l$ up to ! sci5tific tru? t keep+ foods dry & at a l[ temp]ature is an effective & conv5i5t me?od ( prev5t+ !m f spoil+ & to ! inv5tion ( ! refrig]ator & o!r devices & me?ods = ! cold /orage ( foods4 #df4 ,,! ,,refrig]ator4--,= home use1 ! refrig]ator (f]s ! mo/ conv5i5t means ( keep+ foods 9 good condition4 ,z is well kn[n1 x is a device t1 by means ( air cool$ by ! melt+ ( ice or 9 "s o!r mann]1 keeps food at a temp]ature ne> ! freez+ po9t4 ,all refrig]ators are con/ruct$ 9 a simil> mann]1 hav+ two or m lay]s ( wood betwe5 :i* is plac$ an insulat+ mat]ial1 su* z cork1 asbe/os1 or m9]al wool4 ,! food comp>tm5ts are l9$ ) tile1 z9c1 or o!r ru/-pro( mat]ial1 & ! ice comp>tm5t is usually l9$ ) ru/-pro( metal1 s z to be wat]-tight & unbreakable4 ,any refrig]ator may be made to s]ve ! purpose ( pres]v+ food effectively if x is well con/ruct$1 ! ice *amb] kept z full ( ice z possible1 & ! h\sewife kn[s h[ to arrange ! foods 9 ! food *amb]s to ! be/ advantage4 ,! con/ruction & use ( refrig]ators are bas$ on ! well-kn[n sci5tific fact t air exp&s & rises :5 x becomes w>m4 ,?is c be prov$ by te/+ ! air ne> ! ceil+ ( a room1 = no matt] h[ w>m x is ne> ! floor x w always be w>m] above4 ,! same ?+ occurs 9 a refrig]ator4 ,z air comes 9 contact ) ! ice1 x is cool$ & falls1 & ! w>m air is =c$ up4 ,?us ! air is kept 9 con/ant motion1 or circulation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #ab4 #dg4 ,_m refrig]ators are built ) ! ice comp>tm5t on "o side1 z 9 ! refrig]ator illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,9 su* refrig]ators1 !re is usually a small food comp>tm5t directly "u ! ice *amb]1 & ?is is ! colde/ place 9 ! refrig]ator4 ,"h %\ld be /or$ ! foods t ne$ special c>e or t absorb odors & flavors readily1 su* z milk1 butt]1 cream1 meat1 etc41 because at ?is place ! air1 :i* circulates 9 ! mann] indicat$ by ! arr[1 is ! pure/4 ,! foods t give (f odors /rong en\gh to ta9t o!rs %\ld be kept on ! upp] %elves ( ! refrig]ator1 ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t ( air passes la/ be=e be+ fre$ f odors by pass+ ov] ! ice4 #dh4 ,9 ,fig4 #ac is %[n a type ( refrig]ator 9 :i* ! ice *amb]1 or comp>tm5t1 ext5ds across ! entire top4 ,?is type is s built z to produce on ea* side a curr5t ( air t passes d[n f ! ice at ! c5t] & back up to ! ice ne> ! outside walls1 z %[n by ! arr[s4 ,a diff]5t arrangem5t is requir$ = ! food 9 ?is k9d ( refrig]ator1 ^? :i* give (f odors & flavors be+ plac$ 9 ! bottom comp>tm5t1 or f>!/ f ! ice1 & ^? :i* take up odors & flavors1 on ! top %elf1 or ne>e/ ! ice4 ,a c>eful /udy ( bo? ,figs4 #ab & #ac is advis$1 = !y %[ ! be/ arrangem5t ( food 9 ea* type ( refrig]ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac #di4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,food ,,9 ,,refrig]ator4--,! prop] plac+ ( foods 9 a refrig]ator is extremely important1 b c]ta9 precautions %\ld be tak5 ) reg>d to ! food itself4 ,cook$ foods %\ld nev] be plac$ 9 ! refrig]ator )\t fir/ all[+ !m to cool1 = ! /eam giv5 (f :5 a di% ( hot food comes 9 contact ) ! cold air makes ! refrig]ator damp & causes an undue wa/e ( ice by w>m+ ! air4 ,all di%es conta9+ food %\ld be wip$ dry & c>efully cov]$ be=e !y are plac$ 9 ! refrig]ator1 s z to keep unnecess>y moi/ure out ( x4 ,z butt] & milk are likely to become contam9at$ ) odors giv5 (f by o!r foods1 !y %\ld be prop]ly protect$ if !re is n a sep>ate comp>tm5t 9 :i* to keep !m4 ,! milk bottles %\ld always be clos$ & ! butt] c>efully wrapp$ or put 9 a cov]$ receptacle4 ,onions1 cabbage1 & o!r foods ) /rong odors1 :5 plac$ 9 ! refrig]ator1 %\ld be kept 9 tightly clos$ j>s or di%es1 s t ! odors w n escape4 ,be=e fre% fruits & p]i%able vegetables--t is1 vegetables t decay easily--are put into ! refrig]ator1 !y %\ld be c>efully look$ ov] & all decay$ portions remov$ f !m4 ,no food %\ld be plac$ 9 ! ice *amb]1 because ?is w cause ! ice to melt unnecess>ily4 #ej4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,refrig]ator4--,x is ess5tial t all p>ts ( ! refrig]ator be kept scrupul\sly clean & z dry z possible4 ,to accompli% ?is1 no?+ %\ld be all[$ to spoil 9 x1 & any?+ spill$ 9 ! refrig]ator %\ld be clean$ out imm$iately4 ,! foods t are left ov] %\ld be c>efully inspect$ e day1 & any?+ n likely to be us$ )9 a day or s %\ld be dispos$ (4 ,at lea/ once a week ! food %\ld be remov$ f all comp>tm5ts1 ! racks tak5 out1 ! dra9 pipe disconnect$1 & ea* "p ?or\ghly wa%$1 r9s$ ) boil+ wat]1 & dri$4 ,! inside ( ! refrig]ator %\ld likewise be wa%$1 r9s$1 & wip$ dry1 aft] :i* ! dra9 pipe %\ld be connect$1 ! %elves put back 9 place1 & ! food replac$4 ,! ice *amb] ( ! refrig]ator %\ld also be clean$ frequ5tly1 ! be/ "t to d ?is be+ :5 ! ice has melt$ en\gh to be lift$ out conv5i5tly4 ,to prev5t ! ice f melt+ rapidly :5 x is out ( ! refrig]ator1 x may be wrapp$ 9 pap] or a piece ( old blanket1 b ?is cov]+ mu/ be remov$ :5 ! ice is replac$ 9 ! *amb]1 9 ord] to all[ ! ice to melt 9 ! refrig]ator4 ,o!rwise1 x w\ld be impossible to *ill ! refrig]ator prop]ly1 ! temp]ature rema9+ ! same z t outside1 = x is z ! ice gradually melts t ! air 9 ! refrig]ator becomes cool4 ,( c\rse1 e ef=t %\ld be made to keep ! ice f wa/+4 ,!re=e1 :ile ! refrig]ator %\ld be kept 9 a conv5i5t place1 x %\ld n be expos$ to too great heat2 also1 ! doors %\ld be kept tightly clos$1 &1 z has already be5 expla9$1 hot foods %\ld n be put 9 until !y are suffici5tly cool$4 ,att5tion mu/ be giv5 to ! c>e ( ! refrig]ator1 = only :5 x is clean & dry c ! gr[? ( bact]ia t attack foods be prev5t$4 ,,keep+ ,,foods ,,)\t ,,ice #ea4 ,:ile a refrig]ator simplifies ! pres]v+ ( cook$ foods & ^? subject to quick decay1 !re are _m communities 9 :i* x is n possible to procure ice conv5i5tly1 ?us mak+ x necess>y to adopt "s o!r means ( keep+ food4 ,!n1 too1 !re are g5]ally quantities ( foods1 su* z w9t] vegetables1 apples1 etc41 t _c be /or$ 9 a refrig]ator1 b mu/ be tak5 c>e ( prop]ly4 ,9 su* cases1 ! me?od ( /or+ dep5ds to a c]ta9 ext5t on conditions4 ,on _m f>ms !re are spr+ h\ses 9 :i* foods may be /or$ 9 ord] to keep !m cool dur+ v w>m wea!r2 b 9 ! majority ( homes1 ! cell>1 on acc\nt ( its be+ cool1 is utiliz$ = ! /orage ( l>ge quantities ( food & ev5 = keep+ ! m p]i%able foods :5 ice _c be obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad #eb4 ,,/or+ ,,foods ,,9 ,,cell>s4--,9 ord] t a cell> may furni% a safe place = keep+ food1 x mu/ be well built & prop]ly c>$ =4 ,if x is dug 9 wet gr\nd & is n well dra9$1 x w become mu/y & damp1 & fruits & vegetables /or$ 9 x w be attack$ by mold4 ,a small "p ( ! cell> %\ld be )\t a floor1 z _m w9t] vegetables seem to keep bett] :5 plac$ on dry gr\nd1 b ! rema9d] %\ld h a floor+ ( ei!r well-mat*$ bo>ds or cem5t t c be kept clean & dry4 ,v5tilation mu/ also be suppli$2 o!rwise1 odors w be reta9$ t w ta9t ! food kept 9 ! cell>4 ,to all[ ! passage ( air & light f ! outside & ?us secure prop] v5tilation1 ! cell> %\ld be provid$ ) w9d[s4 ,^! w also assi/ v mu* 9 ! clean+ & air+ ( ! cell>1 processes t %\ld nev] be ov]look$ if good results are desir$4 ,9 addition to ! clean+ ( ! cell>1 con/ant att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! foods kept !re4 ,foods t h spoil$ or are beg9n+ to spoil %\ld be dispos$ ( quickly1 = decay$ food t is n remov$ f ! cell> w affect ! conditions = keep+ o!r foods & may be injuri\s to ! heal? ( ! family4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae #ec4 ,all foods likely to be contam9at$ by du/ & flies 9 ! cell> mu/ be c>efully cov]$4 ,a scre5$ frame fa/5$ to ! wall ) brackets1 l ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad1 is excell5t = ?is purpose1 because x prev5ts ! attack ( v]m9 & p]mits ( v5tilation4 ,if cann$ goods are to be /or$1 a cell> cupbo>d l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae is a v good place 9 :i* to keep !m4 ,sep>ate b9s %\ld1 if possible1 be provid$ = fruits1 potatoes1 & o!r w9t] vegetables1 &1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #af1 su* b9s %\ld be s built z to all[ air to pass ?r\gh !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af #ed4 ,,w9d[ ,,boxes4--,! woman :o lives 9 an ap>tm5t :]e !re is no cell> & :o does n wi% to keep ice 9 ! refrig]ator ?r\gh ! w9t] w f9d a w9d[ box a v good device 9 :i* to keep food4 ,su* a box is also a conv5i5ce = ! woman :o has a cell>1 b wi%es to save /eps4 ,a box ( ?is k9d is built to fit a kit*5 or a pantry w9d[1 & is plac$ outside ( ! w9d[1 s t ! op5+ comes t[>d ! room4 ,su* an arrangem5t1 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ag1 w make ! cont5ts ( ! box easily accessible :5 ! w9d[ is rais$4 ,a box = ?is purpose may be made ( wood or galvaniz$ iron1 & x is usually support$ by suitable brackets4 ,its capacity may be increas$ by build+ a %elf 9 x half way to ! top1 & provid$ x is made ( wood1 x c be m easily clean$ if x is l9$ ) table oilclo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag ,,/or+ ,,( ,,non-,,p]i%able ,,foods #ee4 ,x may seem unnecess>y to give mu* att5tion to ! /or+ ( foods t d n spoil easily1 b !re are good reasons :y su* foods require c>eful /orage4 ,!y %\ld be prop]ly c>$ = to prev5t ! loss ( flavor by exposure to ! air1 to prev5t ! absorption ( moi/ure1 :i* produces a favorable opportunity = ! gr[? ( molds1 & to prev5t ! attacks ( insects & v]m94 ,! be/ way 9 :i* to c>e = su* foods is to /ore !m 9 tightly clos$ vessels4 ,e>!nw>e & glass j>s1 l>d pails1 c(fee & cocoa cans1 all c>efully clean$ & hav+ lids to fit1 prove to be v satisfactory receptacles = su* purposes4 #ef4 ,unless c(fee1 tea1 cocoa1 spices1 & prep>$ c]eals are b\ght 9 cans or moi/ure-pro( conta9]s1 !y %\ld be empti$ f ! orig9al packages & plac$ 9 j>s t c be tightly clos$1 s t !y w n det]iorate by be+ expos$ to ! air or moi/ure4 ,= conv5i5ce & economy1 ^! j>s or cans %\ld be label$4 ,sug> & salt absorb moi/ure & =m lumps :5 expos$ to ! air1 & !y1 too1 %\ld be prop]ly kept4 ,a t9 receptacle is ! be/ k9d = sug>1 b = salt an e>!nw>e or glass vessel %\ld be us$4 ,x is n advisable to put ^! foods or any o!rs into cupbo>ds 9 pap] bags1 because foods kept 9 ?is way make disord]ly look+ %elves & are easily accessible to v]m91 :i* are always attract$ to food :5ev] x is n well protect$4 ,cann$ goods b\ght 9 t9 cans d n ne$ v c>eful /orage4 ,x is suffici5t to keep !m 9 a place dry en\gh to prev5t ! cans f ru/+4 ,foods cann$ 9 glass1 h[ev]1 %\ld be kept :]e !y are n expos$ to ! light1 z !y w become m or less discolor$ unless !y are /or$ 9 d>k places4 ,fl\r1 meals1 & c]eals /or$ 9 quantities develop mold unless !y are kept v dry4 ,= ! /or+ ( ^! foods1 !re=e1 wood5 b9s or metal-l9$ boxes kept 9 a dry place are ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,,/or+ ,,( ,,semip]i%able ,,foods #eg4 ,practically all vegetables & fruits ) sk9s may be reg>d$ z semip]i%able foods1 & :ile !y d n spoil s easily z "s foods1 !y require a c]ta9 am\nt ( c>e4 ,potatoes are easily kept f spoil+ if !y are plac$ 9 a cool1 dry1 d>k place1 su* z a cell>1 a b9 l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #af furni%+ a v good means = su* /orage4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 economical to buy potatoes 9 l>ge quantities1 b if !y mu/ be kept "u conditions t w p]mit !m to spr\t1 %rivel1 rot1 or freeze1 x is bett] to buy only a small quantity at a "t4 ,sweet potatoes may be b\ght 9 consid]able quantity & kept = "s "t if !y are wrapp$ sep>ately 9 pieces ( pap] & pack$ s t !y d n t\* "o ano!r4 ,c>rots1 turnips1 beets1 & p>snips c be kept ?r\gh ! w9t] 9 v mu* ! same mann] z potatoes4 ,!y det]iorate less1 h[ev]1 if !y are cov]$ ) e>? or s&4 ,sometimes1 especially 9 c\ntry di/ricts1 su* w9t] vegetables are buri$ 9 ! gr\nd out ( doors1 be+ plac$ at a dep? t r5d]s !m safe f ! attacks ( fro/4 ,cabbage w keep v well if plac$ 9 b>rels or boxes1 b = long keep+1 ! roots %\ld n be remov$4 ,pumpk9 & squa% ?or\ghly matur$ d n spoil readily if !y are /or$ 9 a dry place4 ,apples & pe>s may be /or$ 9 boxes or b>rels1 b v f9e v>ieties ( ^! fruits %\ld be wrapp$ sep>ately 9 pap]4 ,all fruit %\ld be look$ ov] occasionally1 & ^? :i* %[ signs ( spoil+ %\ld be remov$4 ,,m5us ,,& ,,recipes #eh4 ,z practically e woman kn[s1 a ,,m5u1 or bill ( f>e1 consi/s ( a c]ta9 numb] ( di%es giv5 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are to be s]v$2 likewise1 %e kn[s t ! di%es call$ = 9 a m5u mu/ be prep>$ accord+ to a ,,recipe1 or receipt1 :i* is ! li/ ( +r$i5ts ( a mixture giv+ ! exact proportions to be us$1 toge!r ) prop] directions = comp\nd+4 ,9 all good recipes ! items are tabulat$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are ne$$1 s z to save "t & produce good results4 ,items tabulat$ 9 ?is mann] also s]ve to m9imize ! dang] ( omitt+ "s ( ! +r$i5ts ( a recipe1 = !y c be easily *eck$ up :5 !y are giv5 9 ! prop] ord]4 #ei4 ,9 prep>+ recipes1 ! beg9n] 9 cook]y usually has difficulty 9 judg+ ! size ( a recipe4 ,! exp]i5c$ h\sewife w n foll[ a recipe exactly :5 %e ?9ks x w produce m food ?an %e ne$s to meet ! requirem5ts ( h] family2 in/ead1 %e w r$uce ! quantities to suit h] wants4 ,likewise1 if a recipe w n provide en\gh1 %e w increase ! quantities accord+ly4 ,j h[ to judge :e!r or n a recipe w make :at is want$ comes only ) exp]i5ce1 b ! beg9n] may be guid$ by ! fact t x is nev] wise to prep>e m ?an en\gh ( "o k9d ( di%1 unless1 ( c\rse1 x c be us$ to good advantage z a left-ov]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a recipe is = food t c be kept & us$ = ano!r meal lat]1 x (t5 pays to make up m1 s z to save "t1 fuel1 & labor4 ,9 any ev5t1 x is always advisable to foll[ explicitly ! directions t are giv51 = if ! recipe is ( ! "r k9d !y w be giv5 s t success w result f c>ry+ !m out 9 detail4 #fj4 ,9 ord] t ! beg9n] 9 cook]y may =m a def9ite idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! di%es ( a m5u1 or bill ( f>e1 may be prep>$ s t !y w be ready to s]ve 9 _! prop] ord] at meal "t1 !re is "h giv5 a simple d9n] m5u1 toge!r ) ! recipes = prep>+ ! di%es call$ = & ! ord] 9 :i* !y %\ld be prep>$4 ,:ile ^! recipes are n int5d$ to tea* me?ods ( cook]y1 :i* are tak5 up lat]1 ! /ud5t is advis$ to prep>e ! m5u = h] own satisfaction & s t %e w be able to report on ! success %e has _h ) ea* di%4 ,,m5u ,pan-,broil$ ,*ops ,ma%$ ,potatoes ,cream$ ,peas ,cabbage ,salad ,orange ,fluff ) ,sauce 99 99 99 99 99 ,,recipes ,,pan-,,broil$ ,,*ops ,buy ! necess>y numb] ( pork1 veal1 or lamb *ops1 & proce$ to cook !m accord+ to ! directions previ\sly giv5 = pan broil+4 ,season ) salt & pepp] j be=e remov+ ! *ops f ! pan4 ,,ma%$ ,,potatoes ,peel ! desir$ numb] ( potatoes1 put to cook 9 a suffici5t am\nt ( boil+ salt$ wat] to cov] well1 & cook until ! potatoes are t5d] en\gh to be easily pi]c$ ) a =k4 ,remove f ! fire & dra9 (f ! wat]4 ,ma% ! potatoes ) a wood5 or a wire potato ma%]1 be+ c>eful to r$uce all ! p>ticles to a pulpy mass 9 ord] to prev5t lumps1 or put !m ?r\gh a ric]4 ,:5 suffici5tly ma%$1 season ) additional salt1 a da% ( pepp]1 & a small piece ( butt]1 & add hot milk until !y are ?9n$ to a mu%y consi/5cy1 b n too s(t to /& up well :5 dropp$ f a spoon4 ,!n beat ! potatoes vigor\sly ) a l>ge spoon until !y are light & fluffy4 ,,cream$ ,,peas ,boil until !y are s(t1 two cupfuls ( fre% peas 9 #a qu>t ( wat] to :i* h be5 add$ #a tablespoonful ( salt & #b ( sug>1 & !n dra92 or1 use #a c ( peas1 heat !m to ! boil+ po9t 9 _! liquid1 & !n dra94 ,a "p ( ! wat] 9 :i* ! fre% peas 7 cook$ or ! liquid on ! cann$ peas may be us$ ) an equal am\nt ( milk to make a sauce = ! peas1 or all milk may be us$4 ,,sauce ,,= ,,peas #a c4 ( milk1 or #a_/b c4 liquid f peas & #a_/b c4 milk #a ,tb4 butt] #a_/b tsp4 salt #a ,tb4 fl\r ,melt ! butt] 9 a saucepan or a d\ble boil]1 "w 9 ! fl\r & salt until a smoo? pa/e is =m$1 & add ! liquid t has be5 heat$4 ,/ir until ?ick & smoo?4 ,add to ! peas1 reheat1 & s]ve4 ,,cabbage ,,salad #a_/b m$ium-siz$ head ( cabbage #a_/b tsp4 salt #a small r$ or gre5 sweet pepp] ,da% ( pepp] #a small onion ,salad dress+ ,%r$ ! cabbage f9ely by cutt+ across ! leaves ) a %>p knife or a cabbage %r$d]4 ,*op ! pepp] & onion into v small pieces & add to ! cabbage4 ,mix well & add ! salt & pepp]4 ,,cabbage-,,salad ,,dress+ #c_/d c4 v9eg> #a_/b tsp4 mu/>d1 if desir$ #a_/d c4 wat] #a_/b tsp4 salt #b ,tb4 butt] #c ,tb4 sug> #a ,tb4 fl\r ,heat ! wat] & ! v9eg>2 melt ! butt] 9 a saucepan1 add to x ! fl\r1 mu/>d1 salt1 & sug>1 /ir until well bl5d$1 & !n p\r 9 ! hot liquid4 ,cook = a few m9utes1 /irr+ con/antly to prev5t ! =mation ( lumps4 ,p\r ov] ! cabbage :ile hot2 all[ x to cool & !n s]ve on plates g>ni%$ ) lettuce4 ,,orange ,,fluff #a_/b c4 sug> #a_/d c4 orange juice #e ,tb4 corn />* #a ,tb4 lemon juice ,p9* ( salt #b egg :ites #a pt4 boil+ wat] ,mix ! corn />* & sug> & salt1 /ir into ! boil+ wat]1 & cook directly ov] ! fire until ! mixture ?ick5s4 ,cont9ue to cook1 /irr+ con/antly = #aj m9utes1 or place 9 a d\ble boil] & cook #a_/b h\r4 ,beat ! egg :ites until !y are /iff4 ,:5 ! corn />* is cook$1 remove f ! fire & mix ?or\ghly ) ! fruit juices4 ,p\r ov] ! beat5 egg :ites & /ir slightly until ! eggs & corn />* are mix$4 ,p\r into %]bet glasses or molds wet ) cold wat] & set aside until ready to s]ve4 ,,sauce ,,= ,,orange ,,fluff #a ,tb4 corn />* #c_/d c4 boil+ wat] #b ,tb4 butt] #c_/d c4 sug> #b egg yolks #a_/d c4 orange juice #a ,tb4 lemon juice ,moi/5 ! corn />* ) a little cold wat] & /ir 9 #a_/b cupful ( ! boil+ wat]4 ,cook = #aj or #ae m9utes4 ,cream ! butt]1 add ! sug> & egg yolks1 beat ! mixture ) a =k1 & add ! rema9+ #a_/d cupful ( boil+ wat]4 ,/ir ?is into ! corn />* & cook until ! eggs ?ick5 slightly4 ,remove f ! fire & add ! orange & lemon juices4 ,s]ve cold ov] ! orange fluff4 #fa4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( a meal1 x is impossible to foll[ ! ord] ( s]vice giv5 9 a m5u1 because ( ! diff]5t l5g?s ( "t requir$ to prep>e ! diff]5t di%es4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ! m5u "h giv5 %\ld be prep>$ w !re=e s]ve to %[ ! way 9 :i* o!r meals may be plann$ or o!r m5us c>ri$ out4 ,ea* recipe = ?is m5u is plann$ to s]ve six p]sons1 b x c be easily *ang$ 9 case a diff]5t numb] are to be s]v$4 ,= in/ance1 if !re are only f\r 9 ! family1 two-?irds ( ea* +r$i5t %\ld be us$2 & if only ?ree1 j "o-half ( ea*4 ,if eight are to be s]v$1 "o-?ird w h to be add$ to ea* ( ! am\nts4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out1 j a little ?\ght w %[ h[ o!r numb]s may be provid$ =4 #fb4 ,9 prep>+ ! foods call$ = 9 ?is m5u1 ! dess]t1 :i* is ! la/ ?+ giv51 %\ld be prep>$ fir/1 because "t mu/ be all[$ = x to cool be=e s]v+4 ,9 fact1 x may be prep>$ a half day be=e x is to be s]v$4 ,s z to all[ suffici5t "t to ma% ! potatoes aft] !y h boil$1 !y %\ld be made ready to put on ! /ove ab\t #c_/d h\r be=e ! meal is to be s]v$4 ,aft] ! potatoes h be5 put on to boil1 ! peas1 provid$ fre% ones are to be us$1 %\ld be put on to cook1 & !n ! sauce = !m %\ld be made4 ,if cann$ peas are to be us$1 ! sauce %\ld be made aft] ! potatoes h be5 put on ! /ove & ! peas %\ld be heat$ & comb9$ ) ! sauce j be=e broil+ ! *ops4 ,! cabbage salad may !n be prep>$1 & put 9 a cool place until x is to be s]v$4 ,! *ops %\ld be broil$ la/1 because x is necess>y t !y be s]v$ imm$iately ^u be+ tak5 f ! fire4 ,,t]ms ,,us$ ,,9 ,,cook]y #fc4 ,x is important t e p]son :o is engag$ 9 ! prep>ation ( food be ?or\ghly famili> ) ! v>i\s t]ms t are us$ 9 cook]y4 ,_m ( ^! are n und]/ood by ! av]age p]son1 because !y are =eign t]ms or words t are seldom employ$ 9 o!r occupations4 ,h[ev]1 z !y occur frequ5tly 9 recipes1 cook books1 m5us1 etc41 famili>ity ) !m w enable "o to foll[ recipes & to make up m5us 9 a m intellig5t mann]4 ,9 view ( ^! facts1 a table ( t]ms t are made use ( 9 cook]y is "h giv51 toge!r ) def9itions ( ! words &1 :]ev] x has be5 deem$ necess>y1 ) z accurate pronunciations z c be obta9$4 ,! t]ms are giv5 9 bold-fac$ type1 & = easy ref]5ce are arrang$ alphabetically4 ,x is recomm5d$ t con/ant use be made ( ?is table1 = mu* ( ! success a*iev$ 9 cook]y dep5ds on a cle> und]/&+ ( ! words & expressions t are peculi> to ?is sci5ce4 la2 au2 aux 7ah lah2 o2 o74--,)2 dress$ 9 a c]ta9 /yle2 z1 smelts la t>t>e1 :i* means smelts ) t>t>e sauce4 ,au grat9 7o gra-tang74--,lit]ally1 dress$ ) br[n crumbs4 ,9 actual practice1 also flavor$ ) grat$ *eese4 ,au naturel 7o nat--rayl74--,a t]m appli$ to uncook$ vegetables1 to indicate t !y are s]v$ 9 _! natural /ate )\t sauce or dress+ appli$4 ,potatoes au naturel are s]v$ cook$2 b unpeel$4 ,b*amel 7bay-%am-ayl74--,a sauce made ) :ite /ock & cream or milk-nam$ f a celebrat$ cook4 ,biscuit ,glac 7bis-k-ee glah-say74--,ice cream s]v$ 9 glacd %ells1 sometimes 9 pap] cases4 ,bisque4--,a ?ick s\p usually made f %ellfi% or game2 also1 an ice cream to :i* f9ely *opp$ mac>oons h be5 add$4 ,b\*es 7boo%-ay74--,small patties2 lit]ally1 a m\?ful4 ,b\d9 7boo-dang74--,a delicate side di% prep>$ ) =cemeat4 ,b\quet ( ,h]bs4--,a b\quet consi/+ ( a sprig ( p>sley1 ?yme1 & sweet m>joram1 a bay leaf1 & p]haps a /alk ( cel]y1 ti$ firmly toge!r & us$ z flavor+ 9 a s\p or /ew4 ,arrang$ 9 ?is way1 ! h]bs are m easily remov$ :5 cook$4 ,caf au ,lait 7ka-fay o lay74--,c(fee ) milk4 ,caf ,noir 7ka-fay noo>74--,black c(fee4 ,canaps 7kan-ap-ay74--,small slices ( bread toa/$ or sautd 9 butt] & spread ) a savory pa/e ( meats1 fi%1 or vegetables4 ,!y are s]v$ ei!r hot or cold z an appetiz] or z a fir/ c\rse = lun* or d9n]4 ,can>d 7kan-ar74--,duck4 ,cap]s4--,small pickl$ buds ( a ,european %rub1 us$ 9 sauces & 9 season+4 ,capon4--,a male f[l ca/rat$ = ! purpose ( improv+ ! quality ( ! fle%4 ,c>amel4--,a sirup ( br[n$ sug>4 ,cass]ole4--,a cov]$ e>!nw>e di% 9 :i* foods are cook$4 ,*ampignons 7%ang-pe-nyong74--,! ,fr5* "n = mu%rooms4 ,*>treuse 7%>-truhz74--,a prep>ation ( game1 meat1 fi%1 etc41 mold$ 9 jelly & surr\nd$ by vegetables4 ,! "n 0 giv5 to ! di% by ! monks ( ! mona/]y ( ,*>treuse4 ,*iffonade 7%if-fong-ad74--,salad h]bs f9ely %r$d$ & !n sautd or us$ 9 salads4 ,*illies4--,small r$ pepp]s us$ 9 season+4 ,*ives4--,an h]b alli$ to ! onion family4 ,*utney4--,an ,ea/ ,indian sweet pickle4 ,citron4--,! r9d ( a fruit ( ! lemon species pres]v$ 9 sug>4 ,collops4--,meat cut 9 small pieces4 ,compote4--,fruit /ew$ 9 sirup4 ,coquilles 7ko-ke-yuh74--,scallop %ells 9 :i* fi% or oy/]s are sometimes s]v$4 ,crole1 la 7kray-ol1 ah lah74--,) tomatoes4 ,cr\/ade 7kroos-tad74--,a ?ick piece ( bread t has be5 holl[$ out & !n toa/$ or fri$ crisp4 ,! depression is fill$ ) food4 ,cr\tons 7kroo-tong74--,bread dic$ & fri$ or toa/$ to s]ve ) or 9 s\p4 ,curry4--,an ,ea/ ,indian prep>ation made ( hot se$s1 spices1 & dri$ h]bs4 ,demi-,tasse 7duh-mee tass74--,lit]ally1 a half cup4 ,z commonly us$1 x ref]s to a small cup 9 :i* aft]-d9n] c(fee is s]v$4 ,devil$4--,highly season$4 ,dill4--,a plant us$ = flavor+ pickles4 ,en coquille 7ang ko-ke-yuh74--,s]v$ 9 %ells4 ,entres 7ang-tray74--,small made di%es s]v$ ) lun* or d9n]4 ,!y are sometimes s]v$ z a c\rse betwe5 ! ma9 c\rses ( a meal4 ,esc>ole 7ays-k>-ol74--,a broad-leav$ k9d ( endive4 ,f>ce or ,=cemeat4--,a mixture ( meat1 bread1 etc41 us$ z /uff+4 ,fillets 7fe-lay74--,long1 ?9 pieces ( meat or fi% g5]ally roll$ & ti$4 ,fillet ,mignons 7fe-lay me-nyong74--,small slices f fillet ( beef1 s]v$ ) /eak4 ,fondant4--,sug> boil$ ) wat] & /irr$ to a heavy pa/e4 ,x is us$ = ! ic+ ( cake or ! mak+ ( ,fr5* c&ies4 ,fondue4--,a di% made usually ) melt$ or grat$ *eese4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( ?is prep>ation4 ,frapp 7frap-pay74--,semifroz54 ,fromage 7fro-magh74--,*eese4 ,glac 7glah-say74-,cov]$ ) ic+2 lit]ally1 a %9+ surface4 ,glaze4--,! juices ( meat cook$ d[n to a conc5tration & us$ z a f\ndation = s\ps & gravies4 ,g\la% 7gool-a%74--,a ,hung>ian beef /ew1 highly season$4 ,gumbo4--,a di% ( food made ( "y capsules ( okra1 season$ ) salt & pepp]1 /ew$ & !n s]v$ ) melt$ butt]4 ,h>icot 7h>-e-ko74--,a small bean2 a bit2 also1 a /ew 9 :i* ! meat & vegetables are f9ely divid$4 ,hom>d 7ho-m>74--,lob/]4 ,hors d'oeuvres 7or-d'uhvr'74--,reli%es4 ,itali5e1 la 7e-tal-yang1 ah lah74--,9 ,italian /yle4 ,j>d9ire 7zh>-de-nyayr74--,a mix$ prep>ation ( vegetables /ew$ 9 _! own sauce2 also1 a g>ni% ( v>i\s vegetables4 ,juli5ne 7zh-lyayn74--,a cle> s\p ) %r$d$ vegetables4 ,junket4--,milk jelli$ by means ( r5net4 ,kipp]$4--,dri$ or smok$4 ,l>d+4--,! ins]tion ( /rips ( fat pork into lean meat4 ,! fat is ins]t$ be=e cook+4 ,l>don4--,a piece ( salt pork or bacon us$ 9 l>d+4 ,legumes4--,! vegetables belong+ to ! bean family2 namely1 beans1 peas1 & l5tils4 ,l5tils4--,a v>iety ( ! class ( vegetables call$ legumes4 ,macdo9e 7mah-say-dooan74--,a mixture ( gre5 vegetables4 ,m>9ade 7m>-e-nad74--,a pickle us$ = season+ meat or fi% be=e cook+4 ,m>9ate4--,to pickle 9 v9eg> or ,fr5* dress+1 z meat or fi% is season$4 ,m>rons 7ma-rong74--,*e/nuts4 ,m5u4--,a bill ( f>e4 ,m]+ue 7muh-rang74--,a k9d ( ic+ made ( :ite ( egg & sug> well beat54 ,m\sse 7moos74--,ice cream made ) :ipp$ cream & beat5 egg & froz5 )\t turn+4 ,n\gat 7noo-gah74--,a mixture ( almonds & sug>4 ,paprika4--,hung>ian sweet pepp] gr\nd f9e & us$ z a season+4 ,x is less /++ ?an r$ or ,cay5ne pepp]4 ,pt 7pa-tay74--,a little pie2 a pa/ry or patty4 ,pimi5to4--,sweet r$ pepp]s us$ z a vegetable1 a salad1 or a reli%4 ,pi/a*io 7pis-ta-%ioh74--,a pale gre5i% nut resembl+ an almond4 ,potage 7pot-azh74--,s\p4 ,pure 7p-ray74-,a ?ick s\p conta9+ cook$ vegetables t h be5 rubb$ ?r\gh a sieve4 ,ragot 7ra-goo74--,a /ew made ( meat or meat & vegetables & s]v$ ) a sauce4 ,ramek94--,a prep>ation ( *eese & puff pa/e or toa/1 :i* is bak$ or br[n$4 ,?is ^w is sometimes us$ to designate ! di% 9 :i* su* a mixture is cook$4 ,r*auff 7ray-%o-fay74--,a w>m$-ov] di%4 ,rissoles4--,small %apes ( puff pa/e fill$ ) "s mixture & fri$ or bak$4 ,x also ref]s to balls ( m9c$ meat1 egg$1 crumb$1 & fri$ until crisp4 ,r\x 7roo74--,?ick5+ made ) butt] & fl\r4 ,salmi 7sal-mee74--,a /ew or ha% ( game4 ,salpicon 7sal-pee-kong74--,m9c$ p\ltry1 ham1 or o!r meats mix$ ) a ?ick sauce4 ,sauce ,piquante 7sos-pe-kangt74--,an acid sauce4 ,%allot4--,a v>iety ( onion4 ,sorbet 7sor-bay74--,a %]bet1 froz5 pun*1 or wat] ice2 ! same z %]bet4 ,s\ffl 7soo-flay74--,lit]ally1 puff$ up4 ,z g5]ally und]/ood1 x is a spongy mixture made light ) eggs & bak$1 ! f\ndation ( :i* may be meat1 fi%1 *eese1 vegetables1 or fruit4 ,soy4--,a ,japanese sauce prep>$ f ! se$ ( ! soy bean4 ,x has an agreeable flavor & a cle> br[n color & is us$ to color s\ps & sauces4 ,/ock4--,! f\ndation = s\p made by cook+ meat1 bones1 & vegetables4 ,sultanas4--,:ite or yell[ se$less grapes1 gr[n 9 ,cor9?4 ,t>ragon 7t>-ra-gonk74--,an h]b us$ 9 season+ c]ta9 dress+ & sauces2 x is also employ$ 9 flavor+ t>ragon v9eg>4 ,t>t>e ,sauce 7t>-t> sos74--,a mayonnaise dress+ to :i* h be5 add$ *opp$ pickle1 cap]s1 & p>sley 9 ord] to make a t>t sauce = fi%4 ,timbale4--,a pie rais$ 9 a mold2 also1 a %ell fill$ ) =cemeat or ragot4 ,truffles4--,a species ( fungi gr[+ 9 clu/]s "s in*es bel[ ! soil1 & hav+ an agreeable p]fume1 :i* is easily sc5t$ by pigs1 :o are fond ( !m1 & by dogs tra9$ to f9d !m4 ,!y are f\nd abundantly 9 ,france1 b are n subject to cultivation4 ,!y are us$ *iefly = season+ & g>ni%+4 ,vanilla4--,! bean ( ! tropical or*id or ! extract obta9$ f ?is fruit4 ,us$ 9 flavor+ dess]ts1 etc4 ,v9aigrette ,sauce 7ve-nay-grayt sos74--,a sauce made ) oil & v9eg>1 to :i* are add$ f9ely m9c$ *ives1 pepp]s1 or o!r highly flavor$ gre5 vegetables & spices4 ,vol au ,v5t 7vol o vang74--,a cru/ ( light puff pa/e4 ,also1 a l>ge pt or =m ( pa/ry fill$ ) a savory prep>ation ( oy/]s1 fi%1 or meat & a cream sauce4 ,zwieback 7ts\ee-bak74--,bread toa/$ twice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ess5tials ,,( ,,cook]y 7,,"p #b7 ,,exam9ation ,,que/ions 7#a7 ,:at po9ts mu/ be kept 9 m9d 9 ! selection ( cook+ ut5sils8 7#b7 ,m5tion ?ree mat]ials us$ = cook+ ut5sils & expla9 _! advantages4 7#c7 7a7 ,:at is a labor-sav+ device8 7b7 ,describe "o ( ! labor-sav+ devices m5tion$ 9 ! text & tell :y x saves labor4 7#d7 ,:at k9d ( ut5sil %\ld be us$ =3 7a7 ! rapid boil+ ( spaghetti2 7b7 ! sl[ cook+ ( c]eals8 7#e7 ,tell h[ ! foll[+ are prep>$ = cook+3 7a7 vegetables2 7b7 meats2 7c7 fi%4 7#f7 ,describe3 7a7 sift+2 7b7 /irr+2 7c7 beat+2 7d7 cream+2 7e7 fold+4 7#g7 ,:y is x necess>y to measure foods accurately 9 cook+8 7#h7 ,describe ! measur+ (3 7a7 cupful ( fl\r2 7b7 "o-half teaspoonful ( butt]2 7c7 #a teaspoonful ( bak+ p[d]4 7#i7 7a7 ,:y %\ld a sy/ematic plan be outl9$ be=e beg9n+ to c>ry out a recipe8 7b7 ,give briefly ! ord] ( "w t %\ld be foll[$4 7#aj7 ,:at factors influ5ce ! l5g? ( "t requir$ to cook foods8 7#aa7 ,tell :y foods spoil4 7#ab7 7a7 ,m5tion ! usual me?ods by :i* food is kept f spoil+4 7b7 ,:at is meant by ! t]m pres]vative8 7#ac7 7a7 ,:at is ! aim 9 cann+ foods8 7b7 ,on :at pr9ciple does success 9 dry+ foods dep5d8 7#ad7 ,expla9 ! con/ruction ( a refrig]ator & ! pr9ciple on :i* x is bas$4 7#ae7 ,describe ! plac+ ( ! foll[+ articles 9 ! refrig]ator & tell :i* %\ld be cov]$ & :y3 7a7 milk2 7b7 butt]2 7c7 cook$ fi%2 7d7 cook$ tomatoes2 7e7 melons2 7f7 *eese4 7#af7 ,expla9 h[ a refrig]ator %\ld be c>$ =4 7#ag7 ,"n ! ways 9 :i* foods may be kept f spoil+ )\t ice4 7#ah7 ,h[ %\ld a cell> 9 :i* foods is to be /or$ be built & c>$ =8 7#ai7 7a7 ,:y is x necess>y to /ore non-p]i%able foods8 7b7 ,tell ! be/ ways 9 :i* to pres]ve su* foods4 7#bj7 7a7 ,:at is a m5u8 7b7 ,expla9 ! mean+ ( ! t]m recipe4 7c7 ,9 :at ord] %\ld ! recipes ( a m5u be prep>$8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,report ,,on ,,m5u ,aft] try+ out ! m5u 9 ! mann] expla9$ 9 ! text1 s5d ) y\r answ]s to ! ,exam9ation ,que/ions a report ( y\r success4 ,9 mak+ out y\r report1 simply write ! "n ( ! food & describe its condition by means ( ! t]ms specifi$ 9 ! foll[+ li/4 ,?us1 if ! *ops 7 t5d] & well done1 write1 ,pan-broil$ *ops1 t5d]1 well done2 if ! potatoes 7 suffici5tly cook$ & creamy1 write ,ma%$ potatoes1 suffici5tly cook$1 creamy2 & s on4 ,pan-,broil$ ,*ops3 t\gh8 t5d]8 und]done8 ov]done8 ,ma%$ ,potatoes3 suffici5tly cook$8 creamy8 lumpy8 too s(t8 ,cream$ ,peas3 t5d]8 t\gh8 prop]ly season$8 improp]ly season$8 ,sauce = ,peas3 smoo?8 lumpy8 ?98 ( correct ?ickness8 too ?ick8 ,cabbage ,salad3 prop]ly season$8 improp]ly season$8 crisp8 ,orange ,fluff3 /iff en\gh8 too s(t8 flavor agreeable8 flavor disagreeable8 ,sauce = ,orange ,fluff3 smoo?8 lumpy8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,c]eals 99 99 99 99 99 ,,production1 ,,composition1 ,,& ,,selection ,,production ,,( ,,c]eals #a4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,c]eals4--,c]eals1 :i* is ! t]m appli$ to ! edible se$s ( c]ta9 gra9s1 orig9at$ ) ! civilization ( man4 ,:5 man liv$ 9 a savage /ate1 he w&]$ ab\t f place to place & dep5d$ = 8 food on hunt+ & fi%+2 b z he ceas$ 8 roam+ & began to settle 9 regions t he f\nd attractive1 x 0 n long be=e he became aw>e ( ! possibilities ( ! gr\nd ab\t him & realiz$ ! advantage ( till+ ! soil z a means ( procur+ food4 ,inde$1 ! cultivation ( ! soil = ! production ( food may be consid]$ z "o ( ! fir/ /eps 9 8 civilization4 ,among ! foods he cultivat$ 7 gra9s1 & f ! e>lie/ times to ! pres5t day !y h be5 ! ma9 crop & h =m$ ! *ief food ( p :]ev] x is possible to produce !m4 ,! gra9s belong to ! family ( grasses1 & ?r\gh cultivation _! se$s1 :i* /ore ! n\ri%m5t = ! gr[? ( new plants1 h be5 made to /ore a suffici5t am\nt ( n\ri%m5t to p]mit man to collect & use x z food4 ,! "n c]eals 0 d]iv$ f ! goddess ,c]es1 :om ! ,romans believ$ to be ! protector ( _! crops & h>ve/s4 ,num]\s gra9s are produc$1 b only eight ( ^! c]eals are us$ ext5sively z food1 namely1 :eat1 corn1 oats1 rice1 b>ley1 rye1 buck:eat1 & millet4 #b4 ,,abundance ,,( ,,production4--,) ! exception ( ! des]t l&s & ! ,arctic regions1 c]eals ( "s k9d are gr[n ov] ! entire _w4 ,"s v>ieties ?rive 9 ! hot c\ntries1 o!rs fl\ri% 9 ! temp]ate regions1 & /ill o!rs mature & rip5 9 ! %ort w>m season ( ! cold] nor!rn climates4 ,9 fact1 !re is practically no k9d ( soil t w n produce a crop ( "s v>iety ( gra94 ,s9ce gra9s are s easily gr[n & are s pl5tiful1 c]eals & foods made f !m furni% a l>ge "p ( ! _w's food supply4 ,inde$1 ab\t "o-f\r? ( all ! food eat5 by ! inhabitants ( ! _w1 :5 x is consid]$ z a :ole1 is made up ( c]eals4 #c4 ,,economic ,,value ,,( ,,c]eals4--,! abundance ( ! _w's gra9 supply makes ! co/ s mod]ate t _m ( ! poor] classes ( p 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 especially ^? 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 live almo/ entirely on c]eals4 ,/ill !re is ano!r factor t controls ! l[ co/ ( c]eals & gra9s & keeps !m )9 ! means ( all classes ( p1 & t is _! excell5t keep+ quality4 ,!y require v little c>e & w keep = an indef9ite p]iod ( "t4 ,because ( _! unp]i%able nature1 !y may be /or$ 9 l>ge quantities & di/ribut$ to consum]s z !y are ne$$ & at a price t is fairly uni=m4 ,s9ce ! co/ ( c]eals is mod]ate1 !y %\ld =m a l>ge proportion ( ! diet ( ! entire family1 especially if ! family's income w all[ only a limit$ sum to be sp5t = food4 ,"s c]eals1 ( c\rse1 are mu* *eap] ?an o!rs1 & 9 pur*as+ ?is k9d ( food ! h\sewife %\ld be gov]n$ accord+ly4 ,^? :i* require an elaborate manufactur+ process 9 _! prep>ation = ! m>ket are ! mo/ exp5sive1 b !y h an advantage 9 t !y require practically no prep>ation be=e s]v+4 ,= ! v>ieties t mu/ be cook$1 ! co/ ( prep>+ ! di%1 especially if ! price ( fuel is high1 mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation1 = unless "s ?\ght is giv5 to ! economical use ( ! fuel1 z well z to ! me?od ( cook+ employ$1 ! co/ ( ! prep>$ di% may be greatly increas$4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! prep>ation ( c]eals1 v little skill or en]gy is requir$ & a g5]al k ( ! be/ me?ods = "o ( !m c1 z a rule1 be appli$ to all4 #d4 ,,c]eal ,,products4--,besides ! c]eals already m5tion$1 a numb] ( products ( c]eals are ext5sively us$ 9 cook]y1 *ief among !m be+ fl\r1 corn />*1 & o!r />*es4 ,al?\gh e h\sewife %\ld possess k ( ! uses ( ea* ( ^!1 in/ruction 9 !m is n giv5 until lat]4 ,?is ,section includes p>ticul>ly ! /udy ( gra9s--:ole1 crack$1 flak$1 & ^? made into grits or meal--& ! use & ! s]v+ ( !m1 z well z ready-to-eat c]eals1 :i* are commonly ref]r$ to z breakfa/ foods4 ,! only additional foods to :i* att5tion is giv5 at ?is "t are mac>oni1 spaghetti1 & foods ( a simil> nature1 = z ^! are made f :eat !y are truly c]eal products4 ,9 _! prep>ation = ! table1 ! rules t gov]n ! o!r c]eal foods apply also 9 a l>ge measure to !m4 ,,composition ,,( ,,c]eals #e4 ,! composition ( all c]eals is simil>1 yet ea* "o has its di/+ui%+ feature4 ,:ile all ! five food sub/ances--wat]1 m9]al matt]1 prote91 fat1 & c>bohydrate--are to be f\nd 9 c]eals1 !y occur 9 diff]5t quantities 9 ! v>i\s k9ds4 ,"s conta9 l>ge quantities ( prote9 & o!rs practically none1 & :ile c]ta9 ones h consid]able fat o!rs possess comp>atively small quantities4 ,a *>act]i/ic ( all c]eals1 h[ev]1 is t !y conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( c>bohydrate & a small am\nt ( wat]4 ,x is well to rememb]1 ?\gh1 t :ile ! food sub/ances ( c]eals are f\nd 9 suffici5t quantities to su/a9 life1 !y w n p]mit a p]son to live = long p]iods ( "t exclusively on ?is =m ( food4 ,likewise1 x w be well to obs]ve t ! foods made f a c]ta9 gra9 w be q simil> 9 composition to ! gra9 itself2 t is1 any *ange 9 ! composition ( ! foods mu/ be br\ght ab\t by ! addition ( o!r sub/ances4 #f4 ,all gra9s are simil> 9 g5]al /ructure1 too4 ,! l>ge/ proportion ( c>bohydrate lies 9 ! c5t]1 ?is sub/ance gr[+ less t[>d ! outside ( ! gra94 ,! prote9 lies ne> ! outside1 & gr[s less t[>d ! c5t]4 ,fat is f\nd 9 small am\nts scatt]$ ?r\gh ! entire gra91 b mo/ ( x is f\nd 9 ! g]m1 :i* is a t9y portion ( ! gra9 f :i* ! new plant spr\ts4 ,! m9]al matt] ( c]eals is f\nd *iefly j inside ! bran1 or out] cov]+1 s t :5 ?is cov]+ is remov$1 z 9 ! process ( prep>ation = food1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( m9]al matt] is g5]ally lo/4 #g4 ,,prote9 ,,9 ,,c]eals4--,! c]eals are ess5tially a c>bohydrate food1 b "s also yield a l>ge proportion ( prote94 ,9 ?is respect !y diff] f ! animal foods t produce ! pr9cipal supply ( prote9 = ! diet1 = ^!1 ) ! exception ( milk1 d n yield c>bohydrates4 ,! gra9 t conta9s ! mo/ prote9 is :eat1 & 9 ! =m 9 :i* prote9 occurs 9 ?is c]eal x is call$ glut51 a sub/ance t is responsible = ! h>dness ( :eat4 ,! glut51 :5 ! :eat is mix$ ) wat] or "s o!r liquid1 becomes gummy & ela/ic1 a fact t acc\nts = ! rubb]y consi/5cy ( bread d\gh4 ,c]eals t conta9 no glut5 d n make bread successfully4 ,next to :eat1 rye conta9s prote9 9 ! greate/ am\nt1 & rice conta9s ! lea/4 ,al?\gh prote9 is ! mo/ exp5sive ( ! food sub/ances1 ! k9d ( prote9 f\nd 9 c]eals is "o ( ! *eap] v>ieties4 #h4 ,,fat ,,9 ,,c]eals4--,! fat ( c]eals helps to contribute to _! heat-& en]gy-produc+ qualities1 &1 besides1 x is "o ( ! *eap] s\rces ( ?is food sub/ance4 ,( ! eight gra9s1 or c]eals1 us$ z food1 oats & corn conta9 ! mo/ fat1 or heat-produc+ mat]ial4 ,! oil ( corn1 because ( its lack ( flavor1 is frequ5tly us$ 9 ! manufacture ( salad oil1 cook+ oil1 & pa/ry fat4 ,! fat t occurs 9 c]eals becomes rancid if !y are n c>efully /or$4 ,9 ! mak+ ( :ite fl\r1 ! g]m ( ! :eat is remov$1 & s9ce mo/ ( ! fat is tak5 out ) ! g]m1 :ite fl\r keeps mu* bett] ?an graham fl\r1 f :i* ! g]m is n ab/ract$ 9 ! mill+ process4 #i4 ,,c>bohydrate ,,9 ,,c]eals4--,! food sub/ance f\nd 9 ! greate/ proportion 9 c]eals is c>bohydrate 9 ! =m ( />*4 ,c]eals conta9 _m times m />* ?an any ( ! o!r food sub/ances1 rice1 :i* is fully ?ree-f\r?s />*1 conta9+ ! mo/1 & oats1 :i* are less ?an "o-half />*1 ! lea/4 ,/>* is di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! gra9 9 t9y granules visible only "u ! microscope1 ea* be+ surr\nd$ by a cov]+ ( mat]ial t is almo/ indige/ible4 ,9 ! v>i\s gra9s1 ^! t9y granules diff] f "o ano!r 9 appe>ance1 b n to any great ext5t 9 g5]al /ructure1 nutritive value1 or dige/ibility1 provid$ !y are cook$ ?or\ghly4 ,! l>ge am\nt ( c>bohydrate1 or />*1 9 c]eals expla9s :y !y are n h>d to dige/1 =1 z is well kn[n1 />* is m easily dige/$ ?an ei!r prote9 or fat4 ,?is & ! fact t "s gra9s conta9 also a l>ge am\nt ( fat acc\nt = ! high en]gy-produc+ quality ( c]eals4 ,:ile x is safe to say t c]eals are *iefly valuable = _! />*1 ! tissue-build+ mat]ial 9 "s gra9s1 al?\gh 9 small proportion1 is 9 suffici5t quantity to place !m ) ! prote9 foods4 #aj4 ,,m9]al ,,matt] ,,9 ,,c]eals4--,c]eals conta9 sev5 or eight ( ! m9]als requir$ 9 ! diet4 ,su* a v>iety ( m9]als is sure to be valuable to ! human body1 z x is ab\t "o-half ( ! :ole numb] requir$ by ! body = its ma9t5ance4 ,s9ce1 z has already be5 expla9$1 mu* ( ! m9]al matt] lies directly "u ! co>se outside cov]+1 "s ( x is lo/ :5 ?is cov]+ is remov$4 ,= ?is reason1 ! gra9s t rema9 :ole & ! c]eal products t conta9 ! entire gra9 are mu* m valuable f ! /&po9t ( m9]als ?an ^? 9 :i* ! bran cov]+ is n reta9$4 ,if a suffici5t p]c5tage ( m9]als is secur$ 9 ! diet f vegetables1 fruits1 & milk1 x is p]haps unnecess>y to include :ole c]eals2 b if ! diet is at all limit$1 x is advisable to select ^? c]eals :i* reta9 ! orig9al composition ( ! gra94 #aa4 ,,wat] ,,9 ,,c]eals4--,c]eals conta9 v little wat] 9 _! composition4 ,?is abs5ce ( wat] is a di/9ct advantage1 = x makes _! nutritive value proportionately high & improves _! keep+ quality4 ,j z ! /r5g? ( a bev]age is l[]$ by ! addition ( wat]1 s ! nutritive value ( foods decreases :5 !y conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( wat]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! keep+ quality ( c]eals c\ld sc>cely be improv$1 s9ce ! g]ms t cause foods to spoil gr[ only 9 ! pres5ce ( wat]4 ,?is l[ proportion ( wat] also p]mits !m to be /or$ compactly1 :]eas if wat] occurr$ 9 l>ge am\nts x w\ld add mat]ially to _! bulk4 #ab4 ,,cellulose ,,9 ,,c]eals4--,9 addition to ! five food sub/ances t are f\nd 9 all c]eals1 !re is always pres5t ano!r mat]ial kn[n z cellulose1 :i*1 z is po9t$ out else:]e1 is an indige/ible mat]ial t occurs on ! outside ( all gra9s1 z ! bran cov]+1 & cov]s ! />* granules ?r\gh\t ! inside ( ! gra94 ,9 fact1 x =ms a sort ( skeleton ^u :i* ! gra9s are built4 ,z long z ! cellulose rema9s unbrok51 x prev5ts ! gra9 f be+ dige/$ to any ext5t4 ,h[ev]1 x =ms a valuable protective cov]+ = ! gra9 & x has a c]ta9 value1 z bulk1 9 ! diet1 a fact t is ignor$ by "s p]sons & ov]rat$ by o!rs4 ,x is well to include at lea/ "s cellulose 9 c]eal foods :5 !y are tak5 9 ! diet1 because its pres5ce t5ds to make food less conc5trat$4 #ac4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,composition ,,( ,,c]eals4--,n all gra9s1 or c]eals1 conta9 ! same am\nt ( food sub/ances & cellulose2 t is1 :ile "o may be high 9 prote9 x may be lack+ 9 "s o!r food sub/ance4 ,! relation t ! v>i\s gra9s be> to "o ano!r ) reg>d to ! food sub/ances & cellulose is cle>ly set =? 9 ,table ,i4 ,9 ?is table1 "u ! v>i\s food sub/ances & cellulose1 ! gra9s1 ) ! exception ( millet1 are m5tion$ 9 ! ord] ( _! value1 rang+ f ! highe/ d[n to ! l[e/ 9 ea* ( ! food sub/ances & cellulose4 ,?us1 z w be se51 :eat is highe/ 9 prote9 & rice is l[e/1 oats are highe/ 9 fat & rye is l[e/1 & s on4 ,also1 z w be obs]v$1 :ile :eat is highe/ 9 prote91 x is1 z comp>$ ) ! o!r c]eals1 six? 9 fat1 f\r? 9 c>bohydrate1 f\r? 9 cellulose1 & fif? 9 m9]al matt]4 ,9 ?is way may be comp>$ all ! o!r c]eals to see 9 j :at way !y are ( value z a food4 ,,table ,i ,,composition ,,( ,,c]eals ,prote9 ,fat ,c>bohydrate ,cellulose ,m9]al ,matt] or ,a% ,:eat ,oats ,rice ,oats ,oats ,rye ,corn ,rye ,buck:eat ,b>ley ,oats ,b>ley ,corn ,b>ley ,buck:eat ,b>ley ,buck:eat ,:eat ,:eat ,rye ,corn ,rice ,b>ley ,rye ,:eat ,buck:eat ,:eat ,buck:eat ,corn ,corn ,rice ,rye ,oats ,rice ,rice 99 99 99 99 99 ,,c]eals ,,z ,a ,,food ,,uses ,,( ,,c]eals #ad4 ,c]eals & c]eal products play a v important "p 9 ! food problem1 = ! prosp]ity ( a c\ntry dep5ds on its gra9 crops & ! p ( all classes are dep5d5t on !m = food4 ,?is is evid5t :5 x is kn[n t !y =m a great] proportion ( ! food consum$ ?an any o!r s+le food mat]ial4 ,9 _! widespread consumption1 !y h _m & v>i$ uses4 ,9 tru?1 a meal is seldom s]v$ )\t "s c]eal food1 = if no o!r is us$1 bread ( "s description is almo/ always includ$4 ,besides bread1 a cook$ or a dry c]eal is usually s]v$ = breakfa/1 & = "s p]sons ?is con/itutes ! ma9 breakfa/ di%1 provid+ a n\ri%+ & easily dige/$ food :5 s]v$ ) milk or cream4 ,?is food is especially desirable = *ildr51 & = ?is reason is always among ! fir/ solid foods f$ to !m4 #ae4 ,:ile to mo/ p]sons ! ^w c]eal sugge/s ! idea ( a breakfa/ food1 because c]eals are us$ mo/ (t5 = t purpose1 !y f9d _! place 9 o!r meals ?an breakfa/4 ,al?\gh !y are us$ less (t5 on ! d9n] table ?an else:]e1 !y frequ5tly h an important place !re1 = a numb] ( !m are commonly us$ z d9n] di%es & o!rs might be us$ m frequ5tly1 & to advantage1 too4 ,9 ?is connection1 !y are us$ 9 s\ps1 & 9 c]ta9 =ms1 usually ! :ole or slightly cru%$ gra91 !y take ! place ( a vegetable4 ,"s ( !m1 p>ticul>ly rice1 are (t5 us$ ) meat or *eese 9 mak+ an entree or 9 comb9ation ) eggs1 milk1 fruit1 or v>i\s flavor+s z a dess]t to be s]v$ ) a heavy or a light meal4 ,cold cook$ c]eal is (t5 slic$ & sautd & !n s]v$ ) meat or "s o!r heavy prote9 di%4 ,c]eals are also us$ = lun* or supp]1 p]haps m (t5 ?an = d9n]1 & because ( _! easy dige/ion !y are to be recomm5d$ = ! ev5+ meal = all memb]s ( ! family1 b especially = *ildr54 ,:5 us$ 9 ?is way1 !y may be s]v$ ) cream1 z = breakfa/1 or prep>$ 9 any o!r suitable way4 ,:5ev] c]eals are s]v$1 :e!r alone or 9 comb9ation ) o!r foods1 ! result is an economical di% & usually an easily dige/$ "o1 unless1 ( c\rse1 ! food ) :i* !y are comb9$ is exp5sive or indige/ible4 ,b1 to :atev] use c]eals are put1 unless !y are ?or\ghly cook$ !y are n easily dige/$ & !y lose mu* ( _! value4 ,9 fact1 ! ready-to-eat c]eals1 :i* h be5 ?or\ghly cook$1 are pref]able to ^? :i* are poorly cook$ 9 ! home4 ,,selection ,,& ,,c>e ,,( ,,c]eals #af4 ,prep>ation ( ,gra9s = ! ,m>ket4--,s t ! h\sewife may g ab\t ! selection ( c]eals 9 an intellig5t mann]1 x may be well = h] to "k h[ !y are prep>$ = m>ket4 ,aft] ! gra9s are h>ve/$1 ! fir/ /ep 9 _! prep>ation consi/s 9 ?ra%+1 :i* removes ! husks f ! outside4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 ?ra%+ is done entirely by h&1 b usually x is accompli%$ by ma*9]y ( a simple or a m elaborate k9d4 ,occasionally no fur!r treatm5t is appli$1 ! :ole gra9s be+ us$ z food1 b g5]ally !y receive fur!r prep>ation4 ,sometimes !y are cru%$ co>sely ) or )\t ! bran cov]+1 & 9 ?is =m !y are kn[n z grits4 ,at o!r times !y are gr\nd f9] & call$ meal1 & /ill f9] & call$ fl\r1 be+ us$ mo/ly 9 ^! two =ms = ! mak+ ( v>i\s k9ds ( breads4 ,!n1 aga91 gra9s are roll$ & cru%$1 z1 = example1 crack$ :eat & roll$ oats4 ,v>i\s elaborate means h be5 devis$ by :i* c]eals are prep>$ 9 unusual ways = ! purpose ( v>y+ ! diet4 ,sometimes !y are us$ alone1 b (t5 c]ta9 o!r mat]ials are us$ 9 _! prep>ation = ! m>ket4 ,= example1 ! popul> flake c]eals1 su* z corn flakes1 are cook$ ) salt & sometimes ) sug> & !n roll$ ?94 ,"s ( ! c]eals are ?or\ghly cook$1 :ile o!rs are malt$ & toa/$1 b ! treatm5t to :i* !y are subject$ is g5]ally giv5 to !m to improve _! flavor & to aid 9 ! "w ( dige/ion4 #ag4 ,,factors ,,t ,,gov]n ,,c]eal ,,selection4--,besides kn[+ ab\t ! ways 9 :i* c]eals are prep>$ = m>ket1 ! h\sewife %\ld be famili> ) ! factors t gov]n _! selection = use z food4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 c]eals %\ld be *os5 to suit ! ne$s & ta/es ( ! memb]s ( ! family1 & !n att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! =ms 9 :i* !y c be pur*as$4 ,"s c]eals are sold 9 seal$ packages1 :ile o!rs c be b\ght 9 bulk4 ,ea*1 h[ev]1 has its advantages4 ,^? sold loose are (t5 l[] 9 price ?an ^? sold 9 package =m1 b !re is a "q z to :e!r1 ) ! *ances = incorrect weight1 ! bulk foods are really mu* *eap]4 ,cleanl9ess is1 ( c\rse1 ( great] importance ) c]eals t d n require cook+ ?an ) ^? :i* are subject$ to high temp]atures 9 ord] to prep>e !m = ! table4 ,!re=e1 f ! /&po9t ( cleanl9ess1 !re is no advantage 9 pur*as+ rice & simil> raw c]eals 9 packages4 #ah4 ,! next ?+ to consid] 9 ! pur*ase ( c]eals is _! co/4 ,!y v>y consid]ably 9 price1 b x has be5 det]m9$ t 9 food value !re is little diff]5ce1 p\nd = p\nd1 betwe5 ! *eap & ! exp5sive c]eals1 ! v>iation 9 price be+ due to _! abundance or sc>city & ! me?od us$ 9 prep>+ !m = m>ket4 ,! entirely uncook$ ones are ! *eape/1 ! p>tly cook$ ones are m$ium 9 price1 & ! ?or\ghly cook$ ones are ! mo/ exp5sive4 ,?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 is practically made up by ! exp5se ( ! fuel requir$ to prep>e !m = ! table1 ! *eape/ c]eal requir+ ! mo/ fuel & ! mo/ exp5sive1 ! lea/4 ,besides v>y+ 9 price1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( c]eals (f] ! h\sewife an opportunity to select ! "o t is mo/ conv5i5t = h]4 ,^? :i* are ready to s]ve are ! be/ = ! meal to :i* ! lea/ possible am\nt ( "t c be giv5 = prep>ation4 ,! o!r k9ds require cook+1 ( c\rse1 b ?is ne$ n be a h9drance1 = !y c be prep>$ on "o day & reheat$ = breakfa/ ! foll[+ day1 or !y c be cook$ ov]night by ! fireless-cook] me?od4 ,9 ! case ( su* c]eals1 long cook+ is usually necess>y = good flavor & easy dige/ion2 consequ5tly1 ! cook+ me?od t w accompli% ! desir$ result ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( fuel is ! mo/ economical "o & ! "o to select4 #ai4 ,,table ,,( ,,gra9 ,,products4--,z a fur!r aid 9 com+ to an und]/&+ ( c]eals1 or gra9s1 & _! value1 !re are giv5 9 ,table ,,ii ! v>i\s uses to :i* gra9s are put & ! =ms 9 :i* !y occur z food4 ,9 ?is table1 z w be obs]v$1 ! =m ( ! gra9 product is m5tion$ fir/ & !n ! gra9 f :i* x is made4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ?is table w be pr(itable to ! h\sewife4 #bj4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,c]eals4--,z c>ri]s ( disease1 c]eals are a less dang]\s food ?an any o!r4 ,?is *>act]i/ic ( c]eals is due to ! fact t ! cook+ all ( !m require 9 "s "p ( _! prep>ation de/roys any disease g]ms t might be pres5t4 ,!y are n likely to be adult]at$ ) h>mful mat]ial1 ei!r2 &1 9 addition1 ! seal$ packages 9 :i* _m ( ! c]eals are put up keep !m clean & free f contam9ation4 ,h[ev]1 c>e mu/ be giv5 to bo? ! uncook$ & ! factory-prep>$ v>ieties ( ?is food4 ,! packages conta9+ ready-to-eat c]eals %\ld n be all[$ to rema9 op5 = any l5g? ( "t if x is desir$ to keep !m fre% & crisp1 = !y absorb moi/ure f ! air v quickly4 ,if !y d become moi/1 h[ev]1 dry+ 9 ! ov5 w 9 mo/ cases re/ore _! fre%ness4 ,if x is necess>y to op5 a s+le package ( prep>$ c]eal & all ( ! cont5ts _c be utiliz$ at once1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 only "o or two p]sons are to be s]v$ ) t p>ticul> c]eal1 ! be/ plan is to empty ! rema9d] into cans or j>s t are provid$ ) cov]s4 ,uncook$ c]eals1 :i* are us$ less quickly ?an ! prep>$ k9ds1 are (t5 attack$ by mice & o!r v]m91 b su* an occurr5ce c be prev5t$ if ! c]eal is p\r$ into j>s or cans t c be kept tightly clos$4 ,consid]able c>e mu/ be giv5 to fl\r & c]eal products pur*as$ 9 l>ge quantities1 = if !y are all[$ to collect en\gh moi/ure1 !y w become moldy & lose _! flavor1 & ?us be unfit = use4 ,to pres]ve !m well1 !y %\ld be kept 9 metal-l9$ b9s or 9 b9s made ( c>efully mat*$ bo>ds & 9 a cool1 b n damp1 place4 ,,table ,,ii ,,gra9 ,,products _/ ,pe>l b>ley ,hull$ :eat _/ ,:ole ,gra9s ,hom9y3 ,corn ,corn ,rice _/ ,f>9a3 ,:eat or corn ,cream ( ,:eat3 ,:eat ,cru%$ ,gra9s ,crack$ ,:eat3 ,:eat ,hom9y ,grits3 ,corn ,:eat ,grits3 ,:eat ,samp3 ,corn ,c]eals _/ ,corn ,meal ,b>ley ,rice ,oats _/ ,flak$3 ,rye1 :eat1 rice1 corn ,prep>$ ,c]eals ,%r$d$ ,gra93 ,:eat ,malt$ ,gra93 ,rye1 b>ley1 :eat1 & corn ,puff$ ,gra93 ,corn1 rice1 :eat _/ ,corn ,/>* ,rice ,:eat _/ ,mac>oni ,:eat ,v]micelli ,spaghetti ,glucose ,usually corn ,sirup _/ _/ ,:eat ,c]eal ,c(fee ,rye ,b>ley _/ ,:eat ,rye ,fl\r ,corn ,buck:eat ,rice ,liquors ,malt$ ,dr9ks ,all gra9s ,be] ,:isky _/ ,alcohol3 ,all gra9s ,fe$ = animals3 ,all gra9s 99 99 99 99 99 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,c]eals ,,= ,,! ,,table ,,me?ods ,,( ,,cook+ ,,c]eals #ba4 ,,purpose ,,( ,,cook+4--,z ! s-call$ ready-to-eat c]eals require practically no fur!r prep>ation1 att5tion is "h giv5 to only ^? c]eals :i* ne$ additional treatm5t to prep>e !m prop]ly = ! table4 ,raw gra9s _c be tak5 into ! body1 = !y are nei!r appetiz+ nor dige/ible4 ,! treatm5t to :i* !y mu/ be subject$ is cook+1 = ! /ructure ( gra9s is su* t cook+ is ! only means by :i* ! cov]+s ( ! />* granules c be s(t5$ & brok5 to make !m dige/ible4 ,b ?is is n ! only effect produc$ by cook+2 besides mak+ raw c]eals dige/ible1 cook+ r5d]s !m palatable1 de/roys any bact]ia or p>asites t might be pres5t1 &1 by means ( its v>i\s me?ods1 provides a v>iety ( di%es t w\ld o!rwise be v mu* limit$4 #bb4 ,,*anges ,,t ,,c]eals ,,und]go ,,9 ,,cook+4--,9 ! process ( cook+1 c]eals und]go a m>k$ *ange1 :i* c readily be det]m9$ by p]=m+ a simple exp]im5t4 ,place an equal am\nt ( fl\r or corn />*--bo? c]eal products--9 two diff]5t glasses2 mix t 9 "o glass ) cold wat] & t 9 ! o!r ) boil+ wat]4 ,! mixture 9 :i* cold wat] is us$ w settle 9 a %ort "t1 b if ! sub/ance t goes to ! bottom is collect$ & dri$ x w be f\nd to be exactly ! same z x 0 orig9ally4 ,! mixture 9 :i* boil+ wat] is us$1 h[ev]1 w n only become a /icky mass1 b w rema9 su*2 t is1 x w nev] aga9 resume its orig9al =m4 ,?is exp]im5t proves1 !n1 t gra9s t come 9 contact ) wat] at a high temp]ature1 z 9 cook+1 absorb ! wat] & bur/ _! cellulose cov]+4 ,?is bur/+ frees ! granulose1 or ! cont5ts ( ! t9y granules1 :i* are deposit$ 9 a network ( cellulose1 & z soon z ?is occurs x mixes ) wat] & =ms :at is call$ soluble />*4 ,/>* 9 ?is /ate is ready = dige/ion1 b 9 ! orig9al1 uncook$ /ate only a v small "p ( x1 if any1 is dige/ible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a #bc4 ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,cook+ ,,c]eals4--,be=e ! cook+ ( c]eals is attempt$1 x is advisable = ! sake ( conv5i5ce to get out all ut5sils z well z all +r$i5ts t are to be us$ & arrange !m s t !y w be )9 easy rea*4 ,! way 9 :i* ?is %\ld be done is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! ut5sils & +r$i5ts %[n1 :i* are suitable = mo/ me?ods ( cook+ c]eals & p>ticul>ly = cook+ !m by ! /eam+ process1 consi/ ( a d\ble boil] a2 a measur+ cup b1 a knife c1 & spoons d & e1 = measur+2 a l>ge spoon f1 = /irr+2 a salt conta9]2 & a package ( c]eal4 ,! h\sewife w be able to tell quickly f a recipe j :at +r$i5ts & ut5sils %e w ne$1 & by foll[+ ! plan "h sugge/$ & illu/rat$ %e w f9d t h] "w c be done sy/ematically & ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( "t4 #bd4 ,,fir/ ,,/eps ,,9 ,,! ,,process ,,( ,,cook+4--,:ile c]eals may be cook$ 9 a v>iety ( ways1 ! fir/ /eps 9 all ! processes are practically ! same4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! requir$ am\nt ( wat] %\ld be br\ght to ! boil+ po9t1 = if ! wat] is boil+ ! c]eal w ?ick5 m rapidly & !re w be less dang] ( lumps =m+4 ,!n salt %\ld be add$ to ! wat] 9 ! proportion ( #a teaspoonful to ea* cupful ( c]eal4 ,next1 ! c]eal %\ld be /irr$ into ! boil+ salt$ wat] sl[ly en\gh to prev5t x f =m+ lumps1 & !n1 be+ con/antly /irr$1 x %\ld be all[$ to cook until x ?ick5s4 ,! process up to ?is po9t is call$ sett+ a c]eal1 or gra94 ,aft] ! c]eal is set1 x may be boil$1 /eam$1 or cook$ 9 ! fireless cook]1 b ! me?od ( cook]y select$ %\ld be *os5 ) a view to economy1 conv5i5ce1 & ?or\ghness4 ,! t]ms sett+ & set %\ld be ?or\ghly fix$ 9 ! m9d1 s t directions & recipes 9 :i* !y are us$ w be readily und]/ood4 #be4 ,,cook+ ,,c]eals ,,by ,,boil+4--,v (t5 ! c]eal1 aft] x is set1 is all[$ to cook sl[ly until x is ready to s]ve2 t is1 ! me?od ( boil+ is practic$4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 is n to be recomm5d$1 because x is n economical4 ,c]eals cook$ 9 ?is way require con/ant wat*+ & /irr+1 & ev5 !n x is difficult to keep !m f /ick+ to ! cook+ ut5sil & scor*+ or becom+ pa/y on acc\nt ( ! con/ant motion4 ,sometimes1 to ov]come ?is condition1 a l>ge quantity ( wat] is add$1 z 9 ! boil+ ( rice2 /ill1 z "s ( ?is wat] mu/ be p\r$ (f aft] ! cook+ is complet$1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( />* & soluble mat]ial is lo/4 #bf4 ,,cook+ ,,c]eals ,,9 ,,! ,,d\ble ,,boil]4--,probably ! mo/ satisfactory way 9 :i* to cook c]eals1 s f> z ?or\ghness is conc]n$1 is 9 a d\ble boil]1 "o /yle ( :i* is %[n at a1 ,fig4 #a4 ,?is me?od ( cook]y is kn[n z /eam+1 or dry /eam+1 & by x ! food itself1 aft] x is set1 nev] comes )9 #f or #h degrees ( ! boil+ po9t4 ,9 ?is me?od1 ! c]eal is fir/ set 9 ! small1 or upp]1 pan ( ! d\ble boil]4 ,?is pan1 :i* is cov]$1 is plac$ into ! l>ge1 or l[]1 pan1 :i* %\ld conta9 boil+ wat]1 & ! c]eal is all[$ to cook until x is ready to s]ve4 ,! wat] 9 ! l>ge pan %\ld be repl5i%$ f "t to "t1 = if x is completely evaporat$ by boil+1 ! pan w be spoil$ & ! c]eal 9 ! upp] pan w burn4 ,?is me?od ( cook+ has sev]al advantages t %\ld n be disreg>d$4 ,c]eals to :i* x is appli$ may be p>tly cook$ on "o day & ! cook+ complet$ ! next morn+ be=e breakfa/1 or !y may be completely cook$ on "o day & m]ely heat$ be=e !y are s]v$4 ,!n1 :5 cook$ at a temp]ature slightly bel[ ! boil+ po9t1 ! gra9s rema9 :ole1 b become ?or\ghly s(t5$1 because !y gradually absorb ! wat] t surr\nds !m4 ,9 addition1 ! long cook+ t is necess>y to prep>e !m at a l[ temp]ature develops a delici\s flavor1 :i* _c be obta9$ by rapid cook+ at ! boil+ po9t4 #bg4 ,,cook+ ,,c]eals ,,9 ,,! ,,fireless ,,cook]4--,9 a kit*5 t is equipp$ ) a fireless cook]1 x is advisable to use ?is ut5sil = c]eals1 = cook+ !m by ?is me?od secures ! greate/ economy ( fuel & ef=t4 ,z 9 ! prec$+ me?ods1 ! c]eal is fir/ set 9 ! pan t fits into ! cook] comp>tm5t4 ,:ile ! c]eal is at ! boil+ po9t1 ?is pan is cov]$ tightly & plac$ 9 ! fireless cook]1 :]e x is all[$ to rema9 until ! c]eal is ready to be s]v$4 ,! heat t ! c]eal holds :5 x is plac$ 9 ! cook] is reta9$1 & ?is is :at cooks x4 ,!re=e1 :ile ?is me?od ( cook+ requires consid]able "t1 x ne$s nei!r additional heat nor labor aft] ! c]eal is plac$ 9 ! cook]4 ,9 reality1 x is an advantage\s way 9 :i* to cook c]eals1 s9ce1 if !y c be set & plac$ 9 ! cook] 9 ! ev5+1 !y w be ready to s]ve at breakfa/ "t on ! foll[+ day4 #bh4 ,,cook+ ,,c]eals ,,by ,,dry ,,heat4--,an old me?od ( cook+ c]eals or />*y foods is call$ br[n+1 or toa/+1 & x involves cook+ !m by dry heat4 ,a ?9 lay] ( gra9 is spread 9 a %all[ pan & ?is is plac$ 9 a sl[ ov54 ,aft] ! gra9s h br[n$ slightly1 !y are /irr$1 & !n !y are p]mitt$ to br[n until an ev5 color is obta9$4 ,by ?is me?od ! flavor ( ! c]eals is develop$ & _! dige/ibility increas$4 ,s9ce gra9s keep mu* bett] aft] !y h be5 subject$ to ! process ( toa/+1 ?is means is us$ ext5sively = pres]v+ gra9s & c]eal foods4 #bi4 ,,po9ts ,,to ,,obs]ve ,,9 ,,cook+ ,,c]eals4--,9 cook+ c]eals by any me?od1 except br[n+1 or toa/+1 x is always necess>y to use liquid ( "s k9d4 ,! quantity to use1 h[ev]1 v>ies ) ! k9d ( c]eal t is to be cook$1 :ole c]eals & ^? co>sely gr\nd requir+ m liquid ?an ^? :i* are cru%$ or f9ely gr\nd4 ,if ! liquid is to be absorb$ completely :5 ! gra9 is cook$1 x %\ld be 9 ! correct proportion to ! gra94 ,to be "r1 cook$ c]eals %\ld be ( ! consi/5cy ( mu%1 b n ?9 en\gh to p\r4 ,mu* att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ?is matt]1 = mi/akes are difficult to rem$y4 ,c]eals t are too ?ick aft] !y are cook$ _c be readily ?9n$ )\t becom+ lumpy1 & ^? :i* are too ?9 _c be br\ght to ! prop] consi/5cy unless ! excess ( liquid is evaporat$ by boil+4 ,gruels are1 ( c\rse1 mu* ?9n] ?an ! usual =m ( c]eal4 ,!y are made by cook+ c]eals rapidly 9 a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 & ?is causes ! />* gra9s to dis9tegrate1 or break into pieces1 & mix ) ! wat]4 ,! :ole mixture is !n p\r$ ?r\gh a sieve1 :i* removes ! co>se p>ticles & produces a smoo? mass t is ?9 en\gh to p\r4 ,! l5g? ( "t to cook c]eals also v>ies ) _! k9d & =m1 ! co>se ones requir+ m "t ?an ! f9e ones4 ,because ( ?is fact1 x is difficult to say j h[ mu* "t is requir$ to cook ! num]\s v>ieties ?or\ghly4 ,h[ev]1 little difficulty w be exp]i5c$ if x is rememb]$ t c]eals %\ld always be all[$ to cook until !y c be readily cru%$ betwe5 ! f+]s1 b n until !y are mu%y 9 consi/5cy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,indian ,,corn1 ,,or ,,maize ,,orig91 ,,classification1 ,,& ,,use #cj4 ,! ^w corn has be5 appli$ to v>i\s gra9s & is n[ us$ 9 a v>iety ( ways 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,9 anci5t times1 b>ley 0 call$ corn1 & at ! pres5t "t1 9 "s c\ntries1 ! entire ye>'s food crop is ref]r$ to by ?is "n4 ,! ,engli% apply ! "n corn to :eat1 & ! ,scot*1 to oats4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 corn is ! "n appli$ to ! se$ ( ! maize plant1 :i* is a highly develop$ grass plant t =ms ! l>ge/ s+le crop ( ! c\ntry4 ,! se$s ( ?is plant gr[ on a woody cob1 & are eat5 z a vegetable :5 !y are s(t & milky1 b z a gra91 or c]eal1 :5 !y are mature4 ,corn is native to ,am]ica & 0 n kn[n 9 ,europe until ,columbus took x back ) him4 ,h[ev]1 x did n meet ) mu* favor !re1 = x 0 n gr[n to any great ext5t until )9 ! la/ #ej ye>s4 ,^? :o took x to ,europe gave x ! "n ,indian corn1 because !y _h f\nd ! ,indians ( ,am]ica rais+ x4 #ca4 ,( ! corn gr[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re are ?ree g5]al k9ds3 field corn1 sweet corn1 & pop corn4 ,field corn1 z a rule1 is gr[n 9 l>ge quantities & all[$ to mature2 !n x is f$ to animals or gr\nd & cook$ = ! use ( man4 ,?is corn consi/s ( ?ree v>ieties1 :i* are di/+ui%$ by ! color ( ! gra91 "o be+ :ite1 "o yell[1 & "o r$4 ,all ( !m are made into a v>iety ( prep>ations1 b ! :ite & ! yell[ are us$ z food = bo? man & animals1 :]eas r$ field corn is us$ exclusively = animal food4 ,:ite corn has a mild flavor1 b yell[ corn is sometimes pref]r$ to x1 because foods made f ! yell[ v>iety h a m decid$ flavor4 ,! two pr9cipal v>ieties ( field corn1 :5 prep>$ z c]eal food = man1 are hom9y & corn meal4 ,sweet corn is n gr[n 9 su* l>ge quantities z field corn4 ,x is g5]ally us$ = food be=e x is mature & is consid]$ z a vegetable4 ,pop corn1 :5 suffici5tly dry1 swells & bur/s ^u be+ heat$4 ,x is us$ m z a confection ?an z a /aple article ( food4 ,!re=e1 at ?is "t1 consid]ation ne$ be giv5 to only ! pr9cipal v>ieties ( field-corn products1 :i*1 z has j be5 /at$1 are hom9y & corn meal4 ,,recipes ,,= ,,hom9y ,,& ,,corn ,,meal #cb4 ,,hom9y is :ole corn f :i* ! outside cov]+ has be5 remov$1 & = ?is reason x is high 9 food value4 ,corn 9 ?is =m may be procur$ z a comm]cial product1 b x may be prep>$ 9 ! home at less exp5se4 ,z a comm]cial product1 x is sold dry by ! p\nd or cook$ z a cann$ food4 ,dry hom9y requires long cook+ to make x palatable1 & ?is1 ( c\rse1 increases its co/2 b ev5 ) ?is additional co/ x is *eap] ?an cann$ hom9y4 ,sometimes corn f :i* ! cov]+ has be5 remov$ is gr\nd or cru%$ to =m :at is call$ samp1 or grits1 & :5 x is gr\nd /ill m f9ely ,,corn ,,meal is produc$4 ,corn meal is made f bo? :ite & yell[ corn1 & is gr\nd m f9ely 9 "s localities ?an 9 o!rs4 ,x is sold loose by ! p\nd1 b x c also be b\ght 9 bags or packages ( v>i\s sizes f #a p\nd up4 ,corn meal %\ld be includ$ 9 ! diet ( e economical family1 = x yields a l>ge quantity ( food at a mod]ately l[ co/4 ,if x is prep>$ well1 x is v palatable1 & :5 eat5 ) milk or cream x is a food t is p>ticul>ly desirable = *ildr51 especially = ! ev5+ meal1 because ( its food value & ! fact t x is easily dige/$4 #cc4 ,s t ! importance ( ^! corn products may be und]/ood & ! products !n us$ to ! be/ advantage 9 ! diet1 recipes are "h giv5 = prep>+ hom9y 9 ! home1 = di%es 9 :i* hom9y =ms ! pr9cipal "p1 & = di%es 9 :i* corn meal is us$4 ,to get ! be/ results f ^! recipes & !reby become ?or\ghly famili> ) ! cook+ processes involv$1 x is recomm5d$ t ea* "o be work$ out 9 detail4 ,?is ?\ght applies z well to all recipes giv5 ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s ,sections4 ,( c\rse1 to prep>e ea* recipe is n compulsory2 nev]!less1 to le>n to cook "r means actually to d ! "w call$ = by ! recipes1 n m]ely once1 b f "t to "t z ! food c be utiliz$ to give v>iety to ! daily m5us 9 ! home4 #cd4 ,,hom9y4--,al?\gh1 z has be5 m5tion$1 prep>$ hom9y may be pur*as$1 "s h\sewives pref] to prep>e x !mselves4 ,hom9y s]ves z a f\ndation f :i* _m satisfactory di%es c be made1 z x is high 9 food value & reasonable 9 co/4 ,?is c]eal c be us$ 9 s _m ways t x is advisable to prep>e en\gh at "o "t to meet ! dem&s ( sev]al meals4 ,! foll[+ recipe = mak+ hom9y %\ld provide #c qu>ts ( ?is c]eal2 h[ev]1 z is true ( o!r recipes--a po9t t %\ld be rememb]$ ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s lessons--! quantities giv5 may be increas$ or decreas$ to meet ) ! requirem5ts ( ! h\sehold4 ,,hom9y 7,suffici5t = #c ,qu>ts7 #b qt4 wat] #a ,tb4 lye #a qt4 %ell$ corn #c tsp4 salt ,put ! wat] into a l>ge kettle or saucepan1 & into ! wat] put ! lye4 ,all[ ! wat] to come to ! boil+ po9t1 & !n add ! corn & let x boil until ! sk9s w slip (f ! gra9s :5 !y are press$ betwe5 ! ?umb & ! f+]4 ,take f ! /ove1 /ir suffici5tly to loos5 ! sk9s1 & !n remove !m by wa%+ ! gra9s ( corn 9 a co>se col&]4 ,cov] ! gra9s ) cold wat] & return to ! fire4 ,:5 ! wat] boils1 p\r x (f4 ,repeat ?is process at lea/ ?ree times1 s z to make sure t !re is no trace ( ! lye1 & !n all[ ! gra9s to cook 9 m wat] until !y bur/4 ,season !m ) ! salt1 & :ile ! hom9y ?us prep>$ is /ill hot put x into a j> or a crock & cov] x tight until x is to be us$4 ,! wat] 9 :i* ! hom9y is cook$ %\ld rema9 on x4 #ce4 ,,butt]$ ,,hom9y4--,p]haps ! simple/ me?od ( prep>+ cook$ hom9y is to butt] x4 ,9 ?is =m x may be s]v$ ) cream z a breakfa/ or a lun*eon di%1 or x may be us$ 9 ! place ( a vegetable4 ,,butt]$ ,,hom9y 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a pt4 cook$ hom9y #c ,tb4 butt] #a tsp4 salt ,all[ a few spoonfuls ( wat] to rema9 on ! cook$ hom9y4 ,add ! butt] & ! salt1 & !n heat all ?or\ghly1 /irr+ ! hom9y g5tly s z to incorporate1 or mix 91 ! butt] & ! salt4 ,s]ve :ile hot4 #cf4 ,,cream$ ,,hom9y4--,! addition ( a cream sauce to cook$ hom9y n only adds to ! palatabl5ess ( ?is c]eal1 b increases its food value4 ,:5 hom9y is s]v$ ) a sauce1 x may be us$ z a d9n] vegetable or z ! ma9 di% 9 a light meal4 ,,cream$ ,,hom9y 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a c4 milk #b ,tb4 butt] #a tsp4 salt #a ,tb4 fl\r #a pt4 cook$ hom9y ,heat ! milk1 & to x add ! butt] & ! salt4 ,!n ?ick5 x ) ! fl\r4 ,to ?is sauce add ! hom9y & all[ all to cook sl[ly = #aj or #ae m9utes4 ,s]ve ! cream$ hom9y hot4 #cg4 ,,hom9y ,,grits4--,! c]eal sold "u ! "n ( hom9y grits is prep>$ comm]cially by cru%+ dri$ hom9y gra9s4 ,x has practically ! same food value z hom9y1 & 9 appe>ance resembles cream ( :eat4 ,! foll[+ recipe %[s ! simple/ way 9 :i* to prep>e ?is food1 x be+ usually s]v$ z a breakfa/ c]eal 9 ?is =m3 ,,hom9y ,,grits 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a tsp4 salt #d c4 wat] #a c4 hom9y grits ,add ! salt to ! wat] & br+ x to ! boil+ po9t4 ,/ir ! hom9y grits into ! wat] & cont9ue to boil = #aj m9utes4 ,!n place 9 a d\ble boil] & cook = #c to #d h\rs4 ,s]ve hot ) cream or milk & sug>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b #ch4 ,,left-,,ov] ,,hom9y4--,no wa/e ne$ result f hom9y t is n us$ at ! meal = :i* x is prep>$1 = x may be utiliz$ 9 _m ways4 ,= example1 x may be s]v$ cold ) fruit & cream1 made into croquettes ) *opp$ meat or *eese & ei!r sautd or bak$1 or us$ 9 s\ps to increase mat]ially _! food value4 ,a di% prep>$ by comb9+ cook$ or left-ov] hom9y ) o!r +r$i5ts to =m hom9y & *eese s\ffl1 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #b1 w prove to be v appetiz+4 ,,hom9y ,,& ,,*eese ,,s\ffl 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a-a_/b c4 cook$ hom9y #a_/b c4 hot milk #a_/b tsp4 salt #a_/b tsp4 paprika #a c4 grat$ *eese #b eggs ,"w ! hom9y smoo? by ma%+ x ) a =k1 & !n add ! hot milk1 salt1 paprika1 & grat$ *eese4 ,sep>ate ! eggs1 beat ! yolks ?or\ghly1 & /ir !m well into ! mixture4 ,next1 fold 9 ! :ites1 :i* %\ld be /iffly beat51 p\r ! mass into a butt]$ bak+ di%1 & bake until x is firm 9 ! c5t]4 ,s]ve hot4 #ci4 ,,corn-,,meal ,,mu%4--,s9ce corn meal is comp>atively inexp5sive & high 9 food value1 ! h\sewife c make frequ5t use ( x to advantage4 ,9 ! =m ( mu%1 corn meal is easily dige/$2 besides1 su* mu% is a v good breakfa/ c]eal :5 s]v$ hot ) milk or cream4 ,al?\gh ! recipe "h giv5 makes a suffici5t am\nt = six p]sons1 a good plan is to increase ! quantities m5tion$ s t !re w be en\gh mu% left to mold & use 9 o!r ways4 ,,corn-,,meal ,,mu% 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a tsp4 salt #c-a_/b c4 wat] #a c4 corn meal ,add ! salt to ! wat] & br+ ! salt$ wat] to ! boil+ po9t4 ,:5 x is boil+ rapidly1 sift ! corn meal sl[ly ?r\gh ! f+]s into x1 & at ! same "t /ir x rapidly s z to prev5t ! =mation ( lumps4 ,any mu% t conta9s lumps has n be5 prop]ly made & %\ld n be s]v$ 9 ?is condition1 z x is unpalatable4 ,keep /irr+ con/antly until ! corn meal ?ick5s2 !n place x 9 a d\ble boil] & all[ x to cook f #b to #d h\rs1 :5 x %\ld be ready to s]ve4 ,?is me?od ( cook+ mu% is ! mo/ conv5i5t1 because n mu* /irr+ is requir$ aft] ! corn meal is ?ick5$4 ,a heavy alum9um kettle or an iron pot is a good ut5sil 9 :i* to cook mu%1 z x does n burn easily 9 ei!r1 al?\gh almo/ con/ant /irr+ is requir$4 ,:5 ! mu% becomes v ?ick1 ! heat$ air1 9 =c+ its way ?r\gh ! mu% 9 ! process ( boil+1 makes ! mu% pop & v (t5 spla% on ! h&s & burn !m4 ,to avoid su* an accid5t1 !re=e1 x is advisable to wrap ! h& us$ = /irr+ 9 a t[el or a clo?4 #dj4 ,,saut,d ,,corn-,,meal-,,mu%4--,mu% cook$ 9 ! mann] j expla9$ may be p\r$ into pans1 su* z bread pans1 :]e x w h>d5 & =m a mold t c be slic$ z ?ick or z ?9 z desir$ & !n sautd4 ,corn-meal mu% prep>$ 9 ?is way pleases ! ta/e ( _m p]sons1 & :ile "s p]sons f9d x h>d] to dige/ ?an j pla9 mu%1 x s]ves to give v>iety to meals4 ,= saut+ mu%1 a heavy iron or /eel fry+ pan or griddle %\ld be us$1 because ut5sils made ( ?9 mat]ial w all[ ! mu% to burn be=e x br[ns prop]ly4 ,put en\gh fat1 su* z l>d1 cook+ oil1 or dripp+s1 into ! cook+ ut5sil s t :5 heat$ x w be ab\t #a_/d in* deep all ov] ! surface4 ,:5 ! ut5sil is v hot1 put 9 ! slices ( mu% & all[ !m to br[n on "o side4 ,!n turn ! slices ov] c>efully1 s z n to break !m1 & br[n !m on ! o!r side4 ,z w be obs]v$1 corn-meal mu% does n br[n quickly 9 saut+4 ,?is *>act]i/ic is due to ! l>ge am\nt ( moi/ure x conta9s4 ,s]ve ! mu% hot1 & to add to its flavor s]ve ) x sirup or honey4 #da4 ,,corn-,,meal ,,croquettes4--,croquettes ( any k9d add v>iety to a meal1 & because !y are attractive !y appeal to ! appetite4 ,to make croquettes ( corn meal1 mold mu% z = saut+4 ,!n cut ?is into slices #a in* ?ick1 & cut ea* slice into /rips #a in* wide4 ,roll ^! 9 slightly beat5 egg & !n 9 crumbs1 & saut !m 9 hot fat until !y are crisp & br[n4 ,s]ve ^! croquettes hot ) ei!r butt] or sirup or bo?4 #db4 ,,left-,,ov] ,,corn-,,meal ,,mu%4--,sautd corn-meal mu% & corn-meal croquettes c1 ( c\rse1 be made f mu% t is left ov] aft] x has be5 cook$ to s]ve z a c]eal2 h[ev]1 if !re is only a small quantity left1 x may be utiliz$ 9 /ill ano!r way1 namely1 z a g>ni% = ! platt] on :i* meat is s]v$4 ,to prep>e corn-meal mu% 9 ?is way1 spread x ab\t #a_/c in* ?ick 9 a pan & all[ x to cool4 ,!n turn x out ( ! pan 9 a %eet on a bo>d t has be5 fl\r$2 t is1 cov]$ ?9ly ) fl\r4 ,cut ?is %eet ( corn meal into small circles ) ! aid ( a r\nd cutt] or into diamond %apes ) a knife1 & !n br[n bo? sides ( ea* ( ^! 9 butt]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,:eat ,,orig9 ,,& ,,use #dc4 ,,:eat1 ow+ to ! fact t x is gr[n 9 all p>ts ( ! _w & =ms ! basis = a l>ge am\nt ( ! food ( mo/ p1 is a v important gra94 ,x 0 probably a native grass ( ,asia ,m9or & ,egypt1 = 9 ^! c\ntries x fir/ receiv$ cultivation4 ,f ! l& ( its orig91 ! use ( :eat spread ov] all ! _w1 b x 0 n introduc$ into ,am]ica until aft] ! discov]y ( ?is c\ntry by ,columbus4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates raises m :eat ?an any o!r "o c\ntry1 & ne>ly "o-f\r? ( all t is rais$ 9 ! _w4 ,:eat is univ]sally us$ = bread1 because x conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( ! k9d ( prote9 t l5ds a rubb]y consi/5cy to d\gh & ?us makes possible ! incorporation ( ! gas or air requir$ to make bread light4 ,! use ( :eat1 h[ev]1 is by no means re/rict$ to bread1 =1 z is well kn[n1 _m c]eal foods are prep>$ f ?is gra94 #dd4 ,9 its simple/ food =m1 :eat is prep>$ by m]ely remov+ ! co>se bran f ! outside ( ! :eat gra9 & leav+ ! gra9 :ole4 ,?is is call$ hull$1 or :ole1 :eat1 & requires soak+ or long1 sl[ cook+ 9 ord] t all its />* granules may be rea*$ & s(t5$ suffici5tly to make x palatable4 ,! o!r prep>ations are made by cru%+ or gr9d+ ! gra9s f :i* "s ( ! bran & g]m has be5 remov$4 ,besides fl\r1 :i*1 z has be5 impli$1 is n consid]$ z a c]eal 9 ! s5se us$ 9 ?is ,section1 ^! prep>ations include :eat grits1 su* foods z cream ( :eat & f>9a1 & _m ready-to-eat c]eals4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( :eat grits1 mu* ( ! bran is all[$ to rema91 b nei!r cream ( :eat nor f>9a conta9s cellulose 9 any appreciable quantity4 ,z ! addition ( bran1 h[ev]1 s]ves to give ^! foods bulk1 a mu* m ideal breakfa/ c]eal w result if1 be=e cook+1 equal portions ( ! c]eal & ! bran are mix$4 ,9 prep>+ ready-to-eat :eat c]eals = ! m>ket1 ! manufactur]s subject ! gra9s to su* elaborate me?ods ( cook+1 roll+1 & toa/+ t ^! foods require b v little additional att5tion be=e s]v+4 ,! only :eat products t dem& fur!r att5tion at ?is "t1 !re=e1 are ^? :i* mu/ be cook$ be=e !y c be s]v$ & eat54 ,,recipes ,,= ,,:eat ,,& ,,:eat ,,products #de4 ,,hull$ ,,:eat4--,inasmu* z hull$1 or :ole1 :eat requires v little prep>ation = ! m>ket1 x is a comp>atively *eap food4 ,x is us$ almo/ exclusively z a breakfa/ c]eal1 b s]ves z a good sub/itute = hom9y or rice4 ,al?\gh1 z has be5 m5tion$1 x requires long cook+1 its prep>ation = ! table is s simple t ! cook+ ne$ n necess>ily increase its co/ mat]ially4 ,"o ( ! advantages ( ?is food is t x nev] becomes s s(t t x does n require ?or\gh ma/ication4 ,,hull$ ,,:eat 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,f\r7 #a c4 hull$ :eat #c c4 wat] #a tsp4 salt ,look ! :eat ov] c>efully & remove any =eign matt]4 ,!n add ! wat] & soak #h to #aj h\rs1 or ov]night4 ,add ! salt1 cook directly ov] ! flame = #a_/b h\r1 & !n f9i% cook+ 9 a d\ble boil] = #c to #d h\rs4 ,s]ve ) cream or milk & sug>4 #df4 ,,:eat ,,grits4--,! c]eal kn[n z :eat grits is made comm]cially by cru%+ ! :eat gra9s & all[+ a consid]able proportion ( ! :eat bran to rema94 ,grits may be us$ z a breakfa/ c]eal1 :5 !y %\ld be s]v$ hot ) cream or milk & sug>2 !y also make an excell5t lun*eon di% if !y are s]v$ ) ei!r butt] or gravy4 ,! fact t ?is c]eal conta9s bran makes x an excell5t "o to use 9 cases :]e a food ) bulk is desir$4 ,! accompany+ recipe is = a pla9 c]eal2 h[ev]1 an excell5t v>iation may be _h by add+ #a_/b cupful ( well-clean$ rais9s #a_/b h\r be=e s]v+4 ,,:eat ,,grits 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,f\r7 #a_/b tsp4 salt #c c4 boil+ wat] #c_/d c4 :eat grits ,add ! salt to ! boil+ wat]1 sift ! :eat grits ?r\gh ! f+]s into ! rapidly boil+ wat]1 & /ir rapidly to prev5t ! =mation ( lumps4 ,cook = a few m9utes until ! grits ?ick51 & !n place 9 a d\ble boil] & cook #b to #d h\rs4 #dg4 ,,cream ,,( ,,:eat4--,9 ! manufacture ( cream ( :eat1 n only is all ! bran remov$1 z has be5 /at$1 b ! :eat is made f9e & granul>4 ,?is :eat prep>ation1 !re=e1 does n require s mu* cook+ to make x palatable z d "s ( ! o!r c]eals2 /ill1 cook+ x a comp>atively long "t t5ds to improve its flavor4 ,:5 made accord+ to ! foll[+ recipe x is a v good breakfa/ di%3 ,,cream ,,( ,,:eat 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a tsp4 salt #d-a_/b c4 boil+ wat] #c_/d c4 cream ( :eat ,add ! salt to ! boil+ wat]1 & :5 x bubbles sift 9 ! cream ( :eat ?r\gh ! f+]s1 /irr+ rapidly to prev5t ! =mation ( lumps4 ,cook ov] ! flame = a few m9utes until x ?ick5s2 !n place x 9 a d\ble boil] & cook = #a to #b h\rs4 ,s]ve hot ) cream or milk & sug>4 #dh4 ,,cream ,,( ,,:eat ,,) ,,dates4--,dates add$ to cream ( :eat supply to a great ext5t ! cellulose & m9]al salts t are tak5 out :5 ! bran is remov$ 9 ! manufacture ( ?is c]eal4 ,!y likewise give to x a flavor t is v satisfactory1 especially :5 add$ 9 ! mann] "h expla9$4 ,,cream ,,( ,,:eat ,,) ,,dates 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #c_/d c4 cream ( :eat #a tsp4 salt #d-a_/b c4 boil+ wat] #c_/d c4 dates ,cook ! cream ( :eat 9 ! mann] direct$ 9 ,art4 #dg4 ,wa% ! dates 9 hot wat]1 cut !m l5g?wise ) a %>p knife1 & remove ! se$s4 ,cut ea* date into f\r pieces & add !m to ! cream ( :eat #aj m9utes be=e s]v+1 /irr+ !m into ! c]eal j en\gh to di/ribute !m ev5ly4 ,s]ve hot ) cream or milk & sug>4 #di4 ,,f>9a4--,! :eat prep>ation call$ f>9a is v mu* ! same z cream ( :eat1 be+ manufactur$ 9 practically ! same mann]4 ,x is a good breakfa/ c]eal :5 prop]ly cook$1 b x does n conta9 suffici5t cellulose to put x 9 ! class ( bulky foods4 ,h[ev]1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 ?is bulk may be suppli$ by mix+ ) x1 be=e cook+1 an equal am\nt ( bran4 ,9 su* a case1 ( c\rse1 m wat] w be ne$$ & ! cook+ process w h to be prolong$4 ,pla9 f>9a %\ld be prep>$ accord+ to ! recipe "h giv51 b1 z 9 prep>+ cream ( :eat1 dates may be add$ to imp>t flavor if desir$4 ,,f>9a 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a tsp4 salt #d c4 boil+ wat] #c_/d c4 f>9a ,add ! salt to ! boil+ wat]1 & z ! wat] bubbles rapidly sift ! f>9a into x sl[ly ?r\gh ! f+]s1 /irr+ rapidly to prev5t ! =mation ( lumps4 ,!n place x 9 a d\ble boil] & all[ x cook = #b to #d h\rs4 ,s]ve hot ) cream or milk & sug>4 #ej4 ,,graham ,,mu% ,,) ,,dates4--,graham fl\r is a :eat product t is high 9 food value1 because 9 its manufacture no "p ( ! :eat gra9 is remov$4 ,:ile ! use ( ?is fl\r z a breakfa/ c]eal is n g5]ally kn[n1 x c be made into a v appetiz+ & nutriti\s di%1 especially if su* fruit z dates is mix$ ) x4 ,,graham ,,mu% ,,) ,,dates 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a-a_/d c4 graham fl\r #c c4 wat] #a tsp4 salt #a c4 dates ,moi/5 ! graham fl\r c>efully ) #a cupful ( ! cold wat]4 ,:5 p]fectly smoo?1 add x to ! rema9d] ( ! wat]1 to :i* ! salt has be5 add$1 & boil rapidly1 all[+ ! mixture to cook until x ?ick5s4 ,!n place x 9 a d\ble boil] & cook #a to #b h\rs4 ,wa% ! dates1 remove ! /ones1 & cut ea* into f\r pieces4 ,add ^! to ! mu% #aj m9utes be=e s]v+4 ,s]ve hot ) cream or milk & sug>4 #ea4 ,,left-,,ov] ,,:eat ,,c]eals4--,num]\s ways h be5 devis$ = utiliz+ :eat c]eals t are left ov]1 s t no wa/e ne$ result f :at is n eat5 at ! meal = :i* a c]eal is cook$4 ,= in/ance1 left-ov] hull$ :eat c be us$ 9 s\p 9 ! same way z b>ley & rice1 & pla9 cream ( :eat & f>9a c be mold$1 slic$1 & sautd l corn-meal mu% & s]v$ ) sirup4 ,! mold$ c]eal c also be cut into #b-;in* cubes & s]v$ ) any fruit juice t is ?ick5$ slightly ) corn />*4 ,besides utiliz+ left-ov] :eat c]eals 9 ! ways m5tion$1 x is possible to make !m into cu/>ds & s\ffls1 z is %[n 9 ! two accompany+ recipes1 9 :i* cream ( :eat may be us$ 9 ! same mann] z f>9a4 ,,f>9a ,,cu/>d 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a c4 cold f>9a #b c4 milk #b eggs #a_/b c4 sug> #a_/d tsp4 nutmeg ,/ir ! f>9a & milk toge!r until !y are p]fectly smoo?2 !n add ! eggs1 beat5 slightly1 ! sug>1 & ! nutmeg4 ,bake 9 a mod]ately hot ov5 until firm & s]ve hot or cold ) any sauce desir$4 ,,f>9a ,,s\ffl 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a c4 cold f>9a #a-a_/b c4 milk #a_/b tsp4 salt #a_/d tsp4 paprika #a c4 grat$ *eese #b eggs ,/ir ! f>9a smoo? ) ! milk1 add ! salt1 paprika1 grat$ *eese1 & egg yolks1 :i* %\ld fir/ be beat54 ,!n beat ! egg :ites /iff & fold !m into ! mixture4 ,p\r all into a butt]$ bak+ di%1 place ?is 9 a l>ge pan fill$ ) en\gh hot wat] to rea* almo/ to ! top ( ! bak+ di%1 & bake 9 a mod]ately hot ov5 until ! mixture 9 ! di% is firm 9 ! c5t]4 ,s]ve at once ^u tak+ f ! ov54 ,,rice ,,v>ieties ,,& ,,/ructure #eb4 ,,rice1 next to :eat1 is us$ m ext5sively z a food ?an any o!r c]eal4 ,x is a plant mu* l :eat 9 appe>ance1 b x gr[s only 9 w>m climates & requires v moi/ soil4 ,9 fact1 ! be/ l& = rice is t :i* may be flood$ ) ab\t #f in*es ( wat]4 ,?is c]eal is ( two k9ds1 namely1 ,c>ol9a rice & ,japanese rice4 ,c>ol9a rice1 :i* is rais$ *iefly 9 ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 has a long1 n>r[ gra91 :]eas ,japanese rice1 :i* orig9at$ 9 ,japan & is rais$ ext5sively 9 t c\ntry & ,*9a & ,india1 has a %ort1 flat1 oval gra94 ,ef=ts made to raise ! ,japanese v>iety 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %[ a peculi>ity ( ?is c]eal1 = :5 x is plant$ 9 ! same locality z ,c>ol9a rice1 x soon loses its id5tity & takes on ! %ape ( ! o!r4 ,al?\gh va/ crops ( rice are rais$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a l>ge quantity ( x mu/ be import$1 because ^! crops are n suffici5t to supply ! dem&s ( ?is c\ntry4 #ec4 ,be=e rice gra9s are prep>$ = use z food1 !y h two cov]+s4 ,"o is a co>se husk t is ?ra%$ (f & leaves ! gra9 9 ! =m ( unpoli%$ rice & ! o!r1 a ?91 br[n coat+ resembl+ bran4 ,?is ?9 coat+1 :i* is v difficult to remove1 is call$1 aft] its removal1 rice poli%+s4 ,at "o "t1 s mu* 0 said ab\t ! h>mful effect ( poli%$ rice t a dem& = unpoli%$ rice 0 begun4 ,?is feel+ ( h>m1 h[ev]1 0 unnecess>y1 = :ile poli%$ rice lacks m9]al matt] to a great ext5t1 x is hot h>mful to a p]son & ne$ cause no uneas9ess1 unless ! o!r articles ( ! diet d n supply a suffici5t am\nt ( ?is food sub/ance4 ,aft] ! inn] coat+ has be5 remov$1 "s ( ! rice is treat$ ) p>aff9 or glucose & talc to give x a glaz$ appe>ance4 ,?is is call$ poli%1 & is sometimes conf\nd$ ) ! t]m rice poli%+s4 ,h[ev]1 no confusion reg>d+ ^! t]ms w result if x is rememb]$ t rice poli%+s are ! ?9 inn] coat+ t is remov$ & poli% is :at is add$ to ! rice4 ,9 composition1 rice diff]s f ! o!r c]eals 9 t x is practically all />* & conta9s almo/ no fat nor prote94 #ed4 ,to be p]fect1 rice %\ld be unbrok5 & uni=m 9 size1 & 9 ord] t x may be put on ! m>ket 9 ?is =m ! brok5 gra9s are sift$ out4 ,^! brok5 gra9s are sold at a l[] price ?an ! :ole gra9s1 b ! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m is _! appe>ance1 ! brok5 gra9s be+ q z nutriti\s z ! :ole gra9s4 ,9 ei!r =m1 rice is a comp>atively *eap food1 because x is pl5tiful1 easily transport$1 & keeps p]fectly = an indef9ite p]iod ( "t ) v little c>e 9 /orage4 ,be=e rice is us$1 x %\ld be c>efully exam9$ & fre$ f ! husks t are apt to rema9 9 x2 !n x %\ld be wa%$ 9 hot wat]4 ,! wat] 9 :i* rice is wa%$ w h a milky appe>ance1 :i* is due to ! coat+ t is put on 9 poli%+ rice4 ,,recipes ,,= ,,rice #ee4 ,rice may be cook$ by ?ree me?ods1 ea* ( :i* requires a diff]5t proportion ( wat]4 ,^! me?ods are boil+1 :i* requires twelve times z mu* wat] z rice2 ! ,japanese me?od1 :i* requires five times z mu*2 & /eam+1 :i* requires two & "o-half times z mu*4 ,:i*ev] ( ^! me?ods is employ$1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! rice gra9s1 :5 prop]ly cook$1 mu/ be :ole & di/9ct4 ,to give !m ?is =m & prev5t ! rice f hav+ a pa/y appe>ance1 ?is c]eal %\ld n be /irr$ too mu* 9 cook+ nor %\ld x be cook$ too long4 #ef4 ,,boil$ ,,rice4--,boil+ is ab\t ! simple/ way 9 :i* to prep>e rice = ! table4 ,prop]ly boil$ rice n only =ms a valuable di% itself1 b is an excell5t f\ndation = o!r di%es t may be s]v$ at any meal4 ,! wat] 9 :i* rice is boil$ %\ld n be wa/$1 z x conta9s mu* nutritive mat]ial4 ,?is wat] may be utiliz$ 9 ! prep>ation ( s\ps or sauces1 or x may ev5 be us$ to supply ! liquid requir$ 9 ! mak+ ( yea/ bread4 ,! foll[+ recipe sets =? cle>ly h[ rice %\ld be boil$3 ,,boil$ ,,rice 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,eight7 #a c4 rice #c tsp4 salt #c qt4 boil+ wat] ,wa% ! rice c>efully & add x to ! boil+ salt$ wat]4 ,boil rapidly until ! wat] beg9s to appe> milky because ( ! />* com+ out ( ! rice into ! wat] or until a gra9 c be easily cru%$ betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,dra9 ! cook$ rice ?r\gh a col&]1 & !n p\r cold wat] ov] ! rice 9 ! col&]1 s z to wa% out ! loose />* & leave ea* gra9 di/9ct4 ,reheat ! rice by %ak+ x ov] ! fire1 & s]ve hot ) butt]1 gravy1 or cream or milk & sug>4 #eg4 ,,japanese ,,me?od ,,( ,,cook+ ,,rice4--,rice prep>$ by ! ,japanese me?od may be us$ 9 ! same ways z boil$ rice4 ,h[ev]1 unless "s use is to be made ( ! liquid f boil$ rice1 ! ,japanese me?od has ! advantage ( be+ a m economical way ( cook+ ?is c]eal4 ,,japanese ,,me?od 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,eight7 #a c4 rice #a-a_/b tsp4 salt #e c4 boil+ wat] ,wa% ! rice1 add x to ! boil+ salt$ wat]1 & boil sl[ly = #ae m9utes4 ,!n cov] ! ut5sil 9 :i* ! rice is cook+ & place x 9 ! ov5 = #ae m9utes m1 9 ord] to evaporate ! wat] m completely & make ! gra9s s(t )\t be+ mu%y4 ,s]ve 9 ! same way z boil$ rice4 #eh4 ,,/eam$ ,,rice4--,to /eam rice requires m "t ?an ei!r ( ! prec$+ cook+ me?ods1 b x causes no loss ( food mat]ial4 ,!n1 too1 unless ! rice is /irr$ too mu* :ile x is /eam+1 x w h a bett] appe>ance ?an rice cook$ by ! o!r me?ods4 ,z 9 ! case ( boil$ rice1 /eam$ rice may be us$ z ! f\ndation = a v>iety ( di%es & may be s]v$ 9 any meal4 ,,/eam$ ,,rice 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a c4 rice #a-a_/b tsp4 salt #b-a_/b c4 wat] ,wa% ! rice c>efully & add x to ! boil+ salt$ wat]4 ,cook x = #e m9utes & !n place x 9 a d\ble boil] & all[ x to cook until x is s(t4 ,keep ! cook+ ut5sil cov]$ & d n /ir ! rice4 ,ab\t #a h\r w be requir$ to cook rice 9 ?is way4 ,s]ve 9 ! same way z boil$ rice4 #ei4 ,,cream$ ,,rice4--,to increase ! nutritive value ( rice1 x is sometimes cook$ ) milk & cream to =m :at is kn[n z cream$ rice4 ,^! dairy products add$ to rice supply prote9 & fat1 food sub/ances 9 :i* ?is c]eal is lack+1 & also add to its palatability4 ,,cream$ ,,rice 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #b-a_/b c4 milk #a c4 rice #a-a_/b tsp4 salt #a_/b c4 cream ,heat ! milk 9 ! small pan ( a d\ble boil] & add to x ! rice & salt4 ,place ?is pan into ! l>g] "o & cook = ab\t #a h\r1 or until ! rice is s(t4 ,!n p\r ! cream ov] ! rice & cook a few m9utes long]4 ,s]ve hot4 #fj4 ,,ori5tal ,,rice4--,z rice is a bl& food1 practically lack+ 9 flavor1 any flavor+ mat]ial t may be add$ 9 its prep>ation or s]v+ aids 9 mak+ x m appetiz+4 ,ori5tal rice1 :i* is prep>$ accord+ to ! foll[+ recipe1 !re=e makes a v ta/y di% & "o t may be us$ 9 place ( a vegetable = lun* or d9n]4 ,,ori5tal ,,rice 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a c4 rice #b-a_/b c4 /ock1 or meat bro? #b ,tb4 butt] #a slice onion #a_/b c4 cann$ tomatoes ,/eam ! rice 9 ! /ock until x is s(t by ! me?od giv5 = /eam+ rice4 ,!n br[n ! butt] & onion 9 a fry+ pan1 add ! tomatoes1 & heat ?or\ghly4 ,p\r ?is mixture into ! rice1 mix well1 & s]ve4 #fa4 ,,br[n$ ,,rice4--,ano!r way 9 :i* to add v>iety 9 s]v+ rice is to br[n x4 ,suffici5t br[n$ rice = six p]sons may be prep>$ by putt+ #a cupful ( clean rice 9 an iron fry+ pan t conta9s no fat1 plac+ ! pan directly ov] ! flame1 & /irr+ ! rice until ! gra9s become an ev51 light br[n4 ,rice t has be5 treat$ 9 ?is way has additional flavor add$ to x & c be us$ 9 ! same way z boil$ or /eam$ rice4 #fb4 ,,savory ,,rice4--,rice br[n$ 9 ! mann] j expla9$ is us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( savory rice1 a di% t s]ves z a v good sub/itute = a vegetable4 ,savory rice may be prep>$ accord+ to ! foll[+ recipe3 ,,savory ,,rice 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,eight7 #a c4 br[n$ rice #b-a_/b c4 wat] #a tsp4 salt #a_/b c4 *opp$ cel]y #b ,tb4 butt] #a small onion1 *opp$ #a_/b c4 cann$ tomatoes #a_/d c4 *opp$ pimi5to ,/eam ! br[n$ rice 9 ! salt$ wat] z 9 /eam+ rice1 & cook ! cel]y1 :i* %\ld be *opp$ f9e1 ) ! rice = ! la/ half h\r ( ! /eam+4 ,br[n ! butt] & add to x ! onion f9ely *opp$1 ! tomatoes1 & ! pimi5to4 ,a few m9utes be=e s]v+ "t1 add ?is to ! rice1 mix well1 & s]ve hot4 #fc4 ,,left-,,ov] ,,rice4--,!re are a v>iety ( ways 9 :i* left-ov] rice may be us$4 ,= in/ance1 rice t has be5 cook$ & is n us$ may be utiliz$ 9 s\ps1 comb9$ ) pancake1 muff91 or omelet mixtures1 or made into pudd+s by mix+ x ) a cu/>d & !n bak+4 ,x may be s]v$ ) fruit1 made into patties1 or comb9$ ) tomatoes1 *eese1 or meat to =m an appetiz+ di%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c #fd4 ,z has be5 %[n1 rice is "o ( ! c]eals t conta9 v little cellulose4 ,fruit add$ to x 9 ! prep>ation ( any di% makes up = ?is lack ( cellulose & at ! same "t produces a delici\s comb9ation4 ,rice comb9$ ) p9eapple to =m a di% l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #c n only is v attractive b meets ) ! favor ( _m2 besides1 x provides a good way 9 :i* to utilize left-ov] rice4 ,,rice ,,) ,,p9eapple 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a c4 /eam$ or cream$ rice #a_/d c4 sug> #f r+s p9eapple #c_/d c4 :ipp$ cream ,/ir ! sug> into ! rice & if necess>y moi/5 ) a little cream4 ,%ape ! rice into six balls ( equal size1 mak+ !m s t !y w be ab\t ! same 9 diamet] z ! r+s ( ! p9eapple1 & place "o 9 ! c5t] ( ea* p9eapple r+4 ,:ip ! cream ) an egg :ip or beat] until x /&s up well1 & g>ni% ea* di% ) ! :ipp$ cream be=e s]v+4 #fe4 ,ano!r satisfactory di% may be made by comb9+ eggs ) left-ov] rice to =m ,,rice ,,patties4 ,ow+ to ! prote9 suppli$ by ! eggs1 su* a comb9ation z ?is may be made to take ! place ( a light meat di% = lun*eon or supp]1 &1 to imp>t additional flavor1 x may be s]v$ ) any sauce desir$4 ,,rice ,,patties 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a c4 /ale crumbs #a_/b tsp4 salt #a_/b tsp4 cel]y salt #b eggs #b c4 /eam$ rice ,add #a_/b cupful ( ! crumbs1 ! salt1 ! cel]y salt1 & ! eggs1 slightly beat51 to ! cold /eam$ rice4 ,if m moi/ure seems to be necess>y1 add a v little milk4 ,%ape ! rice ) ! o!r +r$i5ts into r\nd patties1 & !n roll ^! 9 ! rema9d] ( ! crumbs & saut !m 9 hot butt]4 ,s]ve ! patties hot & ) sauce1 if desir$4 #ff4 ,besides left-ov] rice1 small quantities ( "o or m k9ds ( left-ov] meat & /ock or gravy c be us$ to make a v appetiz+ di% kn[n z ,,spani% ,,rice1 :i* may be us$ z ! ma91 or heavy1 di% 9 a lun*eon4 ,,spani% ,,rice 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a small onion #b ,tb4 butt] #a-a_/b c4 /eam$ or boil$ rice #a c4 *opp$ meat #a_/b c4 meat /ock or gravy #a_/b c4 cann$ tomatoes #b ,tb4 grat$ *eese #a_/d c4 /ale crumbs ,*op ! onion & br[n x 9 butt]4 ,mix well ! br[n$ onion1 rice1 *opp$ meat1 /ock or gravy1 & tomatoes1 & p\r all into a butt]$ bak+ di%4 ,!n spr9kle ! *eese & crumbs on top ( ! mixture & bake = #a h\r 9 a sl[ ov54 ,s]ve hot4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,oats ,,composition ,,& ,,v>ieties #fg4 ,z an article ( food1 ,,oats are us$ v ext5sively4 ,9 ,scotl&1 ?is c]eal =m$ ! pr9cipal article ( diet = _m ye>s1 & z ! h>d9ess ( ! ,scot* p is usually attribut$ to _! diet ! value ( oats z a food _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,?is gra91 or c]eal1 gr[s v mu* l :eat & yields an abundant crop 9 fairly good soil2 b x is unlike :eat 9 composition1 = x conta9s v little prote9 & consid]able fat4 ,9 fact1 x conta9s m fat ?an any o!r c]eal4 ,because ( its lack ( prote91 x w n make rais$ bread1 & :5 x mu/ s]ve ! purpose ( bread x is made into flat cakes & bak$4 ,al?\gh x is us$ to "s ext5t 9 ?is way1 its greate/ use = food1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is 9 ! =m ( oatmeal & roll$ oats4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( oatmeal = ! m>ket1 ! oat gra9s are cru%$ or cut into v small pieces1 :ile 9 ! prep>ation ( roll$ oats !y are cru%$ flat betwe5 l>ge roll]s4 ,,recipes ,,= ,,oats #fh4 ,! same me?ods ( cook+ c be appli$ to bo? oatmeal & roll$ oats4 ,!re=e1 :ile ! recipes "h giv5 are = roll$ oats1 x w be well to note t !y c be us$ = oatmeal by m]ely sub/itut+ ?is c]eal :]ev] roll$ oats are m5tion$4 #fi4 ,,roll$ ,,oats4--,because ( ! high food value ( roll$ oats1 ?is c]eal is excell5t = cold wea!r1 especially :5 x is s]v$ ) hot cream or milk & sug>4 ,x c be prep>$ v easily1 z ! accompany+ recipe %[s4 ,,roll$ ,,oats 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a c4 roll$ oats #c c4 boil+ wat] #a tsp4 salt ,/ir ! oats into ! boil+ wat] to :i* ! salt has be5 add$4 ,boil #b m9utes1 /irr+ !m occasionally to keep !m f /ick+4 ,!n cook !m 9 a d\ble boil] = #b to #d h\rs4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 /ir ! oats z little z possible1 s z to prev5t !m f becom+ mu%y4 ,s]ve hot4 #gj4 ,,roll$ ,,oats ,,) ,,apples4--,! comb9ation ( roll$ oats & apples is r unusual1 /ill x makes a di% t l5ds v>iety to a breakfa/ or a lun*eon4 ,su* a di% is easily dige/$1 because ! apples supply to x a consid]able quantity ( cellulose & m9]al salts4 ,,roll$ ,,oats ,,) ,,apples 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #b_/c c4 roll$ oats #b c4 boil+ wat] #a_/b tsp4 salt #f m$ium-siz$ apples #a c4 wat] #a_/b c4 sug> ,/ir ! roll$ oats into ! boil+ salt$ wat] & cook !m until !y set2 !n place !m 9 a d\ble boil] & cook = #b to #d h\rs4 ,p>e & core ! apples1 & !n cook !m :ole 9 a sirup made ( #a cupful ( wat] & #a_/b cupful ( sug> until !y are s(t1 b n s(t en\gh to fall ap>t4 ,to s]ve ! food1 place x 9 six c]eal di%es4 ,put a l>ge spoonful ( ! cook$ oats 9 ea* di%1 arrange an apple on top ( ! oats1 & !n fill ! hole left by ! core ) roll$ oats4 ,ov] ea* portion1 p\r "s ( ! sirup left f cook+ ! apples1 & s]ve hot ) cream4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d #ga4 ,,roll$-,,oats ,,jelly ,,) ,,prunes4--,if an appetiz+ di% = w>m wea!r is desir$1 roll$ oats may be cook$ to =m a jelly & !n h /ew$ prunes add$ to x4 ,su* a di% is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,:5 s]v$ ) cream1 ?is comb9ation ( roll$ oats & prunes is high 9 food value & consequ5tly may be made ! important di% 9 ! meal = :i* x is us$4 ,,roll$-,,oats ,,jelly ,,) ,,prunes 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a c4 roll$ oats #c c4 wat] #a tsp4 salt #ab /ew$ prunes ,cook ! roll$ oats accord+ to ! directions already giv51 & !n =ce !m ?r\gh a f9e sieve4 ,remove ! se$s f ! prunes t h be5 /ew$ by cook+ !m v sl[ly until !y are s(t 9 a suffici5t quantity ( wat] to cov] !m well1 dra9 (f all ! juice1 & place two prunes 9 ! bottom ( ea* ( six cups1 or molds1 t h be5 moi/5$ ) cold wat]4 ,fill ea* ) ! roll$-oats jelly & set !m aside to *ill4 ,:5 ready to s]ve1 turn ! food out ( ea* mold into a c]eal di% & s]ve ) cream & sug>4 #gb4 ,,left-,,ov] ,,roll$ ,,oats4--,e h\sewife %\ld refra9 f ?r[+ away any left-ov] roll$ oats1 because all ( ?is c]eal rema9+ f a previ\s meal c be us$ to good advantage4 ,= example1 x c be made especially ta/y if1 be=e x is cold1 x is add$ to fruit1 p\r$ into molds & all[$ to /& 9 !m until x is cold1 & !n s]v$ ) sug> & cream4 ,fruits ( any k9d1 su* z cook$ pea*es1 prunes1 & apricots or fre% bananas1 may be us$ = ?is purpose by cutt+ !m into small pieces4 ,ano!r way ( utiliz+ ?is c]eal :5 x is w>m is to p\r x into a pan or a di%1 press x d[n until x is ab\t #a in* ?ick1 & !n1 aft] x is cold1 cut x into pieces ( any desirable size or %ape1 br[n ^! pieces 9 butt]1 & !n s]ve !m ) sirup4 ,if ! left-ov] c]eal is cold1 a good plan w\ld be to s]ve x ) bak$ apple2 t is1 = ea* p]son to be s]v$1 place a spoonful ( ! c]eal 9 a di% ) a bak$ apple1 spr9kle a little c9namon or nutmeg ov] x1 & !n s]ve x ) cream4 ,/ill ano!r v good way 9 :i* to utilize left-ov] roll$ oats is to make x into croquettes accord+ to ! foll[+ recipe3 ,,roll$-,,oats ,,croquettes 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,f\r7 #a_/b c4 grat$ *eese #c_/d c4 crumbs #a_/b tsp4 salt #a_/d tsp4 paprika #a c4 cook$ roll$ oats #a egg ,"w ! *eese ) #a_/b cupful ( ! crumbs1 ! salt1 & ! paprika into ! cold roll$ oats2 !n add ! egg1 :i* %\ld be slightly beat54 ,if m moi/ure seems to be necess>y1 add a little milk4 ,=m ! +r$i5ts into small croquettes1 & !n roll !m 9 ! rema9+ #a_/d cupful ( crumbs & saut !n 9 butt]4 ,g>ni% ) p>sley & s]ve4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,b>ley ,,orig9 ,,& ,,use #gc4 ,,b>ley is a gra91 or c]eal1 t gr[s v mu* l :eat4 ,h[ev]1 x is h>di] ?an :eat or any o!r c]eals & may be gr[n ?r\gh a great] range ( climates4 ,b>ley has be5 cultivat$ f ! mo/ anci5t times2 9 fact1 its cultivation c be trac$ z f> back z man's occupations h be5 record$4 ,! gra9 ( ?is c]eal has also play$ an important "p 9 ! advancem5t ( man1 =1 accord+ to hi/ory1 "s ( ! pres5t weights & measures orig9at$ f x4 ,?us1 ! ,troy weight gra9 is said to h be5 fir/ fix$ by f9d+ ! av]age weight ( a b>ley gra91 & ! in* ( l9e> measure1 by plac+ ?ree gra9s ( b>ley end to end4 #gd4 ,al?\gh sev]al v>ieties ( b>ley h be5 cultivat$ z food f ! e>lie/ times1 ! gra9 is n[ us$ pr9cipally 9 ! manufacture ( malt4 ,9 ?is =m1 x is us$ = ! malt+ ( foods & 9 ! mak+ ( alcoholic liquors4 ,to produce malt1 ! b>ley gra9s are moi/5$ & all[$ to spr\t1 & dur+ ?is process ( spr\t+ ! />* ( ! b>ley is *ang$ to sug>4 ,! gra9s are !n dri$1 & ! spr\ts1 :i* are call$ malt spr\ts1 are brok5 (f & sold z cattle food4 ,! gra9 t rema9s1 :i* is really malt1 is !n cru%$ & comb9$ ) o!r gra9s = use z malt$ c]eal food4 ,:5 b>ley is us$ to make malt1 or f]m5t$1 liquors1 x is soak$ 9 wat]1 :i* absorbs ! sug> 9 x2 !n yea/ is add$1 & ?is produces alcohol by caus+ ! f]m5tation ( ! sug>4 #ge4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 pe>l b>ley is ! "n appli$ to ! mo/ common =m ( b>ley us$ z food4 ,9 ?is =m1 ! lay] ( bran is remov$ f ! outside ( ! b>ley gra91 b no *ange is made 9 ! gra9 itself4 ,pe>l b>ley is us$ = s\ps & z a breakfa/ c]eal1 b = :atev] purpose x is employ$ x requires v long cook+ to make x palatable4 ,v (t5 ! wat] 9 :i* a small am\nt ( pe>l b>ley has be5 cook$ = a long "t is us$ to dilute ! milk giv5 to a *ild :o has indige/ion or :o is n able to take :ole milk4 ,,recipes ,,= ,,b>ley #gf4 ,,pe>l ,,b>ley4--,z a breakfa/ c]eal1 possibly ! only satisfactory way 9 :i* to prep>e pe>l b>ley is to cook x 9 a d\ble boil]1 al?\gh aft] x is cook$ 9 ?is way x may1 ( c\rse1 be us$ to prep>e o!r breakfa/ di%es4 ,b>ley is n lik$ by ev]ybody2 nev]!less1 x is an excell5t food & its nature is su* t ev5 aft] long cook+ x rema9s s firm z to require ?or\gh ma/ication1 :i* is ! fir/ great /ep 9 ! dige/ion ( />*y foods4 ,,pe>l ,,b>ley 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a c4 pe>l b>ley #a tsp4 salt #d-a_/b c4 boil+ wat] ,look ! b>ley ov] c>efully & remove any =eign p>ticles x may conta94 ,add x to ! boil+ salt$ wat]1 & cook x directly ov] ! flame = #aj m9utes4 ,!n place x 9 a d\ble boil] & cook = #c to #d h\rs4 ,= ! b>ley to be cook$ prop]ly1 ! wat] %\ld be completely absorb$4 ,s]ve hot ) cream or milk & sug>4 #gg4 ,,pe>l ,,b>ley ,,) ,,fruit4--,cook$ b>ley does n conta9 v mu* flavor4 ,!re=e1 if a m ta/y di% is desir$1 x is usually necess>y to add some?+1 su* z fruit1 t w improve ! flavor4 ,v>i\s fruits may be us$ ) b>ley1 z is %[n 9 ! accompany+ recipe4 ,,pe>l ,,b>ley ,,) ,,fruit 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,eight7 #a c4 pe>l b>ley #a tsp4 salt #e c4 boil+ wat] #a c4 dates1 figs1 or prunes ,exam9e ! b>ley to see t x conta9s no =eign matt]1 & !n put x to cook 9 ! boil+ wat] to :i* ! salt has be5 add$4 ,aft] cook+ directly ov] ! flame = #aj m9utes1 place x 9 a d\ble boil] & cook x = #c to #d h\rs4 ,if dates are to be us$1 wa% !m 9 w>m wat]1 remove ! se$s1 & cut ea* into f\r pieces4 ,9 ! case ( figs1 soak !m 9 hot wat] = #a_/b h\r & !n cut !m into small pieces4 ,if prunes are desir$1 /ew !m z expla9$ 9 ,art4 #ga1 & :5 ! se$s are remov$ cut !m into small pieces4 ,add ! fruit to ! b>ley #aj or #ae m9utes be=e remov+ x f ! /ove4 ,s]ve hot ) cream or milk & sug>4 #gh4 ,,left-,,ov] ,,b>ley4--,cook$ b>ley t is left ov] f a meal %\ld n be wa/$4 ,t :i* has be5 cook$ )\t fruit may be add$ to meat /ock or us$ ) vegetables = s\p4 ,also1 cook$ b>ley t has _h "t to set & become /iff may be sautd 9 butt] until x is slightly br[n4 ,:5 s]v$ ) meat gravy1 b>ley prep>$ 9 ?is mann] makes a v appetiz+ & satisfy+ lun*eon di%4 ,,rye1 ,,buck:eat1 ,,& ,,millet #gi4 ,,rye is a gra9 t gr[s v mu* l :eat1 b x c be cultivat$ 9 poor] soil & cold] climates ?an ?is c]eal4 ,x is n us$ alone to any great ext5t = any?+ except ! mak+ ( bread1 b x is p>ticul>ly well adapt$ = ?is purpose1 s9ce x conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( glut51 ! food sub/ance necess>y = successful bread mak+1 &1 l :eat1 w make yea/ bread :5 us$ alone4 ,bread made ( rye fl\r has a d>k color & a peculi> flavor1 & :ile ^! *>act]i/ics make x unpopul> ) "s p]sons x is us$ ext5sively by c]ta9 classes1 especially p]sons f =eign c\ntries4 ,besides its use = bread1 rye is frequ5tly comb9$ ) o!r c]eals 9 ! manufacture ( ready-to-eat c]eal foods4 #hj4 ,,buck:eat is us$ less ext5sively ?an any ( ! o!r c]eals already m5tion$1 b x has an advantage ov] !m 9 t x ?rives 9 soil t is too poor = any o!r crop4 ,! buck:eat plant gr[s to a height ( ab\t #b feet & blossoms ) a :ite fl[]4 ,its se$s1 :i* are ?ree-corn]$ 9 %ape1 be> a close resemblance to bee*nuts1 & because ( ?is peculi> simil>ity1 ?is c]eal 0 orig9ally call$ bee* :eat4 ,practically ! only use to :i* buck:eat is put is to gr9d x into v f9e fl\r = griddle cakes1 recipes = :i* are giv5 9 ano!r ,section4 #ha4 ,,millet z a c]eal food f9ds practically no use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 9 fact1 9 ?is c\ntry x is gr[n almo/ exclusively = cattle food1 ! /alk ( ! plant be+ l>ge & juicy & conta9+ a consid]able am\nt ( food4 ,! se$ ( ?is plant furni%es ! smalle/ gra9 kn[n = use z food1 & because ( its size x is v h>d to ga!r4 ,millet1 h[ev]1 is us$ ext5sively by "s ( ! p ( ,s\!rn ,asia & ,india1 :o dep5d on x v l>gely1 s9ce1 9 "s localities1 x =ms _! only c]eal food4 ,9 ^! c\ntries1 x is gr\nd into fl\r & us$ = mak+ bread4 ,,prep>$1 ,,or ,,ready-,,to-,,eat1 ,,c]eals #hb4 ,all ! c]eals t h be5 discuss$ up to ?is po9t require cook+2 b !re are _m v>ieties ( c]eal food on ! m>ket t are ready to eat & !re=e ne$ no fur!r prep>ation4 ,*ief among ^! are ! c]eal foods kn[n z flakes4 ,^! are fir/ made by cook+ ! gra91 !n roll+ x betwe5 roll]s1 & f9ally toa/+ x4 ,! gra9s t are treat$ 9 ?is way = ! prep>ation ( flake foods are :eat1 corn1 rye1 & rice4 ,x is well to rememb] ?is fact1 because ! trade "n does n always indicate ! k9d ( gra9 t has be5 us$ to make ! food4 ,9 ano!r =m 9 :i* c]eals1 pr9cipally :eat1 appe> on ! m>ket1 !y are cook$1 %r$d$1 press$ into biscuits1 & !n toa/$4 ,aga91 c]eals are made into loaves ) ! use ( yea/1 l bread1 & aft] be+ ?or\ghly bak$1 are gr\nd into small pieces4 ,:eat g5]ally =ms ! basis ( ^! prep>ations1 & to x are add$ su* o!r gra9s z rye & b>ley4 #hc4 ,! toa/+ ( c]eals improves _! flavor v mat]ially & at ! same "t increases _! dige/ibility4 ,9 fact1 c]eals t h be5 subject$ to ?is process are said to be pr$ige/$1 because ! />* granules t h be5 br[n$ 9 ! toa/+ are *ang$ into dextr9e1 & ?is is "o ( ! /ages ?r\gh :i* !y mu/ pass 9 _! process ( dige/ion 9 ! body4 ,h[ev]1 ! h\sewife %\ld n all[ h]self to be influ5c$ unduly by :at is said ab\t all prep>$ c]eals1 because ! manufactur]1 :o has dep5d$ l>gely on adv]tis+ = ! sale ( 8 product1 sometimes becomes slightly ov]zeal\s & makes /atem5ts t w be> que/ion+4 ,= in/ance1 "s ( ^! foods are claim$ to be muscle build]s1 b e "o %\ld rememb] t1 ) ! exception ( rye & :eat1 :i* build up ! tissues to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! c]eals /r5g!n ! muscles 9 only a slight degree4 ,o!rs ( ^! foods are said to be n]ve & bra9 foods1 b x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t no food acts directly on ! n]ves or ! bra94 ,9 reality1 only ^? foods :i* keep ! body m5tally & physically 9 good condition h an effect on ! n]ves & ! bra91 & ?is at be/ is an indirect effect4 ,,s]v+ ,,c]eals #hd4 ,al?\gh1 z is %[n by ! recipes t h be5 giv51 c]eals may h a place 9 practically all meals t ! h\sewife is call$ on to prep>e1 !y are us$ m frequ5tly = breakfa/ ?an = any o!r meal4 ,:5 a c]eal =ms a "p ( ?is meal1 x %\ld1 z a rule1 be s]v$ imm$iately aft] ! fruit1 provid$ ! breakfa/ is s]v$ 9 c\rses4 ,_m p]sons1 ( c\rse1 l fre% fruit s]v$ ) cook$ or dry c]eal1 &1 9 su* an ev5t1 ! fruit & c]eal c\rses %\ld be comb9$4 ,a banana slic$ ov] flakes or a few spoonfuls ( b]ries or slic$ pea*es plac$ on top af=d a pleas+ *ange f ! usual me?od ( s]v+ c]eals4 ,ano!r way 9 :i* to l5d v>iety to ! c]eal & at ! same "t add n\ri%m5t to ! diet is to s]ve a poa*$ egg on top ( ! %r$d$-:eat biscuit or 9 a ne/ ( corn flakes1 especially if !y h be5 previ\sly heat$4 ,9 fact1 any ( ! dry c]eals become m appetiz+ if !y are heat$ ?or\ghly 9 a sl[ ov5 & !n all[$ to cool1 z ?is process fre%5s !m by driv+ (f ! moi/ure t !y absorb & t makes !m t\gh4 ,to add to bo? dry & cook$ c]eals prote9 & fat1 or ! food elem5ts 9 :i* !y are n s high1 milk or cream is usually s]v$ ) !m4 ,( ^! dairy products1 :i* may be s]v$ hot or cold1 milk adds m prote9 ?an cream1 & cream m fat ?an milk4 ,"s p]sons1 h[ev]1 :o d n c>e = milk & cream or _c take !m1 sub/itute a little butt] = !m or f9d fruit juice a v good accompanim5t1 especially to a dry c]eal4 ,sug> is g5]ally s]v$ ) bo? k9ds ( c]eals1 z ! majority ( p]sons pref] !m slightly sweet2 b !re is no logical reason = its use except to add flavor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,italian ,,pa/es ,,prep>ation1 ,,v>ieties1 ,,& ,,composition #he4 ,9 addition to ! c]eals t h already be5 discuss$1 mac>oni & foods ( a simil> nature are entitl$ to a place 9 ?is ,section1 because !y are made f :eat fl\r & are !re=e truly c]eal products4 ,^! foods1 :i* are commonly ref]r$ to z ,,italian ,,pa/es1 orig9at$ 9 ,italy4 ,9 t c\ntry !y 7 made f a fl\r call$ semol9a1 :i* is d]iv$ f a native :eat t is v h>d & conta9s m prote9 ?an is requir$ = ! mak+ ( ord9>y d\gh mixtures4 ,lat]1 :5 ! manufacture ( ^! foods 0 tak5 up 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! fl\r = !m _h to be import$ f ,italy2 b x has s9ce be5 discov]$ t fl\r made f ! v>iety ( :eat call$ durum1 :i* is gr[n 9 ! spr+-:eat t]ritory ( ?is c\ntry1 c be us$ = produc+ ^! pa/es4 ,9 fact1 ?is k9d ( fl\r has prov$ to be s successful t x n[ takes ! place ( :at 0 =m]ly import$4 #hf4 ,to produce ! ,italian pa/es1 ! :eat1 f :i* ! bran has be5 remov$1 is gr\nd into fl\r4 ,?is fl\r is made into a /iff d\gh1 :i* is roll$ into %eets & =c$ ov] rods1 usually ( metal1 or made into a mass & =c$ ov] rods1 & all[$ to dry 9 ! air4 ,:5 suffici5tly dry1 ! rods are remov$1 leav+ sl5d] tubes1 or /icks1 t h holes ?r\gh ! c5t]4 ,because ( ! manufactur+ processes involv$ 9 ! production ( ^! foods = m>ket1 !y are high] 9 price ?an "s c]eals1 b _! value lies 9 ! fact t !y are practically imp]i%able & are easily prep>$ & dige/$4 #hg4 ,italian pa/es are ( sev]al v>ieties1 *ief among :i* are mac>oni1 spaghetti1 & v]micelli4 ,mac>oni is ! l>ge/ 9 circumf]5ce2 spaghetti1 a trifle small]2 & v]micelli1 v small & )\t a hole ?r\gh ! c5t]4 ,^! pa/es & v>iations ( !m are made f ! same d\gh2 !re=e1 ! te/s = det]m9+ ! quality ( "o applies to all ( !m4 ,^! te/s p]ta9 to _! color1 ! way 9 :i* !y break1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y cook4 ,to be "r1 !y %\ld be ( an ev51 creamy color2 if !y look gray or are :ite or /reak$ ) :ite1 !y are ( inf]ior quality4 ,:5 !y are brok5 into pieces1 !y %\ld break (f p]fectly /raight2 if !y split up l5g?wise1 !y conta9 weak places due to /reaks4 ,all ! v>ieties %\ld1 ^u boil+1 hold _! %ape & d\ble 9 size2 9 case !y break into pieces & flatt51 !y are ( poor quality4 #hh4 ,s9ce ! ,italian pa/es are made f :eat1 _! food sub/ances are simil> to ^? ( :eat4 ,z 9 o!r :eat products1 prote9 is f\nd 9 !m 9 ! =m ( glut51 b1 ow+ to ! v>iety ( :eat us$ = !m1 x occurs 9 great] proportion 9 ^! foods ?an 9 mo/ :eat products4 ,9 fact1 ! ,italian pa/es are s high 9 prote91 or tissue-build+ mat]ial1 t !y v readily take ! place ( meat4 ,unlike meat1 h[ev]1 !y conta9 c>bohydrates 9 ! =m ( :eat />*4 ,!y d n conta9 mu* fat or m9]al salts1 ?\gh1 be+ l[] 9 ^! food sub/ances ?an _m ( ! o!r foods made f :eat4 ,,recipes ,,= ,,italian ,,pa/es #hi4 ,9 ne>ly all recipes = mac>oni1 spaghetti1 & v]micelli1 z well z ! num]\s v>ieties ( ^! foods1 ! fir/ /eps 9 _! prep>ation = ! table are practically ! same1 = all ( ^! foods mu/ be cook$ to a c]ta9 po9t & 9 a c]ta9 way be=e !y c be us$ 9 ! num]\s ways possible to prep>e !m4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] t success may be met 9 ! prep>ation ( ! di%es t are made f ^! foods1 ^! und]ly+ pr9ciples %\ld be ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t :ile ! "t requir$ to cook ! ,italian pa/es dep5ds on _! composition & dryness1 ! av]age l5g? ( "t is ab\t #cj m9utes4 ,ano!r important ?+ to rememb] is t !y %\ld always be put to cook 9 boil+ wat] t conta9s #b teaspoonfuls ( salt to ea* cupful ( mac>oni1 spaghetti1 or v]micelli1 & t !y %\ld be kept boil+ until ! cook+ is done1 = if ! pieces are n 9 con/ant motion !y w settle & burn4 ,te/s may be appli$ to det]m9e :e!r ^! foods h be5 cook$ suffici5tly4 ,?us1 if a =k passes ?r\gh !m easily or !y cru% readily on be+ press$ betwe5 ! f+]s & ! ?umb1 !y are done1 b z long z !y feel h>d & ela/ic !y h n cook$ en\gh4 ,9 ! majority ( recipes "h giv51 mac>oni is specifi$1 b spaghetti1 v]micelli1 or any ( ! fancy ,italian pa/es may be sub/itut$ = ! mac>oni if "o ( !m is pref]r$4 ,x %\ld also be rememb]$ t any ( ^!1 :5 cut into small pieces1 may be us$ 9 s\ps or s]v$ ) sauce or gravy4 #ij4 ,,mac>oni ,,) ,,cream ,,sauce4--,possibly ! simple/ way 9 :i* to prep>e mac>oni is ) cream sauce1 z is expla9$ 9 ! accompany+ recipe4 ,su* a sauce n only increases ! food value ( any ,italian pa/e1 b improves its flavor4 ,mac>oni prep>$ 9 ?is way may be us$ z ! pr9cipal di% ( a light meal1 z x s]ves to take ! place ( meat4 ,,mac>oni ,,) ,,cream ,,sauce 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a-a_/b c4 mac>oni #c qt4 boil+ wat] #c tsp4 salt #a_/d c4 crumbs ,,cream ,,sauce #b ,tb4 butt] #b ,tb4 fl\r #a tsp4 salt #a_/h tsp4 pepp] #a #a_/b c4 milk ,break ! mac>oni into in* l5g?s1 add x to ! salt$ boil+ wat]1 & cook x until x is t5d]4 ,to prep>e ! sauce1 melt ! butt] 9 a saucepan1 add ! fl\r1 salt1 & pepp]1 /ir until smoo?1 & gradually add ! milk1 :i* mu/ be hot1 /irr+ rapidly s t no lumps =m4 ,cook ! cream sauce until x ?ick5s & !n add x to ! mac>oni4 ,p\r all into a bak+ di%1 spr9kle ! bread or crack] crumbs ov] ! top1 dot ) butt]1 & bake until ! crumbs are br[n4 ,s]ve hot4 #ia4 ,,mac>oni ,,) ,,eggs4--,s9ce mac>oni is high 9 prote91 x takes ! place ( meat 9 :atev] =m x is s]v$1 b :5 x is prep>$ ) eggs x becomes an unusually good meat sub/itute4 ,!re=e1 :5 eggs are add$ z 9 ! foll[+ recipe1 no meat %\ld be s]v$ 9 ! same meal4 ,,mac>oni ,,) ,,eggs 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a c4 mac>oni #b qt4 boil+ wat] #b tsp4 salt #a-a_/b c4 milk #b ,tb4 butt] #b ,tb4 fl\r #a tsp4 salt #a_/h tsp4 pepp] #d h>d-boil$ eggs #a_/d c4 crumbs ,break ! mac>oni into in* l5g?s1 add x to ! boil+ salt$ wat]1 & cook x until t5d]4 ,make a cream1 or :ite1 sauce ( ! milk1 butt]1 fl\r1 salt1 & pepp] z expla9$ 9 ! recipe giv5 9 ,art4 #ij4 ,:5 ! mac>oni is t5d]1 dra9 x & arrange a lay] on ! bottom ( a bak+ di%1 ) a lay] ( slic$1 h>d-boil$ eggs on top4 ,fill ! di% ) alt]nate lay]s ( mac>oni & eggs1 p\r ! sauce ov] all1 & spr9kle ! crumbs ov] ! top4 ,!n place ! di% 9 ! ov5 & bake ! food until ! crumbs are br[n4 ,s]ve hot4 #ib4 ,mac>oni ,) ,tomato & ,bacon4--,mac>oni alone is some:at ta/eless1 s t1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 some?+ is usually add$ to give ?is food a m appetiz+ flavor4 ,9 ! recipe "h giv51 tomatoes & bacon are us$ = ?is purpose4 ,besides improv+ ! flavor1 ! bacon supplies ! mac>oni ) fat1 a food sub/ance 9 :i* x is l[4 ,,mac>oni ,,) ,,tomato ,,& ,,bacon 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a c4 mac>oni #b qt4 boil+ wat] #b tsp4 salt #b c4 cann$ tomatoes #h ?9 slices bacon ,break ! mac>oni into in* l5g?s & cook x 9 ! boil+ salt$ wat] until x is t5d]4 ,place a lay] ( ! cook$ mac>oni on ! bottom ( a bak+ di%2 ov] ?is lay] put #a cupful ( ! tomatoes1 & on top ( !m spread f\r slices ( bacon4 ,!n add ano!r lay] ( ! mac>oni1 ! o!r cupful ( tomatoes1 & a ?ird lay] ( mac>oni4 ,on top ( ?is lay]1 place ! rema9+ f\r slices ( bacon1 & !n bake ! food = "o half h\r 9 a sl[ ov54 ,s]ve hot4 #ic4 ,mac>oni ,) ,*eese4--,*eese is comb9$ ) mac>oni probably m (t5 ?an any o!r food4 ,x supplies consid]able flavor to ! mac>oni & at ! same "t provides fat & additional prote94 ,! cook+ op]ation is practically ! same z t j giv5 = mac>oni ) tomatoes & bacon4 ,,mac>oni ,,) ,,*eese 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a-a_/b c4 mac>oni #c qt4 boil+ wat] #c tsp4 salt #a-a_/b ,tb4 butt] #a-a_/b ,tb4 fl\r #a tsp4 salt #a_/h tsp4 pepp] #a_/h tsp4 paprika #a-a_/b c4 milk #a c4 grat$ or f9ely cut *eese #a_/d c4 crumbs ,break ! mac>oni into in* l5g?s & cook x until x is t5d] 9 ! #c qu>ts ( boil+ wat] to :i* #c teaspoonfuls ( salt has be5 add$4 ,melt ! butt] 9 a saucepan1 add ! fl\r1 ! #a teaspoonful ( salt1 ! pepp]1 & ! paprika1 /ir until smoo?1 & !n gradually add ! milk1 :i* %\ld be hot4 ,all[ to cook until x ?ick5s4 ,arrange ! cook$ mac>oni 9 lay]s1 p\r+ ! sauce & spr9kl+ salt & *eese ov] ea* lay]4 ,!n cov] ! top lay] ) ! crumbs & bake ! food 9 a mod]ate ov5 = "o half h\r4 ,s]ve hot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e #id4 ,mac>oni ,) ,*eese & ,tomato4--,al?\gh ! food comb9ations giv5 are v satisfactory1 a di% t is extremely appetiz+ to _m p]sons may be made by comb9+ bo? *eese & tomato ) mac>oni4 ,su* a nutriti\s comb9ation1 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #e1 c be us$ z ! pr9cipal di% ( a heavy meal4 ,,mac>oni ,,) ,,*eese ,,& ,,tomato 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a c4 mac>oni #a c4 grat$ *eese #b qt4 boil+ wat] #b ,tb4 butt] #b tsp4 salt #a_/h tsp4 pepp] #a #a_/b c4 cann$ tomatoes #a tsp4 salt ,break ! mac>oni into in* l5g?s & cook x until x is t5d] 9 ! boil+ wat] to :i* #b teaspoonfuls ( salt has be5 add$4 ,put a lay] ( ! cook$ mac>oni on ! bottom ( a bak+ di%1 p\r "o-half ( ! tomatoes & "o-?ird ( ! *eese ov] x1 dot ) butt]1 & spr9kle ) salt & pepp]4 ,!n add ano!r lay] ( mac>oni1 ! rema9d] ( ! tomatoes1 "o-?ird m ( ! *eese1 butt]1 salt1 & pepp]4 ,f9ally1 arrange ano!r lay] ( mac>oni1 put ! rema9+ *eese & "s butt] on top ( x1 & bake ! food = #a_/b h\r 9 a mod]ate ov54 ,s]ve hot4 #ie4 ,mac>oni ,italian ,/yle4--,if small quantities ( fri$ or boil$ ham rema9 aft] a meal1 !y c be us$ ) mac>oni to make a v ta/y di% kn[n z mac>oni ,italian /yle4 ,z ham is a highly season$ meat1 x improves ! flavor ( ! mac>oni & at ! same "t adds nutrition to ! di%4 ,,mac>oni ,,italian ,,/yle 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a c4 mac>oni #b qt4 boil+ wat] #b tsp4 salt #b ,tb4 butt] #b ,tb4 fl\r #a-a_/b c4 scald$ milk #b_/c c4 grat$ *eese #a tsp4 salt #a_/b tsp4 paprika #a_/b c4 f9ely *opp$1 cold boil$ ham #a_/d c4 crumbs ,break ! mac>oni into in* l5g?s & cook x 9 ! boil+ wat] to :i* has be5 add$ #b teaspoonfuls ( salt4 ,dra91 & !n reheat x 9 a :ite sauce made ( ! butt]1 fl\r1 & milk4 ,add ! *eese & season ) salt & paprika4 ,arrange 9 lay]s 9 a bak+ di%1 plac+ ! cold ham betwe5 ea* two lay]s ( mac>oni & hav+ ! top lay] ( mac>oni1 spr9kle ! crumbs on top ( ! upp] lay]1 & bake ! food until ! crumbs are br[n4 ,g>ni% ) p>sley & s]ve4 #if4 ,,mac>oni ,,& ,,kidney ,,beans4--,! comb9ation ( cann$ kidney beans & mac>oni is a r unusual "o1 b x makes a v appetiz+ di%1 especially :5 cann$ tomatoes are add$1 z 9 ! recipe "h giv54 ,,mac>oni ,,& ,,kidney ,,beans 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,eight7 #a c4 mac>oni #b qt4 wat] #b tsp4 salt #b ,tb4 butt] #b ,tb4 fl\r #c_/d c4 hot milk #a_/b c4 cann$ tomatoes #a tsp4 salt #a_/d tsp4 pepp] #a c4 cann$ kidney beans ,cook ! mac>oni 9 ! salt$ wat] until x is t5d] & !n dra9 x4 ,prep>e ! sauce by melt+ ! butt] 9 a saucepan1 rubb+ ! fl\r into x until a smoo? pa/e is =m$1 & !n add+ sl[ly ! hot milk4 ,cook ?is sauce = #e m9utes4 ,=ce ! tomato ?r\gh a sieve1 turn x into ! hot sauce1 & season all ) salt & pepp]4 ,p\r ! sauce ov] ! mac>oni & ! kidney beans1 & !n heat all toge!r4 ,:5 ! food is ?or\ghly heat$1 turn x into a di% & s]ve4 #ig4 ,,spaghetti ,,) ,,*eese ,,& ,,tomato ,,sauce4--,! accompany+ recipe = spaghetti ) *eese & tomato sauce w s]ve to illu/rate t ?is =m ( ,italian pa/e may be prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z mac>oni2 t is1 to %[ h[ simple x is to sub/itute "o k9d ( ,italian pa/e = ano!r4 ,any ( ^! pa/es1 z has be5 m5tion$1 is especially appetiz+ :5 prep>$ ) *eese & tomato4 ,,spaghetti ,,) ,,*eese ,,& ,,tomato ,,sauce 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a c4 spaghetti #b ,tb4 butt] #b qt4 boil+ wat] #b ,tb4 fl\r #b tsp4 salt #a_/b c4 grat$ *eese #a c tomatoes #a tsp4 salt #a small onion1 *opp$ #a_/d tsp4 pepp] #a_/b c4 wat] ,boil ! spaghetti 9 ! #b qu>ts ( boil+ wat] to :i* has be5 add$ #b teaspoonfuls ( salt1 & aft] x is t5d] dra9 (f ! wat]4 ,!n proce$ to make ! sauce4 ,boil ! tomatoes & ! *opp$ onion 9 ! #a_/b cupful ( wat] = #aj m9utes4 ,/ra9 ?is mixture & to x add ! butt] & ! fl\r1 :i* %\ld fir/ be mix$ ) a little cold wat]4 ,cook ?is until x ?ick5s & !n add ! *eese1 #a teaspoonful ( salt1 & ! pepp]4 ,p\r ! entire mixture ov] ! cook$ spaghetti1 reheat1 & s]ve4 #ih4 ,left-,ov] ,italian ,pa/es4--,no cook$ ,italian pa/e ( any k9d %\ld ev] be wa/$4 ,any left-ov] mac>oni1 spaghetti1 or v]micelli c be reheat$ & s]v$ z x 0 orig9ally or x c be us$ 9 s\ps4 ,if a suffici5t am\nt is left aft] a meal1 a good plan is to utilize x 9 croquettes4 ,to make su* croquettes1 *op ! left-ov] food f9e & hold x toge!r ) a ?ick :ite sauce or ) raw eggs4 ,!n =m x into croquettes ( ! desir$ %ape1 roll ^! 9 bread or crack] crumbs1 & br[n !m 9 butt]4 ,,breakfa/ ,,m5u #ii4 ,a well-plann$ breakfa/ m5u is "h giv51 ) ! int5tion t x be prep>$ & us$4 ,?is m5u1 z w be obs]v$1 calls = at lea/ "o ( ! di%es t h be5 describ$1 z well z "s t h n4 ,directions = ! latt]1 h[ev]1 are giv51 s t no difficulty w be exp]i5c$ 9 prep>+ ! m5u4 ,aft] ! recipes h be5 foll[$ out c>efully1 x w be necess>y to report on ! success t is _h ) ea* di% & to s5d ?is report 9 ) ! answ]s to ! ,exam9ation ,que/ions at ! end ( ?is ,section4 ,! recipes are int5d$ to s]ve six p]sons1 b !y may be *ang$ if ! family consi/s ( few] or m p]sons by m]ely regulat+ ! am\nts to suit ! requir$ numb]1 z is expla9$ else:]e4 ,,m5u ,b]ries & ,cream or ,oranges ,cream ( ,:eat or ,roll$ ,oats & ,cream ,scrambl$ ,eggs ,butt]$ ,toa/ ,cocoa or ,c(fee ,,scrambl$ ,,eggs #e eggs #a_/b c4 milk #a_/b tsp4 salt #b ,tb4 butt] #a_/h tsp4 pepp] ,beat ! eggs slightly & add ! salt1 pepp]1 & milk4 ,heat a pan1 put 9 ! butt]1 &1 :5 x is melt$1 turn 9 ! mixture4 ,cook ?is mixture until x ?ick5s z mu* z desir$1 be+ c>eful to /ir x & to scrape x f ! bottom ( ! pan1 s t x w n burn4 ,remove f ! pan & s]ve hot4 ,,butt]$ ,,toa/ ,bread = toa/+ %\ld z a rule be #dh h\rs or m old4 ,cut ! desir$ numb] ( slices1 mak+ ea* ab\t #a_/d to #a_/b in* ?ick4 ,place ! slices on a toa/] ov] a b$ ( cle> coals or on a broil] "u a sl[ gas flame4 ,turn ! bread frequ5tly until x assumes an ev5 light br[n on bo? sides4 ,remove f ! heat1 spread ea* slice ) butt]1 & s]ve :ile hot & crisp4 ,,cocoa #b c4 scald$ milk #c ,tb4 cocoa #c ,tb4 sug> #a_/d tsp4 salt #b-a_/b c4 boil+ wat] ,scald ! milk 9 a d\ble boil]4 ,mix ! cocoa1 sug>1 & salt4 ,/ir ! boil+ wat] into ?is mixture gradually1 & let x boil = sev]al m9utes ov] ! fire4 ,!n turn ! mixture into ! hot milk 9 ! d\ble boil]1 & beat all ) an egg beat] = sev]al m9utes4 ,a drop ( vanilla add$ to ! cocoa j be=e s]v+ adds to its flavor4 ,,boil$ ,,c(fee ,scald a clean c(fee pot1 & into x put #ab level tablespoonfuls ( gr\nd c(fee4 ,add sev]al cru%$ egg %ells or ! :ite ( "o egg1 p\r 9 #a cupful ( cold wat]1 & %ake until ! :ole is well mix$4 ,add #e cupfuls ( fre%ly boil+ wat] & put ov] ! fire to boil4 ,aft] ! c(fee has boil$ = #e m9utes1 p\r #a_/d cupful ( cold wat] d[n ! sp\t4 ,all[ x to /& = a few m9utes :]e x w keep hot & !n s]ve4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,c]eals ,,exam9ation ,,que/ions 7#a7 7a7 ,m5tion ! eight c]eals t are us$ = food4 7b7 ,h[ may ! univ]sal consumption ( c]eals be acc\nt$ =8 7#b7 7a7 ,expla9 :y c]eals & c]eal products are economical foods4 7b7 ,:at factors %\ld be consid]$ 9 ! selection ( c]eals8 7#c7 7a7 ,:y are c]eals n easily contam9at$8 7b7 ,:at c>e 9 /orage %\ld be giv5 to bo? prep>$ & unprep>$ c]eals8 7#d7 7a7 ,expla9 briefly ! composition ( c]eals4 7b7 ,describe ! /ructure ( c]eal gra9s4 7#e7 ,:at food sub/ance is f\nd 9 ! greate/ proportion 9 c]eals8 7#f7 ,:at *>act]i/ics ( c]eals make !m valuable 9 ! diet8 7#g7 ,:at mat]ial1 besides ! food sub/ances1 is always pres5t 9 c]eals1 & :at are its purposes8 7#h7 ,:at is ! purpose ( cook+ c]eals8 7#i7 7a7 ,:at occurs :5 />* is cook$ 9 a liquid8 7b7 ,describe ! process ( sett+ a c]eal4 7#aj7 7a7 ,m5tion ! v>i\s me?ods ( cook+ c]eals1 7b7 ,:at are ! advantages ( ! d\ble-boil] me?od8 7#aa7 7a7 ,:at influ5ces ! proportion ( wat] requir$ & ! l5g? ( "t necess>y to cook c]eals8 7b7 ,is x an advantage to cook c]eals = a long "t8 ,tell :y4 7#ab7 ,m5tion ! c]eals t y w\ld use 9 w9t] & tell :y y w\ld use !m4 7#ac7 7a7 ,( :at advantage is x to add dates to cream ( :eat8 7b7 ,m5tion "s ( ! ways 9 :i* left-ov] :eat c]eals may be utiliz$4 7#ad7 7a7 ,expla9 ! ?ree me?ods ( cook+ rice1 giv+ ! proportion ( wat] to rice 9 ea* "o4 7b7 ,h[ %\ld rice gra9s look :5 !y are prop]ly cook$8 7#ae7 ,m5tion sev]al ways 9 :i* to utilize left-ov] roll$ oats4 7#af7 7a7 ,:at advantages h ready-to-eat c]eals ov] unprep>$ ones8 7b7 ,tell :y c]eals t h be5 toa/$ are said to be pr$ige/$4 7#ag7 7a7 ,:at is ! advantage ( s]v+ milk or cream ) c]eals8 7b7 ,h[ may v>iety be secur$ 9 ! s]v+ ( c]eals8 7#ah7 7a7 ,h[ are ,italian pa/es made8 7b7 ,m5tion & describe ! ?ree pr9cipal v>ieties ( ,italian pa/e1 7c7 ,:at te/s c be appli$ to judge ! quality ( ^! foods8 7#ai7 7a7 ,expla9 ! fir/ /eps 9 cook+ mac>oni1 7b7 ,h[ mu* does mac>oni increase ^u be+ boil$8 7#bj7 7a7 ,:y may mac>oni be sub/itut$ = meat 9 ! diet8 7b7 ,:at foods us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( mac>oni make x a bett] meat sub/itute8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,report ,,on ,,m5u ,aft] try+ out ! breakfa/ m5u giv5 9 ! text1 s5d ) y\r answ]s to ! ,exam9ation ,que/ions a report ( y\r success4 ,9 mak+ out y\r report1 simply write ! "n ( ! food & describe its condition by means ( ! t]ms specifi$ 9 ! foll[+ li/8 ,cream ( ,:eat3 ?98 ?ick8 lumpy8 smoo?8 salty8 well flavor$8 ,roll$ ,oats3 ?98 ?ick8 lumpy8 smoo?8 salty8 well flavor$8 ,scrambl$ ,eggs3 dry8 moi/8 wat]y8 salty8 well flavor$8 ,butt]$ ,toa/3 ?98 ?ick8 crisp8 soggy8 br[n$8 n suffici5tly toa/$8 unev5ly br[n$8 ,cocoa3 smoo?8 /rong8 weak8 ?ick8 scum =m$ on top8 ,c(fee3 /rong8 weak8 muddy8 cle>8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bread 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bread-,,mak+ ,,requirem5ts ,,importance ,,( ,,bread ,,z ,,food #a4 ,,bread is sometimes def9$ z any =m ( bak$ fl\r1 b z ! ^w is commonly und]/ood x means only ^? =ms ( bak$ fl\r :i* conta9 "s leav5+ sub/ance t produces f]m5tation4 ,! mak+ ( bread has come d[n ?r\gh ! ages f ! simple/ me?ods practic$ by ! mo/ primitive peoples to ! m elaborate processes ( ! pres5t day4 ,9 tru?1 to /udy ! hi/ory ( bread mak+ w\ld am\nt to /udy+ ! acc\nts ( ! progress t has be5 made by ! human race4 ,/ill1 9 ord] t ! production ( bread f suitable +r$i5ts may be fully und]/ood1 x w be well to note ! advancem5t t has be5 made4 #b4 ,9 ! e>lie/ times1 :at 0 us$ z bread 0 made 9 mu* ! same way z x is today by _m unciviliz$ & semiciviliz$ p4 ,! gra9 0 gr\nd betwe5 /ones1 usually by h&1 & !n mix$ ) wat] to =m a d\gh2 !n ?is d\gh 0 =m$ into flat1 compact cakes & bak$ 9 hot a%es1 ! result be+ a food v difficult to dige/4 ,lat] on1 "s "o discov]$ t by all[+ ! d\gh to /& until f]m5tation took place & !n mix+ x ) new d\gh1 ! :ole mass w\ld rise1 & also t by subject+ ?is mass to ! action ( heat1 t is1 bak+ x1 ! mass w\ld be held 9 place & become a loaf ( rais$ bread t 0 light] &1 ( c\rse1 m dige/ible4 ,x 0 ?is discov]y t l$ up to ! mod]n bread-mak+ processes1 9 :i* sub/ances kn[n z leav5+ ag5ts1 or f]m5ts1 are us$ to make bread light1 or por\s4 ,*ief among ! sub/ances is yea/1 a microscopic plant t produces f]m5tation "u favorable conditions4 ,inde$1 s important is ?is f]m5t t1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :5ev] ! t]m bread is us$ alone x means yea/1 or leav5$1 bread1 :]eas1 :5 o!r leav5+ ag5ts are us$1 ! bread is ref]r$ to z hot bread1 or quick bread1 z is fully expla9$ 9 ano!r ,section4 ,x w be well to note ?is fact1 = 9 all cases ?r\gh\t ^! cook]y lessons yea/1 or leav5$1 bread is always meant :5 ! t]m bread is us$ alone4 #c4 ,ref]5ces 9 ! hi/ory ( ! anci5t ,hebrews %[ t bread made light by means ( f]m5tation 0 kn[n ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 b x 0 n until aft] ! accid5tal discov]y ( ! action ( yea/ t ! mak+ ( :olesome & dige/ible bread became possible4 ,?r\gh ?is important advance 9 ! mak+ ( bread came a dem& = bett] gra9s & m improv$ me?ods ( mak+ fl\r4 ,inde$1 s mu* att5tion has be5 giv5 to ^! matt]s t at pres5t ! ?ree important processes relat+ to bread-mak+--! rais+ ( :eat1 ! mill+ ( fl\r1 & ! manufacture ( yea/--are c>efully & sci5tifically p]=m$4 ,^! indu/ries1 toge!r ) ! comm]cial manufacture ( bread1 occupy an important place 9 ! bus9ess ( practically all civiliz$ nations4 #d4 ,among p :o are n highly civiliz$1 bread =ms ! *ief article ( food & (t5 almo/ ! entire diet1 ev5 at ! pres5t "t2 b z man progresses 9 civilization he seems to require a great] v>iety ( food1 & he accord+ly devises means ( gett+ x4 ,s9ce bread is only "o ( ! _m foods he f9ds at 8 disposal1 x does n assume a place ( s mu* importance 9 pres5t-day meals z x =m]ly did4 ,h[ev]1 x /ill makes up a suffici5t proportion ( ! food ( e family to w>rant su* c>eful & ext5sive /udy1 z well z su* ma/]y ( ! processes involv$1 t ! h\sewife may pres5t to h] family only ! be/ quality ( ?is food4 ,al?\gh x does n h su* ext5sive use z x _h 9 ! pa/1 bread ( "s description1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( loaves1 biscuits1 or rolls1 =ms a "p ( ea* meal 9 e h\sehold4 ,?is fact proves t1 ) ! exception ( milk1 x is m frequ5tly eat5 ?an any o!r food4 ,a food s con/antly us$ contributes v l>gely to ! family's heal? if x is prop]ly made4 ,h[ev]1 !re is possibly no?+ 9 ! :ole range ( dome/ic life t s di/urbs ! welf>e ( ! entire family z an inf]ior quality ( ?is food1 :i*1 besides prov+ detrim5tal to ! dige/ion1 adds mat]ially to ! h\sehold exp5se4 #e4 ,( c\rse1 9 _m bak]ies1 bread ( an excell5t quality is made 9 a p]fectly hygi5ic mann]1 & to be able to procure su* bread is a wond]ful help to ! busy h\sewife or to ! woman :o f9ds x inconv5i5t to make h] own bread4 ,/ill1 practically e p]son enjoys home-made bread s mu* m ?an :at is made comm]cially t ! h\sewife w d well to make a c>eful /udy ( ?is bran* ( cook]y4 ,if x is prop]ly und]/ood1 x w n be f\nd difficult2 b ! woman :o takes x up mu/ manife/ h] int]e/ to ma/] a few ess5tial pr9ciples & to foll[ !m explicitly4 ,aft] %e has obta9$ ! k t %e mu/ possess1 exp]i5ce & practice w give h] ! skill necess>y to prev5t poor results & a consequ5t wa/e ( mat]ial4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,+r$i5ts ,,= ,,bread ,,mak+ ,,+r$i5ts ,,requir$ #f4 ,possibly ! fir/ ess5tial to a correct k ( bread mak+ is famili>ity ) ! +r$i5ts requir$4 ,^! are few 9 numb]1 be+ m]ely fl\r1 liquid1 :i* may be ei!r milk or wat]1 sug>1 salt1 & yea/2 b ! nature ( ^!1 p>ticul>ly ! fl\r & ! yea/1 is su* z to dem& c>eful consid]ation4 ,x w be admitt$ t ! m ! h\sewife kn[s ab\t bread-mak+ mat]ials & processes ! great] w be h] success 9 ?is "w4 ,likewise1 x is extremely important t ?is food be made j z :olesome z possible1 = next to milk & eggs1 bread ranks z a p]fect food1 conta9+ all ! elem5ts necess>y = ! gr[? ( ! body4 ,?is does n mean1 ?\gh1 t any ( ^! foods us$ z ! sole article ( diet w\ld be ideal1 b t ea* "o ( !m is ( su* composition t x alone w\ld su/a9 life = a long p]iod ( "t4 ,,fl\r #g4 ,gra9s ,us$ = ,fl\r4--,z has be5 po9t$ out else:]e1 num]\s gra9s are rais$ by man1 b only two ( !m1 namely1 :eat & rye1 are us$ alone = ! mak+ ( yea/1 or leav5$1 bread4 ,! o!r gra9s1 su* z corn1 rice1 & oats1 produce a flat1 unleav5$ cake1 s !y are seldom us$ = bread mak+ unless !y are mix$ ) :ite fl\r4 ,:eat & rye h be5 us$ = bread mak+ = a v long "t1 & _! univ]sal use today is due to ! fact t !y conta9 consid]able prote9 9 ! =m ( glut54 ,?is is ! sub/ance t produces ela/icity 9 ! d\gh mixture1 a condition t is absolutely ess5tial 9 ! mak+ ( rais$ bread4 ,9 fact1 ! t\ghness & ela/icity ( bread d\gh are :at make x possible = ! d\gh to cat* & hold air & gas & ?us produce a light1 por\s loaf4 #h4 ,( ^! two gra9s1 rye is us$ less ext5sively 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! mak+ ( bread ?an :eat1 al?\gh 9 "s c\ntries1 p>ticul>ly ! inl& c\ntries ( ,cont95tal ,europe1 consid]able use is made ( x4 ,its limit$ use "h is und\bt$ly due to ! fact t :5 rye is us$ alone x makes a moi/1 /icky bread1 :i* is consid]$ undesirable by mo/ p]sons4 ,! reason = ?is is t1 al?\gh rye conta9s a suffici5t quantity ( glut51 ?is sub/ance is n ( ! prop] quality to make ! ela/ic d\gh t produces a light1 spongy loaf4 ,!re=e1 :5 rye is us$1 :eat fl\r is g5]ally mix$ ) x4 ,! result is a bread hav+ a good texture1 b ! d>k color & ! typical flavor t rye produces4 #i4 ,:eat1 ! o!r gra9 us$ = bread mak+1 is an annual grass ( unkn[n orig94 ,x is us$ m ext5sively = food ?an any o!r gra94 ,9 fact1 x has be5 e/imat$ t ! av]age quantity consum$ by ea* p]son is ab\t #f bu%els a ye>1 & ( ?is am\nt by f> ! great] "p is us$ 9 ! mak+ ( bread4 ,s9ce s mu* ( ?is gra9 is us$ z food1 consid]able "t & ef=t h be5 sp5t 9 develop+ ^? qualities :i* are mo/ desirable = ! purpose to :i* :eat is put & 9 p]fect+ ! processes :]eby :eat fl\r ( a good quality may be obta9$4 ,?is gra9 is p>ticul>ly well adapt$ = bread mak+ because ( ! nature ( ! prote9s x conta9s & ! relative proportions ( ^!4 ,^! prote9s1 :i* occur 9 ! :eat gra9 9 ! =m ( glut51 are kn[n z gliad9 & glut594 ,! gliad9 imp>ts ela/icity & t5acity1 or t\ghness1 to ! glut51 & ! glut59 gives x /r5g?4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 s mu* ! quantity ( glut5 9 ! :eat gra9 t actually det]m9es ! quality ( fl\r z ! fact t ! two v>ieties mu/ be pres5t 9 ! prop] proportions 9 ord] = ! glut5 to h ! prop]ties desir$ = bread mak+4 ,:eat consi/s ( num]\s v>ieties1 b only two ( ^! are gr[n & us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 namely1 spr+1 or h>d1 :eat & w9t]1 or s(t1 :eat4 #aj4 ,,spr+1 ,,or ,,h>d ,,:eat is s nam$ because x is s[n 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> & is v t\gh or firm4 ,be=e ?is v>iety 0 kn[n1 ! :eat us$ = bread mak+ 0 n ideal1 & ! ef=ts t 7 made to produce a gra9 t w\ld be suitable = ?is purpose result$ 9 ?is v>iety4 ,to obta9 its p>ticul> composition1 spr+ :eat mu/ be gr[n "u suitable climatic & soil conditions4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 x gr[s 9 ! nor? c5tral "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & along ! s\!rn bord] ( ,canada4 ,?is v>iety1 :i* is h>ve/$ 9 ! late summ]1 is *>act]iz$ by a l>ge proportion ( glut5 & a correspond+ly small am\nt ( />*4 ,x is ! pres5ce ( ! glut5 t acc\nts = ! h>dness ( ! spr+-:eat gra9 & ! t\gh1 ela/ic quality ( ! d\gh made f ! spr+-:eat fl\r4 ,bread d\gh1 to be "r1 mu/ h ?is quality1 s t ! fl\r made f spr+ :eat is us$ almo/ exclusively = bread2 :]eas1 = cake & pa/ry1 :i* %\ld h a t5d]1 unela/ic texture1 fl\r made f s(t :eat is m satisfactory4 #aa4 ,,w9t]1 ,,or ,,s(t ,,:eat d]ives its "n f ! fact t x is plant$ 9 ! autumn & is s(t 9 texture4 ,x is ( less importance 9 ! mak+ ( bread ?an spr+1 or h>d1 :eat1 b x is ! k9d t has be5 gr[n = c5turies & f :i* ! v>ieties ( spr+ :eat h be5 cultivat$4 ,x is a s(t] gra9 ?an spr+ :eat1 because x conta9s less glut5 & m />*4 ,! fl\r made f x does n produce s ela/ic a d\gh mixture z does t made f ! o!r v>iety ( :eat2 consequ5tly1 ! f9i%$ product1 su* z bread1 rolls1 etc41 is likely to be m t5d] & m friable1 or crumbly4 ,x is = ?is reason t w9t]1 or s(t1 :eat is n us$ ext5sively = bread1 b is employ$ = pa/ry fl\r or mix$ ) spr+ :eat to make :at is call$ a bl5d fl\r1 :i* may be us$ = all purposes4 #ab4 ,,/ructure ,,( ,,:eat ,,gra94--,9 its natural /ate1 :eat conta9s all ! food sub/ances requir$ = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! human body 9 ne>ly ! prop] proportions1 & 9 addition x has 9 its composition suffici5t cellulose to give x consid]able bulk4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t ! av]age composition ( ?is gra9 is z foll[s3 ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,prote9444444444444444444444444444444444 44444 #aa4i ,fat444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #b4a ,c>bohydrates444444444444444444444444444 44444 #ga4i ,m9]al salts444444444444444444444444444444444 #a4h ,wat]44444444444444444444444444444444444 44444 #aj4e ,cellulose444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #a4h ,total4444444444444444444444444444444444 44444 #ajj4j ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,s t ! composition ( :eat & ! mak+ ( :eat fl\r may be m cle>ly und]/ood1 x w be well to obs]ve ! /ructure ( a gra91 or k]nel1 ( :eat1 :i* is %[n greatly enl>g$ 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,at a is %[n ! g]m ( ! "y plant1 :i* rema9s undevelop$ until ! gra9 is plant$4 ,?is "p conta9s practically all ! fat f\nd 9 ! gra91 "s />*1 & a small quantity ( prote94 ,at b is %[n ! inside ( ! k]nel1 or ! endosp]m1 z x is call$1 :i* is compos$ ( />* granules int]lac$ ) prote9 & m9]al salts4 ,surr\nd+ ^!1 z at c1 is a lay] ( co>se cells t conta9 m9]al matt] & prote91 & betwe5 ^! cells & ! out] husk1 z at d1 e1 f1 & g1 are lay]s ( bran1 :i* are compos$ ( cellulose & conta9 m9]al salts & small quantities ( />* & prote94 ,envelop+ ! entire k]nel is a husk1 or bran cov]+1 h4 ,?is =ms a protection to ! re/ ( ! gra91 b x _c be us$ z food1 because x is compos$ almo/ entirely ( cellulose1 :i* is practically indige/ible4 ,! c5t] ( ! gra91 or ! he>t1 is ! s(te/ "p & consi/s ( cells fill$ ) />*4 ,f ?is s(t c5t] ! cont5ts ( ! gra9 gradually gr[ h>d] t[>d ! outside1 ! h>d] "p & t conta9+ ! mo/ glut5 occurr+ next to ! bran cov]+4 #ac4 ,,mill+ ,,( ,,:eat ,,fl\r4--,great advances h be5 made 9 ! production ( fl\r f :eat1 & ^! are v good evid5ce ( man's progress 9 ! way ( inv5tion4 ,! e>lie/ me?od consi/$ 9 cru%+ ! gra9 by h& betwe5 two /ones1 & f ?is crude device came ! mort> & pe/le4 ,a little lat] mill/ones 9 ! =m ( ?ick1 heavy disks 7 br\ght into use = gr9d+ gra94 ,two ( ^! /ones 7 plac$ s t _! surfaces came toge!r1 ! l[] "o be+ /ation>y & ! upp] "o made to revolve4 ,e>ly gr9d+ app>atus ( ?is k9d 0 turn$ by human p[]1 b ?is k9d ( p[] 0 fir/ displac$ by dome/ic animals & lat] by w9d & wat]4 ,out ( ?is arrangem5t1 :i* is /ill us$ to "s ext5t 9 small mills1 has gr[n ! pres5t-day complicat$ ma*9]y ( ! roll] process1 by :i* any "p ( ! gra9 may be includ$ or reject$4 #ad4 ,9 ! roll] process1 ! gra9 is cru%$ betwe5 metal rolls in/ead ( be+ gr\nd betwe5 /ones4 ,x is fir/ scre5$ 9 ord] to sep>ate all =eign matt] f x1 & !n /or$ 9 b9s4 ,:5 x is tak5 f ^! receptacles1 x is put ?r\gh ano!r clean+ process1 call$ sc\r+1 or x is ?or\ghly wa%$ & dri$ 9 ord] to loos5 ! dirt t cl+s to x & to free x entirely f du/1 l9t1 etc4 ,z soon z x is completely cleans$1 x is s(t5$ by heat & moi/ure & !n pass$ ?r\gh a set ( corrugat$ roll]s1 :i* are adju/able z are ! rubb] roll]s ( a clo!s wr+] & :i* flatt5 & break ! gra9s4 ,aft] ?is fir/ cru%+1 "s ( ! bran is sift$ out1 :ile ! ma9 portion ( ! gra9 is put ?r\gh ano!r set ( roll]s & cru%$ m f9ely4 ,dur+ ! mill+1 ^! processes ( cru%+ ! gra9 & remov+ ! bran are repeat$ f six to n9e times1 ea* pair ( roll]s be+ set some:at clos] ?an ! pair be=e1 until ! gra9 is pulv]iz$4 ,aft] ! gra9 has be5 ?us r$uc$ to a p[d]1 x is pass$ ?r\gh bolt+ clo?1 :i* acts z a v f9e sieve & sep>ates f x any =eign mat]ial t may rema94 ,! result is a v f9e1 :ite fl\r4 #ae4 ,,graham ,,fl\r4--,sometimes ! entire gra91 includ+ ! bran1 g]m1 etc41 is gr\nd f9e en\gh m]ely = bak+ purposes & is us$ z fl\r 9 ?is =m4 ,su* fl\r is call$ graham fl\r4 ,x conta9s all ! nutrim5t1 m9]al matt]1 & cellulose ( ! orig9al gra91 & is !re=e consid]$ valuable z food4 ,h[ev]1 ! objection to ?is k9d ( fl\r is t its keep+ quality is n s good z t ( ! k9ds f :i* ! g]m has be5 remov$1 because ! fat conta9$ 9 ! g]m is liable to become rancid4 #af4 ,,:ole-,,:eat ,,fl\r4--,! be/ grades ( f9e :ite fl\r make bread ( excell5t quality1 b su* bread is n s nutriti\s z t made f :ole-:eat fl\r4 ,9 ! mak+ ( ?is k9d ( fl\r1 "s ( ! *oice/ v>ieties ( :eat are fir/ moi/5$ 9 ord] to s(t5 ! woody fib] ( ! bran & are !n sift$ until ! out] husk ( ! gra9 is remov$4 ,aft] ?is treatm5t1 ! gra9s are dri$ & !n pulv]iz$ into v>i\s grades ( s-call$ :ole-:eat fl\r4 ,! "n :ole-:eat fl\r is mislead+1 because x implies t all ( ! gra9 is us$2 :]eas1 s9ce sev]al ( ! out] lay]s ( bran & ! g]m are remov$ 9 its production1 :ole-:eat fl\r is m]ely fl\r 9 :i* practically all ! glut5 & ! />* are reta9$4 ,because ?is v>iety is n sift$ z are ! :ite fl\rs1 x is n s f9e z !y are2 b x is n s co>se z graham fl\r1 nor is bread made f x s d>k 9 color4 ,bo? graham & :ole-:eat fl\rs produce a m :olesome bread ?an any ( ! v>ieties ( :ite fl\r1 because !y conta9 m ( ! nutritive elem5ts & m9]al salts1 :i* are necess>y 9 ! diet4 ,! bran t is reta9$ 9 !m is n us$ by ! body z food1 b x adds bulk to ! diet & assi/s 9 c>ry+ on ! normal functions ( ! dige/ive tract4 #ag4 ,,selection ,,( ,,fl\r4--,if a l>ge quantity ( fl\r mu/ be b\ght at "o "t1 z1 = in/ance1 en\gh to la/ ?r\gh an entire season1 x is advisable to te/ x c>efully be=e ! pur*ase is made1 s z to avoid ! dang] ( gett+ a poor grade4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 h\sewives are oblig$ to pur*ase only a small quantity at a "t4 ,9 su* cases1 x w n be necess>y to te/ ! fl\r be=e pur*as+ x1 provid$ a /&>d make is select$4 ,v (t51 too1 a h\sewife 9 a small family f9ds x inconv5i5t to keep on h& a supply ( bo? bread fl\r & pa/ry fl\r4 ,9 su* an ev5t1 a bl5d fl\r1 :i*1 z has be5 m5tion$1 is a mixture ( fl\r made f spr+ & w9t] :eat t w d = all purposes1 is ! k9d to pur*ase4 ,:ile su* fl\r is n ideal = ei!r bread or pa/ry1 x s]ves ! purpose ( bo? v well4 #ah4 ,,quality ,,( ,,fl\r4--,fl\r is put on ! m>ket 9 v>i\s grades1 & is nam$ accord+ to its quality4 ,! highe/ grade1 or be/ quality1 is call$ high-grade pat5t2 ! next grade1 bak]s'2 & ! next1 second-grade pat5t4 ,! l[e/ grade1 or poore/ quality1 is call$ r$ dog4 ,?is grade is seldom sold = food purposes1 b x is us$ consid]ably = ! mak+ ( pa/e4 ,! quality ( fl\r us$ 9 bread mak+ is ( v great importance1 because fl\r ( poor quality w n1 ( c\rse1 make good bread4 ,e h\sewife %\ld !re=e be famili> ) ! *>act]i/ics ( good fl\r & %\ld buy accord+ly4 #ai4 ,sev]al te/s c be appli$ to fl\r to det]m9e its k9d & its quality4 ,! fir/ te/ is its color4 ,bread fl\r1 or fl\r made f spr+ :eat1 is usually ( a creamy-:ite color1 :ile pa/ry fl\r1 or t made f w9t] :eat1 is m ne>ly pure :ite 9 color4 ,a d>k1 *alky-:ite1 or gray color indicates t ! fl\r is poor 9 quality4 ,! second te/ is ! feel ( ! fl\r4 ,a p9* ( good bread fl\r1 :5 rubb$ lightly betwe5 ! ?umb & ! index f+]1 w be f\nd to be r co>se & ! p>ticles w feel %>p & gritty4 ,:5 good pa/ry fl\r is treat$ 9 ! same way1 x w feel smoo? & p[d]y4 ,! ?ird te/ is its adh]+ p[]4 ,:5 squeez$ tightly 9 ! h&1 good bread fl\r holds toge!r 9 a mass & reta9s slightly ! impression ( ! f+]s2 poor bread fl\r treat$ 9 ! same way ei!r does n reta9 its %ape or1 provid$ x conta9s too mu* moi/ure1 is liable to make a damp1 h>d lump4 ,! odor ( fl\r might also be consid]$ a te/4 ,fl\r mu/ n h a mu/y odor nor any o!r odor =eign to ! normal1 r nutty flavor t is *>act]i/ic ( fl\r4 ,! blea*+ & adult]ation ( fl\r are gov]n$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates laws4 ,blea*+ is p]mitt$ only :5 x does n r$uce ! quality or /r5g? nor conceal any damage or inf]iority4 ,su* fl\r mu/ be pla9ly label$ to %[ t x has be5 blea*$4 #bj4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,fl\r4--,!re is consid]able economy 9 buy+ fl\r 9 l>ge quantities1 b unless an adequate /or+ place c be secur$1 x is advisable to buy only small am\nts at a "t4 ,fl\r absorbs odors v readily1 s t :5 x is n b\ght 9 b>rels x %\ld if possible be pur*as$ 9 moi/ure-pro( bags4 ,!n1 aft] x is pur*as$1 x %\ld be kept :]e x w rema9 dry & w n be accessible to odors1 = unless ! /orage conditions are favorable1 x w soon acquire an (f5sive odor & become unfit = use4 ,fl\r sometimes becomes infe/$ ) weevils1 or beetles1 ^: pres5ce c be detect$ by little webs4 ,to prev5t ! entrance ( insects & v]m9 ( all k9ds1 fl\r %\ld be kept 9 tightly clos$ b9s aft] x is tak5 f ! b>rels or sacks 9 :i* x is pur*as$4 ,if newly pur*as$ fl\r is f\nd to be contam9at$ ) su* insects1 x %\ld be return$ to ! deal]4 ,,yea/ #ba4 ,,nature ,,& ,,action ,,( ,,yea/4--,h[ yea/ came to be discov]$ is n def9itely kn[n1 b its discov]y is believ$ to h be5 purely accid5tal4 ,"s mixture ( fl\r & liquid 0 probably all[$ to rema9 expos$ to ! air until x f]m5t$ & !n :5 bak$ 0 f\nd to be light & por\s4 ,:atev] ! orig9 ( ?is discov]y 01 x is c]ta9 t yea/ 0 us$ hundr$s ( ye>s ago & t its action 0 n at t "t und]/ood4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t "t ev]y?+ conc]n+ ! action ( yea/ is n kn[n2 /ill cont9u$ /udy & obs]vation h br\ght to light en\gh in=mation to %[ t yea/ is ! ag5cy t1 "u favorable conditions1 produces light1 spongy bread out ( a fl\r mixture4 #bb4 ,x has be5 det]m9$ t yea/ is a microscopic plant exi/+ ev]y:]e 9 ! air & 9 du/2 consequ5tly1 x is f\nd on all ?+s t are expos$ to air or du/4 ,9 ord] t x may gr[1 ?is plant requires ! ?ree ?+s necess>y = ! gr[? ( any plant1 namely1 food1 moi/ure1 & w>m?4 ,c>bohydrate 9 ! =m ( sug> proves to be an ideal food = yea/1 & #gj to #ij degrees ,fahr5heit is ! temp]ature at :i* ! mo/ rapid gr[? occurs4 ,:5 ^! conditions exi/ & a suffici5t am\nt ( moi/ure is provid$1 yea/ gr[s v rapidly & produces f]m5tation4 ,! *anges t take place :5 yea/ causes f]m5tation c be detect$ v readily by obs]v+ ! f]m5t+ ( fruit juice4 ,z e h\sewife kn[s1 ! fir/ indication ( a f]m5t 9 fruit juice is ! appe>ance ( t9y bubbles1 :i* collect on ! sides & ! bottom ( ! vessel conta9+ ! fruit & !n gradually rise to ! top4 ,^! bubbles are a =m ( gas call$ c>bon-dioxide1 or c>bonic-acid1 gas4 ,if1 aft] !y appe>1 ! juice is ta/$1 x w be f\nd to be slightly alcoholic & to h a some:at s\r or acid ta/e4 ,! gas1 ! acid1 & ! alcohol ?us produc$ are ! ?ree results ( ! action ( ! f]m5t4 #bc4 ,:5 yea/ is us$ 9 ! mak+ ( bread out ( :eat fl\r1 ! *anges j m5tion$ take place4 ,to und]/& ! action ( ?is plant1 x w be necess>y to rememb] t :eat conta9s a l>ge proportion ( />*4 ,?is sub/ance1 h[ev]1 _c be act$ on by ! yea/ plant2 x mu/ fir/ be *ang$ into sug>4 ,! yea/ t is add$ to ! fl\r *anges "s ( ! />* into sug> & trans=ms ! sug> into alcohol & c>bonic-acid gas4 ,?is gas1 :i* is light] ?an ! d\gh1 rises1 & 9 its ef=ts to escape exp&s ! ela/ic1 glut9\s d\gh into a mass ( bubbles ) ?9 walls until ! d\gh is two or ?ree times its orig9al bulk4 ,! yea/ plants1 ?\gh1 mu/ be well di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! d\gh2 o!rwise1 !re are likely to be no bubbles 9 "s places & l>ge bubbles ) ?ick walls 9 o!rs4 ,! gas ?us =m$ is prev5t$ f escap+ by ! t\ghness or ! ela/icity ( ! glut51 & ! spaces t x leaves are :at produce a light1 por\s loaf4 ,:5 ! expansion has gone on long en\gh1 ! =mation ( gas is *eck$ & ! f]m5t is kill$ by bak+ ! d\gh 9 a hot ov54 ,dur+ ! bak+1 ! alcohol is driv5 (f by heat1 "s ( ! />* is br[n$ & =ms ! cru/1 & s little acid is produc$ 9 ! %ort "t 9 :i* ! yea/ is active t x is n noticeable4 #bd4 ,comm]cial ,yea/4--,:5 yea/ plants are depriv$ ( wat] & food1 !y cease to multiply4 ,h[ev]1 "u ^! conditions1 !y may be kept alive s t :5 wat] & food are aga9 provid$ !y w increase 9 numb] & c>ry on _! "w4 ,advantage has be5 tak5 ( ^! *>act]i/ics ( yea/1 = al?\gh at "o "t ! mak+ ( yea/ 0 entirely a h\sehold process1 x has n[1 l butt]1 *eese1 cann$ fruit1 etc41 become a comm]cial product4 ,! fir/ yea/ put on ! m>ket 0 collect$ f ! surface ( ! cont5ts ( brew]s' vats1 :]e x float$ 9 l>ge quantities2 b z ?is 0 an impure1 unreliable product compos$ ( v>i\s k9ds ( bact]ia1 x is no long] us$ = ! purpose ( mak+ bread4 ,at pres5t1 yea/ is c>efully gr[n z a pure yea/ culture1 or product4 ,x is m>ket$ 9 su* a way t :5 prop] food1 su* z s(t d\gh1 or sponge1 & a favorable temp]ature are provid$1 ! plants w multiply & act on ! c>bohydrate t !y f9d 9 ! food4 ,9 fact1 ! purpose ( ! well-kn[n process ( sett+ a sponge is to obta9 a l>ge numb] ( yea/ plants f a few4 ,comm]cial yea/ is plac$ on ! m>ket 9 two =ms--moi/ & dry4 ,ea* ( ^! yea/s has its advantages1 s t ! "o to select dep5ds on ! me?od pref]r$ = ! mak+ ( bread z well z ! "t t may be devot$ to ! prep>ation ( ?is food4 #be4 ,moi/ yea/1 :i* is usually call$ compress$ yea/1 consi/s ( ! pure yea/ culture1 or gr[?1 mix$ ) />* to make a sort ( d\gh & !n compress$ into small cakes1 ! =m 9 :i* x is sold4 ,! moi/ condition ( ?is k9d ( comm]cial yea/ keeps ! plants 9 an active /ate & p]mits ( v rapid gr[? 9 a d\gh mixture4 ,consequ5tly1 x proves v useful = ! rapid me?ods ( mak+ bread4 ,x is s(t1 yet brittle1 is ( a grayi%-:ite color1 & has no odor except t ( yea/4 ,s9ce ! plants ( compress$ yea/ require v little moi/ure to make !m gr[1 an unfavorable1 or l[1 temp]ature is ne$$ to keep ! yea/ f spoil+2 9 fact1 x is n gu>ante$ to rema9 good long] ?an a few days1 & !n only if x is kept at a temp]ature l[ en\gh to prev5t ! plants f gr[+4 ,?is fact makes x inadvisable to pur*ase compress$ yea/ at great di/ances f ! s\rce ( supply1 al?\gh x may be obta9$ by p>cel po/ f manufactur]s or deal]s4 #bf4 ,dry yea/1 ! o!r =m ( comm]cial yea/1 is made 9 mu* ! same way z moi/ yea/1 b1 in/ead ( be+ mix$ ) a small am\nt ( />*1 ! yea/ culture is comb9$ ) a l>ge quantity ( />* or meal & !n dri$4 ,! process ( dry+ kills (f "s ( ! plants & r5d]s ! rema9d] inactive2 because ( ?is1 ! yea/ requires no special c>e & w keep = an indef9ite p]iod ( "t1 facts t acc\nt = its ext5sive use by h\sewives :o are n )9 easy rea* ( ! m>kets4 ,h[ev]1 because ( ! inactivity ( ! yea/ plants1 mu* long] "t is requir$ to produce f]m5tation 9 a bread mixture conta9+ dry yea/ ?an 9 "o 9 :i* moi/ yea/ is us$4 ,consequ5tly1 ! long processes ( bread mak+ are br\ght ab\t by ! use ( dry yea/4 ,if moi/ yea/ is us$ = ^! processes1 a small] quantity is requir$4 #bg4 ,liquid ,yea/4--,"s h\sewives are s situat$ t !y f9d x difficult to obta9 comm]cial yea/ 9 ei!r ( its =ms2 b ?is disadvantage ne$ n deprive !m ( ! means ( mak+ good home-made bread1 = !y c prep>e a v satisfactory liquid yea/ !mselves4 ,to make su* yea/1 fl\r1 wat]1 & a small quantity ( sug> are /irr$ toge!r1 & ! mixture is !n all[$ to rema9 at ord9>y room temp]ature1 or #gj degrees ,fahr5heit1 until x is fill$ ) bubbles4 ,if hops are available1 a few ( !m may be add$4 ,:5 su* yea/ is add$ to a sponge mixture1 x w light5 ! :ole am\nt4 ,be=e ! sponge is made /iff ) fl\r1 h[ev]1 a little ( x %\ld be tak5 out1 put 9 a cov]$ di%1 & set away 9 a cool1 d>k place = ! next bak+4 ,if prop]ly look$ aft] 9 ! mann] expla9$1 ?is yea/ may be kept = ab\t #b weeks4 ,m c]ta9 results & a bett] flavor are insur$ 9 ! use ( liquid yea/ if x is />t$ ) comm]cial yea/1 s t :5ev] ?is c be obta9$ x %\ld be us$4 ,!n1 z j expla9$1 "s ( ! liquid conta9+ ! yea/ or "s ( ! sponge made ) x may be reta9$ = ! next bak+4 #bh4 ,quality ( ,yea/4--,( equal importance ) ! quality ( fl\r is ! quality ( yea/ us$ 9 ! bak+ ( bread4 ,yea/ is1 ( c\rse1 acc\ntable = ! lightness or spong9ess ( bread1 b1 9 addition1 x improves ! flavor ( ! bread if x is ( good quality or detracts f ! flavor if x is ( poor quality4 ,s9ce ! condition ( yea/ _c be det]m9$ until its effect on ! f9i%$ product is not$1 ! h\sewife %\ld take no *ances1 b %\ld employ only yea/1 :e!r %e uses comm]cial or liquid1 t %e kn[s to be good & reliable4 ,compress$ yea/ may be easily judg$ z to quality4 ,x %\ld be grayi% :ite 9 color1 )\t /reaks or spots1 & x %\ld h no s\r nor disagreeable odor4 ,if home-made yea/ is us$ & ! results obta9$ are n satisfactory1 x may be tak5 = grant$ t a fre% supply %\ld be prep>$4 ,,yea/ ,,aids #bi4 ,z has already be5 expla9$1 yea/1 9 ord] to gr[1 requires some?+ on :i* to fe$1 & ! food t produces ! mo/ rapid gr[? is t :i* conta9s c>bohydrate4 ,c]ta9 ( ! c>bohydrates1 h[ev]1 prove to be bett] food & produce m rapid gr[? ?an o!rs1 & ^!1 :i* are kn[n z yea/ aids1 are usually add$ z +r$i5ts 9 ! mak+ ( bread4 ,! ones t are mo/ commonly us$ are sug> & potato wat]4 ,sug> is almo/ always add$1 b x %\ld be limit$ 9 quantity1 because a d\gh mixture t is made heavy ) sug> w rise v sl[ly4 ,potato wat] has be5 f\nd to be a v satisfactory aid1 because ! />* ( ! potato is utiliz$ readily by ! yea/4 ,if ?is aid is to be us$1 ! wat] 9 :i* potatoes are boil$ may be sav$ &1 :5 ! +r$i5ts requir$ = ! mak+ ( bread are mix$1 x may be add$ z a "p or all ( ! liquid requir$4 ,if x is desir$ to increase ! am\nt ( />* 9 ! potato wat]1 a boil$ potato or two may be ma%$ & add$ to x4 ,,milk ,,& ,,fat ,,9 ,,bread #cj4 ,milk is sometimes us$ z a "p or z all ( ! liquid 9 bread4 ,:ile x adds nutritive value & is ?\ght by _m p]sons to improve ! texture1 x is n absolutely ess5tial to successful bread mak+4 ,:5ev] milk is us$1 x %\ld fir/ be scald$ ?or\ghly4 ,a po9t t %\ld n be ov]look$ 9 connection ) ! use ( milk is t ! cru/ ( milk bread br[ns m readily & has a m uni=m color ?an t ( bread 9 :i* wat] is us$ z liquid4 #ca4 ,l milk1 fat adds nutritive value to bread1 b x is n an ess5tial +r$i5t4 ,if x is includ$1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to use too mu*1 = an excessive am\nt w ret>d ! gr[? ( ! yea/4 ,almo/ any k9d ( fat1 su* z butt]1 l>d or o!r cle> ta/eless fats1 or any mixture ( ^!1 may be us$ = ?is purpose1 provid$ x does n imp>t an unpleasant flavor to ! bread4 ,,proportion ,,( ,,bread-,,mak+ ,,mat]ials #cb4 ,no def9ite rule c be giv5 = ! exact proportion ( liquid & fl\r to be us$ 9 bread mak+1 because "s k9ds ( fl\r absorb mu* m liquid ?an o!rs4 ,x has be5 det]m9$1 h[ev]1 t #c cupfuls ( fl\r is g5]ally ne$$ = ea* small loaf ( bread4 ,) ?is kn[n1 ! quantity ( fl\r c be det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( bread t is to be made4 ,! quantity ( liquid requir$ dep5ds on ! quantity & k9d ( fl\r select$1 b usually !re %\ld be ab\t "o-?ird z mu* liquid z fl\r4 ,! p>ticul> me?od t is select$ = ! mak+ ( bread1 z is expla9$ lat]1 det]m9es ! am\nt ( yea/ to be us$4 ,if x is desir$ n to h ! bread rise quickly1 a small quantity1 ab\t "o eigh? cake ( compress$ yea/ or #b tablespoonfuls ( liquid yea/1 is suffici5t = ea* loaf2 b if rapid ris+ is want$1 two1 ?ree1 or f\r times z mu* yea/ mu/ be us$ to produce a suffici5t am\nt ( c>bon dioxide 9 less "t4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! m yea/ us$1 ! m quickly w ! necess>y gas be creat$1 & t1 z has already be5 %[n1 x is ! =mation ( gas t makes bread light & por\s4 ,9 addition to fl\r1 liquid1 & yea/1 #a teaspoonful ( salt1 #a tablespoonful ( sug>1 & #a tablespoonful ( fat are ! +r$i5ts g5]ally us$ = ea* loaf ( bread4 ,,ut5sils ,,= ,,bread ,,mak+ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 #cc4 ,necess>y ,equipm5t4--,n _m ut5sils are requir$ = bread mak+1 b ! ones t are ne$$ mu/ be ( ! "r k9d if ! be/ results are to be obta9$4 ,! necess>y equipm5t is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,x includes a mix+ b[l & cov] a2 a fl\r sieve b2 measur+ cups c ( /&>d size1 "o = moi/ & "o = dry +r$i5ts1 measur+ spoons d1 & a case knife or a spatula e = measur+2 a long-h&l$ spoon f = mix+2 & bak+1 or bread1 pans g4 ,unless ! table is su* t x c be us$ z a mold+ bo>d1 x w be necess>y to provide 9 addition to ! equipm5t m5tion$1 a mold+ bo>d ( suitable size4 ,! mix+ b[l may be an e>!n "o or a metal "o l t %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! size ( ! pans us$ & ! mat]ial ( :i* ! pans are made %\ld also receive att5tion4 ,! loaves w be f\nd to bake m quickly & ?or\ghly if !y are n made too l>ge & ea* "o is bak$ 9 a sep>ate pan4 ,pans t are #h in*es long1 #c #a_/b in*es wide1 & #c in*es deep are ( a conv5i5t size4 ,!y may be made ( t91 %eet iron1 alum9um1 or heat-resi/+ glass1 ! only requirem5ts be+ t all ! pans us$ at "o bak+ be ( ! same mat]ial1 because1 z heat p5etrates "s mat]ials m quickly ?an o!rs1 ! bak+ w !n be m uni=m4 #cd4 ,conv5i5t ,equipm5t4--,:ile ! ut5sils %[n 9 ,fig4 #b are all t are actually requir$ 9 ! mak+ ( bread1 a bread mix]1 "o /yle ( :i* is describ$ 9 ,ess5tials ( ,cook]y1 ,"p #b1 w be f\nd extremely conv5i5t by ! h\sewife :o mu/ bake l>ge quantities ( bread at "o "t & :o has n a great deal ( "t to devote to ! "w4 ,?is labor-sav+ device c be us$ &1 ( c\rse1 (t5 is us$ by ! h\sewife :o makes only a small quantity ( bread1 z1 = in/ance1 two to f\r loaves2 b x is n actually ne$$ by h]1 z %e c h&le su* an am\nt easily & quickly4 ,a cool]1 :i* consi/s ( a framework cov]$ ) wire nett+ & support$ by %ort legs1 is also a conv5i5t ut5sil1 z x s]ves z a good place on :i* to put bak$ bread to cool4 ,if "o ( ^! devices is n available1 h[ev]1 a sub/itute c be easily made by /ret*+ a wire nett+ ov] a wood5 frame4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bread-,,mak+ ,,processes ,,acquir+ ,,skill ,,9 ,,bread ,,mak+ #ce4 ,! nature & ! quality ( ! +r$i5ts requir$ to make bread1 z well z ! ut5sils t are ne$$ = ?is purpose1 be+ und]/ood1 x is next 9 ord] to take up ! actual "w ( mak+ bread4 ,sev]al processes are includ$ 9 ?is "w2 namely1 mak+ ! d\gh1 c>+ = ! ris+ d\gh1 knead+ ! d\gh1 %ap+ ! d\gh into loaves1 bak+ ! loaves1 & c>+ = ! bread aft] x is bak$4 ,:5 ! f9i%$ product is obta9$1 ! loaves are ready to be scor$ & s]v$4 ,a k ( h[ to c>ry out ^! processes is ( ! utmo/ importance1 = mu* ( ! success a*iev$ 9 bread mak+ dep5ds on ! prop] h&l+ ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,( c\rse1 skill 9 manipulation is acquir$ only by con/ant practice1 s t ! m opportunity ! h\sewife has to apply h] k ( ! processes1 ! m pr(ici5t w %e become 9 ?is phase ( cook]y4 ,ea* "o ( ! processes m5tion$ is "h discuss$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* x comes 9 ! actual "w ( bread mak+1 & :ile ! prop] consid]ation %\ld be giv5 to e "o ( !m1 x w be well1 be=e ent]+ into !m1 to obs]ve ! qualities t *>act]ize good :eat bread4 #cf4 ,good :eat bread may be describ$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b1 z has be5 le>n$ by exp]i5ce & z is po9t$ out by ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t au?orities1 probably ! be/ way 9 :i* to ?9k ( x1 s f> z its /ructure is conc]n$1 is z a mass ( t9y bubbles made ( fl\r & wat]1 hav+ v ?9 walls & fix$ 9 %ape by means ( heat4 ,! size ( ! cells & ! nature ( ! bubble walls are po9ts t %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,ea* loaf %\ld be light 9 weight1 consid]+ its size1 %\ld be regul> 9 =m1 & %\ld h an unbrok51 gold5-br[n cru/4 ,! top cru/ %\ld be smoo? & %\ld h a lu/]1 :i* is usually spok5 ( z ! bloom ( ! cru/4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ! loaf %\ld h a c]ta9 spong9ess1 :i* is kn[n z its ela/icity1 & :i* is evid5c$ by ! way 9 :i* ! loaf acts :5 x is press$ slightly out ( %ape4 ,z soon z ! pressure is remov$1 ! loaf %\ld resume its orig9al %ape4 ,?is te/ %\ld produce ! same results :5 x is appli$ to small pieces ( ! cru/ & to ! cut surface ( ! loaf4 ,! int]nal appe>ance mu/ also receive consid]ation4 ,to be "r1 :eat bread %\ld be creamy :ite 9 color & %\ld h a def9ite %e51 :i* c be/ be se5 by look+ across a slice1 r ?an directly d[n into x4 ,z already expla9$1 ! holes 9 x %\ld be small & ev5ly di/ribut$ & _! walls %\ld be v ?94 ,^! po9ts c be readily det]m9$ by hold+ a v ?9 slice up to ! light4 ,! flavor ( bread is also a v important factor1 b x is some:at difficult to describe j ! exact flavor t bread %\ld h 9 ord] to be consid]$ good4 ,probably ! be/ way 9 :i* to expla9 ?is is to say t its flavor %\ld be t :i* is br\ght ab\t by treat+ ! :eat ) salt4 ,:ile su* a flavor may n be kn[n to all1 x is famili> to ^? :o h ta/$ ! :eat k]nel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mak+ ,,! ,,d\gh ,,prelim9>y ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,+r$i5ts #cg4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 bread mak+1 & )\t d\bt ! mo/ important "o1 is ! mak+ ( ! d\gh4 ,x consi/s 9 moi/5+ ! fl\r by means ( a liquid ( "s k9d 9 ord] to s(t5 ! glut5 & ! />*1 to dissolve ! sug>1 & to cem5t all ! p>ticles toge!r1 & !n comb9+ ^! +r$i5ts4 ,be=e ! +r$i5ts are comb9$1 h[ev]1 p>ticul>ly ! fl\r1 ! liquid1 & ! yea/1 !y mu/ g5]ally be w>m$ 9 ord] to %ort5 ! l5g? ( "t necess>y = ! yea/ to />t gr[+4 ,mu* c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 heat+ ^! mat]ials1 = good results w n be obta9$ unless !y are br\ght to ! prop] temp]ature4 ,! fl\r %\ld feel w>m & ! liquid1 :e!r x be wat] or milk1 %\ld1 :5 x is add$1 be ( su* a temp]ature t x also w feel w>m to ! f+]s4 ,if wat] is us$1 x ought to be j z pure z possible1 b if milk is pref]r$ x %\ld be us$ only aft] x has be5 scald$4 ,! yea/ %\ld be dissolv$ 9 a small quantity ( lukew>m wat]4 ,hot wat] us$ = ?is purpose is liable to kill ! yea/ & prev5t ! bread f ris+1 :]eas cold wat] w ret>d ! gr[? ( ! yea/4 ,,comb9+ ,,! ,,+r$i5ts #ch4 ,z soon z ! bread +r$i5ts h receiv$ ! prop] treatm5t1 !y are ready to be comb9$4 ,comb9+ may be done by two diff]5t me?ods1 "o ( :i* is kn[n z ! %ort process & ! o!r z ! long process4 ,z _! names indicate1 ^! me?ods are *>act]iz$ by ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = ! bread to rise4 ,ea* me?od has its advantages1 & ! "o to select dep5ds on ! am\nt ( "t & en]gy ! h\sewife c af=d to give to ?is "p ( h] "w4 ,p]sons :o use ! long process believe t bread made by x ta/es bett] & keeps long] ?an t made by ! %ort process2 :]eas1 ^? :o favor ! %ort process f9d t x saves "t & labor & are conv9c$ t ! quality ( ! bread is n impair$4 ,! m rapid me?ods ( mak+ breads are possible only :5 yea/ 9 ! active /ate is us$ & :5 m ( x ?an w\ld be necess>y 9 ! long process1 9 :i* "t mu/ be all[$ = its gr[?1 is employ$4 ,h[ev]1 reg>dless ( ! me?od foll[$1 all bread mixtures mu/ be begun 9 ! same mann]4 ,! liquids1 season+s1 & fat are comb9$1 & to ^! is add$ ! fl\r1 :i* %\ld be sift$ 91 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 #ci4 ,long ,process4--,by ! long process1 !re are two ways ( comb9+ ! +r$i5ts 9 ord] to make bread4 ,"o is kn[n z ! sponge me?od & ! o!r z ! /raight-d\gh me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c #dj4 ,! long-process sponge me?od is employ$ :5 suffici5t "t c be all[$ to p]mit ! natural gr[? ( ! yea/4 ,to make bread accord+ to ?is process1 />t x 9 ! ev5+ by w>m+ ! liquid & dissolv+ ! yea/ & !n add+ ^! +r$i5ts to ! sug>1 salt1 & fat1 :i* %\ld fir/ be plac$ 9 ! mix+ b[l4 ,/ir ?is mixture well1 & !n add "o-half ( ! quantity ( fl\r t is to be us$1 /irr+ ?is also4 ,place ?is mixture1 or sponge1 z su* a mixture is call$1 :]e x w rema9 w>m1 or at a temp]ature ( f #fe to #gj degrees ,fahr5heit1 ?r\gh ! night4 ,9 ! morn+1 /ir ! rema9+ fl\r into ! sponge & knead = a few m9utes ! d\gh ?us =m$4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$1 put ! d\gh 9 a w>m place & all[ x to rise until x d\bles 9 bulk4 ,:5 ! d\gh is 9 ?is condition1 x is ready to be knead$ aga91 aft] :i* x may be %ap$ into loaves1 plac$ 9 ! pans1 all[$ to d\ble 9 bulk aga91 & f9ally bak$4 #da4 ,! long-process /raight-d\gh me?od is a %ort5$ =m ( ! me?od j expla9$4 ,x does away ) ! necessity ( "o knead+ & "o ris+ & consequ5tly saves consid]able "t & labor4 ,to make bread by ?is me?od1 comb9e ! +r$i5ts 9 ! ev5+ z = ! sponge me?od1 b in/ead ( add+ only half ( ! fl\r1 put all ( x into ! mixture1 make a /iff d\gh at once1 & knead4 ,!n all[ ?is to rise dur+ ! night1 s t 9 ! morn+ x c be knead$ aga9 & put directly into ! bread pans4 ,aft] x rises 9 ! pans until x d\bles 9 bulk1 x is ready to be bak$4 ,! only disadvantage ( ! /raight-d\gh me?od is t a /iff d\gh rises m sl[ly ?an a sponge1 b s9ce ! entire night is giv5 to ! ris+ no difficulty w be exp]i5c$ 9 c>ry+ out ?is process4 ,a po9t to rememb]1 h[ev]1 is t d\gh made accord+ to ?is me?od mu/ be kept w>m] ?an t made by ! sponge me?od4 #db4 ,quick ,process4--,9 ! quick process ( comb9+ bread +r$i5ts1 !re are also two me?ods ( proc$ure--! sponge me?od & ! /raight-d\gh me?od4 ,! *ief diff]5ces betwe5 ! me?ods ( ?is process & ^? ( ! long process are 9 ! quantity ( yea/ us$ & ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = ! bread to rise4 ,m yea/ mu/ be us$ & mu* less "t is requir$ = ! completion ( ! entire process4 ,?is %ort] p]iod ( "t is d\btless due to ! fact t ?r\gh\t ! process1 :e!r ! /raight-d\gh or ! sponge me?od is foll[$1 ! mixture mu/ be kept at a uni=m temp]ature ( ab\t #ij degrees ,fahr5heit4 #dc4 ,! quick-process sponge me?od requires only ab\t #e h\rs = its completion1 & ! bread may be />t$ at any "t ( ! day t w all[ ?is am\nt ( "t = c>ry+ on ! "w4 ,= ?is me?od1 w>m ! +r$i5ts & !n comb9e ! sug>1 salt1 fat1 liquid1 & dissolv$ yea/4 ,into ?is mixture1 /ir en\gh ( ! fl\r to make a sponge & put x :]e x w keep uni=mly w>m until x has ab\t d\bl$ 9 quantity & is full ( bubbles4 ,!n add ! rema9d] ( ! fl\r1 knead ! mixture1 & return ! d\gh ?us =m$ to a w>m place4 ,:5 ! d\gh has d\bl$ 9 bulk1 remove x f ! b[l to ! knead+ bo>d1 knead x slightly1 & !n %ape x into loaves4 ,place ^! into ! pans1 & aft] all[+ !m to rise suffici5tly1 bake !m4 #dd4 ,! quick-process /raight-d\gh me?od diff]s f ! quick-process sponge me?od 9 t ! entire am\nt ( fl\r is add$ :5 ! +r$i5ts are fir/ mix$1 ) ! result t a /iff d\gh in/ead ( a sponge is =m$4 ,z has already be5 le>n$1 ?is /iff d\gh rises m sl[ly ?an a sponge1 b x requires "o ris+ less4 ,x mu/ be kept at a uni=m temp]ature z mu* ( ! "t z possible1 s t ! ris+ w n be ret>d$4 ,:5 x has d\bl$ 9 bulk1 remove x f ! b[l & knead x4 ,!n %ape x into loaves1 place ^! 9 ! pans1 all[ !m to rise suffici5tly1 & proce$ ) ! bak+4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,ris+ ,,d\gh #de4 ,purpose ( ,ris+4--,ris+ is an important "p ( ! process ( bread mak+1 no matt] :i* me?od is employ$4 ,9 a sponge1 its purpose is to bl5d ! +r$i5ts aft] !y h be5 mix$1 z well z to p]mit ! gr[? ( ! yea/2 9 a d\gh1 aft] ! gas has be5 ev5ly di/ribut$ by means ( knead+1 ! purpose ( ris+ is to p]mit ! incorporation ( a suffici5t quantity ( c>bon dioxide to make ! bread light :5 x is bak$4 ,z has j be5 expla9$1 ?ree ris+s are necess>y 9 ! sponge me?od ( bo? ! long & ! %ort process1 :]eas only two are requir$ 9 ! /raight-d\gh me?ods4 ,! la/ ris+1 or ! "o t takes place aft] ! d\gh is %ap$ into loaves1 is ! "o t affects ! texture ( ! bread mo/1 s t x %\ld receive consid]able att5tion4 ,if ! d\gh is n all[$ to rise suffici5tly at ?is "t1 ! bread w be too f9e 9 texture & w likely be heavy2 & if x is p]mitt$ to rise too mu*1 x w be co>se 9 texture4 ,all[ance1 h[ev]1 %\ld be made = ! fact t ! ris+ w cont9ue aft] ! bread has be5 plac$ 9 ! ov54 #df4 ,temp]ature = ,ris+4--,z has be5 m5tion$1 ! be/ results are obta9$ if ! bread d\gh is kept at a uni=m temp]ature ?r\gh\t its ris+4 ,! temp]ature at :i* x rises mo/ rapidly is ab\t #hf degrees ,fahr5heit2 b1 unless x c be wat*$ closely1 a bett] plan is to keep x1 especially if ! long process ( bread mak+ is foll[$1 at a temp]ature t runs no high] ?an #hj degrees4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( ma9ta9+ a uni=m temp]ature h be5 devis$1 b ! ones usually resort$ to consi/ 9 plac+ ! b[l conta9+ ! sponge or ! d\gh 9 a bread rais]1 a fireless cook]1 or a vessel ( hot wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d #dg4 ,bread rais]s c be pur*as$1 b if desir$ a simple bread-rais+ device may be con/ruct$ f a good-siz$ wood5 box4 ,to make su* a device1 l9e ! box ) t9 or simil> metal & fit x ) a door or a cov] t may be clos$ tight4 ,make a hole 9 "o side ( ! box into :i* to ins]t a !rmomet]1 &1 at ab\t ! c5t] ( ! box1 place a %elf on :i* to set ! b[l or pan conta9+ ! sponge or d\gh4 ,= heat+ ! int]ior1 use may be made ( a s+le gas burn]1 an oil lamp1 or any o!r small heat+ device4 ,?is %\ld be plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! box1 "u ! %elf1 & ov] x %\ld be plac$ a pan ( wat] to keep ! air 9 ! box moi/1 moi/ air be+ ess5tial to good results4 ,:]e l>ge quantities ( bread mu/ be bak$ regul>ly1 su* a device w prove v satisfactory4 ,! temp]ature inside %\ld be kept some:]e 9 ! neighborhood ( #ie to #aje degrees ,fahr5heit if ! bread is to rise rapidly2 b x may be kept f #hj to #ie degrees if sl[] ris+ is desir$4 #dh4 ,plac+ ! b[l conta9+ ! d\gh mixture 9 a l>g] vessel ( hot wat] is a simple & satisfactory way ( obta9+ a uni=m temp]ature1 be+ especially desirable = a sponge 9 ! quick-process sponge me?od4 ,! wat] 9 ! l>ge vessel %\ld be at a temp]ature ( ab\t #aaj to #aae degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,aft] ! b[l ( sponge or d\gh is plac$ 9 ! wat]1 ! l>ge vessel %\ld be cov]$ v c>efully1 s t ! heat f ! wat] w be reta9$4 ,to ma9ta9 ! temp]ature 9 ! vessel & ?us keep x "r = ! bread mixture1 ! hot wat] has to be repl5i%$ occasionally4 ,if ?is is done1 ! sponge or d\gh w be ma9ta9$ at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ij degrees & w !re=e rise rapidly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e #di4 ,to insure ! be/ results ) ! ris+ ( bread mixtures1 x is advisable1 = ! beg9n] at lea/1 to use a !rmomet] = det]m9+ ! temp]ature ( air or wat]1 z ?is in/rum5t w save consid]able "t until exp]i5ce 9 judg+ su* matt]s has be5 ga9$4 ,a ,fahr5heit !rmomet] l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #d is ! ideal k9d = use 9 bread mak+4 ,z an aid 9 ?is process1 !re are indicat$ 9 ?is illu/ration ! temp]ature at :i* d\gh %\ld be kept = ris+ & ! temp]ature at :i* wat] %\ld be kept outside ! b[l to ma9ta9 a temp]ature ( #ge to #ij degrees 9 ! d\gh :5 ! plan m5tion$ 9 ,art4 #dh = keep+ d\gh at a uni=m temp]ature is foll[$4 ,9 addition1 ! ov5 temp]atures = bak+ bread & rolls1 :i* are expla9$ lat]1 are also %[n4 ,! temp]ature ( wat] c1 h[ev]1 be det]m9$ fairly accurately ) ! h&s4 ,if x feels v w>m b does n burn ! h&1 x may be consid]$ at ab\t a temp]ature ( #aaj to #aae degrees4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! =mation ( a h>d surface on ! d\gh1 ! b[l 9 :i* x rises %\ld be kept tightly cov]$4 ,a fur!r means ( prev5t+ ?is condition consi/s 9 oil+ ! surface ( ! d\gh2 t is1 bru%+ x lightly ) melt$ fat4 ,9 case a cru/ does =m1 x %\ld be well moi/5$ ) wat] or milk & all[$ to s(t5 completely be=e ! next knead+ is begun4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f #ej4 ,"t ,requir$ = ,ris+4--,no def9ite rule c be giv5 = ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = d\gh to rise1 = ?is dep5ds entirely on ! activity ( ! yea/4 ,if ! yea/ is active1 ! d\gh w rise quickly2 b if x is n ( good quality or if x has be5 kill$ or ret>d$ 9 its gr[? by improp] h&l+1 ! d\gh w rise sl[ly4 ,usually1 d\gh %\ld be all[$ to rise until x has d\bl$ 9 bulk4 ,a good way 9 :i* to det]m9e :5 ?is takes place is to put a small piece ( ! d\gh 9 a glass1 su* z a measur+ glass1 a tumbl]1 or a jelly glass1 & m>k on ?is glass :]e ! d\gh %\ld come :5 x has increas$ to twice its size4 ,?is glass set beside ! vessel conta9+ ! d\gh w %[ :5 x has ris5 suffici5tly4 ,?is plan is illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #e & #f4 ,fig4 #e %[s a glass half fill$ ) d\gh & a b[l ( bread d\gh ready to be plac$ :]e !y w keep w>m = ! fir/ ris+2 & ,fig4 #f %[s ! same d\gh aft] x has d\bl$ 9 bulk1 z is evid5t f ! fact t ! glass is entirely full4 ,,knead+ ,,! ,,d\gh ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g #ea4 ,purpose ( ,knead+4--,z has be5 po9t$ out1 x is necess>y to knead d\gh "o or m times 9 ! mak+ ( bread1 ! numb] ( knead+s dep5d+ on ! me?od t is employ$4 ,! purpose ( knead+ is to "w ! d\gh s z to di/ribute ev5ly ! gas t is produc$ by ! yea/1 to increase ! ela/icity ( ! glut51 & to bl5d ! +r$i5ts4 ,x is a v important "p ( ! "w ( bread mak+1 = to a great ext5t x is responsible = ! texture ( ! f9i%$ product4 ,at fir/1 knead+ may be f\nd to be some:at difficult1 b ! beg9n] ne$ n become disc\rag$ if %e is n pr(ici5t at once1 because ! skill t is necess>y to knead ! bread successfully comes ) practice4 ,s t ! be/ results may be atta9$1 h[ev]1 x is advisable t ! purpose = :i* ! knead+ is done be kept con/antly be=e ! m9d dur+ ! process4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i #eb4 ,knead+ ,motions4--,sev]al motions are involv$ 9 ! knead+ ( bread1 & ^! are illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #g to #aj4 ,9 ord] to c>ry out ! knead+ process1 fir/ cov] lightly ) fl\r ! surface on :i* ! knead+ is to be done2 ?is may be a suitable table top or a mold+ bo>d plac$ on a table4 ,!n remove ! d\gh f ! mix+ b[l ) ! aid ( a case knife or a spatula1 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 & place x on ! fl\r$ surface4 ,sift a little fl\r ov] ! d\gh1 s t x appe>s z 9 ,fig4 #g1 & flatt5 x slightly by patt+ x g5tly4 ,next1 ) ! f+]s plac$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h1 take hold ( ! edge ( ! mass at ! side f>!/ f y & fold ! d\gh ov] ! edge ne>e/ y1 z ,fig4 #i illu/rates4 ,!n "w ! d\gh ) a d[nw>d pressure &1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #aj1 pu% x out ) ! palms ( ! h&s4 ,) ! motion complet$1 turn ! entire mass ar\nd & knead x 9 ! same way 9 ano!r direction4 ,cont9ue ! knead+ by repeat+ ^! motions until ! d\gh has a smoo? appe>ance1 is ela/ic1 does n /ick to ei!r ! h&s or ! bo>d1 & rises quickly :5 x is press$ d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj ,to prev5t ! d\gh f /ick+ to ! h&s & ! bo>d1 fl\r %\ld be add$ gradually dur+ ! process ( knead+1 b c>e %\ld be tak5 n to use too mu* fl\r = ?is purpose4 ,! lightness & spong9ess ( ! f9i%$ loaf dep5d l>gely on ! quantity ( fl\r us$ at ?is "t1 s t if ! d\gh is made too /iff ) fl\r1 ! bread w be h>d & close aft] x is bak$4 ,z soon z ! d\gh c be knead$ )\t its /ick+ to ei!r ! h&s or ! bo>d1 no m fl\r ne$ be add$2 b1 9 case too mu* fl\r is us$1 ! d\gh may be s(t5$ by means ( milk or wat]4 ,su* d\gh1 h[ev]1 is n s satisfactory z t :i* does n h to be s(t5$4 ,,%ap+ ,,! ,,d\gh ,,into ,,loaves #ec4 ,aft] ! d\gh is prop]ly knead$ 9 ! mann] j expla9$1 x is plac$ 9 ! mix+ b[l & all[$ to rise aga94 ,:5 x has ris5 suffici5tly = ! la/ "t1 dep5d+ on ! process employ$1 x %\ld be knead$ aga91 if x mu/ be r$uc$ 9 size1 & !n %ap$ into loaves & put 9 ! pans4 ,"h1 aga91 mu* c>e %\ld be ex]cis$1 = ! way 9 :i* bread is prep>$ = ! pans has mu* to d ) ! %ape ( ! loaf aft] x is bak$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa #ed4 ,9 ord] to %ape ! d\gh into loaves1 fir/ loos5 x f ! sides ( ! mix+ b[l1 us+ a knife or a spatula = ?is purpose1 & !n turn x out on a flat surface on :i* fl\r has be5 spr9kl$1 z 9 prep>+ = knead+4 ,knead ! d\gh a little1 & !n cut x into pieces t w be ! correct size = ! pans 9 :i* ! loaves are to be bak$1 z %[n at ! "r 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,du/ ea* piece ) a small quantity ( fl\r & knead x until ! l>ge bubbles ( gas x conta9s are work$ out & x is smoo? & r\nd4 ,9 work+ x1 /ret* ! "u side1 :i* is to be ! top ( ! loaf1 & =m x into a roll t is z long & half z high z ! pan & z ?ick at ea* end z 9 ! c5t]4 ,a good idea ( ! size & %ape c be =m$ f ! loaf held 9 ! h&s 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab #ee4 ,z ea* loaf is =m$1 place x 9 ! pan 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab & all[ x to rise until ! d\gh comes to ! top ( ! pan1 or has d\bl$ 9 bulk4 ,s t ! loaf w be symmetrical aft] x has ris5--t is1 z high at ea* end z 9 ! middle--! %ap$ d\gh mu/ fit well into ! corn]s & ends ( ! pan4 ,at a1 ,fig4 #ac1 is %[n h[ d\gh plac$ 9 ! pan = ris+ %\ld appe>1 & at b is illu/rat$ h[ ! d\gh %\ld look aft] x has ris5 suffici5tly to p]mit x to be plac$ 9 ! ov5 = bak+4 ,to produce ! result illu/rat$ at b1 ! d\gh mu/ be kept 9 a w>m temp]ature1 & to exclude ! air & prev5t ! =mation ( a h>d cru/ on ! d\gh1 x mu/ be cov]$ well ) bo? a clo? & a metal cov]4 ,ano!r way 9 :i* to prev5t ! =mation ( a h>d cru/ consi/s 9 greas+ ! surface ( ! d\gh :5 x is plac$ 9 ! pan1 z at a1 = ris+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac ,,bak+ ,,! ,,bread #ef4 ,,purpose ,,( ,,bak+4--,! v>i\s processes 9 ! mak+ ( bread t h be5 consid]$ up to ?is po9t may be successfully c>ri$ out1 b unless ! bak+1 :i* is ! la/ /ep1 is prop]ly done1 ! bread is likely to be unpalatable & indige/ible4 ,mu* att5tion %\ld !re=e be giv5 to ?is "p ( ! "w4 ,s t ! be/ results may be obta9$1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t bread is bak$ = ! purpose ( kill+ ! f]m5t1 ruptur+ ! />* gra9s ( ! fl\r s t !y become dige/ible1 fix+ ! air cells1 & =m+ a nicely flavor$ cru/4 ,dur+ ! process ( bak+1 c]ta9 *anges take place 9 ! loaf4 ,! glut5 t ! d\gh conta9s is h>d5$ by ! heat & rema9s 9 ! %ape ( bubbles1 :i* give ! bread a por\s appe>ance2 also1 ! />* conta9$ 9 ! d\gh is cook$ )9 ! loaf1 b ! outside is fir/ cook$ & !n toa/$4 #eg4 ,,ov5 ,,temp]ature ,,= ,,bak+4--,9 bak+ bread1 x is necess>y fir/ to provide ! ov5 ) heat ( ! "r temp]ature & ( suffici5t /r5g? to la/ ?r\gh\t ! bak+4 ,z is indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #d1 ! usual ov5 temp]ature = successful bread bak+ is f #chj to #dbe degrees ,fahr5heit1 b 9 bo? ! fir/ & ! la/ "p ( ! bak+ ! heat %\ld be less ?an dur+ ! middle ( x4 ,an ov5 !rmomet] or an ov5 gauge is a v good means ( det]m9+ ! temp]ature ( ! ov54 ,b if nei!r ( ^! is available ! heat may be te/$ by plac+ 9 ! ov5 a :ite crack]1 a piece ( :ite pap]1 or a lay] ( fl\r spread on a %all[ t9 pan4 ,if any "o ( ^! becomes a light br[n 9 #e m9utes1 ! ov5 is "r to comm5ce bak+4 ,e precaution %\ld be tak5 to h ! ov5 j "r at fir/1 = if ! bread is plac$ 9 an ov5 t is too hot ! yea/ plant w be kill$ imm$iately & ! ris+ consequ5tly *eck$4 ,( c\rse1 ! bread w rise to "s ext5t ev5 if ! yea/ plant is kill$ at once1 = ! c>bon dioxide t ! d\gh conta9s w exp& z x becomes heat$ & w =ce ! loaf up2 b bread bak$ 9 ?is way is g5]ally v unsatisfactory1 because a h>d cru/ =ms on ! top & x mu/ ei!r bur/ or ret>d ! ris+ ( ! loaf4 ,if ! heat is n suffici5t1 ! d\gh w cont9ue to rise until ! air cells run toge!r & cause l>ge holes to =m 9 ! loaf4 ,9 an ov5 t is j mod]ately hot1 or has a temp]ature ( ab\t #djj degrees1 ! yea/ plant w n be kill$ s quickly1 ! d\gh w cont9ue to rise = "s "t1 & ! cru/ ( ! bread %\ld beg9 to br[n 9 ab\t #ae m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae #eh4 ,fig4 #ad illu/rates a loaf ( bread t has ris5 too mu*4 ,! inside texture is co>se & ! %ape ( ! loaf is n good4 ,fig4 #ae %[s ! result ( unev5 temp]ature4 ,! high side is caus$ by exposure to m int5se heat ?an ! opposite side1 & ! crack is ! result ( a too rapid =mation ( ! cru/4 ,sometimes x is advisable to keep ! cru/ f becom+ h>d too rapidly4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 & at ! same "t produce a m ev5 color1 ! top ( ! loaf may be moi/5$ by bru%+ x ) milk be=e x is put into ! ov54 ,fig4 #af %[s a well-=m$ loaf ( bread t has _h ! "r am\nt ( ris+1 & ,fig4 #ag %[s ! inside texture ( bread = :i* ! mix+1 ris+1 & bak+ h be5 correctly done4 #ei4 ,,"t ,,= ,,bak+ ,,& ,,c>e ,,( ,,bread ,,9 ,,ov54--,! "t requir$ = bak+ bread & ! c>e x %\ld receive 9 ! ov5 are also important matt]s to "k4 ,h[ long ! bread %\ld bake dep5ds on ! size ( ! loaf4 ,"u prop] ov5 temp]ature1 a small loaf1 or "o made ) #a cupful ( liquid1 ought to bake 9 f #ej m9utes to #a h\r1 :ile a l>ge loaf requires f #a-a_/b to #b h\rs4 ,z has be5 expla9$1 ! loaf %\ld beg9 to br[n1 or h its cru/ =m$1 9 ab\t #ae m9utes aft] x is plac$ 9 ! ov51 & ! bak+ %\ld proce$ r sl[ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af ,to get ! be/ results 9 bak+1 ! pans %\ld be plac$ s t ! air 9 ! ov5 w circulate freely ar\nd !m4 ,if !y are s plac$ t ! loaves t\* ea* o!r or ! sides ( ! ov51 ! loaves w rise unev5ly & consequ5tly w be unsightly 9 %ape1 l ^? %[n 9 ,figs4 #ad & #ae4 ,if ! loaves rise high] on "o side ?an on ! o!r1 ev5 :5 ! pans are prop]ly plac$1 x is evid5t t ! heat is great] 9 t place ?an 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! ov5 & ! loaves %\ld !re=e be *ang$ to ano!r position4 ,prop] c>e giv5 to bread :ile bak+ w produce loaves t are an ev5 br[n on ! bottom1 sides1 & top & t %r9k f ! sides ( ! pan4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag #fj4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,bread ,,aft] ,,bak+4--,z soon z ! bread has bak$ suffici5tly1 take x f ! ov51 remove ! loaves f ! pans1 & place !m to cool :]e ! air may circulate freely ar\nd !m4 ,a bread rack1 or cake cool]1 l ! "o on :i* ! loaf re/s 9 ,figs4 #ad1 #ae1 & #af1 is v satisfactory = ?is purpose1 b if su* a device is n available1 ! loaves may be plac$ across ! edges ( ! empty pans s t ne>ly ! entire surface is expos$4 ,:i*ev] plan is adopt$1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! bread mu/ be c>efully protect$ f du/ & flies4 ,bread %\ld nev] be p]mitt$ to rema9 9 ! pans aft] x has be5 bak$ nor to cool on a flat surface2 nei!r %\ld ! loaves be wrapp$ :ile !y are w>m1 because ! moi/ure w collect on ! surface & ! bread w n keep s well4 ,aft] ! loaves h become suffici5tly cool1 place !m 9 ! receptacle 9 :i* !y are to be kept4 ,?is %\ld h be5 previ\sly wa%$ & dri$ & !n all[$ to /& 9 ! sun%9e1 s z to be free f mold or any sub/ance t w ta9t or o!rwise injure ! bread4 ,aft] ! loaves h be5 put into x1 keep x well cov]$ & all[ no /ale crumbs nor pieces ( bread to collect4 ,to keep su* a receptacle 9 good condition1 x %\ld be scald$ & dri$ e #b or #c days4 ,,scor+ ,,bread #fa4 ,,object ,,( ,,scor+ ,,bread4--,by ! scor+ ( bread is meant simply ! judg+ ( its qualities4 ,p]sons :o und]/& :at good bread is agree v closely on ! qualities t %\ld *>act]ize x1 & !y make ^! qualities a /&>d by :i* any k9d ( bread may be scor$1 or judg$4 ,^? :o are n pr(ici5t 9 ! mak+ ( bread1 z well z ^? :o h _h v little exp]i5ce1 w d well to h _! bread judg$ by exp]ts or to le>n h[ to score x !mselves4 ,by foll[+ ?is plan1 !y w be able to f9d out ! good & bad po9ts ( _! bread & !n1 by asc]ta9+ ! causes ( any poor qualities1 w be 9 a position to make improvem5ts4 ,s t ! beg9n] may le>n h[ to judge ! qualities ( h] bread1 %e %\ld /udy c>efully ! accompany+ score c>d & its explanation4 ,,score ,,c>d ,ext]nal ,appe>ance3 ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,%ape444444444444444444444444444444444 #e ,size4444444444444444444444444444444444 #b ,cru/3 ,%ade4444444444444444444444444444444 #b ,uni=mity ( ,color44444444444444444 #b ,"*444444444444444444444444444 #b ,dep?4444444444444444444444444444 #b--h ,lightness444444444444444444444444444444 #bj ,int]nal ,appe>ance3 ,ev5 di/ribution ( gas4444444444444 #aj ,moi/ure444444444444444444444444444444 #e ,ela/icity4444444444444444444444444444 #e ,color44444444444444444444444444444444 #ae ,flavor444444444444444444444444444444444 #cj --- ,total44444444444444444444444444444 #ajj #fb4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,score ,,c>d4--,a /udy ( ! score c>d w reveal t a c]ta9 numb] ( po9ts are giv5 to a loaf ( bread = appe>ance1 bo? ext]nal & int]nal1 = lightness1 & = flavor4 ,to det]m9e ^! qualities be/1 all[ ! loaf to cool ?or\ghly aft] bak+4 ,!n consid] ! v>i\s po9ts1 & decide h[ ne>ly p]fect ! loaf is 9 respect to ea* "o ( !m4 ,add ! numb]s t are det]m9$ ^u1 & ! result obta9$ w %[ h[ ! bread scores4 #fc4 ,! %ape ( ! loaf1 9 ord] to be p]fect & to score #e1 %\ld be uni=m & symmetrical4 ,any su* %ape z t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae w\ld fall bel[ p]fect4 ,! size ( ! loaf1 = :i* a score ( #b is giv51 is det]m9$ f ! /&po9t ( ?or\gh bak+4 ,! exact size t a loaf mu/ be is a r difficult ?+ to /ate1 because ! sizes v>y consid]ably1 b a loaf ( an unga9ly size %\ld be gu>d$ aga9/1 = x w\ld n score well4 ,bread made 9 pans ( ! size already m5tion$ w\ld score high ) reg>d to size4 ,! cru/1 ^: comb9$ *>act]i/ics score #h1 %\ld be a gold5 br[n 9 color 9 ord] to receive ! score ( #b = its %ade4 ,a pale loaf or "o bak$ too br[n w\ld n receive full cr$it4 ,if ! requir$ color ext5ds uni=mly ov] ! entire loaf1 ! bottom & ! sides1 z well z ! top1 #b m is add$ to ! score ( ! cru/ = uni=mity ( color4 ,aft] ^! po9ts are scor$1 a slice ( bread %\ld be cut f ! loaf 9 ord] t ! rema9+ po9ts may be scor$4 ,z fre% bread does n cut easily1 & z a well-cut slice mu/ be _h = ?is purpose1 special c>e mu/ be tak5 to obta9 ! slice4 ,!re=e1 %>p5 a l>ge knife & heat ! blade slightly by hold+ x ne> a flame2 !n cut a slice at lea/ #a_/b in* ?ick f ! loaf be=e ! blade has _h "t to cool4 ,) su* a slice cut1 ! "* ( ! cru/1 by :i* is meant its t\ghness or its t5d]ness1 may be det]m9$4 ,a score ( #b is giv5 if x is ( suffici5t t5d]ness or is devoid ( t\ghness4 ,! dep? ( ! cru/1 :i* dep5ds on ! am\nt ( bak+ ! loaf has _h1 receives a score ( #b if x is p]fect4 ,a deep cru/1 :i* is ! pref]r$ k9d1 is produc$ by long1 sl[ bak+2 bread t is bak$ only a %ort "t has a ?9 cru/1 :i* is n s desirable & w\ld n score s high4 #fd4 ,! lightness ( ! bread c easily be scor$ :5 ! bread is cut4 ,x is judg$ by ! size ( ! holes1 & if x is p]fect x receives a score ( #bj4 ,if ! bread is n light en\gh1 ! holes w be small & ! bread w feel solid & unela/ic2 if x is too light1 ! holes w be l>ge & co>se4 #fe4 ,! int]nal appe>ance1 :i* is scor$ next1 includes sev]al *>act]i/ics4 ,= ! ev5 di/ribution ( gas1 :i* is det]m9$ by ! uni=mity ( ! holes1 #aj po9ts are giv54 ,if ! knead+ has be5 done "r & ! bread has ris5 prop]ly1 ! gas w be di/ribut$ ev5ly ?r\gh ! loaf1 ) ! result t ! holes1 :i* make ! bread por\s1 w be practically ! same ?r\gh\t ! entire loaf4 ,su* a texture is bett] ?an t ( a loaf t has "s l>ge & "s small holes4 ,! moi/ure 9 ! bread1 :i* receives #e if x is ( ! "r am\nt1 is te/$ by p9*+ a crumb betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,if ! crumb feels h>% & dry1 ! bread is n moi/ en\gh1 & if x feels d\ghy1 ! bread is too moi/4 ,! ela/icity1 = :i* #e is giv51 is det]m9$ by press+ ! f+] g5tly into a cut place 9 ! loaf4 ,! bread may be consid]$ to be ela/ic if x spr+s back aft] ! f+] is remov$ & does n break nor crumble4 ,z comp>$ ) cake1 bread is always m ela/ic1 a *>act]i/ic t is due to ! quantity ( glut5 x conta9s4 ,/ill x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! ela/icity mu/ n am\nt to t\ghness1 = if x does ! quality ( ! bread is impair$4 ,to score #ae = color1 ! inside ( ! loaf %\ld be ( an ev51 creamy :ite4 ,a dull :ite or gray color w\ld indicate t fl\r ( a poor quality _h be5 us$1 & d>k or :ite /reaks 9 ! bread w\ld d5ote unev5 mix+ & insuffici5t knead+4 #ff4 ,! la/ ?+ to be scor$1 namely1 ! flavor1 m]its #cj po9ts4 ,to det]m9e ?is *>act]i/ic1 *ew a small piece ( bread well4 ,if x is n s\r nor mu/y1 has a sweet1 nutty flavor1 & %[s t ! correct am\nt ( salt & sug> 7 add$ 9 ! mix+1 x may receive a p]fect score4 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,bread ,,mix] #fg4 ,! advantage ( a bread mix] 9 bread mak+ is t x practically does away ) h& mix+ & knead+2 h[ev]1 all ! o!r /eps describ$ are ! same1 dep5d+ on ! process us$4 ,z has be5 m5tion$1 ! h\sewife :o bakes su* a small quantity z ?ree or f\r loaves ( bread c get along v well )\t a bread mix]2 at lea/1 = s few loaves a bread mix] does n seem s necess>y z :5 six or m loaves are to be made at "o "t1 :5 x is a decid$ conv5i5ce4 ,h[ev]1 bread mix]s c be _h 9 v>i\s sizes to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! h\sewife4 #fh4 ,9 us+ a bread mix] l t describ$ 9 ,ess5tials ( ,cook]y1 ,"p #b1 ! +r$i5ts are plac$ 9 ! mix] & ?or\ghly mix$ toge!r by turn+ ! h&le1 & aft] ! sponge or ! d\gh has ris51 ! knead+ is p]=m$ by aga9 turn+ ! h&le4 ,! am\nt ( turn+ to be done is1 ( c\rse1 regulat$ by ! +r$i5ts & ! me?od t is foll[$4 ,9 addition to ! bread mix] m5tion$1 !re is ano!r conv5i5t type t is con/ruct$ 9 two p>ts1 ! top "p hav+ a sift] 9 its bottom1 ?r\gh :i* ! fl\r or o!r dry +r$i5ts are sift$4 ,! sift+ is done ) a crank1 :i* also op]ates a %aft to :i* is atta*$ a numb] ( knives ext5d+ 9 diff]5t directions4 ,^! knives accompli% ! mix+ & ! knead+4 ,! bread is all[$ to rise 9 ! l[] "p ( ! bread mix]1 ! top "p be+ remov$ aft] ! mix+ & sift+ h be5 accompli%$4 ,any ( ! bread-mak+ me?ods describ$ may be us$ ) ! bread mix] )\t *ange 9 ! process1 & no knead+ ne$ be done by h& except a suffici5t am\nt to %ape ! loaves aft] ! la/ ris+ & be=e !y are plac$ 9 ! pans4 ,,s]v+ ,,bread #fi4 ,bread is "o ( ! foods t e "o takes s mu* z a matt] ( c\rse t little ?\ght is giv5 to its s]v+4 ,( c\rse1 x does n (f] s mu* opportunity = v>iety 9 s]v+ z d "s foods2 yet1 l all o!r foods1 x appeals m to ! appetites ( ^? :o are to eat x if x is s]v$ 9 an attractive mann]4 ,a few ideas z to ! ways 9 :i* x may be s]v$ w !re=e n be amiss4 ,z fre% bread is n easily dige/$1 x %\ld n usually be s]v$ until x is at lea/ #bd h\rs old4 ,be=e x is plac$ on ! table1 x %\ld be cut 9 slices1 ! ?ickness ( :i* w dep5d on ! pref]5ce ( ! p]sons :o are to eat x4 ,if ! loaf is l>ge 9 size1 ! pieces %\ld be cut 9 two1 l5g?wise ( ! slice1 b 9 ! case ( a small loaf ! slices ne$ n be cut4 ,v>i\s receptacles = plac+ bread & rolls on ! table1 su* z a bread boat1 a bread plate1 & a bread basket1 are also us$ to add v>iety 9 s]v+4 ,:i*ev] ( ^! is select$1 x may be improv$ 9 appe>ance by ! addition ( a :ite l95 doily4 ,= rolls1 a hot-roll cov] is bo? conv5i5t & attractive4 ,sometimes1 especially :5 a l>ge numb] ( p]sons are to be s]v$1 a roll is plac$ betwe5 ! folds ( ea* p]son's napk9 be=e !y are seat$ at ! table4 ,occasionally bread becomes /ale be=e x is ne$$ on ! table4 ,su* bread1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be disc>d$1 especially if ! loaves are uncut4 ,uncut loaves ( ?is k9d may be fre%5$ by dipp+ !m quickly into boil+ wat] & !n plac+ !m 9 a v hot ov5 until _! surface becomes dry4 ,if desir$1 slices ( bread t h become /ale may be /eam$ 9 ord] to fre%5 !m2 b unless great c>e is tak5 9 /eam+ !m ! bread is liable to become too moi/ & soggy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,recipes ,,bread ,,recipes #gj4 ,9 ord] t ! beg9n] may br+ into use ! bread-mak+ pr9ciples & directions t h be5 set =?1 & at ! same "t become famili> ) ! quantities ( +r$i5ts t mu/ be us$1 !re are "h giv5 a numb] ( recipes = ! mak+ ( bread4 ,^! recipes include n only :ite bread-t is1 bread made f :ite fl\r--b :ole-:eat1 graham1 rye1 & corn bread1 z well z bread 9 :i* fruit & nuts are incorporat$4 ,be=e ^! recipes are tak5 up1 ?\gh1 x w n be amiss to look fur!r into ! v>i\s +r$i5ts us$ 9 ! mak+ ( bread4 #ga4 ,! fat us$ 9 bread mak+ may v>y 9 bo? quantity & k9d4 ,= in/ance1 if less ?an #b tablespoonfuls is call$ = 9 a recipe1 ?is am\nt may be decreas$2 b x is n well to increase ! am\nt to any ext5t4 ,likewise1 ! fat may be ( any k9d t w n imp>t a disagreeable flav\r to ! f9i%$ product4 ,x may be left-ov] *ick5 fat1 cl>ifi$ beef fat1 l>d1 butt]1 cook+ oil1 or any mixture ( cle>1 fre% fats t may be 9 supply4 ,! sweet5+ = bread is1 z a rule1 granulat$ sug>1 al?\gh sirup1 molasses1 br[n sug>1 or :ite sug> ( any k9d may be employ$4 ,sweet5+ is us$ m]ely to give a slightly sweet flav\r to ! bread1 & ! k9d t is us$ is ( slight importance4 ,! liquid1 z has be5 /at$1 may be wat] or milk or any proportion ( bo?4 ,! milk t is us$ may be ei!r :ole or skim4 ,9 addition to ^! two liquids1 ! :ey f cottage *eese or ! wat] 9 :i* rice1 mac>oni1 or potatoes h be5 cook$ %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,potato wat] 9 :i* a small quantity ( potato may be ma%$ s]ves z a yea/ aid1 z has be5 po9t$ out4 ,!re=e1 :5ev]1 9 a bread recipe1 liquid is call$ = & ! k9d to be us$ is n /at$ specifically1 use may be made ( any ( ! liquids t h be5 m5tion$4 ,! quantity ( fl\r requir$ = a bread recipe w dep5d entirely on ! k9d ( fl\r t is to be us$1 bread fl\r hav+ a mu* great] absorb+ p[] = liquid ?an has pa/ry or bl5d fl\r4 ,:51 9 ! process ( mix+ ! bread1 ! sponge is /iff5$ by add+ ! rema9+ fl\r to x1 ! la/ cupful or two %\ld be add$ cauti\sly1 9 ord] n to make ! mixture too /iff4 ,9 "s in/ances1 m fl\r ?an ! recipe calls = may be requir$ to make ! d\gh ( ! "r consi/5cy4 ,! am\nt c be det]m9$ only by a k ( :at ?is consi/5cy %\ld be1 & ?is w be easily acquir$ ) practice 9 bread mak+4 #gb4 ,! beg9n] w f9d x a good plan to beg9 mak+ bread entirely ( :ite fl\r1 = ! reason t x is easi] to det]m9e ! consi/5cy ( ! d\gh mixture at v>i\s /ages1 z well z dur+ ! knead+1 if !re is no co>se mat]ial1 su* z bran1 corn meal1 nuts1 fruits1 etc41 9 ! d\gh4 ,lat]1 :5 a def9ite k along ?is l9e has be5 acquir$1 "o aft] ! o!r ( ! bread recipes %\ld be tri$4 ,!y are no m difficult to c>ry out ?an ! recipes = :ite bread2 inde$1 ! woman :o has _h exp]i5ce 9 bread mak+ w f9d t %e w be equally successful ) all ( !m4 #gc4 ,,:ite ,,bread4--,bread made f :ite fl\r1 :i* is commonly ref]r$ to z :ite bread1 is us$ to a mu* great] ext5t ?an any o!r k9d1 = x is ! v>iety t mo/ p]sons pref] & ( :i* !y d n tire quickly4 ,h[ev]1 :ite bread %\ld n be us$ to ! exclusion ( o!r breads1 because !y are ( consid]able importance economically4 ,?is k9d ( bread may be made by bo? ! quick & ! long processes1 = ! +r$i5ts are ! same1 ) ! exception ( ! quantity ( yea/ us$4 ,! am\nts giv5 9 ! foll[+ recipes are suffici5t to make two l>ge loaves or ?ree small ones1 b1 ( c\rse1 if m bread is desir$1 ! quantity ( ea* +r$i5t may be increas$ proportionately4 ,,:ite ,,bread--,,long ,,process 7,suffici5t = ,two ,l>ge or ,?ree ,small ,loaves7 #b ,tb4 fat #b ,tb4 sug> #a_/b cake compress$ yea/1 or #a cake dri$ yea/ #a ,tb4 salt #a qt4 lukew>m liquid #c qt4 fl\r #a c4 fl\r additional = knead+ ,put into ! mix+ b[l ! fat1 ! sug>1 ! salt1 & ! yea/ t has be5 dissolv$ 9 a little ( ! lukew>m liquid4 ,add ! rema9d] ( ! liquid & /ir 9 half ( ! fl\r4 ,place ?is sponge :]e x w rise ov]night & w n become *ill$4 ,9 ! morn+1 add ! rema9d] ( ! fl\r1 /irr+ x well into ! ris5 sponge1 & knead ! d\gh ?us =m$4 ,all[ x to rise until x has d\bl$ 9 bulk & !n knead x aga94 ,aft] x is prop]ly knead$1 %ape x into loaves1 place !m 9 greas$ pans1 let !m rise until !y h d\bl$ 9 bulk1 & !n bake !m4 ,comb9+ ! +r$i5ts 9 ! mann] j m5tion$ is foll[+ ! sponge me?od ( ! long process4 ,by add+ all in/ead ( half ( ! fl\r at night1 ! /raight-d\gh me?od ( ?is process may be foll[$4 ,,:ite ,,bread--,,quick ,,process 7,suffici5t = ,two ,l>ge or ,?ree ,small ,loaves7 #b ,tb4 fat #b ,tb4 sug> #a ,tb4 salt #b cakes compress$ yea/ #a qt4 lukew>m liquid #c qt4 fl\r #a c4 fl\r additional = knead+ ,put ! fat1 ! sug>1 & ! salt into ! mix+ b[l1 & !n to !m add ! yea/ dissolv$ 9 a few tablespoonfuls ( ! lukew>m liquid4 ,add ! rema9+ liquid & /ir 9 half or all ( ! fl\r1 accord+ to :e!r ! process is to be complet$ by ! sponge or ! /raight-d\gh me?od4 ,"o yea/ cake may be us$ in/ead ( two4 ,h[ev]1 if ! small] quantity ( yea/ is us$1 ! process w require m "t1 b ! results w be equally z good4 ,aft] ! d\gh has be5 all[$ to rise ! requir$ numb] ( times & has be5 knead$ prop]ly = ! me?od select$1 place x 9 greas$ pans1 let x rise suffici5tly1 & proce$ ) ! bak+4 #gd4 ,:ole-,:eat ,bread4--,bread made out ( :ole-:eat fl\r has a di/9ctive flav\r t is v agreeable to mo/ p]sons4 ,?is k9d ( bread is n us$ s ext5sively z t made ( :ite fl\r1 b s9ce x conta9s m m9]al salts & bulk1 x %\ld h a place 9 ! diet ( e family4 ,:5 made accord+ to ! foll[+ recipe1 :ole-:eat bread w be f\nd to be a v desirable sub/itute = bread made ( ! f9] fl\rs4 ,,:ole-,,:eat ,,bread--,,quick ,,process 7,suffici5t = ,two ,small ,loaves7 #c ,tb4 fat #a_/d c4 br[n sug> #a ,tb4 salt #a cake compress$ yea/ #c c4 lukew>m liquid #h c4 :ole-:eat fl\r #a c4 :ite fl\r = knead+ ,place ! fat1 ! sug>1 & ! salt 9 ! mix+ b[l & add ! yea/ cake dissolv$ 9 a little ( ! liquid4 ,add ! rema9d] ( ! liquid1 & !n /ir 9 half or all ( ! fl\r1 accord+ to :e!r ! sponge or ! /raight-d\gh me?od is pref]r$4 ,!n proce$ accord+ to ! directions previ\sly giv5 = mak+ bread by ! quick process4 ,! long process may also be foll[$ 9 mak+ :ole-:eat bread1 & if x is1 only "o-half ! quantity ( yea/ %\ld be us$4 #ge4 ,graham ,bread4--,to l5d v>iety to ! family diet1 frequ5t use %\ld be made ( graham bread1 :i* conta9s ev5 m bulk & m9]al salts ?an :ole-:eat bread4 ,9 bread ( ?is k9d1 bo? graham & :ite fl\r are us$4 ,s9ce graham fl\r is v heavy1 x prev5ts ! bread f ris+ quickly1 s ! bread is />t$ ) :ite fl\r4 ,! accompany+ recipe conta9s quantities = ! %ort process1 al?\gh x may be adapt$ to ! long process by m]ely us+ "o-half ! am\nt ( yea/4 ,,graham ,,bread 7,suffici5t = ,two ,loaves7 #b ,tb4 fat #a_/d c4 br[n sug> #b tsp4 salt #a cake compress$ yea/ #b c4 lukew>m liquid #b c4 :ite fl\r #c c4 graham fl\r #a c4 :ite fl\r additional = knead+ ,put ! fat1 ! sug>1 & ! salt 9 ! mix+ b[l1 & to !m add ! yea/ t has be5 dissolv$ 9 a little ( ! liquid4 ,p\r ov] ^! +r$i5ts ! rema9d] ( ! liquid & /ir 9 ! :ite fl\r4 ,:5 ! mixture is to be made /iff1 add ! graham fl\r4 ,!n knead ! d\gh1 let x rise1 knead aga91 place x 9 greas$ pans1 let rise1 & bake4 ,a po9t to be rememb]$ 9 ! mak+ ( graham bread is t sift+ removes ! bran f graham fl\r1 & if lightness is desir$1 ! fl\r may be sift$ & ! bran !n replac$4 #gf4 ,graham ,bread ,) ,nuts4--,to increase ! food value ( graham bread1 nuts are sometimes add$4 ,?is k9d ( bread also provides an agreeable v>iety to ! diet4 ,! foll[+ recipe is int5d$ to be c>ri$ out by ! %ort process1 s t if ! long process is desir$ ! quantity ( yea/ mu/ be r$uc$4 ,,graham ,,bread ,,) ,,nuts 7,suffici5t = ,two ,loaves7 #a cake compress$ yea/ #b c4 lukew>m liquid #a_/d c4 molasses #b ,tb4 fat #a ,tb4 salt #b c4 :ite fl\r #d c4 graham fl\r #a-a_/b c4 *opp$ nuts #a c4 :ite fl\r additional = knead+ ,dissolve ! yea/ 9 a little ( ! lukew>m liquid & mix x ) ! molasses1 fat1 & salt4 ,add ! rema9+ liquid & ! :ite fl\r4 ,let ?is sponge rise until x is light4 ,!n /ir 9 ! graham fl\r1 add+ ! nuts :ile knead+4 ,let ! d\gh rise until x d\bles 9 bulk4 ,%ape into loaves1 place x 9 ! greas$ pans1 & let x rise until x d\bles 9 size4 ,bake = an h\r or m1 accord+ to ! size ( ! loaves4 #gg4 ,:ole-,:eat ,fruit ,bread4--,a v delici\s :ole-:eat bread is produc$ by comb9+ fruit1 :i*1 besides improv+ ! flav\r1 adds to ! food value ( ! bread4 ,?9 slices ( ?is k9d ( bread spread ) butt] make excell5t summ] s&wi*es4 ,if ! %ort process is employ$1 ! am\nts specifi$ 9 ! foll[+ recipe %\ld be us$1 b = ! long process ! quantity ( yea/ %\ld be decreas$4 ,,:ole-,,:eat ,,fruit ,,bread 7,suffici5t = ,?ree ,small ,loaves7 #a yea/ cake #b c4 lukew>m liquid #b ,tb4 fat #a_/d c4 br[n sug> /on$1 *opp$ dates #b tsp4 salt #f c4 :ole-:eat fl\r #a-a_/b c4 se$$ rais9s or /on$1 *opp$ dates #a c4 :ite fl\r = knead+ ,dissolve ! yea/ cake 9 a little ( ! lukew>m liquid & add x to ! fat1 sug>1 & salt t h be5 put into ! mix+ b[l4 ,p\r 9 ! rema9d] ( ! liquid & add half or all ( ! fl\r1 dep5d+ on ! bread-mak+ me?od t is foll[$4 ,/ir 9 ! fruit be=e all ! fl\r is add$ & j be=e ! d\gh is %ap$ into loaves4 ,aft] x has ris5 suffici5tly 9 ! greas$ pans1 proce$ ) ! bak+4 #gh4 ,,bran ,,bread4--,bread 9 :i* bran is us$ is proportionately a trifle l[] 9 food value ?an t 9 :i* :ole :eat or :ite fl\r is us$4 ,h[ev]1 x has ! advantage ( an additional am\nt ( bulk 9 ! =m ( bran1 & because ( ?is x is a :olesome food4 ,,bran ,,bread 7,suffici5t = ,two ,loaves7 #b c4 milk #f ,tb4 molasses #a-a_/b tsp4 salt #a_/b yea/ cake #a_/d c4 lukew>m wat] #b c4 :ite fl\r #d c4 graham fl\r #a c4 /]iliz$ bran #a c4 :ite fl\r additional = knead+ ,scald ! milk & to x add ! molasses & salt4 ,:5 ?is is lukew>m1 add to x ! yea/ cake dissolv$ 9 ! lukew>m wat]1 z well z ! :ite fl\r & #a cupful ( ! graham fl\r4 ,cov] ?is mixture & let x rise4 ,:5 x has ris5 suffici5tly1 add ! bran & ! re/ ( ! graham fl\r & knead4 ,cov] ?is d\gh1 & let x rise until x d\bles 9 bulk4 ,!n %ape x into loaves1 place x 9 ! greas$ pans1 let x rise aga9 until x d\bles 9 bulk1 & bake 9 a hot ov54 #gi4 ,,rye ,,bread4--,rye bread has a typical flav\r t _m p]sons enjoy4 ,:5 rye fl\r is us$ alone1 x makes a moi/1 /icky bread2 !re=e1 9 ord] to produce bread ( a good texture1 :eat fl\r mu/ be us$ ) ! rye fl\r4 ,! recipe "h giv5 is = ! %ort process ( bread mak+1 b by r$uc+ ! quantity ( yea/ x may be us$ = ! long process4 ,,rye ,,bread 7,suffici5t = ,?ree ,loaves7 #b ,tb4 fat #a ,tb4 salt #b ,tb4 sug> #a cake compress$ yea/ #c c4 lukew>m liquid #f c4 rye fl\r #d c4 :ite fl\r #a c4 :ite fl\r additional = knead+ ,into ! mix+ b[l1 put ! fat1 ! salt1 ! sug>1 & ! yea/ t has be5 dissolv$ 9 a small quantity ( ! lukew>m liquid4 ,!n /ir 9 ! fl\r1 "o-half or all ( x1 accord+ to :e!r ! sponge or ! /raight-d\gh me?od is foll[$4 ,:5 ! d\gh is =m$1 all[ x to rise until x d\bles 9 bulk2 !n knead x & %ape x into loaves = ! greas$ pans4 ,:5 ^! h ris5 until !y are d\ble 9 size & !re=e ready = ! ov51 glaze ! surface ( ea* by bru%+ x ) ! :ite ( egg & wat] & put !m 9 ! ov5 to bake4 ,if desir$1 c>away se$ may be add$ to ! d\gh :5 x is =m$ into loaves or simply spr9kl$ on ! top ( ea* loaf4 ,to _m p]sons ! c>away se$ imp>ts a flav\r to ! bread t is v satisfactory4 #hj4 ,corn ,bread4--,corn meal is sometimes comb9$ ) :eat fl\r to make corn bread4 ,su* a comb9ation decreases ! co/ ( bread at times :5 corn meal is *eap4 ,bread ( ?is k9d is high 9 food value1 because corn meal conta9s a l>ge proportion ( fat1 :i* is m or less lack+ 9 :ite fl\r4 ,! foll[+ recipe is giv5 = ! %ort process1 b x may be us$ = ! long process by m]ely decreas+ ! quantity ( yea/4 ,,corn ,,bread 7,suffici5t = ,two ,loaves7 #a yea/ cake #b c4 lukew>m liquid #b tsp4 salt #a ,tb4 sug> #b ,tb4 fat #d-a_/b c4 :ite fl\r #b c4 corn meal #a c4 :ite fl\r additional = knead+ ,put ! yea/ to soak 9 #a_/d cupful ( w>m wat] & let x dissolve4 ,heat ! liquid & cool x to lukew>m1 & !n add to x ! salt1 ! sug>1 ! dissolv$ yea/1 & ! melt$ fat4 ,make a sponge ) "s ( ! fl\r & let x rise until x d\bles 9 bulk4 ,!n make a d\gh ) ! corn meal & ! rema9+ fl\r4 ,knead ! d\gh1 let x rise aga91 & =m x into loaves4 ,let ^! rise 9 ! greas$ pans until !y d\ble 9 bulk2 !n bake ab\t #de m9utes4 #ha4 ,rice ,bread4--,v (t5 v>iety is giv5 to bread by ! addition ( rice1 :i* imp>ts an unusual flav\r to bread & effects a sav+ ( :eat fl\r4 ,oatmeal & o!r c]eals may be us$ 9 ! same way z rice1 & bread conta9+ any ( ^! moi/ c]eals w rema9 moi/ long] ?an bread 9 :i* !y are n us$4 ,,rice ,,bread 7,suffici5t = ,?ree ,loaves7 #a_/b c4 uncook$ rice #a-a_/b c4 wat] #a ,tb4 salt #a ,tb4 sug> #a ,tb4 fat #a_/b yea/ cake #a c4 lukew>m liquid #f c4 :ite fl\r #a c4 :ite fl\r additional = knead+ ,/eam ! rice 9 a d\ble boil] 9 #a & a half cupfuls ( wat] until x is s(t & dry4 ,add ! salt1 sug>1 & fat1 & all[ all to become lukew>m4 ,dissolve ! yea/ 9 ! lukew>m liquid1 & add x to ! rice4 ,put all 9 ! mix+ b[l1 /ir 9 #b cupfuls ( fl\r1 & all[ ! mixture to become v light4 ,add ! rema9d] ( ! fl\r & knead lightly4 ,let ! d\gh rise until x has d\bl$ 9 bulk & knead to r$uce ! quantity4 ,place 9 greas$ pans4 ,:5 ! loaves h ris5 suffici5tly1 bake = ab\t #ej m9utes4 #hb4 ,,salt-,,ris+ ,,bread4--,recipes = bread w\ld be incomplete if m5tion 7 n made ( salt-ris+ bread4 ,su* bread diff]s f ord9>y bread 9 t ! gas t causes ! ris+ is due to ! action ( bact]ia4 ,salt-ris+ bread is n univ]sally popul>1 yet _m p]sons are fond ( x4 ,its ta/e is v agreeable1 &1 z a rule1 its texture is excell5t2 h[ev]1 x always has an unpleasant od\r4 ,! me?od giv5 9 ! accompany+ recipe = salt-ris+ bread diff]s 9 no way f ! usual me?od ( mak+ x4 ,x is v necess>y t ! fir/ mixture ( corn meal1 salt1 sug>1 & milk be kept at a uni=mly w>m temp]ature 9 ord] to induce bact]ia to gr[4 ,any failure to make su* bread successfully w probably be due to ! violation ( ?is precaution r ?an to any o!r cause4 ,,salt-,,ris+ ,,bread 7,suffici5t = ,two ,loaves7 #a c4 fre% milk #a_/d c4 corn meal #a tsp4 salt #b tsp4 sug> #b c4 lukew>m wat] #g c4 :ite fl\r #a_/b c4 :ite fl\r additional = knead+ ,scald ! milk & p\r x ov] ! corn meal1 salt1 & sug>4 ,all[ ?is mixture to /& 9 a w>m place = sev]al h\rs or ov]night1 :5 x %\ld be light4 ,to ?is batt] add ! w>m wat] & en\gh fl\r to make a drop batt]4 ,all[ ?is to /& 9 a w>m place until x is light2 & !n add ! rema9d] ( ! fl\r s z to make a d\gh1 & knead4 ,all[ ?is to rise1 %ape x into loaves1 put x 9 pans1 let x rise aga91 & bake4 ,,recipes ,,= ,,rolls1 ,,buns1 ,,& ,,biscuits #hc4 ,:ile ! prec$+ recipes call = bread 9 ! =m ( loaves1 x %\ld be und]/ood t bread may be made up 9 o!r =ms1 su* z rolls1 buns1 & biscuits4 ,^! =ms ( bread may be made f any ( ! bread recipes by add+ to ! mixture %ort5+1 sug>1 eggs1 fruit1 nuts1 spices1 flavor+1 or any?+ else desirable4 ,s9ce ^! ?+s 9 any quantity ret>d ! ris+ ( ! sponge or d\gh1 !y %\ld be add$ aft] x has ris5 at lea/ once4 ,rolls1 buns1 & biscuits may be made 9 v>i\s %apes1 z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,to %ape !m1 ! d\gh may be roll$ ?9 & !n cut ) cutt]s1 or ! pieces us$ = !m may be p9*$ or cut f ! d\gh & %ap$ ) ! h&s4 ,aft] !y are %ap$1 !y %\ld be all[$ to rise until !y d\ble 9 bulk4 ,to give !m a glaz$ appe>ance1 ! surface ( ea* may be bru%$ be=e bak+ ) milk1 ) :ite ( egg & wat]1 or ) sug> & wat]4 ,butt] is also desirable = ?is purpose1 z x produces a cru/ t is m t5d] & less likely to be t\gh4 ,rolls1 buns1 or biscuits may be bak$ 9 an ov5 t has a high] temp]ature ?an t requir$ = bread 9 ! =m ( loaves1 z is indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #d1 & only #ae to #bj m9utes is ne$$ = bak+ !m4 ,if su* =ms ( bread are desir$ ) a cru/ cov]+ ! entire surface1 !y mu/ be plac$ f> en\gh ap>t s t ! edges w n t\* :5 !y are bak+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah ,s t exp]i5ce may be _h 9 ! prep>ation ( rolls1 buns1 & biscuits !re are giv5 "h sev]al recipes t c be work$ out to advantage1 especially aft] pr(ici5cy 9 bread mak+ has be5 atta9$4 #hd4 ,p>k] ,h\se ,rolls4--,( ! v>i\s k9ds ( rolls1 p]haps none meets ) great] favor ?an ! s-call$ ,p>k] ,h\se rolls1 "o ( :i* is %[n at a1 ,fig4 #ai4 ,su* rolls may be us$ 9 almo/ any k9d ( meal1 & s9ce !y are bru%$ ) butt] be=e !y are bak$1 !y may be s]v$ )\t butt]1 if desir$1 9 a meal t includes gravy or fat meat4 ,,p>k] ,,h\se ,,rolls 7,suffici5t = #c ,doz5 ,rolls7 #a cake compress$ yea/ #a pt4 lukew>m milk #d ,tb4 fat #b ,tb4 sug> #a tsp4 salt #c pt4 :ite fl\r #a c4 :ite fl\r additional = knead+ ,dissolve ! yea/ 9 "s ( ! lukew>m milk4 ,p\r ! rema9d] ( ! w>m milk ov] ! fat1 sug>1 salt1 & dissolv$ yea/1 all ( :i* %\ld fir/ be put 9 a mix+ b[l4 ,/ir into ^! +r$i5ts half ( ! fl\r1 & beat until smoo?4 ,cov] ?is sponge & let x rise until x is light4 ,add ! rema9d] ( ! fl\r1 & knead until ! d\gh is smoo? & does n /ick to ! bo>d4 ,place ! d\gh 9 a greas$ b[l1 & let x rise aga9 until x d\bles 9 bulk4 ,roll ! d\gh on a mold+ bo>d until x is ab\t #a_/d in* ?ick4 ,!n cut ! roll$ d\gh ) a r\nd cutt]2 bru% ea* piece ) s(t butt]2 m>k x ?r\gh ! c5t]1 z at b1 ,fig4 #ai1 ) ! dull edge ( a kit*5 knife2 & fold x ov]1 z at c4 ,place ! pieces ( d\gh ?us prep>$ 9 %all[ pans1 ab\t #a in* ap>t1 & let !m rise until !y are light1 :5 ea* roll w appe> l t %[n at d4 ,!n bake !m 9 a hot ov5 = ab\t #ae m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai #he4 ,d9n] ,rolls4--,z _! "n implies1 d9n] rolls are an especially desirable k9d ( roll to s]ve ) a d9n]4 ,!y %\ld be made small en\gh to be da9ty1 & z an ev51 br[n cru/ all ov] ! rolls is desirable !y %\ld be plac$ f> en\gh ap>t 9 ! pans to prev5t !m f t\*+ "o ano!r1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj 7a74 ,if !y are plac$ z 9 7b71 t is1 close toge!r1 only "p ( ! cru/ w be br[n4 ,:5 made accord+ to ! accompany+ recipe1 d9n] rolls are v palatable4 ,,d9n] ,,rolls 7,suffici5t = #a-a_/b ,doz5 ,rolls7 #a cake compress$ yea/ #a c4 lukew>m milk #b ,tb4 sug> #b ,tb4 fat #a tsp4 salt #c c4 :ite fl\r #a egg :ite #a_/b c4 :ite fl\r additional = knead+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj ,dissolve ! yea/ 9 "s ( ! lukew>m milk4 ,put ! sug>1 fat1 salt1 & dissolv$ yea/ 9 ! mix+ b[l1 & p\r ! rema9d] ( ! milk ov] ^! +r$i5ts4 ,/ir half ( ! fl\r into ?is mixture & all[ ! sponge to rise4 ,:5 x is light1 add ! egg :ite1 :i* %\ld fir/ be beat51 & ! rema9d] ( ! fl\r1 & !n knead ! d\gh4 ,let ! d\gh rise until x d\bles 9 bulk4 ,roll out ! d\gh until x is #a_/b in* ?ick1 & !n cut out ! rolls ) a small r\nd cutt]4 ,place ^! 9 a %all[ pan & let !m rise until !y are light4 ,!n glaze ea* "o ) ! :ite ( egg to :i* is add$ a little wat] & bake !m 9 a hot ov5 = ab\t #ae m9utes4 #hf4 ,,lun*eon ,,rolls4--,if rolls small] ?an d9n] rolls are desir$1 lun*eon rolls w und\bt$ly be j :at is want$4 ,s9ce ^! are v small1 !y become ?or\ghly bak$ & are !re=e likely to be ev5 m dige/ible ?an bread or biscuit d\gh bak$ 9 a loaf4 ,= rolls ( ?is k9d1 ! foll[+ recipe w prove satisfactory3 ,,lun*eon ,,rolls 7,suffici5t = #b ,doz5 ,rolls7 #a cake compress$ yea/ #a-a_/d c4 lukew>m milk #b ,tb4 sug> #b ,tb4 fat #a tsp4 salt #d c4 :ite fl\r #a egg :ite #a_/b c4 :ite fl\r additional = knead+ ,comb9e ! +r$i5ts 9 ! mann] direct$ = mak+ d9n] rolls4 ,%ape ! d\gh into biscuits ! size ( a small walnut1 place !m 9 a %all[ pan1 spac+ !m a %ort di/ance ap>t1 & let !m rise until !y are light4 ,next1 bru% ! tops ( !m ) melt$ butt]1 & !n bake !m 9 a hot ov5 = ab\t #ae m9utes4 #hg4 ,,:ole-,,:eat ,,rolls4--,rolls made ( :ole-:eat fl\r are n s common z ^? made ( :ite fl\r1 & = ?is reason !y appeal to ! appetite m ?an ord9>y rolls4 ,:ole-:eat rolls h ! same advantage z bread made ( :ole-:eat fl\r1 & if !y are well bak$ !y h a cru/ t adds to _! palatabl5ess4 ,,:ole-,,:eat ,,rolls 7,suffici5t = #c ,doz5 ,rolls7 #a pt4 lukew>m milk #a cake compress$ yea/ #a tsp4 salt #c ,tb4 sug> #d ,tb4 fat #b c4 :ite fl\r #d c4 :ole-:eat fl\r #a_/b c4 :ite fl\r additional = knead+ ,set a sponge ) ! lukew>m milk1 9 :i* are put ! yea/ cake1 salt1 sug>1 fat1 & :ite fl\r4 ,all[ ?is to become v light1 & !n add ! :ole-:eat fl\r4 ,knead ?is d\gh & all[ x to d\ble 9 bulk4 ,!n %ape x into rolls1 all[ !m to rise1 & bake = #ae to #bj m9utes4 #hh4 ,,graham ,,nut ,,buns4--,buns made ( graham fl\r & conta9+ nuts are n only especially delightful 9 flav\r1 b highly nutriti\s4 ,because !y are high 9 food value1 !y may be s]v$ ) a light meal1 su* z lun* or supp]1 to add nutrition to x4 ,! recipe "h giv5 w result 9 excell5t buns if x is foll[$ closely4 ,,graham ,,nut ,,buns 7,suffici5t = #c ,doz5 ,buns7 #a cake compress$ yea/ #b c4 lukew>m milk #d ,tb4 br[n sug> #b tsp4 salt #b ,tb4 fat #b-a_/b c4 :ite fl\r #a egg #a c4 *opp$ nuts #c-a_/b c4 graham fl\r #a c4 :ite fl\r additional = knead+ ,dissolve ! yea/ 9 a little ( ! lukew>m milk4 ,place ! sug>1 salt1 fat1 & dissolv$ yea/ 9 ! mix+ b[l & add ! rema9d] ( ! w>m milk4 ,/ir 9 ! :ite fl\r & let ! sponge ?us =m$ rise4 ,!n add ! egg1 :i* %\ld fir/ be beat51 ! nuts1 & ! graham fl\r4 ,knead ! d\gh & %ape x into buns4 ,let ^! rise & !n bake !m 9 a hot ov5 = ab\t #ae m9utes4 #hi4 ,,nut ,,or ,,fruit ,,buns4--,nuts or fruit add$ to buns made ( :ite fl\r provide m m9]al salts & bulk1 sub/ances 9 :i* :ite fl\r is lack+4 ,buns conta9+ ei!r ( ^! +r$i5ts1 !re=e1 are especially valuable 9 ! diet4 ,besides increas+ ! food value ( ! buns1 nuts & fruit improve ! flav\r & make a v palatable =m ( bun4 ,buns ( ?is k9d are made z foll[s3 ,,nut ,,or ,,fruit ,,buns 7,suffici5t = #b ,doz5 ,buns7 #d ,tb4 sug> #a ,tb4 fat #a tsp4 salt #a cake compress$ yea/ #a c4 lukew>m milk #c c4 :ite fl\r #c_/d c4 *opp$ nuts or rais9s #a c4 :ite fl\r additional = knead+ ,add ! sug>1 fat1 & salt to ! yea/ dissolv$ 9 a little ( ! milk4 ,!n /ir 9 ! rema9d] ( ! milk & half ( ! fl\r4 ,all[ ?is sponge to rise until x is v light1 & !n add ! rema9d] ( ! fl\r & ! nuts or ! rais9s4 ,knead at once & =m into buns4 ,let ^! rise until !y are light4 ,!n moi/5 !m ) milk & spr9kle sug> ov] !m be=e plac+ !m 9 ! ov54 ,bake = ab\t #ae m9utes4 #ij4 ,,sweet ,,buns4--,p]sons :o pref] a sweet bun w f9d buns l ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba & made accord+ to ! foll[+ recipe v mu* to _! ta/e4 ,! sweet5+1 eggs1 & lemon extract us$ 9 ?is recipe give to ! :ite buns a delightful flav\r & help to l5d v>iety to ! usual k9d ( bun4 ,,sweet ,,buns 7,suffici5t = #a-a_/c ,doz5 ,buns7 #a cake compress$ yea/ #a c4 lukew>m scald$ milk #a_/d c4 sug> #b ,tb4 fat #a tsp4 #a tsp4 salt #c-a_/b c4 :ite fl\r #b eggs #a tsp4 lemon extract #a c4 :ite fl\r additional = knead+ ,dissolve ! yea/ 9 a small am\nt ( ! lukew>m milk & add x to ! sug>1 fat1 salt1 & rema9+ milk 9 ! mix+ b[l4 ,/ir into ?is mixture half ( ! fl\r1 beat well1 & let ! sponge rise until x is light4 ,add ! eggs1 :i* %\ld fir/ be beat51 ! lemon extract1 & ! rema9+ fl\r4 ,knead until ! d\gh is smoo?4 ,let ! d\gh rise aga9 & !n %ape x into rolls4 ,all[ ^! to rise1 & !n bake !m 9 a hot ov5 = ab\t #ae m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba #ia4 ,,c(fee ,,cake4--,:5 an especially good k9d ( biscuit t c be s]v$ = breakfa/ & eat5 ) c(fee is desir$1 c(fee cake made accord+ to ! foll[+ recipe %\ld be us$4 ,c9namon spr9kl$ ov] ! top ( su* cake imp>ts a v pleas+ flav\r1 b if m ( ?is flav\r is pref]r$ #a teaspoonful ( c9namon may be mix$ ) ! d\gh4 ,,c(fee ,,cake 7,suffici5t = ,"o ,cake7 #a cake compress$ yea/ #a_/b c4 lukew>m milk #a ,tb4 sug> #a_/b tsp4 salt #b c4 :ite fl\r #a egg #b ,tb4 fat #a_/d c4 br[n sug> #a_/b c4 :ite fl\r additional = knead+ ,dissolve ! yea/ 9 ! lukew>m milk & add ! sug> & ! salt4 ,/ir 9 #a cupful ( fl\r & let ! mixture rise4 ,:5 ! sponge is light1 add ! beat5 egg1 ! fat & ! br[n sug> cream$1 & ! rema9+ fl\r4 ,knead until ! d\gh is smoo? & all[ x to rise until x is d\ble 9 bulk4 ,!n roll ! d\gh until x is #a_/b in* ?ick1 place x 9 a %all[ pan1 & let x rise until x is light4 ,bru% ! top ) #a tablespoonful ( melt$ butt] & spr9kle x ) #c teaspoonfuls ( c9namon & #c tablespoonfuls ( sug>4 ,bake #aj to #ae m9utes 9 a mod]ately hot ov54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc #ib4 ,,c9namon ,,rolls4--,to make c9namon rolls1 :i* are pref]r$ by "s p]sons to c(fee cake1 use may be made ( ! prec$+ c(fee-cake recipe4 ,h[ev]1 in/ead ( roll+ ! d\gh #a_/b in* ?ick1 roll x #a_/d in* ?ick & bru% x ) melt$ butt]4 ,!n spr9kle x ) #a tablespoonful ( c9namon1 #a_/b cupful ( light-br[n sug>1 & #a_/b cupful ( *opp$ rais9s4 ,next1 roll ?is z a jelly roll & cut ! roll into #a_/b-;in* slices1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,place ^! slices close toge!r 9 a %all[ pan & let !m rise until !y are light1 z 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,!n bake !m 9 a hot ov5 = ab\t #ae m9utes4 ,,toa/ #ic4 ,z e "o kn[s1 ,,toa/ is slic$ bread br[n$ by means ( heat4 ,to make toa/ is n a difficult process1 b a c]ta9 am\nt ( c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ if good results are desir$4 ,! slices us$ = toa/ may be cut ?ick or ?91 dep5d+ on :e!r ! p]sons = :om ! toa/ is made pref] a s(t or a dry toa/ & :e!r ! dige/ibility ( ! toa/ is to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,if ?ick slices are us$ & !y are toa/$ ! usual l5g? ( "t necess>y to make ! surfaces br[n1 ! c5tre ( ! slices w rema9 s(t4 ,toa/ made ( ?9 slices & toa/$ ov] a sl[ fire becomes dry & crisp dur+ ! process ( br[n+ & is m dige/ible ?an t :i* is moi/4 ,su* toa/ w n lose its crispness unless ! pieces are pil$ 9 a heap :ile !y are hot & are all[$ to s(t5 f ! moi/ure t collects4 ,:ile toa/ is usually s]v$ 9 ! =m ( slices1 j z !y are cut f ! loaf1 ! pieces may be cut into %apes ( v>i\s k9ds2 9 fact1 toa/ becomes m attractive if x is cut 9 unusual %apes4 ,! cru/ ( toa/ may be trimm$ (f or left on1 z desir$4 #id4 ,if ! be/ results are desir$ 9 ! mak+ ( toa/1 consid]able att5tion mu/ be giv5 to ! heat t is to produce ! toa/4 ,:atev] k9d is employ$1 x %\ld be /eady & )\t flame4 ,be=e a coal or a coke fire is us$ = ?is purpose1 x %\ld be all[$ to burn d[n until ! flame is gone & ! coals are hot en\gh to reflect ! heat = toa/+4 ,if a gas toa/] is us$1 ! gas %\ld be turn$ suffici5tly l[ = ! bread to br[n sl[ly4 ,v good results are obta9$ f ! use ( an electric toa/]1 also4 ,?is device has become a r common h\sehold article :]e electricity is us$ 9 ! home1 & by means ( x ! toa/ c be made on ! table & s]v$ :ile x is fre% & hot4 ,9 :atev] way toa/ is made1 x w lose mu* ( its attractiv5ess unless x is s]v$ :ile x is fre% & be=e x loses its heat4 ,if toa/ becomes burn$1 ei!r f a flame t is too hot or f inatt5tion on ! "p ( ! p]son :o is prep>+ x1 x may be made fit = use by scrap+ x lightly ) a knife or by rubb+ x across a grat]1 s z to remove ! burn$ portion4 #ie4 ,,milk ,,toa/4--,milk & toa/ make a comb9ation t is lik$ by _m p]sons1 & :5 ^! two foods are comb9$ ! result is kn[n z milk toa/4 ,to make milk toa/1 simply p\r ov] ! toa/ ri* milk t has be5 heat$ & season$ ) salt1 a little sug>1 & a little butt]4 ,?9 :ite sauce may also be us$ = ?is purpose if desir$4 #if4 ,,fr5* ,,toa/4--,possibly no di% 9 :i* toa/ is us$ is bett] kn[n ?an ! s-call$ ,fr5* toa/4 ,bo? milk & egg are us$ 9 mak+ ?is di%1 & ^! ( c\rse add to ! food value ( ! bread4 ,fr5* toa/ made accord+ to ! foll[+ recipe w prove v satisfactory4 ,,fr5* ,,toa/ 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,eight7 #a egg #a c4 milk #b tsp4 sug> #h slices ( bread #a_/b tsp4 salt ,beat ! egg & add x to ! milk1 salt1 & sug>4 ,dip ea* slice ( bread into ?is liquid1 turn x quickly1 & !n remove x4 ,place ! bread ?us dipp$ 9 a hot fry+ pan & saut x until ! "u side is br[n2 !n turn x & br[n ! o!r side4 ,s]ve hot ) sirup or jelly4 ,,left-,,ov] ,,bread #ig4 ,bread t has become /ale ne$ n be wa/$1 = !re are _m uses to :i* x may be put4 ,z su* bread has lo/ mu* ( its moi/ure1 x is desirable = toa/1 = x br[ns m quickly & makes crisp] toa/ ?an fre% bread4 ,?ick slices ( x may also be cut into cubes or long1 n>r[ /rips & !n toa/$ on all sides1 to be s]v$ ) s\p in/ead ( crack]s4 ,/ill ano!r use t c be made ( /ale bread is to toa/ x & !n cut x into triangul> pieces to be s]v$ ) cream$ di%es or us$ z a g>ni% = meats1 eggs1 & v>i\s entres4 ,left-ov] toa/ may also be cut 9 ?is way & us$ = ^! purposes4 #ih4 ,! ends ( loaves1 cru/s trimm$ f bread us$ = s&wi*es1 or /ale bread or rolls t _c be us$ = ! purposes t h be5 m5tion$ c also be utilis$1 s none ( !m ne$ be ?r[n away4 ,if su* pieces are sav$ & all[$ to dry ?or\ghly 9 ! w>m+ ov5 or 9 an ov5 t is n v hot1 !y may be brok5 into crumbs by putt+ !m ?r\gh a food *opp] or roll+ !m ) a roll+ p94 ,aft] ! crumbs are obta9$1 !y %\ld be put ?r\gh a co>se sieve 9 ord] to sep>ate ! co>se ones f ! f9e ones4 ,su* crumbs1 bo? co>se & f9e1 may be kept = "s "t if !y are put into j>s or cans4 ,x is a v good plan to keep a supply ( bread crumbs on h&1 = !re are num]\s di%es t require ! use ( bread 9 ?is =m4 ,= in/ance1 bread crumbs are us$ = all k9ds ( scallop$ di%es2 = mak+ pudd+s1 su* z bread pudd+1 br[n ,betty1 etc42 = /uff+ fi%1 f[l1 & su* vegetables z tomatoes & pepp]s2 = cov]+ ! top ( bak$ di%es1 su* z v>i\s egg & *eese di%es2 = bread+ /eaks & *ops2 & = cov]+ croquettes or oy/]s t are to be fri$4 ,!y may also be add$ to muff9s1 griddle cakes1 & ev5 yea/-bread d\gh4 ,) s _m uses to :i* bread crumbs c be put1 no h\sewife ne$ be at a loss to "k h[ to utilise any scraps ( bread t are n1 = "s reason1 suitable = ! table4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bread ,,exam9ation ,,que/ions 7#a7 ,m5tion ! +r$i5ts requir$ = bread mak+4 7#b7 ,f :at k9d ( :eat is bread fl\r usually made8 7#c7 7a7 ,:at is glut58 7b7 ,:y is x necess>y = ! mak+ ( bread8 7#d7 7a7 ,:at is meant by a bl5d fl\r8 7b7 ,:5 is its use indicat$8 7#e7 ,h[ may ! k9d & quality ( fl\r be judg$ 9 pur*as+ x8 7#f7 7a7 ,:at is yea/8 7b7 ,:at ?+s are necess>y = its gr[?8 7c7 ,:at temp]ature is be/ = its gr[?8 7#g7 7a7 ,:at is produc$ by ! gr[? ( yea/8 7b7 ,:at "p does ?is play 9 bread mak+8 7#h7 ,:at det]m9es ! quantity ( yea/ to use 9 bread mak+8 7#i7 7a7 ,:at w ha/5 ! bread-mak+ process8 7b7 ,:at w ret>d x8 7#aj7 ,give ! g5]al proportions ( ! ma9 +r$i5ts us$ = mak+ a loaf ( bread4 7#aa7 ,:at are ! advantages (3 7a7 ! long process ( bread mak+8 7b7 ! quick process8 7#ab7 ,:at is3 7a7 a sponge8 7b7 a d\gh8 7#ac7 7a7 ,:y mu/ bread d\gh be knead$8 7b7 ,h[ is x possible to tell :5 d\gh has be5 knead$ suffici5tly8 7#ad7 ,at :at temp]ature %\ld bread be knead$8 7#ae7 ,h[ %\ld bread be c>$ = aft] x is remov$ f ! ov58 7#af7 ,:at po9ts are consid]$ 9 ! scor+ ( bread8 7#ag7 ,:at "p ( bread mak+ may be done 9 a bread mix]8 7#ah7 ,:at are ! diff]5ces 9 "t & ov5 temp]atures 9 bak+ rolls & bread8 7#ai7 ,m5tion briefly ! proc$ure 9 mak+ rolls1 buns1 & biscuits4 7#bj7 ,score a loaf ( bread y h made & submit ! po9ts z y h scor$ x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hot ,,breads 99 99 99 99 99 ,,requirem5ts ,,& ,,processes ,,= ,,mak+ ,,hot ,,breads ,,hot ,,breads ,,9 ,,! ,,diet #a4 ,closely relat$ to yea/ breads1 or ^? 9 :i* yea/ is us$ z ! leav5+ ag5t1 are breads kn[n z ,,hot ,,breads1 or ,,quick ,,breads4 ,z ^! names indicate1 su* breads are prep>$ 9 a v %ort "t & are int5d$ to be s]v$ :ile !y are fre% & hot4 ,hot breads1 to call su* breads by ! "n 9 common use1 are made by bak+ a batt] or a d\gh mixture =m$ by mix+ fl\r1 liquid1 salt1 & a leav5+ ag5t4 ,! nature ( ! mixture1 h[ev]1 is gov]n$ by ! proportion ( fl\r & liquid1 ! two +r$i5ts t =m ! basis ( all bread mixtures2 & by incorporat+ ) !m su* +r$i5ts z eggs1 sug>1 %ort5+1 flav\r+1 fruits1 nuts1 etc4 !re may be produc$ an almo/ endless v>iety ( appetis+ hot breads1 :i* include popov]s1 griddle cakes1 waffles1 muff9s1 s(t g+]bread1 corn cake or corn bread1 ,bo/on br[n bread1 nut loaf1 & bak+-p[d] & beat5 biscuit4 ,because ( ! v>iety ^! hot breads af=d1 !y help consid]ably to relieve ! monotony ( meals4 ,9 fact1 ! h\sewife has come to dep5d s mu* on breads ( ?is k9d t _! use has become almo/ univ]sal4 ,z is well kn[n1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 k9ds are typical ( c]ta9 localities2 = in/ance1 beat5 biscuit & hoe cake are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :ile ,bo/on br[n bread is us$ mo/ ext5sively 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates & ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/4 ,! popul> op9ion ( mo/ p]sons is t hot breads are injuri\s4 ,x is p]haps true t !y may be injuri\s to individuals afflict$ ) "s dige/ive di/urbance1 b1 at any rate1 ! h>mful effect may be r$uc$ to a m9imum by ! correct prep>ation & bak+ ( ^! foods4 ,,pr9cipal ,,requirem5ts ,,= ,,hot ,,breads #b4 ,hot breads are quickly & easily made1 b 9 ?is "p ( cook]y1 z 9 e o!r phase ( x1 c]ta9 pr9ciples mu/ be und]/ood & appli$ if ! mo/ satisfactory results are desir$4 ,^! pr9ciples p]ta9 *iefly to ! +r$i5ts us$1 ! way 9 :i* !y are measur$ & h&l$1 ! proportions 9 :i* !y are comb9$1 ! necess>y ut5sils1 & ! prop] bak+ ( ! mixtures t are =m$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! quality ( ! +r$i5ts %\ld be c>efully consid]$1 because on ?is dep5ds ! quality ( ! f9i%$ product4 ,no "o :o prep>es foods c expect good food to result f ! use ( inf]ior mat]ials4 ,next1 ! proportion ( ! +r$i5ts dem&s att5tion1 = mu* importance is atta*$ to ?is po9t4 ,= in/ance1 9 mak+ a c]ta9 k9d ( hot bread1 ! quantity ( fl\r to be us$ is regulat$ by ! quantity ( bread t is desir$1 & ! quantity ( fl\r gov]ns1 9 turn1 ! quantities ( liquid1 leav5+1 & o!r +r$i5ts t are to be put into ! mixture4 ,:5 ! proportions ( +r$i5ts requir$ = a hot bread are kn[n1 x is necess>y t ! +r$i5ts be measur$ v accurately4 ,leav5+ mat]ial1 = example1 w s]ve to make cle> ! ne$ = accuracy 9 measur+4 ,a def9ite quantity ( leav5+ w d only a def9ite am\nt ( "w4 ,!re=e1 if too little or too mu* is us$1 unsatisfactory results may be expect$2 &1 z ) ?is +r$i5t1 s x is ) all ! mat]ials us$ = hot breads4 ,! h&l+ ( ! +r$i5ts & ! mixture has also mu* influ5ce on ! success ) :i* hot breads are produc$4 ,a heavy t\* & excessive h&l+1 bo? ( :i* are usually *>act]i/ic ( ! beg9n]1 are m likely to result 9 a t\gh product ?an is ! light1 c>eful h&l+ ( ! exp]t4 ,h[ev]1 z skill 9 ?is matt] comes ) practice1 no disc\ragem5t ne$ result if successful results are n =?com+ at ! v />t 9 ?is "w4 ,a good rule to foll[ 9 ?is p>ticul>1 & "o t has few exceptions1 is to h&le & /ir ! +r$i5ts only en\gh to bl5d !m prop]ly4 ,9 addition to ! matt]s j m5tion$1 ! ut5sils 9 :i* to comb9e ! hot-bread mat]ials & bake ! batt]s or d\ghs are ( importance4 ,:ile none ( ^! is complicat$1 ea* mu/ be ( ! "r k9d if ! be/ results are expect$4 ,! f9al po9t to :i* att5tion mu/ be giv5 is ! bak+ ( ?is food4 ,prop] bak+ requires on ! "p ( ! h\sewife famili>ity ) ! ov5 t is to be us$1 accuracy 9 judg+ temp]ature1 & a k ( ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! process ( bak+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,leav5+ ,,ag5ts ,,classes ,,( ,,leav5+ ,,ag5ts #c4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out1 ! +r$i5ts t are actually requir$ 9 ! mak+ ( hot breads are fl\r1 liquid1 salt1 & leav5+1 & to give v>iety to breads ( ?is k9d1 num]\s o!r mat]ials1 includ+ sug>1 %ort5+1 eggs1 fruit1 nuts1 etc41 are (t5 add$4 ,) ! exception ( leav5+ ag5ts1 none ( ^! +r$i5ts requires special att5tion at pres5t2 h[ev]1 ! in/ruction t is giv5 9 ,bread reg>d+ fl\r %\ld be kept 9 m9d1 z %\ld also ! fact t all ! mat]ials = hot breads %\ld be ( ! be/ quality t c be obta9$4 ,z is kn[n by ?is "t1 leav5+ ag5ts are ! mat]ials us$ to leav51 or make light1 any k9d ( fl\r mixture4 ,^! ag5ts are ( ?ree classes1 namely1 organic1 physical1 & *emical4 ,! organic ag5t is ! olde/ recogniz$ leav5+ mat]ial1 x be+ ! "o t is us$ 9 ! mak+ ( yea/ breads2 b z a complete discussion ( ?is class ( leav5+ ag5ts is giv5 9 ,bread & z x is n employ$ 9 ! mak+ ( hot breads1 no consid]ation ne$ be giv5 to x "h4 ,physical leav5+ is accompli%$ by ! incorporation ( air into a mixture or by ! expansion ( ! wat] into /eam1 & *emical leav5+ ag5ts are ! mo/ mod]n & accurate ( all ! ag5ts t h be5 devis$ = ! quick ris+ ( fl\r mixtures4 ,,physical ,,leav5+ #d4 ,,physical ,,leav5+ consi/s 9 a]at+1 or incorporat+ gas or air into1 a mixture t is to be bak$1 & x is bas$ on ! pr9ciple t air or gas exp&s1 or increases 9 volume1 :5 heat$4 ,x is def9itely kn[n t :5 air is incorporat$ into d\gh & !n heat$1 ! air increases #a_/bgc ( its own volume = ea* degree t ! temp]ature is increas$4 ,= in/ance1 if ! temp]ature ( an a]at$ mixture is #fe degrees ,fahr5heit :5 x is put into ! ov51 ! air or gas w h d\bl$ 9 volume by ! "t x has rea*$ #cch degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,?us1 ! success ( a]at$ bread dep5ds to "s ext5t on ! temp]ature ( ! mixture :5 x goes into ! ov54 ,! cold] x is at t "t1 ! great] is ! numb] ( degrees x w h to rise be=e x is suffici5tly bak$1 & ! m opportunity w ! gas h to exp&4 #e4 ,! air or gas requir$ = physical leav5+ is incorporat$ into a mixture by beat+ or fold+ ! batt] or d\gh itself1 or by fold+ beat5 egg :ites into x4 ,if ! mixture is ?9 en\gh1 ! beat+ may be done ) a spoon or an egg beat]2 b if x is ?ick en\gh to be h&l$ on a bo>d1 air may be incorporat$ into x by roll+ & fold+ x repeat$ly4 ,if eggs are to be us$ = a]at+ ! batt] or d\gh1 ! entire egg may be beat5 & !n add$1 b z m air c be incorporat$ into ! egg :ites1 ! yolks & :ites are usually beat5 sep>ately4 ,to make ! :ite ( eggs mo/ satisfactory = ?is purpose1 x %\ld be beat5 /iff en\gh to /& up well1 b n until x becomes dry & beg9s to break up4 ,9 add+ ! beat5 egg :ite1 x %\ld be fold$ c>efully & lightly into ! mixture aft] all ! o!r +r$i5ts h be5 comb9$4 ,beat5 egg :ite may be us$ to light5 any mixture t is s(t en\gh to p]mit x to be fold$ 94 #f4 ,to insure ! be/ results f mixtures t are to be made light by means ( physical leav5+ ag5ts1 c]ta9 precautions mu/ be tak54 ,su* mixtures %\ld be bak$ z soon z possible aft] ! mix+ is done1 s t ! gas or air w n pass out be=e ! d\gh is bak$4 ,likewise1 !y %\ld be h&l$ z lightly & quickly z possible1 = a heavy t\* & too mu* h&l+ are (t5 ! cause ( imp]fect results4 ,= bak+ a]at$ mixtures1 heavy irons are bett] ?an t9 muff9 pans2 also1 ! pans t are us$ %\ld be heat$ be=e ! mixture is put into !m1 s t ! batt] or d\gh w beg9 to exp& imm$iately4 ,gem irons %\ld be fill$ level ) an a]at$ mixture4 ,,*emical ,,leav5+ #g4 ,,*emical ,,leav5+ is br\ght ab\t by ! action ( gas produc$ by an acid & an alkali4 ,all *emical leav5+ ag5ts are ,simil> 9 _! action1 & !y are compos$ ( an acid & an alkali4 ,:5 an acid & an alkali are br\ght toge!r 9 ! pres5ce ( moi/ure & heat1 ! result is ! rapid production ( c>bon dioxide1 a gas t exp&s on be+ heat$1 j z all o!r gases d4 ,9 exp&+1 ! gas pu%es up ! batt]s or d\ghs1 & ^!1 :5 bak$1 set1 or h>d51 into por\s %apes4 ,9 addition to =m+ ! gas1 ! acid & ! alkali produce a salt t rema9s 9 ! bread1 & x is ?is salt t is responsible = ! h>mful effect usually attribut$ to *emical leav5+ ag5ts4 #h4 ,! fir/ *emical leav5+ ag5ts 7 devis$ by h\sewives !mselves4 ,!y consi/$ ( a comb9ation ( sal]atus1 an alkali made f wood a%es1 & s\r milk or molasses4 ,! results obta9$ 7 m or less satisfactory1 b nev] entirely accurate or c]ta94 ,lat] on1 *emi/s by employ+ ! same idea comb9$ an alkali ) an acid 9 p[d] =m & produc$ an accurate & satisfactory leav5+ ag5t 9 ! =m ( bak+ p[d]4 ,! discov]y ( bak+ p[d]1 h[ev]1 has n displac$ ! use ( o!r comb9ations t =m *emical leav5+ ag5ts1 = soda is /ill comb9$ ) s\r milk1 molasses1 & cream ( t>t> 9 ! mak+ ( v>i\s hot breads4 ,!re=e1 s t a prop] und]/&+ ( ! v>i\s *emical leav5+ ag5ts may be obta9$1 a discussion ( ea* is "h giv54 #i4 ,,soda ,,& ,,s\r ,,milk4--,:5 soda is us$ ) s\r milk = leav5+ purposes1 ! lactic acid 9 ! milk is s act$ ^u by ! soda z to produce gas4 ,h[ev]1 ^! two +r$i5ts--soda & s\r milk--d n make an absolutely accurate leav5+ ag5t1 because ! quantity ( acid 9 ! s\r milk v>ies accord+ to ! f]m5tation t has tak5 place4 ,= example1 s\r milk #dh h\rs old conta9s m acid ?an s\r milk t is kept "u ! same conditions b is only #bd h\rs old4 ,! proportion ( ^! +r$i5ts t is usually effective 9 batt]s & d\ghs = hot breads is #a level teaspoonful ( soda to #a p9t ( s\r milk4 ,s z to d]ive ! be/ results 9 us+ ^! *emical leav5+ ag5ts1 x w be well to obs]ve t if !y are mix$ toge!r 9 a cup ! milk w bubble & may1 provid$ ! quantity is suffici5t1 run ov]4 ,^! bubbles are caus$ by ! gas t is =m$ :5 ! acid & soda meet1 & :5 !y break gas escapes1 ) ! result t "s ( x is lo/4 ,=m]ly1 x 0 ! cu/om to mix ^! leav5+ sub/ances 9 ?is way1 & !n to add !m to ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 9 ord] t all gas produc$ may be kept 9 ! d\gh mixture1 ! soda is sift$ 9 ) ! dry +r$i5ts & ! s\r milk is add$ ) ! liquid +r$i5ts4 #aj4 ,a po9t well wor? rememb]+ is t s\r milk & soda may be sub/itut$ = sweet milk & bak+ p[d] 9 a recipe t calls = ^! +r$i5ts by us+ #a teaspoonful ( soda to ea* p9t ( s\r milk4 ,?is in=mation %\ld prove valuable to ! h\sewife1 especially if %e has accumulat$ a supply ( s\r milk t %\ld n be wa/$4 ,occasionally x w be f\nd t bak+ p[d] & soda are requir$ 9 ! same recipe1 b ?is occurs only :5 an insuffici5t am\nt ( soda to produce ! desir$ result is specifi$4 #aa4 ,,soda ,,& ,,molasses4--,al?\gh molasses1 :i* is a product ( sug> cane1 is sweet1 x conta9s an acid t is =m$ by ! f]m5tation t cont9ually occurs 9 x1 an evid5ce ( :i* is ! t9y bubbles t may be se5 9 molasses1 especially :5 x is kept 9 a w>m place4 ,because ( ! pres5ce ( ?is acid1 molasses may be us$ ) soda to =m a *emical leav5+ ag5t1 & :5 !y are comb9$ 9 hot breads or cake1 ! *emical action ( ! two produces c>bon dioxide4 ,h[ev]1 accurate results _c always be obta9$ :5 ^! +r$i5ts are us$1 = ! degree ( acidity 9 molasses is z unc]ta9 z x is 9 s\r milk4 ,molasses t is old or has be5 kept 9 a w>m place w conta9 m acid ?an molasses t has be5 manufactur$ only a %ort "t or t has be5 kept cool to ret>d f]m5tation4 ,! proportion ( soda to molasses t c usually be reli$ on = hot breads & cakes is #a teaspoonful ( soda to #a cupful ( molasses1 or j twice ! quantity ( soda t is g5]ally us$ ) s\r milk4 ,to produce ! be/ results1 ! molasses %\ld be mix$ ) ! liquid +r$i5ts & ! soda sift$ 9 ) ! dry ones4 ,z molasses burns v quickly 9 a hot ov51 all breads or cakes conta9+ x z an +r$i5t %\ld be bak$ 9 an ov5 ( mod]ate temp]ature4 #ab4 ,,soda ,,& ,,cream ,,( ,,t>t>4--,"s h\sewives are incl9$ to use soda & cream ( t>t> = leav5+ purposes2 b !re is really no advantage 9 do+ ?is :5 bak+ p[d] c be obta9$1 = "s bak+ p[d]s are a comb9ation ( ^! two +r$i5ts & produce ! same result4 ,9 fact1 ! h\sewife _c measure soda & cream ( t>t> s accurately z ! *emi/ c comb9e !m 9 ! manufacture ( bak+ p[d]4 ,nev]!less1 if _! use is pref]r$1 !y %\ld be measur$ 9 ! proportion ( twice z mu* cream ( t>t> z soda4 ,z 9 ! case ( soda alone1 ^! leav5+ ag5ts %\ld be sift$ ) ! dry +r$i5ts4 ,a small quantity ( cream ( t>t> is us$ )\t soda 9 su* mixtures z angel-food cake1 9 :i* egg :ite alone is us$ to make ! mixture light4 ,! addition ( ! cream ( t>t> has ! effect ( s solidify+ ! egg :ite t x holds up until ! heat ( ! ov5 h>d5s x p]man5tly4 #ac4 ,,bak+ ,,p[d]4--,)\t d\bt1 bak+ p[d] is ! mo/ satisfactory ( ! *emical leav5+ ag5ts4 ,x comes 9 ?ree v>ieties1 b !y are all simil> 9 composition1 = ea* conta9s an alkali 9 ! =m ( soda & an acid ( "s k9d1 z well z a fill] ( />*1 :i* s]ves to prev5t ! acid & ! alkali f act+ ^u ea* o!r4 ,:5 moi/ure is add$ to bak+ p[d]1 *emical action sets 91 b x is n v rapid1 z is app>5t :5 a cake or a muff9 mixture is all[$ to /& be=e bak+4 ,! bubbles ( gas t =m 9 su* a mixture c easily be obs]v$ if ! mixture is /irr$ aft] x has /ood = a %ort "t4 ,:5 bo? moi/ure & heat are appli$ to bak+ p[d]1 h[ev]1 ! *emical action t takes place is m rapid1 & ?is acc\nts = its usefulness 9 bak+ hot breads & cake4 #ad4 ,! price ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( bak+ p[d]1 :i* usually v>ies f #aj c5ts to #ej c5ts a p\nd1 is g5]ally an indication ( ! +r$i5ts t !y conta94 ,p[d]s t sell = #dj to #ej c5ts a p\nd usually conta9 cream ( t>t> = ! acid1 ! high price ( ?is sub/ance acc\nt+ = ! price ( ! p[d]4 ,p[d]s t may be pur*as$ = #cj to #dj c5ts a p\nd g5]ally conta9 acid phosphate ( lime1 & z ?is sub/ance is *eap] ?an cream ( t>t>1 a bak+-p[d] mixture conta9+ x may well be sold = less4 ,! *eape/ grade ( p[d]s1 or ^? :i* sell = #aj to #be c5ts a p\nd1 h = _! acid a salt ( alum9um call$ alum4 ,/ill o!r p[d]s t are sometimes made up to sell = #bj to #cj c5ts a p\nd conta9 a mixture ( phosphate & alum4 #ae4 ,z bak+ p[d]s v>y 9 price1 s d !y v>y 9 _! keep+ qualities1 _! effectiv5ess1 & _! t5d5cy t[>d be+ injuri\s4 ,mo/ phosphate & alum p[d]s d n keep s well z ! cream-(-t>t> p[d]s1 & ! long] !y are kept1 ! less effective d !y become4 ,! p[d]s t conta9 phosphate yield m gas = ea* teaspoonful us$ ?an d ! o!r v>ieties4 ,mu* controv]sy has tak5 place ) reg>d to ! diff]5t k9ds ( bak+ p[d] & _! effects on ! dige/ive tract1 b au?orities h n yet agre$ on ?is matt]4 ,h[ev]1 if foods made ) ! aid ( bak+ p[d]s are n us$ excessively1 no conc]n ne$ be felt z to _! injuri\s effect4 ,! h\sewife 9 h] *oice ( bak+ p[d] %\ld be guid$ by ! price %e c af=d to pay & ! results %e is able to get aft] %e has become well in=m$ z to ! effect ( ! diff]5t v>ieties4 ,%e may easily become famili> ) ! composition ( bak+ p[d]1 = a /atem5t ( :at sub/ances ea* k9d conta9s is g5]ally f\nd on ! label ( e v>iety4 ,?is in=mation is invaluable to ! h\sewife1 z x w assi/ h] consid]ably 9 mak+ a selection4 #af4 ,! proportion ( bak+ p[d] to be us$ 9 a batt] or a d\gh is regulat$ by ! quantity ( fl\r employ$ & n1 z is ! case ) soda & molasses or s\r milk1 by ! quantity ( liquid1 ! usual proportion be+ #b level teaspoonfuls to #a cupful ( fl\r4 ,sometimes ?is proportion is decreas$1 #f or #g teaspoonfuls be+ us$ in/ead ( #h to ea* qu>t ( fl\r 9 ! mak+ ( l>ge quantities ( "s k9ds ( bak$ foods4 ,9 add+ bak+ p[d] to a mixture1 z 9 add+ o!r dry leav5+ ag5ts1 x %\ld be sift$ ) fl\r & ! o!r dry +r$i5ts4 #ag4 ,al?\gh bak+ p[d] may be pur*as$ at v>i\s prices1 a good grade c be made 9 ! home )\t mu* ef=t & usually = less ?an t :i* c be b\ght ready made4 ,= ^! reasons1 _m h\sewives pref] to make _! own4 ,! foll[+ recipe tells h[ to make a cream-(-t>t> p[d] t is v satisfactory3 ,,recipe ,,= ,,bak+ ,,p[d] #a_/b lb4 cream ( t>t> #a_/d lb4 bic>bonate ( soda #a_/d lb4 corn />* ,weigh all ! +r$i5ts accurately4 ,if ! cream ( t>t> & ! bic>bonate ( soda are to be pur*as$ f a druggi/1 x w be bett] = him to weigh !m ?an = ! h\sewife1 z he uses scales t weigh accurately4 ,aft] all ! +r$i5ts are weigh$1 mix !m toge!r ?or\ghly by sift+ !m a numb] ( times or by %ak+ !m well 9 a c or a j> on :i* ! lid has be5 tightly clos$4 ,! bak+ p[d] ?us made %\ld be kept 9 a c or a j> t may be r5d]$ air-tight by means ( a lid1 or cov]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hot-,,bread ,,ut5sils ,,& ,,_! ,,use ,,purpose ,,( ,,ut5sils ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a #ah4 ,! ut5sils requir$ = ! mak+ ( hot breads consi/ ( two k9ds3 ^? 9 :i* ! +r$i5ts are prep>$ & comb9$ to =m ! mixture & ^? 9 :i* ! mixture is to be bak$4 ,z soon z x is kn[n j :at ones are ne$$ to c>ry out ! recipe = ! hot bread t is to be made1 !y1 toge!r ) ! necess>y +r$i5ts1 su* z milk1 fat1 fl\r1 bak+ p[d]1 salt1 eggs1 etc41 %\ld be collect$ & arrang$ 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 s t !y w be conv5i5t4 ,usually1 mu* ( ! success ( hot breads dep5ds on ! quickness & dext]ity ) :i* ! +r$i5ts are put toge!r1 & if ! p]son mak+ !m has to int]rupt h] "w e n[ & !n to get out a ut5sil1 %e w f9d t h] results w n be s satisfactory & t %e w use up m en]gy ?an ! "w really dem&s4 ,! pans 9 :i* ! mixture is to be bak$ ne$ p>ticul> att5tion1 = !y %\ld be greas$ & ready to fill be=e ! mix+ is begun4 ,if !y are to be heat$1 !y %\ld be greas$ & put into ! ov5 a few m9utes be=e ! mixture is ready to be put into !m1 s t !y may be tak5 f ! ov5 & fill$ at once4 ,,ut5sils ,,= ,,prep>+ ,,! ,,mixture #ai4 ,fig4 #a s]ves v well to illu/rate ! ut5sils requir$ = prep>+ hot-bread mixtures4 ,^! consi/ ( a b[l a ( ! prop] size = mix+2 a small] b[l b = beat+ eggs1 provid$ eggs are to be us$2 two /&>d half-p9t measur+ cups c1 "o = dry +r$i5ts & ! o!r = wet +r$i5ts2 a tablespoon d1 a case knife e1 & a teaspoon f = measur+ & mix+2 an egg beat] g & a fl\r sift]4 ,( c\rse1 if an egg :ip is pref]r$1 x may take ! place ( ! egg beat]1 b = "s hot-bread mixtures use w be f\nd = bo? ( ^! ut5sils4 ,,ut5sils ,,= ,,bak+ ,,! ,,mixture ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b #bj4 ,! k9d ( ut5sil requir$ = ! bak+ ( hot-bread mixtures dep5ds entirely on ! nature ( ! mixture & ! recipe t is to be prep>$4 ,= popov]s1 popov] cups simil> to ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #b or gem irons are necess>y4 ,muff9s require muff9 pans l ^? illu/rat$ at h1 ,fig4 #a2 ,bo/on br[n breads ne$ cans t h tight-fitt+ lids2 s(t g+] bread1 nut loaf1 & corn cake are bak$ 9 loaf pans2 bak+-p[d] or beat5 biscuits are plac$ 9 %all[ pans or on oil$ %eets2 griddle cakes mu/ be bak$ on griddles2 & waffles require waffle irons4 ,none ( ^! ut5sils are likely to pres5t any difficulty 9 _! use except griddles & waffle irons1 s 9 ord] t ^! may be ?or\ghly und]/ood & good results !reby obta9$1 explanations ( !m are "h giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c #ba4 ,,griddles4--,a /yle ( griddle 9 common use is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #c1 & :ile x is circul> & has a project+ h&le1 griddles ( diff]5t %apes & fitt$ ) diff]5t h&les are to be _h4 ,su* ut5sils are made ( num]\s mat]ials1 b ! mo/ satisfactory ones are con/ruct$ ( /eel1 iron1 soap/one1 & alum9um4 ,/eel & iron griddles mu/ be greas$ be=e cakes are bak$ on !m s z to prev5t ! cakes f /ick+2 = ?is reason !y are less conv5i5t ?an soap/one & alum9um griddles1 :i* d n require any grease4 ,! size ( griddle to use is gov]n$ by ! numb] ( p]sons t are to be s]v$4 ,"o t is unusually l>ge1 h[ev]1 %\ld be avoid$ if a gas /ove is us$ = cook+1 z x is difficult to heat a l>ge griddle ev5ly on su* a /ove1 & ev5 a small "o mu/ be %ift$ frequ5tly s t "s spots w n be hott] ?an o!rs4 ,9 ?is respect1 a griddle made ( alum9um has ! advantage ov] ! o!r k9ds1 = ?is mat]ial conducts ! heat ev5ly ov] its entire surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,be=e a new /eel or iron griddle is us$1 x mu/ be temp]$ s z to prev5t ! food t is to be bak$ on x f /ick+4 ,if x is n temp]$1 mu* "t w be consum$ be=e its surface w be 9 ! "r condition to p]mit bak+ to proce$ )\t difficulty1 & ?is1 ( c\rse1 w result 9 wa/+ consid]able food mat]ial4 ,temp]+ may be done by cov]+ ! griddle ) a quantity ( fat1 plac+ x ov] a flame or 9 a v hot ov51 & !n all[+ x to heat ?or\ghly to su* a temp]ature t ! fat w burn onto ! surface4 ,?is same precaution %\ld be obs]v$ ) new waffle irons & fry+ pans made ( /eel or iron if ! be/ results f su* ut5sils are desir$4 #bb4 ,,waffle ,,irons4--,a waffle iron1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #d & #e1 consi/s ( two corrugat$ griddles fa/5$ toge!r ) a h+e 9 su* a way t ! surfaces ne>ly t\* :5 ! h&les are br\ght toge!r z 9 ,fig4 #d 7a74 ,^! griddles are s susp5d$ 9 a frame t !y may be turn$ completely ov] 9 ord] to all[ ea* side to be expos$ to ! heat4 ,! waffle iron illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #d1 %[n clos$ 9 view 7a7 & op5 9 7b71 is int5d$ = a coal range4 ,9 ord] to use x1 a /ove lid is remov$ f "o ( ! op5+s & ! waffle iron is set 9 ! op5+1 :i* all[s ! griddle "p to be turn$4 ,! waffle iron %[n 9 ,fig4 #e is int5d$ = a gas range4 ,z w be notic$1 ! griddle "p re/s on a base t is deep en\gh to p]mit x to be turn$4 ,9 us+ a waffle iron ( ei!r k9d1 x %\ld be heat$ :ile ! waffle mixture is be+ prep>$2 !n x %\ld be ?or\ghly greas$ on bo? sides4 ,no excess fat1 h[ev]1 %\ld be us$1 z x w run out :5 ! griddle is turn$ ov]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,mixture ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,mixtures ,,& ,,g5]al ,,proportions #bc4 ,,batt]s ,,& ,,d\ghs4--,! mixtures f :i* hot breads are produc$ are ( diff]5t consi/5cies1 & famili>ity ) !m is necess>y if good results 9 ! mak+ ( su* breads are desir$4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! consi/5cies is due to ! proportion ( fl\r & liquid us$1 a small proportion ( fl\r produc+ a batt] & a l>ge proportion1 a d\gh4 ,x w be well to note1 h[ev]1 t "s k9ds ( fl\r ?ick5 a mixture mu* m readily ?an d o!rs4 ,exp]i5ce 9 ! h&l+ ( fl\r tea*es h[ to v>y ! o!r +r$i5ts ( a recipe 9 ord] to make !m correspond to ! diff]5ce 9 fl\r1 b ! p]son :o lacks a k ( cook]y1 or has _h v little exp]i5ce 9 ! h&l+ ( foods1 mu/ "k ! g5]al proportions t are correct "u mo/ circum/ances4 ,! names ( ! mixtures t ! +r$i5ts produce are ?9 batt]1 ?ick batt]1 s(t d\gh1 & /iff d\gh4 #bd4 ,a ,,?9 ,,batt] is "o 9 :i* ! g5]al proportion ( liquid & fl\r is #a measure ( fl\r to #a measure ( liquid4 ,su* a batt]1 :5 p\r$1 imm$iately seeks its own level & has ! consi/5cy ( ?9 cream4 ,! mo/ common examples ( ?9 batt]s are popov]s & griddle cakes4 ,a ,,?ick ,,batt]1 :i* is kn[n z a drop1 or muff91 batt]1 is "o t is made ( #b measures ( fl\r & #a measure ( liquid4 ,a batt] ( ?is k9d may be p\r$1 b x w n imm$iately seek its own level4 ,muff9s1 gems1 pudd+s1 & cakes are made ( ?ick batt]s4 ,a ,,s(t ,,d\gh is "o ^: proportions are #c measures ( fl\r & #a measure ( liquid4 ,a d\gh ( ?is k9d w /& up alone--t is1 )\t support at ! sides--& has m ( ! prop]ties ( a solid ?an ( a liquid4 ,bak+-p[d] biscuits1 tea rolls1 & c]ta9 k9ds ( cake are made ( ?is =m ( d\gh4 ,a ,,/iff ,,d\gh is made ( #d measures ( fl\r & #a measure ( liquid4 ,su* a d\gh w n cl+ to ! mix+ b[l1 c be h&l$ ) ! h&s1 & w n /ick :5 roll$ out on a bo>d4 ,pie cru/1 h>d cookies1 & beat5 biscuit are made ( su* d\gh4 #be4 ,,apply+ ,,k ,,( ,,g5]al ,,proportions4 ,:ile ! g5]al proportions j m5tion$ rema9 ! same 9 ! majority ( cases1 !y v>y some:at :5 +r$i5ts o!r ?an liquid & fl\r are add$4 ,%ort5+ & eggs 9 p>ticul> *ange ! quantity ( liquid requir$1 less liquid be+ necess>y :5 ^! +r$i5ts are us$4 ,to get ! be/ results f a new recipe1 x is always advisable ^u read+ ! recipe to notice ! proportions t are giv5 & !n to try to judge :e!r !y be> a close en\gh resemblance to ! g5]al proportions to make a successful di%4 ,= in/ance1 if a griddle-cake recipe calls = #c cupfuls ( fl\r & #a cupful ( liquid1 ! cook :o und]/&s :at ! g5]al proportions = su* a batt] ought to be w\ld "k imm$iately t ! recipe calls = too mu* fl\r4 ,likewise1 %e w\ld "k t a recipe = bak+-p[d] biscuits t calls = #b cupfuls ( fl\r & #a cupful ( liquid w\ld make a d\gh t w\ld be too s(t to h&le4 ,besides enabl+ a woman to judge a recipe1 a k ( ! correct proportions = ?+s ( ?is k9d makes x possible = h] to comb9e ! +r$i5ts = a c]ta9 recipe )\t resort+ to a cook book1 or1 9 o!r words1 to orig9ate a recipe4 ,because ( ! importance ( su* an und]/&+1 att5tion %\ld always be giv5 to details t w assi/ 9 obta9+ a ?or\gh k ( ?is matt]4 ,,prep>+ ,,! ,,mixture #bf4 ,,prelim9>y ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,+r$i5ts4--,be=e ! mix+ ( ! +r$i5ts t are to be us$ 9 ! batt]s & d\ghs ( hot breads is begun1 all t are ne$$ = ! recipe select$ %\ld be collect$ & prop]ly measur$4 ,always sift ! fl\r t is to be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,?is is a rule t nev] v>ies ) reg>d to fl\r to be us$ = any d\gh mixture or z a ?ick5+ ag5t4 ,!n1 to prev5t ! fl\r f pack+ too solidly1 measure x by dipp+ x into ! cup ) a spoon4 ,to obta9 ! prop] am\nt1 heap ! cup & !n level x ) ! edge ( a knife4 ,measure ) a spoon :atev] dry leav5+ ag5t is call$ =1 & be sure t x does n conta9 any lumps4 ,if salt1 sug>1 & spices are to be us$1 measure !m c>efully4 ,mix ! leav5+ ag5t1 ! salt1 ! sug>1 & ! o!r dry +r$i5ts ) ! fl\r by sift+ !m toge!r once or twice4 ,measure ! butt] or o!r fat by pack+ x 9 ! spoon & !n level+ x ) a knife4 ,be p>ticul> 9 measur+ ! liquid1 us+ nei!r m nor less ?an is call$ =4 ,reg>d+ ?is +r$i5t1 x %\ld always be rememb]$ t :5 a cupful is requir$1 a half-p9t cup full to ! brim is meant & t any fraction ( a cupful %\ld be measur$ ) ! same exactness4 #bg4 ,,comb9+ ,,! ,,+r$i5ts4--,! mann] 9 :i* a batt] or a d\gh is mix$ is v important1 = mu* ( ! success ( ! f9i%$ product dep5ds on ! ord] 9 :i* ! v>i\s /eps are accompli%$4 ,two g5]al me?ods ( comb9+ ! +r$i5ts = su* mixtures h be5 devis$ & ei!r ( !m may be foll[$1 because !y produce equally good results4 ,9 "o ( ^! me?ods1 ! fat is work$ into ! dry +r$i5ts & ! liquid !n add$4 ,z eggs are usually consid]$ a liquid +r$i5t1 !y are beat5 & add$ to ! re/ ( ! liquid be=e x is mix$ ) ! dry +r$i5ts4 ,h[ev]1 if eggs are to be us$ = leav5+1 only ! yolks are add$ ) ! liquid +r$i5ts1 ! :ites be+ beat5 sep>ately & fold$ 9 la/4 ,! o!r me?od is us$ only :5 ! mixtures are to conta9 a small quantity ( fat4 ,9 ?is me?od1 all ! liquid +r$i5ts1 includ+ ! eggs1 are fir/ mix$ toge!r4 ,!n ! dry +r$i5ts are comb9$ & sift$ into ! liquid4 ,! fat is melt$ la/ & beat5 into ! d\gh mixture4 ,if ! mixture to be h&l$ is a /iff "o1 ! fat %\ld be put 9 cold1 = add+ melt$ fat makes ! d\gh s(t & /icky & !re=e difficult to h&le4 ,,bak+ ,,! ,,mixture #bh4 ,,regulat+ ,,! ,,ov54--,:5 ! +r$i5ts h be5 prop]ly comb9$1 ! mixture is ready to be bak$4 ,) ! exception ( waffles & griddle cakes1 ! bak+ ( :i* is expla9$ 9 connection ) ! recipes1 all hot breads are bak$ 9 ! ov52 !re=e1 :ile ! mixture is be+ prep>$1 ! ov5 %\ld be prop]ly regulat$ 9 ord] t ! temp]ature w be j "r :5 x is "t to />t ! bak+4 ,p>ticul> ?\ght %\ld be giv5 to ?is matt]1 = if no att5tion is paid to ! ov5 until ! mixture is ready to be bak$1 x w be necess>y to all[ ! mixture to /& until ! heat ( ! ov5 c be regulat$ or to put x into ! ov5 & run ! risk ( spoil+ ! food4 ,to prev5t ei!r ( ^! conditions & to insure success1 ! fuel1 no matt] :at k9d is us$1 %\ld be light$ be=e mix+ is begun1 s t ! ov5 may be heat+ :ile ! mixture is be+ prep>$1 unless1 z is sometimes ! case1 !re are /eps 9 ! prep>ation ( ! mixture t consume consid]able "t4 ,= in/ance1 look+ ov] rais9s & clean+ !m or crack+ nuts & pick+ ! meats out ( ! %ells %\ld be done be=e ! re/ ( ! +r$i5ts are prep>$ or ! ov5 is regulat$4 #bi4 ,,correct ,,ov5 ,,temp]atures4--,quick breads t are to be bak$ 9 ! =m ( loaves require an ov5 temp]ature ( f #cej to #djj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,muff9s1 biscuits1 & ! small] v>ieties ( ^! breads ne$ a high] temp]ature1 #dbe to #dej degrees ,fahr5heit be+ be/4 ,z !y are n s l>ge1 ! heat has less d\gh ?r\gh :i* to p5etrate1 & consequ5tly ! bak+ c be accompli%$ m quickly4 #cj4 ,,det]m9+ ,,& ,,regulat+ ,,ov5 ,,temp]ature4--,regulat+ ! ov5 & te/+ its temp]ature pres5t v little difficulty to ! h\sewife ( exp]i5ce1 b !y are n always easy problems = ! woman :o is le>n+ to cook4 ,h[ev]1 if ! untra9$ & inexp]i5c$ cook w obs]ve h] ov5 closely & det]m9e ! results ( c]ta9 temp]atures1 %e w soon f9d h]self becom+ m successful 9 ?is matt]4 ,to assi/ ! h\sewife 9 ?is matt]1 z well z to help 9 ! sav+ ( mu* loss 9 fuel & 9 und]done or ov]done food1 _m /oves are equipp$ ) an ov5 !rmomet]1 an indicator1 or a !rmo/at4 ,! !rmomet] is m likely to be reliable ?an ! indicator1 z x has a column ( m]cury l t ( any o!r !rmomet] & is graduat$2 also1 a c]ta9 k9d may be secur$ t c be us$ ) any sort ( ov54 ,! indicator is 9 ! =m ( a dial ) a h& atta*$ to a metal spr+4 ,?is spr+ contracts & exp&s ) ! *anges 9 ! temp]ature ( ! ov5 & ?us causes ! h& to po9t out ! temp]ature4 ,! !rmo/at is a device t automatically regulates ! heat ( ! ov54 ,on a /ove equipp$ ) a !rmo/at1 x is simply necess>y to set ! device at ! temp]ature desir$4 ,:5 ?is temp]ature is rea*$1 ! device keeps x /ation>y4 #ca4 ,if nei!r an indicator nor a !rmomet] is available1 ! heat ( ! ov5 may be det]m9$ 9 o!r ways4 ,"s h\sewives te/ ! ov5 ) ! h&1 & :ile su* a te/ is m or less dep5d5t on exp]i5ce1 ^? :o use x f9d x v satisfactory4 ,if ! h& c be held 9 ! ov5 :ile #ae is c\nt$ sl[ly1 ! temp]ature is t ( a mod]ate ov5 & w be "r = ! bak+ ( loaves4 ,an ov5 t is ( ! prop] temp]ature = muff9s or rolls w p]mit ! h& to be held 9 x :ile only #aj is c\nt$ sl[ly4 ,^? :o d n te/ ) ! h& f9d t plac+ a piece ( :ite pap] 9 ! ov5 is an accurate way ( det]m9+ its temp]ature4 ,su* pap] w turn a delicate br[n 9 #e m9utes 9 a mod]ate ov51 & a deep] br[n 9 #d m9utes 9 a hot ov54 #cb4 ,,prop] ,,plac+ ,,( ,,! ,,mixture ,,9 ,,! ,,ov54--,z is po9t$ out 9 ,ess5tials ( ,cook]y1 ,"p #a1 ! top ( ! ov5 is hott] ?an ! bottom4 ,?is tru? & ! fact t 9 an ov51 z 9 any o!r space1 air exp&s & rises on becom+ heat$1 are po9ts t h mu* to d ) ! bak+ ( quick breads1 = ^! are mixtures t rise aft] be+ plac$ 9 ! ov54 ,s t !y may rise prop]ly1 !y %\ld be plac$ on ! bottom fir/2 !n1 z !y become heat$1 !y w h a t5d5cy to rise z ! air does4 ,if ! food is plac$ ne> ! top fir/1 ! heat$ air w be likely to press x d[n & ret>d its ris+4 ,z soon z ! ris+ is complet$ & ! food has bak$ suffici5tly on ! bottom1 x %\ld be mov$ up s t x w br[n on ! top4 #cc4 ,,te/+ ,,! ,,bak$ ,,mixture4--,recipes = bak$ di%es usually /ate ! l5g? ( "t requir$ to bake !m1 b su* directions _c always be dep5d$ on1 because ! temp]ature ( ! ov5 v>ies at diff]5t times4 ,! be/ way 9 :i* to judge :e!r ! food has bak$ ! necess>y l5g? ( "t is to apply to x "o ( ! reliable te/s t h be5 devis$ = ?is purpose4 ,probably ! mo/ satisfactory te/ is to ins]t a too?pick z deep z possible into ! c5t] ( ! loaf4 ,! c5t]1 r ?an "s o!r "p ( ! loaf1 is ! place :]e ! te/+ %\ld be done1 because ! heat p5etrates a mixture f ! outside & ! c5t] is !re=e ! la/ "p to bake4 ,if ! too?pick comes out )\t p>ticles ( d\gh adh]+1 ! mixture is suffici5tly bak$ 9 t place & consequ5tly ?r\gh\t ! loaf4 ,9 case ! d\gh /icks to ! too?pick1 ! bak+ is n complet$ & w h to be cont9u$4 ,s9ce ?is is a te/ t is frequ5tly us$1 a supply ( too?picks1 pref]ably r\nd ones1 %\ld be kept 9 a h&y place ne> ! /ove4 ,ano!r fairly accurate means ( te/+ bak$ mixtures t d n =m a v h>d cru/ consi/s 9 mak+ a d5t 9 ! c5t] ) ! f+]4 ,if ! d5t rema9s1 ! bak+ mu/ be cont9u$1 b if x spr+s back into place1 ! bak+ is complet$4 ,,s]v+ ,,hot ,,breads #cd4 ,hot breads1 9 contra/ ) yea/ breads1 are int5d$ to be eat5 hot1 &1 to be mo/ satisfactory1 %\ld be s]v$ z soon z possible aft] !y are bak$4 ,!y usually take ! place ( bread 9 ! meal = :i* !y are s]v$1 b !re are v>i\s ways ( us+ !m :]eby v>iety is giv5 to !m & to ! meal4 ,a favorite comb9ation ) _m p]sons is hot biscuits or muff9s s]v$ ) honey4 ,if honey is n available1 jam1 pres]ves1 or sirup may be sub/itut$ to advantage4 ,a mixture made l bak+-p[d] biscuits & bak$ or /eam$ is especially good :5 s]v$ ) *ick5 or meat /ew p\r$ ov] x4 ,! same mixture sweet5$ & made a trifle ri*] may be s]v$ ) fruit & cream = %ort cake4 ,= aft]noon tea1 t9y muff9s & biscuits ab\t ! size ( a #ej-;c5t piece are v attractive4 ,!n1 too1 if !y are split & butt]$1 !y may be s]v$ ) salad = a light lun*eon4 ,hot breads bak$ 9 ! =m ( a loaf require "s att5tion z f> z prep>+ !m = ! table is conc]n$4 ,g+]bread & corn cake are bett] if !y are brok5 r ?an cut :ile hot4 ,9 case !y are pref]r$ cut1 a %>p knife %\ld be employ$1 &1 to obta9 slices t h a good appe>ance1 ! knife %\ld be heat$ & ! cutt+ done be=e x cools4 ,usually1 g+]bread is s]v$ pla91 b ! addition ( ic+ improves x consid]ably & provides a simple cake t c be us$ = dess]t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,recipes ,,= ,,hot ,,breads ,,popov] ,,recipes #ce4 ,,popov]s4--,a delightful *ange f ! puffs1 muff9s1 & biscuits t are usually s]v$ = breakfa/ or lun*eon is af=d$ by means ( popov]s1 "o ( :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,popov]s are n difficult to make4 ,= !m is requir$ a ?9 batt] 9 equal proportions ( liquid & fl\r4 ,9 giv+ ! me?od = mix+ popov]s1 "s ( ! old] cook books recomm5d beat+ = #e m9utes j be=e !y are bak$1 because ! lightness 0 =m]ly suppos$ to be due to ! air t is incorporat$ by ?is beat+4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 to make v light popov]s ) only en\gh beat+ to mix ! +r$i5ts ?or\ghly1 & x is n[ kn[n t ! ris+ is due to ! expansion ( wat] into /eam 9 ! mixture4 ,?is k is useful 9 t x saves "t & en]gy4 ,,popov]s 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a c4 fl\r #a_/d tsp4 salt #a c4 milk #a egg ,mix ! fl\r1 salt1 & milk 9 a b[l1 & !n drop 9 ! unbeat5 egg4 ,beat all ) a rot>y egg beat] until ! mixture is p]fectly smoo? & free f lumps4 ,grease & w>m gem irons or popov] cups4 ,!n fill !m ab\t two-?irds full ( ! popov] batt]4 ,bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 = ab\t #de m9utes or until ! popov]s c be lift$ f ! cups & d n %r9k :5 remov$ f ! ov54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 #cf4 ,,popov]s ,,) ,,fruit4--,popov]s made accord+ to ! prec$+ recipe are p>ticul>ly good if fruit is add$ to !m4 ,to add ! fruit1 cut a slit 9 ! side ( ! popov]s z soon z !y are remov$ f ! ov5 & ins]t a few spoonfuls ( apple sauce1 m>malade1 pres]ves1 jelly1 or cann$ fruit4 ,^! may be s]v$ ei!r w>m or cold z a breakfa/ di%1 or !y may be spr9kl$ ) p[d]$ sug> & s]v$ ) cream = a dess]t or a lun*eon di%4 #cg4 ,,nut ,,puffs4--,an example ( a ?9 batt] n 9 equal proportions ( liquid & fl\r is af=d$ by nut puffs4 ,9 hot breads ( ?is k9d1 a]ation is us$ z ! leav5+ ag5t4 ,9 ord] to assi/ ) ! incorporation ( air1 ! egg yolk is well beat5 be=e x is add$2 b ! great] "p ( ! lightness t is produc$ is due to ! egg :ite1 :i* is beat5 & fold$ 9 la/4 ,! addition ( nuts to a batt] ( ?is k9d consid]ably increases its food value4 ,,nut ,,puffs 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a-a_/b c4 fl\r #b ,tb4 sug> #a tsp4 salt #a c4 milk #a egg #a ,tb4 fat #a_/d c4 *opp$ nuts ,sift ! fl\r1 sug>1 & salt toge!r1 & add ! milk & beat5 egg yolk4 ,melt ! fat & add x & ! *opp$ nuts4 ,beat ! egg :ite /iff & fold x into ! mixture c>efully4 ,fill hot1 well-greas$ gem irons level full ( ! batt]1 & bake 9 a hot ov5 ab\t #bj m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g #ch4 ,,:ole-,,:eat ,,puffs4--,puffs 9 :i* use is made ( :ole-:eat fl\r in/ead ( :ite fl\r are also an example ( a ?9 batt] t is made light by a]ation4 ,if desir$1 graham fl\r may be sub/itut$ = ! :ole-:eat fl\r1 b if x is a co>s] bread w be ! result4 ,?is co>s5ess1 h[ev]1 does n ref] to ! texture ( ! bread1 b is due to ! quantity ( bran 9 graham fl\r4 ,:ole-:eat puffs1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 are attractive1 & besides !y possess ! valuable food sub/ances conta9$ 9 :ole-:eat fl\r1 eggs1 & milk4 ,,:ole-,,:eat ,,puffs 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a-a_/b c4 :ole-:eat fl\r #b ,tb4 sug> #a tsp4 salt #a c4 milk #a egg #a ,tb4 fat ,sift ! fl\r1 sug>1 & salt toge!r & add ! milk & ! egg yolk1 :i* %\ld be well beat54 ,melt ! fat & /ir x into ! batt]4 ,beat ! egg :ite /iff1 & fold x 9 c>efully4 ,heat well-greas$ gem irons1 fill !m level full ) ! mixture1 & bake 9 a hot ov5 = ab\t #bj m9utes4 ,,griddle-,,cake ,,recipes #ci4 ,,proc$ure ,,9 ,,bak+ ,,griddle ,,cakes4--,dur+ ! prep>ation ( ! batt] = griddle cakes1 h ! griddle heat+1 s t x w be suffici5tly hot :5 ! cakes are ready to be bak$4 ,ea* "t1 be=e ! bak+ is begun1 grease ! griddle1 provid$ x is ! k9d t requires greas+1 by rubb+ ov] x a r9d ( salt pork or a small clo? pad t has be5 dipp$ into a di% ( grease4 ,9 greas+ ! griddle1 see t !re is no excess ( grease1 z ?is burns & produces smoke4 ,:5 ! griddle has become hot en\gh = ! batt] to sizzle :5 x is put on1 ! bak+ may be />t$4 ,p\r ! batt] on ! griddle f ! tip ( a l>ge spoon1 s t ! cakes w =m z ne>ly r\nd z possible4 ,:5 ! top surface is full ( bubbles1 turn ! cakes ) a spatula or a pancake turn]1 & all[ !m to br[n on ! o!r side4 ,by ! "t ! cakes are suffici5tly br[n$ on bo? sides1 !y %\ld be cook$ ?r\gh & ready to s]ve4 ,if !y br[n be=e !y h _h "t to cook ?r\gh1 ! griddle is too hot & %\ld be cool$ by mov+ x to a cool] "p ( ! /ove or by r$uc+ ! heat4 ,a v important po9t to rememb] 9 ! bak+ ( griddle cakes is t !y %\ld n be turn$ twice1 z ?is has a t5d5cy to make !m heavy4 #dj4 ,,griddle ,,cakes4--,z is g5]ally kn[n1 griddle cakes are ?9 batt]s t are made light ) a *emical leav5+ ag5t4 ,eggs are (t5 us$ 9 su* batt]s1 b x is possible to make v excell5t griddle cakes )\t ! use ( any eggs4 ,x %\ld also be rememb]$ t ! use ( too mu* egg is m c]ta9 to make ! cakes t\gh & less palatable ?an if none is us$4 ,! k9d ( fl\r us$ = griddle cakes has mu* to d ) ! consi/5cy ( ! batt] us$ = !m4 ,if1 :5 ! fir/ cakes are plac$ ^u ! griddle1 ! batt] seems to be ei!r too ?ick or too ?91 liquid or fl\r may be add$ to dilute or ?ick5 ! batt] until x is ( ! "r consi/5cy4 ,= in/ance1 if bread fl\r is us$1 m liquid may be ne$$1 & if pa/ry fl\r is us$1 m fl\r may be requir$4 ,,griddle ,,cakes 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #c c4 fl\r #e tsp4 bak+ p[d] #a tsp4 salt #a_/d c4 sug> #a egg #b-a_/d c4 milk #b ,tb4 melt$ fat ,mix & sift ! fl\r1 bak+ p[d]1 salt1 & sug>4 ,beat ! egg1 add to x ! milk1 & p\r ?is liquid sl[ly into ! dry +r$i5ts4 ,beat ! mixture ?or\ghly & !n add ! melt$ fat4 ,bake ! cakes on a hot griddle z soon z possible aft] ! batt] is mix$4 #da4 ,,s\r-,,milk ,,griddle ,,cakes4--,v delici\s griddle cakes may be made by us+ s\r milk & soda = ! liquid & leav5+ in/ead ( sweet milk & bak+ p[d]4 ,besides be+ p>ticul>ly appetis+1 su* cakes s]ve to use up left-ov] milk t may h s\r$4 ,!re is v little diff]5ce betwe5 ! +r$i5ts = ?is recipe & "o call+ = sweet milk1 except t s\r milk1 :i* is a trifle ?ick] 9 consi/5cy ?an sweet milk1 requires less fl\r to ?ick5 ! mixture4 ,,s\r-,,milk ,,griddle ,,cakes 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #b-a_/b c4 fl\r #a_/b tsp4 salt #b ,tb4 sug> #a tsp4 soda #b c4 s\r milk 7n ?ick7 #a egg ,mix & sift ! fl\r1 salt1 sug>1 & soda4 ,add to ^! ! s\r milk & ! egg well beat54 ,if ! milk is ?ick1 ! quantity %\ld be increas$ accord+ly4 ,beat ! mixture ?or\ghly & bake at once on a hot griddle4 #db4 ,,corn ,,griddle ,,cakes4--,! addition ( corn meal to a griddle-cake mixture adds v>iety & food value & produces an agreeable flavor4 ,:]e corn meal is *eap1 x is an economical +r$i5t to use 9 griddle cakes & o!r hot breads4 ,,corn ,,griddle ,,cakes 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a_/b c4 corn meal #a-a_/b c4 boil+ wat] #b c4 milk #b c4 fl\r #e tsp4 bak+ p[d] #a-a_/b tsp4 salt #a_/d c4 sug> #a egg #b ,tb4 melt$ fat ,add ! corn meal to ! boil+ wat]1 boil #e m9utes1 & turn into a b[l4 ,!n add ! milk4 ,next1 mix & sift ! fl\r1 bak+ p[d]1 salt1 & sug>1 & /ir !m into ! fir/ mixture4 ,beat ! egg & add to ! :ole4 ,f9ally1 /ir 9 ! melt$ fat4 ,bake on a hot griddle4 #dc4 ,,rice ,,griddle ,,cakes4--,if a *ange 9 ! ord9>y griddle cakes t are us$ = breakfa/ is desir$1 rice griddle cakes %\ld be tri$4 ,besides l5d+ v>iety1 ! addition ( rice to a griddle-cake mixture helps to use up any left-ov] rice t may h be5 cook$ = ano!r purpose4 ,/eam$ or boil$ rice us$ = ?is purpose %\ld be brok5 up ) a =k be=e x is mix$ 9 ! batt]1 s t ! gra9s ( rice w n /ick toge!r 9 *unks4 ,,rice ,,griddle ,,cakes 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #b-a_/b c4 fl\r #e tsp4 bak+ p[d] #a_/d c4 sug> #a_/b tsp4 salt #a_/b c4 cold cook$ rice #a egg #a-a_/b c4 milk #b ,tb4 melt$ fat ,mix & sift ! fl\r1 bak+ p[d]1 sug>1 & salt4 ,"w ! rice into ! dry +r$i5ts4 ,add ! egg1 well beat51 ! milk1 & ! melt$ fat4 ,bake on a hot griddle4 #dd4 ,,buck:eat ,,cakes4--,buck:eat fl\r is us$ = griddle cakes m ?an = any o!r purpose4 ,:5 us$ 9 ?is way x has a v typical flavor t mo/ p f9d v agreeable4 ,_m prep>$ buck:eat fl\rs1 to :i* h be5 add$ ! quantity ( leav5+ ag5t necess>y to raise ! mixture1 are on ! m>ket = ! conv5i5ce ( ^? :o d n desire to prep>e ! mixture at home4 ,z a rule1 ^! conta9 a comb9ation ( buck:eat & :eat fl\r4 ,to make cakes f ^! fl\rs1 add ! requir$ am\nt ( liquid1 ei!r milk or wat]1 & a little sug>1 if necess>y1 & !n proce$ to bake !m on a griddle4 ,:ile !re is no objection to ! use ( su* fl\rs if !y are f\nd agreeable1 x is m exp5sive to use !m ?an to make up ! buck:eat mixture at home4 ,a recipe = buck:eat cakes t proves v satisfactory is ! foll[+3 ,,buck:eat ,,cakes 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #b c4 scald$ milk #a_/b c4 f9e bread crumbs #a_/b tsp4 salt #a_/d yea/ cake #c_/d c4 lukew>m wat] #a-a_/b c4 buck:eat fl\r #a_/b c4 :ite fl\r #a ,tb4 molasses #a_/d tsp4 soda ,p\r ! scald$ milk ov] ! bread crumbs & add ! salt4 ,dissolve ! yea/ cake 9 #a_/b cupful ( ! lukew>m wat] & add ?is to ! bread crumbs & milk4 ,/ir 9 ! buck:eat & ! :ite fl\r1 & let ! mixture rise ov]night4 ,9 ! morn+1 /ir x well & add ! molasses1 ! soda1 & #a_/d cupful ( lukew>m wat]4 ,bake on a hot griddle4 ,if cakes are to be bak$ ! next day1 reta9 #a_/b cupful ( ! batt]1 to :i* may be add$ fl\r1 milk1 salt1 & molasses4 ,by do+ ?is ea* day1 a />t] may be _h = a long p]iod ( "t4 ,if a /rong buck:eat flavor is desir$1 use all buck:eat fl\r1 b if only a slight buck:eat flavor is desir$1 make ! proportion ( :eat fl\r great] & t ( ! buck:eat small]4 ,,waffle ,,recipes #de4 ,,proc$ure ,,9 ,,bak+ ,,waffles4--,! proc$ure 9 mak+ waffles is v simil> to t 9 mak+ griddle cakes4 ,:ile ! waffle mixture is be+ prep>$1 heat ! waffle iron4 ,!n grease x ?or\ghly on bo? sides ) a r9d ( salt pork or a clo? pad dipp$ 9 fat1 be+ c>eful t !re is no excess fat1 z x w run out :5 ! iron is turn$ ov]4 ,) ! iron prop]ly greas$ & suffici5tly hot1 place sev]al spoonfuls ( ! batt] 9 ! c5t] & close ! iron4 ,by s do+1 ! batt] w be press$ out to cov] ! entire surface4 ,9 p\r+ ! batt]1 d n cov] ! entire surface ( ! iron ) batt] nor place any ne> ! outside edge1 = x is liable to run out :5 ! iron is clos$4 ,9 case ?is happ5s1 be sure to put 9 less batt] ! next "t4 ,all[ ! waffle to br[n on ! side ne> ! fire & !n turn ! iron1 s z to br[n ! o!r side4 ,:5 ! waffle is suffici5tly br[n1 remove x2 !n grease ! iron & repeat ! process4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 #df4 ,,waffles4--,! =m ( hot bread kn[n z waffles1 :i* are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #h1 (f]s ! h\sewife an excell5t opportunity to add v>iety to meals4 ,practically no "o dislikes waffles1 & !y are especially appetis+ :5 spr9kl$ ) p[d]$ sug> or s]v$ ) sirup4 ,!y are (t5 s]v$ ) *ick5 or o!r gravy4 ,,waffles 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #b c4 fl\r #c tsp4 bak+ p[d] #a_/b tsp4 salt #b eggs #a-b_/c c4 milk #b ,tb4 melt$ fat ,sift ! fl\r1 bak+ p[d]1 & salt toge!r4 ,beat ! yolks & :ites ( ! eggs sep>ately4 ,add ! beat5 yolks & ! milk to ! dry +r$i5ts & !n /ir 9 ! melt$ fat4 ,beat ! egg :ites /iff & fold !m into ! batt]4 ,bake accord+ to ! directions giv5 9 ,art4 #de4 #dg4 ,,rice ,,waffles4--,rice waffles (f] an excell5t means ( utiliz+ left-ov] rice4 ,su* waffles are prep>$ 9 ab\t ! same way z ! waffles j m5tion$4 ,9 work+ ! cook$ rice into ! dry +r$i5ts1 use %\ld be made ( a light motion t w n cru% ! gra9s1 b w sep>ate !m f "o ano!r4 ,left-ov] c]eals o!r ?an rice may also be us$ 9 ?is way4 ,,rice ,,waffles 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a-c_/d c4 fl\r #b ,tb4 sug> #a_/b tsp4 bak+ p[d] #a_/b tsp4 salt #b_/c c4 cook$ rice #a-a_/b c4 milk #a egg #a ,tb4 melt$ fat ,mix & sift ! fl\r1 sug>1 bak+ p[d]1 & salt1 & !n "w ! rice into ! dry +r$i5ts4 ,add ! milk & ! well-beat5 yolk ( egg4 ,/ir 9 ! melt$ fat4 ,beat ! egg :ite /iff1 & fold x into ! batt]4 ,bake z previ\sly direct$4 ,,muff9 ,,recipes ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i #dh4 ,muff9s are examples ( ?ick batt]s ) v>iations4 ,?is =m ( hot bread1 an illu/ration ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 may be bak$ 9 a pan l t %[n at h1 ,fig4 #a1 or 9 individual t9s4 ,j z o!r =ms ( hot breads assi/ ! h\sewife 9 mak+ *anges or additions to meals1 s d muff9s1 z !y are usually reli%$ by ne>ly e "o4 #di4 ,,pla9 ,,muff9s4--,p]haps ! simple/ =m ( muff9 is ! pla91 or "o-egg1 muff91 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #i & made accord+ to ! accompany+ recipe4 ,to a pla9-muff9 recipe1 h[ev]1 may be add$ any k9d ( fruit1 nuts1 or o!r +r$i5ts to give v>iety ( flav\r4 ,likewise1 x may be made ri*] & sweet] & !n /eam$ or bak$ to be s]v$ ) a sauce = dess]t4 ,if x is made /ill ri*] & sweet]1 ! result is a simple cake mixture4 ,any giv5 muff9 recipe 9 :i* sweet milk is us$ may be made ) s\r milk by us+ soda in/ead ( bak+ p[d]4 ,,pla9 ,,muff9s 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #b c4 fl\r #b ,tb4 sug> #a tsp4 salt #d tsp4 bak+ p[d] #a c4 milk #a egg #b ,tb4 melt$ fat ,mix & sift ! fl\r1 sug>1 salt1 & bak+ p[d]1 & to ^! add ! milk & beat5 egg4 ,!n /ir 9 ! melt$ fat4 ,fill well-greas$ muff9 pans ab\t two-?irds full ( ! mixture & bake 9 a hot ov5 = ab\t #bj m9utes4 #ej4 ,,blueb]ry ,,muff9s4--,muff9s conta9+ blueb]ries c be made successfully only 9 blueb]ry season1 b o!r fruit1 z1 = example1 dates1 may be us$ 9 place ( ! blueb]ries4 ,cranb]ries are (t5 us$ 9 muff9s1 b to _m p]sons !y are n agreeable because ( ! excessive am\nt ( acid !y conta94 ,,blueb]ry ,,muff9s 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #c ,tb4 fat #a_/c c4 sug> #a egg #a c4 milk #b-a_/d c4 fl\r #a_/b tsp4 salt #d tsp4 bak+ p[d] #a c4 fre% blueb]ries ,cream ! fat1 & add ! sug> gradually4 ,!n /ir 9 ! beat5 egg & milk4 ,res]ve #a_/d cupful ( fl\r1 & mix ! rema9d] ) ! salt & ! bak+ p[d]4 ,/ir ! dry +r$i5ts into ! fir/ mixture4 ,next1 mix ! #a_/d cupful ( fl\r ) ! b]ries & fold !m into ! batt]4 ,fill well-greas$ muff9 pans ab\t two-?irds full ( ! batt]1 & bake 9 a hot ov5 = ab\t #bj m9utes4 #ea4 ,,date ,,muff9s4--,! recipe giv5 = blueb]ry muff9s may be us$ = date muff9s by sub/itut+ dates = blueb]ries4 ,to prep>e ! dates1 wa% !m 9 w>m wat]1 r9se !m 9 cold wat]1 & !n dry !m betwe5 t[els4 ,cut !m l5g?wise along ! se$ ) a %>p knife1 remove ! se$1 & !n cut ea* date into ?ree or f\r pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 #eb4 ,,corn-,,meal ,,muff9s4--,to _m p]sons1 corn-meal muff9s1 an illu/ration ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 are m agreeable ?an pla9 :ite-fl\r muff9s4 ,corn meal gives to muff9s an attractive flav\r & appe>ance & increases _! food value slightly2 b p]haps its *ief value lies 9 ! v>iety t results f its use4 ,,corn-,,meal ,,muff9s 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a_/b c4 corn meal #a c4 fl\r #c tsp4 bak+ p[d] #b ,tb4 sug> #a_/b tsp4 salt #c_/d c4 milk #a egg #b ,tb4 melt$ fat ,mix & sift ! corn meal1 fl\r1 bak+ p[d]1 sug>1 & salt4 ,add to ^! ! milk & ! well-beat5 egg1 & /ir 9 ! melt$ fat4 ,fill well-greas$ muff9 pans two-?irds full1 & bake 9 a hot ov5 = ab\t #bj m9utes4 #ec4 ,,graham ,,muff9s4--,a pleas+ v>iety 9 ! way ( muff9s is produc$ by us+ "p graham fl\r1 b :ole-:eat fl\r may be sub/itut$ = ! graham fl\r 9 case x is pref]r$4 ,s\r milk is us$ 9 ! recipe "h giv51 b if !re is no s\r milk 9 supply1 sweet milk & bak+ p[d] may be us$ in/ead1 ) m]ely ! correct proportion ( soda = ! molasses4 ,if ! ta/e ( molasses is undesirable1 liquid1 :i* may be ei!r sweet or s\r milk1 may be sub/itut$ = x4 ,x is an excell5t plan to be able to sub/itute "o ?+ = ano!r 9 recipes ( ?is k9d1 & ?is may be done if ! mat]ials are us$ 9 correct proportion4 ,,graham ,,muff9s 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a-a_/d c4 graham fl\r #a c4 :ite fl\r #c_/d tsp4 soda #a tsp4 salt #a c4 s\r milk #a_/c c4 molasses #a egg #b ,tb4 melt$ fat ,mix & sift ! graham & ! :ite fl\r1 ! soda1 & ! salt4 ,put ! bran t sifts out back into ! mixture4 ,add ! milk1 molasses1 & well-beat5 egg to ! dry +r$i5ts1 & !n /ir 9 ! melt$ fat4 ,fill well-greas$ muff9 pans two-?irds full & bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 = ab\t #bj m9utes4 #ed4 ,,rice ,,muff9s4--,rice may be comb9$ ) :ite fl\r 9 ! mak+ ( muff9s if v>iety is desir$4 ,z rice us$ = ?is purpose is add$ hot1 x may be cook$ ei!r purposely = ! muff9s or = some?+ else & only "p us$ = ! muff9s4 ,c]eals o!r ?an rice may be us$ 9 exactly ! same quantity & 9 ! same way 9 mak+ muff9s4 ,,rice ,,muff9s 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #b-a_/d c4 fl\r #e tsp4 bak+ p[d] #b ,tb4 sug> #a_/b tsp4 salt #a-a_/d c4 milk #a egg #c_/d c4 hot1 cook$ rice #b ,tb4 melt$ fat ,mix & sift ! fl\r1 bak+ p[d]1 sug>1 & salt1 & to ^! add half ( ! milk & ! egg1 well beat54 ,mix ! rema9+ half ( ! milk ) ! rice & add x to ! mixture4 ,/ir 9 ! melt$ fat la/4 ,fill well-greas$ muff9 pans two-?irds full1 & bake 9 a hot ov5 = ab\t #bj m9utes4 #ee4 ,,bran ,,muff9s4--,! p>ticul> value ( bran muff9s lies 9 ! laxative quality t !y introduce into ! diet4 ,9 addition1 !y w be f\nd to be v ta/y & sup]ior to _m o!r k9ds ( muff9s4 ,bran = su* purposes z ?is may be b\ght 9 packages1 9 ! same way z _m c]eals4 ,,bran ,,muff9s 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #a-a_/b c4 :ite fl\r #a_/b tsp4 soda #a_/b tsp4 bak+ p[d] #a tsp4 salt #b c4 bran #a-a_/d c4 milk #a_/b c4 molasses #a egg ,mix & sift ! fl\r1 soda1 bak+ p[d]1 & salt4 ,!n add ! bran1 ! milk1 ! molasses1 & ! well-beat5 egg4 ,fill well-greas$ muff9 pans ab\t two-?irds full1 & bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 = ab\t #be m9utes4 ,,corn-,,cake ,,recipes #ef4 ,,corn ,,cake4--,corn cakes 7 among ! fir/ breads made ( c]eal foods 9 ,am]ica1 be+ at fir/ (t5 made ( only corn meal1 wat]1 & salt4 ,^! cakes ( corn meal 7 prep>$ & c>ri$ on long j\rneys made by p :5 !re 7 no means ( rapid transportation4 ,! cakes did n spoil1 7 n bulky1 & conta9$ a great deal ( nutrim5t1 s !y made a conv5i5t k9d ( food = su* purposes & 7 call$ j\rney cakes4 ,f ?is t]m came ! "n ,johnny cake1 :i* is (t5 appli$ to cake ( ?is k9d4 ,! comb9+ ( fl\r1 eggs1 %ort5+1 & sug> makes a cake t does n resemble ! orig9al v mu*1 b 9 _m localities su* cake is /ill call$ ,johnny cake4 ,! proportion ( corn meal to fl\r t is us$ det]m9es to a l>ge ext5t ! consi/5cy ( ! cake2 ! great] ! quantity ( corn meal1 ! m ! cake w crumble & break into pieces4 ,! addition ( :ite fl\r makes ! p>ticles ( corn meal adh]e1 s t mo/ p]sons consid] t :ite fl\r improves ! consi/5cy4 ,,corn ,,cake 7,suffici5t = ,"o ,m$ium-,siz$ ,loaf7 #c_/d c4 yell[ corn meal #a-a_/d c4 fl\r #a_/d c4 sug> #c_/d tsp4 salt #d tsp4 bak+ p[d] #a c4 milk #a egg #b ,tb4 melt$ fat ,mix & sift ! corn meal1 fl\r1 sug>1 salt1 & bak+ p[d]4 ,add ! milk & well-beat5 egg1 & !n /ir 9 ! melt$ fat4 ,p\r into a well-greas$ loaf pan & bake 9 a hot ov5 = ab\t #cj m9utes4 #eg4 ,,s\!rn ,,corn ,,cake4--,9 ! prec$+ recipe = corn cake1 m fl\r ?an corn meal is us$1 b _m p]sons pref] cake ( ?is k9d made ) m corn meal ?an fl\r4 ,s\!rn corn cake1 :i* conta9s m corn meal & less :ite fl\r1 proves v satisfactory to su* p]sons4 ,!re=e1 :i* ( ^! recipes %\ld be us$ dep5ds on ! ta/e ( ^? :o are to eat ! cake4 ,,s\!rn ,,corn ,,cake 7,suffici5t = ,"o ,m$ium-,siz$ ,loaf7 #a c4 corn meal #a_/b c4 fl\r #c tsp4 bak+ p[d] #c_/d tsp4 salt #a_/d c4 sug> #c_/d c4 milk #a egg #b ,tb4 melt$ fat ,mix & sift toge!r ! corn meal1 fl\r1 bak+ p[d]1 salt1 & sug>4 ,add to !m ! milk & well-beat5 egg1 & /ir 9 ! melt$ fat4 ,p\r into a well-greas$ loaf pan1 & bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 = ab\t #cj m9utes4 #eh4 ,molasses ,corn ,cake4--,molasses corn cake1 j z its "n indicates1 is corn cake conta9+ molasses4 ,to ^? :o f9d ! ta/e ( molasses agreeable1 ?is recipe w appeal4 ,o!rs n s fond ( molasses w1 )\t d\bt1 pref] ! pla9 corn cake4 ,besides add+ flav\r1 ! molasses 9 ?is recipe adds food value to ! product4 ,,molasses ,,corn ,,cake 7,suffici5t = ,"o ,m$ium-,siz$ ,loaf7 #a c4 corn meal #c_/d c4 fl\r #c-a_/b tsp4 bak+ p[d] #a tsp4 salt #c_/d c4 milk #a_/d c4 molasses #a egg #b ,tb4 melt$ fat ,mix & sift ! corn meal1 fl\r1 bak+ p[d]1 & salt4 ,add ! milk1 molasses1 & well-beat5 egg & /ir 9 ! melt$ fat4 ,p\r into a well-greas$ loaf pan1 & bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 = ab\t #cj m9utes4 ,,biscuit ,,recipes ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa #ei4 ,bak+-,p[d] ,biscuits4--,! ability ( ! h\sewife z a cook is v (t5 judg$ by ! biscuits %e makes2 b !y are really v simple to make1 & if recipes are foll[$ c>efully & measurem5ts are made accurately1 only a little exp]i5ce is requir$ to produce excell5t ones4 ,! pr9cipal requirem5t 9 mak+ bak+-p[d] biscuits1 :i* are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aa1 is t all ! +r$i5ts be kept z cold z possible dur+ ! mix+4 ,t9y1 ?9 biscuits may be split1 butt]$1 & s]v$ ) tea1 :ile l>g] ones may be s]v$ ) breakfa/ or lun*eon4 ,9 ord] to utilise left-ov] biscuits ( ?is k9d1 !y may be split & toa/$ or dipp$ quickly into boil+ wat] & heat$ 9 a quick ov5 until ! surface is dry4 ,,bak+-,,p[d] ,,biscuits 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #b c4 fl\r #a tsp4 salt #d tsp4 bak+ p[d] #b ,tb4 fat #c_/d c4 milk ,mix & sift ! fl\r1 salt1 & bak+ p[d]4 ,*op ! fat into ! dry +r$i5ts until x is 9 pieces ab\t ! size ( small peas4 ,p\r ! milk into ! dry +r$i5ts1 & mix !m j en\gh to take up ! liquid4 ,make ! mixture z moi/ z possible1 & /ill h x 9 good condition to h&le4 ,!n spr9kle fl\r on a mold+ bo>d1 & lift ! d\gh f ! mix+ b[l to ! bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab ,,hot ,,breads ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,spr9kle fl\r ?9ly ov] ! top & pat out ! d\gh until x is ab\t #a in* ?ick4 ,cut ! d\gh ) a biscuit cutt]1 & place ! biscuits ?us cut out on bak+ %eets or 9 %all[ pans4 ,if a cru/y surface is desir$1 place ! biscuits 9 ! pan s t !y are ab\t an in* ap>t2 b if ?ick1 s(t biscuits are pref]r$1 place !m s t ! edges t\*4 ,bake #ah to #bj m9utes 9 a hot ov54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 #fj4 ,,em]g5cy ,,biscuits4--,z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab1 em]g5cy biscuits resemble v closely bak+-p[d] biscuits1 & s !y %\ld1 because ! recipe giv5 = bak+-p[d] biscuits may be us$ = em]g5cy biscuits by m]ely add+ m milk--j en\gh to make ! d\gh a trifle too moi/ to h&le ) ! h&s4 ,:5 ! d\gh is ( ?is consi/5cy1 drop x by spoonfuls 9 %all[ pans1 z 9 ,fig4 #ac1 or on bak+ %eets4 ,!n bake ! biscuits 9 a hot ov5 = #ah to #bj m9utes4 #fa4 ,,p9:eel ,,biscuits4--,to create v>iety1 a bak+-p[d] biscuit mixture may be made into p9:eel biscuits1 a k9d ( hot bread t is always pleas+ to *ildr54 ,su* biscuits1 :i* are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ad1 diff] f c9namon rolls only 9 ! leav5+ ag5t us$1 c9namon rolls be+ made ) yea/ & p9:eel biscuits ) bak+ p[d]4 ,,p9:eel ,,biscuits 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,six7 #b c4 fl\r #a tsp4 salt #d tsp4 bak+ p[d] #b ,tb4 fat f #c_/d c4 milk #b ,tb4 butt] #a_/c c4 sug> #a ,tb4 c9namon #c_/d c4 *opp$ rais9s ,to make ! d\gh1 comb9e ! +r$i5ts 9 ! same way z = bak+-p[d] biscuits4 ,roll x on a well-fl\r$ bo>d until x is ab\t #a_/d in* ?ick & twice z long z x is wide4 ,spread ! surface ) ! #b tablespoonfuls ( butt]4 ,mix ! sug> & c9namon & spr9kle !m ev5ly ov] ! butt]$ surface1 & on top ( ?is spr9kle ! *opp$ rais9s4 ,/>t ) "o ( ! long edges & roll ! d\gh c>efully t[>d ! opposite long edge1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,!n cut ! roll into slices #a in* ?ick4 ,place ^! slices 9 a %all[ pan ) ! cut edges d[n & ! sides t\*+4 ,bake 9 a hot ov5 = ab\t #bj m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 #fb4 ,,beat5 ,,biscuits4--,9 ,fig4 #af is illu/rat$ a =m ( hot bread kn[n z beat5 biscuits4 ,su* biscuits are us$ v ext5sively 9 ! ,s\?2 9 fact1 !y are usually consid]$ typical ( ! ,s\?4 ,=m]ly1 all ! lightness ( beat5 biscuits 0 produc$ by beat+1 b z ! mixture is made today x may be run ?r\gh a food *opp] a few times be=e x is beat54 ,if ?is is done1 ! labor ( beat+ is less5$ consid]ably1 beat+ = #ae to #bj m9utes be+ suffici5t4 ,:5 ! beat+ is f9i%$1 ! texture ( ! d\gh %\ld be f9e & close & ! surface %\ld be smoo? & flat4 ,,beat5 ,,biscuits 7,suffici5t to ,s]ve ,twelve7 #a qt4 pa/ry fl\r #a tsp4 salt #a_/c c4 fat #a c4 milk or wat] ,sift ! fl\r & salt & *op 9 ! fat4 ,moi/5 ) ! milk or wat] & =m into a mass4 ,toss ?is on a fl\r$ bo>d1 & beat x ) a roll+ p9 = #cj m9utes1 fold+ ! d\gh ov] e few seconds4 ,roll ! d\gh #a_/c in* 9 ?ickness1 =m ! biscuits by cutt+ !m out ) a small r\nd cutt]1 & prick ea* "o sev]al times ) a =k4 ,place ! biscuits on bak+ %eets or 9 %all[ pans1 & bake !m 9 a mod]ate ov5 = #bj to #cj m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,miscellane\s ,,hot-,,bread ,,recipes ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 #fc4 ,,s(t ,,g+]bread4--,z a hot bread = breakfa/1 s(t g+]bread l t illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ag is v satisfactory1 & ) or )\t ic+ x may be s]v$ z cake ) fruit = lun*eon4 ,sweet milk & bak+ p[d] are g5]ally us$ 9 g+]bread1 b s\r milk may be sub/itut$ = sweet milk & soda 9 ! prop] proportion may be us$ 9 place ( bak+ p[d]4 ,if n too mu* spice is us$ 9 a bread ( ?is k9d1 x is bett] = *ildr5 ?an ri* cake1 &1 z a rule1 !y are v fond ( x4 ,,s(t ,,g+]bread 7,suffici5t = ,"o ,m$ium-,siz$ ,loaf7 #b c4 fl\r #b tsp4 bak+ p[d] #a_/b tsp4 soda #a_/d c4 sug> #a_/b tsp4 salt #b tsp4 g+] #a tsp4 c9namon #a egg #a_/b c4 milk #a_/b c4 molasses #a_/d c4 butt] or o!r fat ,mix ! fl\r1 bak+ p[d]1 soda1 sug>1 salt1 & spices4 ,beat ! egg1 add ! milk & molasses to x1 & /ir ^! into ! fir/ mixture4 ,melt ! fat & /ir x into ! batt]4 ,p\r ! batt] into a well-greas$ loaf pan1 & bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 = ab\t #ce m9utes4 ,if pref]r$1 ! mixture may be p\r$ into individual muff9 pans & bak$ 9 a mod]ate ov5 = ab\t #be m9utes4 #fd4 ,,bo/on ,,br[n ,,bread4--,a hot bread t f9ds favor ) mo/ p]sons is ,bo/on br[n bread1 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,,hot ,,breads ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,su* bread1 in/ead ( be+ bak$ 9 ! ov51 is /eam$ = #c-a_/b h\rs4 ,x may be made pla91 accord+ to ! accompany+ recipe1 or1 to give x v>iety1 rais9s or currants may be add$ to x4 ,bo/on br[n bread may be /eam$ 9 an ord9>y c(fee c1 su* z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah1 9 a l>ge bak+-p[d] c1 or 9 a c t is made especially = ?is purpose4 ,a regul> /eam+ c = ,bo/on br[n bread is1 ( c\rse1 v conv5i5t1 b ! o!r cans m5tion$ are v satisfactory4 ,a po9t to rememb] 9 ! mak+ ( br[n bread is t ! "t = /eam+ %\ld nev] be decreas$4 ,ov]/eam+ w d no h>m1 b und]/eam+ is liable to leave an unbak$ place ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! loaf4 ,,bo/on ,,br[n ,,bread 7,suffici5t = ,"o ,m$ium-,siz$ ,loaf7 #a c4 :ite fl\r #a c4 graham fl\r #a c4 corn meal #c_/d tsp4 soda #b tsp4 bak+ p[d] #a tsp4 salt #c_/d c4 molasses #a-c_/d c4 sweet milk ,mix & sift ! fl\r1 corn meal1 soda1 bak+ p[d]1 & salt4 ,add ! molasses & milk & mix all ?or\ghly4 ,grease a c & a cov] t fits ! c tightly4 ,fill ! c two-?irds full ( ! mixture & cov] x4 ,place x 9 a /eam] & /eam = #c-a_/b h\rs4 ,dry 9 a mod]ate ov5 = a few m9utes be=e s]v+4 #fe4 ,,nut ,,loaf4--,! use ( nuts 9 a hot bread increases ! food value & imp>ts a v delici\s flav\r4 ,x is !re=e v attractive to mo/ p]sons1 b x is n a *eap food on acc\nt ( ! usual high price ( nuts4 ,?9 slices ( nut bread spread ) butt] make v f9e s&wi*es1 :i* are especially delici\s :5 s]v$ ) tea4 ,,nut ,,loaf 7,suffici5t = ,"o ,m$ium-,siz$ ,loaf7 #b c4 fl\r #a_/b c4 sug> #d tsp4 bak+ p[d] #a tsp4 salt #d ,tb4 fat #a egg #a c4 milk #a_/b c4 ,engli% walnuts ,mix & sift ! fl\r1 sug>1 bak+ p[d]1 & salt1 & !n "w 9 ! fat4 ,add ! egg1 well beat51 & ! milk1 & !n /ir 9 ! nut meats1 :i* %\ld be *opp$4 ,turn into a well-greas$ loaf pan1 & bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 = ab\t #de m9utes4 ,,utilis+ ,,left-,,ov] ,,hot ,,breads #ff4 ,z a g5]al rule1 n mu* consid]ation ne$ be giv5 to ! utilis+ ( left-ov] hot breads1 = ^! are n (t5 bak$ 9 l>ge quantities & consequ5tly are usually eat5 at ! meal = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,/ill1 if any %\ld be left ov]1 !y %\ld nev] be wa/$1 = !re are v>i\s ways 9 :i* !y may be us$4 ,! small v>ieties1 su* z muff9s1 biscuits1 etc1 may be fre%5$ s t !y w be almo/ z good z :5 fir/ bak$ by putt+ !m into a hot ov5 = a few m9utes4 ,if !y are q /ale1 !y %\ld be dipp$ quickly into hot wat] be=e be+ plac$ 9 ! ov54 ,! moi/ure on ! surface is driv5 into ! int]ior ( ! bread by ! int5se heat1 ) ! result t ! biscuits become moi/ & appe> z fre% z !y did =m]ly4 ,if x is n desir$ to fre%5 !m 9 ?is way1 biscuits1 muff9s1 & ev5 pieces ( corn bread t h become slightly /ale may be made delici\s by splitt+ !m & !n toa/+ !m4 ,,lun*eon ,,m5u #fg4 ,z 9 ! prec$+ ,sections1 !re is "h submitt$ a m5u t %\ld be work$ out & report$ on at ! same "t t ! answ]s to ! ,exam9ation ,que/ions are s5t 94 ,?is m5u is plann$ to s]ve six p]sons1 b1 z 9 ! case ( ! o!r m5us1 x may be increas$ or decreas$ to meet requirem5ts4 ,! recipe = mac>oni ) *eese & tomatoes may be f\nd 9 ,c]eals1 & t = bak+-p[d] biscuit1 z well z t = popov]s ) apple sauce1 9 ?is ,section4 ,recipes = ! rema9d] ( ! items foll[ ! m5u4 ,,m5u ,mac>oni ,) ,*eese & ,tomatoes ,bak+-,p[d] ,biscuit ,jam ,wat]cress-&-,cel]y ,salad ,popov]s ,fill$ ,) ,apple ,sauce ,tea ,,recipes ,,wat]cress-,,&-,,cel]y ,,salad ,arrange on ea* salad plate a b$ ( wat]cress1 or1 if x is impossible to obta9 ?is1 %r$ lettuce by cutt+ x 9 n>r[ /rips across ! leaf & use x in/ead ( ! wat]cress4 ,dice "o or two /ems ( cel]y1 dep5d+ on ! size1 & place ! dic$ pieces on top ( ! wat]cress or ! lettuce4 ,p\r ov] ea* s]v+ ab\t #b teaspoonfuls ( ,fr5* dress+ made z foll[s3 #a_/b tsp4 salt #a_/d tsp4 pepp] #a_/d tsp4 paprika #f ,tb4 oil #b ,tb4 v9eg> ,mix ! salt1 pepp]1 & paprika1 & beat ! oil into !m until x =ms an emulsion4 ,add ! v9eg> gradually1 a few drops at a "t1 & cont9ue ! beat+4 ,p\r ! dress+ ov] ! salad4 ,,tea ,measure #a teaspoonful ( tea = ea* cupful t is to be s]v$4 ,scald ! teapot1 put ! tea into x1 & add ! requir$ numb] ( cups ( fre%ly boil+ wat]4 ,all[ x to /eep until ! desir$ /r5g? is obta9$4 ,s]ve at once1 or p\r f ! leaves1 s]v+ cream & sug> ) x if desir$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hot ,,breads ,,exam9ation ,,que/ions 7#a7 7a7 ,9 :at way d hot breads diff] f yea/ breads8 7b7 ,:at are ! pr9cipal +r$i5ts ( hot-bread batt]s & d\ghs8 7#b7 7a7 ,:at is a leav5+ ag5t8 7b7 ,:at is ! effect ( leav5+ ag5ts on batt]s & d\ghs8 7#c7 7a7 ,h[ is physical leav5+ accompli%$8 7b7 ,on :at does ! success ( breads rais$ by physical leav5+ dep5d8 7#d7 7a7 ,h[ is *emical leav5+ br\ght ab\t8 7b7 ,:at two ?+s mu/ be suppli$ to produce ! be/ action ( a *emical leav5+ ag5t = mak+ a fl\r mixture light8 7#e7 ,:y are soda & s\r milk & soda & molasses n accurate leav5+ ag5ts8 7#f7 ,9 mak+ a batt] or a d\gh1 h[ mu* soda %\ld be us$ )3 7a7 ea* cupful ( s\r milk8 7b7 ea* cupful ( molasses8 7#g7 ,h[ %\ld soda & s\r milk or soda & molasses be comb9$ ) ! o!r +r$i5ts ( a hot-bread mixture8 7#h7 7a7 ,9 hot-bread batt]s & d\ghs1 h[ mu* bak+ p[d] %\ld be us$ to #a cupful ( fl\r8 7b7 ,h[ %\ld bak+ p[d] be comb9$ ) ! o!r +r$i5ts8 7#i7 ,m5tion1 9 ! ord] !y %\ld be c>ri$ out1 ! /eps = mak+ & bak+ a d\gh mixture4 7#aj7 ,tell :at g5]al proportion ( liquid & fl\r is usually us$ =3 7a7 a ?9 batt]2 7b7 a ?ick batt]2 7c7 a s(t d\gh2 7d7 a /iff d\gh4 7#aa7 ,give examples ( hot breads made f3 7a7 ?9 batt]s2 7b7 ?ick batt]s2 7c7 s(t d\ghs2 7d7 /iff d\ghs4 7#ab7 ,:at w cause a *ange 9 ! g5]al proportions ( liquid & fl\r = a batt] or a d\gh8 7#ac7 ,expla9 briefly ! two g5]al me?ods ( comb9+ +r$i5ts = hot-bread mixtures4 7#ad7 ,:at is ! approximate temp]ature =3 7a7 a mod]ate ov58 7b7 a hot ov58 7#ae7 ,m5tion a simple te/ =3 7a7 a mod]ate ov52 7b7 a hot ov54 7#af7 ,h[ may hot breads be te/$ 9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r or n !y are prop]ly bak$8 7#ag7 ,:y are bak+-p[d] biscuits & popov]s mix$ diff]5tly8 7#ah7 7a7 ,:y does a loaf ( nut bread require long] bak+ ?an muff9s8 7b7 ,:i* %\ld be bak$ 9 a mod]ate ov58 7#ai7 ,:y %\ld g+]bread be bak$ 9 a mod]ate ov58 7#bj7 ,make a recipe = muff9s1 us+ #b cupfuls ( fl\r & s\r milk & soda = liquid & leav5+4 ,,report ,,on ,,m5u ,aft] try+ out ! lun*eon m5u giv5 9 ! text1 s5d ) y\r answ]s to ! ,exam9ation ,que/ions a report ( y\r success4 ,9 mak+ out y\r report1 simply write ! "n ( ! food & describe its condition by means ( ! t]ms specifi$ "h4 ,mac>oni ,) ,*eese & ,tomatoes3 cook$ suffici5tly8 prop]ly flav\r$8 too mu* salt8 n en\gh salt8 too mu* liquid8 too little liquid8 ,bak+-,p[d] ,biscuit3 t5d]8 t\gh8 light8 heavy8 good texture8 poor texture8 suffici5tly bak$8 und]done8 ov]done8 suffici5t salt8 ,wat]cress-&-,cel]y ,salad3 appe>ance attractive8 dress+ well mix$8 prop]ly season$8 ,popov]s ,fill$ ,) ,apple ,sauce3 t5d]8 t\gh8 und]done 7?is is obs]v$ by %r9k+ or fall+ aft] remov+ ! popov]s f ! popov] cups78 ov]done8 ,tea3 /rong8 weak8 cle>8 hot8 bitt]8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,a ,abbreviations ( measures1 ,absorption & dige/ion ( food1 ( food1 ,abundance ( production ( c]eals1 ,acquir+ skill 9 bread mak+1 ,action ( yea/1 ,adju/+ cook-/ove damp]s1 ,ag5ts1 ,classes ( leav5+1 ,leav5+1 ,aids1 ,yea/1 ,a la1 au1 & aux1 ,mean+ ( t]ms1 la creole1 ,mean+ (1 ,album91 ,effect ( cook+ on1 ,alum9um cook+ ut5sils1 ,an?racite1 or h>d1 coal1 ,apple1 ,composition (1 cor]1 ,artificial gas1 ,a%1 or m9]al salts1 pan1 ,coal-/ove1 pit1 ,coal-/ove1 ,au grat91 ,mean+ (1 naturel1 ,mean+ (1 ,avoirdupois weight1 ,b ,bacon1 ,composition (1 ,bact]ia1 ,bak$ hot breads1 ,te/+1 potatoes1 ,bak]s' fl\r1 ,bak+ bread1 ,di/9ction betwe5 roa/+ &1 griddle cakes1 ,proc$ure 91 ,mean+ (1 ,ov5 temp]ature = bread1 p[d]1 -p[d] biscuits1 ,bak+ p[d]1 ,recipe =1 ,purpose ( bread1 ! hot-bread mixture1 ! hot-bread mixture1 ,ut5sils =1 ,"t = bread1 waffles1 ,proc$ure 91 ,balanc$ diet1 ,elem5ts ( a1 ,banana1 ,composition (1 ,bank+ a coal fire1 ,b>ley1 ,left-ov]1 ,pe>l1 ,recipes =1 ,use & orig9 (1 ) fruit1 ,pe>l1 ,batt]1 ,?ick1 ,?91 ,batt]s & d\ghs1 ,bean1 ,composition ( dry navy1 ,composition ( fre% %ell$1 ,composition ( gre5 /r+1 ,beat5 biscuits1 ,beat+ ( food +r$i5ts1 ,b*amel1 ,mean+ (1 ,bee* :eat1 ,beef1 ,composition ( dri$1 /eak1 ,composition (1 suet1 ,composition (1 ,biscuit glace1 recipes1 ,biscuits1 ,bak+-p[d]1 ,beat51 ,em]g5cy1 rolls1 & buns1 ,recipes =1 ,bisque1 ,mean+ (1 ,bitum9\s1 or s(t1 coal1 ,blan*+ foods1 ,bl5d fl\r1 ,blueb]ry muff9s1 ,body1 ,function ( wat] 9 !1 ,boil$ c(fee1 rice1 ,boil]1 ,cook+ c]eals 9 d\ble1 ,boil+1 ,cook+ c]eals by1 on foods1 ,effect (1 po9t1 rice1 to /]ilize wat]1 ,bo/on br[n bread1 ,b\*es1 ,mean+ (1 ,b\d91 ,mean+ (1 ,b\quet ( h]bs1 ,boxes1 ,w9d[1 ,braiz+1 ,bran bread1 muff9s1 ,bread1 aft] bak+1 ,c>e (1 & cake mix]1 z food1 ,importance (1 ,bak+1 ,bak+ hot1 ,bo/on br[n1 ,bran1 ,composition ( corn1 ,composition ( rye1 ,composition ( toa/$1 ,composition ( :ole-:eat1 ,conv5i5t equipm5t = mak+1 ,corn1 ,di/9ction betwe5 hot & leav5$1 d\gh1 ,c>e ( ! ris+1 d\gh1 ,knead+1 d\gh1 ,motions us$ 9 knead+1 d\gh1 ,purpose ( knead+1 ,graham1 ,hot1 +r$i5ts1 ,quick-process1 sponge me?od ( comb9+1 ,leav5$1 ,left-ov]1 ,long-process1 sponge me?od ( mak+1 mak+1 ,acquir+ skill 91 mak+1 ,comb9+ ! +r$i5ts 91 mak+1 ,conv5i5t equipm5t =1 mak+1 ,+r$i5ts =1 mak+1 ,long process (1 mak+1 ,long-process1 sponge me?od (1 mak+1 ,long-process1 /raight-d\gh me?od (1 -mak+ mat]ials1 ,proportion (1 mak+1 ,necess>y equipm5t =1 -mak+ processes1 mak+1 ,quick process (1 mak+1 ,quick-process1 sponge me?od (1 mak+1 ,quick-process1 /raight-d\gh me?od (1 -mak+ requirem5ts1 mak+1 ,ut5sils =1 ,milk & fat 91 mix]1 ,use (1 mix]s1 mixture1 ,prep>ation ( hot-1 ,object ( scor+1 ,ov5 temp]ature = bak+1 ,purpose ( bak+1 ,quick1 recipes1 ,rice1 ,rye1 ,salt-ris+1 ,scor+1 ,s]v+1 sponge1 ,utiliz+ left-ov] hot1 ,:ite1 ,:ole-:eat1 ,:ole-:eat fruit1 ) nuts1 ,graham1 ,breads1 ,correct ov5 temp]ature = hot1 ,di/9ction betwe5 yea/ & hot1 ,g5]al proportions us$ 9 hot1 ,hot1 9 ! diet1 ,hot1 ,mixtures us$ = hot1 ,pr9cipal requirem5ts = hot1 ,purpose ( ut5sils = mak+ hot1 ,quick1 ,recipes = hot1 ,requirem5ts & processes = mak+ hot1 ,s]v+ hot1 ,v>ieties ( mixtures 9 hot1 ,breakfa/ food1 ,composition ( cook$ oat1 foods1 ,mean+ (1 m5u1 ,broil+1 ,pan1 ,br[n bread1 ,bo/on1 ,br[n$ rice1 ,br[n+1 or toa/+1 ( c]eals1 ,buck:eat1 cakes1 ,composition (1 ,description (1 rye1 & millet1 ,build+ a coal fire1 ,buns1 ,fruit or nut1 ,graham nut1 ,nut or fruit1 rolls1 & biscuits1 ,buns1 ,sweet1 ,butt]1 ,composition (1 ,composition ( peanut1 ,butt]$ hom9y1 toa/1 ,butt]milk1 ,composition (1 ,c ,cabbage salad1 -salad dress+1 ,caf au lait1 ,mean+ (1 noir1 ,mean+ (1 ,cake1 ,c(fee1 ,corn1 mix]s1 ,molasses corn1 ,s\!rn corn1 ,cakes1 ,buck:eat1 ,corn griddle1 ,griddle1 ,proc$ure 9 bak+ griddle1 ,rice griddle1 ,calorie1 or calory1 ,def9ition (1 ,canaps1 ,mean+ (1 ,can>d1 ,mean+ (1 ,c&y1 ,composition ( /ick1 ,cann$ fruit1 ,composition (1 ,cann+ ( foods1 ,cap]s1 ,mean+ (1 ,capon1 ,mean+ (1 ,c>amel1 ,mean+ (1 ,c>bohydrates1 ,composition (1 ,elem5ts 91 9 c]eals1 ,c>bon1 ,c>bonic-acid1 or c>bon-dioxide1 gas1 ,c>d1 ,explanation ( score1 ,c>e ( bread aft] bak+1 ( bread 9 ov51 ( c]eals1 ( fl\r1 ( food1 ( food 9 refrig]ator1 ( food1 ,me?ods (1 ( ! refrig]ator1 ( ! ris+ bread d\gh1 ,c>ol9a rice1 ,case91 ,effect ( cook+ on1 ,cass]ole1 ,def9ition (1 ,use (1 ,cel]y1 ,composition (1 ,cell>s1 ,/or+ food 91 ,cellulose1 ,cook+ foods conta9+1 ,def9ition (1 9 c]eals1 9 ! diet1 ,place (1 ,c]eal flakes1 products1 selection1 ,factors t gov]n1 ,sett+ a1 ,c]eals1 ,abundance ( production (1 z a food1 ,br[n+1 or toa/+1 (1 by boil+1 ,cook+1 by dry heat1 ,cook+1 ,c>bohydrates 91 ,c>e (1 ,cellulose 91 ,composition (1 ,economic value (1 ,fat 91 = ! table1 ,prep>ation (1 ,left-ov] :eat1 ,me?ods ( cook+1 ,m9]al matt] 91 ,orig9 (1 ,po9ts to obs]ve 9 cook+1 ,prep>ation = cook+1 ,prep>$1 or ready-to-eat1 ,production (1 ,prote9 91 ,purpose ( cook+1 ,ready-to-eat1 ,selection (1 ,s]v+1 ,table %[+ composition (1 und]go 9 cook+1 ,*anges1 ,uses (1 ,wat] 91 ,*ampignons1 ,mean+ (1 ,*>treuse1 ,mean+ (1 ,*eese1 ,composition ( cottage1 ,composition ( cream1 ,*emical composition ( food1 leav5+1 ,*e/nut coal1 ,composition (1 ,*iffonade1 ,mean+ (1 ,*illies1 ,mean+ (1 ,*ives1 ,mean+ (1 ,*op1 ,composition ( lamb1 ,composition ( pork1 ,*opp]1 ,meat1 ,*ops1 ,pan-broil$1 ,*utney1 ,mean+ (1 ,c9namon rolls1 ,citron1 ,cl9k]s1 ,coal & coke1 ,an?racite1 or h>d1 ,bitum9\s1 or s(t1 ,*e/nut1 ,egg1 fire1 ,build+ a1 fire1 ,build+ a1 ,pea1 ,quality (1 ,coal range1 ,sizes (1 ,/ove1 -/ove damp]s1 -/ove firebox1 /ove = cook+1 ,g5]al con/ruction (1 -/ove grate1 /oves & _! op]ation1 ,v>ieties (1 ,cocoa1 ,coconut1 ,composition (1 ,cod1 ,composition ( fre%1 ,composition ( salt1 ,c(fee1 cake1 ,coke1 & coal1 ,collops1 ,mean+ (1 ,comm]cial yea/1 ,common labor-sav+ devices1 ,composition & v>ieties ( oats1 ( apple1 ( bacon1 ( banana1 ( beef /eak1 ( beef suet1 ( buck:eat1 ( butt]1 ( butt]milk1 ( cann$ fruit1 ( c>bohydrates1 ( cel]y1 ( c]eals1 ( c]eals1 ,table %[+1 ( *e/nut1 ( coconut1 ( cook$ mac>oni1 ( cook$ oat breakfa/ food1 ( corn1 ( corn bread1 ( cottage *eese1 ( cream1 ( cream *eese1 ( dri$ beef1 ( dri$ fig1 ( dry navy bean1 ( egg :ite & yolk1 ( food1 ,*emical1 ( food mat]ials1 ( fre% cod1 ( fre% %ell$ bean1 ( fruit jelly1 ( grape juice1 ( grapes1 ( gre5 corn1 ( gre5 /r+ bean1 ( honey1 ( ,italian pa/es1 ( lamb *op1 ( l>d1 ( mack]el1 ( maple sug>1 ( molasses1 ( oats1 ( olive oil1 ( onion1 ( oy/]1 ( p>snip1 ( peanut1 ( peanut butt]1 ( pork *op1 ( potato1 ( rais9s1 ( rice1 ( rye1 ( rye bread1 ( salt cod1 ( skim milk1 ( smok$ ham1 ( smok$ h]r+1 ( /ick c&y1 ( /rawb]ry1 ( sug>1 ( toa/$ bread1 ( walnut1 ( :eat1 ( :ite & yolk ( egg1 ( :ole egg1 ( :ole milk1 ( :ole :eat bread1 ,compote1 ,mean+ (1 ,compress$ yea/1 ,con/itu5ts1 ,food pr9ciples1 or1 ,convey+ heat to food1 ,me?ods (1 ,cook]1 ,cook+ c]eals 9 fireless1 ,fireless1 ,cook]y1 ,mean+ (1 ,t]ms us$ 91 "t table1 ,cook+ c]eals by boil+1 c]eals 9 d\ble boil]1 c]eals 9 fireless cook]1 c]eals1 ,me?ods (1 c]eals1 ,po9ts to obs]ve 91 c]eals1 ,prep>ation =1 c]eals1 ,purpose (1 c]eals ) dry heat1 food1 ,reasons =1 foods1 ,importance (1 foods1 ,table =1 ,gett+ foods ready =1 ,heat =1 ,me?ods (1 ,me?ods ( us+ moi/ heat =1 ( food1 processes1 rice1 ,japanese me?od (1 rice1 ,me?ods (1 ,uses ( wat] 91 ,cook+ ut5sils1 ,alum9um1 ut5sils1 ,copp]1 ut5sils1 ,e>!nw>e1 ut5sils1 ,enamel1 ut5sils1 ,glass1 ut5sils1 ,iron & /eel1 ut5sils1 ,t91 ut5sils1 ,wood51 ) dry heat1 ) hot fat1 ,copp] cook+ ut5sils1 ,coquilles1 ,mean+ (1 ,cor]1 ,apple1 ,corn bread1 bread1 ,composition (1 cake1 cake1 ,molasses1 -cake recipes1 cake1 ,s\!rn1 ,composition (1 ,composition ( gre51 ,field1 griddle cakes1 ,maize1 or ,indian1 meal1 -meal croquettes1 -meal muff9s1 -meal mu%1 -meal mu%1 ,left-ov]1 meal1 ,recipes =1 ,pop1 ,sweet1 ,cottage *eese1 ,composition (1 ,crack$ :eat1 ,cream *eese1 ,composition (1 ,composition (1 ( t>t> & soda1 ( :eat1 ( :eat ) dates1 sauce1 ,cream$ hom9y1 peas1 rice1 ,cream+ ( food +r$i5ts1 ,croquettes1 ,corn-meal1 ,roll$-oats1 ,cr\tons1 ,mean+ (1 ,cups1 ,measur+1 ,curry1 ,cu/>d1 ,f>9a1 ,cutt+-9 ( food +r$i5ts1 ,d ,damp]s1 ,adju/+ cook-/ove1 ,coal-/ove1 ,date muff9s1 ,dates1 ,cream ( :eat )1 ,graham mu% )1 ,demi-tasse1 ,mean+ (1 ,devil$1 ,mean+ (1 ,dextr9e1 ,=mation (1 ,diet1 ,hot breads 9 !1 ,mean+ (1 ,well-balanc$1 ,dietetics1 ,def9ition (1 ,dige/ion & absorption ( food1 ( food1 ,dill1 ,mean+ (1 ,d9n] rolls1 ,di%-wa%+ ma*9es1 ,d\ble boil]1 ,cook+ c]eals 91 boil]1 ,use (1 ,d\gh1 ,knead+ bread1 ,mak+ bread1 ,motions us$ 9 knead+ bread1 ,s(t1 ,/iff1 ,d\ghs & batt]s1 ,dress+1 ,cabbage-salad1 ,dri$ beef1 ,composition (1 fig1 ,composition (1 ,dry heat1 ,cook+ c]eals by1 heat1 ,cook+ )1 measure1 /eam+1 yea/1 ,dry+ ( foods1 ,e ,e>!nw>e cook+ ut5sils1 ,economic value ( c]eals1 ,effect ( boil+ on foods1 ,egg beat]1 ,rot>y1 coal1 ,composition ( :ite & yolk (1 ,composition ( :ole1 :ip1 ,eggs1 ,scrambl$1 ,electric met]1 ,read+ an1 /oves1 /oves & ut5sils1 ,electricity z a fuel1 ,em]g5cy biscuits1 ,en coquille1 ,mean+ (1 ,enamel cook+ ut5sils1 ,endosp]m1 ,mean+ (1 ,entres1 ,equipm5t = bread mak+1 ,conv5i5t1 ,esc>ole1 ,mean+ (1 ,f ,factors t gov]n c]eal selection1 ,f>ce1 or =cemeat1 ,mean+ (1 ,f>9a1 cu/>d1 s\ffl1 ,fat & milk 9 bread1 ,cook+ ) hot1 ,fat 9 c]eals1 ,fats1 ,f]m5ts1 or leav5+ ag5ts1 ,field corn1 ,fig1 ,composition ( dri$1 ,fillet mignons1 ,mean+ (1 ,fillets1 ,mean+ (1 ,firebox1 ,coal-/ove1 ,fireless cook]1 cook]1 ,cook+ c]eals 91 -cook+ gas /oves1 ,fl\r1 ,bak]s'1 ,bl5d1 ,c>e (1 ,graham1 ,gra9s us$ =1 ,high-grade pat5t1 ,k9ds (1 made f spr+ or h>d :eat1 ,discussion (1 ,mill+ ( :eat1 ,quality (1 ,r$ dog1 ,rye1 ,sc\r+1 ,second-grade pat5t1 ,selection (1 ,:ole-:eat1 ,flue1 ,coal-/ove1 op5+ ( a coal /ove1 ,fluff1 ,orange1 ,sauce = orange1 ,fold+ ( food +r$i5ts1 ,fondant1 ,mean+ (1 ,fondue1 ,mean+ (1 ,food1 ,absorption (1 ,c>e (1 ,c]eals z a1 ,*emical composition (1 ,cook+ (1 ,def9ition (1 ,dige/ion & absorption (1 ,dige/ion (1 9 cell>s1 ,/or+1 +r$i5ts1 ,beat+ (1 +r$i5ts1 ,cream+ (1 +r$i5ts1 ,cutt+-9 (1 +r$i5ts1 ,fold+ (1 +r$i5ts1 ,mix+ (1 +r$i5ts1 ,processes involv$ 9 mix+ (1 +r$i5ts1 ,ric+ (1 +r$i5ts1 ,rubb+ (1 +r$i5ts1 ,sift+ (1 +r$i5ts1 ,/irr+ (1 ,matt]s involv$ 9 "r selection (1 ,me?ods ( c>+ =1 or fuel1 value1 ,food1 ,prep>ation (1 pr9ciples or con/itu5ts1 ,problem (1 ,reasons = cook+1 ,selection (1 sub/ances1 value1 ,foods1 ,blan*+1 ,cann+ (1 ,dry+ (1 = cook+1 ,prep>ation (1 ,importance ( cook+1 ,importance ( v>iety (1 ,mean+ ( breakfa/1 ,/or+ ( non-p]i%able1 ,/or+ ( semip]i%able1 ) ice1 ,keep+1 )\t ice1 ,keep+1 ,=cemeat1 or f>ce1 ,mean+ (1 ,frapp1 ,mean+ (1 ,fr5* toa/1 ,fricassee+1 ,fromage1 ,mean+ (1 ,fruit bread1 ,:ole-:eat1 ,composition ( cann$1 jelly1 ,composition (1 or nut buns1 ,fry+1 ,fuel1 ,use ( coal z a1 ,use ( coke z a1 ,use ( electricity z a1 ,use ( gas z a1 ,use ( k]os5e z a1 value1 ,food1 or1 ,value ( gas z1 ,furni%+ a kit*51 ,ut5sils =1 ,g ,gas1 ,artificial1 z fuel1 ,use (1 z fuel1 ,value (1 ,c>bonic-acid1 or c>bon-dioxide1 ,measurem5t (1 met]1 met]1 ,read+ a1 ,natural1 ranges1 ,description (1 /ove1 ,mix] ( a1 /ove1 ,pilot ( a1 /oves & _! op]ation1 /oves1 ,fireless-cook+1 ,g5]al proportions1 ,apply+ k (1 ,g]m1 ,def9ition (1 ,g]ms1 ,g+]bread1 ,s(t1 ,glac1 ,biscuit1 ,mean+ (1 ,glass cook+ ut5sils1 ,glaze1 ,mean+ (1 ,gliad91 ,glucose1 ,glut51 ,glut591 ,g\la%1 ,mean+ (1 ,graham bread1 bread ) nuts1 fl\r1 muff9s1 mu% ) dates1 nut buns1 ,gra9 = m>ket1 ,prep>ation (1 products1 ,table (1 ,/ructure ( :eat1 ,gra9s us$ = fl\r1 ,grape juice1 ,composition (1 ,grapes1 ,composition (1 ,grate1 ,coal-/ove1 ,gre5 corn1 ,composition (1 ,griddle-cake recipes1 cakes1 cakes1 ,corn1 cakes1 ,proc$ure 9 bak+1 cakes1 ,rice1 cakes1 ,s\r-milk1 ,griddles1 ,gr9d]1 ,grits1 ,hom9y1 ,:eat1 ,gumbo1 ,mean+ (1 ,h ,ham1 ,composition ( smok$1 ,h>d wat]1 ,h[ to s(t51 ,h>icot1 ,mean+ (1 ,heat1 ,cook+ c]eals ) dry1 ,cook+ ) dry1 = cook+1 = cook+1 ,discussion (1 ,me?ods ( cook+ ) moi/1 ,h]r+1 ,composition ( smok$1 ,high-grade pat5t fl\r1 ,hom>d1 ,mean+ (1 ,hom9y1 & *eese s\ffl1 ,butt]$1 ,cream$1 grits1 ,left-ov]1 ,recipes =1 ,honey1 ,composition (1 ,hors-d'oeuvres1 ,mean+ (1 ,hot bread1 bread1 ,di/9ction betwe5 leav5$ &1 -bread mixture4 ,bak+ !1 -bread mixture1 ,te/+ ( bak$1 -bread mixture1 ,prep>ation (1 ,hot-bread mixture1 ,ut5sils = bak+ !1 -bread mixture1 ,ut5sils = prep>+ !1 -bread recipes1 ,miscellane\s1 -bread ut5sils & _! use1 bread1 ,utiliz+ left-ov]1 breads1 breads1 ,bak+ (1 breads1 ,comb9+ +r$i5ts =1 breads1 ,correct ov5 temp]ature =1 breads1 ,di/9ction betwe5 yea/ &1 breads 9 ! diet1 breads1 ,mixtures us$ =1 breads1 ,pr9cipal requirem5ts =1 breads1 ,purpose ( ut5sils = mak+1 breads1 ,recipes =1 breads1 ,regulat+ ! ov5 =1 breads1 ,requirem5ts & processes = mak+1 breads1 ,s]v+1 breads1 ,v>ieties ( mixtures & g5]al1 proportions us$ 91 fat1 ,cook+ )1 ,hotplates1 ,hull$1 or :ole1 :eat1 :eat1 ,hull]1 ,b]ry1 ,i ,ice1 ,keep+ foods )1 ,indian corn1 or maize1 ,+r$i5ts1 ,beat+ ( food1 ,comb9+ hot-bread1 ,cream+ ( food1 ,cutt+-9 ( food1 ,fold+ ( food1 = bread mak+1 ,mix+ ( food1 ,prep>ation ( hot-bread1 ,processes involv$ 9 mix+ food1 ,quick-process1 sponge me?od ( comb9+ bread1 requir$ = bread mak+1 ,ric+ ( food1 ,rubb+ ( food1 ,sift+ ( food1 ,/irr+ ( food1 ,iron & /eel cook+ ut5sils1 ,irons1 ,waffle1 ,italian pa/es1 pa/es1 ,composition (1 pa/es1 ,left-ov]1 pa/es1 ,prep>ation (1 pa/es1 ,recipes =1 pa/es1 ,v>ieties (1 ,itali5e1 ,mean+ ( a la1 ,japanese me?od ( cook+ rice1 rice1 ,j>d9ire1 ,mean+ (1 ,jelly1 ,composition ( fruit1 ,juice1 ,composition ( grape1 ,juli5ne1 ,mean+ (1 ,junket1 ,mean+ (1 ,k ,keep+ foods ) ice1 foods )\t ice1 ,k]os5e z a fuel1 ,use (1 /oves & _! op]ation1 ,kil[att-h\rs 9 met] read+1 ,kipp]$1 ,mean+ (1 ,kit*51 ,ut5sils = furni%+ a1 ,knead+ bread d\gh1 bread d\gh1 ,motions us$ 91 bread d\gh1 ,purpose (1 ,l ,lab\r-sav+ devices1 ,lactose1 ,occurr5ce (1 ,lamb *op1 ,composition (1 ,l>d1 ,composition (1 ,l>d+1 ,mean+ (1 ,l>don1 ,mean+ (1 ,leav5$ bread1 ,leav5+ ag5ts1 ag5ts1 ,classes (1 ag5ts1 or f]m5ts1 ,*emical1 ,physical1 ,left-ov] b>ley1 -ov] bread1 -ov] corn-meal mu%1 -ov] hom9y1 -ov] hot bread1 ,utiliz+1 -ov] ,italian pa/es1 -ov] rice1 -ov] roll$ oats1 -ov] :eat c]eals1 ,legumes1 ,mean+ (1 ,l5tils1 ,mean+ (1 ,liquid measure1 yea/1 ,loaf1 ,nut1 ,loaves1 ,%ap+ ! bread d\gh into1 ,long process ( bread mak+1 process ( mak+ :ite bread1 -process1 sponge me?od ( bread mak+1 -process1 /raight-d\gh me?od ( bread mak+1 ,lun*eon m5u1 rolls1 ,m ,mac>oni1 & kidney beans1 ,composition ( cook$1 ,italian /yle1 ) *eese1 ) *eese & tomato1 ) cream sauce1 ) eggs1 ) tomato & bacon1 ,macdo9e1 ,mean+ (1 ,ma*9es1 ,di%-wa%+1 ,mack]el1 ,composition (1 ,maize1 ,malt spr\ts1 ,maple sug>1 ,composition (1 ,m>9ade1 ,mean+ (1 ,m>9ate1 ,mean+ (1 ,m>ket1 ,prep>ation ( gra9s = !1 ,m>rons1 ,mean+ (1 ,mat]ials1 ,proportion ( bread-mak+ us$ = cook+ ut5sils1 ,matt]1 ,m9]al1 ,mayonnaise mix]1 ,!1 ,meal1 ,corn1 ,recipes = corn1 ,mean+ ( breakfa/ foods1 ,measure1 ,dry1 ,liquid1 ,measurem5t ( gas1 ,measures1 ,abbreviations (1 ,measur+1 cups1 ,precautions to obs]ve1 spoons1 ,meat *opp]1 gr9d]1 ,m5u1 ,breakfa/1 ,lun*eon1 ,mean+ (1 ,m5us & recipes1 ,m]+ue1 ,mean+ (1 ,met]1 ,gas1 ,read+ a gas1 ,read+ an electric1 ,met]s1 ,prepaym5t1 ,micro-organisms1 ,microbes1 ,milk & fat 9 bread1 ,composition ( skim1 ,composition ( :ole1 ,soda & s\r1 toa/1 ,millet1 buck:eat1 & rye1 ,description (1 ,mill+ ( :eat fl\r1 ,m9]al matt]1 matt] 9 c]eals1 salts1 salts1 ,purpose (1 ,miscellane\s hot-bread recipes1 ,mix]1 ,gas-/ove1 ,mayonnaise1 ,use ( ! bread1 ,mix]s1 ,bread1 ,cake1 ,mix+ ( food +r$i5ts1 ( food +r$i5ts1 ,processes involv$ 91 processes1 ,application (1 ,mixture1 ,te/+ bak$ hot-bread1 ,mixtures us$ = hot breads1 ,moi/ heat1 ,cook+ )1 yea/1 ,molasses & soda1 ,composition (1 corn cake1 ,molds1 ,motions us$ 9 knead+ bread d\gh1 ,m\sse1 ,mean+ (1 ,muff9 recipes1 ,muff9s1 ,blueb]ry1 ,bran1 ,corn-meal1 ,date1 ,graham1 ,pla91 ,rice1 ,mu%1 ,corn-meal1 ,left-ov] corn-meal1 ,sautd corn-meal1 ) dates1 ,graham1 ,n ,natural gas1 ,navy bean1 ,composition ( dry1 ,non-p]i%able foods1 ,/or+ (1 ,n\gat1 ,mean+ (1 ,nut buns1 ,graham1 loaf1 or fruit buns1 puffs1 ,o ,oat breakfa/ food1 ,composition ( cook$1 ,composition (1 ,oatmeal1 ,oats1 ,composition & v>ieties (1 ,recipes =1 ,roll$1 ) apples1 ,roll$1 ,olive oil1 ,composition (1 ,onion1 ,composition (1 ,orange fluff1 fluff1 ,sauce =1 ,ord] ( "w1 ,ori5tal rice1 ,ov51 ,coal-/ove1 = hot breads1 ,regulat+ !1 ,prop] plac+ ( hot-bread mixture 91 temp]ature1 ,det]m9+ & regulat+1 temp]ature = bak+ bread1 temp]ature = hot breads1 ,oxyg51 ,oy/]1 ,composition (1 ,p ,pan-broil$ *ops1 broil+1 ,paprika1 ,p>k] ,h\se rolls1 ,p>snip1 ,composition (1 ,pa/es1 ,italian1 ,recipes = ,italian1 ,pat1 ,mean+ (1 ,pat5t fl\r1 ,high-grade1 fl\r1 ,second-grade1 ,patties1 ,rice1 ,pea coal1 ,peanut butt]1 ,composition (1 ,composition (1 ,pe>l b>ley1 b>ley1 ,description (1 b>ley ) fruit1 ,peas1 ,cream$1 ,sauce =1 ,physical leav5+1 ,pilot1 ,gas-/ove1 ,pimi5to1 ,mean+ (1 ,p9eapple1 ,rice )1 ,p9:eel biscuits1 ,piquante1 ,mean+ ( sauce1 ,pi/a*io1 ,mean+ (1 ,pla9 muff9s1 ,po9t1 ,boil+1 ,poli%+s1 ,rice1 ,pop corn1 ,popov] recipes1 ) fruit1 ,pork *op1 ,composition (1 ,potage1 ,mean+ (1 ,potato1 ,composition (1 ric]1 ,potatoes1 ,bak$1 ,p[d]1 ,bak+1 ,recipe = bak+1 ,precautions to obs]ve 9 measur+1 ,prep>ation = cook+ c]eals1 = cook+ foods1 ( c]eals = ! table1 ,prep>ation ( food1 ( gra9s = ! m>ket1 ( hot-bread +r$i5ts1 ( hot-bread mixture1 ( ,italian pa/es1 ,prep>$1 or ready-to-eat1 c]eals1 ,prep>+ ! hot-bread mixture1 ,ut5sils =1 ,prepaym5t met]s1 ,pr9ciple ( /oves1 ,pr9ciples1 or con/itu5ts1 ,food1 ,problem ( food1 ,processes & requirem5ts = mak+ hot breads1 ,application ( mix+1 ,bread-mak+1 ,cook+1 involv$ 9 mix+ food +r$i5ts1 ,production ( c]eals1 ,products1 ,c]eal1 ,table ( gra91 ,proportion ( bread-mak+ mat]ials1 ,proportions1 ,apply+ k ( g5]al1 ,prote91 9 c]eals1 ,puffs1 ,nut1 ,:ole-:eat1 ,pure1 ,mean+ (1 ,purpose1 ( bak+ bread1 ( bread ris+1 ( cook+ c]eals1 ( knead+ bread d\gh1 ( ut5sils = mak+ hot breads1 ,q ,quality1 ( coal1 ( fl\r1 ( yea/1 ,quick1 bread1 ,hot or1 breads1 process ( comb9+ bread +r$i5ts1 process ( mak+ :ite bread1 process ( mak+ :ole-:eat bread1 -process1 sponge me?od ( comb9+1 bread +r$i5ts1 -process1 /raight-d\gh me?od ( comb9+1 bread +r$i5ts1 ,r ,ragot1 ,mean+ (1 ,rais9s1 ,composition (1 ,ramek91 ,mean+ (1 ,range1 ,coal1 ,ranges1 ,description ( gas1 ,read+1 a gas met]1 an electric met]1 ,ready1 -to-eat c]eals1 -to-eat1 or prep>$1 c]eals1 ,reasons = cook+ food1 ,r*auff1 ,mean+ (1 ,recipe1 ,def9ition (1 ,r$-dog fl\r1 ,refrig]ator1 ,c>e ( food 91 ,c>e ( !1 ,refrig]ators1 ,refuse1 ,di/9ction betwe5 wa/e &1 ,mean+ (1 ,relative weights & measures1 ,tables (1 ,requirem5ts1 & processes = mak+ hot breads1 ( bread mak+1 ,rice1 ,boil$1 ,boil+1 bread1 ,br[n$1 ,c>ol9a1 ,composition (1 ,cream$1 griddle cakes1 ,japanese1 ,japanese me?od ( cook+1 ,left-ov]1 ,me?ods ( cook+1 muff9s1 ,ori5tal1 patties1 poli%+s1 ,recipes =1 ,savory1 ,spani%1 ,/eam$1 ,/eam+1 ,v>ieties & /ructure (1 waffles1 ) p9eapple1 ,ric]1 ,potato1 ,ric+ ( food +r$i5ts1 ,ris+1 bread d\gh1 ,c>e ( !1 ,temp]ature = bread1 ,"t requir$ = bread1 ,rissoles1 ,mean+ (1 ,roa/+1 ,di/9ction betwe5 bak+ &1 ,mean+ (1 ,roll$1 oats1 -oats croquettes1 -oats jelly ) prunes1 oats1 ,left-ov]1 oats ) apples1 ,rolls1 buns & biscuits1 ,recipes =1 ,c9namon1 ,d9n]1 ,lun*eon1 ,p>k] ,h\se1 ,:ole-:eat1 ,rot>y egg beat]1 ,r\x1 ,mean+ (1 ,rubb+ ( food +r$i5ts1 ,rye1 bread1 bread1 ,composition (1 buck:eat1 & millet1 ,composition (1 ,description (1 fl\r1 ,s ,salad1 ,cabbage1 ,wat]cress-&-cel]y1 ,salmi1 ,mean+ (1 ,salpicon1 ,mean+ (1 ,salt cod1 ,composition (1 -ris+ bread1 ,salts1 ,m9]al1 ,purpose ( m9]al1 ,sauce1 ,cream1 = orange fluff1 = peas1 piquante1 ,mean+ (1 ,mean+ ( t>t>e1 ,mean+ ( v9aigrette1 ,sautd corn-meal mu%1 ,saute+1 ,sav\ry rice1 ,scales1 ,score c>d1 ,explanation (1 ,scor+ bread1 bread1 ,object (1 ,sc\r+ ( fl\r1 ,scrambl$ eggs1 ,second-grade pat5t fl\r1 ,selection & c>e ( c]eals1 ( fl\r1 ( food1 ,semip]i%able foods1 ,/or+ (1 ,semol9a1 ,s]v+ bread1 c]eals1 hot breads1 ,sett+ a c]eal or gra91 ,%allot1 ,mean+ (1 ,%ap+ bread d\gh into loaves1 ,%ell$ bean1 ,composition ( fre%1 ,sift+ ( food +r$i5ts1 ,simm]+1 or /ew+1 ,sizes ( coal1 ,skim milk1 ,composition (1 ,small electric ut5sils1 ,smok$ ham1 ,composition (1 h]r+1 ,composition (1 ,soda & cream ( t>t>1 ,soda & molasses1 & s\r milk1 ,s(t d\gh1 g+]bread1 ,s(t5+ h>d wat]1 ,soluble />*1 ,sorbet1 ,mean+ (1 ,s\ffl1 ,mean+ (1 ,f>9a1 ,s\r milk1 ,soda &1 -milk griddle cakes1 ,s\!rn corn cake1 ,soy1 ,mean+ (1 ,spaghetti1 ) *eese & tomato sauce1 ,spani% rice1 ,sponge me?od ( mak+ bread1 ,long-process1 me?od ( mak+ bread1 ,quick-process1 ,spoons1 ,measur+1 ,spr+1 or h>d1 :eat1 or h>d1 :eat1 ,fl\r made f1 ,spr\ts1 ,malt1 ,/>*1 ,/eak1 ,composition ( beef1 ,/eam$ rice1 ,/eam]1 ,/eam+1 ,dry1 rice1 ,/eel-&-iron cook+ ut5sils1 ,/]ilize wat]1 ,boil+ to1 ,/]iliz+1 ,/ew+ or simm]+1 ,/ick c&y1 ,composition (1 ,/iff d\gh1 ,/irr+ ( food +r$i5ts1 ,/ock1 ,mean+ (1 ,/or+ food 9 cell>s1 ( non-p]i%able foods1 ( semip]i%able foods1 ,/ove a% pan1 ,coal-1 a% pit1 ,coal-1 ,coal1 damp]s1 ,coal-1 flue op5+1 ,coal-1 ov51 ,coal-1 ,/oves & ut5sils1 ,electric1 ,fireless-cook+ gas1 ,op]ation ( k]os5e1 ,pr9ciple (1 ,/raight-d\gh me?od ( bread mak+1 -d\gh me?od ( bread mak+1 ,long-process1 -d\gh me?od ( bread mak+1 ,quick-process1 ,/rawb]ry1 ,composition (1 ,/r+ bean1 ,composition ( gre51 ,/ructure & v>ieties ( rice1 ( :eat gra91 ,sub/ances1 ,food1 ,suet1 ,composition ( beef1 ,sug>1 ,composition (1 ,composition ( maple1 ,sultanas1 ,mean+ (1 ,sweet buns1 corn1 ,t ,table1 ,cook]y "t1 ( gra9 products1 %[+ composition ( c]eals1 ,tables ( relative weights & measures1 ( weights & measures1 ,t>ragon1 ,mean+ (1 ,t>t>e sauce1 ,mean+ (1 ,temp]ature1 ,det]m9+ & regulat+ ov51 = bread ris+1 = hot breads1 ,correct ov51 ,t]ms us$ 9 cook]y1 ,te/+ bak$ hot-bread mixture1 ,?ick batt]1 ,?9 batt]1 ,timbale1 ,mean+ (1 ,"t = bak+ & c>e ( bread 9 ov51 requir$ = bread ris+1 table1 ,cook]y1 ,t9 cook+ ut5sils1 ,toa/1 ,butt]$1 ,fr5*1 ,milk1 ,toa/$ ,bread1 ,composition (1 ,toa/+1 ,troy weight1 ,truffles1 ,mean+ (1 ,u ,ut5sils1 ,alum9um cook+1 & _! use1 ,hot-bread1 ,copp] cook+1 ,e>!nw>e cook+1 ,enamel cook+1 = bak+ ! hot-bread mixture1 = bread mak+1 = cook+1 = furni%+ a kit*51 = prep>+ hot-bread mixture1 ,glass cook+1 ,importance (1 ,iron & /eel cook+1 ,mat]ials us$ =1 ,small electric1 ,t9 cook+1 ,wood5 cook+1 ,v ,value1 ,food1 ,food1 or fuel1 ( c]eals1 ,economic1 ( gas z fuel1 ,vanilla1 ,mean+ (1 ,v>ieties & composition ( oats1 & /ructure ( rice1 ( coal1 ( ,italian pa/es1 ( mixtures us$ 9 hot breads1 ,v>iety ( foods1 ,importance ( a1 ,v]micelli1 ,v9aigrette sauce1 ,mean+ (1 ,vol au v5t1 ,mean+ (1 ,w ,waffle irons1 ,waffles1 proc$ure 9 bak+1 ,rice1 ,walnut1 ,composition (1 ,wa/e & refuse1 ,di/9ction betwe51 ,def9ition (1 ,wat] z a food sub/ance1 ,boil+ to /]ilize1 ,h[ to s(t5 h>d1 9 c]eals1 9 ! body1 ,function (1 ,wat]cress-&-cel]y salad1 ,weight1 ,avoirdupois1 ,troy1 ,weights & measures1 ,tables (1 & measures1 ,tables ( relative1 ,:eat1 & :eat products1 ,recipes =1 ,bee*1 bread1 ,composition ( :ole1 c]eals1 ,left-ov]1 ,composition (1 ,crack$1 ,cream (1 fl\r1 ,mill+ (1 gra91 ,/ructure (1 grits1 ,hull$1 ,hull$1 or :ole1 ,orig9 & use (1 products1 ,recipes =1 ,spr+1 or h>d1 ,w9t]1 or s(t1 ,:ite bread1 bread1 ,long process ( mak+1 bread1 ,quick process ( mak+1 ( egg1 ,composition (1 ,:ole egg1 ,composition (1 milk1 ,composition (1 -:eat bread1 ,:ole-:eat bread1 ,composition (1 -:eat bread1 ,quick process ( mak+1 -:eat fl\r1 -:eat fruit bread1 -:eat puffs1 -:eat rolls1 ,w9d[ boxes1 ,w9t]1 or s(t1 :eat1 ,wood5 cook+ ut5sils1 ,"w1 ,ord] (1 ,y ,yea/1 ,action (1 ,yea/ aids1 & hot breads1 ,di/9ction betwe51 ,comm]cial1 ,compress$1 ,dry1 ,liquid1 ,moi/1 or leav5$1 bread1 ,quality (1 ,yea/s1 ,yolk ( egg1 ,composition (1 ,z ,zwieback1