,s5t5ce ,numb]s1 %[n ?us 7#a71 h be5 add$ by volunte]4 ,a ,!ologico-,political ,treatise ,"p ,,iv ( ,,iv - ,*apt]s ,,xvi to ,,xx by ,b>u* ,sp9oza ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts3 ,se>* /r+s are %[n ?us #af3x4 ,se>* =w>d & back ) ! same /r+4 #af3j ,,*apt] ,,xvi - ,( ! ,f\ndations ( a ,/ate2 ( ! ,natural & ,civil ,rights ( ,individuals2 & ( ! ,rights ( ! ,sov]eign ,p[]4 #af3a ,9 ,nature "r co-ext5sive ) p[]4 #af3b ,?is pr9ciple applies to mank9d 9 ! /ate ( ,nature4 #af3c ,h[ a transition f ?is /ate to a civil /ate is possible4 #af3d ,subjects n slaves4 #af3e ,def9ition ( private civil "r - & wrong4 #af3f ,( alliance4 #af3g ,( treason4 #af3h ,9 :at s5se sov]eigns are b\nd by ,div9e law4 #af3i ,civil gov]nm5t n inconsi/5t ) religion4 #ag3j ,,*apt] ,,xvii4- ,x is %[n1 t no "o c or ne$ transf] all 8 ,rights to ! ,sov]eign ,p[]4 ,( ! ,hebrew ,republic1 z x 0 dur+ ! lifetime ( ,moses1 & aft] 8 dea? till ! f\ndation ( ! ,mon>*y2 & ( its ,excell5ce4 ,la/ly1 ( ! ,causes :y ! ,!ocratic ,republic fell1 & :y x c\ld h>dly h cont9u$ )\t ,diss5sion4 #ag3a ,! absolute !ory1 ( ,sov]eignty ideal - ,no "o c 9 fact transf] all 8 rights to ! ,sov]eign p[]4 ,evid5ce ( ?is4 #ag3b ,! greate/ dang] 9 all ,/ates f )91 n )\t4 #ag3c ,orig9al indep5d5ce ( ! ,jews aft] ! ,exodus4 #ag3d ,*ang$ fir/ to a pure democratic ,!ocracy4 #ag3e ,!n to subjection to ,moses4 #ag3f ,!n to a ,!ocracy ) ! p[] divid$ betwe5 ! high prie/ & ! capta9s4 #ag3g ,! tribes conf$]ate /ates4 #ag3h ,re/ra9ts on ! civil p[]4 #ag3i ,re/ra9ts on ! p4 #ag3;,a ,causes ( decay involv$ 9 ! con/itution ( ! ,levitical prie/hood4 #ah3j ,,*apt] ,,xviii4- ,f ! ,commonweal? ( ! ,hebrews & _! ,hi/ory c]ta9 ,lessons are d$uc$4 #ah3a ,! ,hebrew con/itution no long] possible or desirable1 yet lessons may be d]iv$ f its hi/ory4 #ah3b ,z ! dang] ( entru/+ any au?ority 9 politics to ecclesia/ics - ! dang] ( id5tify+ religion ) dogma4 #ah3c ,! necessity ( keep+ all judicial p[] ) ! sov]eign - ! dang] ( *anges 9 ! =m ( a ,/ate4 #ah3d ,?is la/ dang] illu/rat$ f ! hi/ory ( ,engl& - ( ,rome4 #ah3e ,& ( ,holl&4 #ai3j ,,*apt] ,,xix - ,x is %[n t ! ,"r ov] ,matt]s ,spiritual lies :olly ) ! ,sov]eign1 & t ! ,outw>d ,=ms ( ,religion %\ld be 9 accordance ) ,public ,peace1 if we w\ld wor%ip ,god aright4 #ai3a ,diff]5ce betwe5 ext]nal & inw>d religion4 #ai3b ,positive law e/abli%$ only by agreem5t4 #ai3c ,piety fur!r$ by peace & ob$i5ce4 #ai3d ,position ( ! ,apo/les exceptional4 #ai3e ,:y ,*ri/ian ,/ates1 unlike ! ,hebrew1 suff] f disputes betwe5 ! civil & ecclesia/ical p[]s4 #ai3f ,absolute p[] 9 ?+s spiritual ( mod]n rul]s4 #bj3j ,,*apt] ,,xx - ,t 9 a ,free ,/ate e man may ,?9k :at he ,likes1 & ,say :at he ,?9ks4 #bj3a ,! m9d n subject to ,/ate au?ority4 #bj3b ,!re=e 9 g5]al language %\ld n be4 #bj3c ,a man :o disapprov+ ( a law1 submits 8 adv]se op9ion to ! judgm5t ( ! au?orities1 :ile act+ 9 accordance ) ! law1 des]ves well ( ! ,/ate4 #bj3d ,t lib]ty ( op9ion is b5eficial1 %[n f ! hi/ory ( ,am/]dam4 #bj3e ,dang] to ! ,/ate ( )hold+ x4 - ,submission ( ! ,au?or to ! judgm5t ( 8 c\ntry's rul]s4 ,au?or's ,endnotes to ! ,treatise4 #af3j ,,*apt] ,,xvi - ,,( ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,a ,,/ate2 ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,& ,,civil ,,rights ,,( ,,individuals2 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,rights ,,( ,,! ,,sov]eign ,,p[]4 7#a7 ,hi!rto our c>e has be5 to sep>ate philosophy f !ology1 & to %[ ! fre$om ( ?\ght :i* su* sep>ation insures to bo?4 7#b7 ,x is n[ "t to det]m9e ! limits to :i* su* fre$om ( ?\ght & discussion may ext5d itself 9 ! ideal /ate4 7#c7 ,= ! due consid]ation ( ?is "q we mu/ exam9e ! f\ndations ( a ,/ate1 fir/ turn+ our att5tion to ! natural rights ( individuals1 & aft]w>ds to religion & ! /ate z a :ole4 7#af3d7 ,by ! "r & ord9ance ( nature1 ,i m]ely mean ^? natural laws :]e) we conceive e individual to be condition$ by nature1 s z to live & act 9 a giv5 way4 7#e7 ,= in/ance1 fi%es are naturally condition$ = swimm+1 & ! great] = dev\r+ ! less2 !re=e fi%es enjoy ! wat]1 & ! great] dev\r ! less by sov]eign natural "r4 #af3a 7#f7 ,= x is c]ta9 t nature1 tak5 9 ! ab/ract1 has sov]eign "r to d any?+ %e c2 9 o!r words1 h] "r is co-ext5sive ) h] p[]4 7#g7 ,! p[] ( nature is ! p[] ( ,god1 :i* has sov]eign "r ov] all ?+s2 &1 inasmu* z ! p[] ( nature is simply ! aggregate ( ! p[]s ( all h] individual compon5ts1 x foll[s t e individual has sov]eign "r to d all t he c2 9 o!r words1 ! rights ( an individual ext5d to ! utmo/ limits ( 8 p[] z x has be5 condition$4 7#h7 ,n[ x is ! sov]eign law & "r ( nature t ea* individual %\ld endeav\r to pres]ve itself z x is1 )\t reg>d to any?+ b itself2 !re=e ?is sov]eign law & "r belongs to e individual1 namely1 to exi/ & act accord+ to its natural conditions4 7#i7 ,we d n "h ackn[l$ge any diff]5ce betwe5 mank9d & o!r individual natural entities1 nor betwe5 m5 end[$ ) reason & ^? to :om reason is unkn[n2 nor betwe5 fools1 madm51 & sane m54 7#aj7 ,:atsoev] an individual does by ! laws ( its nature x has a sov]eign "r to d1 inasmu* z x acts z x 0 condition$ by nature1 & _c act o!rwise4 #af3b 7#aa7 ,:]e=e among m51 s long z !y are consid]$ z liv+ "u ! sway ( nature1 he :o does n yet "k reason1 or :o has n yet acquir$ ! habit ( virtue1 acts solely accord+ to ! laws ( 8 desire ) z sov]eign a "r z he :o ord]s 8 life entirely by ! laws ( reason4 7#af3ab7 ,t is1 z ! wise man has sov]eign "r to d all t reason dictates1 or to live accord+ to ! laws ( reason1 s also ! ignorant & fooli% man has sov]eign "r to d all t desire dictates1 or to live accord+ to ! laws ( desire4 7#ac7 ,?is is id5tical ) ! tea*+ ( ,paul1 :o ackn[l$ges t previ\s to ! law - t is1 s long z m5 are consid]$ ( z liv+ "u ! sway ( nature1 !re is no s94 7#af3ad7 ,! natural "r ( ! individual man is ?us det]m9$1 n by s\nd reason1 b by desire & p[]4 7#ae7 ,all are n naturally condition$ s z to act accord+ to ! laws & rules ( reason2 nay1 on ! contr>y1 all m5 are born ignorant1 & be=e !y c le>n ! "r way ( life & acquire ! habit ( virtue1 ! great] "p ( _! life1 ev5 if !y h be5 well br\ght up1 has pass$ away4 7#af7 ,nev]!less1 !y are 9 ! mean:ile b\nd to live & pres]ve !mselves z f> z !y c by ! unaid$ impulses ( desire4 7#ag7 ,nature has giv5 !m no o!r guide1 & has d5i$ !m ! pres5t p[] ( liv+ accord+ to s\nd reason2 s t !y are no m b\nd to live by ! dictates ( an enlight5$ m9d1 ?an a cat is b\nd to live by ! laws ( ! nature ( a lion4 7#af3ah7 ,:atsoev]1 !re=e1 an individual 7consid]$ z "u ! sway ( nature7 ?9ks useful = himself1 :e!r l$ by s\nd reason or impell$ by ! passions1 t he has a sov]eign "r to seek & to take = himself z he be/ c1 :e!r by =ce1 cunn+1 entreaty1 or any o!r means2 consequ5tly he may reg>d z an enemy anyone :o h9d]s ! accompli%m5t ( 8 purpose4 7#af3ai7 ,x foll[s f :at we h said t ! "r & ord9ance ( nature1 "u :i* all m5 are born1 & "u :i* !y mo/ly live1 only prohibits su* ?+s z no "o desires1 & no "o c atta93 x does n =bid /rife1 nor hatr$1 nor ang]1 nor deceit1 nor1 inde$1 any ( ! means sugge/$ by desire4 7#af3bj7 ,?is we ne$ n wond] at1 = nature is n b\nd$ by ! laws ( human reason1 :i* aims only at man's true b5efit & pres]vation2 h] limits are inf9itely wid]1 & h ref]5ce to ! et]nal ord] ( nature1 :]e9 man is b a speck2 x is by ! necessity ( ?is alone t all individuals are condition$ = liv+ & act+ 9 a p>ticul> way4 7#ba7 ,if any?+1 !re=e1 9 nature seems to u ridicul\s1 absurd1 or evil1 x is because we only "k 9 "p1 & are almo/ entirely ignorant ( ! ord] & int]dep5d5ce ( nature z a :ole1 & also because we want ev]y?+ to be arrang$ accord+ to ! dictates ( our human reason2 9 reality t :i* reason consid]s evil1 is n evil 9 respect to ! ord] & laws ( nature z a :ole1 b only 9 respect to ! laws ( our reason4 7#af3bb7 ,nev]!less1 no "o c d\bt t x is mu* bett] = u to live accord+ to ! laws & assur$ dictates ( reason1 =1 z we said1 !y h m5's true good = _! object4 7#bc7 ,moreov]1 ev]yone wi%es to live z f> z possible securely beyond ! rea* ( fe>1 & ?is w\ld be q impossible s long z ev]yone did ev]y?+ he lik$1 & reason's claim 0 l[]$ to a p> ) ^? ( hatr$ & ang]2 !re is no "o :o is n ill at ease 9 ! mid/ ( enmity1 hatr$1 ang]1 & deceit1 & :o does n seek to avoid !m z mu* z he c4 #af3c 7#bd7 ,:5 we reflect t m5 )\t mutual help1 or ! aid ( reason1 mu/ ne$s live mo/ mis]ably1 z we cle>ly prov$ 9 ,*ap4 ,v41 we %all pla9ly see t m5 mu/ necess>ily come to an agreem5t to live toge!r z securely & well z possible if !y are to enjoy z a :ole ! rights :i* naturally belong to !m z individuals1 & _! life %\ld be no m condition$ by ! =ce & desire ( individuals1 b by ! p[] & w ( ! :ole body4 7#be7 ,?is end !y w be unable to atta9 if desire be _! only guide 7= by ! laws ( desire ea* man is drawn 9 a diff]5t direction72 !y mu/1 !re=e1 mo/ firmly decree & e/abli% t !y w be guid$ 9 ev]y?+ by reason 7:i* nobody w d>e op5ly to repudiate le/ he %\ld be tak5 = a madman71 & w re/ra9 any desire :i* is injuri\s to a man's fell[s1 t !y w d to all z !y w\ld be done by1 & t !y w def5d _! neighb\r's rights z _! own4 7#af3bf7 ,h[ su* a compact z ?is %\ld be ent]$ into1 h[ ratifi$ & e/abli%$1 we w n[ inquire4 7#bg7 ,n[ x is a univ]sal law ( human nature t no "o ev] neglects any?+ :i* he judges to be good1 except ) ! hope ( ga9+ a great] good1 or f ! fe> ( a great] evil2 nor does anyone endure an evil except = ! sake ( avoid+ a great] evil1 or ga9+ a great] good4 7#bh7 ,t is1 ev]yone w1 ( two goods1 *oose t :i* he ?9ks ! greate/2 &1 ( two evils1 t :i* he ?9ks ! lea/4 7#bi7 ,i say advis$ly t :i* he ?9ks ! greate/ or ! lea/1 = x does n necess>ily foll[ t he judges "r4 7#cj7 ,?is law is s deeply implant$ 9 ! human m9d t x ought to be c\nt$ among et]nal tru?s & axioms4 7#af3ca7 ,z a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! pr9ciple j enunciat$1 no "o c hone/ly promise to =ego ! "r :i* he has ov] all ?+s ,endnote #bf1 & 9 g5]al no "o w abide by 8 promises1 unless "u ! fe> ( a great] evil1 or ! hope ( a great] good4 7#cb7 ,an example w make ! matt] cle>]4 7#cc7 ,suppose t a robb] =ces me to promise t ,i w give him my goods at 8 w & pleasure4 7#cd7 ,x is pla9 7inasmu* z my natural "r is1 z ,i h %[n1 co-ext5sive ) my p[]7 t if ,i c free myself f ?is robb] by /ratagem1 by ass5t+ to 8 dem&s1 ,i h ! natural "r to d s1 & to pret5d to accept 8 conditions4 7#ce7 ,or aga91 suppose ,i h g5u9ely promis$ someone t = ! space ( tw5ty days ,i w n ta/e food or any n\ri%m5t2 & suppose ,i aft]w>ds f9d t 0 fooli%1 & _c be kept )\t v great injury to myself2 z ,i am b\nd by natural law & "r to *oose ! lea/ ( two evils1 ,i h complete "r to break my compact1 & act z if my promise _h nev] be5 utt]$4 7#cf7 ,i say t ,i %\ld h p]fect natural "r to d s1 :e!r ,i 0 actuat$ by true & evid5t reason1 or :e!r ,i 0 actuat$ by m]e op9ion 9 ?9k+ ,i _h promis$ ra%ly2 :e!r my reasons 7 true or false1 ,i %\ld be 9 fe> ( a great] evil1 :i*1 by ! ord9ance ( nature1 ,i %\ld /rive to avoid by e means 9 my p[]4 7#af3cg7 ,we may1 !re=e1 conclude t a compact is only made valid by its utility1 )\t :i* x becomes null & void4 7#ch7 ,x is1 !re=e1 fooli% to ask a man to keep 8 fai? ) u = ev]1 unless we also endeav\r t ! violation ( ! compact we ent] into %all involve = ! violator m h>m ?an good4 7#ci7 ,?is consid]ation %\ld h v great weight 9 =m+ a /ate4 7#dj7 ,h[ev]1 if all m5 c\ld be easily l$ by reason alone1 & c\ld recognize :at is be/ & mo/ useful = a /ate1 !re w\ld be no "o :o w\ld n =swe> deceit1 = ev]yone w\ld keep mo/ religi\sly to _! compact 9 _! desire = ! *ief good1 namely1 ! %ield & buckl] ( ! commonweal?4 7#da7 ,h[ev]1 x is f> f be+ ! case t all m5 c always be easily l$ by reason alone2 ev]yone is drawn away by 8 pleasure1 :ile av>ice1 ambition1 envy1 hatr$1 & ! l s engross ! m9d t1 reason has no place !re94 7#db7 ,h5ce1 ?\gh m5 make promises ) all ! appe>ances ( good fai?1 & agree t !y w keep to _! engagem5t1 no "o c absolutely rely on ano!r man's promise unless !re is some?+ beh9d x4 7#dc7 ,ev]yone has by nature a "r to act deceitfully1 & to break 8 compacts1 unless he be re/ra9$ by ! hope ( "s great] good1 or ! fe> ( "s great] evil4 7#af3dd7 ,h[ev]1 z we h %[n t ! natural "r ( ! individual is only limit$ by 8 p[]1 x is cle> t by transf]r+1 ei!r will+ly or "u compulsion1 ?is p[] into ! h&s ( ano!r1 he 9 s do+ necess>ily c$es also a "p ( 8 "r2 & fur!r1 t ! ,sov]eign "r ov] all m5 belongs to him :o has sov]eign p[]1 :]e) he c compel m5 by =ce1 or re/ra9 !m by ?reats ( ! univ]sally fe>$ puni%m5t ( dea?2 su* sov]eign "r he w reta9 only s long z he c ma9ta9 8 p[] ( en=c+ 8 w2 o!rwise he w tott] on 8 ?rone1 & no "o :o is /rong] ?an he w be b\nd unwill+ly to obey him4 7#af3de7 ,9 ?is mann] a society c be =m$ )\t any violation ( natural "r1 & ! cov5ant c always be /rictly kept - t is1 if ea* individual h&s ov] ! :ole ( 8 p[] to ! body politic1 ! latt] w !n possess sov]eign natural "r ov] all ?+s2 t is1 x w h sole & unque/ion$ dom9ion1 & ev]yone w be b\nd to obey1 "u pa9 ( ! sev]e/ puni%m5t4 7#df7 ,a body politic ( ?is k9d is call$ a ,democracy1 :i* may be def9$ z a society :i* wields all its p[] z a :ole4 7#dg7 ,! sov]eign p[] is n re/ra9$ by any laws1 b ev]yone is b\nd to obey x 9 all ?+s2 su* is ! /ate ( ?+s impli$ :5 m5 ei!r tacitly or expressly h&$ ov] to x all _! p[] ( self-def5ce1 or 9 o!r words1 all _! "r4 7#dh7 ,= if !y _h wi%$ to reta9 any "r = !mselves1 !y ought to h tak5 precautions = its def5ce & pres]vation2 z !y h n done s1 & inde$ c\ld n h done s )\t divid+ & consequ5tly ru9+ ! /ate1 !y plac$ !mselves absolutely at ! m]cy ( ! sov]eign p[]2 &1 !re=e1 hav+ act$ 7z we h %[n7 z reason & necessity dem&$1 !y are oblig$ to fulfil ! comm&s ( ! sov]eign p[]1 h[ev] absurd ^! may be1 else !y w be public enemies1 & w act aga9/ reason1 :i* urges ! pres]vation ( ! /ate z a prim>y duty4 7#di7 ,= reason bids u *oose ! lea/ ( two evils4 7#af3ej7 ,fur!rmore1 ?is dang] ( submitt+ absolutely to ! dom9ion & w ( ano!r1 is "o :i* may be incurr$ ) a light he>t3 = we h %[n t sov]eigns only possess ?is "r ( impos+ _! w1 s long z !y h ! full p[] to en=ce x3 if su* p[] be lo/ _! "r to comm& is lo/ also1 or lapses to ^? :o h assum$ x & c keep x4 7#ea7 ,?us x is v r>e = sov]eigns to impose ?or\ghly irrational comm&s1 = !y are b\nd to consult _! own int]e/s1 & reta9 _! p[] by consult+ ! public good & act+ accord+ to ! dictates ( reason1 z ,s5eca says1 viol5ta imp]ia nemo cont9uit diu4 7#eb7 ,no "o c long reta9 a tyrant's sway4 7#af3ec7 ,9 a democracy1 irrational comm&s are /ill less to be fe>$3 = x is almo/ impossible t ! majority ( a p1 especially if x be a l>ge "o1 %\ld agree 9 an irrational design3 &1 moreov]1 ! basis & aim ( a democracy is to avoid ! desires z irrational1 & to br+ m5 z f> z possible "u ! control ( reason1 s t !y may live 9 peace & h>mony3 if ?is basis be remov$ ! :ole fabric falls to ru94 7#af3ed7 ,su* be+ ! ends 9 view = ! sov]eign p[]1 ! duty ( subjects is1 z ,i h said1 to obey its comm&s1 & to recognize no "r save t :i* x sanctions4 #af3d 7#ee7 ,x w1 p]haps1 be ?\ght t we are turn+ subjects into slaves3 = slaves obey comm&s & free m5 live z !y l2 b ?is idea is bas$ on a misconception1 = ! true slave is he :o is l$ away by 8 pleasures & c nei!r see :at is good = him nor act accord+ly3 he alone is free :o lives ) free cons5t "u ! entire guidance ( reason4 7#af3ef7 ,action 9 ob$i5ce to ord]s does take away fre$om 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 b x does n1 !re=e1 make a man a slave1 all dep5ds on ! object ( ! action4 7#eg7 ,if ! object ( ! action be ! good ( ! /ate1 & n ! good ( ! ag5t1 ! latt] is a slave & does himself no good3 b 9 a /ate or k+dom :]e ! weal ( ! :ole p1 & n t ( ! rul]1 is ! supreme law1 ob$i5ce to ! sov]eign p[] does n make a man a slave1 ( no use to himself1 b a subject4 7#eh7 ,!re=e1 t /ate is ! free/ ^: laws are f\nd$ on s\nd reason1 s t e memb] ( x may1 if he w1 be free ,endnote #bg2 t is1 live ) full cons5t "u ! entire guidance ( reason4 7#af3ei7 ,*ildr51 ?\gh !y are b\nd to obey all ! comm&s ( _! p>5ts1 are yet n slaves3 = ! comm&s ( p>5ts look g5]ally to ! *ildr5's b5efit4 7#fj7 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 ackn[l$ge a great diff]5ce betwe5 a slave1 a son1 & a subject2 _! positions may be ?us def9$4 7#fa7 ,a slave is "o :o is b\nd to obey 8 ma/]'s ord]s1 ?\gh !y are giv5 solely 9 ! ma/]'s int]e/3 a son is "o :o obeys 8 fa!r's ord]s1 giv5 9 8 own int]e/2 a subject obeys ! ord]s ( ! sov]eign p[]1 giv5 = ! common int]e/1 :]e9 he is includ$4 7#af3fb7 ,i ?9k ,i h n[ %[n suffici5tly cle>ly ! basis ( a democracy3 ,i h especially desir$ to d s1 = ,i believe x to be ( all =ms ( gov]nm5t ! mo/ natural1 & ! mo/ consonant ) individual lib]ty4 7#fc7 ,9 x no "o transf]s 8 natural "r s absolutely t he has no fur!r voice 9 affairs1 he only h&s x ov] to ! majority ( a society1 :]e( he is a unit4 ,?us all m5 rema9 z !y 7 9 ! /ate ( nature1 equals4 7#af3fd7 ,?is is ! only =m ( gov]nm5t :i* ,i h treat$ ( at l5g?1 = x is ! "o mo/ ak9 to my purpose ( %[+ ! b5efits ( fre$om 9 a /ate4 7#fe7 ,i may pass ov] ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( o!r =ms ( gov]nm5t1 = we may ga!r f :at has be5 said :5ce _! "r arises )\t go+ into its orig94 7#ff7 ,! possessor ( sov]eign p[]1 :e!r he be "o1 or _m1 or ! :ole body politic1 has ! sov]eign "r ( impos+ any comm&s he pleases3 & he :o has ei!r volunt>ily1 or "u compulsion1 transf]r$ ! "r to def5d him to ano!r1 has1 9 s do+1 r5\nc$ 8 natural "r & is !re=e b\nd to obey1 9 all ?+s1 ! comm&s ( ! sov]eign p[]2 & w be b\nd s to d s long z ! k+1 or nobles1 or ! p pres]ve ! sov]eign p[] :i* =m$ ! basis ( ! orig9al transf]4 7#fg7 ,i ne$ add no m4 #af3e 7#fh7 ,! bases & rights ( dom9ion be+ ?us display$1 we %all readily be able to def9e private civil "r1 wrong1 ju/ice1 & inju/ice1 ) _! relations to ! /ate2 & also to det]m9e :at con/itutes an ally1 or an enemy1 or ! crime ( treason4 7#af3fi7 ,by private civil "r we c only mean ! lib]ty e man possesses to pres]ve 8 exi/5ce1 a lib]ty limit$ by ! edicts ( ! sov]eign p[]1 & pres]v$ only by its au?ority3 = :5 a man has transf]r$ to ano!r 8 "r ( liv+ z he likes1 :i* 0 only limit$ by 8 p[]1 t is1 has transf]r$ 8 lib]ty & p[] ( self-def5ce1 he is b\nd to live z t o!r dictates1 & to tru/ to him entirely = 8 def5ce4 7#gj7 ,wrong takes place :5 a citiz51 or subject1 is =c$ by ano!r to und]go "s loss or pa9 9 contradiction to ! au?ority ( ! law1 or ! edict ( ! sov]eign p[]4 7#af3ga7 ,wrong is conceivable only 9 an organiz$ community3 nor c x ev] accrue to subjects f any act ( ! sov]eign1 :o has ! "r to d :at he likes4 7#gb7 ,x c only arise1 !re=e1 betwe5 private p]sons1 :o are b\nd by law & "r n to injure "o ano!r4 7#gc7 ,ju/ice consi/s 9 ! habitual r5d]+ to e man 8 lawful due3 inju/ice consi/s 9 depriv+ a man1 "u ! pret5ce ( legality1 ( :at ! laws1 rightly int]pret$1 w\ld all[ him4 7#gd7 ,^! la/ are also call$ equity & iniquity1 because ^? :o adm9i/] ! laws are b\nd to %[ no respect ( p]sons1 b to acc\nt all m5 equal1 & to def5d e man's "r equally1 nei!r envy+ ! ri* nor despis+ ! poor4 #af3f7ge7 ,! m5 ( two /ates become allies1 :5 = ! sake ( avoid+ w>1 or = "s o!r advantage1 !y cov5ant to d ea* o!r no hurt1 b on ! contr>y1 to assi/ ea* o!r if necessity arises1 ea* reta9+ 8 indep5d5ce4 7#gf7 ,su* a cov5ant is valid s long z its basis ( dang] or advantage is 9 =ce3 no "o ent]s into an engagem5t1 or is b\nd to /& by 8 compacts unless !re be a hope ( "s accru+ good1 or ! fe> ( "s evil3 if ?is basis be remov$ ! compact !reby becomes void3 ?is has be5 abundantly %[n by exp]i5ce4 7#gg7 ,= al?\gh diff]5t /ates make treaties n to h>m "o ano!r1 !y always take e possible precaution aga9/ su* treaties be+ brok5 by ! /rong] p>ty1 & d n rely on ! compact1 unless !re is a suffici5tly obvi\s object & advantage to bo? p>ties 9 obs]v+ x4 7#gh7 ,o!rwise !y w\ld fe> a brea* ( fai?1 nor w\ld !re be any wrong done !reby3 = :o 9 8 prop] s5ses1 & aw>e ( ! "r ( ! sov]eign p[]1 w\ld tru/ 9 ! promises ( "o :o has ! w & ! p[] to d :at he likes1 & :o aims solely at ! safety & advantage ( 8 dom9ion8 7#gi7 ,moreov]1 if we consult loyalty & religion1 we %all see t no "o 9 possession ( p[] ought to abide by 8 promises to ! injury ( 8 dom9ion2 = he _c keep su* promises )\t break+ ! engagem5t he made ) 8 subjects1 by :i* bo? he & !y are mo/ solemnly b\nd4 7#hj7 ,an enemy is "o :o lives ap>t f ! /ate1 & does n recognize its au?ority ei!r z a subject or z an ally4 ,x is n hatr$ :i* makes a man an enemy1 b ! rights ( ! /ate4 7#ha7 ,! rights ( ! /ate are ! same 9 reg>d to him :o does n recognize by any compact ! /ate au?ority1 z !y are aga9/ him :o has done ! /ate an injury3 x has ! "r to =ce him z be/ x c1 ei!r to submit1 or to contract an alliance4 #af3g 7#hb7 ,la/ly1 treason c only be committ$ by subjects1 :o by compact1 ei!r tacit or express$1 h transf]r$ all _! rights to ! /ate3 a subject is said to h committ$ ?is crime :5 he has attempt$1 = :atev] reason1 to seize ! sov]eign p[]1 or to place x 9 diff]5t h&s4 7#hc7 ,i say1 has attempt$1 = if puni%m5t 7 n to ov]take him till he _h succe$$1 x w\ld (t5 come too late1 ! sov]eign rights w\ld h be5 acquir$ or transf]r$ already4 7#af3hd7 ,i also say1 has attempt$1 = :atev] reason1 to seize ! sov]eign p[]1 & ,i recognize no diff]5ce :e!r su* an attempt %\ld be foll[$ by public loss or public ga94 7#he7 ,:atev] be 8 reason = act+1 ! crime is treason1 & he is rightly condemn$3 9 w>1 ev]yone w\ld admit ! ju/ice ( 8 s5t5ce4 7#hf7 ,if a man does n keep to 8 po/1 b approa*es ! enemy )\t ! k ( 8 comm&]1 :atev] may be 8 motive1 s long z he acts on 8 own motion1 ev5 if he advances ) ! design ( defeat+ ! enemy1 he is rightly put to dea?1 because he has violat$ 8 oa?1 & infr+$ ! rights ( 8 comm&]4 7#hg7 ,t all citiz5s are equally b\nd by ^! rights 9 "t ( peace1 is n s g5]ally recogniz$1 b ! reasons = ob$i5ce are 9 bo? cases id5tical4 7#hh7 ,! /ate mu/ be pres]v$ & direct$ by ! sole au?ority ( ! sov]eign1 & su* au?ority & "r h be5 accord$ by univ]sal cons5t to him alone3 if1 !re=e1 anyone else attempts1 )\t 8 cons5t1 to execute any public ent]prise1 ev5 ?\gh ! /ate might 7z we said7 reap b5efit !refrom1 su* p]son has none ! less infr+$ ! sov]eign's "r1 & w\ld be rightly puni%$ = treason4 7#af3hi7 ,9 ord] t e scruple may be remov$1 we may n[ answ] ! inquiry1 :e!r our =m] ass]tion t ev]yone :o has n ! practice ( reason1 may1 9 ! /ate ( nature1 live by sov]eign natural "r1 accord+ to ! laws ( 8 desires1 is n 9 direct opposition to ! law & "r ( ,god z reveal$4 7#ij7 ,= z all m5 absolutely 7:e!r !y be less end[$ ) reason or m7 are equally b\nd by ! ,div9e comm& to love _! neighb\r z !mselves1 x may be said t !y _c1 )\t wrong1 d injury to anyone1 or live accord+ to _! desires4 7#af3ia7 ,?is objection1 s f> z ! /ate ( nature is conc]n$1 c be easily answ]$1 = ! /ate ( nature is1 bo? 9 nature & 9 "t1 prior to religion4 7#ib7 ,no "o kn[s by nature t he owes any ob$i5ce to ,god ,endnote #bh1 nor c he atta9 !reto by any ex]cise ( 8 reason1 b solely by revelation confirm$ by signs4 7#ic7 ,!re=e1 previ\s to revelation1 no "o is b\nd by a ,div9e law & "r ( :i* he is necess>ily 9 ignorance4 7#id7 ,! /ate ( nature mu/ by no means be conf\nd$ ) a /ate ( religion1 b mu/ be conceiv$ z )\t ei!r religion or law1 & consequ5tly )\t s9 or wrong3 ?is is h[ we h describ$ x1 & we are confirm$ by ! au?ority ( ,paul4 7#ie7 ,x is n only 9 respect ( ignorance t we conceive ! /ate ( nature z prior to1 & lack+ ! ,div9e reveal$ law & "r2 b 9 respect ( fre$om also1 :]e) all m5 are born end[$4 7#af3if7 ,if m5 7 naturally b\nd by ! ,div9e law & "r1 or if ! ,div9e law & "r 7 a natural necessity1 !re w\ld h be5 no ne$ = ,god to make a cov5ant ) mank9d1 & to b9d !m !reto ) an oa? & agreem5t4 7#af3ig7 ,we mu/1 !n1 fully grant t ! ,div9e law & "r orig9at$ at ! "t :5 m5 by express cov5ant agre$ to obey ,god 9 all ?+s1 & c$$1 z x 71 _! natural fre$om1 transf]r+ _! rights to ,god 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 speak+ ( ! =mation ( a /ate4 7#ih7 ,h[ev]1 ,i w treat ( ^! matt]s m at l5g? pres5tly4 #af3h 7#ii7 ,x may be insi/$ t sov]eigns are z mu* b\nd by ! ,div9e law z subjects3 :]eas we h ass]t$ t !y reta9 _! natural rights1 & may d :atev] !y l4 7#af3ajj7 ,9 ord] to cle> up ! :ole difficulty1 :i* arises r conc]n+ ! natural "r ?an ! natural /ate1 ,i ma9ta9 t ev]yone is b\nd1 9 ! /ate ( nature1 to live accord+ to ,div9e law1 9 ! same way z he is b\nd to live accord+ to ! dictates ( s\nd reason2 namely1 inasmu* z x is to 8 advantage1 & necess>y = 8 salvation2 b1 if he w n s live1 he may d o!rwise at 8 own risk4 7#aja7 ,he is ?us b\nd to live accord+ to 8 own laws1 n accord+ to anyone else's1 & to recognize no man z a judge1 or z a sup]ior 9 religion4 7#ajb7 ,su*1 9 my op9ion1 is ! position ( a sov]eign1 = he may take advice f 8 fell[-m51 b he is n b\nd to recognize any z a judge1 nor anyone besides himself z an arbitrator on any "q ( "r1 unless x be a prophet s5t expressly by ,god & atte/+ 8 mission by indisputable signs4 7#ajc7 ,ev5 !n he does n recognize a man1 b ,god ,himself z ,8 judge4 #af3i 7#ajd7 ,if a sov]eign refuses to obey ,god z reveal$ 9 ,8 law1 he does s at 8 own risk & loss1 b )\t violat+ any civil or natural "r4 7#aje7 ,= ! civil "r is dep5d5t on 8 own decree2 & natural "r is dep5d5t on ! laws ( nature1 :i* latt] are n adapt$ to religion1 ^: sole aim is ! good ( humanity1 b to ! ord] ( nature - t is1 to ,god's et]nal decree unkn[n to u4 7#af3ajf7 ,?is tru? seems to be adumbrat$ 9 a some:at obscur] =m by ^? :o ma9ta9 t m5 c s9 aga9/ ,god's revelation1 b n aga9/ ! et]nal decree by :i* ,he has orda9$ all ?+s4 7#ajg7 ,we may be ask$1 :at %\ld we d if ! sov]eign comm&s any?+ contr>y to religion1 & ! ob$i5ce :i* we h expressly v[$ to ,god8 %\ld we obey ! ,div9e law or ! human law8 7#ajh7 ,i %all treat ( ?is "q at l5g? h]eaft]1 & w !re=e m]ely say n[1 t ,god %\ld be obey$ be=e all else1 :5 we h a c]ta9 & indisputable revelation ( ,8 w3 b m5 are v prone to error on religi\s subjects1 &1 accord+ to ! div]sity ( _! dispositions1 are wont ) consid]able /ir to put =w>d _! own inv5tions1 z exp]i5ce m ?an suffici5tly atte/s1 s t if no "o 7 b\nd to obey ! /ate 9 matt]s :i*1 9 8 own op9ion conc]n religion1 ! rights ( ! /ate w\ld be dep5d5t on e man's judgm5t & passions4 7#aji7 ,no "o w\ld consid] himself b\nd to obey laws fram$ aga9/ 8 fai? or sup]/ition2 & on ?is pretext he might assume unb\nd$ lic5se4 7#aaj7 ,9 ?is way1 ! rights ( ! civil au?orities w\ld be utt]ly set at n\ght1 s t we mu/ conclude t ! sov]eign p[]1 :i* alone is b\nd bo? by ,div9e & natural "r to pres]ve & gu>d ! laws ( ! /ate1 %\ld h supreme au?ority = mak+ any laws ab\t religion :i* x ?9ks fit2 all are b\nd to obey its behe/s on ! subject 9 accordance ) _! promise :i* ,god bids !m to keep4 7#af3aaa7 ,h[ev]1 if ! sov]eign p[] be hea!n1 we %\ld ei!r ent] into no engagem5ts !re)1 & yield up our lives soon] ?an transf] to x any ( our rights2 or1 if ! engagem5t be made1 & our rights transf]r$1 we %\ld 7inasmu* z we %\ld h ourselves transf]r$ ! "r ( def5d+ ourselves & our religion7 be b\nd to obey !m1 & to keep our ^w3 we might ev5 rightly be b\nd s to d1 except 9 ^? cases :]e ,god1 by indisputable revelation1 has promis$ ,8 special aid aga9/ tyranny1 or giv5 u special exemption f ob$i5ce4 7#aab7 ,?us we see t1 ( all ! ,jews 9 ,babylon1 !re 7 only ?ree y\?s :o 7 c]ta9 ( ! help ( ,god1 &1 !re=e1 refus$ to obey ,nebu*adnezz>4 7#aac7 ,all ! re/1 ) ! sole exception ( ,daniel1 :o 0 belov$ by ! k+1 7 d\btless compell$ by "r to obey1 p]haps ?9k+ t !y _h be5 deliv]$ up by ,god into ! h&s ( ! k+1 & t ! k+ _h obta9$ & pres]v$ 8 dom9ion by ,god's design4 7#aad7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,eleaz>1 be=e 8 c\ntry _h utt]ly fall51 wi%$ to give a pro( ( 8 con/ancy to 8 compatriots1 9 ord] t !y might foll[ 9 8 foot/eps1 & g to any l5g?s1 r ?an all[ _! "r & p[] to be transf]r$ to ! ,greeks1 or brave any torture r ?an swe> allegiance to ! hea!n4 7#aae7 ,in/ances are occurr+ e day 9 confirmation ( :at ,i "h advance4 7#aaf7 ,! rul]s ( ,*ri/ian k+doms d n hesitate1 ) a view to /r5g!n+ _! dom9ion1 to make treaties ) ,turks & hea!n1 & to give ord]s to _! subjects :o settle among su* peoples n to assume m fre$om1 ei!r 9 ?+s secul> or religi\s1 ?an is set d[n 9 ! treaty1 or all[$ by ! =eign gov]nm5t4 7#aag7 ,we may see ?is exemplifi$ 9 ! ,dut* treaty ) ! ,japanese1 :i* ,i h already m5tion$4 #ag3j ,,*apt] ,,xvii - ,,x ,,is ,,%[n ,,t ,,no ,,"o ,,c1 ,,or ,,ne$1 ,,transf] ,,all ,,8 ,,rights ,,to ,,! ,,sov]eign ,,p[]4 ,,( ,,! ,,hebrew ,,republic1 ,,z ,,x ,,0 ,,dur+ ,,! ,,lifetime ,,( ,,moses1 ,,& ,,aft] ,,8 ,,dea?1 ,,till ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,! ,,mon>*y2 ,,& ,,( ,,its ,,excell5ce4 ,,la/ly1 ,,( ,,! ,,causes ,,:y ,,! ,,!ocratic ,,republic ,,fell1 ,,& ,,:y ,,x ,,c\ld ,,h>dly ,,h ,,cont9u$ ,,)\t ,,diss5sion4 #ag3a 7#a7 ,! !ory put =w>d 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ( ! univ]sal rights ( ! sov]eign p[]1 & ( ! natural rights ( ! individual transf]r$ !reto1 ?\gh x corresponds 9 _m respects ) actual practice1 & ?\gh practice may be s arrang$ z to con=m to x m & m1 mu/ nev]!less always rema9 9 _m respects purely ideal4 7#b7 ,no "o c ev] s utt]ly transf] to ano!r 8 p[] &1 consequ5tly1 8 rights1 z to cease to be a man2 nor c !re ev] be a p[] s sov]eign t x c c>ry out e possible wi%4 7#c7 ,x w always be va9 to ord] a subject to hate :at he believes br+s him advantage1 or to love :at br+s him loss1 or n to be (f5d$ at insults1 or n to wi% to be free f fe>1 or a hundr$ o!r ?+s ( ! sort1 :i* necess>ily foll[ f ! laws ( human nature4 7#d7 ,s mu*1 ,i ?9k1 is abundantly %[n by exp]i5ce3 = m5 h nev] s f> c$$ _! p[] z to cease to be an object ( fe> to ! rul]s :o receiv$ su* p[] & "r2 & dom9ions h always be5 9 z mu* dang] f _! own subjects z f ext]nal enemies4 7#e7 ,if x 7 really ! case1 t m5 c\ld be depriv$ ( _! natural rights s utt]ly z nev] to h any fur!r influ5ce on affairs ,endnote #bi1 except ) ! p]mission ( ! hold]s ( sov]eign "r1 x w\ld !n be possible to ma9ta9 ) impunity ! mo/ viol5t tyranny1 :i*1 ,i suppose1 no "o w\ld = an in/ant admit4 7#ag3f7 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 grant t e man reta9s "s "p ( 8 "r1 9 dep5d5ce on 8 own decision1 & no "o else's4 7#g7 ,h[ev]1 9 ord] correctly to und]/& ! ext5t ( ! sov]eign's "r & p[]1 we mu/ take notice t x does n cov] only ^? actions to :i* x c compel m5 by fe>1 b absolutely e action :i* x c induce m5 to p]=m3 = x is ! fact ( ob$i5ce1 n ! motive = ob$i5ce1 :i* makes a man a subject4 7#ag3h7 ,:atev] be ! cause :i* leads a man to obey ! comm&s ( ! sov]eign1 :e!r x be fe> or hope1 or love ( 8 c\ntry1 or any o!r emotion - ! fact rema9s t ! man takes c\nsel ) himself1 & nev]!less acts z 8 sov]eign ord]s4 7#i7 ,we mu/ n1 !re=e1 ass]t t all actions result+ f a man's delib]ation ) himself are done 9 ob$i5ce to ! rights ( ! individual r ?an ! sov]eign3 z a matt] ( fact1 all actions spr+ f a man's delib]ation ) himself1 :e!r ! det]m9+ motive be love or fe> ( puni%m5t2 !re=e1 ei!r dom9ion does n exi/1 & has no rights ov] its subjects1 or else x ext5ds ov] e in/ance 9 :i* x c prevail on m5 to decide to obey x4 7#aj7 ,consequ5tly1 e action :i* a subject p]=ms 9 accordance ) ! comm&s ( ! sov]eign1 :e!r su* action spr+s f love1 or fe>1 or 7z is m frequ5tly ! case7 f hope & fe> toge!r1 or f rev]5ce1 comp\nd$ ( fe> & admiration1 or1 inde$1 any motive :atev]1 is p]=m$ 9 virtue ( 8 submission to ! sov]eign1 & n 9 virtue ( 8 own au?ority4 7#ag3aa7 ,?is po9t is made /ill m cle> by ! fact t ob$i5ce does n consi/ s mu* 9 ! outw>d act z 9 ! m5tal /ate ( ! p]son obey+2 s t he is mo/ "u ! dom9ion ( ano!r :o ) 8 :ole he>t det]m9es to obey ano!r's comm&s2 & consequ5tly ! firme/ dom9ion belongs to ! sov]eign :o has mo/ influ5ce ov] ! m9ds ( 8 subjects2 if ^? :o are mo/ fe>$ possess$ ! firme/ dom9ion1 ! firme/ dom9ion w\ld belong to ! subjects ( a tyrant1 = !y are always greatly fe>$ by _! rul]4 7#ab7 ,fur!rmore1 ?\gh x is impossible to gov]n ! m9d z completely z ! tongue1 nev]!less m9ds are1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 "u ! control ( ! sov]eign1 = he c 9 _m ways br+ ab\t t ! greate/ "p ( 8 subjects %\ld foll[ 8 wi%es 9 _! beliefs1 _! loves1 & _! hates4 7#ac7 ,?\gh su* emotions d n arise at ! express comm& ( ! sov]eign !y (t5 result 7z exp]i5ce %[s7 f ! au?ority ( 8 p[]1 & f 8 direction2 9 o!r words1 9 virtue ( 8 "r2 we may1 !re=e1 )\t do+ viol5ce to our und]/&+1 conceive m5 :o foll[ ! in/igation ( _! sov]eign 9 _! beliefs1 _! loves1 _! hates1 _! contempt1 & all o!r emotions :atsoev]4 7#ag3ad7 ,?\gh ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t1 z ?us conceiv$1 are suffici5tly ample1 !y c nev] become l>ge en\gh to execute e possible wi% ( _! possessors4 7#ae7 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 ,i h already %[n cle>ly en\gh4 7#af7 ,! me?od ( =m+ a dom9ion :i* %\ld prove la/+ ,i d n1 z ,i h said1 int5d to discuss1 b 9 ord] to arrive at ! object ,i h 9 view1 ,i w t\* on ! tea*+ ( ,div9e revelation to ,moses 9 ?is respect1 & we w consid] ! hi/ory & ! success ( ! ,jews1 ga!r+ !refrom :at %\ld be ! *ief concessions made by sov]eigns to _! subjects ) a view to ! security & increase ( _! dom9ion4 #ag3b 7#ag7 ,t ! pres]vation ( a /ate *iefly dep5ds on ! subjects' fidelity & con/ancy 9 c>ry+ out ! ord]s !y receive1 is mo/ cle>ly taught bo? by reason & exp]i5ce2 h[ subjects ought to be guid$ s z be/ to pres]ve _! fidelity & virtue is n s obvi\s4 7#ah7 ,all1 bo? rul]s & rul$1 are m51 & prone to foll[ aft] _! lu/s4 7#ai7 ,! fickle disposition ( ! multitude almo/ r$uces ^? :o h exp]i5ce ( x to despair1 = x is gov]n$ solely by emotions1 n by reason3 x ru%es headlong into e ent]prise1 & is easily corrupt$ ei!r by av>ice or luxury3 ev]yone ?9ks himself omnisci5t & wi%es to fa%ion all ?+s to 8 lik+1 judg+ a ?+ to be j or unju/1 lawful or unlawful1 accord+ z he ?9ks x w br+ him pr(it or loss3 vanity leads him to despise 8 equals1 & refuse _! guidance3 envy ( sup]ior fame or =tune 7= su* gifts are nev] equally di/ribut$7 leads him to desire & rejoice 9 8 neighb\r's d[nfall4 7#bj7 ,i ne$ n g ?r\gh ! :ole li/1 ev]yone kn[s already h[ mu* crime results f disgu/ at ! pres5t - desire = *ange1 headlong ang]1 & contempt = pov]ty - & h[ m5's m9ds are engross$ & kept 9 turmoil !reby4 7#ag3ba7 ,to gu>d aga9/ all ^! evils1 & =m a dom9ion :]e no room is left = deceit2 to frame our in/itutions s t e man1 :atev] 8 disposition1 may pref] public "r to private advantage1 ?is is ! task & ?is ! toil4 7#bb7 ,necessity is (t5 ! "m ( inv5tion1 b %e has nev] yet succe$$ 9 fram+ a dom9ion t 0 9 less dang] f its own citiz5s ?an f op5 enemies1 or ^: rul]s did n fe> ! latt] less ?an ! =m]4 7#bc7 ,witness ! /ate ( ,rome1 inv9cible by h] enemies1 b _m times conqu]$ & sorely oppress$ by h] own citiz5s1 especially 9 ! w> betwe5 ,vespasian & ,vitellius4 7#bd7 7,see ,tacitus1 ,hi/4 bk4 iv4 = a description ( ! pitiable /ate ( ! city47 7#ag3be7 ,alex&] ?\ght pre/ige abroad m easy to acquire ?an pre/ige at home1 & believ$ t 8 greatness c\ld be de/roy$ by 8 own foll[]s4 7#bf7 ,fe>+ su* a disa/]1 he ?us address$ 8 fri5ds3 ,keep me safe f int]nal trea*]y & dome/ic plots1 & ,i w front )\t fe> ! dang]s ( battle & ( w>4 7#bg7 ,philip 0 m secure 9 ! battle array ?an 9 ! !atre3 he (t5 escap$ f ! h&s ( ! enemy1 he c\ld n escape f 8 own subjects4 7#bh7 ,if y ?9k ov] ! dea?s ( k+s1 y w c\nt up m :o h di$ by ! assass9 ?an by ! op5 foe4 7,q4 ,curtius1 *ap4 vi47 7#ag3bi7 ,= ! sake ( mak+ !mselves secure1 k+s :o seiz$ ! ?rone 9 anci5t times us$ to try to spread ! idea t !y 7 desc5d$ f ! immortal gods1 ?9k+ t if _! subjects & ! re/ ( mank9d did n look on !m z equals1 b believ$ !m to be gods1 !y w\ld will+ly submit to _! rule1 & obey _! comm&s4 7#cj7 ,?us ,augu/us p]suad$ ! ,romans t he 0 desc5d$ f neas1 :o 0 ! son ( ,v5us1 & numb]$ among ! gods4 7#ca7 ,he wi%$ himself to be wor%ipp$ 9 temples1 l ! gods1 ) flam5s & prie/s4 7,tacitus1 ,ann4 i4 #aj47 7#ag3cb7 ,alex&] wi%$ to be salut$ z ! son ( ,jupit]1 n f motives ( pride b ( policy1 z he %[$ by 8 answ] to ! invective ( ,h]molaus3 ,x is almo/ laughable1 said he1 t ,h]molaus ask$ me to contradict ,jupit]1 by ^: oracle ,i am recogniz$4 7#cc7 ,am ,i responsible = ! answ]s ( ! gods8 7#cd7 ,x (f]$ me ! "n ( son2 acquiesc5ce 0 by no means =eign to my pres5t designs4 7#ce7 ,w\ld t ! ,indians also w\ld believe me to be a god6 7#cf7 ,w>s are c>ri$ ?r\gh by pre/ige1 falsehoods t are believ$ (t5 ga9 ! =ce ( tru?4 7,curtius1 viii14 ,p>a4 #h47 7#cg7 ,9 ^! few words he clev]ly contrives to palm (f a fiction on ! ignorant1 & at ! same "t h9ts at ! motive = ! deception4 7#ag3ch7 ,cleon1 9 8 spee* p]suad+ ! ,mac$onians to obey _! k+1 adopt$ a simil> device3 = aft] go+ ?r\gh ! praises ( ,alex&] ) admiration1 & recall+ 8 m]its1 he proce$s1 ! ,p]sians are n only pi\s1 b prud5t 9 wor%ipp+ _! k+s z gods3 = k+%ip is ! %ield ( public safety1 & he ends ?us1 ,i1 myself1 :5 ! k+ ent]s a banquet hall1 %\ld pro/rate my body on ! gr\nd2 o!r m5 %\ld d ! l1 especially ^? :o are wise 7,curtius1 viii4 ,p>a4 #ff74 7#ci7 ,h[ev]1 ! ,mac$onians 7 m prud5t - inde$1 x is only complete b>b>ians :o c be s op5ly cajol$1 & c suff] !mselves to be turn$ f subjects into slaves )\t int]e/s ( _! own4 7#dj7 ,o!rs1 not)/&+1 h be5 able m easily to spread ! belief t k+%ip is sacr$1 & plays ! "p ( ,god on ! e>?1 t x has be5 in/itut$ by ,god1 n by ! suffrage & cons5t ( m52 & t x is pres]v$ & gu>d$ by ,div9e special provid5ce & aid4 7#da7 ,simil> fictions h be5 promulgat$ by mon>*s1 ) ! object ( /r5g!n+ _! dom9ion1 b ^! ,i w pass ov]1 & 9 ord] to arrive at my ma9 purpose1 w m]ely recall & discuss ! tea*+ on ! subject ( ,div9e revelation to ,moses 9 anci5t times4 #ag3c 7#db7 ,we h said 9 ,*ap4 ,v4 t aft] ! ,hebrews came up out ( ,egypt !y 7 n b\nd by ! law & "r ( any o!r nation1 b 7 at lib]ty to in/itute any new rites at _! pleasure1 & to occupy :atev] t]ritory !y *ose4 7#dc7 ,aft] _! lib]ation f ! intol]able bondage ( ! ,egyptians1 !y 7 b\nd by no cov5ant to any man2 &1 !re=e1 e man ent]$ into 8 natural "r1 & 0 free to reta9 x or to give x up1 & transf] x to ano!r4 7#dd7 ,be+1 !n1 9 ! /ate ( nature1 !y foll[$ ! advice ( ,moses1 9 :om !y *iefly tru/$1 & decid$ to transf] _! "r to no human be+1 b only to ,god2 )\t fur!r delay !y all1 ) "o voice1 promis$ to obey all ! comm&s ( ! ,deity1 & to ackn[l$ge no "r t ,he did n proclaim z su* by prophetic revelation4 7#de7 ,?is promise1 or transf]5ce ( "r to ,god1 0 effect$ 9 ! same mann] z we h conceiv$ x to h be5 9 ord9>y societies1 :5 m5 agree to dive/ !mselves ( _! natural rights4 7#df7 ,x is1 9 fact1 9 virtue ( a set cov5ant1 & an oa? 7see ,exod4 xxxiv3#aj71 t ! ,jews freely1 & n "u compulsion or ?reats1 surr5d]$ _! rights & transf]r$ !m to ,god4 7#dg7 ,moreov]1 9 ord] t ?is cov5ant might be ratifi$ & settl$1 & might be free f all suspicion ( deceit1 ,god did n ent] into x till ! ,jews _h _h exp]i5ce ( ,8 wond]ful p[] by :i* alone !y _h be51 or c\ld be1 pres]v$ 9 a /ate ( prosp]ity 7,exod4 xix3#d1 #e74 7#dh7 ,x is because !y believ$ t no?+ b ,god's p[] c\ld pres]ve !m t !y surr5d]$ to ,god ! natural p[] ( self-pres]vation1 :i* !y =m]ly1 p]haps1 ?\ght !y possess$1 & consequ5tly !y surr5d]$ at ! same "t all _! natural "r4 #ag3d 7#di7 ,god alone1 !re=e1 held dom9ion ov] ! ,hebrews1 ^: /ate 0 9 virtue ( ! cov5ant call$ ,god's k+dom1 & ,god 0 said to be _! k+2 consequ5tly ! enemies ( ! ,jews 7 said to be ! enemies ( ,god1 & ! citiz5s :o tri$ to seize ! dom9ion 7 guilty ( treason aga9/ ,god2 &1 la/ly1 ! laws ( ! /ate 7 call$ ! laws & comm&m5ts ( ,god4 7#ej7 ,?us 9 ! ,hebrew /ate ! civil & religi\s au?ority1 ea* consi/+ solely ( ob$i5ce to ,god1 7 "o & ! same4 7#ea7 ,! dogmas ( religion 7 n precepts1 b laws & ord9ances2 piety 0 reg>d$ z ! same z loyalty1 impiety z ! same z disaffection4 7#eb7 ,ev]yone :o fell away f religion ceas$ to be a citiz51 & 01 on t gr\nd alone1 acc\nt$ an enemy3 ^? :o di$ = ! sake ( religion1 7 held to h di$ = _! c\ntry2 9 fact1 betwe5 civil & religi\s law & "r !re 0 no di/9ction :atev]4 7#ec7 ,= ?is reason ! gov]nm5t c\ld be call$ a ,!ocracy1 inasmu* z ! citiz5s 7 n b\nd by any?+ save ! revelations ( ,god4 7#ag3ed7 ,h[ev]1 ?is /ate ( ?+s exi/$ r 9 !ory ?an 9 practice1 = x w appe> f :at we are ab\t to say1 t ! ,hebrews1 z a matt] ( fact1 reta9$ absolutely 9 _! own h&s ! "r ( sov]eignty3 ?is is %[n by ! me?od & plan by :i* ! gov]nm5t 0 c>ri$ on1 z ,i w n[ expla94 7#ag3ee7 ,inasmu* z ! ,hebrews did n transf] _! rights to any o!r p]son b1 z 9 a democracy1 all surr5d]$ _! rights equally1 & cri$ out ) "o voice1 ,:atsoev] ,god %all speak 7no m$iator or m\?piece be+ nam$7 t w we d1 x foll[s t all 7 equally b\nd by ! cov5ant1 & t all _h an equal "r to consult ! ,deity1 to accept & to int]pret ,8 laws1 s t all _h an exactly equal %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t4 #ag3e 7#ef7 ,?us at fir/ !y all approa*$ ,god toge!r1 s t !y might le>n ,8 comm&s1 b 9 ?is fir/ salutation1 !y 7 s ?or\ghly t]rifi$ & s a/\nd$ to he> ,god speak+1 t !y ?\ght _! la/ h\r 0 at h&3 full ( fe>1 !re=e1 !y w5t afre% to ,moses1 & said1 ,lo1 we h he>d ,god speak+ 9 ! fire1 & !re is no cause :y we %\ld wi% to die3 surely ?is great fire w consume u3 if we he> aga9 ! voice ( ,god1 we %all surely die4 7#eg7 ,?\1 !re=e1 g ne>1 & he> all ! words ( our ,god1 & ?\ 7n ,god7 %alt speak ) u3 all t ,god %all tell u1 t w we he>k5 to & p]=m4 7#ag3eh7 ,!y ?us cle>ly abrogat$ _! =m] cov5ant1 & absolutely transf]r$ to ,moses _! "r to consult ,god & int]pret ,8 comm&s3 = !y d n "h promise ob$i5ce to all t ,god %all tell !m1 b to all t ,god %all tell ,moses 7see ,deut4 v3#bj aft] ! ,decalogue1 & *ap4 xviii3#ae1 #af74 7#ei7 ,moses1 !re=e1 rema9$ ! sole promulgator & int]pret] ( ! ,div9e laws1 & consequ5tly also ! sov]eign judge1 :o c\ld n be arraign$ himself1 & :o act$ among ! ,hebrews ! "p ( ,god2 9 o!r words1 held ! sov]eign k+%ip3 he alone _h ! "r to consult ,god1 to give ! ,div9e answ]s to ! p1 & to see t !y 7 c>ri$ out4 7#fj7 ,i say he alone1 = if anyone dur+ ! life ( ,moses 0 desir\s ( prea*+ any?+ 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l1 he 01 ev5 if a true prophet1 consid]$ guilty & a usurp] ( ! sov]eign "r 7,numb4 xi3#bh7 ,endnote #cj4 7#fa7 ,we may "h notice1 t ?\gh ! p _h elect$ ,moses1 !y c\ld n rightfully elect ,moses's successor2 = hav+ transf]r$ to ,moses _! "r ( consult+ ,god1 & absolutely promis$ to reg>d him z a ,div9e oracle1 !y _h pla9ly =feit$ ! :ole ( _! "r1 & 7 b\nd to accept z *os5 by ,god anyone proclaim$ by ,moses z 8 successor4 7#fb7 ,if ,moses _h s *os5 8 successor1 :o l him %\ld wield ! sole "r ( gov]nm5t1 possess+ ! sole "r ( consult+ ,god1 & consequ5tly ( mak+ & abrogat+ laws1 ( decid+ on peace or w>1 ( s5d+ ambassadors1 appo9t+ judges - 9 fact1 dis*>g+ all ! functions ( a sov]eign1 ! /ate w\ld h become simply a mon>*y1 only diff]+ f o!r mon>*ies 9 ! fact1 t ! latt] are1 or %\ld be1 c>ri$ on 9 accordance ) ,god's decree1 unkn[n ev5 to ! mon>*1 :]eas ! ,hebrew mon>* w\ld h be5 ! only p]son to :om ! decree 0 reveal$4 7#fc7 ,a diff]5ce :i* increases1 r ?an dim9i%es ! mon>*'s au?ority4 7#fd7 ,z f> z ! p 9 bo? cases are conc]n$1 ea* w\ld be equally subject1 & equally ignorant ( ! ,div9e decree1 = ea* w\ld be dep5d5t on ! mon>*'s words1 & w\ld le>n f him alone1 :at 0 lawful or unlawful3 nor w\ld ! fact t ! p believ$ t ! mon>* 0 only issu+ comm&s 9 accordance ) ,god's decree reveal$ to him1 make x less 9 subjection1 b r m4 #ag3f 7#fe7 ,h[ev]1 ,moses elect$ no su* successor1 b left ! dom9ion to ^? :o came aft] him 9 a condition :i* c\ld n be call$ a popul> gov]nm5t1 nor an ari/ocracy1 nor a mon>*y1 b a ,!ocracy4 7#ff7 ,= ! "r ( int]pret+ laws 0 ve/$ 9 "o man1 :ile ! "r & p[] ( adm9i/]+ ! /ate accord+ to ! laws ?us int]pret$1 0 ve/$ 9 ano!r man 7see ,numb4 xxvii3#ba7 ,endnote #ca4 7#ag3fg7 ,9 ord] t ! "q may be ?or\ghly und]/ood1 ,i w duly set =? ! adm9i/ration ( ! :ole /ate4 7#fh7 ,fir/1 ! p 7 comm&$ to build a tab]nacle1 :i* %\ld be1 z x 71 ! dwell+ ( ,god - t is1 ( ! sov]eign au?ority ( ! /ate4 7#fi7 ,?is tab]nacle 0 to be erect$ at ! co/ ( ! :ole p1 n ( "o man1 9 ord] t ! place :]e ,god 0 consult$ might be public prop]ty4 7#gj7 ,! ,levites 7 *os5 z c\rti]s & adm9i/rators ( ?is royal abode2 :ile ,a>on1 ! bro!r ( ,moses1 0 *os5 to be _! *ief & second1 z x 71 to ,god _! ,k+1 be+ succe$$ 9 ! (fice by 8 legitimate sons4 7#ag3ga7 ,he1 z ! ne>e/ to ,god1 0 ! sov]eign int]pret] ( ! ,div9e laws2 he communicat$ ! answ]s ( ! ,div9e oracle to ! p1 & entreat$ ,god's fav\r = !m4 7#gb7 ,if1 9 addition to ^! privileges1 he _h possess$ ! "r ( rul+1 he w\ld h be5 nei!r m nor less ?an an absolute mon>*2 b1 9 respect to gov]nm5t1 he 0 only a private citiz53 ! :ole tribe ( ,levi 0 s completely dive/$ ( gov]n+ rights t x did n ev5 take its %>e ) ! o!rs 9 ! p>tition ( t]ritory4 7#gc7 ,moses provid$ = its support by inspir+ ! common p ) great rev]5ce = x1 z ! only tribe d$icat$ to ,god4 7#ag3gd7 ,fur!r1 ! army1 =m$ f ! rema9+ twelve tribes1 0 comm&$ to invade ! l& ( ,canaan1 to divide x into twelve portions1 & to di/ribute x among ! tribes by lot4 7#ge7 ,= ?is task twelve capta9s 7 *os51 "o f e tribe1 & 71 toge!r ) ,jo%ua & ,eleaz>1 ! high prie/1 emp[]$ to divide ! l& into twelve equal p>ts1 & di/ribute x by lot4 7#gf7 ,jo%ua 0 *os5 = ! *ief comm& ( ! army1 inasmu* z none b he _h ! "r to consult ,god 9 em]g5cies1 n l ,moses1 alone 9 8 t5t1 or 9 ! tab]nacle1 b ?r\gh ! high prie/1 to :om only ! answ]s ( ,god 7 reveal$4 7#gg7 ,fur!rmore1 he 0 emp[]$ to execute1 & cause ! p to obey ,god's comm&s1 transmitt$ ?r\gh ! high prie/s2 to f9d1 & to make use (1 means = c>ry+ !m out2 to *oose z _m army capta9s z he lik$2 to make :atev] *oice he ?\ght be/2 to s5d ambassadors 9 8 own "n2 &1 9 %ort1 to h ! entire control ( ! w>4 7#gh7 ,to 8 (fice !re 0 no rightful successor - inde$1 ! po/ 0 only fill$ by ! direct ord] ( ! ,deity1 on occasions ( public em]g5cy4 7#gi7 ,9 ord9>y times1 all ! managem5t ( peace & w> 0 ve/$ 9 ! capta9s ( ! tribes1 z ,i w %ortly po9t out4 7#hj7 ,la/ly1 all m5 betwe5 ! ages ( tw5ty & sixty 7 ord]$ to be> arms1 & =m a citiz5 army1 ow+ allegiance1 n to its g5]al-9-*ief1 nor to ! high prie/1 b to ,religion & to ,god4 7#ha7 ,! army1 or ! ho/s1 7 call$ ! army ( ,god1 or ! ho/s ( ,god4 7#hb7 ,= ?is reason ,god 0 call$ by ! ,hebrews ! ,god ( ,armies2 & ! ark ( ! cov5ant 0 borne 9 ! mid/ ( ! army 9 important battles1 :5 ! safety or de/ruction ( ! :ole p hung ^u ! issue1 s t ! p might1 z x 71 see _! ,k+ among !m1 & put =? all _! /r5g?4 7#ag3hc7 ,f ^! directions1 left by ,moses to 8 successors1 we pla9ly see t he *ose adm9i/rators1 r ?an despots1 to come aft] him2 = he inve/$ no "o ) ! p[] ( consult+ ,god1 :]e he lik$ & alone1 consequ5tly1 no "o _h ! p[] possess$ by himself ( orda9+ & abrogat+ laws1 ( decid+ on w> or peace1 ( *oos+ m5 to fill (fices bo? religi\s & secul>3 all ^! are ! pr]ogatives ( a sov]eign4 7#hd7 ,! high prie/1 inde$1 _h ! "r ( int]pret+ laws1 & communicat+ ! answ]s ( ,god1 b he c\ld n d s :5 he lik$1 z ,moses c\ld1 b only :5 he 0 ask$ by ! g5]al-9-*ief ( ! army1 ! c\ncil1 or "s simil> au?ority4 7#he7 ,! g5]al-9-*ief & ! c\ncil c\ld consult ,god :5 !y lik$1 b c\ld only receive ,8 answ]s ?r\gh ! high prie/2 s t ! utt]ances ( ,god1 z report$ by ! high prie/1 7 n decrees1 z !y 7 :5 report$ by ,moses1 b only answ]s2 !y 7 accept$ by ,jo%ua & ! c\ncil1 & only !n _h ! =ce ( comm&s & decrees4 7#ag3hf7 ,! high prie/1 bo? 9 ! case ( ,a>on & ( 8 son ,eleaz>1 0 *os5 by ,moses2 nor _h anyone1 aft] ,moses' dea?1 a "r to elect to ! (fice1 :i* became h]$it>y4 7#hg7 ,! g5]al-9-*ief ( ! army 0 also *os5 by ,moses1 & assum$ 8 functions 9 virtue ( ! comm&s1 n ( ! high prie/1 b ( ,moses3 inde$1 aft] ! dea? ( ,jo%ua1 ! high prie/ did n appo9t anyone 9 8 place1 & ! capta9s did n consult ,god afre% ab\t a g5]al-9-*ief1 b ea* reta9$ ,jo%ua's p[] 9 respect to ! cont+5t ( 8 own tribe1 & all reta9$ x collectively1 9 respect to ! :ole army4 7#hh7 ,!re seems to h be5 no ne$ ( a g5]al-9-*ief1 except :5 !y 7 oblig$ to unite _! =ces aga9/ a common enemy4 7#hi7 ,?is occurr$ mo/ frequ5tly dur+ ! "t ( ,jo%ua1 :5 !y _h no fix$ dwell+4 place1 & possess$ all ?+s 9 common4 #ag3g 7#ij7 ,aft] all ! tribes _h ga9$ _! t]ritories by "r ( conque/1 & _h divid$ _! allott$ ga9s1 !y1 became sep>at$1 hav+ no long] _! possessions 9 common1 s t ! ne$ = a s+le comm&] ceas$1 = ! diff]5t tribes %\ld be consid]$ r 9 ! light ( conf$]at$ /ates ?an ( bodies ( fell[-citiz5s4 7#ia7 ,9 respect to _! ,god & _! religion1 !y1 7 fell[-citiz5s2 b1 9 respect to ! rights :i* "o possess$ ) reg>d to ano!r1 !y 7 only conf$]at$3 !y1 71 9 fact1 9 mu* ! same position 7if "o excepts ! ,temple common to all7 z ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ! ,ne!rl&s or ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 7#ib7 ,! division ( prop]ty held 9 common is only ano!r phrase = ! possession ( 8 %>e by ea* ( ! own]s s+ly1 & ! surr5d] by ! o!rs ( _! rights ov] su* %>e4 7#ic7 ,?is is :y ,moses elect$ capta9s ( ! tribes - namely1 t :5 ! dom9ion 0 divid$1 ea* might take c>e ( 8 own "p2 consult+ ,god ?r\gh ! high prie/ on ! affairs ( 8 tribe1 rul+ ov] 8 army1 build+ & =tify+ cities1 appo9t+ judges1 attack+ ! enemies ( 8 own dom9ion1 & hav+ complete control ov] all civil & milit>y affairs4 7#id7 ,he 0 n b\nd to ackn[l$ge any sup]ior judge save ,god ,endnote #cb1 or a prophet :om ,god %\ld expressly s5d4 7#ie7 ,if he dep>t$ f ! wor%ip ( ,god1 ! re/ ( ! tribes did n arraign him z a subject1 b attack$ him z an enemy4 7#ie7 ,( ?is we h examples 9 ,scripture4 7#if7 ,:5 ,jo%ua 0 dead1 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 7n a fre% g5]al-9-*ief7 consult$ ,god2 x be+ decid$ t ! tribe ( ,judah %\ld be ! fir/ to attack its enemies1 ! tribe 9 "q contract$ a s+le alliance ) ! tribe ( ,simeon1 = unit+ _! =ces1 & attack+ _! common enemy1 ! re/ ( ! tribes n be+ includ$ 9 ! alliance 7,judges i3#a1 #b1 #c74 7#ig7 ,ea* tribe sep>ately made w> aga9/ its own enemies1 &1 accord+ to its pleasure1 receiv$ !m z subjects or allies1 ?\gh x _h be5 comm&$ n to sp>e !m on any conditions1 b to de/roy !m utt]ly4 7#ih7 ,su* disob$i5ce met ) repro( f ! re/ ( ! tribes1 b did n cause ! (f5d+ tribe to be arraign$3 x 0 n consid]$ a suffici5t reason = proclaim+ a civil w>1 or int]f]+ 9 "o ano!r's affairs4 7#ii7 ,b :5 ! tribe ( ,b5jam9 (f5d$ aga9/ ! o!rs1 & s loos5$ ! bonds ( peace t none ( ! conf$]at$ tribes c\ld f9d refuge )9 its bord]s1 !y attack$ x z an enemy1 & ga9+ ! victory ov] x aft] ?ree battles1 put to dea? bo? guilty & innoc5t1 accord+ to ! laws ( w>3 an act :i* !y subsequ5tly bewail$ ) t>dy rep5tance4 7#ag3ajj7 ,^! examples pla9ly confirm :at we h said conc]n+ ! rights ( ea* tribe4 7#aja7 ,p]haps we %all be ask$ :o elect$ ! successors to ! capta9s ( ea* tribe2 on ?is po9t ,i c ga!r no positive in=mation 9 ,scripture1 b ,i conjecture t z ! tribes 7 divid$ into families1 ea* head$ by its s5ior memb]1 ! s5ior ( all ^! heads ( families succe$$ by "r to ! (fice ( capta91 = ,moses *ose f among ^! s5iors 8 sev5ty coadjutors1 :o =m$ ) himself ! supreme c\ncil4 7#ajb7 ,^? :o adm9i/]$ ! gov]nm5t aft] ! dea? ( ,jo%ua 7 call$ eld]s1 & eld] is a v common ,hebrew expression 9 ! s5se ( judge1 z ,i suppose ev]yone kn[s2 h[ev]1 x is n v important = u to make up our m9ds on ?is po9t4 7#ajc7 ,x is en\gh to h %[n t aft] ! dea? ( ,moses no "o man wield$ all ! p[] ( a sov]eign2 z affairs 7 n all manag$ by "o man1 nor by a s+le c\ncil1 nor by ! popul> vote1 b p>tly by "o tribe1 p>tly by ! re/ 9 equal %>es1 x is mo/ evid5t t ! gov]nm5t1 aft] ! dea? ( ,moses1 0 nei!r mon>*ic1 nor ari/ocratic1 nor popul>1 b1 z we h said1 ,!ocratic4 7#ajd7 ,! reasons = apply+ ?is "n are3 7#ag3aje7 ,i4 ,because ! royal seat ( gov]nm5t 0 ! ,temple1 & 9 respect to x alone1 z we h %[n1 all ! tribes 7 fell[-citiz5s4 7#ajf7 ,,ii4 ,because all ! p ow$ allegiance to ,god1 _! supreme ,judge1 to :om only !y _h promis$ implicit ob$i5ce 9 all ?+s4 7#ag3ajg7 ,,iii4 ,because ! g5]al-9-*ief or dictator1 :5 !re 0 ne$ ( su*1 0 elect$ by none save ,god alone4 7#ajh7 ,?is 0 expressly comm&$ by ,moses 9 ! "n ( ,god 7,deut4 xix3#ae71 & witness$ by ! actual *oice ( ,gideon1 ( ,samson1 & ( ,samuel2 :]efrom we may conclude t ! o!r fai?ful lead]s 7 *os5 9 ! same mann]1 ?\gh x is n expressly told u4 7#ag3aji7 ,^! prelim9>ies be+ /at$1 x is n[ "t to inquire ! effects ( =m+ a dom9ion on ?is plan1 & to see :e!r x s effectually kept )9 b\nds bo? rul]s & rul$1 t ! =m] 7 nev] tyrannical & ! latt] nev] rebelli\s4 7#ag3aaj7 ,^? :o adm9i/] or possess gov]n+ p[]1 always try to surr\nd _! high-h&$ actions ) a cloak ( legality1 & to p]suade ! p t !y act f good motives2 ?is !y are easily able to effect :5 !y are ! sole int]pret]s ( ! law2 = x is evid5t t !y are ?us able to assume a f> great] fre$om to c>ry out _! wi%es & desires ?an if ! int]pretation if ! law is ve/$ 9 someone else1 or if ! laws 7 s self-evid5t t no "o c\ld be 9 d\bt z to _! mean+4 #ag3h 7#aaa7 ,we ?us see t ! p[] ( evil-do+ 0 greatly curtail$ = ! ,hebrew capta9s by ! fact t ! :ole int]pretation ( ! law 0 ve/$ 9 ! ,levites 7,deut4 xxi3#e71 :o1 on _! "p1 _h no %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t1 & dep5d$ = all _! support & consid]ation on a correct int]pretation ( ! laws entru/$ to !m4 7#aab7 ,moreov]1 ! :ole p 0 comm&$ to come toge!r at a c]ta9 place e sev5 ye>s & be in/ruct$ 9 ! law by ! high-prie/2 fur!r1 ea* individual 0 bidd5 to read ! book ( ! law ?r\gh & ?r\gh cont9ually ) scrupul\s c>e4 7,deut4 xxxi3#i1 #aj1 & vi3#g47 7#aac7 ,! capta9s 7 ?us = _! own sakes b\nd to take great c>e to adm9i/] ev]y?+ accord+ to ! laws laid d[n1 & well kn[n to all1 if !y wi%$ to be held 9 high hon\r by ! p1 :o w\ld reg>d !m z ! adm9i/rators ( ,god's dom9ion1 & z ,god's viceg]5ts2 o!rwise !y c\ld n h escap$ all ! virul5ce ( !ological hatr$4 7#aad7 ,!re 0 ano!r v important *eck on ! unbridl$ lic5se ( ! capta9s1 9 ! fact1 t ! army 0 =m$ f ! :ole body1 ( ! citiz5s1 betwe5 ! ages ( tw5ty & sixty1 )\t exception1 & t ! capta9s 7 n able to hire any =eign soldi]y4 7#aae7 ,?is ,i say 0 v important1 = x is well kn[n t pr9ces c oppress _! peoples ) ! s+le aid ( ! soldi]y 9 _! pay2 :ile !re is no?+ m =midable to !m ?an ! fre$om ( citiz5 soldi]s1 :o h e/abli%$ ! fre$om & glory ( _! c\ntry1 by _! val\r1 _! toil1 & _! blood4 7#aaf7 ,?us ,alex&]1 :5 he 0 ab\t to make wax on ,d>ius1 a second "t1 aft] he>+ ! advice ( ,p>m5io1 did n *ide him :o gave ! advice1 b ,polysp]*on1 :o 0 /&+ by4 7#aag7 ,=1 z ,curtius says 7iv4 ,p>a4 #ac71 he did n v5ture to reproa* ,p>m5io aga9 aft] hav+ %ortly be=e reprov$ him too %>ply4 7#aah7 ,?is fre$om ( ! ,mac$onians1 :i* he s dread$1 he 0 n able to subdue till aft] ! numb] ( captives enli/$ 9 ! army surpass$ t ( 8 own p3 !n1 b n till !n1 he gave re9 to 8 ang] s long *eck$ by ! indep5d5ce ( 8 *ief fell[-c\ntrym54 7#ag3aai7 ,if ?is indep5d5ce ( citiz5 soldi]s c re/ra9 ! pr9ces ( ord9>y /ates :o are wont to usurp ! :ole glory ( victories1 x mu/ h be5 /ill m effectual aga9/ ! ,hebrew capta9s1 ^: soldi]s 7 fight+1 n = ! glory ( a pr9ce1 b = ! glory ( ,god1 & :o did n g =? to battle till ! ,div9e ass5t _h be5 giv54 7#ag3abj7 ,we mu/ also rememb] t ! ,hebrew capta9s 7 associat$ only by ! bonds ( religion3 !re=e1 if any "o ( !m _h transgress$1 & begun to violate ! ,div9e "r1 he might h be5 treat$ by ! re/ z an enemy & lawfully subdu$4 7#ag3aba7 ,an additional *eck may be f\nd 9 ! fe> ( a new prophet aris+1 = if a man ( unblemi%$ life c\ld %[ by c]ta9 signs t he 0 really a prophet1 he ipso facto obta9$ ! sov]eign "r to rule1 :i* 0 giv5 to him1 z to ,moses =m]ly1 9 ! "n ( ,god1 z reveal$ to himself alone2 n m]ely ?r\gh ! high prie/1 z 9 ! case ( ! capta9s4 7#abb7 ,!re is no d\bt t su* an "o w\ld easily be able to enli/ an oppress$ p 9 8 cause1 & by trifl+ signs p]suade !m ( any?+ he wi%$3 on ! o!r h&1 if affairs 7 well ord]$1 ! capta9 w\ld be able to make provision 9 "t2 t ! prophet %\ld be submitt$ to 8 approval1 & be exam9$ :e!r he 7 really ( unblemi%$ life1 & possess$ indisputable signs ( 8 mission3 also1 :e!r ! tea*+ he propos$ to set =? 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l agre$ ) receiv$ doctr9es1 & ! g5]al laws ( ! c\ntry2 if 8 cr$5tials 7 insuffici5t1 or 8 doctr9es new1 he c\ld lawfully be put to dea?1 or else receiv$ on ! capta9's sole responsibility & au?ority4 7#ag3abc7 ,aga91 ! capta9s 7 n sup]ior to ! o!rs 9 nobility or bir?1 b only adm9i/]$ ! gov]nm5t 9 virtue ( _! age & p]sonal qualities4 7#abd7 ,la/ly1 nei!r capta9s nor army _h any reason = pref]r+ w> to peace4 7#abe7 ,! army1 z we h /at$1 consi/$ entirely ( citiz5s1 s t affairs 7 manag$ by ! same p]sons bo? 9 peace & w>4 7#abf7 ,! man :o 0 a soldi] 9 ! camp 0 a citiz5 9 ! m>ket-place1 he :o 0 a lead] 9 ! camp 0 a judge 9 ! law c\rts1 he :o 0 a g5]al 9 ! camp 0 a rul] 9 ! /ate4 7#abg7 ,?us no "o c\ld desire w> = its own sake1 b only = ! sake ( pres]v+ peace & lib]ty2 possibly ! capta9s avoid$ *ange z f> z possible1 s z n to be oblig$ to consult ! high prie/ & submit to ! indignity ( /&+ 9 8 pres5ce4 7#ag3abh7 ,s mu* = ! precautions = keep+ ! capta9s )9 b\nds4 #ag3i 7#abi7 ,we mu/ n[ look = ! re/ra9ts ^u ! p3 ^!1 h[ev]1 are v cle>ly indicat$ 9 ! v gr\ndwork ( ! social fabric4 7#ag3acj7 ,anyone :o gives ! subject ! slighte/ att5tion1 w see t ! /ate 0 s ord]$ z to inspire ! mo/ ard5t patriotism 9 ! he>ts ( ! citiz5s1 s t ! latt] w\ld be v h>d to p]suade to betray _! c\ntry1 & be ready to endure any?+ r ?an submit to a =eign yoke4 7#aca7 ,aft] !y _h transf]r$ _! "r to ,god1 !y ?\ght t _! k+dom belong$ to ,god1 & t !y !mselves 7 ,god's *ildr54 7#acb7 ,o!r nations !y look$ ^u z ,god's enemies1 & reg>d$ ) int5se hatr$ 7:i* !y took to be piety1 see ,psalm cxxxix3#ba1 #bb73 no?+ w\ld h be5 m abhorr5t to !m ?an swe>+ allegiance to a =eign]1 & promis+ him ob$i5ce3 nor c\ld !y conceive any great] or m execrable crime ?an ! betrayal ( _! c\ntry1 ! k+dom ( ! ,god :om !y ador$4 7#ag3acc7 ,x 0 consid]$ wick$ = anyone to settle outside ( ! c\ntry1 inasmu* z ! wor%ip ( ,god by :i* !y 7 b\nd c\ld n be c>ri$ on else:]e3 _! own l& alone 0 consid]$ holy1 ! re/ ( ! e>? unclean & pr(ane4 7#ag3acd7 ,david1 :o 0 =c$ to live 9 exile1 compla9$ be=e ,saul z foll[s3 ,b if !y be ! *ildr5 ( m5 :o h /irr$ !e up aga9/ me1 curs$ be !y be=e ! ,"l2 = !y h driv5 me out ?is day f abid+ 9 ! inh]itance ( ! ,"l1 say+1 ,g1 s]ve o!r gods4 7,i ,sam4 xxvi3#ai47 7#ace7 ,= ! same reason no citiz51 z we %\ld especially rem>k1 0 ev] s5t into exile3 he :o s9n$ 0 liable to puni%m5t1 b n to disgrace4 7#ag3acf7 ,?us ! love ( ! ,hebrews = _! c\ntry 0 n only patriotism1 b also piety1 & 0 *]i%$ & nurtur$ by daily rites till1 l _! hatr$ ( o!r nations1 x mu/ h pass$ into _! nature4 7#acg7 ,_! daily wor%ip 0 n only diff]5t f t ( o!r nations 7z x might well be1 consid]+ t !y 7 a peculi> p & entirely ap>t f ! re/71 x 0 absolutely contr>y4 7#ach7 ,su* daily reprobation naturally gave rise to a la/+ hatr$1 deeply implant$ 9 ! he>t3 = ( all hatr$s none is m deep & t5aci\s ?an t :i* spr+s f extreme dev\tness or piety1 & is itself *]i%$ z pi\s4 7#aci7 ,nor 0 a g5]al cause lack+ = inflam+ su* hatr$ m & m1 inasmu* z x 0 reciprocat$2 ! surr\nd+ nations reg>d+ ! ,jews ) a hatr$ j z int5se4 7#ag3adj7 ,h[ great 0 ! effect ( all ^! causes1 namely1 fre$om f man's dom9ion2 devotion to _! c\ntry2 absolute rights ov] all o!r m52 a hatr$ n only p]mitt$ b pi\s2 a contempt = _! fell[-m52 ! s+ul>ity ( _! cu/oms & religi\s rites2 ! effect1 ,i repeat1 ( all ^! causes 9 /r5g!n+ ! he>ts ( ! ,jews to be> all ?+s = _! c\ntry1 ) extraord9>y con/ancy & val\r1 w at once be disc]n$ by reason & atte/$ by exp]i5ce4 7#ada7 ,nev]1 s long z ! city 0 /&+1 c\ld !y endure to rema9 "u =eign dom9ion2 & !re=e !y call$ ,j]usalem a rebelli\s city 7,ezra iv3#ab74 7#adb7 ,_! /ate aft] its ree/abli%m5t 7:i* 0 a m]e %ad[ ( ! fir/1 = ! high prie/s _h usurp$ ! rights ( ! tribal capta9s7 01 ) great difficulty1 de/roy$ by ! ,romans1 z ,tacitus be>s witness 7,hi/4 ii3#d73- ,vespasian _h clos$ ! w> aga9/ ! ,jews1 ab&on+ ! siege ( ,j]usalem z an ent]prise difficult & ardu\s r f ! "* ( ! p & ! ob/9acy ( _! sup]/ition1 ?an f ! /r5g? left to ! besieg$ = meet+ _! necessities4 7#adc7 ,b besides ^! *>act]i/ics1 :i* are m]ely ascrib$ by an individual op9ion1 !re 0 "o feature peculi> to ?is /ate & ( great importance 9 reta9+ ! affections ( ! citiz5s1 & *eck+ all ?\ghts ( des]tion1 or ab&onm5t ( ! c\ntry3 namely1 self-int]e/1 ! /r5g? & life ( all human action4 7#add7 ,?is 0 peculi>ly engag$ 9 ! ,hebrew /ate1 = n[h]e else did citiz5s possess _! goods s securely1 z did ! subjects ( ?is community1 = ! latt] possess$ z l>ge a %>e 9 ! l& & ! fields z did _! *iefs1 & 7 own]s ( _! plots ( gr\nd 9 p]petuity2 = if any man 0 compell$ by pov]ty to sell 8 f>m or 8 pa/ure1 he receiv$ x back aga9 intact at ! ye> ( jubilee3 !re 7 o!r simil> enactm5ts aga9/ ! possibility ( ali5at+ real prop]ty4 7#ag3ade7 ,aga91 pov]ty 0 n[h]e m endurable ?an 9 a c\ntry :]e duty t[>ds "o's neighb\r1 t is1 "o's fell[-citiz51 0 practis$ ) ! utmo/ piety1 z a means ( ga9+ ! fav\r ( ,god ! ,k+4 7#adf7 ,?us ! ,hebrew citiz5s w\ld n[h]e be s well (f z 9 _! own c\ntry2 outside its limits !y met ) no?+ b loss & disgrace4 7#ag3adg7 ,! foll[+ consid]ations 7 ( weight1 n only 9 keep+ !m at home1 b also 9 prev5t+ civil w> & remov+ causes ( /rife2 no "o 0 b\nd to s]ve 8 equal1 b only to s]ve ,god1 :ile *>ity & love t[>ds fell[-citiz5s 0 acc\nt$ ! highe/ piety2 ?is la/ feel+ 0 n a little fo/]$ by ! g5]al hatr$ ) :i* !y reg>d$ =eign nations & 7 reg>d$ by !m4 7#adh7 ,fur!rmore1 ! /rict discipl9e ( ob$i5ce 9 :i* !y 7 br\ght up1 0 a v important factor2 = !y 7 b\nd to c>ry on all _! actions accord+ to ! set rules ( ! law3 a man might n pl\gh :5 he lik$1 b only at c]ta9 times1 9 c]ta9 ye>s1 & ) "o sort ( bea/ at a "t2 s1 too1 he might only s[ & reap 9 a c]ta9 me?od & season - 9 fact1 8 :ole life 0 "o long s*ool ( ob$i5ce 7see ,*ap4 ,v4 on ! use ( c]emonies72 su* a habit 0 ?us eng5d]$1 t con=mity seem$ fre$om in/ead ( s]vitude1 & m5 desir$ :at 0 comm&$ r ?an :at 0 =bidd54 7#adi7 ,?is result 0 n a little aid$ by ! fact t ! p 7 b\nd1 at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 to give !mselves up to re/ & rejoic+1 n = _! own pleasure1 b 9 ord] t !y might wor%ip ,god *e]fully4 7#ag3aej7 ,?ree times 9 ! ye> !y fea/$ be=e ! ,"l2 on ! sev5? day ( e week !y 7 bidd5 to ab/a9 f all "w & to re/2 besides ^!1 !re 7 o!r occasions :5 innoc5t rejoic+ & fea/+ 7 n only all[$ b enjo9$4 7#aea7 ,i d n ?9k any bett] means ( influ5c+ m5's m9ds c\ld be devis$2 = !re is no m p[]ful attraction ?an joy spr++ f devotion1 a mixture ( admiration & love4 7#aeb7 ,x 0 n easy to be we>i$ by con/ant repetition1 = ! rites on ! v>i\s fe/ivals 7 v>i$ & recurr$ seldom4 7#aec7 ,we may add ! deep rev]5ce = ! ,temple :i* all mo/ religi\sly fo/]$1 on acc\nt ( ! peculi> rites & duties t !y 7 oblig$ to p]=m be=e approa*+ ?i!r4 7#aed7 ,ev5 n[1 ,jews _c read )\t horror ( ! crime ( ,manasseh1 :o d>$ to place an idol 9 ! ,temple4 7#aee7 ,! laws1 scrupul\sly pres]v$ 9 ! inmo/ sanctu>y1 7 objects ( equal rev]5ce to ! p4 7#aef7 ,popul> reports & misconceptions 71 !re=e1 v little to be fe>$ 9 ?is qu>t]1 = no "o d>$ decide on sacr$ matt]s1 b all felt b\nd to obey1 )\t consult+ _! reason1 all ! comm&s giv5 by ! answ]s ( ,god receiv$ 9 ! ,temple1 & all ! laws :i* ,god _h orda9$4 7#ag3aeg7 ,i ?9k ,i h n[ expla9$ cle>ly1 ?\gh briefly1 ! ma9 features ( ! ,hebrew commonweal?4 7#aeh7 ,i mu/ n[ inquire into ! causes :i* l$ ! p s (t5 to fall away f ! law1 :i* br\ght ab\t _! frequ5t subjection1 &1 f9ally1 ! complete de/ruction ( _! dom9ion4 7#aei7 ,p]haps ,i %all be told t x sprang f _! h>dness ( he>t2 b ?is is *ildi%1 = :y %\ld ?is p be m h>d ( he>t ?an o!rs2 0 x by nature8 #ag3;,a 7#afj7 ,b nature =ms individuals1 n peoples2 ! latt] are only di/+ui%able by ! diff]5ce ( _! language1 _! cu/oms1 & _! laws2 :ile f ! two la/ - i4e41 cu/oms & laws1 - x may arise t !y h a peculi> disposition1 a peculi> mann] ( life1 & peculi> prejudices4 7#afa7 ,if1 !n1 ! ,hebrews 7 h>d] ( he>t ?an o!r nations1 ! fault lay ) _! laws or cu/oms4 7#ag3afb7 ,?is is c]ta9ly true1 9 ! s5se t1 if ,god _h wi%$ _! dom9ion to be m la/+1 ,he w\ld h giv5 !m o!r rites & laws1 & w\ld h in/itut$ a diff]5t =m ( gov]nm5t4 7#afc7 ,we c1 !re=e1 only say t _! ,god 0 angry ) !m1 n only1 z ,j]emiah says1 f ! build+ ( ! city1 b ev5 f ! f\nd+ ( _! laws4 7#ag3afd7 ,?is is borne witness to by ,ezekiel xx3#be3 ,:]e=e ,i gave !m also /atutes t 7 n good1 & judgm5ts :]eby !y %\ld n live2 & ,i pollut$ !m 9 _! own gifts1 9 t !y caus$ to pass ?r\gh ! fire all t op5e? ! womb2 t ,i might make !m desolate1 to ! end t !y might "k t ,i am ! ,"l4 7#ag3afe7 ,9 ord] t we may und]/& ^! words1 & ! de/ruction ( ! ,hebrew commonweal?1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t x _h at fir/ be5 int5d$ to entru/ ! :ole duties ( ! prie/hood to ! fir/born1 & n to ! ,levites 7see ,numb4 viii3#ag74 7#aff7 ,x 0 only :5 all ! tribes1 except ! ,levites1 wor%ipp$ ! gold5 calf1 t ! fir/born 7 reject$ & defil$1 & ! ,levites *os5 9 _! /ead 7,deut4 x3#h74 7#afg7 ,:5 ,i reflect on ?is *ange1 ,i feel dispos$ to break =? ) ! words ( ,tacitus4 7#afh7 ,god's object at t "t 0 n ! safety ( ! ,jews1 b v5geance4 7#afi7 ,i am greatly a/oni%$ t ! cele/ial m9d 0 s inflam$ ) ang] t x orda9$ laws1 :i* always are suppos$ to promote ! hon\r1 well-be+1 & security ( a p1 ) ! purpose ( v5geance1 = ! sake ( puni%m5t2 s t ! laws d n seem s mu* laws - t is1 ! safegu>d ( ! p - z pa9s & p5alties4 7#ag3agj7 ,! gifts :i* ! p 7 oblig$ to be/[ on ! ,levites & prie/s - ! r$emption ( ! fir/born1 ! poll-tax due to ! ,levites1 ! privilege possess$ by ! latt] ( ! sole p]=mance ( sacr$ rites - all ^!1 ,i say1 7 a cont9ual reproa* to ! p1 a cont9ual rem9d] ( _! defilem5t & rejection4 7#aga7 ,moreov]1 we may be sure t ! ,levites 7 = ev] heap+ reproa*es ^u !m3 = among s _m ?\s&s !re mu/ h be5 _m importunate dabbl]s 9 !ology4 7#agb7 ,h5ce ! p got into ! way ( wat*+ ! acts ( ! ,levites1 :o 7 b human2 ( accus+ ! :ole body ( ! faults ( "o memb]1 & cont9ually murmur+4 7#ag3agc7 ,besides ?is1 !re 0 ! obligation to keep 9 idl5ess m5 hateful to !m1 & connect$ by no ties ( blood4 7#agd7 ,especially w\ld ?is seem griev\s :5 provisions 7 de>4 ,:at wond]1 !n1 if 9 times ( peace1 :5 /rik+ miracles _h ceas$1 & no m5 ( p>am\nt au?ority 7 =?com+1 ! irritable & gre$y temp] ( ! p began to wax cold1 & at l5g? to fall away f a wor%ip1 :i*1 ?\gh ,div9e1 0 also humiliat+1 & ev5 ho/ile1 & to seek aft] some?+ fre%2 or c we be surpris$ t ! capta9s1 :o always adopt ! popul> c\rse1 9 ord] to ga9 ! sov]eign p[] = !mselves by enli/+ ! sympa?ies ( ! p1 & ali5at+ ! high prie/1 %\ld h yield$ to _! dem&s1 & introduc$ a new wor%ip8 7#age7 ,if ! /ate _h be5 =m$ accord+ to ! orig9al int5tion1 ! rights & hon\r ( all ! tribes w\ld h be5 equal1 & ev]y?+ w\ld h re/$ on a firm basis4 7#agf7 ,:o is !re :o w\ld will+ly violate ! religi\s rights ( 8 k9dr$8 7#agg7 ,:at c\ld a man desire m ?an to support 8 own bro!rs & p>5ts1 ?us fulfill+ ! duties ( religion8 7#agh7 ,:o w\ld n rejoice 9 be+ taught by !m ! int]pretation ( ! laws1 & receiv+ ?r\gh !m ! answ]s ( ,god8 7#ag3agi7 ,! tribes w\ld ?us h be5 unit$ by a f> clos] bond1 if all alike _h possess$ ! "r to ! prie/hood4 7#ahj7 ,all dang] w\ld h be5 obviat$1 if ! *oice ( ! ,levites _h n be5 dictat$ by ang] & rev5ge4 7#aha7 ,b1 z we h said1 ! ,hebrews _h (f5d$ _! ,god1 ,:o1 z ,ezekiel says1 pollut$ !m 9 _! own gifts by reject+ all t op5e? ! womb1 s t ,he might de/roy !m4 7#ag3ahb7 ,?is passage is also confirm$ by _! hi/ory4 ,z soon z ! p 9 ! wild]ness began to live 9 ease & pl5ty1 c]ta9 m5 ( no mean bir? began to rebel aga9/ ! *oice ( ! ,levites1 & to make x a cause = believ+ t ,moses _h n act$ by ! comm&s ( ,god1 b = 8 own good pleasure1 inasmu* z he _h *os5 8 own tribe be=e all ! re/1 & _h be/[$ ! high prie/hood 9 p]petuity on 8 own bro!r4 7#ahc7 ,!y1 !re=e1 /irr$ up a tumult1 & came to him1 cry+ out t all m5 7 equally sacr$1 & t he _h exalt$ himself above 8 fell[s wrongfully4 7#ahd7 ,moses 0 n able to pacify !m ) reasons2 b by ! int]v5tion ( a miracle 9 pro( ( ! fai?1 !y all p]i%$4 7#ahe7 ,a fre% s$ition !n arose among ! :ole p1 :o believ$ t _! *ampions _h n be5 put to dea? by ! judgm5t ( ,god1 b by ! device ( ,moses4 7#ahf7 ,aft] a great slaught]1 or pe/il5ce1 ! ris+ subsid$ f inanition1 b 9 su* a mann] t all pref]r$ dea? to life "u su* conditions4 7#ag3ahg7 ,we %\ld r say t s$ition ceas$ ?an t h>mony 0 re-e/abli%$4 7#ahh7 ,?is is witness$ by ,scripture 7,deut4 xxxi3#ba71 :]e ,god1 aft] pr$ict+ to ,moses t ! p aft] 8 dea? w fall away f ! ,div9e wor%ip1 speaks ?us3 ,= ,i "k _! imag9ation :i* !y g ab\t1 ev5 n[ be=e ,i h br\ght !m into ! l& :i* ,i sw>e2 &1 a little :ile aft] 7xxxi3#bg71 ,moses says3 ,= ,i "k ?y rebellion & ?y /iff neck3 behold :ile ,i am yet alive ) y ?is day1 ye h be5 rebelli\s aga9/ ! ,"l2 & h[ mu* m aft] my dea?6 7#ag3ahi7 ,inde$1 x happ5$ accord+ to 8 words1 z we all "k4 7#aij7 ,great *anges1 extreme lic5se1 luxury1 & h>dness ( he>t grew up2 ?+s w5t f bad to worse1 till at la/ ! p1 aft] be+ frequ5tly conqu]$1 came to an op5 rupture ) ! ,div9e "r1 & wi%$ = a mortal k+1 s t ! seat ( gov]nm5t might be ! ,c\rt1 in/ead ( ! ,temple1 & t ! tribes might rema9 fell[-citiz5s 9 respect to _! k+1 in/ead ( 9 respect to ,div9e "r & ! high prie/hood4 7#ag3aia7 ,a va/ mat]ial = new s$itions 0 ?us produc$1 ev5tually result+ 9 ! ru9 ( ! entire /ate4 ,k+s are above all ?+s jeal\s ( a prec>i\s rule1 & c 9 n[ise brook a dom9ion )9 _! own4 7#aib7 ,! fir/ mon>*s1 be+ *os5 f ! ranks ( private citiz5s1 7 cont5t ) ! am\nt ( dignity to :i* !y _h ris52 b _! sons1 :o obta9$ ! ?rone by "r ( inh]itance1 began gradually to introduce *anges1 s z to get all ! sov]eign rights into _! own h&s4 7#aic7 ,?is !y 7 g5]ally unable to accompli%1 s long z ! "r ( legislation did n re/ ) !m1 b ) ! high prie/1 :o kept ! laws 9 ! sanctu>y1 & int]pret$ !m to ! p4 7#aid7 ,! k+s 7 ?us b\nd to obey ! laws z mu* z 7 ! subjects1 & 7 unable to abrogate !m1 or to orda9 new laws ( equal au?ority2 moreov]1 !y 7 prev5t$ by ! ,levites f adm9i/]+ ! affairs ( religion1 k+ & subject be+ alike unclean4 7#aie7 ,la/ly1 ! :ole safety ( _! dom9ion dep5d$ on ! w ( "o man1 if t man appe>$ to be a prophet2 & ( ?is !y _h se5 an example1 namely1 h[ completely ,samuel _h be5 able to comm& ,saul1 & h[ easily1 because ( a s+le disob$i5ce1 he _h be5 able to transf] ! "r ( sov]eignty to ,david4 7#aif7 ,?us ! k+s f\nd a dom9ion )9 _! own1 & wield$ a prec>i\s sov]eignty4 7#ag3aig7 ,9 ord] to surm\nt ^! difficulties1 !y all[$ o!r temples to be d$icat$ to ! gods1 s t !re might be no fur!r ne$ ( consult+ ! ,levites2 !y also s\ght out _m :o prophesi$ 9 ! "n ( ,god1 s t !y might h creatures ( _! own to oppose to ! true prophets4 7#aih7 ,h[ev]1 9 spite ( all _! attempts1 !y nev] atta9$ _! end4 7#aii7 ,= ! prophets1 prep>$ aga9/ e em]g5cy1 wait$ = a fav\rable opportunity1 su* z ! beg9n+ ( a new reign1 :i* is always prec>i\s1 :ile ! memory ( ! previ\s reign rema9s gre54 7#bjj7 ,at ^! times !y c\ld easily pron\nce by ,div9e au?ority t ! k+ 0 tyrannical1 & c\ld produce a *ampion ( di/+ui%$ virtue to v9dicate ! ,div9e "r1 & lawfully to claim dom9ion1 or a %>e 9 x4 7#bja7 ,/ill1 n ev5 s c\ld ! prophets effect mu*4 7#bjb7 ,!y c\ld1 inde$1 remove a tyrant2 b !re 7 reasons :i* prev5t$ !m f do+ m ?an sett+ up1 at great co/ ( civil blood%$1 ano!r tyrant 9 8 /ead4 7#bjc7 ,( discords & civil w>s !re 0 no end1 = ! causes = ! violation ( ,div9e "r rema9$ always ! same1 & c\ld only be remov$ by a complete remodell+ ( ! /ate4 7#ag3bjd7 ,we h n[ se5 h[ religion 0 introduc$ into ! ,hebrew commonweal?1 & h[ ! dom9ion might h la/$ = ev]1 if ! j wra? ( ! ,lawgiv] _h all[$ x4 7#bje7 ,z ?is 0 impossible1 x 0 b\nd 9 "t to p]i%4 7#bjf7 ,i am n[ speak+ only ( ! fir/ commonweal?1 = ! second 0 a m]e %ad[ ( ! fir/1 inasmu* z ! p 7 b\nd by ! rights ( ! ,p]sians to :om !y 7 subject4 7#bjg7 ,aft] ! re/oration ( fre$om1 ! high prie/s usurp$ ! rights ( ! secul> *iefs1 & ?us obta9$ absolute dom9ion4 7#bjh7 ,! prie/s 7 inflam$ ) an int5se desire to wield ! p[]s ( ! sov]eignty & ! high prie/hood at ! same "t4 7#bji7 ,i h1 !re=e1 no ne$ to speak fur!r ( ! second commonweal?4 7#baj7 ,:e!r ! fir/1 9 s f> z we deem x to h be5 durable1 is capable ( imitation1 & :e!r x w\ld be pi\s to copy x z f> z possible1 w appe> f :at fell[s4 7#baa7 ,i wi% only to draw att5tion1 z a cr[n+ conclusion1 to ! pr9ciple indicat$ already - namely1 t x is evid5t1 f :at we h /at$ 9 ?is *apt]1 t ! ,div9e "r1 or ! "r ( religion1 orig9ates 9 a compact3 )\t su* compact1 none b natural rights exi/4 7#bab7 ,! ,hebrews 7 n b\nd by _! religion to ev9ce any pi\s c>e = o!r nations n includ$ 9 ! compact1 b only = _! own fell[-citiz5s4 #ah3j ,,*apt] ,,xviii - ,,f ,,! ,,commonweal? ,,( ,,! ,,hebrews1 ,,& ,,_! ,,hi/ory1 ,,c]ta9 ,,political ,,doctr9es ,,are ,,d$uc$4 #ah3a 7#a7 ,al?\gh ! commonweal? ( ! ,hebrews1 z we h conceiv$ x1 might h la/$ = ev]1 x w\ld be impossible to imitate x at ! pres5t day1 nor w\ld x be advisable s to d4 7#b7 ,if a p wi%$ to transf] _! rights to ,god x w\ld be necess>y to make an express cov5ant ) ,him1 & = ?is w\ld be ne$$ n only ! cons5t ( ^? transf]r+ _! rights1 b also ! cons5t ( ,god4 7#c7 ,god1 h[ev]1 has reveal$ ?r\gh 8 ,apo/les t ! cov5ant ( ,god is no long] writt5 9 ink1 or on tables ( /one1 b ) ! ,_s ( ,god 9 ! fle%y tables ( ! he>t4 7#ah3d7 ,fur!rmore1 su* a =m ( gov]nm5t w\ld only be available = ^? :o desire to h no =eign relations1 b to %ut !mselves up )9 _! own fronti]s1 & to live ap>t f ! re/ ( ! _w2 x w\ld be useless to m5 :o mu/ h deal+s ) o!r nations2 s t ! cases :]e x c\ld be adopt$ are v few inde$4 7#ah3e7 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh x c\ld n be copi$ 9 its entirety1 x possess$ _m excell5t features :i* might be br\ght to our notice1 & p]haps imitat$ ) advantage4 7#f7 ,my int5tion1 h[ev]1 is n to write a treatise on =ms ( gov]nm5t1 s ,i w pass ov] mo/ ( su* po9ts 9 sil5ce1 & w only t\* on ^? :i* be> ^u my purpose4 7#ah3g7 ,god's k+dom is n infr+$ ^u by ! *oice ( an e>?ly rul] end[$ ) sov]eign rights2 = aft] ! ,hebrews _h transf]r$ _! rights to ,god1 !y conf]r$ ! sov]eign "r ( rul+ on ,moses1 inve/+ him ) ! sole p[] ( in/itut+ & abrogat+ laws 9 ! "n ( ,god1 ( *oos+ prie/s1 ( judg+1 ( tea*+1 ( puni%+ - 9 fact1 all ! pr]ogatives ( an absolute mon>*4 7#ah3h7 ,aga91 ?\gh ! prie/s 7 ! int]pret]s ( ! laws1 !y _h no p[] to judge ! citiz5s1 or to excommunicate anyone3 ?is c\ld only be done by ! judges & *iefs *os5 f among ! p4 7#i7 ,a consid]ation ( ! successes & ! hi/ories ( ! ,hebrews w br+ to light o!r consid]ations wor?y ( note4 ,to wit3 7#ah3i7 ,i4 ,t !re 7 no religi\s sects1 till aft] ! high prie/s1 9 ! second commonweal?1 possess$ ! au?ority to make decrees1 & transact ! bus9ess ( gov]nm5t4 7#aj7 ,9 ord] t su* au?ority might la/ = ev]1 ! high prie/s usurp$ ! rights ( secul> rul]s1 & at la/ wi%$ to be /yl$ k+s4 7#aa7 ,! reason = ?is is ready to h&2 9 ! fir/ commonweal? no decrees c\ld be> ! "n ( ! high prie/1 = he _h no "r to orda9 laws1 b only to give ! answ]s ( ,god to que/ions ask$ by ! capta9s or ! c\ncils3 he _h1 !re=e1 no motive = mak+ *anges 9 ! law1 b took c>e1 on ! contr>y1 to adm9i/] & gu>d :at _h already be5 receiv$ & accept$4 7#ab7 ,8 only means ( pres]v+ 8 fre$om 9 safety aga9/ ! w ( ! capta9s lay 9 *]i%+ ! law intact4 7#ac7 ,aft] ! high prie/s _h assum$ ! p[] ( c>ry+ on ! gov]nm5t1 & add$ ! rights ( secul> rul]s to ^? !y already possess$1 ea* "o began bo? 9 ?+s religi\s & 9 ?+s secul>1 to seek = ! glorification ( 8 own "n1 settl+ ev]y?+ by sac]dotal au?ority1 & issu+ e day1 conc]n+ c]emonies1 fai?1 & all else1 new decrees :i* he s\ght to make z sacr$ & au?oritative z ! laws ( ,moses4 7#ad7 ,religion ?us sank into a degrad+ sup]/ition1 :ile ! true mean+ & int]pretation ( ! laws became corrupt$4 7#ae7 ,fur!rmore1 :ile ! high prie/s 7 pav+ _! way to ! secul> rule j aft] ! re/oration1 !y attempt$ to ga9 popul> fav\r by ass5t+ to e dem&2 approv+ :atev] ! p did1 h[ev] impi\s1 & accommodat+ ,scripture to ! v deprav$ curr5t morals4 7#af7 ,mala*i be>s witness to ?is 9 no measur$ t]ms3 he *ides ! prie/s ( 8 "t z despis]s ( ! "n ( ,god1 & !n goes on ) 8 invective z foll[s 7,mal ii3#g1 #h73 ,= ! prie/'s lips %\ld keep k1 & !y %\ld seek ! law at 8 m\?3 = he is ! mess5g] ( ! ,"l ( ho/s4 7#ag7 ,b ye are dep>t$ out ( ! way2 ye h caus$ _m to /umble at ! law1 ye h corrupt$ ! cov5ant ( ,levi1 sai? ! ,"l ( ho/s4 7#ah7 ,he fur!r accuses !m ( int]pret+ ! laws accord+ to _! own pleasure1 & pay+ no respect to ,god b only to p]sons4 7#ai7 ,x is c]ta9 t ! high prie/s 7 nev] s cauti\s 9 _! conduct z to escape ! rem>k ( ! m %rewd among ! p1 = ! latt] 7 at l5g? embold5$ to ass]t t no laws ought to be kept save ^? t 7 writt51 & t ! decrees :i* ! ,ph>isees 7consi/+1 z ,josephus says 9 8 ,antiquities1 *iefly ( ! common p71 7 deceiv$ into call+ ! traditions ( ! fa!rs1 %\ld n be obs]v$ at all4 7#bj7 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 we c 9 n[ise d\bt t flatt]y ( ! high prie/1 ! corruption ( religion & ! laws1 & ! enorm\s increase ( ! ext5t ( ! la/-nam$1 gave v great & frequ5t occasion = disputes & alt]cations impossible to allay4 7#ba7 ,:5 m5 beg9 to qu>rel ) all ! ard\r ( sup]/ition1 & ! magi/racy to back up "o side or ! o!r1 !y c nev] come to a compromise1 b are b\nd to split into sects4 7#ah3bb7 ,,ii4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ! prophets1 :o 7 9 a private /ation ( life1 r irritat$ ?an re=m$ mank9d by _! fre$om ( w>n+1 rebuke1 & c5sure2 :]eas ! k+s1 by _! repro(s & puni%m5ts1 c\ld always produce an effect4 7#bc7 ,! prophets 7 (t5 intol]able ev5 to pi\s k+s1 on acc\nt ( ! au?ority !y assum$ = judg+ :e!r an action 0 "r or wrong1 or = reprov+ ! k+s !mselves if !y d>$ to transact any bus9ess1 :e!r public or private1 )\t prophetic sanction4 7#bd7 ,k+ ,asa :o1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,scripture1 reign$ pi\sly1 put ! prophet ,hanani into a prison-h\se because he _h v5tur$ freely to *ide & reprove him = ent]+ into a cov5ant ) ! k+ ( ,arm5ia4 7#ah3be7 ,o!r examples might be cit$1 t5d+ to prove t religion ga9$ m h>m ?an good by su* fre$om1 n to speak ( ! fur!r consequ5ce1 t if ! prophets _h reta9$ _! rights1 great civil w>s w\ld h result$4 7#bf7 ,,iii4 ,x is rem>kable t dur+ all ! p]iod1 dur+ :i* ! p held ! re9s ( p[]1 !re 0 only "o civil w>1 & t "o 0 completely ext+ui%$1 ! conqu]ors tak+ su* pity on ! conqu]$1 t !y endeav\r$ 9 e way to re9/ate !m 9 _! =m] dignity & p[]4 7#bg7 ,b aft] t ! p1 little accu/om$ to k+s1 *ang$ its fir/ =m ( gov]nm5t into a mon>*y1 civil w> rag$ almo/ cont9u\sly2 & battles 7 s fi]ce z to exce$ all o!rs record$2 9 "o engagem5t 7tax+ our fai? to ! utmo/7 five hundr$ ?\s& ,israelites 7 slaught]$ by ! m5 ( ,judah1 & 9 ano!r ! ,israelites slew great numb]s ( ! m5 ( ,judah 7! figures are n giv5 9 ,scripture71 almo/ raz$ to ! gr\nd ! walls ( ,j]usalem1 & sack$ ! ,temple 9 _! unbridl$ fury4 7#bh7 ,at l5g?1 lad5 ) ! spoils ( _! bre?r51 satiat$ ) blood1 !y took ho/ages1 & leav+ ! k+ 9 8 well-nigh deva/at$ k+dom1 laid d[n _! arms1 rely+ on ! weakness r ?an ! good fai? ( _! foes4 7#bi7 ,a few ye>s aft]1 ! m5 ( ,judah1 ) recruit$ /r5g?1 aga9 took ! field1 b 7 a second "t beat5 by ! ,israelites1 & sla9 to ! numb] ( a hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s&1 two hundr$ ?\s& ( _! wives & *ildr5 7 l$ into captivity1 & a great booty aga9 seiz$4 7#cj7 ,worn out ) ^! & simil> battles set =? at l5g? 9 _! hi/ories1 ! ,jews at l5g? fell a prey to _! enemies4 7#ah3ca7 ,fur!rmore1 if we reckon up ! times dur+ :i* peace prevail$ "u ea* =m ( gov]nm5t1 we %all f9d a great discrepancy4 7#cb7 ,be=e ! mon>*y =ty ye>s & m (t5 pass$1 & once eighty ye>s 7an almo/ unp>allel$ p]iod71 )\t any w>1 =eign or civil4 7#cc7 ,aft] ! k+s acquir$ sov]eign p[]1 ! fight+ 0 no long] = peace & lib]ty1 b = glory2 accord+ly we f9d t !y all1 ) ! exception ( ,solomon 7^: virtue & wisdom w\ld be bett] display$ 9 peace ?an 9 w>7 wag$ w>1 & f9ally a fatal desire = p[] ga9$ gr\nd1 :i*1 9 _m cases1 made ! pa? to ! ?rone a bloody "o4 7#ah3cd7 ,la/ly1 ! laws1 dur+ ! rule ( ! p1 rema9$ uncorrupt$ & 7 /udi\sly obs]v$4 7#ce7 ,be=e ! mon>*y !re 7 v few prophets to admoni% ! p1 b aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( k+s !re 7 a great numb] at ! same "t4 7#cf7 ,obadiah sav$ a hundr$ f dea? & hid !m away1 le/ !y %\ld be sla9 ) ! re/4 7#cg7 ,! p1 s f> z we c see1 7 nev] deceiv$ by false prophets till aft] ! p[] _h be5 ve/$ 9 k+s1 ^: creatures _m ( ! prophets 74 7#ch7 ,aga91 ! p1 ^: he>t 0 g5]ally pr\d or humble accord+ to its circum/ances1 easily correct$ itself "u mis=tune1 turn$ aga9 to ,god1 re/or$ ,8 laws1 & s fre$ itself f all p]il2 b ! k+s1 ^: he>ts 7 always equally puff$ up1 & :o c\ld n be correct$ )\t humiliation1 clung p]t9aci\sly to _! vices1 ev5 till ! la/ ov]?r[ ( ! city4 #ah3b 7#ci7 ,we may n[ cle>ly see f :at ,i h said3- 7#dj7 ,i4 ,h[ hurtful to religion & ! /ate is ! concession to m9i/]s ( religion ( any p[] ( issu+ decrees or transact+ ! bus9ess ( gov]nm5t3 h[1 on ! contr>y1 f> great] /ability is af=d$1 if ! said m9i/]s are only all[$ to give answ]s to que/ions duly put to !m1 & are1 z a rule1 oblig$ to prea* & practise ! receiv$ & accept$ doctr9es4 7#ah3da7 ,,ii ,h[ dang]\s x is to ref] to ,div9e "r matt]s m]ely speculative & subject or liable to dispute4 7#db7 ,! mo/ tyrannical gov]nm5ts are ^? :i* make crimes ( op9ions1 = ev]yone has an inali5able "r ov] 8 ?\ghts - nay1 su* a /ate ( ?+s leads to ! rule ( popul> passion4 7#ah3dc7 ,pontius ,pilate made concession to ! passion ( ! ,ph>isees 9 cons5t+ to ! crucifixion ( ,*ri/1 :om he knew to be innoc5t4 7#dd7 ,aga91 ! ,ph>isees1 9 ord] to %ake ! position ( m5 ri*] ?an !mselves1 began to set on foot que/ions ( religion1 & accus$ ! ,sadducees ( impiety1 &1 foll[+ _! example1 ! vile/ hypocrites1 /irr$1 z !y pret5d$1 by ! same holy wra? :i* !y call$ zeal = ! ,"l1 p]secut$ m5 ^: unblemi%$ "* & di/+ui%$ virtue _h excit$ ! popul> hatr$1 publicly d5\nc$ _! op9ions1 & inflam$ ! fi]ce passions ( ! p aga9/ !m4 7#ah3de7 ,?is wanton lic5ce be+ cloak$ ) ! speci\s g>b ( religion c\ld n easily be repress$1 especially :5 ! sov]eign au?orities introduc$ a sect ( :i* !y 7 n ! head2 !y 7 !n reg>d$ n z int]pret]s ( ,div9e "r1 b z sect>ians - t is1 z p]sons recogniz+ ! "r ( ,div9e int]pretation assum$ by ! lead]s ( ! sect4 7#df7 ,! au?ority ( ! magi/rates ?us became ( little acc\nt 9 su* matt]s 9 comp>ison ) ! au?ority ( sect>ian lead]s be=e ^: int]pretations k+s 7 oblig$ to b[4 7#ah3dg7 ,to avoid su* evils 9 a /ate1 !re is no saf] way1 ?an to make piety & religion to consi/ 9 acts only - t is1 9 ! practice ( ju/ice & *>ity1 leav+ ev]yone's judgm5t 9 o!r respects free4 7#dh7 ,b ,i w speak ( ?is m at l5g? pres5tly4 #ah3c 7#di7 ,,iii4 ,we see h[ necess>y x is1 bo? 9 ! int]e/s ( ! /ate & 9 ! int]e/s ( religion1 to conf] on ! sov]eign p[] ! "r ( decid+ :at is lawful or ! rev]se4 7#ej7 ,if ?is "r ( judg+ actions c\ld n be giv5 to ! v prophets ( ,god )\t great injury to ! /ate & religion1 h[ mu* less %\ld x be entru/$ to ^? :o c nei!r =etell ! future nor "w miracles6 7#ea7 ,b ?is aga9 ,i w treat ( m fully h]eaft]4 7#ah3eb7 ,,iv4 ,la/ly1 we see h[ disa/r\s x is = a p unaccu/om$ to k+s1 & possess+ a complete code ( laws1 to set up a mon>*y4 7#ec7 ,nei!r c ! subjects brook su* a sway1 nor ! royal au?ority submit to laws & popul> rights set up by anyone inf]ior to itself4 7#ed7 ,/ill less c a k+ be expect$ to def5d su* laws1 = !y 7 n fram$ to support 8 dom9ion1 b ! dom9ion ( ! p1 or "s c\ncil :i* =m]ly rul$1 s t 9 gu>d+ ! popul> rights ! k+ w\ld seem to be a slave r ?an a ma/]4 7#ee7 ,! repres5tative ( a new mon>*y w employ all 8 zeal 9 attempt+ to frame new laws1 s z to wre/ ! rights ( dom9ion to 8 own use1 & to r$uce ! p till !y f9d x easi] to increase ?an to curtail ! royal pr]ogative4 7#ef7 ,i mu/ n1 h[ev]1 omit to /ate t x is no less dang]\s to remove a mon>*1 ?\gh he is on all h&s admitt$ to be a tyrant4 7#eg7 ,= 8 p are accu/om$ to royal au?ority & w obey no o!r1 despis+ & mock+ at any less augu/ control4 7#ah3eh7 ,x is !re=e necess>y1 z ! prophets discov]$ ( old1 if "o k+ be remov$1 t he %\ld be replac$ by ano!r1 :o w be a tyrant f necessity r ?an *oice4 7#ei7 ,= h[ w he be able to endure ! sight ( ! h&s ( ! citiz5s reek+ ) royal blood1 & to rejoice 9 _! regicide z a glori\s exploit8 7#fj7 ,0 n ! de$ p]petrat$ z an example & w>n+ = himself8 7#ah3fa7 ,if he really wi%es to be k+1 & n to ackn[l$ge ! p z ! judge ( k+s & ! ma/] ( himself1 or to wield a prec>i\s sway1 he mu/ av5ge ! dea? ( 8 pr$ecessor1 mak+ an example = 8 own sake1 le/ ! p %\ld v5ture to repeat a simil> crime4 7#fb7 ,he w n1 h[ev]1 be able easily to av5ge ! dea? ( ! tyrant by ! slaught] ( citiz5s unless he def5ds ! cause ( tyranny & approves ! de$s ( 8 pr$ecessor1 ?us foll[+ 9 8 foot/eps4 7#ah3fc7 ,h5ce x comes to pass t peoples h (t5 *ang$ _! tyrants1 b nev] remov$ !m or *ang$ ! mon>*ical =m ( gov]nm5t into any o!r4 #ah3d 7#fd7 ,! ,engli% p furni% u ) a t]rible example ( ?is fact4 7#fe7 ,!y s\ght h[ to depose _! mon>* "u ! =ms ( law1 b :5 he _h be5 remov$1 !y 7 utt]ly unable to *ange ! =m ( gov]nm5t1 & aft] mu* blood%$ only br\ght x ab\t1 t a new mon>* %\ld be hail$ "u a diff]5t "n 7z ?\gh x _h be5 a m]e "q ( names72 ?is new mon>* c\ld only consolidate 8 p[] by completely de/roy+ ! royal /ock1 putt+ to dea? ! k+'s fri5ds1 real or suppos$1 & di/urb+ ) w> ! peace :i* might enc\rage discont5t1 9 ord] t ! populace might be engross$ ) novelties & div]t its m9d f brood+ ov] ! slaught] ( ! k+4 7#ff7 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 ! p reflect$ t x _h accompli%$ no?+ = ! good ( ! c\ntry beyond violat+ ! rights ( ! lawful k+ & *ang+ ev]y?+ = ! worse4 7#fg7 ,x !re=e decid$ to retrace its /eps z soon z possible1 & nev] re/$ till x _h se5 a complete re/oration ( ! orig9al /ate ( affairs4 7#ah3fh7 ,x may p]haps be object$ t ! ,roman p 0 easily able to remove its tyrants1 b ,i ga!r f its hi/ory a /rong confirmation ( my cont5tion4 7#fi7 ,?\gh ! ,roman p 0 mu* m ?an ord9>ily capable ( remov+ _! tyrants & *ang+ _! =m ( gov]nm5t1 inasmu* z x held 9 its own h&s ! p[] ( elect+ its k+ & 8 successor1 & be+ compos$ ( rebels & crim9als _h n long be5 us$ to ! royal yoke 7out ( its six k+s x _h put to dea? ?ree71 nev]!less x c\ld accompli% no?+ beyond elect+ sev]al tyrants 9 place ( "o1 :o kept x groan+ "u a cont9ual /ate ( w>1 bo? =eign & civil1 till at la/ x *ang$ its gov]nm5t aga9 to a =m diff]+ f mon>*y1 z 9 ,engl&1 only 9 "n4 #ah3e 7#gj7 ,z = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 !y h nev]1 z we "k1 _h a k+1 b only c\nts1 :o nev] atta9$ ! full rights ( dom9ion4 7#ga7 ,! ,/ates ( ! ,ne!rl&s evid5tly act$ z pr9cipals 9 ! settlem5t made by !m at ! "t ( ! ,e>l ( ,leice/]'s mission3 !y always res]v$ = !mselves ! au?ority to keep ! c\nts up to _! duties1 & ! p[] to pres]ve ?is au?ority & ! lib]ty ( ! citiz5s4 7#gb7 ,!y _h ample means ( v9dicat+ _! rights if _! rul]s %\ld prove tyrannical1 & c\ld impose su* re/ra9ts t no?+ c\ld be done )\t _! cons5t & approval4 7#ah3gc7 ,?us ! rights ( sov]eign p[] h always be5 ve/$ 9 ! ,/ates1 ?\gh ! la/ c\nt endeav\r$ to usurp !m4 7#gd7 ,x is !re=e little likely t ! ,/ates %\ld give !m up1 especially z !y h j re/or$ _! orig9al dom9ion1 lately almo/ lo/4 7#ah3ge7 ,^! examples1 !n1 confirm u 9 our belief1 t e dom9ion %\ld reta9 its orig9al =m1 &1 inde$1 _c *ange x )\t dang] ( ! utt] ru9 ( ! :ole /ate4 7#gf7 ,su* are ! po9ts ,i h "h ?\ght wor?y ( rem>k4 #ai3j ,,*apt] ,,xix - ,,x ,,is ,,%[n ,,t ,,! ,,"r ,,ov] ,,matt]s ,,spiritual ,,lies ,,:olly ,,) ,,! ,,sov]eign1 ,,& ,,t ,,! ,,outw>d ,,=ms ,,( ,,religion ,,%\ld ,,be ,,9 ,,accordance ,,) ,,public ,,peace1 ,,if ,,we ,,w\ld ,,obey ,,god ,,aright4 7#a7 ,:5 ,i said t ! possessors ( sov]eign p[] h rights ov] ev]y?+1 & t all rights are dep5d5t on _! decree1 ,i did n m]ely mean temporal rights1 b also spiritual rights2 ( ! latt]1 no less ?an ! =m]1 !y ought to be ! int]pret]s & ! *ampions4 7#b7 ,i wi% to draw special att5tion to ?is po9t1 & to discuss x fully 9 ?is *apt]1 because _m p]sons d5y t ! "r ( decid+ religi\s que/ions belongs to ! sov]eign p[]1 & refuse to ackn[l$ge x z ! int]pret] ( ,div9e "r4 7#c7 ,!y accord+ly assume full lic5ce to accuse & arraign x1 nay1 ev5 to excommunicate x f ! ,*ur*1 z ,ambrosius treat$ ! ,emp]or ,!odosius 9 old "t4 7#d7 ,h[ev]1 ,i w %[ lat] on 9 ?is *apt] t !y take ?is means ( divid+ ! gov]nm5t1 & pav+ ! way to _! own asc5dancy4 7#e7 ,i wi%1 h[ev]1 fir/ to po9t out t religion acquires its =ce z law solely f ! decrees ( ! sov]eign4 7#f7 ,god has no special k+dom among m5 except 9 s f> z ,he reigns ?r\gh temporal rul]s4 #ai3a 7#g7 ,moreov]1 ! rites ( religion & ! outw>d obs]vances ( piety %\ld be 9 accordance ) ! public peace & well-be+1 & %\ld !re=e be det]m9$ by ! sov]eign p[] alone4 7#h7 ,i speak "h only ( ! outw>d obs]vances ( piety & ! ext]nal rites ( religion1 n ( piety1 itself1 nor ( ! inw>d wor%ip ( ,god1 nor ! means by :i* ! m9d is inw>dly l$ to d homage to ,god 9 s+l5ess ( he>t4 7#ai3i7 ,inw>d wor%ip ( ,god & piety 9 itself are )9 ! sph]e ( ev]yone's private rights1 & _c be ali5at$ 7z ,i %[$ at ! end ( ,*apt] ,,vii474 7#aj7 ,:at ,i "h mean by ! k+dom ( ,god is1 ,i ?9k1 suffici5tly cle> f :at has be5 said 9 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 7#aa7 ,i !re %[$ t a man be/ fulfils ,god's law :o wor%ips ,him1 accord+ to ,8 comm&1 ?r\gh acts ( ju/ice & *>ity2 x foll[s1 !re=e1 t :]ev] ju/ice & *>ity h ! =ce ( law & ord9ance1 !re is ,god's k+dom4 7#ai3ab7 ,i recognize no diff]5ce betwe5 ! cases :]e ,god tea*es & comm&s ! practice ( ju/ice & *>ity ?r\gh our natural faculties1 & ^? :]e ,he makes special revelations2 nor is ! =m ( ! revelation ( importance s long z su* practice is reveal$ & becomes a sov]eign & supreme law to m54 7#ac7 ,if1 !re=e1 ,i %[ t ju/ice & *>ity c only acquire ! =ce ( "r & law ?r\gh ! rights ( rul]s1 ,i %all be able readily to arrive at ! conclusion 7see+ t ! rights ( rul]s are 9 ! possession ( ! sov]eign71 t religion c only acquire ! =ce ( "r by means ( ^? :o h ! "r to comm&1 & t ,god only rules among m5 ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( e>?ly pot5tates4 7#ad7 ,x foll[s f :at has be5 said1 t ! practice ( ju/ice & *>ity only acquires ! =ce ( law ?r\gh ! rights ( ! sov]eign au?ority2 = we %[$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 t 9 ! /ate ( nature reason has no m rights ?an desire1 b t m5 liv+ ei!r by ! laws ( ! =m] or ! laws ( ! latt]1 possess rights co-ext5sive ) _! p[]s4 7#ai3ae7 ,= ?is reason we c\ld n conceive s9 to exi/ 9 ! /ate ( nature1 nor imag9e ,god z a judge puni%+ man's transgressions2 b we suppos$ all ?+s to happ5 accord+ to ! g5]al laws ( univ]sal nature1 !re be+ no diff]5ce betwe5 pi\s & impi\s1 betwe5 him t 0 pure 7z ,solomon says7 & him t 0 impure1 because !re 0 no possibility ei!r ( ju/ice or *>ity4 #ai3b 7#af7 ,9 ord] t ! true doctr9es ( reason1 t is 7z we %[$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv471 ! true ,div9e doctr9es might obta9 absolutely ! =ce ( law & "r1 x 0 necess>y t ea* individual %\ld c$e 8 natural "r1 & transf] x ei!r to society z a :ole1 or to a c]ta9 body ( m51 or to "o man4 7#ag7 ,!n1 & n till !n1 does x fir/ dawn ^u u :at is ju/ice & :at is inju/ice1 :at is equity & :at is iniquity4 7#ai3ah7 ,ju/ice1 !re=e1 & absolutely all ! precepts ( reason1 includ+ love t[>ds "o's neighb\r1 receive ! =ce ( laws & ord9ances solely ?r\gh ! rights ( dom9ion1 t is 7z we %[$ 9 ! same *apt]7 solely on ! decree ( ^? :o possess ! "r to rule4 7#ai7 ,inasmu* z ! k+dom ( ,god consi/s entirely 9 rights appli$ to ju/ice & *>ity or to true religion1 x foll[s t 7z we ass]t$7 ! k+dom ( ,god c only exi/ among m5 ?r\gh ! means ( ! sov]eign p[]s2 nor does x make any diff]5ce :e!r religion be appreh5d$ by our natural faculties or by revelation3 ! argum5t is s\nd 9 bo? cases1 inasmu* z religion is "o & ! same1 & is equally reveal$ by ,god1 :atev] be ! mann] 9 :i* x becomes kn[n to m54 7#ai3bj7 ,?us1 9 ord] t ! religion reveal$ by ! prophets might h ! =ce ( law among ! ,jews1 x 0 necess>y t e man ( !m %\ld yield up 8 natural "r1 & t all %\ld1 ) "o accord1 agree t !y w\ld only obey su* comm&s z ,god %\ld reveal to !m ?r\gh ! prophets4 7#ba7 ,j z we h %[n to take place 9 a democracy1 :]e m5 ) "o cons5t agree to live accord+ to ! dictates ( reason4 7#bb7 ,al?\gh ! ,hebrews fur!rmore transf]r$ _! "r to ,god1 !y 7 able to d s r 9 !ory ?an 9 practice1 =1 z a matt] ( fact 7z we po9t$ out above7 !y absolutely reta9$ ! "r ( dom9ion till !y transf]r$ x to ,moses1 :o 9 8 turn became absolute k+1 s t x 0 only ?r\gh him t ,god reign$ ov] ! ,hebrews4 7#bc7 ,= ?is reason 7namely1 t religion only acquires ! =ce ( law by means ( ! sov]eign p[]7 ,moses 0 n able to puni% ^? :o1 be=e ! cov5ant1 & consequ5tly :ile /ill 9 possession ( _! rights1 violat$ ! ,sabba? 7,exod4 xvi3#bg71 b 0 able to d s aft] ! cov5ant 7,numb4 xv3#cf71 because ev]yone _h !n yield$ up 8 natural rights1 & ! ord9ance ( ! ,sabba? _h receiv$ ! =ce ( law4 7#ai3bd7 ,la/ly1 = ! same reason1 aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,hebrew dom9ion1 reveal$ religion ceas$ to h ! =ce ( law2 = we _c d\bt t z soon z ! ,jews transf]r$ _! "r to ! k+ ( ,babylon1 ! k+dom ( ,god & ! ,div9e "r =?) ceas$4 7#be7 ,= ! cov5ant :]e) !y promis$ to obey all ! utt]ances ( ,god 0 abrogat$2 ,god's k+dom1 :i* 0 bas$ !reupon1 also ceas$4 7#bf7 ,! ,hebrews c\ld no long] abide !reby1 inasmu* z _! rights no long] belong$ to !m b to ! k+ ( ,babylon1 :om 7z we %[$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xvi47 !y 7 b\nd to obey 9 all ?+s4 7#bg7 ,j]emiah 7*ap4 xxix3#g7 expressly admoni%es !m ( ?is fact3 ,& seek ! peace ( ! city1 :i!r ,i h caus$ y to be c>ri$ away captives1 & pray unto ! ,"l = x2 = 9 ! peace !re( %all ye h peace4 7#bh7 ,n[1 !y c\ld n seek ! peace ( ! ,city z hav+ a %>e 9 its gov]nm5t1 b only z slaves1 be+1 z !y 71 captives2 by ob$i5ce 9 all ?+s1 ) a view to avoid+ s$itions1 & by obs]v+ all ! laws ( ! c\ntry1 h[ev] diff]5t f _! own4 7#bi7 ,x is ?us abundantly evid5t t religion among ! ,hebrews only acquir$ ! =m ( law ?r\gh ! "r ( ! sov]eign rule2 :5 t rule 0 de/roy$1 x c\ld no long] be receiv$ z ! law ( a p>ticul> k+dom1 b only z ! univ]sal precept ( reason4 7#cj7 ,i say ( reason1 = ! univ]sal religion _h n yet become kn[n by revelation4 7#ca7 ,we may !re=e draw ! g5]al conclusion t religion1 :e!r reveal$ ?r\gh our natural faculties or ?r\gh prophets1 receives ! =ce ( a comm& solely ?r\gh ! decrees ( ! hold]s ( sov]eign p[]2 &1 fur!r1 t ,god has no special k+dom among m51 except 9 s f> z ,he reigns ?r\gh e>?ly pot5tates4 7#ai3cb7 ,we may n[ see 9 a cle>] light :at 0 /at$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv41 namely1 t all ! decrees ( ,god involve et]nal tru? & necessity1 s t we _c conceive ,god z a pr9ce or legislator giv+ laws to mank9d4 7#cc7 ,= ?is reason ! ,div9e precepts1 :e!r reveal$ ?r\gh our natural faculties1 or ?r\gh prophets1 d n receive imm$iately f ,god ! =ce ( a comm&1 b only f ^?1 or ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ^?1 :o possess ! "r ( rul+ & legislat+4 7#cd7 ,x is only ?r\gh ^! latt] means t ,god rules among m51 & directs human affairs ) ju/ice & equity4 7#ai3ce7 ,?is conclusion is support$ by exp]i5ce1 = we f9d traces ( ,div9e ju/ice only 9 places :]e j m5 be> sway2 else:]e ! same lot 7to repeat1 aga9 ,solomon's words7 befalls ! j & ! unju/1 ! pure & ! impure3 a /ate ( ?+s :i* causes ,div9e ,provid5ce to be d\bt$ by _m :o ?9k t ,god imm$iately reigns among m51 & directs all nature = _! b5efit4 #ai3c 7#cf7 ,z1 !n1 bo? reason & exp]i5ce tell u t ! ,div9e "r is entirely dep5d5t on ! decrees ( secul> rul]s1 x foll[s t secul> rul]s are its prop] int]pret]s4 7#cg7 ,h[ ?is is s we %all n[ see1 = x is "t to %[ t ! outw>d obs]vances ( religion1 & all ! ext]nal practices ( piety %\ld be br\ght into accordance ) ! public peace & well-be+ if we w\ld obey ,god rightly4 7#ch7 ,:5 ?is has be5 %[n we %all easily und]/& h[ ! sov]eign rul]s are ! prop] int]pret]s ( religion & piety4 7#ai3ci7 ,x is c]ta9 t duties t[>ds "o's c\ntry are ! highe/ t man c fulfil2 =1 if gov]nm5t be tak5 away1 no good ?+ c la/1 all falls into dispute1 ang] & an>*y reign un*eck$ amid univ]sal fe>4 7#dj7 ,consequ5tly !re c be no duty t[>ds our neighb\r :i* w\ld n become an (f5ce if x involv$ injury to ! :ole /ate1 nor c !re be any (f5ce aga9/ our duty t[>ds our neighb\r1 or any?+ b loyalty 9 :at we d = ! sake ( pres]v+ ! /ate4 7#da7 ,= in/ance3 x is 9 ! ab/ract my duty :5 my neighb\r qu>rels ) me & wi%es to take my cloak1 to give him my coat also2 b if x be ?\ght t su* conduct is hurtful to ! ma9t5ance ( ! /ate1 ,i ought to br+ him to trial1 ev5 at ! risk ( 8 be+ condemn$ to dea?4 7#ai3db7 ,= ?is reason ,manlius ,torquatus is held up to hon\r1 inasmu* z ! public welf>e outweigh$ ) him 8 duty t[>ds 8 *ildr54 7#dc7 ,?is be+ s1 x foll[s t ! public welf>e is ! sov]eign law to :i* all o!rs1 ,div9e & human1 %\ld be made to con=m4 7#dd7 ,n[1 x is ! function ( ! sov]eign only to decide :at is necess>y = ! public welf>e & ! safety ( ! /ate1 & to give ord]s accord+ly2 !re=e x is also ! function ( ! sov]eign only to decide ! limits ( our duty t[>ds our neighb\r - 9 o!r words1 to det]m9e h[ we %\ld obey ,god4 7#de7 ,we c n[ cle>ly und]/& h[ ! sov]eign is ! int]pret] ( religion1 & fur!r1 t no "o c obey ,god rightly1 if ! practices ( 8 piety d n con=m to ! public welf>e2 or1 consequ5tly1 if he does n implicitly obey all ! comm&s ( ! sov]eign4 7#df7 ,= z by ,god's comm& we are b\nd to d our duty to all m5 )\t exception1 & to d no man an injury1 we are also b\nd n to help "o man at ano!r's loss1 /ill less at a loss to ! :ole /ate4 7#dg7 ,n[1 no private citiz5 c "k :at is good = ! /ate1 except he le>n x ?r\gh ! sov]eign p[]1 :o alone has ! "r to transact public bus9ess3 !re=e no "o c rightly practise piety or ob$i5ce to ,god1 unless he obey ! sov]eign p[]'s comm&s 9 all ?+s4 7#dh7 ,?is proposition is confirm$ by ! facts ( exp]i5ce4 7#di7 ,= if ! sov]eign adjudge a man to be wor?y ( dea? or an enemy1 :e!r he be a citiz5 or a =eign]1 a private individual or a sep>ate rul]1 no subject is all[$ to give him assi/ance4 7#ej7 ,s also ?\gh ! ,jews 7 bidd5 to love _! fell[-citiz5s z !mselves 7,levit4 xix3#ag1 #ah71 !y 7 nev]!less b\nd1 if a man (f5d$ aga9/ ! law1 to po9t him out to ! judge 7,levit4 v3#a1 & ,deut4 xiii3#h1 #i71 &1 if he %\ld be condemn$ to dea?1 to slay him 7,deut4 xvii3#g74 7#ai3ea7 ,fur!r1 9 ord] t ! ,hebrews might pres]ve ! lib]ty !y _h ga9$1 & might reta9 absolute sway ov] ! t]ritory !y _h conqu]$1 x 0 necess>y1 z we %[$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xvii41 t _! religion %\ld be adapt$ to _! p>ticul> gov]nm5t1 & t !y %\ld sep>ate !mselves f ! re/ ( ! nations3 :]e=e x 0 comm&$ to !m1 ,love ?y neighb\r & hate ?9e enemy 7,matt4 v3#dc71 b aft] !y _h lo/ _! dom9ion & _h gone into captivity 9 ,babylon1 ,j]emiah bid !m take ?\ght = ! safety ( ! /ate into :i* !y _h be5 l$ captive2 & ,*ri/ :5 ,he saw t !y w\ld be spread ov] ! :ole _w1 told !m to d _! duty by all m5 )\t exception2 all ( :i* in/ances %[ t religion has always be5 made to con=m to ! public welf>e4 #ai3d 7#eb7 ,p]haps someone w ask3 ,by :at "r1 !n1 did ! disciples ( ,*ri/1 be+ private citiz5s1 prea* a new religion8 7#ec7 ,i answ] t !y did s by ! "r ( ! p[] :i* !y _h receiv$ f ,*ri/ aga9/ unclean spirits 7see ,matt4 x3#a74 7#ed7 ,i h already /at$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 t all are b\nd to obey a tyrant1 unless !y h receiv$ f ,god ?r\gh und\bt$ revelation a promise ( aid aga9/ him2 s let no "o take example f ! ,apo/les unless he too has ! p[] ( work+ miracles4 7#ee7 ,! po9t is br\ght out m cle>ly by ,*ri/'s comm& to ,8 disciples1 ,fe> n ^? :o kill ! body 7,matt4 x3#bh74 7#ef7 ,if ?is comm& 7 impos$ on ev]yone1 gov]nm5ts w\ld be f\nd$ 9 va91 & ,solomon's words 7,prov4 xxiv3#ba71 ,my son1 fe> ,god & ! k+1 w\ld be impi\s1 :i* !y c]ta9ly are n2 we mu/ !re=e admit t ! au?ority :i* ,*ri/ gave to ,8 disciples 0 giv5 to !m only1 & mu/ n be tak5 z an example = o!rs4 7#ai3eg7 ,i d n pause to consid] ! argum5ts ( ^? :o wi% to sep>ate secul> rights f spiritual rights1 plac+ ! =m] "u ! control ( ! sov]eign1 & ! latt] "u ! control ( ! univ]sal ,*ur*2 su* pret5sions are too frivol\s to m]it refutation4 7#eh7 ,i _c h[ev]1 pass ov] 9 sil5ce ! fact t su* p]sons are woefully deceiv$ :5 !y seek to support _! s$iti\s op9ions 7,i ask p>don = ! some:at h>% epi!t7 by ! example ( ! ,jewi% high prie/1 :o1 9 anci5t times1 _h ! "r ( adm9i/]+ ! sacr$ (fices4 7#ei7 ,did n ! high prie/s receive _! "r by ! decree ( ,moses 7:o1 z ,i h %[n1 reta9$ ! sole "r to rule71 & c\ld !y n by ! same means be depriv$ ( x8 7#fj7 ,moses himself *ose n only ,a>on1 b also 8 son ,eleaz>1 & 8 gr&son ,ph9eas1 & be/[$ on !m ! "r ( adm9i/]+ ! (fice ( high prie/4 7#fa7 ,?is "r 0 reta9$ by ! high prie/s aft]w>ds1 b none ! less 7 !y delegates ( ,moses - t is1 ( ! sov]eign p[]4 7#fb7 ,moses1 z we h %[n1 left no successor to 8 dom9ion1 b s di/ribut$ 8 pr]ogatives1 t ^? :o came aft] him seem$1 z x 71 reg5ts :o adm9i/] ! gov]nm5t :5 a k+ is abs5t b n dead4 7#ai3fb7 ,9 ! second commonweal? ! high prie/s held _! "r absolutely1 aft] !y _h obta9$ ! rights ( pr9cipality 9 addition4 7#fc7 ,:]e=e ! rights ( ! high prie/hood always dep5d$ on ! edict ( ! sov]eign1 & ! high prie/s did n possess !m till !y became sov]eigns also4 7#fd7 ,rights 9 matt]s spiritual always rema9$ "u ! control ( ! k+s absolutely 7z ,i w %[ at ! end ( ?is *apt]71 except 9 ! s+le p>ticul> t !y 7 n all[$ to adm9i/] 9 p]son ! sacr$ duties 9 ! ,temple1 inasmu* z !y 7 n ( ! family ( ,a>on1 & 7 !re=e consid]$ unclean1 a res]vation :i* w\ld h no =ce 9 a ,*ri/ian community4 7#ai3fe7 ,we _c1 !re=e1 d\bt t ! daily sacr$ rites 7^: p]=mance does n require a p>ticul> g5ealogy b only a special mode ( life1 & f :i* ! hold]s ( sov]eign p[] are n exclud$ z unclean7 are "u ! sole control ( ! sov]eign p[]2 no "o1 save by ! au?ority or concession ( su* sov]eign1 has ! "r or p[] ( adm9i/]+ !m1 ( *oos+ o!rs to adm9i/] !m1 ( def9+ or /r5g!n+ ! f\ndations ( ! ,*ur* & h] doctr9es2 ( judg+ on que/ions ( morality or acts ( piety2 ( receiv+ anyone into ! ,*ur* or excommunicat+ him !refrom1 or1 la/ly1 ( provid+ = ! poor4 7#ai3ff7 ,^! doctr9es are prov$ to be n only true 7z we h already po9t$ out71 b also ( prim>y necessity = ! pres]vation ( religion & ! /ate4 7#fg7 ,we all "k :at weight spiritual "r & au?ority c>ries 9 ! popul> m9d3 h[ ev]yone hangs on ! lips1 z x 71 ( ^? :o possess x4 7#fh7 ,we may ev5 say t ^? :o wield su* au?ority h ! mo/ complete sway ov] ! popul> m9d4 7#ai3fi7 ,:osoev]1 !re=e1 wi%es to take ?is "r away f ! sov]eign p[]1 is desir\s ( divid+ ! dom9ion2 f su* division1 cont5tions1 & /rife w necess>ily spr+ up1 z !y did ( old betwe5 ! ,jewi% k+s & high prie/s1 & w defy all attempts to allay !m4 7#gj7 ,nay1 fur!r1 he :o /rives to deprive ! sov]eign p[] ( su* au?ority1 is aim+ 7z we h said71 at ga9+ dom9ion = himself4 7#ga7 ,:at is left = ! sov]eign p[] to decide on1 if ?is "r be d5i$ him8 7#gb7 ,c]ta9ly no?+ conc]n+ ei!r w> or peace1 if he has to ask ano!r man's op9ion z to :e!r :at he believes to be b5eficial w\ld be pi\s or impi\s4 7#gc7 ,ev]y?+ w\ld dep5d on ! v]dict ( him :o _h ! "r ( decid+ & judg+ :at 0 pi\s or impi\s1 "r or wrong4 7#ai3gd7 ,:5 su* a "r 0 be/[$ on ! ,pope ( ,rome absolutely1 he gradually acquir$ complete control ov] ! k+s1 till at la/ he himself m\nt$ to ! summits ( dom9ion2 h[ev] mu* mon>*s1 & especially ! ,g]man emp]ors1 /rove to curtail 8 au?ority1 7 x only by a hairsbread?1 !y effect$ no?+1 b on ! contr>y by _! v endeav\rs l>gely increas$ x4 7#ge7 ,t :i* no mon>* c\ld accompli% ) fire & sword1 ecclesia/ics c\ld br+ ab\t ) a /roke ( ! p52 :]eby we may easily see ! =ce & p[] at ! comm& ( ! ,*ur*1 & also h[ necess>y x is = sov]eigns to res]ve su* pr]ogatives = !mselves4 7#ai3gf7 ,if we reflect on :at 0 said 9 ! la/ *apt] we %all see t su* res]vation conduc$ n a little to ! increase ( religion & piety2 = we obs]v$ t ! prophets !mselves1 ?\gh gift$ ) ,div9e efficacy1 be+ m]ely private citiz5s1 r irritat$ ?an re=m$ ! p by _! fre$om ( w>n+1 repro(1 & d5unciation1 :]eas ! k+s by w>n+s & puni%m5ts easily b5t m5 to _! w4 7#gg7 ,fur!rmore1 ! k+s !mselves1 n possess+ ! "r 9 "q absolutely1 v (t5 fell away f religion & took ) !m ne>ly ! :ole p4 7#gh7 ,! same ?+ has (t5 happ5$ f ! same cause 9 ,*ri/ian /ates4 7#ai3gi7 ,p]haps ,i %all be ask$1 ,b if ! hold]s ( sov]eign p[] *oose to be wick$1 :o w be ! rightful *ampion ( piety8 7#hj7 ,%\ld ! sov]eigns /ill be its int]pret]s8 ,i meet !m ) ! c\nt]-"q1 ,b if ecclesia/ics 7:o are also human1 & private citiz5s1 & :o ought to m9d only _! own affairs71 or if o!rs :om x is propos$ to entru/ ) spiritual au?ority1 *oose to be wick$1 %\ld !y /ill be consid]$ z piety's rightful int]pret]s8 7#ha7 ,x is q c]ta9 t :5 sov]eigns wi% to foll[ _! own pleasure1 :e!r !y h control ov] spiritual matt]s or n1 ! :ole /ate1 spiritual & secul>1 w g to ru91 & x w g mu* fa/] if private citiz5s s$iti\sly assume ! *ampion%ip ( ! ,div9e rights4 7#ai3hb7 ,?us we see t n only is no?+ ga9$ by d5y+ su* rights to sov]eigns1 b on ! contr>y1 great evil ensues4 7#hc7 ,= 7z happ5$ ) ! ,jewi% k+s :o did n possess su* rights absolutely7 rul]s are ?us driv5 into wick$ness1 & ! injury & loss to ! /ate become c]ta9 & inevitable1 in/ead ( unc]ta9 & possible4 7#hd7 ,:e!r we look to ! ab/ract tru?1 or ! security ( /ates1 or ! increase ( piety1 we are compell$ to ma9ta9 t ! ,div9e "r1 or ! "r ( control ov] spiritual matt]s1 dep5ds absolutely on ! decree ( ! sov]eign1 :o is its legitimate int]pret] & *ampion4 7#he7 ,!re=e ! true m9i/]s ( ,god's ^w are ^? :o tea* piety to ! p 9 ob$i5ce to ! au?ority ( ! sov]eign rul]s by ^: decree x has be5 br\ght into con=mity ) ! public welf>e4 #ai3e 7#hf7 ,!re rema9s = me to po9t out ! cause = ! frequ5t disputes on ! subject ( ^! spiritual rights 9 ,*ri/ian /ates2 :]eas ! ,hebrews1 s f> z ,i "k1 nev]1 _h any d\bts ab\t ! matt]4 7#hg7 ,x seems mon/r\s t a "q s pla9 & vitally important %\ld ?us h rema9$ undecid$1 & t ! secul> rul]s c\ld nev] obta9 ! pr]ogative )\t controv]sy1 nay1 nor )\t great dang] ( s$ition & injury to religion4 7#hh7 ,if no cause = ?is /ate ( ?+s 7 =?com+1 ,i c\ld easily p]suade myself t all ,i h said 9 ?is *apt] is m]e !oriz+1 or a k9d ( speculative reason+ :i* c nev] be ( any practical use4 7#hi7 ,h[ev]1 :5 we reflect on ! beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity ! cause at once becomes manife/4 7#ij7 ,! ,*ri/ian religion 0 n taught at fir/ by k+s1 b by private p]sons1 :o1 aga9/ ! wi%es ( ^? 9 p[]1 ^: subjects !y 71 7 = a long "t accu/om$ to hold meet+s 9 secret *ur*es1 to in/itute & p]=m sacr$ rites1 & on _! own au?ority to settle & decide on _! affairs )\t reg>d to ! /ate1 7#ia7 ,:51 aft] ! lapse ( _m ye>s1 ! religion 0 tak5 up by ! au?orities1 ! ecclesia/ics 7 oblig$ to tea* x to ! emp]ors !mselves z !y _h def9$ x3 :]e=e !y easily ga9$ recognition z its tea*]s & int]pret]s1 & ! *ur* pa/ors 7 look$ ^u z vic>s ( ,god4 7#ib7 ,! ecclesia/ics took good c>e t ! ,*ri/ian k+s %\ld n assume _! au?ority1 by prohibit+ m>riage to ! *ief m9i/]s ( religion & to its highe/ int]pret]4 7#ic7 ,!y fur!rmore elect$ _! purpose by multiply+ ! dogmas ( religion to su* an ext5t & s bl5d+ !m ) philosophy t _! *ief int]pret] 0 b\nd to be a skill$ philosoph] & !ologian1 & to h leisure = a ho/ ( idle speculations3 conditions :i* c\ld only be fulfill$ by a private individual ) mu* "t on 8 h&s4 7#ai3id7 ,among ! ,hebrews ?+s 7 v diff]5tly arrang$3 = _! ,*ur* began at ! same "t z _! dom9ion1 & ,moses1 _! absolute rul]1 taught religion to ! p1 arrang$ _! sacr$ rites1 & *ose _! spiritual m9i/]s4 7#ie7 ,?us ! royal au?ority c>ri$ v great weight ) ! p1 & ! k+s kept a firm hold on _! spiritual pr]ogatives4 7#ai3if7 ,al?\gh1 aft] ! dea? ( ,moses1 no "o held absolute sway1 yet ! p[] ( decid+ bo? 9 matt]s spiritual & matt]s temporal 0 9 ! h&s ( ! secul> *ief1 z ,i h already po9t$ out4 7#ig7 ,fur!r1 9 ord] t x might be taught religion & piety1 ! p 0 b\nd to consult ! supreme judge no less ?an ! high prie/ 7,deut4 xvii3#i1 #aa74 7#ih7 ,la/ly1 ?\gh ! k+s _h n z mu* p[] z ,moses1 ne>ly ! :ole arrangem5t & *oice ( ! sacr$ m9i/ry dep5d$ on _! decision4 7#ii7 ,?us ,david arrang$ ! :ole s]vice ( ! ,temple 7see #a ,*ron4 xxviii3#aa1 #ab1 c472 f all ! ,levites he *ose tw5ty-f\r ?\s& = ! sacr$ psalms2 six ?\s& ( ^! =m$ ! body f :i* 7 *os5 ! judges & proctors1 f\r ?\s& 7 port]s1 & f\r ?\s& to play on in/rum5ts 7see #a ,*ron4 xxiii3#d1 #e74 7#ajj7 ,he fur!r divid$ !m into companies 7( :om he *ose ! *iefs71 s t ea* 9 rotation1 at ! allott$ "t1 might p]=m ! sacr$ rites4 7#aja7 ,! prie/s he also divid$ into z _m companies2 ,i w n g ?r\gh ! :ole catalogue1 b ref] ! read] to #b ,*ron4 viii3#ac1 :]e x is /at$1 ,!n ,solomon (f]$ burnt (f]+s to ! ,"l 4 4 4 4 4 aft] a c]ta9 rate e day1 (f]+ accord+ to ! comm&m5ts ( ,moses2 & 9 v]se #ad1 ,& he appo9t$1 accord+ to ! ord] ( ,david 8 fa!r1 ! c\rses ( ! prie/s to _! s]vice 4 4 4 4 4 4 = s _h ,david ! man ( ,god comm&$4 7#ajb7 ,la/ly1 ! hi/orian be>s witness 9 v]se #ae3 ,& !y dep>t$ n f ! comm&m5t ( ! k+ unto ! prie/s & ,levites conc]n+ any matt]1 or conc]n+ ! treasuries4 #ai3f 7#ajc7 ,f ^! & o!r hi/ories ( ! k+s x is abundantly evid5t1 t ! :ole practice ( religion & ! sacr$ m9i/ry dep5d$ entirely on ! comm&s ( ! k+4 7#ai3ajd7 ,:5 ,i said above t ! k+s _h n ! same "r z ,moses to elect ! high prie/1 to consult ,god )\t int]m$i>ies1 & to condemn ! prophets :o prophesi$ dur+ _! reign2 ,i said s simply because ! prophets c\ld1 9 virtue ( _! mission1 *oose a new k+ & give absolution = regicide1 n because !y c\ld call a k+ :o (f5d$ aga9/ ! law to judgm5t1 or c\ld rightly act aga9/ him ,endnote #cc4 7#ai3aje7 ,:]e=e if !re _h be5 no prophets :o1 9 virtue ( a special revelation1 c\ld give absolution = regicide1 ! k+s w\ld h possess$ absolute rights ov] all matt]s bo? spiritual & temporal4 7#ajf7 ,consequ5tly ! rul]s ( mod]n times1 :o h no prophets & w\ld n rightly be b\nd 9 any case to receive !m 7= !y are n subject to ,jewi% law71 h absolute possession ( ! spiritual pr]ogative1 al?\gh !y are n celibates1 & !y w always reta9 x1 if !y w refuse to all[ religi\s dogmas to be unduly multipli$ or conf\nd$ ) philosophy4 #bj3j ,,*apt] ,,xx - ,,t ,,9 ,a ,,free ,,/ate ,,e ,,man ,,may ,,?9k ,,:at ,,he ,,likes1 ,,& ,,say ,,:at ,,he ,,?9ks4 #bj3a 7#a7 ,if m5's m9ds 7 z easily controll$ z _! tongues1 e k+ w\ld sit safely on 8 ?rone1 & gov]nm5t by compulsion w\ld cease2 = e subject w\ld %ape 8 life accord+ to ! int5tions ( 8 rul]s1 & w\ld e/eem a ?+ true or false1 good or evil1 j or unju/1 9 ob$i5ce to _! dictates4 7#b7 ,h[ev]1 we h %[n already 7,*apt] ,,xvii47 t no man's m9d c possibly lie :olly at ! disposition ( ano!r1 = no "o c will+ly transf] 8 natural "r ( free reason & judgm5t1 or be compell$ s to d4 7#c7 ,= ?is reason gov]nm5t :i* attempts to control m9ds is acc\nt$ tyrannical1 & x is consid]$ an abuse ( sov]eignty & a usurpation ( ! rights ( subjects1 to seek to prescribe :at %all be accept$ z true1 or reject$ z false1 or :at op9ions %\ld actuate m5 9 _! wor%ip ( ,god4 7#d7 ,all ^! que/ions fall )9 a man's natural "r1 :i* he _c abdicate ev5 ) 8 own cons5t4 7#bj3e7 ,i admit t ! judgm5t c be biass$ 9 _m ways1 & to an almo/ incr$ible degree1 s t :ile exempt f direct ext]nal control x may be s dep5d5t on ano!r man's words1 t x may fitly be said to be rul$ by him2 b al?\gh ?is influ5ce is c>ri$ to great l5g?s1 x has nev] gone s f> z to invalidate ! /atem5t1 t e man's und]/&+ is 8 own1 & t bra9s are z div]se z palates4 7#bj3f7 ,moses1 n by fraud1 b by ,div9e virtue1 ga9$ su* a hold ov] ! popul> judgm5t t he 0 acc\nt$ sup]human1 & believ$ to speak & act ?r\gh ! inspiration ( ! ,deity2 nev]!less1 ev5 he c\ld n escape murmurs & evil int]pretations4 7#g7 ,h[ mu* less !n c o!r mon>*s avoid !m6 7#h7 ,yet su* unlimit$ p[]1 if x exi/s at all1 mu/ belong to a mon>*1 & lea/ ( all to a democracy1 :]e ! :ole or a great "p ( ! p wield au?ority collectively4 7#i7 ,?is is a fact :i* ,i ?9k ev]yone c expla9 = himself4 7#bj3aj7 ,h[ev] unlimit$1 !re=e1 ! p[] ( a sov]eign may be1 h[ev] implicitly x is tru/$ z ! expon5t ( law & religion1 x c nev] prev5t m5 f =m+ judgm5ts accord+ to _! intellect1 or be+ influ5c$ by any giv5 emotion4 7#aa7 ,x is true t x has ! "r to treat z enemies all m5 ^: op9ions d n1 on all subjects1 entirely co9cide ) its own2 b we are n discuss+ its /rict rights1 b its prop] c\rse ( action4 7#ab7 ,i grant t x has ! "r to rule 9 ! mo/ viol5t mann]1 & to put citiz5s to dea? = v trivial causes1 b no "o supposes x c d ?is ) ! approval ( s\nd judgm5t4 7#ac7 ,nay1 inasmu* z su* ?+s _c be done )\t extreme p]il to itself1 we may ev5 d5y t x has ! absolute p[] to d !m1 or1 consequ5tly1 ! absolute "r2 = ! rights ( ! sov]eign are limit$ by 8 p[]4 #bj3b 7#ad7 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 no "o c abdicate 8 fre$om ( judgm5t & feel+2 s9ce e man is by indefeasible natural "r ! ma/] ( 8 own ?\ghts1 x foll[s t m5 ?9k+ 9 div]se & contradictory fa%ions1 _c1 )\t disa/r\s results1 be compell$ to speak only accord+ to ! dictates ( ! supreme p[]4 7#ae7 ,n ev5 ! mo/ exp]i5c$1 to say no?+ ( ! multitude1 "k h[ to keep sil5ce4 7#af7 ,m5's common fail+ is to confide _! plans to o!rs1 ?\gh !re be ne$ = secrecy1 s t a gov]nm5t w\ld be mo/ h>% :i* depriv$ ! individual ( 8 fre$om ( say+ & tea*+ :at he ?\ght2 & w\ld be mod]ate if su* fre$om 7 grant$4 7#ag7 ,/ill we _c d5y t au?ority may be z mu* injur$ by words z by actions2 h5ce1 al?\gh ! fre$om we are discuss+ _c be entirely d5i$ to subjects1 its unlimit$ concession w\ld be mo/ baneful2 we mu/1 !re=e1 n[ inquire1 h[ f> su* fre$om c & ought to be conc$$ )\t dang] to ! peace ( ! /ate1 or ! p[] ( ! rul]s2 & ?is1 z ,i said at ! beg9n+ ( ,*apt] ,,xvi41 is my pr9cipal object4 7#ah7 ,x foll[s1 pla9ly1 f ! explanation giv5 above1 ( ! f\ndations ( a /ate1 t ! ultimate aim ( gov]nm5t is n to rule1 or re/ra91 by fe>1 nor to exact ob$i5ce1 b contr>iwise1 to free e man f fe>1 t he may live 9 all possible security2 9 o!r words1 to /r5g!n 8 natural "r to exi/ & "w )\t injury to himself or o!rs4 7#bj3ai7 ,no1 ! object ( gov]nm5t is n to *ange m5 f rational be+s into bea/s or puppets1 b to enable !m to develope _! m9ds & bodies 9 security1 & to employ _! reason un%ackl$2 nei!r %[+ hatr$1 ang]1 or deceit1 nor wat*$ ) ! eyes ( jeal\sy & inju/ice4 7#bj7 ,9 fact1 ! true aim ( gov]nm5t is lib]ty4 7#bj3ba7 ,n[ we h se5 t 9 =m+ a /ate ! p[] ( mak+ laws mu/ ei!r be ve/$ 9 ! body ( ! citiz5s1 or 9 a portion ( !m1 or 9 "o man4 7#bb7 ,=1 al?\gh m5's free judgm5ts are v div]se1 ea* "o ?9k+ t he alone kn[s ev]y?+1 & al?\gh complete unanimity ( feel+ & spee* is out ( ! "q1 x is impossible to pres]ve peace1 unless individuals abdicate _! "r ( act+ entirely on _! own judgm5t4 #bj3c 7#bc7 ,!re=e1 ! individual ju/ly c$es ! "r ( free action1 ?\gh n ( free reason & judgm5t2 no "o c act aga9/ ! au?orities )\t dang] to ! /ate1 ?\gh 8 feel+s & judgm5t may be at v>iance !re)2 he may ev5 speak aga9/ !m1 provid$ t he does s f rational conviction1 n f fraud1 ang]1 or hatr$1 & provid$ t he does n attempt to introduce any *ange on 8 private au?ority4 7#bj3bd7 ,= in/ance1 suppos+ a man %[s t a law is repugnant to s\nd reason1 & %\ld !re=e be repeal$2 if he submits 8 op9ion to ! judgm5t ( ! au?orities 7:o1 alone1 h ! "r ( mak+ & repeal+ laws71 & mean:ile acts 9 n[ise contr>y to t law1 he has des]v$ well ( ! /ate1 & has behav$ z a good citiz5 %\ld2 b if he accuses ! au?orities ( inju/ice1 & /irs up ! p aga9/ !m1 or if he s$iti\sly /rives to abrogate ! law )\t _! cons5t1 he is a m]e agitator & rebel4 7#bj3be7 ,?us we see h[ an individual may decl>e & tea* :at he believes1 )\t injury to ! au?ority ( 8 rul]s1 or to ! public peace2 namely1 by leav+ 9 _! h&s ! entire p[] ( legislation z x affects action1 & by do+ no?+ aga9/ _! laws1 ?\gh he be compell$ (t5 to act 9 contradiction to :at he believes1 & op5ly feels1 to be be/4 7#bj3bf7 ,su* a c\rse c be tak5 )\t detrim5t to ju/ice & dutifulness1 nay1 x is ! "o :i* a j & dutiful man w\ld adopt4 7#bg7 ,we h %[n t ju/ice is dep5d5t on ! laws ( ! au?orities1 s t no "o :o contrav5es _! accept$ decrees c be j1 :ile ! highe/ reg>d = duty1 z we h po9t$ out 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 is ex]cis$ 9 ma9ta9+ public peace & tranquillity2 ^! c\ld n be pres]v$ if e man 7 to live z he pleas$2 !re=e x is no less ?an undutiful = a man to act contr>y to 8 c\ntry's laws1 = if ! practice became univ]sal ! ru9 ( /ates w\ld necess>ily foll[4 7#bj3bh7 ,h5ce1 s long z a man acts 9 ob$i5ce to ! laws ( 8 rul]s1 he 9 n[ise contrav5es 8 reason1 = 9 ob$i5ce to reason he transf]r$ ! "r ( controll+ 8 actions f 8 own h&s to !irs4 7#bi7 ,?is doctr9e we c confirm f actual cu/om1 = 9 a conf]5ce ( great & small p[]s1 s*emes are seldom c>ri$ unanim\sly1 yet all unite 9 c>ry+ out :at is decid$ on1 :e!r !y vot$ = or aga9/4 7#cj7 ,b ,i return to my proposition4 7#bj3ca7 ,f ! fundam5tal notions ( a /ate1 we h discov]$ h[ a man may ex]cise free judgm5t )\t detrim5t to ! supreme p[]3 f ! same premises we c no less easily det]m9e :at op9ions w\ld be s$iti\s4 7#cb7 ,evid5tly ^? :i* by _! v nature nullify ! compact by :i* ! "r ( free action 0 c$$4 7#cc7 ,= in/ance1 a man :o holds t ! supreme p[] has no rights ov] him1 or t promises ought n to be kept1 or t ev]yone %\ld live z he pleases1 or o!r doctr9es ( ?is nature 9 direct opposition to ! above-m5tion$ contract1 is s$iti\s1 n s mu* f 8 actual op9ions & judgm5t1 z f ! de$s :i* !y involve2 = he :o ma9ta9s su* !ories abrogates ! contract :i* tacitly1 or op5ly1 he made ) 8 rul]s4 7#cd7 ,o!r op9ions :i* d n involve acts violat+ ! contract1 su* z rev5ge1 ang]1 & ! l1 are n s$iti\s1 unless x be 9 "s corrupt /ate1 :]e sup]/iti\s & ambiti\s p]sons1 unable to endure m5 ( le>n+1 are s popul> ) ! multitude t _! ^w is m valu$ ?an ! law4 7#bj3ce7 ,h[ev]1 ,i d n d5y t !re are "s doctr9es :i*1 :ile !y are app>5tly only conc]n$ ) ab/ract tru?s & falsehoods1 are yet prop\nd$ & publi%$ ) unwor?y motives4 7#cf7 ,?is "q we h discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xv41 & %[n t reason %\ld nev]!less rema9 un%ackl$4 7#cg7 ,if we hold to ! pr9ciple t a man's loyalty to ! /ate %\ld be judg$1 l 8 loyalty to ,god1 f 8 actions only - namely1 f 8 *>ity t[>ds 8 neighb\rs2 we _c d\bt t ! be/ gov]nm5t w all[ fre$om ( philosophical speculation no less ?an ( religi\s belief4 7#ch7 ,i confess t f su* fre$om inconv5i5ces may sometimes arise1 b :at "q 0 ev] settl$ s wisely t no abuses c\ld possibly spr+ !refrom8 7#ci7 ,he :o seeks to regulate ev]y?+ by law1 is m likely to ar\se vices ?an to re=m !m4 7#dj7 ,x is be/ to grant :at _c be aboli%$1 ev5 ?\gh x be 9 itself h>mful4 7#da7 ,h[ _m evils spr+ f luxury1 envy1 av>ice1 drunk5ness1 & ! l1 yet ^! are tol]at$ - vices z !y are - because !y _c be prev5t$ by legal enactm5ts4 7#db7 ,h[ mu* m !n %\ld free ?\ght be grant$1 see+ t x is 9 itself a virtue & t x _c be cru%$6 7#dc7 ,besides1 ! evil results c easily be *eck$1 z ,i w %[1 by ! secul> au?orities1 n to m5tion t su* fre$om is absolutely necess>y = progress 9 sci5ce & ! lib]al arts3 = no man foll[s su* pursuits to advantage unless 8 judgm5t be entirely free & unhamp]$4 7#bj3dd7 ,b let x be grant$ t fre$om may be cru%$1 & m5 be s b\nd d[n1 t !y d n d>e to utt] a :isp]1 save at ! bidd+ ( _! rul]s2 nev]!less ?is c nev] be c>ri$ to ! pit* ( mak+ !m ?9k accord+ to au?ority1 s t ! necess>y consequ5ces w\ld be t m5 w\ld daily be ?9k+ "o ?+ & say+ ano!r1 to ! corruption ( good fai?1 t ma9/ay ( gov]nm5t1 & to ! fo/]+ ( hateful flatt]y & p]fidy1 :5ce spr+ /ratagems1 & ! corruption ( e good art4 7#bj3de7 ,x is f> f possible to impose uni=mity ( spee*1 = ! m rul]s /rive to curtail fre$om ( spee*1 ! m ob/9ately are !y resi/$2 n inde$ by ! av>ici\s1 ! flatt]]s1 & o!r numskulls1 :o ?9k supreme salvation consi/s 9 fill+ _! /oma*s & gloat+ ov] _! money-bags1 b by ^? :om good education1 s\nd morality1 & virtue h r5d]$ m free4 7#df7 ,m51 z g5]ally con/itut$1 are mo/ prone to res5t ! br&+ z crim9al ( op9ions :i* !y believe to be true1 & ! proscription z wick$ ( t :i* inspires !m ) piety t[>ds ,god & man2 h5ce !y are ready to =swe> ! laws & conspire aga9/ ! au?orities1 ?9k+ x n %ameful b hon\rable to /ir up s$itions & p]petuate any sort ( crime ) ?is end 9 view4 7#dg7 ,su* be+ ! con/itution ( human nature1 we see t laws direct$ aga9/ op9ions affect ! g5]\s m9d$ r ?an ! wick$1 & are adapt$ less = co]c+ crim9als ?an = irritat+ ! upright2 s t !y _c be ma9ta9$ )\t great p]il to ! /ate4 7#bj3dh7 ,moreov]1 su* laws are almo/ always useless1 = ^? :o hold t ! op9ions proscrib$ are s\nd1 _c possibly obey ! law2 :]eas ^? :o already reject !m z false1 accept ! law z a k9d ( privilege1 & make su* boa/ ( x1 t au?ority is p[]less to repeal x1 ev5 if su* a c\rse be subsequ5tly desir$4 7#bj3di7 ,to ^! consid]ations may be add$ :at we said 9 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 9 treat+ ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,hebrews4 7#ej7 ,&1 la/ly1 h[ _m s*isms h aris5 9 ! ,*ur* f ! attempt ( ! au?orities to decide by law ! intricacies ( !ological controv]sy6 7#ea7 ,if m5 7 n allur$ by ! hope ( gett+ ! law & ! au?orities on _! side1 ( triumph+ ov] _! adv]s>ies 9 ! sight ( an applaud+ multitude1 & ( acquir+ hon\rable di/9ctions1 !y w\ld n /rive s malici\sly1 nor w\ld su* fury sway _! m9ds4 7#eb7 ,?is is taught n only by reason b by daily examples1 = laws ( ?is k9d prescrib+ :at e man %all believe & =bidd+ anyone to speak or write to ! contr>y1 h (t5 be5 pass$1 z sops or concessions to ! ang] ( ^? :o _c tol]ate m5 ( enlight5m5t1 & :o1 by su* h>% & crook$ enactm5ts1 c easily turn ! devotion ( ! masses into fury & direct x aga9/ :om !y w4 7#ec7 ,h[ mu* bett] w\ld x be to re/ra9 popul> ang] & fury1 in/ead ( pass+ useless laws1 :i* c only be brok5 by ^? :o love virtue & ! lib]al arts1 ?us p>+ d[n ! /ate till x is too small to h>b\r m5 ( tal5t4 7#ed7 ,:at great] mis=tune = a /ate c be conceiv$ !n t hon\rable m5 %\ld be s5t l crim9als into exile1 because !y hold div]se op9ions :i* !y _c disguise8 7#ee7 ,:at1 ,i say1 c be m hurtful ?an t m5 :o h committ$ no crime or wick$ness %\ld1 simply because !y are enlight5$1 be treat$ z enemies & put to dea?1 & t ! scaffold1 ! t]ror ( evil-do]s1 %\ld become ! ar5a :]e ! highe/ examples ( tol]ance & virtue are display$ to ! p ) all ! m>ks ( ignom9y t au?ority c devise8 7#bj3ef7 ,he t kn[s himself to be upright does n fe> ! dea? ( a crim9al1 & %r9ks f no puni%m5t2 8 m9d is n wrung ) remorse = any disgraceful de$3 he holds t dea? 9 a good cause is no puni%m5t1 b an hon\r1 & t dea? = fre$om is glory4 7#bj3eg7 ,:at purpose !n is s]v$ by ! dea? ( su* m51 :at example 9 proclaim$8 ! cause = :i* !y die is unkn[n to ! idle & ! fooli%1 hateful to ! turbul5t1 lov$ by ! upright4 7#eh7 ,! only lesson we c draw f su* sc5es is to flatt] ! p]secutor1 or else to imitate ! victim4 7#bj3eh7 ,if =mal ass5t is n to be e/eem$ above conviction1 & if gov]nm5ts are to reta9 a firm hold ( au?ority & n be compell$ to yield to agitators1 x is imp]ative t fre$om ( judgm5t %\ld be grant$1 s t m5 may live toge!r 9 h>mony1 h[ev] div]se1 or ev5 op5ly contradictory _! op9ions may be4 7#ei7 ,we _c d\bt t su* is ! be/ sy/em ( gov]nm5t & op5 to ! fewe/ objections1 s9ce x is ! "o mo/ 9 h>mony ) human nature4 7#fj7 ,9 a democracy 7! mo/ natural =m ( gov]nm5t1 z we h %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,xvi47 ev]yone submits to ! control ( au?ority ov] 8 actions1 b n ov] 8 judgm5t & reason2 t is1 see+ t all _c ?9k alike1 ! voice ( ! majority has ! =ce ( law1 subject to repeal if circum/ances br+ ab\t a *ange ( op9ion4 7#fa7 ,9 proportion z ! p[] ( free judgm5t is )held we dep>t f ! natural condition ( mank9d1 & consequ5tly ! gov]nm5t becomes m tyrannical4 #bj3d 7#fb7 ,9 ord] to prove t f su* fre$om no inconv5i5ce arises1 :i* _c easily be *eck$ by ! ex]cise ( ! sov]eign p[]1 & t m5's actions c easily be kept 9 b\nds1 ?\gh _! op9ions be at op5 v>iance1 x w be well to cite an example4 7#fc7 ,su* an "o is n v1 f> to seek4 7#fd7 ,! city ( ,am/]dam reaps ! fruit ( ?is fre$om 9 its own great prosp]ity & 9 ! admiration ( all o!r p4 7#fe7 ,= 9 ?is mo/ fl\ri%+ /ate1 & mo/ spl5did city1 m5 ( e nation & religion live toge!r 9 ! greate/ h>mony1 & ask no que/ions be=e tru/+ _! goods to a fell[-citiz51 save :e!r he be ri* or poor1 & :e!r he g5]ally acts hone/ly1 or ! rev]se4 7#ff7 ,8 religion & sect is consid]$ ( no importance3 = x has no effect be=e ! judges 9 ga9+ or los+ a cause1 & !re is no sect s despis$ t its foll[]s1 provid$ t !y h>m no "o1 pay e man 8 due1 & live uprightly1 are depriv$ ( ! protection ( ! magi/]ial au?ority4 7#bj3fg7 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! religi\s controv]sy betwe5 ,remon/rants & ,c\nt]-,remon/rants began to be tak5 up by politicians & ! ,/ates1 x grew into a s*ism1 & abundantly %[$ t laws deal+ ) religion & seek+ to settle its controv]sies are mu* m calculat$ to irritate ?an to re=m1 & t !y give rise to extreme lic5ce3 fur!r1 x 0 se5 t s*isms d n orig9ate 9 a love ( tru?1 :i* is a s\rce ( c\rtesy & g5tl5ess1 b r 9 an inord9ate desire = supremacy1 7#fh7 ,f all ^! consid]ations x is cle>] ?an ! sun at noonday1 t ! true s*ismatics are ^? :o condemn o!r m5's writ+s1 & s$iti\sly /ir up ! qu>relsome masses aga9/ _! au?ors1 r ?an ^? au?ors !mselves1 :o g5]ally write only = ! le>n$1 & appeal solely to reason4 7#fi7 ,9 fact1 ! real di/urb]s ( ! peace are ^? :o1 9 a free /ate1 seek to curtail ! lib]ty ( judgm5t :i* !y are unable to tyrannize ov]4 7#bj3gj7 ,i h ?us %[n3- 7#ga7 ,i4 ,t x is impossible to deprive m5 ( ! lib]ty ( say+ :at !y ?9k4 7#gb7 ,,ii4 ,t su* lib]ty c be conc$$ to e man )\t injury to ! rights & au?ority ( ! sov]eign p[]1 & t e man may reta9 x )\t injury to su* rights1 provid$ t he does n presume ^u x to ! ext5t ( introduc+ any new rights into ! /ate1 or act+ 9 any way contr>y1 to ! exi/+ laws4 7#bj3gc7 ,,iii4 ,t e man may enjoy ?is lib]ty )\t detrim5t to ! public peace1 & t no inconv5i5ces arise !refrom :i* _c easily be *eck$4 7#gd7 ,,iv4 ,t e man may enjoy x )\t injury to 8 allegiance4 7#ge7 ,v4 ,t laws deal+ ) speculative problems are entirely useless4 7#gf7 ,,vi4 ,la/ly1 t n only may su* lib]ty be grant$ )\t prejudice to ! public peace1 to loyalty1 & to ! rights ( rul]s1 b t x is ev5 necess>y1 = _! pres]vation4 7#gg7 ,= :5 p try to take x away1 & br+ to trial1 n only ! acts :i* alone are capable ( (f5d+1 b also ! op9ions ( mank9d1 !y only succe$ 9 surr\nd+ _! victims ) an appe>ance ( m>tyrdom1 & raise feel+s ( pity & rev5ge r ?an ( t]ror4 7#gh7 ,uprightness & good fai? are ?us corrupt$1 flatt]]s & traitors are enc\rag$1 & sect>ians triumph1 inasmu* z concessions h be5 made to _! animosity1 & !y h ga9$ ! /ate sanction = ! doctr9es ( :i* !y are ! int]pret]s4 7#gi7 ,h5ce !y arrogate to !mselves ! /ate au?ority & rights1 & d n scruple to ass]t t !y h be5 directly *os5 by ,god1 & t _! laws are ,div9e1 :]eas ! laws ( ! /ate are human1 & %\ld !re=e yield ob$i5ce to ! laws ( ,god - 9 o!r words1 to _! own laws4 7#hj7 ,ev]yone mu/ see t ?is is n a /ate ( affairs conducive to public welf>e4 7#ha7 ,:]e=e1 z we h %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,xviii41 ! safe/ way = a /ate is to lay d[n ! rule t religion is compris$ solely 9 ! ex]cise ( *>ity & ju/ice1 & t ! rights ( rul]s 9 sacr$1 no less ?an 9 secul> matt]s1 %\ld m]ely h to d ) actions1 b t e man %\ld ?9k :at he likes & say :at he ?9ks4 7#bj3hb7 ,i h ?us fulfill$ ! task ,i set myself 9 ?is treatise4 #bj3e 7#hc7 ,x rema9s only to call att5tion to ! fact t ,i h writt5 no?+ :i* ,i d n mo/ will+ly submit to ! exam9ation & approval ( my c\ntry's rul]s2 & t ,i am will+ to retract any?+ :i* !y %all decide to be repugnant to ! laws1 or prejudicial to ! public good4 7#hd7 ,i "k t ,i am a man1 & z a man liable to error1 b aga9/ error ,i h tak5 scrupul\s c>e1 & h /riv5 to keep 9 entire accordance ) ! laws ( my c\ntry1 ) loyalty1 & ) morality4 ,end ( ,"p #d ( #d4 ,,au?or',s ,,endnotes ,,to ,,! ,,!ologico-,,political ,,treatise ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,endnote #bf4 7#a7 ,no "o c hone/ly promise to =ego ! "r :i* he has ov] all ?+s4 7#b7 ,9 ! /ate ( social life1 :]e g5]al "r det]m9es :at is good or evil1 /ratagem is rightly di/+ui%$ z ( two k9ds1 good & evil4 7#c7 ,b 9 ! /ate ( ,nature1 :]e e man is 8 own judge1 possess+ ! absolute "r to lay d[n laws = himself1 to int]pret !m z he pleases1 or to abrogate !m if he ?9ks x conv5i5t1 x is n conceivable t /ratagem %\ld be evil4 ,endnote #bg4 7#a7 ,e memb] ( x may1 if he w1 be free4 7#b7 ,:atev] be ! social /ate a man f9ds himself 91 he may be free4 7#c7 ,= c]ta9ly a man is free1 9 s f> z he is l$ by reason4 7#d7 ,n[ reason 7?\gh ,hobbes ?9ks o!rwise7 is always on ! side ( peace1 :i* _c be atta9$ unless ! g5]al laws ( ! /ate be respect$4 7#e7 ,!re=e ! m he is free1 ! m con/antly w he respect ! laws ( 8 c\ntry1 & obey ! comm&s ( ! sov]eign p[] to :i* he is subject4 ,endnote #bh4 7#a7 ,no "o kn[s by nature t he owes any ob$i5ce to ,god4 7#b7 ,:5 ,paul says t m5 h 9 !mselves no refuge1 he speaks z a man3 = 9 ! n9? *apt] ( ! same epi/le he expressly tea*es t ,god has m]cy on :om ,he w1 & t m5 are )\t excuse1 only because !y are 9 ,god's p[] l clay 9 ! h&s ( a pott]1 :o out ( ! same lump makes vessels1 "s = hon\r & "s = di%on\r1 n because !y h be5 =ew>n$4 7#c7 ,z reg>ds ! ,div9e natural law :]e( ! *ief comm&m5t is1 z we h said1 to love ,god1 ,i h call$ x a law 9 ! same s5se1 z philosoph]s /yle laws ^? g5]al rules ( nature1 accord+ to :i* ev]y?+ happ5s4 7#d7 ,= ! love ( ,god is n a /ate ( ob$i5ce3 x is a virtue :i* necess>ily exi/s 9 a man :o kn[s ,god rightly4 7#e7 ,ob$i5ce has reg>d to ! w ( a rul]1 n to necessity & tru?4 7#f7 ,n[ z we are ignorant ( ! nature ( ,god's w1 & on ! o!r h& "k t ev]y?+ happ5s solely by ,god's p[]1 we _c1 except ?r\gh revelation1 "k :e!r ,god wi%es 9 any way to be hon\r$ z a sov]eign4 7#g7 ,aga92 we h %[n t ! ,div9e rights appe> to u 9 ! light ( rights or comm&s1 only s long z we are ignorant ( _! cause3 z soon z _! cause is kn[n1 !y cease to be rights1 & we embrace !m no long] z rights b z et]nal tru?s2 9 o!r words1 ob$i5ce passes into love ( ,god1 :i* emanates f true k z necess>ily z light emanates f ! sun4 7#h7 ,reason !n leads u to love ,god1 b _c lead u to obey ,him2 = we _c embrace ! comm&s ( ,god z ,div9e1 :ile we are 9 ignorance ( _! cause1 nei!r c we rationally conceive ,god z a sov]eign lay+ d[n laws z a sov]eign4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,endnote #bi4 7#a7 ,if m5 c\ld lose _! natural rights s z to be absolutely unable = ! future to oppose ! w ( ! sov]eign 7#b7 ,two common soldi]s und]took to *ange ! ,roman dom9ion1 & did *ange x4 7,tacitus1 ,hi/4 i3#g47 ,endnote #cj4 7#a7 ,see ,numb]s xi4 #bh4 ,9 ?is passage x is writt5 t two m5 prophesi$ 9 ! camp1 & t ,jo%ua wi%$ to puni% !m4 7#b7 ,?is he w\ld n h done1 if x _h be5 lawful = anyone to deliv] ! ,div9e oracles to ! p )\t ! cons5t ( ,moses4 7#c7 ,b ,moses ?\ght good to p>don ! two m51 & rebuk$ ,jo%ua = exhort+ him to use 8 royal pr]ogative1 at a "t :5 he 0 s we>y ( reign+1 t he pref]r$ dea? to hold+ undivid$ sway 7,numb4 xi3#ad74 7#d7 ,= he made answ] to ,jo%ua1 ,envie/ ?\ = my sake8 7#e7 ,w\ld ,god t all ! ,"l's p 7 prophets1 & t ! ,"l w\ld put ,8 _s ^u !m4 7#f7 ,t is to say1 w\ld ,god t ! "r ( tak+ c\nsel ( ,god 7 g5]al1 & ! p[] 7 9 ! h&s ( ! p4 7#g7 ,?us ,jo%ua 0 n mi/ak5 z to ! "r1 b only z to ! "t = us+ x1 = :i* he 0 rebuk$ by ,moses1 9 ! same way z ,abi%ai 0 rebuk$ by ,david = c\nsell+ t ,%imei1 :o _h und\bt$ly be5 guilty ( treason1 %\ld be put to dea?4 7#h7 ,see #b ,sam4 xix3#bb1 #bc4 ,endnote #ca4 7#a7 ,see ,numb]s xxvii3#ba4 7#b7 ,! translators ( ! ,bible h r5d]$ incorrectly v]ses #ai & #bc ( ?is *apt]4 7#c7 ,! passage does n mean t ,moses gave precepts or advice to ,jo%ua1 b t he made or e/abli%$ him *ief ( ! ,hebrews4 7#d7 ,! phrase is v frequ5t 9 ,scripture 7see ,exodus1 xviii3#bc2 #a ,sam4 xiii3#ae2 ,jo%ua i3#i2 #a ,sam4 xxv3#hj74 ,endnote #cb 7#a7 ,!re 0 no judge ov] ea* ( ! capta9s save ,god4 7#b7 ,! ,rabbis & "s ,*ri/ians equally fooli% pret5d t ! ,sanh$r91 call$ ! great 0 in/itut$ by ,moses4 7#c7 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,moses *ose sev5ty colleagues to assi/ him 9 gov]n+1 because he 0 n able to be> alone ! burd5 ( ! :ole p2 b he nev] pass$ any law = =m+ a college ( sev5ty memb]s2 on ! contr>y he ord]$ e tribe to appo9t = itself1 9 ! cities :i* ,god _h giv5 x1 judges to settle disputes accord+ to ! laws :i* he himself _h laid d[n4 7#d7 ,9 cases :]e ! op9ions ( ! judges diff]$ z to ! int]pretation ( ^! laws1 ,moses bade !m take c\nsel ( ! ,high ,prie/ 7:o 0 ! *ief int]pret] ( ! law71 or ( ! *ief judge1 to :om !y 7 !n subord9ate 7:o _h ! "r ( consult+ ! ,high ,prie/71 & to decide ! dispute 9 accordance ) ! answ] obta9$4 7#e7 ,if any subord9ate judge %\ld ass]t1 t he 0 n b\nd by ! decision ( ! ,high ,prie/1 receiv$ ei!r directly or ?r\gh ! *ief ( 8 /ate1 su* an "o 0 to be put to dea? 7,deut4 xvii3#i7 by ! *ief judge1 :oev] he might be1 to :om he 0 a subord9ate4 7#f7 ,?is *ief judge w\ld ei!r be ,jo%ua1 ! supreme capta9 ( ! :ole p1 or "o ( ! tribal *iefs :o _h be5 entru/$1 aft] ! division ( ! tribes1 ) ! "r ( consult+ ! high prie/ conc]n+ ! affairs ( 8 tribe1 ( decid+ on peace or w>1 ( =tify+ t[ns1 ( appo9t+ inf]ior judges1 c4 7#g7 ,or1 aga91 x might be ! k+1 9 :om all or "s ( ! tribes _h ve/$ _! rights4 7#h7 ,i c\ld cite _m in/ances 9 confirmation ( :at ,i "h advance4 7#i7 ,i w conf9e myself to "o1 :i* appe>s to me ! mo/ important ( all4 7#aj7 ,:5 ! ,%ilomiti% prophet ano9t$ ,j]oboam k+1 he1 9 s do+1 gave him ! "r ( consult+ ! high prie/1 ( appo9t+ judges1 c4 7#aa7 ,9 fact he end[$ him ) all ! rights ov] ! t5 tribes1 :i* ,rehoboam reta9$ ov] ! two tribes4 7#ab7 ,consequ5tly ,j]oboam c\ld set up a supreme c\ncil 9 8 c\rt ) z mu* "r z ,jeho%aphat c\ld at ,j]usalem 7#b ,*ron4 xix3#h74 7#ac7 ,= x is pla9 t nei!r ,j]oboam1 :o 0 k+ by ,god's comm&1 nor ,j]oboam's subjects1 7 b\nd by ! ,law ( ,moses to accept ! judgm5ts ( ,rehoboam1 :o 0 n _! k+4 7#ad7 ,/ill less 7 !y "u ! jurisdiction ( ! judge1 :om ,rehoboam _h set up 9 ,j]usalem z subord9ate to himself4 7#ae7 ,accord+1 !re=e1 z ! ,hebrew dom9ion 0 divid$1 s 0 a supreme c\ncil set up 9 ea* division4 7#af7 ,^? :o neglect ! v>iations 9 ! con/itution ( ! ,hebrew ,/ates1 & confuse !m all toge!r 9 "o1 fall into num]\s difficulties4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,endnote #cc4 7#a7 ,i mu/ "h bespeak special att5tion = :at 0 said 9 ,*ap4 ,,xvi4 conc]n+ rights4 ,end ( ,"p ,,iv ,endnotes4