,,y\r ,,*ild ,,today ,,& ,,tomorr[ ,,y\r ,,*ild ,,today ,,& ,,tomorr[ ,,"s ,,problems ,,= ,,p>5ts ,,conc]n+ ,,puni%m5t ,,reason+ ,,lies ,,ideals ,,& ,,ambitions ,,fe> ,,"w ,,& ,,play ,,imag9ation ,,social ,,activities ,,ob$i5ce ,,adolesc5ce ,,w ,,h]$ity ,by ,,sidonie ,,matzn] ,,gru5b]g ,second ,revis$ ,edition ,enl>g$ ,,) ,a ,,=w>d ,,by ,,bi%op ,,john ,h4 ,,v9c5t ,*ancellor ( ,*autauqua ,in/itution ,,) #ab ,,illu/rations #aiab1 #aiac1 #aibj ,,to ,,h] ,,^: ,,devotion ,,& ,,untir+ ,,ef=t ,,t[>d ,,an ,,intellig5t ,,und]/&+ ,,( ,,h] ,,*ildr5 ,,h ,,ev] ,,be5 ,,an ,,inspiration1 ,,my ,,"m ,,& ,,to ,,my ,,*ildr5 ,,^: ,,contribution ,,t[>d ,,my ,,education ,,has ,,be5 ,,great] ,,?an ,,t ,,f ,,any ,,o!r ,,s\rce1 ,,?is ,,little ,,book ,,is ,,affectionately ,,d$icat$4 ,,preface ,,to ,,second ,,edition ,9 ! sad ye>s t h int]v5$ s9ce ?is book 0 publi%$1 we h all be5 impress$ by ! brilliant a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce 9 e dep>tm5t ( practical life4 ,b :]eas ! application ( *emi/ry & electricity & biology might1 p]haps1 be safely left to ! speciali/s1 x seems to me t 9 a democracy x is ess5tial = e s+le p]son to h a practical und]/&+ ( ! work+s ( 8 own m9d1 & ( 8 neighbor's4 ,! und]/&+ ( human nature %\ld n be left entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! speciali/s--x conc]ns all ( u4 ,!re is no bett] way = beg9n+ ! /udy ( human nature ?an by foll[+ ! unfold+ ( a _s z x takes place be=e u 9 ! gr[? ( a *ild4 ,i am humbly grateful ( ! assurances receiv$ f _m qu>t]s t ^! *apt]s h aid$ _m p>5ts & tea*]s 9 su* /udy4 ,9 ! pres5t edition ,i h made a numb] ( slight *anges to h>monize ! read+ ) ! results ( lat] sci5tific /udies2 !re is a new li/ ( ref]5ces & "s new mat]ial 9 ! *apt] on sex education2 & !re is a new *apt] sugge/+ ! connection betwe5 ! new psy*ology & ! democratic ideals ( human relations4 ,,sidonie ,,matzn] ,,gru5b]g4 ,m>*1 #aibj4 ,,preface ,9 my ef=ts to le>n some?+ ab\t ! nature ( ! *ild1 z a memb] ( *ild-/udy gr\ps1 & 9 my own /udies1 ,i h f\nd a l>ge mass ( mat]ial--accumulat$ by inve/igators into ! psy*ology & ! biology ( *ildhood--:i* c\ld be ( great practical use to all conc]n$ ) ! br++ up ( *ildr54 ,9 ?is little book ,i h tri$ to pres5t "s ( ?is mat]ial 9 a =m t w make x available = ^? :o lack ! "t1 or ! special tra9+ or ! opportunity to "w x out = !mselves4 ,x has be5 my *ief aim to %[ t a prop] und]/&+ ( & sympa?y ) ! v>i\s /ages ?r\gh :i* ! *ild normally passes w d mu* t[>d mak+ n only ! *ild happi]1 b ! task ( ! p>5ts pleasant]4 ,i am conv9c$ t our failure to und]/& ! work+s ( ! *ild's m9d is responsible = mu* ( ! friction betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr54 ,we _c expect ! *ildr51 ) _! limit$ exp]i5ce & _! undevelop$ intellect1 to und]/& u2 if we are to h h>mony1 intimacy & coop]ation1 ^! mu/ come ?r\gh ! p>5ts' successful ef=ts at und]/&+ ! *ildr54 ,9 speak+ ( ! *ild always 9 ! mascul9e1 ,i h foll[$ ! cu/om ( ! speciali/s4 ,x is ( c\rse to be und]/ood t he sometimes means %e & usually he or %e4 ,x has be5 impossible to ref] at e po9t to ! s\rce ( ! mat]ial us$4 ,"o unconsci\sly absorbs _m ideas :i* "o is unable lat] to trace to _! s\rces2 9 addition to ?is1 ! mat]ial ,i h "h pres5t$ has be5 work$ ov] s t x is impossible 9 mo/ cases to ascribe a p>ticul> idea to a p>ticul> p]son4 ,i wi%1 h[ev]1 to ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness to all :o h pati5tly labor$ 9 ?is field1 & especially to ^? ,ma/]s ( ,*ild ,/udy1 ,g4 ,/anley ,hall1 ,john ,dewey1 ,e>l ,b>nes1 ,edw9 ,a4 ,kirkpatrick & ,edw>d ,l4 ,?orndike4 ,i owe mu* to my opportunity to "w 9 ! ,f$]ation = ,*ild ,/udy4 ,^! gr\ps ( mo!rs & tea*]s h done a great deal1 "u ! guidance & inspiration ( ,pr(essor ,felix ,adl]1 to develop a _s ( co-op]ation 9 ! attack ^u ! practical problems ( *ild-tra9+ 9 ! home4 ,i am v grateful to ,mrs4 ,hilda ,m4 ,s*w>tz1 ( ,m9neapolis1 = h] assi/ance 9 revis+ ! manuscript & 9 secur+ ! illu/rations4 ,! assi/ance ( my husb& has be5 invaluable4 ,9 8 sugge/ions & criticisms he has giv5 me ! b5efit ( 8 exp]i5ce z biologi/ & educator4 ,,sidonie ,,matzn] ,,gru5b]g4 ,new ,york ,may1 #aiac4 ,a ,,=eword ,9 ! ?\ght ( ! writ] ( ?is prefatory page1 ! book he ?us introduces is an exceptionally sane1 practical & valuable treatm5t ( ! problem ( problems sugge/$ by our pres5t ,am]ican ,civilization1 namely3 ,! ,tra9+ ( ! ,on-com+ ,g5]ation--! new ,am]icans--:o are to realize ! dreams ( our ance/ors conc]n+ p]sonal fre$om & developm5t 9 ! social1 political1 comm]cial & religi\s life ( ! ,republic4 ,!re is always hope = ! adult :o takes any real int]e/ 9 self-improvem5t4 ,"o is nev] too old to turn ov] a new leaf & to beg9 a new record4 ,a full-gr[n man may become a promis+ *ild 9 ! k+dom ( grace4 ,he may dream dreams & see visions4 ,he may resolve1 & 8 exp]i5ce ( =ty or m ye>s 9 practis+ decision & 9 p]si/+ despite c\nt] incl9ations may only increase 8 *ances = ma/]+ a problem1 ov]com+ a difficulty & develop+ en?usiasm4 ,a page ( ,hi/ory or ( ,e?ics1 a poet's vision or a philosoph]'s reason+1 w f9d a response 9 8 p]sonality impossible to a juv5ile4 ,8 k ( real life1 ( p]sons he has met1 ( !ories he has (t5 pond]$1 ( difficulties he has enc\nt]$ & canvass$1 ! conv]sations & discussions 9 :i* he has tak5 "p--all give new value to ! pages he is n[ turn+1 & :ile he may n z easily z =m]ly memorize ! language1 he at once grasps1 appreciates & appropriates ! ?\ghts !re express$4 ,) ^! advantages z a ?9k]1 a read]1 a man ( affairs1 a fa!r int]e/$ 9 8 or *ildr5 & 9 _! education1 :at a bless+ to him & to 8 family comes ?r\gh ! read+ ( an int]e/+1 sugge/ive & /imulat+ book on *ild tra9+ su* z ?is practical volume by ,mrs4 ,gru5b]g4 ,9 fact1 ! book becomes a sort ( a ,normal ,class 9 itself4 ,x is attractive1 +5i\s1 illu/rative & /imulat+--an example ( ! true tea*+ _s & me?od4 ,?is volume has 9 x mu* t a prea*] & pa/or w\ld d well to read4 ,& a v wise pa/or w be incl9$ to br+ toge!r ,mo!rs & ,sunday-,s*ool ,tea*]s & read to !m c]ta9 p>agraphs until !y are induc$ to put a copy ( ! volume 9 _! own libr>y & ?us become1 9 a s5se1 memb]s ( a /rong & mo/ helpful ,normal ,class4 ,"o ?+ e ,sunday-,s*ool ,tea*] & e ,p>5t %\ld rememb] is t all attempts to exp]im5t 9 ! in/ruction ( *ildr5 are s _m /eps t[>ds ,normal ,"w1 9 :i* are includ$ ! use ( illu/rations1 ! fram+ ( que/ions1 ! devices to get att5tion1 & ! ef=t to induce *ildr5 to ?9k = !mselves & freely to express _! ?\ghts1 reason+s1 d\bts1 difficulties & p]sonal indep5d5t op9ions4 ,all ^! ef=ts n only develop p[] 9 ! *ild1 b !y react ^u ! tea*] & ensure = ! next meet+ ( ! class "s new sugge/ion1 "s additional "q1 "s fre% view ( ! :ole subject by :i* bo? tea*] & pupils w be /imulat$ & in/ruct$4 ,9 our int]c\rse ) *ildr5 let u aim to develop ! tea*+ motive1 & we %all n only make ! "w ( ! class room pr(itable to ! pupils1 b ea* ( u w f9d new delight1 new inspiration & an unanticipat$ degree ( success 9 ?is beautiful & div9e m9i/ry4 ,,john ,h4 ,,v9c5t4 ,,*icago ,,& ,,*autauqua1 ,may #g1 #aiac4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,y ,,& ,,y\r ,,*ild ,,ii4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,puni%m5t ,,iii4 ,,:5 ,,y\r ,,*ild ,,imag9es ,,?+s ,,iv4 ,,! ,,lies ,,*ildr5 ,,tell ,v4 ,,be+ ,,afraid ,,vi4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,great ,,law ,,vii4 ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,! ,,w ,,viii4 ,,h[ ,,*ildr5 ,,reason ,,ix4 ,,"w ,,& ,,play ,x4 ,,*ildr5',s ,,gangs1 ,,clubs1 ,,& ,,fri5d%ips ,,xi4 ,,*ildr5',s ,,ideals ,,& ,,ambitions ,,xii4 ,,! ,,/ork ,,or ,,! ,,tru? ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,gold5 ,,age ,,( ,,transition ,,xiv4 ,,h]$ity ,,& ,,environm5t ,,xv4 ,,fre$om ,,& ,,discipl9e ,,illu/rations ,,! ,,creative ,,impulse ,,is ,,born ,,) ,,e ,,normal ,,*ild ,,! ,,impulse ,,to ,,action ,,e>ly ,,leads ,,to ,,do+ ,,imag9ation ,,supplies ,,?is ,,two-,,ye>-,,old ,a ,,pranc+ ,,/e$ ,,nei!r ,,are ,,girls ,,afraid ,,to ,,climb ,,only ,a ,,good ,,reason ,,c ,,w>rant ,,call+ ,,an ,,absorb$ ,,*ild ,,f ,,8 ,,occupation ,,habits ,,( ,,c>eful ,,"w ,,furni% ,a ,,good ,,f\ndation ,,= ,,! ,,w ,,"w ,,is ,,play ,,let ,,!m ,,romp ,,9 ,,! ,,w9t] ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,9 ,,summ] ,,9 ,,_! ,,games ,,!y ,,%\ld ,,le>n ,,to ,,lose ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,to ,,w9 ,,don',t ,,=get ,,h[ ,,to ,,play ,,) ,,! ,,*ildr5 ,,! ,,boys ,,ne$ ,a ,,*ance ,,to ,,get ,,toge!r ,,9 ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,*ildr5 ,,become ,,acqua9t$ ,,) ,,! ,,facts ,,( ,,life ,,y\r ,,*ild ,,today ,,& ,,tomorr[ ,i4 ,,y ,,& ,,y\r ,,*ild ,h\sekeep+1 9 ! s5se ( adm9i/]+ ! "w ( ! h\sehold1 has be5 rais$ almo/ to a sci5ce4 ,! same is true ( ! fe$+ ( *ildr54 ,b ! tra9+ ( *ildr5 /ill lags beh9d1 s f> z mo/ ( u are conc]n$1 9 ! /age occupi$ by h\sekeep+ & f>m+ a g5]ation or two ago4 ,!re has1 inde$1 be5 develop$ a consid]able mass ( exact k ab\t ! nature ( ! *ild1 & ab\t ! laws ( 8 developm5t2 b ?is k has be5 = mo/ p>5ts a clos$ book4 ,x is n :at ! sci5ti/s "k1 b :at ! p apply1 t m>ks our progress4 ,*ild-/udy has be5 consid]$ some?+ ) :i* "y normal-s*ool /ud5ts h to /ruggle be=e !y beg9 _! real /ruggle ) bad boys4 ,b mo!rs h be5 expect$ to "k1 ?r\gh "s div9e in/9ct1 j h[ to h&le _! own *ildr51 )\t any special /udy or prep>ation4 ,t ! div9e in/9ct has n taught !m prop]ly to fe$ ! "y infant & ! gr[+ *ild we h le>n$ b sl[ly & at great co/ 9 human life & suff]+2 b we h le>n$ x4 ,our next lesson %\ld be to realize t our in/9cts _c be reli$ ^u :5 x comes to und]/&+ ! *ild's m9d1 ! mean+ ( 8 v>i\s activities1 & h[ be/ to guide 8 m5tal & moral developm5t4 ,mi/akes t p>5ts--& tea*]s--make 9 deal+ ) ! *ild's m9d are n (t5 fatal4 ,nor c y always trace ! evil effects ( su* mi/akes 9 ! lat] "* ( ! *ild4 ,b !re c be no d\bt t _m ( ! he>tbreaks1 misund]/&+s1 & e/rangem5ts betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr5 are due to mi/akes t c\ld h be5 avoid$ by a k ( ! nature ( ! *ild's m9d4 ,!re are1 =tunately1 _m p>5ts :o arrive at an und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ! *ild ?r\gh sympa!tic insight1 ?r\gh quick obs]vation1 ?r\gh ! application ( s\nd s5se & ! results ( exp]i5ce to ! problems t arise4 ,x is n necess>y t all ( u approa* ! *ild 9 ! attitude ( ! pr(essional sci5ti/2 inde$1 x is nei!r possible = u to d s1 nor is x desirable t we %\ld4 ,b x is bo? possible & desirable t we make use ( ! exp]i5ce & obs]vations ( o!rs1 t we apply ! results ( sci5tific exp]im5ts1 t we ren=ce our in/9cts ) all available helps4 ,we ne$ n fall into ! all-too-common error ( plac+ common-s5se & practical insight 9 opposition to ! me?od ( ! sci5ti/s4 ,ev]yone 9 ?is c\ntry appreciates ! wond]ful & valuable s]vices ( ,lu!r ,burbank1 & no "o d\bts t if 8 me?od c\ld be ext5d$ ! :ole nation w\ld b5efit 9 an economic way4 ,yet ,burbank has be5 unable to tea* ! re/ ( u h[ to apply 8 %rewd common-s5se & 8 ke5 intuition to ! improvem5t ( useful & ornam5tal plants4 ,x 0 necess>y = sci5ti/s to /udy :at he _h done 9 ord] to make available = ! :ole _w ^? pr9ciples t make 8 practice really productive ( desirable results4 ,9 ! same way x is well = e p>5t & e tea*]--ev]yone :o has to d ) *ildr5--to supplem5t good s5se & obs]vation ) ! results ( sci5tific /udy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no univ]sal =mula = ! br++ up ( *ildr51 "o t c be appli$ to all *ildr5 ev]y:]e & always1 any m ?an !re is a univ]sal =mula = f]tiliz+ soil or cur+ disease or fe$+ babies4 ,yet !re are c]ta9 g5]al laws ( *ild developm5t & c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples ( *ild tra9+ :i* h be5 d]iv$ f sci5tific /udies ( *ildr51 & :i* agree ) ! be/ ?\ght & exp]i5ce ( ^? :o le>n$ to "k _! *ildr5 )\t ! help ( sci5ce4 ,^! g5]al laws & pr9ciples may be pr(itably le>n$ & us$ 9 br++ up ! ris+ g5]ation4 ,too _m p1 & especially too _m p>5ts1 ?9k ( ! *ild z m]ely a small man or woman4 ,?is is f> f a true conception ( ! *ild4 ,j z ! physical organs ( ! *ild "w 9 a mann] diff]5t f :at we f9d 9 ! adult1 s ! m9d ( ! *ild works along 9 a way peculi> to its /age ( developm5t4 ,if a physician %\ld use ! same =mulas = treat+ *ildr5's ailm5ts z he uses ) adults1 simply r$uc+ ! size ( ! dose1 we %\ld consid] 8 me?ods r crude4 ,if a p>5t %\ld fe$ an infant ! same mat]ials t %e suppli$ to ! re/ ( ! family1 only 9 small] quantities1 we %\ld consid] h] too ignorant to be entru/$ ) ! c>e ( ! *ild4 ,& = simil> reasons we mu/ le>n t ! behavior ( ! *ild mu/ be judg$ accord+ to /&>ds diff]5t f ^? we apply to an adult4 ,! same act repres5ts diff]5t motives 9 a *ild & 9 an adult--or 9 ! same *ild at diff]5t ages4 ,moreov]1 ea* *ild is diff]5t f e o!r *ild 9 ! :ole _w4 ,! law has recogniz$ t a giv5 act committ$ by two diff]5t p]sons may really be two entirely diff]5t acts1 f a moral po9t ( view4 ,h[ mu* m important is x = ! p>5t or ! tea*] to recognize t ea* *ild mu/ be treat$ 9 accordance ) 8 own nature6 ,x is ! duty ( e "m to "k ! nature ( h] *ild1 9 ord] t %e may assi/ 9 ! developm5t ( all ( 8 possibilities4 ,*ild ,/udy is a new sci5ce1 b old en\gh to give u great help ?r\gh :at ! exp]ts h f\nd out ab\t *ild nature4 ,b ! exp]ts d n "k y\r *ild2 !y h /udi$ ! problems ( *ildhood1 & _! results y c use 9 le>n+ to "k y\r *ild4 ,y\r problem is always an individual problem2 ! problem ( ! sci5ti/ is a g5]al "o4 ,f ! g5]al results1 h[ev]1 y may get sugge/ions = ! solution ( y\r individual problem4 ,we all "k ! "m :o compla9s t h] boys did n turn out j ! way %e want$ !m to--al?\gh !y are v good boys4 ,aft] !y h gr[n up %e sudd5ly realizes "o day h[ f> !y are f h] 9 _s4 ,%e c\ld h avoid$ ! disillusion by recogniz+ e>ly en\gh t ! int]e/s & in/9cts ( h] boys 7 heal?y ones1 not)/&+ !y 7 s diff]5t f h] own4 ,%e w\ld h be5 m to ! boys1 & !y m to h]1 if1 in/ead ( wa/+ h] en]gy 9 try+ to make !m l h]self1 %e _h tri$ to develop _! ta/es & incl9ations to _! full possibilities4 ,h[ mu* happi] is ! home 9 :i* ! "m und]/&s ! *ildr51 & kn[s h[ to treat ea* accord+ to 8 disposition1 in/ead ( treat+ all by "s arbitr>y rule6 ,z a "m ( ?ree *ildr5 said "o day1 ,) ,m>y1 j a h9t ( :at ,i wi% is suffici5t to secure results4 ,) ,john1 ,i h to give a def9ite ord] & insi/ t he obey4 ,) ,rob]t ,i get ! be/ results by expla9+ & appeal+ to 8 reason4 ,h[ mu* tr\ble %e saves h]self--& ! *ildr5--by hav+ f\nd ?is mu* out6 ,a "m :o kn[s t :at we commonly call ! _s ( de/ruction 9 a *ild is ! same z ! con/ructive impulse w n be s mu* griev$ :5 h] baby takes ! al>m clock ap>t z ! "m :o looks ^u ?is de$ z an indication ( depravity or wick$ness4 ,illu/ration3 ,! impulse to action e>ly leads to do+4 ,"s ( ! directions 9 :i* ! p>5ts may pr(it f :at ! speciali/s h work$ out may be sugge/$4 ,!re is ! "q ( puni%m5t1 = example4 ,h[ _m ( u h ?\ght out a satisfactory philosophy ( puni%m5t8 ,9 our p]sonal relations ) our *ildr5 we all too frequ5tly cl+ to ! !ory ( puni%m5t t ju/ifies u 9 pay+ back = ! tr\ble we h be5 caus$--if1 inde$1 we d any m ?an v5t our temp] at ! annoyance4 ,x is n vici\sness on our "p2 x is m]ely ignorance4 ,b ! "t is rapidly approa*+ :5 !re w be no excuse = ignorance1 ev5 if x is n yet "t to say t prev5table ignorance is vici\s4 ,h[ _m mo!rs1 = example1 realize t ! desire on ! "p ( ! *ild to t\*1 to d--to get into mis*ief--is a fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( *ildhood1 & n an indication ( p]v]sity 9 h] p>ticul> ,johnny or ,m>y8 ,h[ _m "k t ^! in/9cts are ! mo/ useful & ! mo/ usable traits t ! *ild has2 t ! *eck+ ( ^! impulses may mean ! de/ruction ( individual qualities ( great importance 9 ! =mation ( "*8 ,h[ _m "k h[ wisely to direct ^! in/9cts )\t ?w>t+ !m8 ,h[ _m mo!rs--good h\sewives--"k any?+ at all ab\t ! imag9ation1 t cr[n+ glory ( ! human m9d8 ,!y admire ! poet's flights ( fancy2 b :51 on be+ ask$ :]e 8 bro!r is1 ,h>ry says1 ,he w5t (f 9 a great1 great1 big air%ip1 !y feel ! call ( duty to puni% him = 8 lies6 ,_m ( u h realiz$ 9 a helpless sort ( way t !re is ne$ = exp]t k 9 ^! matt]s1 & h com=tably %ift$ ! responsibility to ! tea*]4 ,p>5ts are (t5 he>d to say1 :5 a tr\blesome y\ng/] is "u discussion1 ,j wait until he beg9s to g to s*ool4 ,x is n wise to wait4 ,!re is mu* to be done be=e ! s*ool c be ?\ght (1 or ev5 be=e ! k9d]g>t5 age is rea*$4 ,inde$1 a *ild is nev] too "y to pr(it f ! application ( ?\ght & k to 8 treatm5t4 ,( c\rse1 ! tra9+ value ( ! s*ool's "w is n to be und]e/imat$4 ,! social int]c\rse t ! *ild exp]i5ces !re1 ! regul>ity ( h\rs1 ! tea*]'s p]sonality1 all h _! favorable influ5ce 9 ! mold+ ( ! *ild's "*4 ,b nei!r mu/ we ov]e/imate ! p[]s ( ! s*ool4 ,! s*ool has ! *ild b a few h\rs a day1 = b>ely m ?an half ! ye>2 ! classes are unconscionably l>ge4 ,we all hope t ! classes w be made small]1 b !y nev] c be small en\gh1 )9 our own times1 = ! purpose ( really effective moral tra9+4 ,! relations betwe5 tea*] & pupil c nev] be z intimate z are ^? ( p>5t & *ild4 ,! tea*] kn[s ! *ild1 z a rule1 only z a memb] ( a gr\p & "u special circum/ances2 ! p>5ts alone h ! opportunity to "k closely ! individual peculi>ities ( ! *ild2 !y alone c "k him 9 heal? & 9 sickness1 9 joy & 9 sorr[1 9 8 /r5g? & 9 8 weakness4 ,! p>5ts c wat* _! *ild f day to day1 ye> aft] ye>2 :]eas ! tea*] sees ! *ild = a comp>atively %ort p]iod ( 8 developm5t1 & !n passes him on to ano!r4 ,! "t 0--& = mo/ ( our *ildr5 /ill is--:5 ! tea*] _h to "k no?+ b h] subjects2 ! nature ( ! *ild 0 to h] z great a my/]y z x is to ! ord9>y p]son :o nev] le>n$ any?+ ab\t x4 ,%e 0 suppos$ to deal ) ! av]age *ild t does n exi/1 & to attempt ! futile task ( draw+ ! lagg>d up to ?is arbitr>y av]age & ( hold+ ! g5ius d[n to x4 ,! ef=t is be+ made to h ! tea*] recognize ! individuality ( ea* *ild2 b ! "m is /ill expect$ to conf9e h] m9i/rations to 8 individual dige/ion4 ,9 a doz5 diff]5t ways ! effective me?ods 9 ! treatm5t ( *ildr51 at home or 9 s*ool1 9 ! *ur* or on ! playgr\nd1 dep5d ^u k & und]/&+1 z is ! case 9 all practical activities4 ,in/9cts alone are nev] suffici5t to tell u :at to d1 not)/&+ ! fact t s mu* really valuable "w has be5 a*iev$ 9 ! pa/ )\t any special tra9+4 ,x may be true t 9 ! pa/ ! in/9cts ( ! *ild adapt$ him to ! ne$s ( life4 ,x may also be true t ! in/9cts ( adults adapt$ !m 9 ! pa/ to _! prop] treatm5t ( *ildr54 ,we %\ld realize1 h[ev]1 t ! conditions ( mod]n life are s complex t few ( u "k j :at to d "u giv5 conditions unless we h made a special ef=t to f9d out4 ,& ?is is j z true ( ! treatm5t ( *ildr5 z x is ( ! c>e ( ! heal?1 or ( ! build+ ( bridges4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! results ( *ild /udy are important to all :o h to d ) *ildr5--:e!r z tea*]s or z p>5ts1 :e!r z club lead]s or z directors ( in/itutions1 :e!r z social work]s or z lov+ uncles & aunts4 ,x is impossible to gu>antee to anyone t a /udy ( *ild nature w enable him or h] to tra9 *ildr5 into models ( good behavior4 ,k alone does n always produce ! desir$ results2 nev]!less1 an und]/&+ ( ! *ild %\ld enable ^? :o h to deal ) him to assume an attitude t w r$uce 9 a great measure _! annoyance at ! v>i\s awkw>d & inconsid]ate & mis*iev\s acts ( ! y\ng/]s4 ,su* a /udy %\ld make possible a clos] intimacy ) ! *ild4 ,&1 f9ally1 x %\ld make possible a long] cont9uance ( t intimacy ) ! *ild1 :i* is s helpful = ^? 9 au?ority z well z = ! *ild himself4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,puni%m5t ,picture to y\rself a d>k hallway4 ,beh9d ! door /&s an indignant "m ) a /rap 9 h] h&4 ,x is pa/ ! d9n] h\r & ,william has n yet return$4 ,b "h he is n[4 ,he comes b\nd+ up ! /eps1 radiantly happy1 & "u ea* arm a pumpk94 ,he bur/s into ! h\se4 ,8 "m seizes him by ! %\ld] & proce$s to apply ! /rap :]e %e ?9ks x w d ! mo/ good4 ,! little boy is ,william ,j4 ,/illman1 & ! /ory is told 9 8 autobiography4 ,he tells h[ j an h\r be=e d9n] a neighbor+ f>m] _h ask$ him to g to 8 field to %ake d[n ! fruit f two apple trees4 ,william 0 s glad to d some?+ = :i* he w\ld receive pay t he all[$ ! "w to tr5* ^u 8 d9n]-"t4 ,! two l>ge pumpk9s he br\ght 7 8 pay1 & he knew t !y meant a great deal to 8 ne$y family4 ,/illman1 9 writ+ ( ! incid5t1 cont9ues3 ,x is m ?an sixty ye>s s9ce t puni%m5t fell on my %\ld]s1 b ! a/oni%m5t ) :i* ,i receiv$ ! flogg+1 in/ead ( ! ?anks :i* ,i anticipat$ = ! wages ,i 0 br++ h]1 ! ha/e ) :i* any "m adm9i/]$ x le/ my fa!r %\ld anticipate h] & beat me aft] 8 own fa%ion1 are z vivid 9 my recollection z if x _h tak5 place ye/]day4 ,:ile ,i hope t n _m ( u are guilty ( su* flagrant abuse ( our p[] z is describ$ above1 /ill ,i am c]ta9 t on _m occasions we puni% j z ha/ily1 )\t giv+ a *ance = explanation & ) z little ?\ght z to :e!r ! puni%m5t fits ! crime4 ,i h (t5 be5 impress$ by ! great int]e/ t mo!rs take 9 uses ( puni%m5t & 9 k9ds ( puni%m5t4 ,x has sometimes seem$ z if ! mo/ valuable ?+ :i* !y c\ld c>ry away ) !m f "s *ild-/udy meet+ 0 a new k9d ( puni%m5t = "s v common (f5ce4 ,i h frequ5tly felt z if ! only contact "s mo!rs h ) _! *ildr5 is to puni% !m1 & t puni%m5t con/itut$ ! *ief "p ( ! poor *ildr5's tra9+4 ,n[1 puni%m5t und\bt$ly has a place 9 ! tra9+ ( *ildr51 b only a negative place4 ,! prop] puni%m5t1 adm9i/]$ 9 ! "r _s1 may cure or correct a fault2 b puni%m5t does n make *ildr5 good4 ,if *ildr5 are puni%$ frequ5tly1 x may ev5 make !m bad4 ,we c all rememb] "s ( ! puni%m5ts ( our own *ildhood4 ,h[ unju/ !y seem$ !n1 & d ev5 n[1 aft] all ^! ye>s to heal ! w\nds6 ,h[ outrag$ we felt6 ,into h[ unlov+ a mood !y put u6 ,! hi/ory ( puni%m5t = crim9als %[s u ?ree /ages4 ,) primitive peoples & 9 e>ly times ! fir/ impulse is to get ev5 or to /rike back4 ,an eye = an eye--no?+ less w\ld d4 ,!n comes a /age 9 :i* puni%m5t is us$ to fright5 p f wrong-do+ & z a w>n+--a det]r5t = o!rs4 ,gradually1 v1 v sl[ly1 z we become m civiliz$ & develop moral insight--develop a love = humanity--we come to recognize t ! only legitimate purpose ( puni%m5t 9 ! treatm5t ( (f5d]s is to r$eem _! *>act]s1 to make !m positively bett]1 n m]ely fright5 !m into a /ate ( app>5t "r-do+--t is1 a /ate ( avoid+ wrong-do+4 ,x is said t ea* individual 9 8 developm5t lives ov] ! exp]i5ces ( ! race4 ,h[ ea* ( u passes ?r\gh ! ?ree attitudes t[>d puni%m5t is v int]e/+ly %[n by a /udy t 0 made "s ye>s ago on #cjjj s*ool *ildr51 to f9d out _! own ideas ab\t puni%m5t4 ,miss ,m>g>et ,e4 ,s*all5b]g] s5t out ! foll[+ /ory & qu]y & _h ! answ]s tabulat$3 ,j5nie _h a beautiful new box ( pa9ts2 & 9 ! aft]noon1 :ile h] "m 0 gone1 %e pa9t$ all ! *airs 9 ! p>lor1 s z to make !m look nice = h] "m4 ,:5 ! "m came home1 ,j5nie ran to meet h] & said3 ,oh1 mamma1 come & see h[ pretty ,i h made ! p>lor4 ,b h] mamma took h] pa9ts away & s5t h] to b$4 ,if y _h be5 h] "m1 :at w\ld y h done or said to ,j5nie8 ,9 ! answ]s ! mo/ /rik+ ?+ is ! range ( reasons giv5 by ! *ildr5 = puni%+ ,j5nie4 ,!re are ?ree prom95t reasons4 ,! fir/ is cle>ly = rev5ge4 ,j5nie 0 a bad girl2 %e made h] "m unhappy2 %e mu/ be made unhappy4 ,%e made h] "m angry2 %e mu/ be made angry4 ,a boy ( t5 says3 ,i w\ld h s5t ,j5nie to b$ & n giv5 h] any supp]1 & !n %e w\ld get mad & cry4 ,"o boy ( n9e says3 ,if ,i _h be5 t woman ,i w\ld h half kill$ h]4 ,a sweet 787 little girl w\ld make h] pa9t ?+s until %e is got en\gh ( x4 ,ano!r girl3 ,if ,i _h be5 ,j5nie's "m1 ,i w\ld ( pa9t$ ,j5nie's face & h&s & toes4 ,i w\ld ( swit*$ h] well4 ,i w\ld ( wa%$ h] m\? out ) soap & wat]1 & ,i %\ld /& h] on ! floor = half an h\r4 ,?is view 0 tak5 mo/ly by ! y\ng] *ildr54 ,! second reason = puni%+ is to prev5t a repetition ( ! act4 ,a ?irte5 ye> old girl says3 ,i w\ld take ! pa9ts away & n let h] h !m until %e le>n$ n to d t aga94 ,:5 a ?reat is us$ x is ) ! same idea 9 view3 ,i w\ldn't d any?+ j !n1 b ,i w\ld h said3 ',if y d t any m ,i w\ld :ip y & s5d y to b$ besides6' ,all trace ( rev5ge has disappe>$4 ,! ?ird /age ( puni%m5t is high] /ill4 ,j5nie is puni%$ 9 ord] to re=m h]4 ,9 ! previ\s examples ! act 0 all-important4 ,n[ ,j5nie & h] moral condition come into ! =egr\nd4 ,none ( ! y\ng] *ildr5 take ! tr\ble to expla9 to ,j5nie :y x 0 wrong to pa9t ! p>lor *airs4 ,a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! old] ones d s expla94 ,a c\ntry boy ( f\rte5 says3 ,i w\ld h took h] ) me into ! p>lor1 & ,i w\ld h talk$ to h] ab\t ! injury %e _h done to ! *airs1 & talk$ k9dly to h]1 & expla9$ to h] t ! pa9ts 7 n :at 0 put on *airs to make !m look nice4 ,a girl ( sixte5 says3 ,i ?9k t ! "m 0 v unwise to lose h] temp] ov] some?+ :i* ! *ild _h done to please h]4 ,i ?9k x w\ld h be5 f> wis] 9 h] to h kiss$ ! little "o1 & !n expla9$ to h] h[ mu* mis*ief %e _h done 9 try+ to please h] "m4 ,we c see f ?is /udy t ! *ildr5 !mselves are capable ( rea*+ a r l(ty attitude t[>d wrong-do+ & puni%m5t1 yet ^! *ildr5 :5 gr[n up--t is1 we ourselves--s frequ5tly return to a m primitive way ( look+ at ^! problems4 ,9 puni%+ our *ildr5 we g back to ! me?od ( ! five- & six-ye>-old4 ,:at is ! reason = our app>5t back-slid+8 ,is x n pla9ly ! fact t we all[ ourselves to be ma/]$ by ! animal in/9ct to /rike back8 ,:5 ! *ild does some?+ t causes annoyance or ev5 damage1 d we /op to consid] 8 motive1 8 int5t1 or d we only respond to ! result ( 8 action8 ,d we h a /udi$ policy = treat+ 8 (f5ce1 or d we slide back to ! desire to get ev5 or to pay him = :at he has done8 ,sometimes a v small (f5ce w h grave consequ5ces1 :ile a really s]i\s fault may cause b little tr\ble4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is ,h>ry1 :o 0 s int5t ^u *as+ ! wood*uck t he ran ?r\gh ! new-s[n field1 trampl+ d[n ! e>?4 ,he caus$ consid]able damage4 ,if y\r puni%m5t assumes ! proportion dictat$ by ! ang] :i* ! h>m caus$1 he c]ta9ly w be dealt ) sev]ely4 ,kn[+ t he _h n meant to d wrong1 he _c help b feel ! inju/ice ( y\r wra?4 ,( c\rse1 he has be5 c>eless & he mu/ be impress$ ) ! h>m su* c>elessness c cause4 ,:e!r y lock him 9 a room or deprive him ( "s special pleasure1 or :e!r y m]ely talk to him1 dep5ds ^u y & ^u ,h>ry4 ,b "o ?+ mu/ be c]ta93 ,h>ry mu/ n get ! notion t y are av5g+ y\rself ^u him = ! h>m he has done1 or = ! ill-feel+ ar\s$ by 8 act--he mu/ n feel t y are tak+ x out ( him because y h be5 made angry4 ,?is br+s u to ! old rule3 ,nev] puni% 9 ang]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :ile we mu/ all[ e trace ( ang] to disappe>1 we mu/ n all[ s mu* "t to elapse z to make ! *ild lose ! connection betwe5 8 act & ! consequ5ce4 ,a little boy at breakfa/ ?rew "s salt ^u 8 si/]'s apple 9 a _s ( mis*ief4 ,! "m s5t him out ( ! room & told him t he w\ld h to g to b$ two h\rs e>li] ?an usual t night z a puni%m5t = 8 misde$4 ,n[ we all "k t ! days ( y\? are long1 long days1 & ! _m ev5ts ( t day _h completely cr[d$ out ( ! little boy's m9d ! trivial1 impulsive act ( ! morn+4 ,! puni%m5t c\ld n ar\se 9 him any feel+ b t ( unju/ privation4 ,?is p>ticul> case illu/rates ?ree o!r problems 9 connection ) puni%m5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 no?+ t is consid]$ desirable or b5eficial %\ld be br\ght into disfavor by be+ us$ z a puni%m5t4 ,sleep is a bless+1 &1 x may be said 9 g5]al1 no heal?y *ild gets too mu* ( x4 ,by impos+ two h\rs ( additional sleep ^u ! *ild ! "m discr$its sleep+4 ,x isn't logical4 ,x is z unreasonable z t once favorite puni%m5t ( tea*]s1 n[ rapidly be+ disc>d$1 ( keep+ *ildr5 aft] s*ool4 ,on ! "o side !y are told h[ grateful !y %\ld be = ?is great boon ( education1 & = be+ all[$ to come to s*ool1 & !n !y are told3 ,y h be5 v bad & tr\blesome to-day2 z a puni%m5t y %all h an extra h\r ( ?is great privilege4 ,! second po9t is t no puni%m5t %\ld ev] deprive a *ild ( conditions t are necess>y = 8 heal? or impose conditions t are h>mful4 ,&1 f9ally1 x is n wise to exagg]ate ! importance ( trivial acts by treat+ !m too s]i\sly4 ,! little boy tri$ to be sm>t :5 he ?rew t salt4 ,) ne>ly e *ild x w\ld be suffici5t1 9 a case l ?is1 to make him feel t x 0 really v silly & t he _h made himself ridicul\s 9 ! eyes ( ! family4 ,v (t5 ! s]i\sness ( a *ild's (f5ce is greatly exagg]at$4 ,we mu/ n wa/e our ammunition on ^! small matt]s2 if we use our /ronge/ t]ms ( disapproval = ! _m little ev]yday vexations1 we %all be left q )\t res\rce :5 some?+ really s]i\s does occur4 ,*ildr5 are v s5sitive to su* exagg]ations1 & _! att5tion is s mu* tak5 up ) ! inju/ice ( mak+ a big ado ab\t su* trifles t !y ov]look :at is repreh5sible 9 _! own conduct4 ,"s ( ! greate/ au?orities believe t a *ild %\ld be all[$ to suff] ! consequ5ces ( 8 de$s4 ,we %\ld borr[ f nature1 !y say1 h] me?od ( deal+ ) (f5d]s4 ,if a *ild t\*es fire he w be burnt1 & ea* "t ! same effect w foll[ 8 de$4 ,:y n let our puni%m5ts be z c]ta9 & uni=m 9 _! reaction8 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ?is plan c be foll[$4 ,if a little girl /ubbornly refuses to we> h] mitt5s1 x is all "r to let h] suff] ! consequ5ces1 ! natural consequ5ces--& let h] h&s get q cold4 ,b ?is pr9ciple _c be consi/5tly appli$ z a g5]al me?od4 ,if a *ild insi/s ^u lean+ f> out ( ! w9d[ x w\ld be fooli% to let him suff] ! consequ5ces & fall1 possibly to 8 dea?4 ,"p ( our function is to prev5t our *ildr5 f suff]+ all ! possible consequ5ces ( _! actions4 ,we are "h to guide !m & to protect !m4 ,to ab&on ! *ild to ! natural consequ5ces ( 8 moral actions w\ld be ev5 m h>mful1 = v (t5 we mu/ sep>ate ! *ild f 8 fault4 ,?is is true 9 a d\ble s5se4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we are conc]n$ *iefly 9 remov+ ! *ild's faults1 z a physician seeks to sep>ate a pati5t f 8 sickness4 ,b we mu/ also avoid ! error ( id5tify+ any fault ) ! fundam5tal nature ( ! *ild2 t is1 we mu/ keep be=e u ! "* ( ! *ild z di/9ct f ! wrong acts :i* ! *ild may commit4 ,if a *ild lies1 t does n make ( him a li>1 any m ?an does 8 failure to und]/& :at he has j be5 told make ( him a blockhead4 ,yet ! natural consequ5ce ( ly+1 = in/ance1 is to be mi/ru/$ 9 ! future--to be br&$ a li>4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is "o ( ! wor/ ?+s t c happ5 to a *ild1 & "o ( ! sure/ ways ( mak+ him a habitual li>4 ,_m *ildr5 pass ?r\gh a /age 9 :i* !y naturally come to h ! feel+ :i* is express$ 9 ! say+3 ,if ,i h ! "n1 ,i may z well h ! game4 ,we mu/ %[ ! *ild t we h unb\nd$ confid5ce 9 him1 o!rwise he w lose fai? 9 himself4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t ! natural me?od w n "w 9 su* cases1 = ! impulse to condemn ! *ild aft] he has committ$ a wrong de$1 in/ead ( condemn+ ! de$1 may m]ely help to fix ^u him ! habit ( committ+ simil> de$s 9 ! future4 ,9 ,nature1 too1 ! same puni%m5t inv>iably foll[s ! same (f5ce4 ,if we try to imitate t me?od1 ! *ild soon le>ns :at he has to reckon )4 ,if ! *ild kn[s t a c]ta9 action w produce a c]ta9 result1 he (t5 ?9ks x is wor? ! price4 ,!n ! *ild feels t he has _h 8 way1 &1 hav+ paid ! price1 ! acc\nt is squ>$2 s he feels ju/ifi$ 9 do+ ! same ?+ aga94 ,9 foll[+ ?is c\rse we defeat our own ends1 z ?is k9d ( puni%m5t does n act z a f9e moral det]r5t4 ,scold+ z a puni%m5t is also n efficaci\s4 ,we are ju/ifi$ 9 hav+ our indignation ar\s$ at times & 9 lett+ ! (f5d] feel our displeasure4 ,!re is some?+ calm & impressive ab\t g5u9e indignation1 :ile scold+ is apt to become nagg+ & to ar\se contempt 9 ! *ild4 ,:5 we consid] ! _m difficulties ( f9d+ a puni%m5t exactly fitt$ to ! (f5ce 9 a way t w make ! (f5d] avoid repetition1 we are tempt$ to resort to s]moniz+ & reason+1 = ?r\gh our words we hope at times to e/abli% 9 ! *ild's m9d a direct relation betwe5 8 conduct & ! undesirable consequ5ces t spr+ f x4 ,9 do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 we %\ld n speak 9 g5]alities1 b br+ be=e ! *ild's m9d concrete examples ( 8 own objectionable acts f rec5t exp]i5ce4 ,x is useless to tell ,john h[ important x is to be punctual & let x g at t2 x is n en\gh ev5 to tell him t he (t5 fails to be on "t4 ,if y c rem9d him t he 0 late = d9n] on ,w$nesday1 miss$ ! lett]-c>ri] twice la/ mon?1 & delay$ att5d+ to an err& ,monday until all ! %ops 7 clos$1 y h him :]e he c und]/& y\r po9t4 ,m>y w li/5 respectfully en\gh to a homily on be+ consid]ate1 b x w h little effect ^u h] comp>$ to br++ be=e h] a picture ( "s ( h] actions3 h[1 in/ead ( com+ "r home f s*ool ! day y 7 n feel+ well1 & help+ y ) "s ( y\r tasks1 %e _h gone to visit a fri5d j t aft]noon4 ,b reason+ ) a *ild (t5 fails to accompli% its purpose1 because ! *ild's reason+ is s diff]5t f t ( an adult4 ,unless !re is a ne>ly p]fect und]/&+ ( ! work+s ( ! *ild's m9d1 reason+ is frequ5tly futile4 ,a sev5-ye>-old boy :o _h receiv$ a long lecture on ! impropriety ( keep+ dead crabs 9 8 pockets said1 aft] x 0 all ov]3 ,well1 !y 7 alive :5 ,i put !m 94 ,y are wa/+ a lot ( my preci\s "t4 ,^! little bra9s h a way ( work+ out comb9ations t seem weird to u gr[n-ups4 ,only ) a *ild ( a c]ta9 type & a p>5t able to und]/& ! work+s ( 8 m9d may ! me?od ( reason+ "w satisfactorily 9 correct+ faults & e/abli%+ good habits & ideals4 ,no discussion ( ?is subject w\ld be complete )\t a ^w on corporal puni%m5t4 ,x is impossible "h to pres5t all ! argum5ts = or aga9/ x4 ,i am sure1 h[ev]1 t ! mo/ en?usia/ic advocates ( x w admit t x is n always practis$ ) discretion & t x is 9 mo/ cases n only unnecess>y b positively h>mful4 ,*ildr5 t are treat$ l animals w behave l animals2 viol5ce & brutality d n br+ out ! be/ 9 a *ild's nature4 ,x w\ld seem t intellig5t p>5ts d n ne$ to resort to su* me?ods 9 ! tra9+ ( normal *ildr54 ,z sugge/$ by our vet]an noveli/1 ,william ,dean ,h[ells1 we h clung to ! wisdom ( ,solomon1 9 ?is respect1 ?r\gh c5turies ( *ang+ conditions4 ,solomon said3 ,sp>e ! rod & spoil ! *ild2 ,mr4 ,h[ells sugge/s t we might ) pr(it spoil ! rod & sp>e ! *ild4 ,9 ! small families ( to-day !re is no ne$ to cl+ to ! me?ods t may h work$ well en\gh ) ! ,ori5tal1 polygam\s despot1 :o nev] c\ld "k all 8 *ildr5 individually1 & x is !re=e h>dly necess>y to use ,solomon z our au?ority4 ,x is pla91 !n1 t x is impossible to recomm5d any puni%m5t z ! correct "o1 or ev5 to recomm5d any "o infallible rule4 ,?is mu/ dep5d ^u ! p>5t1 ^u ! *ild1 & ^u ! circum/ances4 ,b !re are c]ta9 def9ite pr9ciples :i* we mu/ keep 9 m9d & :i* w d mu* t[>d mak+ our task ( discipl9e m rational3 ,we mu/ nev] puni% 9 ang]4 ,we mu/ consid] ! motive & ! temptations be=e ! consequ5ce ( ! de$4 ,we mu/ condemn ! de$ & n ! *ild4 ,we mu/ be sure t ! *ild und]/&s exactly ! (f5ce ) :i* he is *>g$4 ,we mu/ be sure t he sees ! relation ( ! (f5ce to ! puni%m5t4 ,we mu/ nev] adm9i/] any excessive or unusual puni%m5t4 ,we mu/ n exagg]ate ! magnitude ( ! (f5ce4 ,if we keep ^! pr9ciples 9 m9d we may n always be "r1 b we %all c]ta9ly be "r m (t5 ?an if we _h no policy or def9ite ideas4 ,b1 above all1 we mu/ recognize t puni%m5t is only a corrective1 & t x is our duty to build up ! positive virtues4 ,let u exp5d our en]gy 9 ! ef=t to e/abli% good habits & ideals1 & ! *ild w %$ _m ( ! faults :i* n[ occupy ! c5tre ( our int]e/ & att5tion4 ,9 a family :]e ! prop] _s ( intimacy & mutual und]/&+ & =be>ance reigns puni%m5t w be relegat$ to its prop] place--namely1 ! m$ic9e closet--& n be us$ z daily bread4 ,= puni%m5t is a m$ic9e--a corrective--& :5 we adm9i/] x we mu/ d 9 ! _s ( ! physician4 ,we d n wi% to be quacks & h "o pat5t rem$y to cure all evils2 b1 l physicians wor?y ( _! tru/1 we mu/ /udy ! ailm5t & its causes1 & above all mu/ we /udy ! pati5t4 ,! same rem$y w n d = all con/itutions4 ,!re=e ! puni%m5t mu/ n only fit ! crime1 b x mu/ also be made to fit ! crim9al4 ,love & pati5ce are ! secret ( *ild managem5t4 ,love :i* c f>e f ! *illie/ s\l2 pati5ce :i* kn[s h[ to wait = ! h>ve/4 ,,iii4 ,,:5 ,,y\r ,,*ild ,,imag9es ,,?+s ,johnny 0 play+ 9 ! room :ile 8 "m 0 sew+ at ! w9d[4 ,johnny look$ out ( ! w9d[ & exclaim$1 ,oh1 "m1 see t great big lion6 ,8 "m look$1 b saw only a m$ium-siz$ dog4 ,:y1 ,johnny1 repli$ ! "m1 h[ c y say su* a ?+8 ,y "k v well t 0 only a dog4 ,n[ g "r 9 ! corn] & pray to ,god to =give y = tell+ su* a lie6 ,johnny w5t4 ,:5 he came back1 he said triumphantly1 ,see1 "m1 ,god said ,he ?\ght x 0 a lion ,himself4 ,?is poor "m is a typical example ( a l>ge class ( mo!rs :o fail to und]/& _! *ildr5 because !y h no idea ( :at goes on 9 ! *ild's m9d4 ,to ,johnny ! lion 0 j z real z ! dog 0 to ! "m4 ,& ev5 if ! dog _h n be5 !re = ! "m to see1 ,johnny c\ld h se5 j z real a lion4 ,e "m ought to "k t practically e heal?y *ild has imag9ation4 ,y w h to take a long day's j\rney to f9d a *ild t has no imag9ation to beg9 )--& !n y w f9d t ?is *ild is wond]fully un9t]e/+1 or actually /upid4 ,y c easily obs]ve = y\rself t z soon z a *ild kn[s a l>ge numb] ( objects & p]sons & names he w beg9 to re>range 8 bits ( k into new comb9ations1 & 9 ?is way make a little _w ( 8 own4 ,9 ?is _w1 bea/s & furniture & fl[]s talk & h adv5tures4 ,:5 ! dew is on ! grass1 ! grass is cry+4 ,butt]flies are fly+ pansies4 ,lightn+ is ! sky w9k+1 & s on4 ,?is activity ( ! *ild's m9d beg9s at ab\t two ye>s1 & rea*es its height betwe5 ! ages ( f\r & six4 ,b x cont9ues ?r\gh life ) great] or less int5sity1 accord+ to circum/ances & orig9al disposition4 ,x is n only ! poet & arti/ :o ne$ imag9ation1 b all ( u 9 our ev]yday conc]ns4 ,d y realize t ! p]son to :om y l s mu* to talk ab\t y\r affairs1 because %e is s sympa!tic1 is sympa!tic because %e has imag9ation8 ,= )\t imag9ation we _c put ourselves 9 ! place ( ano!r1 & mu* ( ! mis]y 9 ! relation betwe5 human be+s exi/s because s _m ( u are unable to d ?is4 ,! happy _c realize ! ne$s ( ! mis]able1 & ! mis]able _c und]/& :y anyone %\ld be happy--if !y lack imag9ation4 ,! ne$ = imag9ation1 f> f be+ conf9$ to dream]s & p]sons :o dwell 9 ! cl\ds1 is ( great practical importance 9 ! developm5t ( m9d & "*4 ,imag9ation is a direct help 9 le>n+1 & 9 develop+ sympa?y4 ,z "o ( our great moral lead]s1 ,felix ,adl]1 has said1 mu* ( ! selfi%ness ( ! _w is due1 n to actual h>d-he>t$ness1 b to lack ( imag9ative p[]4 ,we all "k ! classic example ( ,que5 ,m>ie ,anto9ette1 :o1 :5 told t ! p 7 riot+ = want ( bread1 exclaim$1 ,:y1 let !m eat cake in/ead6 ,br\ght up 9 luxury1 %e c\ld n realize :at absolute want means4 ,%e _h no imag9ation4 ,! _w has progress$1 b we /ill h among u ! same type ( un=tunate p]sons :o are unable to put !mselves 9 ! place ( o!rs4 ,i rec5tly he>d ( a woman :o1 on be+ told ( a family s poor t !y _h _h no?+ b cold potatoes = supp] ! night be=e1 repli$3 ,!y may be poor1 b ! "m mu/ be a v bad h\sekeep]1 anyway4 ,=1 ev5 if !y _h no?+ b potatoes to eat1 %e might at lea/ h fri$ !m4 ,l h] royal prototype1 ?is mod]n woman _h n ! imag9ation to realize t a family c\ld be s poor z to be 9 want ( fuel4 ,b be+ able to put y\rself 9 ! place ( ano!r is ( importance n only f ! /rictly moral po9t ( view4 ,y c easily see h[ x w affect "o's ev]yday relations1 h[ x w be ( great help 9 avoid+ misund]/&+s ( all k9ds--z betwe5 "m & *ild1 betwe5 mi/ress & maid1 etc4 ,if p>5ts w\ld only realize ?is importance ( imag9ation1 & n look ^u x z a va9 ?+1 !y w\ld n m]ely all[ ! *ild's imag9ation to take its own c\rse2 !y w\ld actually make ef=ts to cultivate & enc\rage x4 ,9 ?is way !y w\ld n only aid ! *ild 9 becom+ a bett] & m sympa!tic man or woman1 b w\ld also add mu* to ! happ9ess ( ! *ild4 ,unless we h giv5 special ?\ght to ?is matt]1 mo/ ( u gr[n-ups d n appreciate h[ v real ! *ild's _w ( make-believe is to him1 & h[ ess5tial to 8 happ9ess t we d n break into x rudely4 ,:5 "o ( my boys 0 two & a half ye>s old he 0 "o day play+ ) an imag9>y baby si/]4 ,a memb] ( ! h\sehold came into ! room1 :]eupon he imm$iately broke out 9 wild scream+ & became v mu* agitat$4 ,x took "s "t to quiet him & to f9d out t ! cause ( all 8 tr\ble 0 ! fact t ?is p]son _h inadv]t5tly /epp$ ^u 8 imag9>y si/]1 :om he _h plac$ ^u ! floor4 ,be=e him he saw 8 little si/] cru%$1 & great 7 8 horror & grief4 ,i "k f ?is exp]i5ce & _m o!rs t if we d n ent] into ! *ild's _w & try to und]/& ! work+ ( 8 m9d we w (t5 f9d him naughty1 :5 he is n naughty at all4 ,9 ! example giv5 x w\ld h be5 v easy to foll[ ! fir/ impulse to reprove ! *ild = :at seem$ v unreasonable conduct on 8 "p4 ,& su* cases arise con/antly4 ,h[ completely ! *ild ?r[s himself into an imag9>y "* is %[n by an incid5t :i* occurr$ rec5tly4 ,a little boy ( f\r1 :o _h be5 accu/om$ to speak only ,g]man at home1 0 play+ doctor1 & 0 s absorb$ 9 ! play t :5 d9n]-"t came he 0 loa? to ab&on ! role4 ,8 "m1 to avoid delay1 simply said1 ,i ?9k we w invite ! doctor to h d9n] ) u1 & he promptly accept$ ! invitation4 ,:5 ! maid came 91 he said 9 ,engli%1 ,:at is h] "n8 ,m>ie1 ! "m repli$4 ,isn't t ,m>y 9 ,engli%8 ! *ild politely inquir$4 ,y see1 ,i _c speak ,g]man1 = my "m nev] taught me4 ,& al?\gh ?is little boy nev] spoke ,engli% to 8 p>5ts nor 8 p>5ts to him1 z doctor he spoke ,engli% ?r\gh\t ! meal4 ,_m p>5ts ent] spontane\sly into ! _s ( _! *ildr5's games1 & make believe ) ! be/ ( !m4 ,!y pity poor ,johnny :5 he screams ) t]ror at ! attack ( ! make-believe be>1 & take great joy 9 admir+ ! make-believe kitt54 ,if we b realiz$ h[ all ?is make believe helps 9 ! developm5t ( "* & 9 ! ga9+ ( k1 all p>5ts w\ld try to develop ! *ild's imag9ation1 & n only ^? :o h ! gift intuitively4 ,x is ! *ild's natural way ( le>n+ ?+s1 ( gett+ acqua9t$ ) all liv+ & inanimate objects 9 8 environm5t4 ,x %>p5s 8 obs]vation4 ,a *ild :o tries to act a horse1 = example1 w be mu* m apt to notice all ! diff]5t activities & habits ( ! horse 9 8 v>i\s relations ?an a *ild :o m]ely obs]ves passively4 ,a *ild ) imag9ation1 :5 receiv+ directions or in/ructions1 c picture to himself :at he is expect$ to d1 & easily translates 8 in/ructions into action4 ,to ! unimag9ative *ild ! directions giv5 w be s _m words1 & he _c c>ry out ^! in/ructions z effectively4 ,aga9 & aga9 tea*]s f9d t pupils fail to c>ry out ord]s1 ?\gh able1 :5 ask$1 to repeat ^w = ^w ! in/ructions giv5 !m4 ,! pla9tive inquiry1 ,:at %all ,i d n[8 is mu* m frequ5tly he>d f ! *ild :o is unimag9ative or :o has _h ! play ( 8 imag9ation curb$4 ,= ! *ild c be :atev] he wi%es1 & h :atev] he likes1 8 he>t's desire is at 8 f+]'s end1 once 8 imag9ation is free4 ,! rock+-*air c be a great big %ip1 ! c>pet a roll+ sea1 & at mo/ a sugge/ion is ne$$ f ! busy "m4 ,a few *airs c be a tra9 ( c>s & keep him occupi$ = h\rs4 ,a wood5 box is trans=m$ into a mighty locomotive--9 fact1 give an imag9ative *ild almo/ any?+1 a /r+ ( beads1 or a piece ( color$ glass1 & out ( x 8 imag9ation w con/ruct great happ9ess4 ,a normal *ild does n ne$ elaborate toys4 ,! only function ( a toy1 z someone has well said1 is to s]ve z lay figures ^u :i* ! *ild's imag9ation c weave & drape its fancy4 ,al?\gh p>5ts h n always und]/ood :at goes on 9 ! *ild's m9d :5 he is s busy ) 8 play1 our poets & lov]s ( *ildr5 h _h a deep] insight4 ,/ev5son1 9 8 poem ,my ,k+dom1 %[s u h[1 ) ! t\* ( imag9ation1 ! *ild trans=ms ! commonplace objects ( 8 surr\nd+s into mat]ial = ri* romance3 ,d[n by a %9+ wat] well ,i f\nd a v little dell1 ,no high] ?an my head4 ,! hea!r & ! gorse ab\t ,9 summ] bloom 7 com+ out1 ,"s yell[ & "s r$4 ,i call$ ! little pool a sea3 ,! little hills 7 big to me2 ,= ,i am v small4 ,i made boat1 ,i made a t[n1 ,i se>*$ ! cav]ns up & d[n1 ,& nam$ !m "o & all4 ,& all ab\t 0 m9e1 ,i said1 ,! little sp>r[s ov]head1 ,! little m9n[s1 too4 ,?is 0 ! _w & ,i 0 k+3 ,= me ! bees came by to s+1 ,= me ! swall[s flew4 ,i play$ !re 7 no deep] seas1 ,nor any wild] pla9s ?an ^!1 ,nor o!r k+s ?an me4 ,at la/ ,i he> my "m call ,out f ! h\se at ev5fall1 ,to call me home to tea4 ,& ,i mu/ rise & leave my dell1 ,& leave my dimpl$ wat] well1 ,& leave my hea!r blooms4 ,alas6 & z my home ,i ne>$1 ,h[ v big my nurse appe>$1 ,h[ great & cool ! rooms6 ,"s *ildr5 d n ev5 ne$ objects z a />t+ po9t = _! imag9ative activity4 ,!y c j conjure up p]sons & ?+s to s]ve z mat]ial = _! play4 ,_m *ildr51 :5 alone1 h imag9>y companions4 ,"o little boy1 :5 tak5 out = 8 air+1 daily met an imag9>y fri5d1 :om he call$ ,bu/]4 ,z soon z he /epp$ out ( ! h\se he utt]$ a peculi> call1 to :i* ,bu/] repli$--?\gh no "o b he he>d him--& he w\ld run to meet him & !y w\ld h a lovely "t toge!r1 sometimes = h\rs at a /ret*4 ,ano!r little *ild receiv$ a daily visit f an imag9>y c[4 ,!re 0 a c]ta9 place 9 ! liv+-room :]e ?is r$ c[ ) :ite spots w\ld appe>4 ,! *ild w\ld g ?r\gh ! motions ( fe$+ h]1 patt+ h]1 & br++ h] wat]4 ,9 ^! two cases ! companion%ip la/$ b a few mon?s1 b !re are *ildr5 ^: imag9>y companions gr[ up ) !m & get old] z !y get old]4 ,illu/ration3 ,imag9ation supplies ?is two-ye>-old a pranc+ /e$4 ,9 "s in/ances !re is a gr\p ( su* imag9>y companions1 & _! activities con/itute a cont9u$ /ory1 ( :i* ! *ild is a liv+ c5tre1 al?\gh n necess>ily ! h]o4 ,x seems to me t ! p[] to create 8 own fri5ds mu/ be a great boon to a *ild :o is =c$ to be alone a great deal or has no cong5ial companions4 ,!re ne$ be no fe>--except p]haps 9 v extreme cases--t su* activity ( ! imag9ation is morbid4 ,a little girl :o plays ) h] dolls is really do+ ! same ?+1 only t %e has a symbol = ea* ( h] imag9>y companions4 ,b al?\gh an imag9ative *ild is mu* easi] to tea* lat] on1 & al?\gh he does n tr\ble y ) ! incessant nagg+ ,:at %all ,i d n[8 ! "m ^: idea ( good conduct is keep+ quiet w f9d ! unimag9ative *ild mu* easi] to c>e =4 ,he is v mu* less active & !re=e less tr\blesome4 ,?is expla9s :y ?is priceless gift ( imag9ation has s (t5 be5 disc\rag$ by p>5ts & tea*]s4 ,b !y did n "k t !y 7 actually h>m+ ! *ild by s disc\rag+ him1 or1 let u hope1 !y w\ld n h *os5 ! easi] way4 ,=1 aft] all1 we are n look+ = ! easie/ way ( gett+ along ) *ildr51 b = ! be/1 & ! be/ = !m w prove 9 ! end to be ! be/ = u4 ,x mu/ c]ta9ly try y\r pati5ce1 :5 y are tir$1 at ! end ( a day's "w1 to h ,h>ry refuse to come to be put to b$ because y call$ him ,h>ry2 & he replies1 p]haps some:at crossly3 ,i am n ,h>ry1 ,i told y4 ,i am little ,jack ,horn]1 & ,i h to sit 9 my corn]4 ,b no matt] h[ h>d x may seem1 d n get disc\rag$4 ,once y are fully aw>e ( ! importance ( :at seems to be b silly play1 y w add ?is "o m to y\r _m sacrifices1 & f9d t x w br+ returns a hundr$fold4 ,&1 aft] all1 z 9 s _m o!r problems1 :5 y resolve to make ! sacrifice1 x turns out to be no sacrifice4 ,=1 once y approa* ! problem 9 an und]/&+ _s1 ! flights ( ! *ild's imag9ation w give y untold pleasure4 ,ano!r reason :y imag9ation has be5 suppress$ by ^? :o are 9 *>ge ( *ildr5 is ! fe> t x w lead to ! =mation ( habits ( untru?fulness4 ,x is v h>d to realize1 unless y und]/& ! *ild's nature1 t ! *ild is n ly+ :5 he says some?+ t is manife/ly n s to y & ! o!r adults4 ,i h he>d *ildr5 reprov$ = ly+ :5 ,i 0 sure t !y _h no idea ( :at a lie is4 ,9 "o family an old] boy broke a plate &1 :5 *>g$ ) ! de$1 d5i$ x flatly4 ,8 little bro!r1 h[ev]1 confess$ & describ$ j h[ he _h brok5 x4 ,n[1 ! old] boy 0 tell+ a falsehood consci\sly-- probably f fe> ( puni%m5t4 ,! little fell[1 h[ev]1 0 n tell+ an untru?--f 8 po9t ( view4 ,he really imag9$ hav+ brok5 t plate4 ,he _h he>d ! ev5t discuss$ by ! family until all ! incid5ts 7 vivid to him & he pictur$ himself z ! h]o4 ,up to a c]ta9 "t x is impossible = ! *ild to di/+ui% betwe5 :at we call real & 8 make-believe4 ,bo? are equally real to him1 & ! make-believe is ev] s mu* m int]e/+4 ,until ab\t ! fif? ye> a *ild does n "k t he is imag9+2 betwe5 ! ages ( f\r & six ! imag9ative p]iod is at its height1 & !re beg9s to appe> a sort ( und]curr5t ( consci\sness t x is all make-believe1 & ?is height5s ! pleasure ( try+ to make x seem real4 ,gradually ! *ild le>ns to di/+ui% betwe5 imag9>y exp]i5ces & real ones1 b until y are q c]ta9 t he does di/+ui%1 d n atta* any moral significance to 8 /ories4 ,%\ld an old] *ild be incl9$ to tell falsehoods1 y may be sure t ?is is n because 8 imag9ation has be5 cultivat$4 ,!re are !n o!r reasons & causes1 & !y mu/ be /udi$ on _! own acc\nt4 ,aft] y come to a cle> appreciation ( ! value ( imag9ation 9 ! *ild's developm5t y w1 in/ead ( suppress+ 8 feel+s1 look ar\nd = ways ( enc\rag+ ?is activity ( 8 m9d4 ,y w see a new value 9 fairy tales & fables & a new significance 9 e turn ( 8 fancy4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,lies ,,*ildr5 ,,tell ,none ( ! petty vices ( *ildhood appe>s to %ock adults s mu* z ly+2 & none is m widespread among *ildr5--& among adults4 ,z we are speak+ ( *ildr51 h[ev]1 x is en\gh to say t all *ildr5 lie--con/antly1 p]si/5tly1 univ]sally4 ,p]haps y w be less griev$ by ! lies ( y\r *ildr51 & less loa? to admit t !y d lie1 if y realize t all *ildr5 lie4 ,! "m :o tells y t h] *ild nev] lies is ei!r deceiv+ h]self or try+ to impress y ) ! sup]iority ( h] (f-spr+4 ,9 h] case ! untru?fulness ( *ildhood has n be5 rem$i$4 ,h[ev]1 al?\gh ly+ is s common1 t is no reason = ignor+ ! lies ( *ildr54 ,!y h to be taught to "k ! tru?1 & to speak x & to act x4 ,& !y c be taught4 ,! ,psalmi/ said1 ,all m5 are li>s2 b he spoke ha/ily1 z he aft]w>d le>n$4 ,all ( u are probably born ) in/9cts t make x easy = u to acquire ! art ( ly+2 b we h also ! in/9cts t make u love ! tru? & speak x4 ,inde$1 a *ild may acquire a hatr$ ( untru? t is s ke5 z to be positively di/ress+2 & ?is condition is j z morbid & undesirable z t ( ! o!r extreme1 :i* accepts lies z ! usual ?+4 ,z 9 o!r problems connect$ ) ! br++ up ( *ildr51 ! fir/ & ! la/ aim %\ld be to und]/& ! *ild1 ! individual1 p>ticul> *ild4 ,w y\r *ild become a habitual li>1 or w he simply outgr[ ! t5d5cy t[>d untru?fulness1 z he w leave o!r *ildi% ?+s beh9d him8 ,x is impossible to tell2 b = ! va/ majority ( *ildr5 a great deal dep5ds ^u ! k9d ( treatm5t giv54 ,if y d n treat ! lies ( y\r *ildr5 und]/&+ly1 !re is ! dang] t y w br+ out o!r *>act]i/ics1 p]haps ev5 m undesirable ones--su* z cruelty1 v9dictiv5ess1 or ev5 actual deceit4 ,we mu/ recognize t !re is no g5]al faculty ( ly+4 ,x is v easy = u to class z lies e ^w & e act t is n 9 complete h>mony ) ! facts--z we und]/& !m4 ,b !re are _m k9ds ( lies1 z well z _m degrees ( !m4 ,a *ild t is br&$ a li> has und\bt$ly giv5 abundant occasion = mi/ru/1 & has li$ apl5ty2 b und\bt$ly also he has specializ$ 9 8 ly+1 & w\ld be incapable ( c]ta9 k9ds ( lies t are common en\gh ) o!r *ildr54 ,z we are ! judges ( our *ildr5 9 all ( _! misde$s1 we mu/ pres]ve n only a judici\s attitude1 b we mu/ really be j4 ,& to ?is end x is ess5tial t we take into consid]ation all ! circum/ances t lead to a lie1 includ+ ! motives1 z well z ! special traits ( ! p>ticul> *ild4 ,! fir/ ?+ t we %\ld keep always 9 m9d is t ! moral "* ( ! *ild is /ill un=m$1 & t 8 /&>ds ( tru?1 l 8 o!r /&>ds1 are n ! same z ^? ( ! adult4 ,inde$1 ?is fact is at ! same "t ! hope ( *ildhood & ! s\rce ( its _m trag$ies4 ,x is ! hope because ! *ild is gr[+1 & acquir+ new vision & new p[]s2 ! *ild ( to-day is ! adult ( to-morr[1 & mo/ ( ! *ildr5 ( to-day w be at lea/ z develop$1 9 "t1 z ! adults ( to-day4 ,! trag$y arises f ! fact t z we gr[ old] we =get ! outlook ( ! *ild1 & misund]/&+s betwe5 ! p>5ts & ! *ildr5 are almo/ inevitable4 ,:atev] ! prevail+ morality ( a community may dem&1 ! fact rema9s t practically all *ildr5 up to a c]ta9 age consid] x p]fectly legitimate to lie to _! enemies if !y b tell ! tru? to _! fri5ds4 ,*ildr5 may lie to ! policeman1 or to ! tea*]1 or to anyone ) :om !y are = ! mom5t 9 conflict4 ,?is is a relic ( ! "t :5 our savage ance/ors f\nd x necess>y to practice deceit 9 ord] to save !mselves f _! enemies4 ,s +ra9$ is ?is in/9ct t _m a *ild w /ick to a falsehood be=e ! tea*] or o!r inquisitors1 only to retract & g to pieces :5 oblig$ to answ] 8 "m4 ,x has be5 %[n ov] & ov] aga9 t *ildr5 ev5 well along 9 ! te5s consid] x q "r to tell "o /ory to a tea*] or to ano!r *ild :o is dislik$1 & a diff]5t /ory to "o t is lik$4 ,?is attitude probably arises n s mu* f a desire to deceive z an outcome ( natural cunn+ & adaptability4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! little girl :o us$ to ?r[ ! cru/ ( h] bread "u ! table1 to get m s(t bread4 ,! *ild 0 too "y to deceive anyone2 %e c\ld n possibly h ! idea ( deceit or ( ly+4 ,%e _h simply come to dispose ( ! cru/ 9 ?is way because %e _h associat$ ! arrival ( m bread ) h] empty-h&$ness2 to ?r[ ! bread "u ! table 0 a direct way to ! gett+ ( :at %e want$4 ,! "q ( tru? or untru? nev] ent]$ ! little m9d4 ,to treat ?is *ild z a li> w\ld n only be unju/1 b w\ld be apt to make ! *ild consci\s ( ! idea ( deceit4 ,lat] 9 8 developm5t ! *ild may /ill use ! same k9d ( cunn+ 9 gett+ :at he wants or 9 escap+ :at he does n l1 )\t ! int5tion to deceive4 ,& a lie1 to be a lie1 mu/ include t int5tion4 ,all /ud5ts ( *ild nature agree t a v "y *ild--say be=e ! age ( f\r or five--does n lie consci\sly4 ,lat]1 ! *ild may say _m ?+s t are n s1 b gradually he comes to recognize ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at he says & :at is really s2 he may ne$ help 9 com+ to see ! diff]5ce1 b ?is aid %\ld n be =c$ ^u him too soon4 ,a little boy ( five :o 0 v imag9ative became acqua9t$ ) "s old] *ildr5 9 a new neighborhood :o _h little imag9ation & !re=e 7 greatly %ock$ by ,h]b]t's /ories4 ,!y proce$$ to in=m him t he 0 ly+1 & to expla9 to him :at a lie 04 ,! boy 0 v mu* impress$4 ,aft] he came home he discov]$ t !re 0 a great deal ( ly+ go+ on4 ,he ask$ 8 little bro!r1 ,are y old] ?an me8--to :i* ! little "o answ]$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,h]b]t came runn+ to 8 "m to report t ! baby _h told a lie6 ,= sev]al weeks ev]y?+ t 0 said 0 subject to ! *ild's sev]e scrut9y2 e slighte/ mi/ake 0 at once labell$ by him z a lie4 ,ri*>d said ?is is my "r h&1 t is a lie2 ,hel5 said ,i may n play ) ! hamm]1 "m said ,i may1 s ,hel5 li$2 ! maid said x 0 "t to g to b$1 b x is only five m9utes to sev51 s ! maid li$4 ,& he w\ld delight especially 9 ask+ ! baby bro!r lead+ que/ions1 to trap him into say+ lies4 ,?is exp]i5ce did n result 9 mak+ ,h]b]t any m scrupul\s 9 8 own spee*1 = 8 imag9ation creat$ int]e/+ & dramatic situations1 :i* he describ$ ) zeal & en?usiasm1 = a long "t aft] he _h discov]$ lies4 ,! "y *ild is really incapable ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 8 dreams & reality on ! "o h&1 & betwe5 reality & 8 day-dreams or imag9+s on ! o!r4 ,a little boy came home f k9d]g>t5 a few days aft] he _h ent]$1 &1 :5 ! exp]i5ce 0 /ill full ( novelties to him1 he describ$ ! work%op3 ea* little boy _h a pair ( ov]alls ) ! "n across ! bib 9 black lett]s2 !re 0 a little lock] = ea* *ild1 ) ! "n on ! outside2 ea* _h 8 set ( tools & 8 place at ! b5*4 ,day by day he n>rat$ 8 do+s 9 s*ool & report$ ! progress he 0 mak+ ) a little hair-p9 box t he int5d$ = 8 aunt's bir?day4 ,on ! bir?day ! "m came to ! s*ool to see h[ ! boy 0 gett+ on2 & %e ask$ ab\t ! hair-p9 box :i* he 0 n[ to br+ home4 ,x !n appe>$ t !re 0 no %op1 no ov]alls1 no lock]s1 no tools4 ,! :ole /ory 0 a creation ( ! *ild's imag9ation1 & all ! details he _h inv5t$ 7 real en\gh to him to be describ$ repeat$ly ) su* vividness t no "o suspect$ = a mom5t t x 0 all a fabrication4 ,to call su* /ories lies w\ld be worse ?an useless4 ,if scold+ or prea*+ c\ld make a *ild m]ely /op tell+ su* /ories1 !re w\ld be no ga92 if !y /opp$ a *ild ?9k+ su* /ories1 !re w\ld be a decid$ loss4 ,gradually ! *ild may come to recognize ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! make-believe & ! reality1 & he may be help$4 ,:5 at a c]ta9 age y ?9k y\r *ild ought to di/+ui% m cle>ly betwe5 8 imag9ation & cold facts1 x w\ld be all "r to expla9 to him t1 al?\gh !re is no h>m 9 8 enjoy+ 8 make-believe1 /ill he mu/ n tell 8 fancies z if !y 7 real1 b mu/ tell !m z make-believe /ories4 ,t w a*ieve ! desir$ result )\t mak+ him feel hurt at y\r lack ( und]/&+ 9 treat+ him l an ord9>y li> ^: prime int5tion is to deceive4 ,b x is n wise to =ce ?is developm5t1 ev5 at ! risk ( prolong+ ! age ( dreams4 ,) "s *ildr5 ly+ is caus$ by _! e/hetic feel+s4 ,x is mu* easi] = !m to describe a situation z !y feel x %\ld h be5 ?an to describe x z x actually 04 ,_m *ildr5 embelli% ! facts )\t any trace ( int5t to deceive4 ,al?\gh we recognize t :at !y say is n /rictly ! tru?1 we mu/ fur!r recognize t x is _! love ( ! beautiful or _! s5se ( ! fitness ( ?+s t leads !m to ^! exagg]ations4 ,x is ! same sort ( in/9ct z %[s itself 9 our love ( c]ta9 k9ds ( fiction4 ,we "k t "s ( ! happy end+s 9 ! plays & 9 ! novels are (t5 f>-fet*$2 b we l to h ! happy end+s1 or ! poetic ju/ice end+s1 or ! irony ( fate end+s1 j ! same4 ,:5 ! *ild makes up 8 end+s to fit 8 s5se ( ju/ice or beauty1 we mu/ n condemn him1 z we are (t5 tempt$ to d1 by call+ 8 fabrication a lie1 = t at once puts x 9 ! same class z delib]ate deceit = a selfi% purpose4 ,!re is really no h>m 9 ?is class ( lies1 unless1 z ! *ild gr[s old]1 x becomes app>5t t he lets 8 wi%es & pref]5ces int]f]e ) 8 vision ( :at is actually go+ on4 ,9 su* cases ! rem$y is n to be f\nd 9 ! d5unciation ( ly+1 b 9 giv+ ! *ild opportunity to exp]i5ce realities t _c be treat$ untru?fully4 ,to ?is end v>i\s k9ds ( h& "w & sci5tific /udy h be5 useful4 ,x is impossible = ! *ild to *eat ! tools ( ! work%op or 8 in/rum5ts ( precision2 x is impossible to make a spool ( ?read d ! "w ( two or ?ree2 or "o _c make ! pa9t g f>!r by apply+ ! bru% fa/]4 ,x is concrete reality t c tea* ! imag9ative *ild reality2 9 ! ?+s he le>ns f books !re is no *eck ^u ! imag9$ & ! desir$--"o k9d ( outcome is z likely & z true z ano!r4 ,b 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! workaday _w causes & consequ5ces _c be s easily alt]$ by a trick ( words4 ,inve/igation has %[n t ! s5tim5tal or h]oic elem5t is "o t appeals to *ildr5 s /rongly t x may (t5 lead to :at we adults w\ld call lies1 or x w\ld seem to ! *ild to ju/ify ly+4 ,! confession to a de$ t he has n committ$1 = ! purpose ( sav+ a weak] companion f puni%m5t or injury1 seems to be a type ( lie t appeals /rongly to mo/ *ildr54 ,aga9 & aga9 h boys--& girls1 too--decl>$ /oically t !y 7 guilty ( "s d]eliction ( :i* !y 7 q innoc5t1 to %ield a fri5d4 ,& mo/ *ildr5 n only admire su* acts1 b w seek to def5d !m on moral gr\nds1 ev5 :5 !y are old en\gh to "k :at a lie is4 ,! explanation = ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! *ild sees e situation or problem z a :ole2 he has n yet le>n$ to sep>ate problems into _! compon5t p>ts4 ,a situation is to him all wrong or all "r2 he _c see t a "p may be wrong1 :ile ano!r "p is "r4 ,n[ 9 ! case ( ! self-confess$ culprits1 ! magnanimity & h]oism ( ! act /& out s prom95tly t !y q ov]%ad[ ! trifl+ circum/ance t ! h]o did n d ! wick$ de$4 ,an excell5t illu/ration ( ?is trait ( *ild nature came out 9 an inquiry t 0 made a numb] ( ye>s ago4 ,a *ild repli$1 9 answ] to ! "q ,:5 w\ld a lie be ju/ifi$8 t if ! "m's life dep5d$ ^u x "o w\ld h ! moral duty ( say+ t %e 0 out1 al?\gh %e 0 really 94 ,t is1 x w\ld be "o's duty to make ! great moral sacrifice ( speak+ an untru? = ! sake ( sav+ ! "m4 ,any *ild w tell y1 z did ?is "o1 t x w\ld be wick$ to tell a lie to save 8 own life6 ,?is sugge/s ano!r type ( lie t is q common4 ,mo/ *ildr5 feel _! p]sonal loyalties s ke5ly t !y w\ld d _m ?+s t !y !mselves consid] wrong = a p]son !y love or admire4 ,a little girl 0 s mu* impress$ ) ! moral tea*+s ( h] ,sunday-s*ool tea*] t %e 0 det]m9$ to get h] a suitable ,*ri/mas pres5t4 ,n[1 ! family _h n ! means to supply su* a pres5t1 & ,m>y knew x1 & 0 greatly di/ress$ by ! fact4 ,h[ev]1 :]e !re is a w !re is a way2 & ,m>y f\nd ! way by cunn+ly /eal+ a m\/a*e cup f a /ore ) ! inspir+ leg5d ,to de> ,fa!r & beautiful r$ & blue roses & gilt leaves4 ,m>y _h le>n$ t x 0 wick$ to /eal & to lie1 etc41 b h] he>t 0 set on gett+ some?+ = ! tea*]1 n = h]self1 & %e v unselfi%ly risk$ h] moral salvation = ! p]son %e lov$ & admir$4 ,x is probably bett] = ! *ild if we d n pu% ! analysis ( acts & motives too e>ly1 = !re is m dang] at a c]ta9 age f morbid self-consci\sness ?an f acquir+ vici\s habits4 ,if we recognize t _m ( ! lapses f ! pa?s ( tru? arise f really wor?y motives1 we mu/ make sure t ^! ideals become fix$ be=e we attempt to sep>ate ! unwor?y act f ! comm5dable purpose4 ,! cases s f> giv5 %[ h[ important x is to reta9 n only ! affection b also ! confid5ce ( our *ildr52 & h[ important x is to h "r tea*]s & associates4 ,! *ild w d :at he c to please ^? he really likes or admires2 b ! k9d ( ?+ he w d w dep5d a great deal ^u :at ^? he admires !mselves l to see done4 ,!re are "s lies t are due to faulty obs]vation4 ,we d n (t5 realize to :at ext5t we supplem5t our s5se p]ceptions 9 relat+ our exp]i5ces4 ,lawy]s tell u t x is v difficult to h a witness relate exactly :at he saw2 he is always add+ details = complet+ ! /ory 9 accordance ) 8 int]pretation ( :at he saw4 ,?is is n ly+ 9 any s5se1 b x is relat+ z alleg$ facts :at are 9 reality conclusions f facts4 ,"o may be an unreliable witness )\t be+ a li>2 & s may ! *ild tell u ?+s t we "k are n s because1 9 try+ to tell a complete /ory1 he has to supplem5t :at he actually saw ) :at he feels mu/ h be5 a "p ( ! incid5t4 ,defects ( judgm5t z well z delusions ( ! s5ses or lapses ( memory may lead to mis/atem5ts t are n really lies4 ,"s delusions ( ! s5ses1 especially ( sight & ( he>+1 und\bt$ly h a physical cause4 ,ano!r s\rce ( comp>atively h>mless ly+ is ! in/9ct = secretiv5ess4 ,*ildr5 j love to h secrets1 & if !re are none on h&1 !y h to be inv5t$4 ,a *ild w tell ano!r a secret on condition t x be kept a secret2 b :5 ! secret is told x turns out to be a falsehood--p]haps ev5 some?+ libell\s4 ,n[1 ! *ild _c feel t he has done any?+ wick$1 = to 8 m9d ! big ?+ is t ,nellie promis$ n to tell1 & %e broke h] promise6 ,if %e _h n brok5 h] promise to keep ! secret1 x nev] w\ld h come out1 & no h>m w\ld h be5 done4 ,p]haps we h n yet suffici5tly driv5 secrets f our common life to dem& t ! *ildr5 %all be )\t secrets4 ,:5 we set ! *ildr5 an example ( p]fect frankness & op5 deal+ 9 all matt]s1 we may p]haps be 9 a position to disc\rage ! inv5tion ( secrets by ! "y p4 ,secretiv5ess leads naturally to deceit2 b x is n 9 itself s]i\s en\gh to make mu* ado ab\t4 ,heal?y *ildr5 9 heal?ful social surr\nd+s w outgr[ ?is in/9ct2 :]e ! atmosph]e is *>g$ ) intrigue & s*em+ & dissimulation1 ?is in/9ct may survive long]1 b its manife/ation is 9 itself n a trait t %\ld give its conc]n4 ,"s *ildr5 lie because !y are incl9$ to brag or %[ (f2 o!rs = j ! opposite reason--!y are too s5sitive or timid4 ,& a lie t comes f ei!r side ( ! *ild's nature _c be tak5 z a sign ( moral depravity2 ! treatm5t :i* a *ild is giv5 mu/ take into consid]ation ! *ild's temp]am5t4 ,*>les ,d>w9 tells ( 8 own incl9ation to make exagg]at$ /atem5ts = ! purpose ( caus+ a s5sation4 ,i told ano!r little boy1 he writes 9 8 autobiography1 t ,i c\ld produce v>i\sly-color$ polyan?uses & primroses by wat]+ !m ) c]ta9 color$ fluids1 :i* 01 ( c\rse1 a mon/r\s fable1 & _h nev] be5 tri$ by me4 ,i may "h also confess t z a little boy ,i 0 mu* giv5 to inv5t+ delib]ate falsehoods1 & ?is 0 always done = ! sake ( caus+ excitem5t4 ,= in/ance1 ,i once ga!r$ mu* valuable fruit f my fa!r's trees & hid x 9 ! %rubb]y & !n ran 9 brea?less ha/e to spread ! news t ,i _h discov]$ a ho>d ( /ol5 fruit4 ,= ! vaunt+ lie x is usually suffici5t to defeat its purpose by %[+ t ! boa/ _c be c>ri$ out4 ,! bragg>t is made to desc5d f ! p$e/al ( ! h]o to ! level ( ! fool4 ,h[ ! o!r extreme 9 disposition may lead to a lie is %[n by ! little girl :o 0 s5t to ! /ore = a loaf ( bread & came back say+ t !re 0 no m to be _h4 ,! "m 0 v sure t t c\ld n be1 b soon f\nd out1 on que/ion+1 t ! *ild _h =gott5 :at %e 0 s5t to get & 0 !n afraid ( be+ ridicul$ = hav+ =gott54 ,"h ! cause ( ! lie 0 timidity4 ,to puni% ?is *ild w\ld only make h] m timid4 ,9 a case ( ?is k9d ! "m %\ld try to cultivate ! self-confid5ce ( ! *ild in/ead ( puni%+ h] = untru?fulness4 ,p]haps ! mo/ common k9d ( lie is ! "o t a *ild tells 9 ord] to escape puni%m5t4 ,x is (t5 *os5 z ! easie/ way )\t realization ( any s]i\s wrong-do+4 ,& ev5 :5 a *ild is taught ! wrong ( x1 x is /ill too helpful to be entirely dropp$4 ,z a little boy once said1 ,a lie is an abom9ation to ! ,"l1 & an ev]-ready help 9 "t ( tr\ble4 ,! fir/ lie ( ?is k9d t a *ild inv5ts comes )\t any feel+ ( moral wrong-do+4 ,he has only an in/9ctive %r9k+ f pa94 ,to cure a *ild ( ?is k9d ( lie1 we mu/ take 8 disposition into consid]ation2 !re is no "o rem$y t suits all *ildr54 ,9 "s cases x has work$ v well to develop ! c\rage ( ! *ild1 s t he w fe>lessly accept ! consequ5ces ( 8 de$s4 ,we all "k ( cases :]e *ildr5 c be physically v brave & /& a great deal ( pa9 if !y are made to see ! necessity = x--z :5 !y are treat$ by a d5ti/ or physician4 ,*ildr5 ( t type surely c be taught to be brave1 also1 ab\t accept+ ! consequ5ces ( misde$s4 ,) ano!r type ( *ild ! desir$ result c be obta9$ by mak+ him see t he w be happi] & t 8 relations ) o!rs w he pleasant] if he always tells ! tru?4 ,9 "s *ildr5 ! s5se ( honor c be v easily ar\s$1 & !y c be made to see h[ tru?fulness & reliability help human be+s to get along ) ea* o!r 9 _! v>i\s relations4 ,a great _m temptations = ?is k9d ( lie c be entirely avoid$ if y\r *ild feels f e>lie/ infancy t y always treat him ju/ly4 ,yet a *ild :o is nei!r afraid ( puni%m5t nor incl9$ to deceive may (t5 be tempt$ to lie :5 8 wits are *all5g$4 ,!re is some?+ ab\t y\r tone ( voice1 or 9 ! mann] ( ask+ ,:o left ! door ( ! *ick5-h\se op58 t is an irresi/ible temptation to make y %[ h[ sm>t y really are4 ,y ?9k y "k1 & y\r mann] %[s x2 b y may be mi/ak51 & y\r cocksur5ess ar\ses all ! cunn+ & combativ5ess ( ! *ild4 ,!re is a vague feel+ 9 8 m9d t he w\ld l to see y confirm y\r suspicion )\t ! aid ( an op5 confession--& ! result is a lie4 ,inde$1 any approa* t ar\ses antagonisms is almo/ sure to br+ out ! prop5sity to dissimulate or ev5 to deceive4 ,9 su* cases ! "m %\ld le>n h[ to approa* ! *ild )\t a *all5ge1 in/ead ( try+ to tea* ! *ild n to lie4 ,! wor/ k9d ( lies are ^? caus$ by selfi%ness or ! desire to ga9 at ! exp5se ( ano!r1 or ^? prompt$ by malice or envy1 or ! passion = v5geance4 ,al?\gh su* lies (t5 appe> 9 ! games ( *ildr51 ! games !mselves are n to be held responsible = ?is4 ,inde$1 ! games ( ! old] *ildr51 :5 play$ "u suitable direction1 are likely to be among ! be/ means = rem$y+ untru?fulness4 ,yet x may be wise sometimes to keep a *ild f 8 games = a "t1 n s mu* to puni% him = ly+ z to give him an opportunity to reflect on ! close connection betwe5 tru?fulness & good play+4 ,special in/ruction may sometimes be ne$$ z a means to ar\s+ ! consci5ce4 ,! lies ( selfi%ness are bad because1 if cont9u$1 !y are likely to make *ildr5 grasp+ & unscrupul\s4 ,b x is 9 mo/ cases wis] to try to make ! *ild m g5]\s & frank ?an to fix ! att5tion on ! lies4 ,if he c be made to realize t 8 happ9ess is m likely to be assur$ ?r\gh fri5dly & s9c]e relations1 ! temptation to use lies w be r$uc$4 ,"o type ( ly+ t is v irritat+ & v h>d to meet is t kn[n z prev>ication4 ,?is consi/s 9 tell+ a "p ( a tru?1 or ev5 a :ole tru?1 9 su* a way z to convey a false impression1 & is mo/ common at ab\t twelve or ?irte5 ye>s4 ,:5 a *ild resorts to prev>ication he is already old en\gh to "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 a tru?ful /atem5t & a false /atem5t4 ,inde$1 x is :5 he mo/ ke5ly realizes ?is t he is mo/ likely to prev>icate1 = ?is is b a device by :i* ! *ildi% m9d attempts to a*ieve an indirect purpose & at ! same "t keep 8 peace ) 8 consci5ce4 ,x is :5 he already has a c]ta9 fe> ( ly+1 & is n yet ?or\ghly s9c]e & tru?-lov+1 t he w come home f ! truant fi%+ p>ty & +5i\sly tell y t a fri5d ( ,h>ry's caught ! fi%1 in/ead ( say+ t he himself did x4 ,8 consci5ce is q satisfi$ ) ! reflection t he is a fri5d ( ,h>ry's4 ,9 ?is /age ( 8 c>e] ! *ild is q capable ( und]/&+ a direct analysis ( :at is ess5tially a deception1 & a good he>t-to-he>t talk t comes to a conclusion is ab\t ! be/ ?+ he c get4 ,i hope y w n ?9k1 f :at ,i h said1 t ,i h be5 try+ to ju/ify ly+1 or t ,i d n consid] ly+ a s]i\s matt]2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 t y w consid] a s+le application ( ! rem$ies sugge/$ suffici5t to make any *ild tru?ful4 ,?or\ghgo+ tru?fulness comes h>d & g5]ally comes late4 ,b = ! majority ( *ildr5 tru?fulness is atta9able1 al?\gh x w n be atta9$ )\t a /ruggle4 ,! f9] in/9cts (t5 en\gh lead to violations ( /rict v]acity2 b !y may be made also to /r5g!n ! feel+ ( scrupul\s reg>d = ! tru?4 ,i h tri$ to %[ t :at we call a lie is n always a lie2 & t "s ( ! v me?ods we use 9 tra9+ our *ildr5 !mselves produce lies4 ,! inflict+ ( sev]e puni%m5ts is "o ( ! *ief ( ^!1 & ! mo/ common lie is t :i* is due to fe> ( puni%m5t4 ,lies t arise f bad habits %\ld be treat$ by an attempt to rem$y ! bad habit4 ,lies t arise f ignorance %\ld be treat$ by att5tion to necess>y k4 ,ev5 m important ?an ! "r k9d ( treatm5t = untru?fulness is ! necessity = an atmosph]e 9 :i* ! _s ( tru?fulness is all-p]vad+4 ,"s day wat* y\rself & notice h[ (t5 y tell untru?s to y\r *ild2 h[ (t5 he he>s y tell s-call$ :ite lies to y\r neighbors2 h[ (t5 he he>s y prev>icate & exagg]ate4 ,if y w keep track ( ^! ?+s y w realize t x is a trifle absurd ( y to expect y\r *ild to be a /rict speak] ( ! tru?4 ,"p ( our campaign aga9/ ! lies ( our *ildr5 mu/ !re=e consi/ 9 our attempt to e/abli% tru?ful relations among adults1 & betwe5 adults & *ildr54 ,v4 ,,be+ ,,afraid ,! h]oes ( hi/ory & ! h]oes ( fiction :om all ( u l to admire are ! m5 & wom5 :o "k no fe>4 ,b mo/ ( u make use ( fe> z a *eap device = atta9+ imm$iate results ) our *ildr54 ,:5 ,johnny hesitates ab\t go+ up/airs 9 ! d>k to fet* y\r "w-basket1 y rem9d him ( ,columbus1 :o brav$ ! trackless sea & ! unkn[n void 9 ! ,we/1 & y exhort him to be a man2 b :5 ,johnny 0 y\ng] y y\rself w>n$ him t ! ,bogeyman w\ld get him if be did n g "r to sleep4 ,& x is n v long s9ce ! day :5 he tri$ to climb ! *]ry tree & y attempt$ to dissuade him ) ! al>m+ prophecy t he w\ld surely fall d[n & break 8 neck4 ,?us our tra9+ consi/s ( c\ntless contradictions3 we set up noble ideals to ar\se c\rage & self-reliance--:5 t suits our imm$iate purpose2 & we fright5 ) ?reats & w>n ( calamity :5 ! *ild has ! impulse to d :at we d n wi% to h him d4 ,?is at once sugge/s ! effect ( fe> ^u "* & conduct4 ,we in/9ctively call ^u c\rage :5 we want ! *ild to d some?+2 we call ^u fe> :5 we want to prev5t action4 ,9 o!r words1 brav]y /imulates1 :]eas fe> p>alyzes4 ,! human race is *>act]iz$ by an in/9ct ( fe>4 ,v "y infants exhibit all ! symptoms ( fe> long be=e !y c h any k or exp]i5ce ( ! disagreeable & ! h>mful effects ( ! ?+s t fright5 !m4 ,?us a sudd5 noise w make ! *ild />t & tremble & ev5 scream4 ,& all ?r\gh life an unexpect$ & l\d noise is likely to />tle u4 ,an inve/igation has %[n t ?und] is fe>$ mu* m ?an lightn+4 ,*ildr5 w laugh at ! fla%es ( lightn+1 b w c[] be=e ! ro>+ ?und]4 ,! feel+ ( fe> is closely associat$ ) :at is unkn[n4 ,x is n noise 9 g5]al t fright5s ! *ildr51 b an unexpect$ noise f an unkn[n s\rce4 ,inde$1 ! *ildr5 l noise itself well en\gh to produce x :5ev] !y c by heat+ drums1 or b>rels1 or wa%-boil]s4 ,! frightful ?+ ab\t ?und] is t ! cause rema9s a my/]y1 & x is frightful s long z ! cause does rema9 a my/]y1 if ! *ild lives to be a hundr$ ye>s old4 ,dur+ a ?und]-/orm *ildr5 w picture to !mselves a battle go+ on above4 ,"s ?9k ( ! sky crack+ or ! moon bur/+1 or conceive ( ! firmam5t z a dome ( metal ov] :i* balls are be+ roll$4 ,illu/ration3 ,nei!r are girls afraid to climb4 ,! influ5ce ( ! unkn[n expla9s also :y t o!r great s\rce ( fe>1 namely1 d>kness1 has su* a /range hold ^u *ildr54 ,fe> ( d>kness is v common & (t5 v int5se4 ,!re are b few *ildr5 :o d n suff] f x at "s "t & to "s ext5t4 ,?is fe> is frequ5tly sugge/$ by /ories ( robb]s1 gho/s1 or o!r t]rors1 b ev5 *ildr5 :o h be5 c>efully gu>d$ sometimes h ^! viol5t fe>s t _c be reason$ away4 ,9 ord] to discov] :at x is ab\t ! d>kness t fright5s *ildr51 a l>ge numb] ( wom5 & m5 7 ask$ to recall _! *ildi% exp]i5ces ) fe>1 & f ! _m in/ances giv5 ! foll[+ may be us$ to illu/rate ! v>i\s t]rors ( ! d>k4 ,"o woman describ$ h] fe>s ( an indi/9ct liv+ some?+1 black1 possibly curly1 :i* %e fe>$ w\ld ent] ! room 9 ! d>kness f some:]e "u ! b$4 ,ano!r c\ld see d>k objects ) eyes & tee? sl[ly & noiselessly desc5d+ f ! ceil+ t[>d h]4 ,"o little boy1 :5 he _h f9ally ov]come fe>1 said to 8 fa!r t he ?\ght ! d>k to be a l>ge live ?+ ! color ( black4 ,a girl ( n9ete5 said %e rememb]$ t on go+ to b$ %e us$ to see little black figures jump+ ab\t betwe5 ! ceil+ & ! b$4 ,x is well kn[n t ! feel+ ( fe> is (t5 v int5se among *ildr52 & :]e x is due to ignorance x is n "r to laugh x away4 ,do+ s af=ds no explanation4 ,! ridicule may cause ! *ild to hide 8 fe>1 b w n drive ! feel+ away4 ,s9ce ! feel+ ( fe> is s closely connect$ ) ! /range & unkn[n1 ! only way t x may be directly ov]come is by mak+ ! *ild famili> ) ! objects t cause su* feel+s4 ,9 ! case ( "y *ildr5 ) :om we _c reason x is be/1 :]ev] possible1 to remove ! cause or gradually to make ! *ild famili> ) ! d>kness1 or :atev] x is t makes him unhappy4 ,"o v "y *ild became fright5$ :5 he 0 pres5t$ ) a ,t$dy be>4 ,e "t ! ,t$dy be> 0 produc$ he w\ld cry ) t]ror4 ,! "m 0 p]plex$ ab\t :at to d4 ,n[1 z ! ,t$dy be> is n a necess>y "p ( ! *ild's surr\nd+s1 !re is no reason :y x _c be remov$ altoge!r & produc$ aga9 ^u "s future occasion1 :5 ! *ild is old en\gh to be indiff]5t to x4 ,v _m *ildr5 are fright5$ by ! t\* ( fur1 or ev5 ( velvet2 b ?is la/s only a %ort "t1 & !y soon le>n to l dogs & cats4 ,! fe> ( d>kness is diff]5t2 we _c elim9ate d>kness f ! *ild's exp]i5ce1 & we mu/ pati5tly try to help ! *ild to ov]come 8 fe>1 s9ce he w suff] greatly s long z x la/s4 ,! help y give him w also con/itute "o m bond ( sympa?y betwe5 y & y\r *ild1 & we _c h too _m su* bonds4 ,"o "m got h] boy us$ to go+ into a d>k room by plac+ "s c&y on ! f>!r w9d[ & s5d+ him = t4 ,"h ! *ild fix$ 8 att5tion on ! goal & _h no "t to ?9k ( ! t]rors ( ! d>k4 ,aft] mak+ su* visits a few times ! boy became q indiff]5t to ! d>kness4 ,ano!r +5i\s "m gave h] little daught] :o 0 afraid a t9y1 flat1 electric spotlight :i* j fitt$ into ! pocket ( h] pajama jacket ,%e took x to b$ ) h]1 slipp$ x "u ! pill[1 & d]iv$ su* com=t f x t ! :ole family 0 reliev$4 ,! *ild soon outgrew h] timidity4 ,a *ild :o f infancy has be5 accu/om$ to go+ to sleep 9 ! d>k & sudd5ly develops a fe> ( x ought to be indulg$ to ! ext5t ( hav+ a light = a few m9utes to %[ him t !re is no?+ !re to be afraid (4 ,x may take a few ev5+s & sev]al disagreeable trips to ! *ild's b$room1 b 9 ! end he w be victori\s & y w h help$ him to w9 ! victory4 ,a *ild t is n 9 good heal? is likely to be possess$ by 8 fe>s mu* long] ?an "o :o is well4 ,9 ! latt] case !re is a fund ( en]gy to g explor+1 & ! *ild ?us becomes m readily acqua9t$ ) 8 surr\nd+s1 & z 8 k gr[s 8 fe>s vani%4 ,aga91 ! sickly *ild has n ! en]gy to fight 8 fe>s1 z has ! heal?y *ild4 ,inde$1 ! high spirits ( ! heal?y *ild (t5 lead him to seek ! frightful1 j = ! exhil>ation he gets f ! s5sation4 ,! p]iod ( mo/ int5se fe>s is betwe5 ! ages ( five & sev51 & :ile imag9ative *ildr5 naturally suff] mo/1 !y are also ! ones t c call up bright fancies to *e] !m4 ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son mu/ h _h a lovely "t 9 ! d>k1 see+ circuses & ?+s1 z he tells u 9 8 poem :i* beg9s3 ,all night long & e night ,:5 my mamma puts out ! light ,i see ! circus pass+ by ,z pla9 z day be=e my eye1 etc4 ,al?\gh fe> is a human in/9ct1 x is n univ]sal1 & once 9 a :ile we f9d a *ild :o has no in/9ctive fe>4 ,if su* a *ild is n fright5$ he may rema9 q ignorant ( ! feel+ = _m ye>s4 ,i "k a boy :o1 at ! age ( five1 0 unacqua9t$ ) ! s5sation ( fe>1 &1 nev] hav+ be5 fright5$1 also did n "k ! mean+ ( ! ^w fe>4 ,he _h he>d x us$ by o!r *ildr5 & knew t x 0 some?+ unpleasant1 b :5 "o day at d9n] he said to 8 "m1 ,y "k1 ,i ?9k ,i am afraid ( sp9a*1 mean+ t he did n l x1 x 0 evid5t t ! feel+ ( fe> 0 q =eign to him4 ,_m p>5ts h a feel+ ( helplessness 9 ! face ( a trait t is said to be in/9ctive1 z ?\gh !re 7 "s fatal f9ality 9 t classification4 ,b1 :ile x is true t fe> is in/9ctive1 x is equally true t x c (t5 be successfully f\ght by hav+ rec\rse to o!r in/9ctive traits4 ,?us ! in/9ct ( curiosity1 :i* is m widespread ev5 ?an ! in/9ct ( fe>1 may be us$ to c\nt]act ! latt]4 ,s9ce fe> re/s s l>gely on ignorance1 curiosity is its enemy1 because x dissipates ignorance4 ,a little boy :o _h a c]ta9 fe> ( ! figures 9 ! mirror t 7 s vivid & yet s unreal us$ to try to come into a room 9 :i* !re 0 a l>ge mirror1 & /eal ^u ! causes ( 8 curiosity unaw>es4 ,8 d\ble 0 always !re z soon z he1 & caught 8 eye2 b ! *ild lo/ 8 fe> only aft] he became famili> ) ! *>act]s 9 ! look+-glass4 ,9 ! same way curiosity w (t5 compel ! *ild to become gradually s well acqua9t$ ) ! s\rce ( 8 fe>s z to drive ! latt] q out ( 8 exp]i5ce4 ,we mu/ be c>eful to avoid confus+ fe> & caution4 ,fe> arises f ignorance1 & is n necess>ily relat$ to any real dang]4 ,caution1 on ! o!r h&1 is a direct outcome ( ! k ( dang]4 ,two little boys 7 wat*+ a "y man %oot+ (f fire-crack]s4 ,:5ev] a bun* 0 lit ! old] boy /epp$ away1 :ile ! y\ng] "o held 8 gr\nd4 ,someone taunt$ ! old] boy1 say+1 ,y see1 ,h>ry is n afraid1 & y are4 ,to :i* he v s5sibly repli$1 ,i a9't afraid nei!r1 b ,h>ry doesn't "k t he might get hurt1 & ,i d4 ,!re=e1 :ile we d n wi% our *ildr5 to be c[>ds1 nei!r d we want !m to feel reckless4 ,caution & c\rage may well g toge!r 9 ! *ild's "*4 ,con/antly w>n+ ! *ild aga9/ possible dang] does n develop caution2 x is m likely to de/roy all spontane\s action4 ,too _m mo!rs are always say+ to _! *ildr51 ,don't d ?is1 y might hurt y\rself1 or ,don't g to ! /able1 ! horse may kick y1 & s on4 ,if a *ild is prop]ly taught1 he w get along ) ! ord9>y k conc]n+ ! behavior ( ?+s & animals t might be injuri\s1 & he w le>n to be c>eful ) reg>d to ^! )\t be+ con/antly admoni%$ & fright5$4 ,! fe> ( be+ consid]$ afraid has its evil side z well z its good side4 ,:ile x may (t5 make ! *ild affect ! virtue :5 he has x n1 x does1 on ! o!r h&1 make _m a boy & girl1 especially 9 ! e>ly te5s1 conc$e to ! dem&s ( prevail+ fa%ions 9 misconduct1 :5 ! consci5ce & ! k ( "r & wrong dictate a diff]5t c\rse4 ,! taunt y dass5t is /rong] ?an ! /ill small voice say+ ?\ mu/ n4 ,& s ,h>ry plays truant = ! fir/ "t n s mu* because he is tir$ ( s*ool1 or because ! smell ( ! "y spr+ allures him1 z because ,tommy d>es him to g swimm+ on ! risk ( gett+ caught & lick$4 ,h>ry yields = fe> ( be+ call$ a c[>dy cu/>d4 ,x is important to gu>d aga9/ ! moral effect ( fe> :5 x is direct$ aga9/ ! judgm5ts ( o!rs4 ,by always ref]r+ ! *ild to :at o!rs w ?9k ( him1 we are likely to make moral c[>ds4 ,a *ild c be taught to ref] to 8 own consci5ce & to 8 own judgm5t1 &1 if he has be5 wisely tra9$1 8 consci5ce & judgm5t w be at lea/ z effective guides 9 8 relations ) human be+s z 8 attempt to avoid misconduct = fe> ( :at o!rs w ?9k or say4 ,! use ( fe> z a means ( discipl9e is be+ disc>d$ by all ?\ghtful p>5ts & tea*]s4 ,we h le>n$ t au?ority ma9ta9$ by fe> is v %ort-liv$2 :5 a *ild gets pa/ a c]ta9 age1 ! ob$i5ce bas$ ^u fe> ( au?ority is almo/ c]ta9 to turn into defiance4 ,! fe> ( puni%m5t leads directly to untru?fulness & deception2 p>5ts :o rely ^u affection & good-w to assure ! "r conduct ( _! *ildr5 get bett] results ?an ^? :o t]rorize !m4 ,fe> & hatr$ are closely connect$1 & 9 cultivat+ fe> we are fo/]+ a trait t may 9 a critical mom5t turn to hatr$4 ,! only ?+s t we %\ld tea* our *ildr5 to fe> are ^? we %\ld be will+ to h !m hate4 ,let y\r *ildr5 le>n to fe> & hate all mean & selfi% acts1 all cunn+ & deception1 all unfairness & inju/ice4 ,b ev5 bett] ?an tea*+ !m to hate ^! vices1 tea* !m to love & admire & to aspire to realize ! positive virtues4 ,:5 we obs]ve ! undesirable physical effects ( fe>1 su* z ! effect ^u ! he>t & blood-vessels1 ! effect ^u ! n]ve curr5ts1 etc41 we c h>dly expect x to h a b5eficial effect ^u ! m5tal or moral side ( ! *ild's nature4 ,fe> always cramps & p>alyzes2 x nev] broad5s or /imulates4 ,all ! progress made by our race has be5 accompli%$ by ^? :o 7 n afraid3 ! m5 & wom5 ( broad vision & indep5d5t1 fe>less action4 ,e "m has lurk+ 9 "s corn] ( h] he>t ! fond hope t h] *ildr5 w 9 "s way contribute to ! advancem5t ( humanity1 to make our life "h bett] wor? liv+4 ,to contribute 9 ?is way1 our *ildr5 mu/ be )\t fe>4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,great ,,law ,:5 y h _h a sc5e ) y\r disob$i5t ,rob]t1 y are apt to wond] h[ ,mrs4 ,jones ev] manages to make h] *ildr5 obey s nicely4 ,if all secrets 7 made public1 y w\ld "k t ,mrs4 ,jones has (t5 wi%$ t %e c\ld make h] *ildr5 m9d z nicely z d y\rs4 ,= we always imag9e t mak+ *ildr5 m9d is ! "o ?+ t o!r mo!rs succe$ 9 bett] ?an we d4 ,:y is x t we consid] ob$i5ce ( su* great importance 9 ! br++ up ( our *ildr58 ,is x because ob$i5ce itself is a supreme virtue :i* we desire to cultivate 9 our *ildr58 ,or is x because we f9d x conv5i5t to receive ob$i5ce f ^? ) :om we h to deal8 ,t ob$i5ce is a virtue _c be d5i$4 ,b x is a virtue only "u special k9ds ( human relation%ip4 ,! ob$i5ce requir$ ( a fireman or a sailor is ( ! same k9d z t :i* we dem& ( a *ild expos$ to a dang] t he does n see4 ,! "w ( ! fireman & ( ! sailor is su* t ^! p mu/ be con/antly prep>$ to obey in/antly ! ord]s giv5 by ^? 9 au?ority ov] !m4 ,! life ( ! *ild1 h[ev]1 is su* z to make 8 "w or 8 safety dep5d ^u 8 ob$i5ce only "u exceptional circum/ances4 ,to ju/ify our dem& = habitual ob$i5ce1 we mu/ f9d bett] reasons ?an ! /ock argum5t s (t5 giv51 namely1 t 9 c]ta9 em]g5cies ! in/ant response to a comm& may result 9 sav+ ! *ild f injury or ev5 f dea?4 ,! ne$ = ob$i5ce lies clos] to h& ?an an occasional em]g5cy :i* may nev] arise4 ,9 all human relation%ips !re come occasions = ! ex]cise ( au?ority4 ,!re is no d\bt t 9 ! relations betwe5 p>5ts & *ild ! p>5t--or eld] p]son--%\ld be ! "o 9 au?ority1 on acc\nt ( 8 great] exp]i5ce & matur] judgm5t1 q ap>t f any "q ( s5tim5t or tradition4 ,b if y wi% to ex]cise au?ority1 y mu/ make sure to des]ve x4 ,laws & cu/oms give p>5ts c]ta9 au?ority ov] _! *ildr51 b well we "k t too few ( !m are able to make wise use ( ?is au?ority4 ,n only f ! side ( our own conv5i5ce1 b also f ! side ( ! *ild's real ne$s1 we mu/ give ! "y _s tra9+ 9 ob$i5ce4 ,! *ild t does n get ! con/ant support ( a reliable & firm guide misses ?is support2 ! *ild is happi] :5 he is aw>e ( hav+ ne>-by an unfail+ c\nsellor1 "o :o w decide aright :at he is to d & :at he is n to d4 ,b :5 ,i say t ! ob$i5t *ild is happi] ?an ! disob$i5t "o1 ,i d n mean m]ely t ! latt] gets into mis*ief m frequ5tly1 or t ! =m] receives m m>ks ( affection f ! p>5ts4 ,!re is involv$ some?+ m important ?an rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,! "y *ild w\ld really r obey ?an be left to 8 own decisions4 ,:5 he has no "o to tell him :at to d1 or to w>n him aga9/ :at he mu/ n d1 ! *ild feels 8 helplessness4 ,& !re is valuable tonic = ! *ild's body z well z = 8 w 9 ! com=table consci\sness ( a sup]ior au?ority ^u :i* he c safely lean4 ,z ! *ild becomes old] he beg9s to ass]t 8 own desires 9 a m positive fa%ion1 & at ab\t two & a half to ?ree ye>s ! problem ( ob$i5ce takes on a new aspect4 ,= n[ ! *ild has _h exp]i5ce en\gh to enable him to h 8 own purposes1 & ^! (t5 come 9 conflict ) ! wi%es ( ! "m4 ,%\ld ob$i5ce be n[ dem&$8 ,& %\ld x be insi/$ ^u8 ,!re is m involv$ 9 ?is problem ?an ! conv5i5ce ( adm9i/]+ ! h\sehold1 or ! imm$iate safety & well-be+ ( ! *ild4 ,!re is involv$ ! :ole "q ( ! *ild's future attitude t[>d life4 ,%all ! *ild become "o :o habitually obeys ! comm&s ( o!rs1 )\t que/ion+1 )\t resi/+1 & s p]haps become a pliant tool 9 ! h&s ( p[]ful b unscrupul\s m58 ,or %all he be all[$ to g 8 own way & ov]-ride ! wi%es ( o!rs1 to become1 p]haps1 a wilful victim ( 8 own :ims & moods1 pres5t+ a /ubborn resi/ance to ov]:elm+ =ces t w 9 ! end cru% him8 ,9 ! case ( ! v "y *ild absolute ob$i5ce mu/ be requir$1 = ! reason t ! *ild is n 9 a position to assume ! responsibility = 8 conduct4 ,! w ( ! "m mu/ be foll[$ = ! *ild's own safety & heal?1 = ! *ild has no intellig5ce or exp]i5ce1--t is1 judgm5t1--or purpose to guide him4 ,he has only bl9d impulses t may (t5 be h>mless b are nev] reliable4 ,s ! fir/ ne$ is = tra9+ 9 regul>ity1 & ?is is possible only "u ! guidance ( ! "m or nurse1 :o kn[s :at is to be done1 or n done1 & ^: au?ority mu/ be absolute4 ,s ! *ild mu/ fir/ ( all le>n to obey4 ,lat] he mu/ le>n :at & :om to obey4 ,recogniz+1 !n1 9 full ! value ( ob$i5ce1 we mu/ be c>eful n to exagg]ate x & consid] x a c>d9al virtue4 ,ob$i5ce is f> f be+ a fundam5tal virtue4 ,on ! contr>y1 once e/abli%$ z a rul+ pr9ciple 9 ! h\sehold or any:]e else1 x is easily c>ri$ f> en\gh to become a s\rce ( positive h>m4 ,to obey means to act 9 accordance ) ano!r's wi%es4 ,to act 9 ?is mann] does n call ^u ! ex]cise ( judgm5t or responsibility1 & too _m gr[ up )\t acquir+ ! habit ( us+ judgm5t & )\t acquir+ a s5se ( responsibility4 ,!y are only too will+ to leave *oice & decision to o!rs4 ,decision ( "* & habitual ob$i5ce d n g well toge!r4 ,moreov]1 x is n[ com+ to be m fully recogniz$ t ! progress ( society dep5ds n ^u clos] ob$i5ce to ! few natural lead]s1 b ^u ! ex]cise ( discretion & judgm5t on ! "p ( an ev] l>g] numb] ( ^? :o are n lead]s4 ,!re may be a /ill great] dang] 9 requir+ s-call$ implicit ob$i5ce ( e *ild4 ,we h le>n$ f mod]n /udies ( ! human m9d t do+ is ! outcome ( ?9k+ & feel+4 ,:5 we con/antly =ce *ildr5 to d ?+s t h no direct connection ) _! ?\ghts & feel+s1 or :5 we prev5t actions :i* foll[ naturally f _! ?\ghts & feel+s1 we are int]f]+ ) ! ord]ly work+ ( ! *ild's m9d4 ,we =ce *ildr5 to act 9 ways unrelat$ to _! ?\ghts & feel+s1 & z a result we h _m m5 & wom5 ( f9e s5tim5t & l(ty ?\ght :o nev] let _! ideas & s5tim5ts f9d expression 9 effective action4 ,9 o!r words1 ! effect ^u ! m9d ( ?\ghtless m9d+ is n a heal?y "o4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( disob$i5ce arises f ! fact t ! *ild's att5tion & int]e/ are s diff]5t f an adult's4 ,! little girl :o is said to h giv5 h] "n z ,m>y ,don't illu/rates ?is4 ,m>y does a great _m ?+s 9 ! c\rse ( a day1 impell$ by curiosity & ! in/9ct to h&le ?+s4 ,mo/ ( h] activities are h>mless2 b :5 %e t\*es some?+ t y c>e ab\t1 y comm& h] to let x alone4 ,?is is q prop]4 ,v (t51 h[ev]1 %e is told to /op do+ ?+s t are q indiff]5t1 & t satisfy h] natural crav+ = activity )\t be+ 9 ! lea/ h>mful4 ,be+ int]f]$ ) con/antly1 %e soon comes to consid] all ord]s arbitr>y &-- disob$i5ce results4 ,! o!r side ( ! problem is se5 :5 a *ild is told to d some?+ :5 he is preoccupi$ ) 8 own affairs4 ,y may tell him a second "t2 v likely y raise y\r voice4 ,! ?ird "t y fairly %\t4 ,?is is undignifi$ & x is also unnecess>y4 ,= ,bobby has he>d ! ord] f ! fir/2 b he has n att5d$ to y\r wi%es4 ,9 su* cases !re is no prim>y disob$i5ce2 b a frequ5t repetition ( su* incid5ts c easily lead ,bobby to become q indiff]5t to y\r ord]s2 !n disob$i5ce is habitual4 ,! *ild t has acquir$ ! habit ( ignor+ ! "m's wi%es w n sudd5ly beg9 to obey ord]s :5 ! em]g5cy comes4 ,f ^! two cases we may see t x is important to get fir/ ! *ild's habit ( att5d+ to :at is said to him--by mak+ ev]y?+ t is said to him c\nt4 ,9 ! second place1 ! *ild mu/ be taught to feel t :at he is direct$ to d is ! be/ ?+ to d4 ,= gett+ ! *ild to obey we mu/ keep con/antly 9 m9d ! idea t we are work+ = c]ta9 habits4 ,n[1 a habit is acquir$ only ?r\gh con/ant repetition ( a giv5 act or a giv5 k9d ( behavior4 ,! fir/ rule = ! p>5t %\ld !re=e be to be absolutely consi/5t 9 dem&+ ob$i5ce f ! *ild4 ,if y call to ! *ildr5 9 ! nurs]y to /op _! racket 7because fa!r is tak+ a nap7 & fail to insi/ ^u ! quietness because fa!r j :isp]s to y t he is n sleep+1 y h giv5 ! *ildr5 practice 9 disob$i5ce4 ,if !y are to be all[$ to g on ) ! noise1 ?is %\ld be because y op5ly p]mit !m to g on ) _! noisy fun1 & n because !y may he$lessly disreg>d y\r wi%es4 ,direct disob$i5ce is n to be ov]look$ "u any circum/ances4 ,x is true t p>5ts (t5 give ord]s t _h bett] n be c>ri$ out2 b ! rem$y is n 9 all[+ ! *ildr5 to disobey1 b 9 ?9k+ twice or ?rice be=e giv+ a comm&1 or 9 agree+ ) !m ^u a c\rse ( action )\t giv+ comm&s at all4 ,by giv+ no ord]s t are unnecess>y or t are arbitr>y1 ! *ild w come 9 "t to feel t y\r int]f]5ces ) 8 own impulses are int5d$ = 8 own good4 ,illu/ration3 ,only a good reason c w>rant call+ an absorb$ *ild f 8 occupation4 ,we frequ5tly tell ! *ildr5 t we want !m to obey = _! own good4 ,if ?is 7 true1 we %\ld h little difficulty 9 obta9+ ob$i5ce1 = mo/ *ildr5 in/9ctively foll[ ord]s & sugge/ions4 ,x is only :5 we abuse ?is in/9ct by too frequ5t & caprici\s & ?\ghtless comm&s = our own conv5i5ce t ! *ildr5 come to revolt at our ord]s4 ,!re are great diff]5ces among *ildr5 9 ! read9ess ) :i* !y adopt sugge/ions or foll[ ord]s4 ,"s *ildr5 are easily dissuad$ f a l9e ( action 9 :i* !y are engag$4 ,_! att5tion is n v closely fil$1 & !y are easily di/ract$1 & may be s5t f "o ?+ to ano!r )\t res5t+ ! int]ruptions4 ,su* *ildr5 quickly le>n to obey1 & "s seldom (f] resi/ance to sugge/ion2 b !y des]ve no special praise or cr$it = _! p]fect ob$i5ce1 nei!r d _! p>5ts des]ve special cr$it = hav+ tra9$ su* *ildr54 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are *ildr5 :o set _! he>ts v firmly ^u ! objects ( _! desire1 & :o _c easily /op 9 ! middle ( a game or 9 ! middle ( a s5t5ce j to put "s wood 9 ! /ove4 ,su* *ildr5 w appe> to be disob$i5t1 al?\gh !y are j z affectionate & z loyal & z dutiful z ! o!rs4 ,:5 y see a *ild t is a model ( ob$i5ce1 y _c conclude t he has be5 well tra9$2 nor is frequ5t disob$i5ce an indication ( neglect on ! "p ( ! p>5ts4 ,b ! majority ( *ildr5 w fall 9 ! class ( ^? ^: ob$i5ce or disob$i5ce is a matt] ( habit result+ f ! firmness & consi/5cy & consid]at5ess ( ! p>5ts4 ,unless a *ild has become altoge!r submissive1 he w n obey all ord]s ) equal read9ess4 ,alice1 :o is n v active1 does n display any great virtue if %e sits /ill :5 y tell h] to4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sitt+ /ill means to ,h>ry a supreme ef=t z well z a great sacrifice2 to dem& ?is ( him we %\ld h a v good reason4 ,i "k *ildr5 :o are models ( ob$i5ce 9 mo/ matt]s1 b :o scream ) prote/ & res5tm5t :5 x comes to tak+ m$ic9e or ev5 to be+ exam9$ by a physician4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a little boy ,i "k1 to :om ob$i5ce 9 g5]al comes v h>d1 has su* respect = ! wisdom ( physicians & = ! helpfulness ( m$ic9es t he w und]go a ?or\gh exam9ation & w swall[ ! bitt]e/ ( drugs )\t ev5 mak+ a wry face4 ,if y w look ab\t among y\r acqua9tances1 ,i ?9k y w f9d t ^? :o get really intellig5t ob$i5ce f _! *ildr5 are ! ones :o make ! lea/ ado ab\t x1 & p]haps nev] use ! "t-worn phrase1 ,n[ y mu/ m9d me4 ,x is ! weak p]son :o is con/antly =c$ to make appeals to 8 au?ority4 ,x is ! weak p]son :o is con/antly ?reat5+ ! *ild ) t]rible retributions = 8 disob$i5ce4 ,yet none are quick] to detect ! weakness1 none "k bett] t ! ?reats w n be c>ri$ out1 ?an ^? v *ildr5 ^: ob$i5ce we desire ?us to obta94 ,_m ( u get into ! habit ( plac+ too _m ( our wi%es 9 ! =m ( comm&s or ord]s to d or n to d1 in/ead ( reque/+ z we w\ld ( an equal4 ,:]ev] possible we %\ld sugge/ to ! *ild a l9e ( conduct1 s z to make ! *ild feel t he is mak+ a *oice4 ,y may say to ,johnnie1 ,g & get me a pail ( wat]4 ,or y may say1 ,johnnie1 please get me a pail ( wat]4 ,or y may say1 ,johnnie1 "m ne$s a pail ( wat]4 ,y w p]haps get j z good s]vice 9 "o case z 9 ano!r2 b ! ultimate effect on ,johnnie may make ! diff]5ce betwe5 a man :o f9ds "w a necess>y evil & "o :o f9ds "w a means ( s]vice4 ,f m5 :o h be5 successful 9 manag+ indu/ries & f wom5 :o h manag$ l>ge h\seholds ) ! lea/ am\nt ( friction we c le>n t !re is a way ( obta9+ ob$i5ce )\t impos+ ^u ! m9ds ( ^? "u our au?ority4 ,:5ev] y wi% to dep>t f ! usual r\t9e1 !re is a good reason = ! *ange1 & 9 mo/ cases ! reason c be /at$ ) ! reque/4 ,:5 ?is is done ! ord] loses ! appe>ance ( arbitr>9ess4 ,if y say to ,m>y1 ,i wi% y w\ld g out )\t me ?is aft]noon1 z ,i h "s important sew+ to f9i%1 y w mo/ likely meet ) ready acquiesc5ce4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y say1 ,y mu/ g alone ?is aft]noon1 ,i c't g ) y1 & if :5 ,m>y d>es ask ,:y8 y say1 ,because ,i tell y to1 y w c]ta9ly s[ ! se$s ( rebellion4 ,no self-respect+ *ild w accept su* a reason4 ,if at lea/ y make an appeal to y\r sup]ior judgm5t1 & say1 ,"m kn[s be/1 !re w\ld be some?+ ga9$4 ,= n[ y are %ift+ ! basis ( ! *ild's conduct f y\r position ( p[] ov] h] to ! highe/ au?ority )9 our rea*1 namely1 good judgm5t4 ,! *ild is ?us le>n+ to obey n a p]son1 b a pr9ciple4 ,express+ y\r wi%es 9 ! =m ( a reque/1 modifi$ :]ev] possible by a reason1 does n mean t y are to give ! *ild a reason = ev]y?+ he is ask$ to d2 = if ! *ild has respect = y & feels y\r sympa?y ) him1 he w d _m ?+s t are reque/$ )\t und]/&+ any reason1 b confid5t1 :5 he does ?9k ( ! matt]1 t y h a good reason4 ,9 o!r words1 :]e !re h be5 close sympa?y & habitual ob$i5ce ! p>5t becomes1 9 ! *ild's m9d1 ! embodim5t ( ^? ideals or pr9ciples t[>d :i* he feels loyal4 ,9 ! same way m5 & wom5 :o give arbitr>y comm&s may get f _! assi/ants =mal ob$i5ce1 b !y nev] get he>ty & intellig5t coop]ation4 ,inde$1 x is no d\bt because we /ill cl+ to ! traditions ( e>li] times1 :5 p]sonal loyalty & milit>y types ( virtue 7 s prom95t 9 ! m9ds ( m51 t we are s sl[ to le>n ! ne$ = coop]ation 9 mod]n times4 ,! ne$ to-day is = lead]s :o w inspire _! fell[s ) en?usiasm = coop]ation1 :o w wisely guide _! fell[s 9 effective s]vice2 & ( ! correspond+ virtues 9 ! foll[]s ob$i5ce is n ! fir/4 ,& yet we mu/ recognize all ! "t t !re are occasions :5 a p]son mu/ d :at he is told to j because he is told2 & x 7 well = "o :o has to take ord]s to be able to d s )\t fret & bitt]ness4 ,! *ild %\ld1 h[ev]1 come soon] or lat] to di/+ui% betwe5 ^? comm&s t arise out ( real necessities & ^? t arise f ! passion or caprice ( o!r p]sons4 ,to ! =m] he mu/ le>n to submit ) ! be/ possible grace1 ) an ef=t at und]/&+1 or ev5 ) a desire to assimilate to himself4 ,to ! latt] he %\ld submit1 :5 =c$ to1 only "u prote/1 & ) ! resolve to make himself free4 ,t confid5ce is a /rong factor 9 obta9+ ob$i5ce is well illu/rat$ by _m boys 9 e village & t[n4 ,^! boys are notori\sly disob$i5t at home & at s*ool1 b on ! baseball field !y w foll[ ! ord]s ( ! capta9 )\t "q4 ,!y feet t 8 comm&s are n arbitr>y or ?\ghtless1 t !y are n petty & p]sonal1 b really = ! greate/ advantage to ^? conc]n$4 ,if we c inspire 9 our *ildr5 su* confid5ce 9 our motives1 we %all h little worry ab\t ! problem ( ob$i5ce4 ,9 ! tra9+ ( ! *ild we (t5 =get t ! *ild w "s "t outgr[ 8 *ildi%ness4 ,we mu/ consid] n only :at is ! be/ k9d ( behavior = a *ild1 b :at k9ds ( habits x is be/ = a *ild to develop 9 view ( 8 "s day becom+ an adult human be+4 ,we want m5 & wom5 to develop into free ag5ts1 t is1 p :o act 9 accordance ) ! dictates ( _! own consci5ce & _! be/ judgm5t4 ,) ?is aim 9 view1 h[ mu* emphasis %\ld !n be plac$ on ! matt] ( ob$i5ce8 ,s9ce ! infant has no w1 he mu/ be guid$ by o!rs = 8 own safety & = ! developm5t ( 8 judgm5t4 ,b we d n wi% him to reta9 8 habits ( ob$i5ce to o!rs long en\gh to deprive him ( 8 indep5d5ce ( ?\ght & action4 ,! gr[+ *ild mu/ le>n to repress 8 own _m & conflict+ impulses1 & to select ^? t he le>ns to be be/4 ,b if he obeys always1 he _c acquire judgm5t & responsibility4 ,he le>ns ?r\gh ob$i5ce to value v>i\s k9ds ( au?ority1 & ev5tually to *oose 8 au?orities2 8 f9al au?ority be+ 8 consci5ce or pr9ciple1 n impulse or :im4 ,he le>ns also by que/ion+ ! pr9ciple ( ob$i5ce to p]sons1 & comes to guide 8 conduct by pr9ciple or consci5ce1 & n by cu/om or conv5tion4 ,we d n wi% to tra9 our *ildr5 = submission1 b = judgm5t & disc]nm5t4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 respect ! *ild's individuality4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 n oblig$ to *oose betwe5 bl9d1 unque/ion+ ob$i5ce & ! undignifi$ situations :i* arise f habitual disob$i5ce4 ,ob$i5ce to p]sons z a settl$ habit is bad4 ,! ability to obey promptly & intellig5tly :5 ! comm&]'s au?ority is recogniz$1--to respond to sugge/ion & guidance1--is desirable4 ,ob$i5ce is a tool ! p>5t may use ) wisdom & discretion4 ,x is n an end 9 discipl9e or 9 life4 ,we %\ld educate ?r\gh ob$i5ce1--t is1 cultivate ! habit ( intellig5t response1--b we mu/ n educate = ob$i5ce1--t is1 ! habit ( submitt+ to ! w ( o!rs4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,! ,,w ,aft] all1 :at is !re ab\t a p]son t really c\nts8 ,all exp]i5ce & all philosophy agree t x is ! "*2 & ! c5tral fact 9 "* is ! w4 ,yet ! w is n some?+ 9 ! s\l t exi/s by itself1 z a faculty ( ! m9d4 ,! w is a product ( all ! o!r processes t g on 9 ! m9d1 & c n be tra9$ by itself4 ,nei!r c ! w ( ! *ild be expect$ to come to its own ?r\gh neglect4 ,inde$1 al?\gh ! w c n be tra9$ by itself1 its tra9+ is ev5 m important ?an ! tra9+ ( ! intellect4 ,! great defect 9 our moral tra9+ has be5 t we h g5]ally attempt$ to tra9 our *ildr5 too exclusively ?r\gh precepts & mottoes & rules1 & too little ?r\gh activities t lead to ! =mation ( habits4 ,! w dep5ds ^u ! intellect1 b x _c be tra9$ ?r\gh le>n+ alone1 ?\gh le>n+ c be made to help4 ,!re are1 z we all "k1 only too _m le>n$ m5 & wom5 ) weak wills1 & !re are _m m5 & wom5 ( /rong "* :o h _h b little book le>n+4 ,! w expresses itself ?r\gh action1 & mu/ be tra9$ ?r\gh action4 ,b action is impell$ by feel+s1 s ! w mu/ be tra9$ also ?r\gh ! feel+s4 ,all "r education is education ( ! w4 ,! w is =m$ :ile ! *ild is le>n+ to ?9k1 to feel1 & to d4 ,we judge ( "* by ! behavior4 ,b our behavior is n made up entirely ( acts ( ! w4 ,hundr$s ( situations occur t d n require individual decision1 b are adequately met by acts aris+ f habit1 or ev5 f in/9ct4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! race has giv5 u _m cu/oms & mann]s :i* are = ! mo/ "p satisfactory1 & :i* ! *ild %\ld le>n z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,x is ?us important t ! *ild %\ld acquire c]ta9 habits z e>ly 9 life z possible4 ,^! habits w n only result 9 sav+ ( en]gy1 b w also give assurance t 9 c]ta9 situations ! *ild w act 9 ! "r way4 ,if x is wor? :ile to h a p]son knock on a door be=e ent]+ an occupi$ room1 or if x is wor? :ile to h p look to ! left & to ! "r be=e cross+ a ?or\ghf>e1 ! *ild c acquire ! habit ( do+ ^! ?+s always & ev]y:]e )\t /opp+ to make a decision on ea* occasion4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t 9 guid+ ! *ild to ! =mation ( ^! habits1 example & practice are f> m important ?an precepts & rules4 ,example is m important because ! *ild is v imitative2 "o rude act on ! "p ( "s old] memb] ( ! h\sehold w c\nt]act ! b5efit ( _m v]bal lessons 9 polit5ess4 ,practice is important because x is ?r\gh con/ant repetition ( an act t x at la/ becomes automatic1 & is p]=m$ )\t ?\ght or att5tion4 ,9 fact1 ?is is ! only way 9 :i* a habit c be =m$4 ,hav+ acquir$ habits ab\t ! common relations ( life t d n call = new adju/m5t e "t !y are met1 ! m9d is left free to apply itself to problems t really ne$ special consid]ation4 ,imag9e h[ wa/eful x w\ld be if we _h to att5d to e movem5t 9 dress+ ourselves6 ,y c easily see t !re are a great _m acts t br+ u 9 relation to o!rs & t %\ld be z me*anical & automatic z dress+ & undress+4 ,x is :5 we pass f ! r\t9e acts :i* are repeat$ e day t we come to ! field 9 :i* ! w holds sway4 ,!re is no?+ m helpful 9 ! tra9+ ( ! w ?an ! frequ5t p]=mance ( tasks requir+ application1 self control1 & ! mak+ ( decisions4 ,! r\t9e ( fix$ duties 9 a l>ge & complex h\sehold furni%$ to our gr&p>5ts1 dur+ _! y\?1 j ! opportunity = ! =mation ( habits 9 att5d+ to :at ne$$ to be done1 )\t reg>d to ! mom5t>y impulse or mood4 ,_m ( our mod]n homes are s devoid ( su* opportunities t !re is great dang] t our *ildr5 w h altoge!r too mu* practice 9 foll[+ _! :ims & caprices--or 9 do+ no?+4 ,x is j because ! mod]n home is s devoid ( ! opportunities = c>ry+ on ^! "*-build+ activities t provision mu/ be made 9 t o!r great educational in/itution1 ! s*ool4 ,all ! new] activities ( ! s*ool1 ! %op "w & ! s*ool g>d51 ! dome/ic sci5ce & ! sew+1 ! recreation c5tres1 ! art & ! music--all ^! s-call$ fads & frills aga9/ :i* ! taxpay] raises 8 voice 9 prote/-- ^! prove to be ev5 m important 9 ! mak+ ( m5 & wom5 out ( *ildr5 ?an ! respectable & acceptable subjects ( ! old-fa%ion$ s*ool2 = ^! activities are b organiz$ & plann$ sub/itutes = ! incid5tal do+s ( ! *ildhood ( o!r days4 ,!y are ! =mal sub/itutes = ! activities by means ( :i* a pa/ g5]ation ( m5 & wom5 acquir$ t w-tra9+ & t insight into relations :i* di/+ui%$ _! *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,habits ( c>eful "w furni% a good f\ndation = ! w4 ,all sy/ematic & su/a9$ ef=t1 :e!r 9 organiz+ a game or c>ry+ a g>d5 ?r\gh f ! s[+ to ! h>ve/1 :e!r 9 mak+ a dress or a *e/ ( draw]s1 has its moral value z tra9+ 9 application1 self-control1 & decision1 q di/9ct f its contribution to k or skill4 ,two or ?ree g5]ations ago no ?\ght :atev] 0 giv5 to ! *ild's po9t ( view2 ! au?ority ( p>5ts 0 absolute1 & !re 7 _m unhappy *ildhoods4 ,to-day we wi% to avoid ^! errors1 & by /udy+ ! *ild we hope to adju/ our treatm5t to 8 nature & 8 ne$s4 ,b we mu/ be on our gu>d aga9/ ! dang] ( go+ to ! extreme ( attribut+ to ! *ild ideas & in/9cts :i* he does n possess4 ,9 =m] times x 0 consid]$ "o ( ! "m's *ief duties to break ! *ild's w2 to-day1 realiz+ ! importance ( a /rong w1 we are 9 dang] ( assum+ t a *ild's /ubbornness or wilfulness is a manife/ation ( a /rong w1 & we hesitate to int]f]e ) x4 ,?is is an entirely false assumption4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a *ild up to ! age ( ab\t ?ree ye>s has no w2 he c only h /rong desires or impulses1 or pet av]sions4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! "m's w mu/ be 8 w1 & !re c be no cla% ( wills4 ,b1 to be 8 w1 ! "m mu/ guide ! *ild 9 accordance ) 8 ne$s1 8 in/9cts1--t is1 9 accordance ) 8 nature1 & n 9 accordance ) h] conv5i5ce or caprice4 ,%e mu/ be> con/antly 9 m9d t ! *ild is n m]ely a m9iature man or woman1 b t ea* /age 9 8 developm5t repres5ts a di/9ct comb9ation ( in/9cts1 impulses & capacities4 ,if1 = example1 y\r little girl is digg+ 9 ! dirt--a v natural & heal?ful activity--& y /op h] = no bett] reason ?an t %e w soil h] h&s or clo!s1 y are unduly int]f]+ ) h]1 & if y cont9ue 9 t way1 y w ei!r make a defiant1 disagreeable y\ng/] or a s]vile1 cr++ slave to arbitr>y au?ority4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ,johnny %\ld wi% to play ) a knife or a box ( mat*es1 x manife/ly devolves ^u y to take ^! objects away f him1 no matt] h[ /rong 8 desire to h !m may be4 ,b x also devolves ^u y to see t su* h>mful objects are n v easy = him to obta9 & to see to x t pl5ty ( o!r h>mless ?+s are provid$ = him4 ,?is sugge/s a common mi/ake p>5ts & lov+ fri5ds (t5 make 9 meet+ ! uncom=table ass]tions ( ! *ild's w4 ,:5 ! *ild cries = ! moon1 y try to get him int]e/$ 9 a jack-9-!-box2 & :5 he wants a fragile piece ( bric-a-brac-- y try to sub/itute = x a t9 :i/le4 ,) a v "y *ild1 t is ab\t all y c d4 ,b a "t comes :5 ! *ild is old en\gh to "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 t ^u :i* he has set 8 he>t & t :i* y h sub/itut$ = x 9 8 h&4 ,at ?is "t y mu/ /op (f]+ sub/itutes4 ,! *ild is n[ old en\gh to und]/& t "s ?+s are n to be _h1 & t cry+ = !m w n br+ !m4 ,to (f] him a sub/itute is n[ n only an insult to 8 intellig5ce1 b x is demoraliz+ to 8 w2 x makes = a loose hold ^u ! object ( 8 desire--& x is ! firmness ( ?is hold t is ! beg9n+ ( a /rong w4 ,x does n take ! *ild long to le>n t he is n to h a knife or a light$ lamp2 nor does x take him long to get into ! way ( scatt]+ 8 desires1 s t he has no w at all4 ,9 ! second place1 ! assumption t /ubbornness is a sign ( /r5g? is false1 ev5 = old] *ildr54 ,/ubbornness is1 9 fact1 a sign ( weakness4 ,x indicates t ! *ild is ei!r incapable ( adju/+ himself to ! appeal t is made to 8 judgm5t or feel+s1 or t 8 weakness w make x impossible = him 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 imm$iate desire to recognize ! sup]ior judgm5t & au?ority ( 8 eld]s1 at home or 9 s*ool4 ,x takes mu* m w p[] to give 9 ?an to c>ry "o's po9t4 ,b we mu/ always make sure t we are n ! ob/9ate & wilful ones4 ,if y h a v good reason = n want+ ,hel5 to g to ! dance--ev5 if %e is too "y to und]/& t reason--y are p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 c>ry+ y\r po9t4 ,if y\r reason is a wise "o1 %e w come to see x 9 "t & w honor & respect y all ! m = n hav+ giv5 9 to h] impetu\s & immature desire4 ,if %e gives 9 gracefully1 because %e c und]/& ! reasons1 or j out ( respect = y\r wi%es1 hav+ f\nd y\r guidance wise be=e1 h]s z well z y\rs is ! triumph4 ,! only ?+ ( :i* we mu/ make sure is t we are "r to ! be/ ( our und]/&+1 & t we d n insi/ ^u hav+ our way j because1--oh1 well1 j because we h a "r to h our way1 be+ 9 au?ority4 ,z ,g4 ,/anley ,hall1 ! fa!r ( *ild /udy 9 ?is c\ntry1 has s well said3 ,our w %\ld be a rock1 n a wave2 our requirem5ts %\ld be uni=m1 ) no :im1 no mood or p]iodicity ab\t !m4 ,hav+ made sure ( ourselves1 we ne$ n fe> t tra9+ our wilful *ildr5 w weak5 _! w4 ,we mu/ n neglect to consid] ! v close relation t exi/s betwe5 ! heal? ( ! body & ! heal? ( ! _s4 ,a /rong w1 %[+ itself 9 ability to conc5trate its ef=ts on a *os5 purpose1 is n to be expect$ 9 a *ild ^: muscles are flabby & ^: n]ves quickly tire4 ,s9ce ! w expresses itself 9 action1 x c be be/ cultivat$ 9 a body capable ( vigor\s action4 ,! "y *ild is n only a bundle ( bones & muscles2 x is also a bundle ( impulses4 ,& "s ( ^! impulses lead to actions t are q desirable1 :ile o!rs lead to actions t are indiff]5t1 & /ill o!rs to actions t are decid$ly undesirable4 ,b1 s f> z ! *ild is conc]n$1 he has no means ( discrim9at+ betwe5 "o k9d ( impulse & ano!r4 ,he w\ld j z soon c>ry poison to 8 m\? z good food2 he w\ld r grasp at a flame ?an at a h>mless rattle4 ,"o ( ! ess5tials !n becomes suitable k4 ,z ! *ild gr[s old] he %\ld gradually le>n t k is necess>y to wise *oice4 ,x is n s mu* ! k ( :at is commonly call$ good or evil z ! k ( relations & ne$s t w enable him to *oose ends1 & to *oose effective means t[>d ^? ends4 ,yet we _c beg9 too e>ly to h su* consid]ations z ,x is "r1 or ,x is be/1 r ?an ,i want x1 influ5ce ! conduct ( our *ildr54 ,b1 9 ord] to d ! "r1 we h to "k ! "r1 & ! *ildr5 :o get ^! moral lessons 9 _! homes are =tunate inde$4 ,x is "h ! *ild %\ld acquire 8 feel+ ( loyalty to duty1 = su* lessons le>n$ 9 ! home are ! mo/ impressive & ! mo/ endur+4 ,we mu/ also make c]ta9 t *ildr5 all ?r\gh _! lives at home are giv5 opportunity = *oice & decision4 ,9 ?is matt] ( mak+ decisions !re is a great deal ( individual v>iation1 & ev5 di/9ct types ( p]sons h be5 describ$1 accord+ to ! way !y rea* decisions4 ,at "o extreme is ! *ild--or ! gr[n p]son--:o app>5tly )\t any ef=t balances ! reasons t may be giv5 on ! opposite sides ( a problem1 & makes 8 *oice solely on ! /r5g? ( ! reason$ argum5t4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] tells 9 8 ,autobiography h[1 :5 a "y man1 he wrote d[n1 z 9 a l$g]1 all ! advantages & all ! disadvantages he c\ld ?9k ( 9 reg>d to ! m>ri$ /ate4 ,aft] *eck+ (f ! items on ! two sides ( ! acc\nt1 he f\nd a balance 9 favor ( rema9+ s+le4 ,lat] 9 life he _h 8 d\bts z to :e!r ! decision 0 a wise "o1 b x 0 ! be/ he c\ld make "u ! circum/ances1 = he made use ( all ! k at 8 comm& & /ood by 8 reason$ decision4 ,at ! opposite extreme is ! p]son :o resolves to d :at is "r 7al?\gh he may h no sy/ematic means ( discov]+ :at is "r71 & c>ries out 8 resolution at ! co/ ( frequ5tly pa9ful ef=t4 ,to su* p]sons !re is a k9d ( association betwe5 :at is easy & :at is wrong on ! "o h&1 & betwe5 :at is difficult & :at is "r on ! o!r4 ,our e>ly ,puritans 7 m5 ( ?is type1 & !re is mu* to admire 9 ! /urd9ess ) :i* !y cru%$ _! impulses 9 ! resolve to c>ry out _! ideals ( ! "r4 ,almo/ complete lack ( w is %[n by ^? :o rea* _! decisions--by n rea*+ !m4 ,t is1 !re are ^? d\bt+1 hesitat+ s\ls :o po/pone mak+ a decision until action is =c$ ^u !m by "s accid5tal ev5t4 ,^! let o!r p]sons or ! c\rse ( ev5ts make _! decisions = !m4 ,!re is su* a delicate balanc+ ( ! desires--usually because all desires are equally weak--t none /&s out to dom9ate ! *oice ( a l9e ( action4 ,george want$ to g to ! circus1 & _h sav$ en\gh f 8 weekly all[ance2 b he 0 sav+ up to buy a rifle1 & he 0 undecid$ n[ z to :e!r he w\ld g to ! circus or add to 8 sav+s & get ! rifle s mu* ! soon]4 ,! sight ( "s o!r boys on ! way to ! circus made ! decision = him4 ,?is decision 0 n a reason$ "o1 b an accid5tal "o4 ,simil> 9 its weakness is ! w t rea*es no decisions except z ! balance is upset by lat] impulses f )94 ,! girl or boy :o all[s a slight heada*e or a tir$ feel+ to make important decisions _c be said to h mu* /r5g? ( "*4 ,on ,saturday ,mabel 0 to h gone on a /eamboat excursion--or on a visit to a fri5d1 to /ay ov] night4 ,:5 %e w5t to sleep ,friday night %e _h n yet made up h] m9d2 b %e f9ally w5t to visit h] fri5d because %e _h ov]-slept & 0 too late to jo9 ! excursion p>ty4 ,*ildr5 t h n acquir$ habits ( mak+ def9ite decisions w f9d !mselves badly adrift :5 !y rea* ! adolesc5t p]iod1 ) its rapid *anges ( mood & ! masses ( frequ5tly conflict+ impulses4 ,to be able to re/ra9 ea* impulse to action z x arises1 & to hold x 9 abeyance until all ! alt]natives h be5 canvass$1 is a p[] t comes only aft] ye>s ( ?\ght & practice4 ,h[ev]1 x is n en\gh to be able to refra9 f do+ :at "o is impell$ to d4 ,_m mo!rs ?9k t !y are tra9+ ! *ild's w :5 !y prohibit ! tak+ or h&l+ ( v>i\s ?+s ab\t ! h\se4 ,x is true t ! *ild %\ld le>n :5 q "y to avoid c]ta9 objects4 ,b if ! prohibitions are too g5]al ! *ild w be frequ5tly tempt$ to break ! rules1 & !n he w fall 9 8 own e/eem2 or he w obs]ve ! rule & h too little outlet = 8 activity & initiative4 ,! w does n ?rive on :at ! *ild is prev5t$ f do+1 b on :at ! *ild actually does d4 ,! *ild's ne$ is = practice 9 do+ & 9 *oos+ :at he w d4 ,:5 activities or games are sugge/$ to a y\ng] *ild1 x is be/ to give him a *oice ( two or ?ree4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 are old] !y c be consult$ ab\t ! pur*ase ( _! clo!s1 & !y ought gradually to assume _! %>e--a small "o at fir/--( ! responsibility ( ! h\sehold4 ,z e>ly z possible !y %\ld h _! own money to sp5d1 z 9 no o!r way c !y le>n ! use ( judgm5t & decision 9 ! sp5d+ ( money4 ,9 ! h\seholds :]e9 *ildr5 d n h su* opportunities1 b 9 :i* ! p>5ts rule ev]y?+ ) a high h&1 ! *ildr5 gr[ up v ineffici5t 9 manag+ _! "t & _! money2 !y h become accu/om$ to be+ rul$ & fl\nd] helplessly :5 call$ ^u to decide = !mselves4 ,! w1 :i* is at ! he>t ( moral conduct & :i* is s mu* 9 ne$ ( tra9+1 _c1 z we h se51 be tra9$ z a ?+ by itself4 ,all tra9+ & all education mu/ contribute to ! tra9+ ( ! w4 ,/ill1 !re are "s def9ite po9ts t we c pr(itably keep 9 m9d :5 we are conc]n$ ) ! *ild's w3 ,fir/ ( all comes s\nd bodily heal?4 ,!n !re mu/ be s\nd habits = mo/ ( ! ev]yday activities1 t ! w may n be dissipat$ ^u trivial matt]s1 & t ! common duties & virtues may be assur$4 ,!re mu/ be con/ant practice 9 su/a9$ ef=t & conc5tration ^u useful tasks1 9 ord] to fix ! habit ( hold+ ! att5tion ^u ! *os5 purpose4 ,we mu/ n confuse wilfulness ) /r5g? ( w2 &1 f9ally1 ,!re mu/ be con/ant opportunity = mak+ decisions t ! *ild may feel responsibility 9 mak+ ( decisions z ! highe/ type ( conduct4 ,,viii4 ,,h[ ,,*ildr5 ,,reason ,^? *ildr5 w n li/5 to reason1 said a fri5d :om ,i discov]$ 9 an agitat$ /ate ( m9d "o aft]noon1 :5 ,i came to make a call2 & %e 0 by no means ! fir/ to make ?is obs]vation4 ,inde$1 x is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( *ildr5 t !y w n li/5 to reason1--t is1 our reason4 ,:i* is n1 h[ev]1 say+ any?+ aga9/ ! *ildr5's good s5se1 = p ) mu* m exp]i5ce h refus$ to li/5 to reason--! *ildr5's reason4 ,m>g>et told me h] tr\bles4 ,h] si/] _h r5t$ a f>m ne> ! city = ! summ] & _h (f]$ to let ,walt] sp5d 8 vacation ) h] 9 ex*ange = su* bits ( help z he 0 able to r5d]4 ,b ,walt] _h made up 8 m9d to g to "w 9 an (fice t summ]1 &1 al?\gh he lov$ ! c\ntry & _h always want$ to drive a horse & g fi%+1 8 "m's attempts to conv9ce him ( ! wisdom ( h] *oice 7 )\t avail4 ,he w\ld n li/5 to h] reasons4 ,%e po9t$ to ! heal? argum5t1 to ! opportunities = play1 ! free "t1 ! driv+1 ! fi%+1 & ! fruit )\t limit4 ,kn[+ ,walt] z ,i did1 ,i c\ld n und]/& :y x 0 s h>d to conv9ce him4 ,b e /ory has at lea/ two sides to x1 & ( ?is /ory ,i _h he>d only "o4 ,! "m 0 s conc]n$ ) giv+ h] son h] good reasons = go+ to ! c\ntry t %e nev] ev5 ?\ght ( f9d+ out 8 equally good reasons = go+ to ! (fice4 ,pres5tly1 h[ev]1 ,walt] came 91 & my fir/ lead+ "q br\ght out ! true secret ( ! disagreem5t4 ,:at is !re ab\t work+ 9 an (fice1 ,i ask$ ! boy1 t y c>e s mu* ab\t8 ,oh1 x isn't work+ 9 an (fice t ,i c>e ab\t2 ,i j want to e>n "s money4 ,i nev] did make any money myself1 & n[ ,i h a good *ance & "m won't let me4 ,?is 0 really too simple2 "h two sane p]sons _h sp5t sev]al days on ! problem )\t com+ to any solution4 ,by plac+ ,walt]'s s]vices on ! f>m on a f9ancial basis & mak+ him pay = 8 bo>d he manag$ to sp5d 8 vacation1 heal?fully & happily & pr(itably 9 e s5se2 & ev]ybody 0 satisfi$4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 we are impress$ ) ! fact t mo/ disagreem5ts betwe5 p--:e!r betwe5 adults or betwe5 *ildr51 or betwe5 *ildr5 & adults--are due to misund]/&+s4 ,z soon z p>5ts resolve n to treat _! *ildr5 arbitr>ily1-- t is1 on ! basis ( _! sup]ior /r5g? & au?ority1--!y adopt a plan ( reason+ ) !m4 ,?is plan might "w v well1 if ! p>5ts only und]/ood ! *ildr5's way ( reason+1 if !y b realiz$ t ! *ild does n reason z d adults1 t he reasons diff]5tly 9 ea* /age ( 8 developm5t4 ,our mann] ( reason+ dep5ds v closely ^u our language4 ,b e significant ^w t we use has a di/9ct mean+ 9 ! m9d ( ! individual1 dep5d+ altoge!r ^u 8 exp]i5ce4 ,z ! exp]i5ce ( ! *ild is v meagre1 comp>$ to t ( ! gr[n-up p]son1 x is no wond] t our ev]yday rem>ks are con/ant s\rces ( misund]/&+ to *ildr54 ,! little girl :o _h be5 frequ5tly reprov$ = n us+ h] "r h& came to h a positive dislike = h] o!r h&1 :i* %e naturally und]/ood to be wrong h&1 & %e did n wi% to h any?+ wrong ab\t h] p]son4 ,a boy 0 try+ to tell 8 si/] ! mean+ ( homesick4 ,y "k h[ x feels to be seasick1 don't y8 ,well1 x's ! same way1 only x's at home4 ,*ildr5 are apt to atta* to a ^w ! fir/ mean+ t !y le>n 9 connection ) x4 ,only ) ! increase ( exp]i5ce c a ^w come to h m ?an "o mean+4 ,moreov]1 ! *ild w apply :at he he>s ) fatal exactness & lit]alness4 ,two little girls 7 at a p>ty & ! old] "o f\nd occasion to slap h] si/]'s h&4 ,! ho/ess reprov$ h] = ?is1 :]eupon ! little girl ask$1 ,isn't %e my own si/]8 ,! ho/ess _h to admit t %e 04 ,well1 ,i he>d papa say t he c d :at he likes ) 8 own4 ,do+ :at we l ) our own meant to ! *ild exactly :at ! words said1 )\t ^? qualifications :i* we naturally put 9 because ( our great] exp]i5ce4 ,*ildr5 le>n ) wond] t "m 0 once a baby1 & t fa!r 0 once a baby1 & s on4 ,dr4 ,sully tells ( ! little girl :o ask$ h] "m1 ,:5 ev]ybody 0 a baby1 !n :o c\ld be ! nurse if !y 7 all babies8 ,?us %[s real reason+ p[]2 x 0 n ! *ild's fault t %e _h no hi/orical p]spective1 & s c\ld n see ! babyhoods ( diff]5t p 9 _! prop] relations 9 "t4 ,a little boy :o 0 beg9n+ to read deciph]$ a sign 9 a groc]y /ore1 ,families suppli$4 ,he ask$ 8 "m :e!r !y c\ld n get a new baby !re4 ,:5 ,h]b]t 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! scissors /age he cut a hole 9 8 fa!r's coat4 ,! fa!r scold$ him = spoil+ 8 suit2 ,h]b]t calmly repli$1 ,i did n cut y\r suit2 ,i only cut ! coat4 ,he res5t$ ?is accusation1 :i* 9 8 m9d 0 n m]ely an exagg]ation1 b entirely false1 s9ce a suit is a suit & a coat is a coat4 ,a little girl1 :ile out ) h] nurse & bro!r1 got lo/ by sep>at+ h]self f ! nurse's side4 ,:5 %e 0 at la/ f\nd %e 0 reprim&$ = runn+ away f ! nurse4 ,%e felt t %e 0 be+ unju/ly treat$1 = %e said1 ,i did n run away2 ,i only /ood away1 mean+1 %e _h /epp$ ar\nd ! corn] to look 9 a w9d[4 ,if %e _h be5 scold$ = gett+ out ( sight ( ! nurse1 %e w\ld h felt ju/ly reprov$2 b1 accus$ ( do+ some?+ %e nev] did & nev] ?\ght ( do+1--t is1 runn+ away1--%e naturally res5t$ ?is4 ,^? :o h to deal ) *ildr5 9 an intimate way _c be too scrupul\s ab\t h[ !y use _! words4 ,! logic ( *ildr5 (t5 appe>s to u all wrong until we take ! tr\ble to see h[ !y come to _! que] conclusions4 ,! /ory is told ( a boy :o 0 s5t to ! circus 9 ! neighbor+ t[n by 8 uncle1 :o gave him an additional qu>t] s y c ride back 9 case x ra9s4 ,well1 x did ra91 & ,h[>d came back rid+ on ! top seat1 next to ! driv]1 wet to ! sk94 ,n[1 any gr[n-up p]son kn[s :y he 0 to ride back 9 case x ra9s2 b to ,h[>d ! association ( ideas 0 directly betwe5 ra9+ & rid+1 & n betwe5 rid+ & com+ home dry4 ,?is illu/rates a v common diff]5ce betwe5 ! reason+ ( *ildr5 & t ( adults4 ,we select ideas f a situation & comb9e !m & come to conclusions4 ,! *ild comb9es ideas1 b he does n make any selection1 & ! simple explanation = ?is lies 9 ! fact t ! *ild has n en\gh exp]i5ce to enable him to select :at is significant4 ,?us a little girl1 :o _h be5 too boi/]\s 9 h] play1 0 call$ 9 by h] "m & made to sit quietly 9 a *air = ab\t t5 m9utes4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t h] "m ask$ h] :e!r %e w\ld be good n[4 ,! *ild promis$ t %e w\ld1 & 0 told t %e might !n g out to play aga94 ,z %e arose %e affectionately turn$ to ! *air & said1 ,?ank y1 de> *air1 = mak+ me s good4 ,hav+ be5 decl>$ good aft] sitt+ 9 ! *air1 %e attribut$ ! b5efic5t *ange 9 h] behavior to ! *air2 &1 be+ a polite little girl1 %e ?ank$ ! *air4 ,v (t5 ^! simple types ( reason+ h _! humor\s aspects & we d n take !m s]i\sly4 ,"o w9t] a little boy :o _h always gone to b$ regul>ly 7he 0 f\r & a half ye>s old !n7 began to call = "s "o to come to him aft] he 0 suppos$ to be asleep4 ,he want$ to sit up & play1 he want$ to get dress$1 & he want$ some?+ m to eat4 ,?is cont9u$ = sev]al ev5+s1 & x seem$ impossible to get him back into 8 good habits4 ,at la/ he 0 ask$1 ,:y d y want to get up n[8 & he answ]$ at once1 ,because x is w9t] n[4 ,yes1 x is w9t] n[1 b x is "t = y to be asleep1 he 0 told4 ,b x says 9 ! book t ,i mu/ get up1 he insi/$4 ,:i* book8 ,i w %[ y1 & he took f 8 %elf a copy ( ,/ev5son's ,g>d5 ( ,v]ses1 & turn$ to ! picture opposite ! poem t beg9s3 ,9 w9t] ,i get up at night ,& dress by yell[ c&le light4 ,to him ?is meant t 9 w9t]1 aft] go+ to b$1 at night1 "o mu/ get up & dress4 ,x is v likely _m *ildr5 :o h _h ?is delightful poem read to !m h int]pret$ x 9 ! same way1 b probably v few p>5ts h tak5 ! pa9s to trace _! *ildr5's unacc\ntable misbehavior at b$time to su* a s\rce4 ,?is same poem produc$ 9 ano!r *ild q a diff]5t tra9 ( reason+1 = ,:y did ! little girl get up at night & sleep 9 ! daytime8 he ask$1 ,0 %e a tra9$ nurse8 ,x !n became necess>y to recall t an aunt ( ! *ild's1 :o 0 a tra9$ nurse1 (t5 slept at home dur+ ! day1 aft] hav+ work$ ) "s pati5t at night4 ,!re is no d\bt t _m ( ! crot*ets & p]v]sities ( a *ild h _! orig9 9 *a9s ( reason+ t are p]fectly legitimate1 9 view ( ! pa/ exp]i5ces ( ! "y m9d1 al?\gh n 9 h>mony ) ! reason+ ( m mature m9ds4 ,! p>5t sp5ds mu* "t & en]gy1 & mu* he>tburn+1 sometimes1 to ov]come ^! :ims4 ,:at is ne$$ is a pati5t & sympa!tic attempt to discov] h[ ! *ild has come to 8 que] ideas & desires4 ,! annoyance t *ildr5 cause u ) _! que/ion+s is due v l>gely to ! fact t we _c answ] _! que/ions1 s9ce ! reason+ t prompts !m is too se>*+4 ,a little boy %ock$ & vex$ 8 gr&mo!r1 :o 0 try+ to tea* him ! elem5ts ( !ology1 by ask+ ,:o made ,god8 ,x is v likely t e normal *ild has ask$ ! same "q 9 "o =m or ano!r4 ,?is attempt to rea* back to ! v beg9n+ ( causes resembles 9 _m ways ! speculations ( ! m$iaeval metaphysicians1 & %\ld c]ta9ly n be disc\rag$4 ,we ne$ n1 on ! o!r h&1 make ! ef=t to answ] e "q a *ild may ask1 = at a c]ta9 /age 9 8 developm5t he w get ! habit ( ask+ que/ions )\t really c>+ = ! answ]s4 ,b ! que/ions are wor? he>+1 9 mo/ cases1 j to help u und]/& h[ ! *ild does reason4 ,"s ( ! que/ions indicate a great deal ( reason+ ( a v valuable k9d4 ,:5 ! little boy asks1 ,:y don't ,i see two ?+s ) my two eyes8 or :5 ! little girl looks up f h] dolls & asks1 ,am ,i real1 or j pret5d1 l my doll8 !y %[ t !y h be5 ?9k+4 ,:5 a *ild has pass$ ?r\gh ! metaphysical /age ( reason+1 he w be m int]e/$ 9 animals & o!r objects ( ,nature2 & 8 que/ions w h to d m ) ! op]ation ( processes--h[ he gr[s1 & h[ fi%es brea! 9 ! wat]1 & h[ birds fly4 ,lat]1 he wants to "k h[ ?+s "w1 :at makes ! locomotive g1 h[ ! noise goes ?r\gh ! telephone1 h[ ! incubator makes *ick5s come out ( eggs4 ,! reason+ ( ! *ild may lead to weird conclusions1 b x is real reason+1 & c be improv$ n by be+ ridicul$1 nor by be+ suppress$1 b by be+ sympa!tically und]/ood & enc\rag$4 ,p]haps ! mo/ s]i\s phase ( ! peculi>ities ( *ildr5's reason+ appe>s ) old] *ildr5 :5 x comes to reason+ ab\t "r & wrong conduct4 ,pr(essor ,swift1 ( ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity1 has made a c>eful /udy ( ?is subject1 f replies giv5 by _m m5 to que/ions ab\t _! ideas z boys4 ,x seems t m5 :o are irreproa*able 9 _! moral /&>ds pass ?r\gh a /age 9 :i* !y consid] x legitimate fun to rob or*>ds or to commit petty !fts4 ,*ildr5 draw f9e di/9ctions betwe5 wrong acts & acts t are n v wrong1 ?\gh !y may n be q "r4 ,"o man says1 ,i di/+ui%$ betwe5 tak+ money1 real /eal+1 & tak+ fruit4 ,ano!r says ( fruit tak+1 ,i only p>tly reg>d$ x z /eal+4 ,"o man writes1 ,:5 a close-fi/$ employ] refus$ to let me h my clo!s at co/1 ,i pocket$ en\gh ( 8 *ange to br+ my clo!s d[n to ! co/ m>k4 ,few reg>d$ tak+ money f _! p>5ts z v bad1 & di/+ui%$ betwe5 su* /eal+ & tak+ money f /rang]s4 ,a boy ( fifte5 0 reprov$ = hold+ 8 e> to ! keyhole ( a room 9 :i* 8 "m & si/]s 7 hav+ an animat$ discussion4 ,! appellation eavesdropp] did n disconc]t him 9 ! lea/4 ,on ! contr>y1 he und]took to ju/ify 8 conduct on ! gr\nd t he 0 be+ discuss$1 & z he _h no dictagraph he 0 oblig$ to d ! li/5+ 9 p]son4 ,! fact t ! dictagraph _h be5 s frequ5tly us$ = gett+ in=mation t 0 lat] us$ 9 c\rt 0 to him a suffici5t ju/ification ( 8 conduct4 ,x is well kn[n t all *ildr5 pass ?r\gh ! /age illu/rat$ by ^! cases1 9 :i* !y h ! savage's conception ( "r & wrong4 ,= mo/ *ildr5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 go+ to ! re=matory or jail & turn+ out dec5t m5 & wom5 is "o ( :olesome & sympa!tic environm5t4 ,undue sev]ity1 no less ?an bad example1 confirms _m a y\? 9 ^! habits--:i* %\ld repres5t b a pass+ /age 9 8 developm5t4 ,adults %\ld n read _! own ideas ( morality into ! acts ( _! *ildr5 & !n catalogue !m z "r or wrong4 ,mo/ *ildr5's acts are nei!r "r nor wrong3 !y are m]ely expressions ( feel+s & ideas peculi> to ! /age ( developm5t4 ,) "y *ildr5 ideas ( "r & wrong divide !mselves into acts :i* are p]mitt$ & ^? :i* are =bidd54 ,!y h no conception ( "r & wrong beyond t4 ,_m an act t a boy commits1 :i* we consid] wrong1 is b ! expression ( ! in/9cts ( 8 age4 ,our duty consi/s 9 help+ him to pass ?r\gh t /age )\t mak+ p]man5t habits ( ^! tempor>y impulses4 ,?is help mu/ n be giv5 ?r\gh br&+ ! acts z wick$ or crim9al1 nor is moraliz+ itself g5]ally effective4 ,help mu/ come ?r\gh provid+ adequate opportunities = play & games & "w t w use up surplus en]gy bo? ( m9d & body4 ,above all1 help mu/ come ?r\gh ! heal?y examples & ! con/ant manife/ation ( high ideals 9 ! home4 ,e normal *ild w 9 "t respond to ^! influ5ces4 ,!re are1 un=tunately1 "s *ildr5 t w n develop beyond ?is /age ( primitive1 savage in/9cts2 b su* abnormal *ildr5 are r>e & we _c deal ) !m "h4 ,) ! problem ( reason+1 !n1 z ) all o!r aspects ( *ild tra9+1 x is a "q ( und]/&+1 ( be+ 9 close relations ) "o's *ildr51 & be+ able to fa?om ! work+s ( _! m9ds4 ,,ix4 ,,"w ,,& ,,play ,all "w & no play makes ,jack a dull boy4 ,& x is ?is same lack ( play t produces s _m dull m5 & wom52 = ! _s ( play is ! _s ( y\? & spontaneity & joy4 ,yet "w & play h s mu* 9 common t x seems un=tunate inde$ t all ( u h n le>n$ to reta9 our y\? :5 "w becomes necess>y4 ,i tru/ t !re are few to-day :o /ill believe t play is wick$4 ,if we desire our *ildr5 to gr[ up into heal?y & joyful & moral m5 & wom51 !n mu/ we consid] play a necessity ( life4 ,= play is m ?an m]ely a pleasant means = pass+ ! "t2 x is a s*ool ( life1 x is a means = physical1 m5tal1 & moral education4 ,! "y *ild1 be=e he is old en\gh to play horse1 or to imitate o!r activities he sees go+ on ar\nd him1 gets 8 play f h&l+ a rattle or a ball1 f r&om movem5ts ( 8 legs & arms1 or f play+ ) 8 f+]s & 8 toes4 ,he d]ives satisfaction f ! s5sations ( t\* & sight & s\nd1 z well z f ! feel+ ( fre$om & ! s5sation ( 8 active muscles4 ,b ?is infantile play is n only satisfy+ to ! *ild2 x is a means = le>n+ ! use ( 8 little h&s & arms & legs4 ,:5 ! baby le>ns to crawl1 & lat] to walk1 he d]ives pleasure f ! ex]cise ( 8 newly-acquir$ arts1 & at ! same "t atta9s p]fection 9 ! use ( 8 limbs & 9 ! correlation ( 8 muscles4 ,he is also ga9+ /r5g? ) 8 gr[?1 = ^! muscles w n ga9 9 /r5g? unless !y are ex]cis$4 ,( c\rse1 ! *ild does n "k ab\t ^! advantages ( play2 b ! "m %\ld "k & give ! gr[+ *ild e opportunity to ex]cise himself 9 e possible way2 = ?us alone c he ga9 9 /r5g?1 9 endurance1 & 9 confid5ce4 ,:5 ! *ild is a little old] 8 play takes on new =ms1 = he is n[ delib]ately mak+ ?+s3 ! *airs become wagons & animals1 ! corn] ( ! room may be made into a lake1 a p5cil or a button-hook is q long en\gh = a fi%+ pole1 & a h&ful ( beans may be conv]t$ into all k9ds ( m]*&ise1 co9s = b>t]1 a flock ( birds1 or seaside pebbles4 ,t is1 z ! *ild's exp]i5ce broad5s1 he f9ds m to imitate1 he ex]cises 8 imag9ation m1 & comb9es into m complex plays ! mat]ials he f9ds ab\t him4 ,b all ! "t ! *ild is work+1 z mu* s z an artisan at 8 task2 & all ! "t ! *ild is le>n+1 m rapidly probably ?an if he 7 at s*ool2 & all ! "t ! *ild is play+1 t is1 enjoy+ ! outlet ( 8 impulses4 ,illu/ration3 ,"w is play4 ,play has be5 call$ ! ideal type ( ex]cise1 because x is ! k9d ( ex]cise t occupies ! :ole *ild1 8 m5tal z well z 8 physical side--& lat]1 also1 ! moral side4 ,9 play ! ex]cise is regulat$ by ! int]e/s1 s t1 :ile !re may be extreme ex]tion1 !re is n ! same dang] ( ov]/ra9 z is possible ) "w t he is =c$ to d4 ,9 play ! ex]cise is c>ri$ on ) fre$om ( ! _s1 s t ! fl[ ( blood & ! feel+ ( exhil>ation make = heal?4 ,:5 *ildr5 beg9 to play at "w _! activities are n entirely imitative1 al?\gh ! k9d ( "w !y *oose w be det]m9$ by ! k9ds ( activities t g on ab\t !m4 ,! *ild has real int]e/s 9 "w2 & ^! %\ld be enc\rag$ & cultivat$4 ,! *ief int]e/ is1 p]haps1 ! gr[+ s5se ( ma/]y ov] ! mat]ials :i* ! *ild uses4 ,he c make blocks take on any =m he pleases2 al?\gh ! fir/ h\ses he tries to build are apt to be j a r&om pil+ ( 8 mat]ial1 !re foll[s a gr[+ delib]ation & plann+1 s t he comes at la/ to make :at he has int5d$ to make1 & n m]ely produce an accid5tal result4 ,! e>li] plays ( ! *ild are n at all 9 ! nature ( games2 !re is n at fir/ ! ne$ = a companion4 ,!re is no special ord] 9 :i* ! v>i\s acts ( 8 play h to be c>ri$ out4 ,:5 he plays horse on a /ick1 or is a p>ade all by himself1 or plays h\se 9 ! corn]1 a few simple movem5ts are repeat$ until ! *ild is tir$ ( !m1 or until some?+ occurs to %ift 8 int]e/4 ,nor is !re 9 ^! e>ly plays a special po9t t m>ks ! end ( ! int]e/4 ,9 games1 h[ev]1 ^! ?ree factors are always pres5t3 x takes two or m to play a game2 !re is a def9ite ord] or succession ( ev5ts1 & !re is a def9ite f9i% or climax4 ,& z we wat* ! *ildr5 at _! games we c see _! :ole m5tal & moral developm5t unfold be=e u1 = no?+ is m *>act]i/ic ( a *ild's /age ( developm5t ?an ! games 9 :i* he is int]e/$4 ,:ile we are cont5t to let ! y\ng] *ildr5 play z mu* z !y l--because v (t5 ! m !y play1 ! less !y annoy u--we are all incl9$ to expect ( ! old] *ildr5 an increas+ %>e ( "w & a decl9+ int]e/ 9 play4 ,"s ( u are ev5 incl9$ to disc\rage ! play in/9ct z ! *ildr5 gr[ old]1 because we h come to ?9k ( play z some?+ n only frivol\s & useless1 b ev5 a h>mful wa/e ( "t4 ,n[1 ! educational value ( play keeps pace ) ! developm5t ( ! *ild4 ,t is to say1 ! *ild outgr[s int]e/ 9 games ab\t z fa/ z ^! lose _! educational value4 ,! new games t ! *ild takes up ye> aft] ye> always h some?+ new to tea* him4 ,illu/ration3 ,let !m romp 9 w9t] z well z 9 summ]4 ,! plays ( ! e>ly p]iod develop 8 s5se p]ceptions1 !y give practice 9 see+ & he>+ & t\*+ ) quick disc]nm5t4 ,!n = f\r or five ye>s play gives increas$ ma/]y ( ! *ild's own body1 & ov] ! objects & mat]ials ) :i* he plays4 ,runn+ & jump+ are = skill & = spe$2 ! competitive in/9cts drive ea* to d ! be/ he c = himself4 ,lat] ! games give ex]cise 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! *ild n only to 8 mat]ial surr\nd+s1 b also to o!r *ildr52 9 o!r words1 he le>ns to take 8 place among o!r human be+s4 ,f ! games 9 :i* ! *ildr5 take _! turns at "s activity ! timid *ild le>ns t he has equal rights ) o!rs1 & acquires self-confid5ce2 :]eas ! *ild dispos$ to be ov]be>+ le>ns ! equally necess>y lesson t o!rs h rights :i* he mu/ respect4 ,e *ild le>ns f ^! games h[ to be a good los] z well z h[ to be a good w9n]4 ,j ^? qualities t make an adult an agreeable associate 9 bus9ess or 9 social deal+s are br\ght out by ^! games z !y c be by no ord9>y =m ( "w :i* ! *ildr5 h a *ance to d4 ,x is only 9 v rec5t times t we h begun to notice t ! "w requir$ ( ! *ildr5 9 ! s*ools is ( a k9d t ei!r ignores ! developm5t ( ! social in/9cts or actually h9d]s !m1 s t ! moral or social effect ( successful s*ool "w is frequ5tly v undesirable4 ,:5 a *ild is set to d "s "w by himself1 ev5 if ! "w is n too difficult = him1 !re is no ex]cise = ! social in/9ct1 & ! "w mu/ be v int]e/+ inde$ to hold 8 cont9u$ att5tion4 ,z ! *ild gr[s old] !re is increas+ ne$ = social /imulation ( ! coop]ative k9d & less ( ! emulative k9d4 ,:]e ! exp]im5t has be5 tri$ ( hav+ ! *ildr5 approa* _! s*ool "w z !y approa* a game1 ) ! feel+ ( gett+ at an int]e/+ goal1 ) opportunities = ea* to d 8 be/ = ! :ole gr\p & to help ! o!rs1 ! "w becomes z int]e/+ z a game1 & acquires ! same educational value z a good game well play$4 ,9 ! home we might (t5 get ! necess>y "w done ) m exp$ition & ) bett] _s if we recogniz$ ! *ild's ne$ ( con/ant outlet = 8 emotions1 & if we recogniz$ ! depress+ effect ( r\t9e & solitude & monotony4 ,"o ( ! *ief reasons :y work+ girls pref] to g to %ops & factories1 z aga9/ dome/ic s]vice1 lies j 9 ?is natural in/9ct = society4 ,! "w ( ! h\sehold has mu* m v>iety ?an ! "w ( a factory2 b mo/ ( x has to be done 9 solitude1 )\t ! /imulation t comes f ! companion%ip ( o!rs do+ ! same ?+1 or at lea/ work+ )9 rea* ( ! voice4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 _! games !y %\ld le>n to lose z well z to w94 ,! truly wond]ful trans=mations 9 "* t h be5 work$ 9 girls & 9 boys by means ( well-organiz$ play h taught u ! moral value ( team-"w = ! old] *ildr54 ,9 ^! games1 :i* come at a p]iod :5 ! *ild has already acquir$ consid]able skill & /r5g?1 ! *ief int]e/ is 9 do+ ! be/ = ! team1 s t ! individual le>ns ! importance ( subord9at+ himself to a common purpose4 ,he le>ns ! joy ( contribut+ 8 be/ to 8 side )\t consid]+ 8 individual glory or ga9s4 ,9 ?is way he acquires t negative b v important side ( self-control :i* consi/s 9 ! ability to avoid do+ :at ! impulse w\ld drive him to4 ,he le>ns also ! importance ( dre>y drudg]y1 9 8 practice "w1 = acquir+ special skill1 & a boy w sp5d h\rs 9 su* dull practice1 animat$ by ! desire n to excel "s o!r individual1 b by ! desire to help 8 team w94 ,he le>ns n only to take 8 place 9 ! game1 b to judge 8 companions by _! special ability & by _! value to ! gr\p1 r ?an by clo!s or p]sonal feel+s or o!r outw>d & incid5tal facts4 ,all ^! ?+s ! team game tea*es z no m]e in/ruction1 :e!r 9 s*ool or home1 c tea*4 ,we h le>n$ f ! results ( ^! play activities ) all k9ds ( *ildr5 9 ! city & 9 ! c\ntry1 ( ri* & ( poor1 t ! _s ( ! game is n only capable ( /imulat+ ! gr[+ boy & girl to a trem5d\s am\nt ( ex]tion1 b also ( organiz+ 8 or h] feel+s & ideals into effective moral & social /&>ds4 ,& :5 ! same _s is appli$ to "w1 we c get ! same valuable educative results1 ) ! addition ( a high] appreciation ( "w z "w ?an usually comes f an e>ly exp]i5ce ) do+ necess>y b disagreeable tasks4 ,= example1 9 "o city ! %op "w ( classes ( boys 0 organiz$ on a coop]ative basis4 ,! boys work$ 9 teams = ! mak+ ( desks or cab9ets4 ,! results1 z measur$ by f9i%$ product or by ! quality ( ! workman%ip1 7 f> ahead ( :at ! same in/ructors c\ld get f ! same boys :5 ! attempt 0 made to /imulate ! work]s by means ( prizes & individual rew>ds4 ,*ildr5 c le>n to "w toge!r z well z to play toge!r4 ,if y h notic$ t two work]s v (t5 d half z mu* "w 9 a giv5 "t z "o work]1 x is because !y h n le>n$ to "w toge!r--!y h be5 d5i$ ! opportunity ( le>n+ ?is1 & n[ take occasion1 :5 !y d get toge!r1 to d almo/ ev]y?+ b "w4 ,!re are _m opportunities 9 ! ord9>y h\sehold to tea* girls & boys to d useful "w 9 a _s v simil> to t :i* !y put into _! games4 ,x may n be possible to make all ! necess>y "w z int]e/+ z games1 b ! remot] purpose ( ! "w1 :e!r x is to accompli% some?+ ^: ne$ is recogniz$ by ! *ild1 or ! hope ( "s rew>d1 %\ld make = close att5tion to ! task 9 h&4 ,= example1 aft] a c]ta9 age1 sweep+ & o!r h\sehold tasks lose _! play int]e/2 b if ! girl has become skilful en\gh to d ! sweep+ )\t tir+1 h] recognition ( ! necessity ( ! "w or h] ?\ght ( :at %e wants to d :5 ! task is accompli%$ %\ld make x possible to get ?r\gh ) ?is "w )\t a feel+ ( h>d%ip4 ,"s educators approve ( allott+ def9ite tasks to ! girls & boys1 & comp5sat+ !m 9 def9ite am\nts4 ,?is gives !m n only a measure ( ! value ( _! s]vice1 b makes !m feel ! responsibility ( ea* contribut+ t[>d ! ma9t5ance ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,! ma9 ?+ is t ! *ildr5 %all n look ^u "w z a cruel imposition2 & to ?is end we %\ld develop ! _s ( helpfulness & coop]ation--& to transf] ?is _s1 already develop$ 9 play1 to ! "w t has to be accompli%$4 ,"o =m ( ! expression ( ! play in/9ct has come lately to ar\se a great deal ( public int]e/1 & t is ! dance4 ,books h be5 writt5 ab\t ! hi/ory ( ! dance1 ! e/hetics ( ! dance1 ! te*nique ( ! dance1 ! symbolism ( ! dance1 & _m o!r aspects4 ,:at conc]ns ! p>5t *iefly is to "k t ! dance is at once a heal?ful ex]cise1 an important aid to social adju/m5t1 & a valuable safety-valve = ! emotions4 ,) ! rapid gr[? ( our cities we h come sudd5ly to realize t ne>ly half ( ! nation's *ildr5 h no place 9 :i* to play1 s9ce ! op5 fields & vacant lots h be5 invad$ by w>eh\ses & factories & t5em5ts4 ,& s ! playgr\nd movem5t has ga9$ rapid headway4 ,playgr\nds h be5 e/abli%$1 & plac$ 9 *>ge ( compet5t & en?usia/ic lead]s1 :o are tea*+ ! *ildr5 some?+ !y nev] %\ld h unle>n$4 ,b at ! same "t we are com+ to realize t ! *ildr5 9 ! c\ntry & 9 small t[ns1 al?\gh !y h pl5ty ( space1 h n really _h ! opportunity to get ! mo/ out ( _! play activities4 ,x w\ld seem t ev5 ! in/9ct ( play c be made to "w to bett] purpose :5 x is intellig5tly direct$4 ,x is our duty1 !n1 to provide n only play space & play "t1 b also play mat]ial &1 :]e possible1 play direction4 ,x is our fur!r duty to keep alive 9 ourselves1 z f> z possible1 ! _s ( play2 = !re is no "o ?+ t w d s mu* to keep u "y & 9 sympa?y ) our *ildr5 z ! ability to play z !y play1 & to play ) !m4 ,except+ only ! infant :5 play+ ) 8 f+]s & toes1 ! *ild mu/ play ) "s p]son or ) "s ?+4 ,! selection ( suitable toys becomes a m s]i\s problem ?an is commonly realiz$1 :5 we once recognize ! great influ5ce ( play ^u ! *ild4 ,/epp+ into ! toy %op1 we are confront$ by a multitude ( objects1 ! v>iety & quantity ( :i* are di/ract+4 ,ev]y?+ t ! +5uity ( man c\ld devise is "h pres5t$ to our a/oni%$ eyes1 & *ildr5 gaze ^u ! great spectacle & are delight$4 ,if we g to ! /ore j to be amus$ or to buy some?+1 a v indef9ite some?+ = a *ild ( a c]ta9 age1 we are quickly satisfi$4 ,b if we h 9 our m9d "s idea z to :at is really good = ! *ild :o is to receive ! gift1 x is j z h>d to f9d ! "r ?+ to-day 9 ! imm5se1 up-to-date toy /ore z 9 ! little g5]al /ore t also keeps toys4 ,! manufacture ( toys has gr[n to a trem5d\s indu/ry1 b ) no ideal beh9d x1 no guid+ educational pr9ciple4 ,toys are made to sell1--hav+ fulfill$ t function ! manufactur] is n fur!r conc]n$4 ,consequ5tly1 toys are made to attract ! eye2 durability1 use1 & ne$ f ! *ild's po9t ( view are r>ely consid]$4 ,9 select+ toys we mu/ n consid] :at w\ld amuse or ent]ta9 its1 b solely ! *ild's ne$1 & ?is ne$ w diff] at ! v>i\s /ages 9 8 developm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,don't =get h[ to play ) ! *ildr54 ,= ! little *ild :o has no skill1 we want to get toys t ex]cise ! l>ge muscles2 he %\ld h blocks t are l>ge4 ,x is a common mi/ake to suppose small toys are suitable = small *ildr52 )9 c]ta9 limits j ! opposite is true4 ,"y *ildr5 c also use toys t m]ely ne$ to be manipulat$ )\t hav+ mu* significance4 ,?+s t c be tak5 ap>t & put toge!r are enjoy$ & are v in/ructive4 ,a *ild %\ld get f 8 toys a b>e sugge/ion ( ! object1 & n a lifelike repres5tation t w be ( int]e/ to ! critical adult4 ,ref9em5t ( f9i% & reali/ic repres5tation are entirely wa/$ on ! *ild4 ,a massive wood5 dog or bird is bett] ?an a furry or fea!ry "o4 ,x is en\gh ( a dog or bird1 s f> z ! *ild is conc]n$1 & if x c /& r\gh h&l+1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,= ! little boy or girl an animal t c /& up or be drawn ab\t by a /r+ is q satisfactory2 b be=e ! age ( ?ree ye>s is rea*$ ! animal mu/ h movable p>ts1 s t x may be put into v>i\s positions1 be made to d ?+s4 ,at ab\t ?ree ye>s ( age ! *ild also comes m & m to see ?+s 9 relation to ea* o!r & no long] z isolat$ objects4 ,at ?is "t1 if he has a c[1 he wants also a /able 9 :i* to keep h]1 ! doll calls = a c>riage & b$1 & s on4 ,?is is some?+ to keep 9 m9d 9 plann+ our pur*ases4 ,*ildr5 l to reproduce 9 _! plays ! processes :i* !y see go+ on ar\nd !m or ab\t :i* !y he>4 ,?is is 9 a way _! prep>ation = ! activities ( adult life4 ,if ! little boy or girl wants to play f>m1 or m5ag]ie1 or laundry1 or groc]y /ore1 x is n necess>y to buy ! :ole outfit at once4 ,! *ild w probably n be ready = x1 & if he gets m ?an he c com=tably use1 he w be ov]:elm$ & _m objects are likely to be neglect$4 ,let u say1 = in/ance1 t y\r little boy has receiv$ a milk-c>t & horse = 8 bir?day & he has exhau/$ ! possibilities ( play ) !m4 ,n[ "h is ,*ri/mas1 & y c give him or make him a nice1 sub/antial b>n & someone else c give him a c[4 ,imm$iately ! possibilities = play are greatly multipli$4 ,he c take ! c[ to pa/ure1 br+ h] into ! b>n to be milk$1 take ! milk to m>ket & /ore away hay = ! w9t]1 & s on indef9itely4 ,9 "t he c h a well-equipp$ b>ny>d1 build pig-/ies & *ick5-coops ) 8 blocks1 & sp5d _m happy & in/ructive h\rs4 ,a great advantage 9 hav+ toys gr\p$ ab\t "s c5tral idea is t sev]al *ildr5 c play at ! same "t & ea* p>ticul> toy /ays 9 use mu* long] ?an x w\ld o!rwise4 ,i h spok5 ( y\r little boy z ! manag] ( ! toy f>m1 b 9 ^! days1 :5 wom5 are ent]+ e pr(ession1 !re is no reason to suppose t x is n y\r little girl :o w ne$ ^? ?+s4 ,/ill1 al?\gh we "k t1 9 spite ( traditions1 little boys l to play ) dolls & little girls l to play ) o!r ?+s1 we %all1 = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 /ick to ! traditions & discuss ! little girl 9 connection ) dolls4 ,!re is no?+ t w give y\r little daught] great] pleasure & at ! same "t be m in/ructive ?an an opportunity to run a :ole doll h\se4 ,by ?is ,i d n mean ! elaborate con/ructions t are sold 9 ! l>ge %ops "u t "n4 ,no1 a pack+ case1 pa9t$ & divid$ into f\r p>ts1 w s]ve ! purpose f> bett]4 ,gradually ! diff]5t rooms c be furni%$1 & 9 ! meantime !re is pl5ty ( fun & mu* developm5t 9 try+ to ma9ta9 ! family ( dolls "u pione] conditions1 call+ = all sorts ( clev] make%ifts4 ,!re are numb]less ?+s t w g to make up ! little girl's doll h\se1 & h] activities c be ext5d$ ov] ! entire p]iod dur+ :i* %e c>es to play ) dolls4 ,at fir/ %e w be satisfi$ ) h&l+ h] baby & putt+ h] to sleep4 ,lat] %e w want to dress & undress x4 ,be=e long %e w h a :ole family ( dolls & w want to prep>e _! meals = !m1 sew & wa% _! clo!s1 & keep ! h\se 9 ord]4 ,^! gr[+ ne$s on h] "p are j z real z ! ne$s adults feel1 & x w\ld be j z unwise to get h] a new doll1 :5 %e ne$s mo/ ( all a wa%-boil] = h] kit*51 z x w\ld be to buy = y\rself a picture1 :5 y really ne$ a pair ( new spectacles4 ,all ! diff]5t articles ne$$ = ! runn+ ( ! doll's h\se c n[ be b\ght sep>ately4 ,9 buy+ ! diff]5t articles1 ! ?+s to keep 9 m9d are usability1 simplicity1 & durability4 ,! furniture t y buy or make mu/ be able to s]ve ! o/5sible purpose ( doll's furniture4 ,x is bett] to get "o *air t is ( ! "r size = ! doll1 well proportion$ & /rong en\gh to /& ! h&l+ ( ! own]1 ?an a :ole set ( pretty & flimsy & useless furniture t y c buy 9 a gay box = ! same price4 ,( c\rse1 x is und]/ood t ! pr9ciples ( usability1 simplicity1 & durability apply to ! dolls !mselves4 ,x is n[ easy to obta9 dolls ) inde/ructible heads & ) jo9t$ bodies made ( durable mat]ial4 ,! little baby w love ! doll ) a felt head4 ,x c /& be+ lov$ h>d )\t los+ "s ( its features4 ,to give a little girl a doll t is s f9ely dress$ & s da9tily con/ruct$ t %e is p]mitt$ to come out ( h] box only on /ate occasions is a violation ( e s\nd pr9ciple ( *ild tra9+ & fair deal+4 ,i h m5tion$1 z examples ( ! k9d ( toys t c be b\ght s+ly & gr\p$ ab\t "s c5tral idea1 ! f>m & ! doll's h\se1 b1 ( c\rse1 !re are _m o!r ?+s--railroads ) _! equipm5t1 dairies1 /ores ( all k9ds1 etc4 ,besides ! toys t are relat$ to v>i\s l9es ( activity1 ea* *ild1 z soon z he is old en\gh1 wants ! opportunity to "w ) mat]ials & tools4 ,! y\nge/ *ildr5 c h beads to /r+1 mosaic blocks ) :i* patt]ns c be made1 etc4 ,= ! old] *ildr5 y c get mat]ials = sew+1 pa9t+1 p>quetry "w1 & ! l4 ,!re are boxes conta9+ wood5 & iron con/ruction /rips out ( :i* bridges1 h\ses1 air%ips1 & all sorts ( excit+ ?+s c be made4 ,= ! gr[+ boy no?+ is m appropriate ?an "s c>p5try tools ( 8 own4 ,"h aga9 we mu/ rememb] t x is bett] to buy a few good tools & gradually build up an equipm5t ?an to buy a set t looks well en\gh 9 ! /ore1 b goes to pieces "u real usage4 ,a pr9t+-press or well-con/ruct$ toy typewrit]1 a cam]a or scroll saw1 w af=d h\rs ( helpful amusem5t & in/ruction4 ,musical in/rum5ts are always acceptable4 ,! metalophone is "o ( ! simple/ f :i* y c get real music4 ,! *eape/ is j z usable z ! m exp5sive1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 x does n h s wide a range ( notes4 ,x is impossible to enum]ate all ! indoor gr\p games t are (f]$1 b 9 select+ a game y mu/ make sure t x really has "s s5se 9 x1 & t x does n /imulate ! gambl+ _s1 z d s _m ( ! games ) dice or a sp9n+ :eel z a "p ( ! equipm5t4 ,all toys t enc\rage heal?y outdoor sports are wor? :ile4 ,a great deal ( ! progress 9 toy-mak+ has be5 along me*anical l9es1 until we are confront$ ) ! mo/ intricate me*anical contrivances4 ,!y are int]e/+ at an exhibition1 & mo/ likely ! *ild w be attract$ by !m & w want !m1 b only to look at & own4 ,he w tire ( !m mu* m quickly ?an he w\ld ( ! simple1 usable toy4 ,9 ?is respect ! *ildr5 ( ! ri* are to be piti$4 ,!y are ov]load$ ) ^! exp5sive1 me*anical toys :i* ov]/imulate !m at fir/ & lat] bore !m4 ,! educative value ( simple games ) /icks & /ones1 or any?+ ! *ild may happ5 to pick up1 is f> great] & calls = m ex]cise ( imag9ation & +5uity & ! o!r qualities we desire to fo/] ?an is t ( ! elaborate me*anical toys4 ,x w\ld be v desirable if all ! skill & ent]prise t is devot$ to ! developm5t ( ! toy indu/ry 7 appli$ to mak+ toys simpl]1 m durable1 & *eap]1 in/ead ( mak+ !m m elaborate1 m reali/ic1 & m flimsy4 ,h[ev]1 ! desirable k9ds ( toys w n be manufactur$ 9 l>g] quantities until an enlight5$ p>5?ood bo? dem&s !m & refuses to buy ! glitt]+ he>t-break]s t look s *>m+ 9 ! %op1 b g to pieces 9 ! *ild's h&s4 ,x is f> bett] to h few] & bett] toys ?an m ( an inf]ior quality4 ,! ?+ to keep 9 m9d is t a toy is nei!r an arti/ic model1 an ae/hetic ornam5t1 nor a me*anical spectacle1 b %\ld be a /imulus to call =? self-activity1 inv5tion1 +5uity1 imag9ation1 & skill4 ,x4 ,,*ildr5',s ,,gangs1 ,,clubs1 ,,& ,,fri5d%ips ,:at a plague boys are6 sigh$ ,mrs4 ,br[n4 ,t ,:ite boy has be5 gett+ our ,h>ry into all sorts ( mis*ief1 & ,i c't make ,h>ry give up t gang4 ,mrs4 ,gre5 agre$ t boys 7 a plague4 ,h] ,jack w5t ) a lot ( boys1 too1 & !y 7 always up to "s sort ( tricks :i* %e 0 q sure h] boy w\ld nev] d if x 7 n = ^? o!r boys4 ,& ,mrs4 ,gre5 0 "r4 ,any boy w d ?+s :5 he is ) ! gang t he nev] w\ld ?9k ( do+ alone-- & t he w\ldn't d>e to d alone1 if he did ?9k ( !m4 ,ev5 y\r boy--& m9e1 too1 ,i hope4 ,t's ! way ( boys4 ,:at we mo!rs w h to d is to /op frett+ ab\t ! o!r boys 9 ! gang :o spoil our boys1 & ab\t ! mis*ief & noise & dirty boots & /ay+ away late = meals1 & get d[n to a practical way ( mak+ all ! boys 9 ! gang z we f9d !m into a lot ( dec5t "y m54 ,we %all h to /op try+ to make boys d :at x is impossible = !m to d2 & we %all h to /op try+ to keep ! boys f do+ :at x is absolutely necess>y t !y %\ld d1 if !y are to develop into ! dec5t "y m5 we h 9 m9d4 ,! mod]n way1 ! effici5t way1 ( treat+ *ildr5 is to f9d out _! in/9cts & !n use ^! almo/ irresi/ible =ces ( nature z a means ( direct+ _! developm5t4 ,& t is :at we %all h to d ) ! boy & 8 gang1 & t is :at we %all h to d ) ! girl & h] set4 ,! boy is a m s]i\s problem because1 "u ! prompt+s ( 8 in/9cts1 he soon becomes indiff]5t to ! attractions & amusem5ts ( ! home & seeks ! companion%ip ( boys ( 8 own age1 & he seeks activities t _c1 = ! mo/ "p1 be c>ri$ on 9 ! home4 ,! girl1 on ! o!r h&1 rema9s mu* long] subject to ! w ( h] "m & to ! conv5tions & /&>ds ( ! home2 %e rema9s = a long] p]iod satisfi$ ) ! k9ds ( activities t c be c>ri$ on at home4 ,we h be5 told ov] & ov] aga9 t ! in/9cts ( *ildhood are all = activity1 & a few ( u h tra9$ ourselves n to expect ! *ildr5 to be /ill all ! "t4 ,( c\rse1 !re are times :5 we simply mu/ h !m be /ill1 &1 ( c\rse1 we all[ ! tea*]s to insi/ ^u ! *ildr5 be+ /ill 9 s*ool4 ,b we recognize t !y mu/ play & romp & run & %\t1 & we are will+ ev5 to sp5d public funds = playgr\nds4 ,?is %[s t we c le>n1 & t we c make use ( our k4 ,x is necess>y only t we ext5d our k ( ! in/9cts ( our *ildr5 j z fa/ z we c make use ( m4 ,up to ! age ( ab\t t51 boys are app>5tly satisfi$ to play games by !mselves1 or to play ) o!rs 9 ways t let ea* look out pretty mu* = himself4 ,at ?is age1 h[ev]1 a *ange beg9s to appe>4 ,n[ ! boy t5ds to associate himself ) o!rs ( ! same age1 & be=e y "k x y\r son belongs to "s gang4 ,e /reet 9 a t[n & e corn] 9 a city has its gang4 ,& if y\r boy has r$ blood & h>d grit 9 him1 he is a memb] ( "o ( ^! gangs4 ,he c't help x4 ,he does n jo9 because x is ! fa%ion1 or because he is afraid to keep out1 or because he has social ambitions4 ,he jo9s because x is 8 in/9ct to jo9 ) o!rs 9 c>ry+ on ! activities to :i* o!r in/9cts drive him4 ,if y /& 9 ! way ( ! gang1 y are fight+ aga9/ "o ( ! /ronge/ =ces 9 human nature4 ,n[ if y feel ! way ,mrs4 ,br[n & ,mrs4 ,gre5 felt ab\t ! gangs1 ,i d n blame y4 ,b y mu/ n /op !re4 ,let's try to f9d out fir/ :at ! gang means to ! boys & :at x means to ! race4 ,:5 a boy jo9s a gang1 he does n disc>d 8 in/9ct = play or = runn+ & %\t+4 ,he simply takes on a new relation to ! _w ab\t him4 ,z a memb] ( ! gang1 he /ill runs & plays & %\ts2 b n[ he has become consci\s ( 8 place 9 ! _w1 & t place is ) 8 fell[-memb]s1 surr\nd$ by all sorts ( enemies & dang]s & ob/acles to 8 well-be+4 ,9 8 gang he f9ds com=t & support = 8 /ruggle ) ! outside _w4 ,"h he f9ds opportunity = satisfy+ ex*ange ( ?\ght2 "h he f9ds sympa?y & und]/&+ su* z he c get n[h]e else4 ,! gang1 )\t a writt5 code 9 mo/ cases1 )\t =mal rules1 )\t v def9ite aims1 ev51 nev]!less has a moral s*eme ( its own t e boy und]/&s & lives up to z e>ne/ly & z devot$ly z ev] man foll[$ ! dictates ( consci5ce4 ,! gang dem&s ( ! boy unfail+ loyalty1 &--:at is m--x usually gets x4 ,( h[ _m o!r in/itutions or organizations c z mu* be said8 ,! gang dem&s fair play & fidelity among its memb]s1 & x usually gets ^!4 ,! gang dem&s devotion & self-sacrifice ( its memb]s1 & ! boy :o _c %[ ^! qualities becomes m effectually o/raciz$ ?an any default+ bank (ficial or corrupt politician4 ,^! f9e virtues1 !n--loyalty1 honor1 devotion--are cultivat$ by ! gang j at ! "t :5 ! in/9cts = !m are /ronge/1 & at a "t :5 no o!r ag5cy is prep>$ to d ! "w4 ,= y w realize1 :5 y once ?9k ( x1 h[ mu* we coddle ! baby :5 he is cute1 h[ we %[] him ) toys f> 9 excess ( :at he c use or enjoy1 h[ we fuss & fondle him1 & h[ mu* ?\ght we give to e possible & impossible want2 & h[1 on ! o!r h&1 we neglect ! boy :5 he ent]s ^u t mo/ unattractive1 b v critical1 age 9 :i* he f9ds o!r boys m int]e/+ ?an 8 si/] & h] dolls1 :5 he c>es m = o!r boys ?an he does = 8 "m & h] p>lor1 :5 he ?9ks m ( ! fell]s ?an he does ( 8 tea*] & h] lessons4 ,j at ?is "t1 :5 ! boy is beg9n+ to wond] vaguely & to long j z indef9itely1 we ab&on him to 8 own res\rces & to ,mrs4 ,:ite's ,bob1 ! lead] ( ! gang4 ,! problem t confronts u is3 ,h[ c we save & /r5g!n ! f9e qualities :i* ?is spontane\s association ) o!r boys produces )\t enc\rag+ ! lawlessness & ! de/ructiv5ess & ! secretiv5ess ( ! gang8 ,fir/ ( all1 we mo!rs mu/ recognize n only t ! boy _c be happy )\t 8 associates1 b also t ! social virtues w nev] be develop$ 9 him at all if we keep him at home away f ! o!rs or re/rict$ to "o or two play-mates--:i* we may l to select = him4 ,!n1 :5 ?is is p]fectly cle> to u1 we w take ! next /ep1 :i* w be to use all ! res\rces ( ! homes & ( ! community to *ange ! antisocial gang into a club4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a gang & a club is n a matt] ( clean clo!s & nice mann]s4 ,x is a diff]5ce 9 m5tal attitude4 ,! gang has rules & x has p[]4 ,! club has put its rules into =m & x kn[s :at x c d & :at x wants to d4 ,9 o!r words1 ! gang is a casual1 r&om gr\p t drifts ab\t 9 ! village or 9 ! city1 subject to e pass+ influ5ce1 :]eas ! club is a delib]ate1 purposeful organization ) def9ite aims & developm5ts4 ,bo? meet ! ne$s ( ! gr[+ boy = association2 bo? give ! social in/9cts & virtues suitable opportunity = ex]cise4 ,?is problem ( giv+ ! boys a *ance to get toge!r & d :at _! in/9cts drive !m to d is n "o m]ely = ! mo!rs :o c provide = _! boys little or no sup]vision1 & ^: boys play 9 ! /reets & vacant lots4 ,! problem is j z great 9 ! case ( ! well-to-d1 :o provide con/ant sup]vision = _! *ildr54 ,inde$1 x is a s]i\s "q :e!r ! condition ( ! *ildr5 ( weal?i] families is n 9 ?is respect m dang]\s ?an t ( ! less weal?y4 ,) ! boys ( ! /reet ! problem is h[ to div]t ! activities into suitable *annels2 ) ! closely-gu>d$ boys ( ! weal?y ! problem is h[ to develop ! _s ( loyalty & self-sacrifice & honor1 :i* h be5 suppress$ by ! re/rict$ & artificial associations ( ! solicit\s home4 ,bo? k9ds ( boys mu/ be left free to =m _! own associations1 b ! gr\ps mu/ be s direct$ 9 _! club activities 7)\t1 h[ev]1 suspect+ t !y are be+ direct$7 z to connect _! int]e/s ) lawful amusem5ts1 civic ne$s1 & social relations4 ,! great dang] is t :5 adults take a h& 9 ^! matt]s !y fix _! att5tion ^u ! civic & moral virtues & ov]look ! in/9cts ( activity & sociability :i* call ! gang into be+1 & ! club deg5]ates into a prea*y ,sunday- s*ool class4 ,illu/ration3 ,! boys ne$ a *ance to get toge!r4 ,9 organiz+ clubs1 or r 9 pres5t+ opportunities = ! organization ( clubs1 we mu/ recognize t bodily activity1 tak+ ! =m ( a?letics1 or ( work%op ef=t1 or ( camp+1 hunt+1 etc41 is a fundam5tal condition ( heal?y gr[? = ! boys & girls4 ,z e gr\p mu/ h its meet+ place1 ?is %\ld be fir/ provid$1 & x %\ld be ( a nature t all[s gymna/ics & hamm]+ & box+ to g on )\t any re/rictions beyond ^? requir$ by ! nature ( ! little animals4 ,t is1 !re is ne$ = sleep & re/ & meals--& p]haps c]ta9 def9ite h\rs = s*ool & *ur*--b beyond su* disagreeable ?\gh necess>y int]ruptions ! meet+ place ( ! club %\ld be a busy place at all dec5t h\rs4 ,we are tempt$ to =ce lit]ature & debat+ ^u our clubs2 ^! ?+s usually come lat]1 & appeal at be/ to b relatively few boys4 ,lit]ature & debat+ are good1 b !y c nev] take ! place ( p>allel b>s & box+ gloves & hamm] & saw4 ,we are also tempt$ to pick out ! boys = ! clubs t we are int]e/$ 94 ,?is is a s]i\s mi/ake4 ,x is ?is sort ( ?+ t causes ! failure ( s _m well-mean+ attempts to r$eem ! *ildr5 ( ! slums or ( ! /reet4 ,we mu/ let ! gr\ps =m spontane\sly2 ! boys' in/9cts are ke5] 9 detect+ ! sneak & ! c[>d & ! traitor ?an y\rs are1 & if ! club has ! "r />t1 ! undesirable citiz5 w ei!r adopt ! morals ( ! club or be squeez$ out4 ,& ! "r />t is *iefly a good meet+ place4 ,x is "h t ! *ur* & ! s*ool & ! home c coop]ate4 ,9 ! l>g] cities ! settlem5t has po9t$ ! way by c>ry+ on practically all ( ! "w ) *ildr5 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( clubs4 ,x is n necess>y = e p>5t to furni% a suitable meet+ place2 inde$1 ea* club ne$s only "o meet+ place4 ,b e home c contribute some?+4 ,if y h n ! suitable g>ret or b>n or %$1 y c supply ! baseball outfit1 or ! ,indian clubs1 or ! "w-b5*1 or "s ( ! tools4 ,y c l5d y\r homes = ^? n v frequ5t occasions :5 ! boys are q satisfi$ to h a quiet ev5+ ( table games or !atricals1 or imitation camp-fire ) *e/nuts to roa/ & songs to s+4 ,y c make up lun*-baskets = fi%+ or tramp+ trips1 or y c sew tapes on ! old pants = uni=ms4 ,x does n matt] s mu* :at y d1 s long z y d z mu* z y c1 &1 above all1 if y %[ an int]e/4 ,! bond ( sympa?y & intimacy t comes f su* an und]/&+ & f ! he>ty coop]ation ( ! home ) ^! natural in/9cts ( ! *ildr5 is an imm5se ga9 to ! individual p>5t1 z well z to ! individual *ild4 ,in/ead ( friction & opposition ( =ces1 !re results a coop]ation ( =ces t all make = good4 ,z = ! community1 ! village or t[n t c provide meet+ places = all ( its gr\ps ( "y p1 "u ! direction ( ^? :o und]/& !m & sympa?ize ) !m1 ) suitable equipm5t = physical activities ( all k9ds1 c make no bett] inve/m5t ( ! money t su* a v5ture w\ld co/4 ,= x is 9 su* association t ! boys & girls le>n to be memb]s ( a gr\p1 & ev5tually ( ! l>g] gr\p t includes u all4 ,! good citiz5 is ! "o :o has develop$ ! in/9cts ( loyalty & devotion & self-sacrifice & honor1 & has direct$ !m t[>d ! community4 ,! bad citiz5 is ! "o 9 :om ^! virtues 7 nev] develop$1 or "o 9 :om ^! traits rema9 9 ! gang /age4 ,9 ! attempts t h be5 made to direct ! in/9cts ( *ildr5 we h giv5 ! boys mu* m att5tion ?an ! girls1 = ! simple reason t ! boys h giv5 u m tr\ble4 ,/ill1 ! girls %\ld n be neglect$4 ,!y are entitl$ to all ! advantages t c be d]iv$ f organiz$ opportunity to associate ) "o ano!r & to develop ! social virtues4 ,!y %\ld also h ! opportunity = physical ex]cise & developm5t :i* ! boy gets because he makes viol5t dem& = x1 b :i* ! girl ne$s j z mu*4 ,x has be5 f\nd unwise to h mix$ clubs ( boys & girls 9 ! e>ly ye>s1 & ev5 lat]1 :5 girls & boys c\ld pr(itably associate toge!r1 !y l to h _! sep>ate gr\ps = special activities4 ,= ! /rictly sociable times1 h[ev]1 boys & girls may be br\ght toge!r at any age4 ,ap>t f ! o!r advantages to be ga9$ f ! club1 ! girl or boy w be sav$ f 8 fri5ds4 ,!re is a real dang] t *ildr5 :o d n get into l>g] gr\ps w take up ) a s+le *um or intimate4 ,:ile x is true t _m la/+ & valu$ fri5d%ips />t 9 ^! e>ly ye>s1 ! dang] is nev]!less a s]i\s "o4 ,*ums or intimates1 9 _! t5d5cy to get away f o!r p1 may d no?+ worse ?an c>ry on silly conv]sations2 b !y may also read p]nici\s lit]ature & develop bad habits4 ,activities 9 a gr\p are m op5 & less likely to be ( a secret nature4 ,intimacies at ?is e>ly age w spr+ up = all k9ds ( sup]ficial reasons4 ,9 a /udy made "s ye>s ago ^! 7 "s ( ! reasons giv5 = ! =mation ( fri5d%ips3 ,we 7 c\s9s1 ,he taught me to swim1 ,we _h ! same bir?day1 ,%e _h a r$ apron1 ,h] br[n eyes & hair1 ,nei!r ( u _h a si/]4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! *ildr5 :o 7 que/ion$ gave z ! only reason = _! intimate fri5d%ip ! fact t !y live ne> ea* o!r4 ,h[ev] absurd ^! reasons may appe> to u1 we are compell$ by :at we "k ( ! *ild's m9d to respect ^! atta*m5ts4 ,b if !re is any dang] 9 ! intimacy--& !re (t5 is--! only rem$y is enc\ragem5t ( association 9 a l>ge gr\p4 ,!re is safety 9 numb]s4 ,s1 :e!r we are m conc]n$ ) ! mis*ief done by ! gang1 or ) ! dang] ( intimate *ums1 :e!r we c>e m = ! developm5t ( good citiz5%ip 9 boys & girls1 or m]ely to make ! *ildr5 happy :ile !y are gr[+ up1 x is necess>y = p>5ts to use all ! means at _! disposal to organize & enc\rage ! social activities ( ! "y p to ! fulle/ ext5t4 ,,xi4 ,,*ildr5',s ,,ideals ,,& ,,ambitions ,:5 y take pa9s to in/ruct y\r *ildr5 9 ! way !y %\ld g1 x is because y h 9 m9d c]ta9 /&>ds ( :at a *ild %\ld d1 or ( :at k9d ( an adult y wi% y\r *ild to become4 ,9 o!r words1 y look to y\r ideals to guide y 9 ! tra9+ ( ! *ild4 ,we all appreciate m or less vaguely ! importance ( ideals 9 %ap+ "*1 & = ?is reason we value ideals1 al?\gh x is consid]$ sm>t = adults to sne] at ideals & idealism--:i* are suppos$ someh[ to be oppos$ to ! practical affairs ( life4 ,b 9 a way !re is no?+ m truly practical ?an a wor?y ideal4 ,:]e !re is no vision ! p p]i%2 & t is j z true ( ! individual z x is ( a nation4 ,moreov]1 x is ! y\? :o %all see ! visions & draw f !m ! inspiration = high] & bett] ?+s4 ,=tunately1 e normal *ild develops ideals4 ,x is = m exp]i5c$ p to provide ! opportunities = ! =mation ( desirable ideals1 to guide ! ideals aft] !y are =m$ into practicable *annels1 to use ! ideals to re9=ce ! w 9 c>ry+ out our practical purposes 9 ! tra9+ ( ! *ild4 ,y no d\bt f9d x easy en\gh to recognize & to enc\rage ideals t are 9 h>mony ) y\r own1 or t seem to y wor?y & likely to h a favorable influ5ce ^u y\r *ild's c>e] or "*4 ,:5 five-ye>-old ,fr$dy says t he wants to become a lawy] or a doctor1 y enc\rage him4 ,y say1 ,t's f9e1 my boy1 & 9 y\r m9d's eye y see him climb+ to fame & =tune4 ,b :5 ,fr$dy says t he wants to be a policeman & m>ry ! c&y-lady1 y laugh at him1 & y c]ta9ly d n enc\rage him4 ,b 9 ,fr$dy's m9d doctor & lawy] mean no m ?an policeman2 !y involve no m important social s]vice1 !y mean no m dignity 9 p]sonal position1 !y sugge/ no?+ m ( any?+ t is wor? :ile4 ,= :atev] x is t ,fr$dy wants to be at any mom5t is to him ! sum ( all t is to him wor? :ile--& t is j :at an ideal ought to be4 ,?is is n a plea to cruel p>5ts 9 behalf ( smoo?+ ,fr$dy's pa? t[>d ! covet$ po/--or ! c\rse ( 8 c\rt%ip ( ! c&y-lady's daught]4 ,x is simply an ef=t to po9t out h[ important x is to avoid %att]+ e>ly 9 life t preci\s mirror 9 :i* alone visions are to be se54 ,:5 y h ridicul$ ! policeman out ( fur!r consid]ation1 y are likely ) ! same act to h weak5$ ,fr$dy's fai? 9 ideals--& to ?is ext5t y h loos5$ "o ( ! safe/ props ( 8 "*4 ,we ne$ n be afraid ( ! crude & %ort-sight$ ideals ( ! "y *ild4 ,) ! gr[? ( 8 exp]i5ce 8 ideals w exp&4 ,we %\ld fe> r to infect him ) ! vulg> disrespect = all ideals4 ,9 a few ye>s ,fr$dy has 8 he>t set on *>t+ ! blank spaces on 8 geography map1 & he has nev] a ?\ght = ! girls4 ,x is ! same ,fr$dy1 b he has 9 ! mean:ile roam$ f> f ! home neighborhood--9 imag9ation--& has discov]$ new h]oes & new types ( h]oism4 ,! policeman & ! c&y-lady are /ill at _! old po/s1 b ,fr$dy ignores !m because 8 ideals h gr[n ) 8 exp]i5ce & 8 in=mation1 z well z ) 8 bodily gr[? & developm5t4 ,/udy ( ?\s&s ( *ildr5 9 all p>ts ( ?is c\ntry1 9 ,engl& & 9 ,g]many1 has %[n t ! "y p beg9 to =m ideal images ( :at !y consid] desirable1 or beautiful1 or "r r e>ly 9 life4 ,!y =m ideals ( virtue z well z ideals ( happ9ess1 & ^! ideals reflect _! exp]i5ces & _! surr\nd+s to a rem>kable degree4 ,?us1 !re are diff]5ces betwe5 ! ideals =m$ by c\ntry *ildr5 & ^? =m$ by city *ildr51 betwe5 ! ideals ( poor *ildr5 & ^? ( weal?y ones1 betwe5 ! ideals ( ,engli% *ildr5 & ^? ( ,am]ican or ,g]man *ildr54 ,b1 aside f all ^! diff]5ces1 x is f\nd t ! ideals v>y ) ! sex ( ! *ild1 & also ) ! age1 s t ea* *ild passes ?r\gh a s]ies ( /ages m>k$ by *>act]i/ic types ( ideals4 ,z e>ly z ! age ( n9e ye>s *ildr5 h express$ !mselves z look+ =w>d to do+ good 9 ! _w1 or to mak+ !mselves good4 ,! age at :i* ?is impulse to s]vice or to p]sonal p]fection may take =m mu/ dep5d ^u _m ?+s besides ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( ! individual *ild4 ,jessie's ideals conc]n+ be+ good w be %ap$ by :at %e he>s & sees ab\t h]4 ,if y speak frequ5tly ab\t ! =eign missions1 %e may ?9k ( be+ good z some?+ t has to d ) ! hea!n4 ,if ! family conv]sation takes into consid]ation ! sick & ! ne$y1 ,jessie's ideal may be dress$ l a ,r$ ,cross nurse4 ,if y nev] speak ( ! l>g] problems ( community welf>e1 or ( social ne$s1 or ( moral advance 9 ! home1 :]e ,rob]t has a *ance to he> y1 he c get sugge/ions t[>d su* ideals only aft] he has read en\gh to become acqua9t$ ) ^! problems & ! correspond+ l9es ( s]vice = himself4 ,answ]s receiv$ f hundr$s ( girls & boys w\ld seem to %[ t virtue & goodness are desirable to *ildr5 at a c]ta9 /age ( _! developm5t *iefly1 if n solely1 because !y br+ mat]ial or social b5efits4 ,virtue is rew>d$ n by any int]nal or spiritual satisfaction1 b by fre] access to ! c&y supply or to ! skat+ pond4 ,! "r is t :i* is all[able1 or t :i* may be practic$ ) impunity4 ,! wrong is t :i* is =bidd5 or puni%able4 ,( c\rse1 ?is attitude t[>d moral values %\ld n cont9ue ?r\gh life4 ,we %\ld d :at we c to e/abli% high] ideals ( "r & wrong4 ,h[ soon ?is *ange w come mu/ dep5d v l>gely on :]e ! emphasis is laid by ^? ar\nd ! *ild4 ,if1 :5 y give ,rob]t a piece ( c&y1 y always impress him ) ! idea t ?is is 8 comp5sation = hav+ be5 good1 he w reta9 ?is association betwe5 virtue & mat]ial rew>d long pa/ ! age :5 he c already appreciate ! satisfaction t comes f ex]cis+ 8 in/9ct to be helpful1 or f do+ :at he ?9ks is "r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! idea 9 ! home is t all goes well & all feel *e]ful & happy because e "o is try+ to d ! "r ?+1 ! v>i\s indulg5ces & lib]ties w mean to ! *ild m]ely ! mat]ial manife/ations ( ! good feel+ t prevails1 & n rew>ds ( virtue4 ,s f> z possible1 rew>ds & puni%m5ts %\ld be direct$ t[>d ! de$ & n ! *ild4 ,! aim %\ld be to make ! *ild d]ive 8 highe/ satisfaction f c>ry+ out 8 own ideals ( conduct1 r ?an f ! rew>d = t conduct4 ,! approbation ( ^? he honors & loves %\ld gradually replace ! mat]ial rew>d4 ,to ! *ild ! ideal ( success may mean two entirely diff]5t ?+s4 ,at "o /age x may mean ! satisfaction ( accompli%+ a set task1 :e!r select$ by himself or impos$ by "s "o else4 ,lat]1 x comes to mean excell+ "s o!r *ild 9 a conte/4 ,ev5 a *ild ( f\r or five ye>s gets a great deal ( satisfaction f contemplat+ a h\se he has built out ( 8 blocks1 or ! r[ ( mud pies4 ,?is satisfaction gradually comes to be some?+ q di/9ct f ! pleasure ( do+1 & is an important elem5t 9 ! ideal ( workman%ip4 ,z ! *ild gr[s old] ! ideal ( successful accompli%m5t gr[s /rong]1 &1 if x is reta9$ ?r\gh\t life1 x contributes a l>ge %>e t[>d ! individual's happ9ess4 ,mo/ ( ! s*ool activities ( our *ildr5 lay too mu* emphasis ^u ! ideal ( successful rivalry1 & too little ^u ! ideal ( high a*ievem5t4 ,! ideal set be=e ! *ildr5 is n frequ5tly en\gh t ( do+ ! be/ t is 9 !m1 & too frequ5tly t ( do+ m]ely bett] ?an ! neighbor--:i* may be poor en\gh4 ,"s ( ! "w done ) *ildr5 9 clubs1 outside ( s*ools1 has br\ght out ! in/9ct = an ideal ( a*ievem5t 9 a v good way4 ,ri*>d came home q brea?less :5 he 0 able to report t he c\ld />t a fire on a w9dy day1 us+ b a s+le mat*6 ,9 "s ( ! m mod]n organizations1 = girls z well z = boys1 grad$ tasks are assign$ z te/s ( individual pr(ici5cy or pr[ess4 ,e girl & e boy mu/ pass ^! /&>ds1 )\t reg>d to :at ! o!rs d4 ,! result ( enc\rag+ ?is ideal is likely to be an increas$ s5se ( responsibility1 well z an increas$ self-respect2 :]eas ! ideal ( beat+ o!rs may 9 _m cases keep ! girl or boy at a r l[ level ( a*ievem5t1 comp>$ to ! *ild's own capacity4 ,?is competitive ideal is illu/rat$ by ! girl :o is ambiti\s to /& at ! head ( h] class1 & receives enc\ragem5t en\gh4 ,b we give v little ?\ght to ! *ild ^: ideals are = s]vice to o!rs or to ! community4 ,x is v (t5 ! same *ild t at "o "t glories 9 successful emulation "u ! enc\ragem5t ( our approval1 & t lat] fails to develop ! g]ms ( altrui/ic ideals because we fail to recognize1 or at lea/ to enc\rage1 !m4 ,we _c expect f ! s*ools an e>ly *ange ( emphasis f ! competitive type ( ambition to ! ideal ( coop]ation or s]vice1 al?\gh ! tea*]s :o h tri$ to enc\rage ! latt] h f\nd ! s*ool "w to proce$ m satisfactorily ?an x does "u ! _s ( emulation4 ,b 9 ! home x %\ld be mu* easi] to enc\rage ^! high] types ( ideals1 = we d n h to set "o *ild aga9/ ! o!r1 & !re is great] opportunity = individual s]vice on acc\nt ( ! great] diff]5ces 9 ! ages & atta9m5ts ( ! *ildr54 ,x is int]e/+ & significant t1 ( ! ?\s&s ( *ildr5 :o h giv5 expression to _! ideals & ambitions1 a v small numb]--less ?an "o 9 e hundr$--h appe>$ to be q cont5t ) !mselves & ) _! surr\nd+s4 ,! normal *ild craves = "s ?+ bett]1 & roams z f> afield z 8 k & opportunities let him 9 8 se>* = ! be/4 ,x is dur+ ! ye>s f ! t5? to ! fifte5? or sixte5? t ?is se>* is ke5e/1 & dur+ ?is p]iod we %\ld pres5t to ! *ildr5 e opportunity = becom+ acqua9t$ ) :at has be5 consid]$ be/ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race4 ,! read+ t ! boy or girl does at ?is "t is p]haps ! mo/ important s\rce ( ideals4 ,! selection ( suitable books = ! "y is 9 itself an important problem1 & "o t _m ( u are apt to neglect4 ,x is impossible to judge ( ! desirability or suitabl5ess ( a book f its appe>ance1 or f its price1 or f ! /&+ ( its publi%]s1 or ev5 f ! repute ( ! au?or4 ,_m attractive-look+ books are n only wor?less1 b positively objectionable4 ,if x is n possible = y to exam9e c>efully ea* book t y consid] buy+1 y %\ld make use ( an annotat$ li/1 or seek compet5t c\nsel 9 "s o!r =m4 ,?r\gh libr>ies & v>i\s associations x is n[ possible to obta9 c>efully prep>$ li/s t w be helpful 9 select+ books = *ildr5 ( all ages4 ,an int]e/+ po9t t has be5 br\ght out by /udies is ! fact t degrad+ ideals are practically want+ 9 *ildr54 ,y 7 no d\bt %ock$ to discov] t ,eddy 0 plann+ to become a burgl>1 or a pirate *ief1 or a tramp1 or an ord9>y highwayman4 ,b a c>eful analysis ( ! motives & exp]i5ces ( ! boy w %[ t ! p>ticul> feature t ,eddy admires 9 8 h]o is f> remov$ f ! ones t %ock y4 ,! boy is dream+ ( travel & adv5ture1 ( ! excitem5t ( *as+ or ( be+ *as$1 ( try+ 8 +5uity 9 conflict ) ! pr(essionally +5i\s m9ions ( ! law1 ( be+ brave 9 ! face ( dang]1 ( te/+ 8 =titude 9 ! "t ( tr\ble1 ( ! loyalty ( 8 comrades to himself z lead]1 or ( 8 loyalty to 8 *ief :5 ! latt] is beset by 8 enemies4 ,b c\rage & loyalty & =titude & +5uity are no m degrad+ ideals ?an are mat]ial possessions & intellectual accompli%m5ts4 ,only x happ5s t _m boys f9d ^! p>ticul> ideals embodi$ 9 h]oes & p]sonalities t we feel we mu/ disapprove = v>i\s reasons4 ,rob9 ,hood appeals to ! *ildr5 n because he violat$ ! laws ( ! l& or because he depriv$ p ( _! prop]ty1 b because he 0 brave1 & clev]1 & j1 & k9d to ! poor4 ,9 comp>+ ! ideals ( *ildr5 rais$ 9 ! city ) ^? ( *ildr5 rais$ 9 ! c\ntry1 int]e/+ diff]5ces appe>4 ,! city *ildr5 are 9 g5]al less incl9$ to be altrui/ic ?an c\ntry *ildr5 at ! same age4 ,on ! o!r h&1 city *ildr5 draw ^u a wid] range ( *>act]s f hi/ory & f fiction = _! ideals4 ,9 ! matt] ( future occupations1 city *ildr5 7 (t5 satisfi$ to m5tion "s pref]5ce f ! v>i\s occupations ( :i* !y _h he>d1 )\t elaborat+ ! details1 :]eas ! c\ntry *ildr51 al?\gh !y did n select f s wide a range1 frequ5tly describ$ special features ( "s occupation z ! int]e/+ elem5ts lead+ to a *oice4 ,f ! v>i\s /udies t h be5 made we may see t ! k9d ( ideals t a *ild is likely to h dep5ds a great deal ^u ! p ) :om he becomes famili>1 ^u ! ideas ) :i* he becomes famili>1 & ^u ! activities ) :i* he becomes famili>4 ,! *ild %\ld h an opportunity to discov] ! be/ t is available 9 8 imm$iate environm5t4 ,8 e>lie/ h]oes %\ld be 8 p>5ts2 !n ! acqua9tances ne> home %\ld furni% ! qualities t w ar\se 8 int]e/ & admiration4 ,x is a mi/ake to ?ru/ ^u ! *ild ideals ready made & import$ = ! purpose4 ,a h]o ?ru/ ^u ! "y imag9ation may d s]vice = a :ile1 b is likely to be disc>d$ lat] :5 t p>ticul> h]o's virtues really ne$ to be kept be=e ! *ild mu* m ?an !y did 9 ! e>li] p]iod4 ,george ,wa%+ton & 8 hat*et h furni%$ u a leg5d t is a good illu/ration ( ?is4 ,! h]o is dress$ up to be attractive to *ildr5 ( nurs]y age1 & end[$ ) nurs]y virtues4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 gr[ up & s outgr[ _! nurs]y ideals1 !y disc>d int]e/ 9 & admiration = ,george ,wa%+ton3 ?is is a s]i\s loss to our national idealism4 ,! results ( ! /udies also indicate h[ significant is suitable lit]ature 9 ! =mation ( ideals4 ,a comp>ison ( returns f girls ) ^? f boys ?r[s an important side light on ?is problem4 ,9 ne>ly e gr\p ( answ]s receiv$ x 0 evid5t t mo/ girls1 :5 !y get to a c]ta9 age1 adopt ideals t are decid$ly mascul9e4 ,! explanation ( ?is seems to lie 9 ! fact t ! *>act]s ( hi/ory & ( lit]ature ) :om !y become mo/ famili> are ^? %[+ di/9ctly mascul9e qualities4 ,!re are real diff]5ces betwe5 ! m9d ( a girl & ! m9d ( a boy1 & ^! %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation 9 _! tra9+4 ,!re is great ne$ = ! cle>] recognition & %>p] def9ition ( di/9ctly fem99e ideals4 ,x is n en\gh to transf] "s imitation mascul9e ideals to ! m9ds ( our girls4 ,we %\ld make a special ef=t to discov] our *ildr5's ideals1 = sev]al reasons4 ,fir/ ( all1 by kn[+ :at ! girl or boy has ne>e/ ! he>t we %all be able to ent] into clos] sympa?y ) ! *ild1 we %all be able to und]/& mu* ( ! conduct t w\ld o!rwise baffle z well z annoy u4 ,9 ! second place1 by wat*+ ! rise ( ideals we %all be bett] able to direct ! *ild's play+ & 8 read+ & ^? o!r activities t are ne$$ to supply ! exp]i5ces & ideas t seem to be lack+1 or to disc\rage t5d5cies t seem to u undesirable4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 if we "k our *ildr5's ideals we c make use ( ^! z motive =ces 9 help+ u to c>ry out our l>g] plans4 ,x is :5 ! boy is 9 ! milit>y /age ( 8 ambitions t we %\ld try to make ! virtues ( ! soldi] habitual p>ts ( 8 "*4 ,x is :5 ! girl is ambiti\s to make a f9e g>d5 t we %\ld try to make h] fix ! habits ( ord]l9ess1 regul>ity1 & att5tion to details4 ,( c\rse1 n e girl w want to h a g>d51 & _m a boy nev] c>es to be a soldi]2 b at e /age !re are ideals t c be call$ ^u to fix ! he>t ^u c]ta9 virtues until ! latt] become habits4 ,x is v easy to ridicule ! ideals & ambitions ( *ildr5 :5 !y seem to u too high-fl[n or futile4 ,b a p]son's ideals /& too close to ! c5tre ( 8 "* to be treat$ s rudely4 ,x is bett] to ignore ! _m trifl+ flights ( fancy t are n likely to h any p]man5t effect1 & to ?r[ ! *ild into circum/ances t w =ce ! em]g5ce ( m deep-seat$ or f>-rea*+ ambitions4 ,!re is ano!r dang] 9 ! ease ) :i* a *ild's fai? 9 ideals is de/roy$1 :5 ^! happ5 to int]f]e ) our own imm$iate com=t & desires4 ,:5 a boy has gott5 into "s mis*ief ) 8 fri5ds1 & is ! only "o caught1 we are tempt$ to br+ pressure to be> ^u him to make him tell :o ! o!r culprits 74 ,joe is ready to take 8 own puni%m5t1 & t ( 8 fell[ malefactors1 too1 r ?an snit*4 ,b = "s reason we feel t ju/ice dem&s ! conviction ( e individual involv$4 ,! conflict is n betwe5 our s5se ( ju/ice & ! boy's /ubbornness or wilfulness2 x is r a /ruggle betwe5 our dem& = retribution & ! boy's ideal ( loyalty4 ,if1 ?r\gh ?reats & cajol]y or m indirect me?ods1 we at la/ succe$ 9 f9d+ out t x 0 ,mrs4 ,br[n's ,bob :o 0 responsible = ! :ole affair1 we h at la/ brok5 d[n ,joe's incl9ation to act accord+ to c]ta9 ideal /&>ds4 ,joe has fall5 9 8 own e/imation beyond calculation4 ,x is bett] to let ,bob g unpuni%$ ?an to make ,joe g back on 8 pr9ciples4 ,"o important outcome ( a /udy ( our *ildr5's ideals & ambitions %\ld be ! direction ( _! vocational *oices4 ,we h read ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl9's fa!r1 :o took 8 boys ab\t to v>i\s %ops ) a view to help+ !m make up _! m9ds z to :at k9d ( trade !y %\ld foll[4 ,n[adays we %\ld consid] ?is me?od r crude2 b = a v>iety ( reasons mo/ ( u d n d ev5 ?is mu* = our *ildr54 ,a /udy ( *ildr5's plans & hopes = _! future "w br+s out ! fact t ! desire to e>n money z a motive 9 ! *oice increases up to ! age ( twelve ye>s1 & !n decl9es rapidly4 ,?is may be tak5 to mean t1 ap>t f ! enl>g$ range ( int]e/s t comes ) increas$ exp]i5ce1 !re is also an effloresc5ce ( ! fancy t leads to increas$ conc]n ) ideal ends4 ,?is is confirm$ by a comp>ison ( ! *oice made by *ildr5 ( well-to-d families ) ^? made by *ildr5 ( r poor p4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! poor1 9 tragically l>ge numb]s1 appe> to accept ! fact ( work+ z a necessity ( life2 !y accept ?is dogg$ly z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! *ildr5 ( m prosp]\s families1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh frequ5tly express+ pref]5ces = ! same k9ds ( occupations1 h _! he>ts set on ! joy ( a*ievem5t1 or on ! ideal ( s]vice1 or on ! fun ( do+1 9 mu* l>g] proportions4 ,f answ]s writt5 by ,engli% *ildr5 9 a factory di/rict ^! examples are typical3 ,a boy ( eight3 ,i %\ld l to be a ,c>p5t]4 ,because my "m says ,i c be "o4 ,a girl ( twelve3 ,i %\ld l to g out :5 ,i am old] to e>n my own liv+4 ,ano!r girl ( twelve3 ,i ?9k x w\ld be nice to g out to a situation4 ,9 contra/ ) ^! are ! answ]s giv5 by *ildr5 ( ! same ages :o came f homes ( culture1 if n always ( weal?3 ,a boy ( eight3 ,i w\ld l to be l ,major ---- because ,i l c>p5t]+ v mu* & he c>p5t]s beautifully4 ,once he b\ght a box = 8 silv] & !re 0 "o tray to x & he want$ to make little fitt+s = ! silv] s fir/ he pa9t$ "s names on "s pap] ( all ! diff]5t ?+s he _h2 !n he cut !m out & suppos+ he want$ to put knives & =ks quickly he w\ld h a little "n writt5 d[n :]e !y ought to g & he made ! fitt+s mo/ beautifully q z well z any %op w\ld4 ,a girl ( ?irte53 ,"o ?+ ,i %\ld l to d w\ld be to be a v clev] naturali/1 & to "k ev]y?+ ab\t ev]y?+ alive or 9 ! c\ntry _w4 ,a girl ( t53 ,i %\ld l to be a piano tea*]1 :5 ,i gr[ up1 = !n ,i %all be able to le>n to play _m pieces ( poetry4 ,a "p ( ?is diff]5ce is no d\bt due to ! fact t 9 _m families !re are traditional ideals ( ! obligations ( privilege1 :i* ! *ildr5 readily imitate2 or to ! fact t ^! *ildr5 d n h to ?9k ab\t ! necessity ( e>n+ a livelihood1 & s give _! att5tion to ! enjoym5ts t c be d]iv$ f v>i\s k9ds ( activity4 ,! subject ( vocational guidance1 :i* has come into great prom95ce dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 includes s _m ideas t are confus+ & mislead+ t l>ge numb]s ( p h become al>m$ & are fight+ ! movem5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! title itself is mislead+4 ,mo/ p d n ent] ^u call+s 9 ! true s5se ( t ^w2 !y get into "s k9d ( occupation or bus9ess1 b c\ld j z readily h adju/$ !mselves to any "o ( a ?\s& o!r occupations4 ,!n ! matt] ( guidance is mislead+4 ,x is impossible = anyone to-day to und]take to guide "y p into _! occupations4 ,all t c be hop$ = is t *ildr5 may be giv5 an opportunity to f9d out ab\t ! diff]5t types ( "w t ne$ to be done1 & ab\t ! diff]5t human qualities t are ( value 9 ! v>i\s occupations4 ,! "q t conc]ns ! p>5t is3 ,:at special incl9ations has ! *ild t c be utiliz$ 9 a future occupation8 ,x is n s mu* a "q ( mak+ full use ( y\r *ild's tal5ts z x is ( giv+ him an opportunity to d ! k9d ( "w 9 :i* he w be mo/ happy4 ,society at l>ge is int]e/$ 9 cons]v+ all ! diff]5t k9ds ( ability1 b ! individual *ild is conc]n$ ) realiz+ 8 own ideals1 ) liv+1 s f> z possible1 8 own life4 ,at ! same "t1 ! evid5ce :i* we h on ! subject--n v mu*1 to be sure--%[s t !re is really a close connection betwe5 :at a *ild likes to d & :at he c d well4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 true t "o c le>n to d well :at at fir/ comes h>d1 & !n le>n to l x4 ,b we mu/ n =get t /rong incl9ations mu/ be c>efully consid]$ :5 future "w is be+ decid$ ^u4 ,our *ildr5 are s imitative t a *ild ) m>k$ tal5ts w occasionally n reveal ^! 9 surr\nd+s t lay emphasis on qualities unrelat$ to ^! tal5ts4 ,s _m a boy ) high-grade musical ability w fail to %[ ?is :]e music is look$ d[n ^u z some?+ unwor?y ( a man4 ,9 ! same way *ildr5 w develop ideals 9 imitation ( :at goes on ar\nd !m4 ,e *ild is likely at "s "t 9 8 c>e] to look =w>d to money-mak+ z ! mo/ desirable end 9 life2 b mo/ normal *ildr5 w pass beyond ?is ideal be=e adolesc5ce4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! atmosph]e 9 :i* ! *ild lives is "o ( money-gett+1 ! *ild )\t /rong t5d5cies t[>d o!r ideals is likely to all[ ?is ideal to p]si/ into adolesc5ce & "y manhood or womanhood4 ,9 su* cases ! ideal becomes fix$ )\t indicat+ t ! individual is by nature ( an av>ici\s temp]am5t or mat]iali/ically incl9$4 ,! same pr9ciple ( imitativ5ess w\ld1 ( c\rse1 apply to o!r ideals4 ,?is expla9s to u :y ! recurr5ce ( c]ta9 ideals or modes ( life 9 successive g5]ations ( a family leads to ! supposition t !re are h]$it>y elem5ts at "w4 ,x is also a good reason :y we %\ld gu>d aga9/ ! contam9at+ influ5ce ( unwor?y ideals4 ,x is impossible = u to c>ry ab\t imitation virtues & fool our *ildr5 into imitat+ !m4 ,*ildr5 beg9 to =m _! ideals e>ly 9 life1 & _! fir/ /&>ds are d]iv$ f ! p & ! ?+s ab\t !m t contribute to _! pleasures--sweets & p>5ts & ! h]oes ( ! fairy tales4 ,z ! *ild's exp]i5ce broad5s he borr[s ideals f new acqua9tances & ! *>act]s he meets 9 8 read+4 ,! *ild absorbs f 8 surr\nd+s1 f 8 acqua9tances1 & f 8 read+1 z well z f ! in/ruction t he receives 9 s*ool or 9 *ur*1 mat]ials = build+ a _w ( :at ought to be4 ,& 9 ?is _w he himself plays a v important rle4 ,we mu/ !re=e make sure t ! mat]ials = ideals :i* are )9 our control %all be ( ! be/4 ,loose conv]sation1 cynicism1 op5 disrespect = ! noble ?+s 9 human "*1 lack ( fai? 9 human nature _c be exhibit$ to ! *ild day aft] day )\t hav+ _! s9i/] effect4 ,x is true t "s *ildr51 "h & !re1 w resi/ ^! unfavorable influ5ces1 & w come out ( ! /ruggle /rong & self-reliant1 ) fai? 9 _! own ideals & ) fai? 9 mank9d4 ,b we _c af=d to treat ! develop+ "* ( ! *ild on ! !ory t x ne$s ex]cise & temptation z a gymna/ ne$s ex]cise & try+ tasks4 ,! temptation t becomes a habitual /imulus to wrong do+ or wrong ?9k+ has no moral value4 ,! *ild is only too ready to foll[ ! pa? ( lea/ resi/ance1 & ! temptations w come apl5ty aft] ! ideals beg9 to =m4 ,high ideals 9 ! home1 & n m]ely good words2 loyalty to ideals & a _s ( confid5ce 9 ! *ildr51 are ne$$ to give ! *ildr5 t confid5ce 9 !mselves :i* !y ne$ to make !m loyal to _! own ideals :5 ^! are out ( h>mony ) vulg> fa%ion4 ,,xii4 ,,! ,,/ork ,,or ,,! ,,tru? ,"m1 :]e d babies come f8 ,"s day y w be ask$ ?is "q by y\r little girl or y\r little boy--if y h n already be5 ask$4 ,:at w y\r answ] be8 ,ev5 if y h be5 accu/om$ to giv+ frank answ]s to y\r *ildr5's que/ions ab\t all sorts ( subjects1 y are likely to hesitate :5 x comes to ?is4 ,y w be tempt$ to say :at y 7 probably told y\rself1 "u simil> circum/ances4 ,y w p]haps say t ! doctor br+s babies 9 8 sat*el1 or t ! /ork br+s babies 9 8 bill4 ,or p]haps y w feel impell$ to tell ,h>ry to g out & play1 & ask y aga9 a few ye>s lat] :5 he w be old en\gh to und]/&4 ,! tell+ ( a my? l ! /ork /ory is h>mless en\gh = ! "t be+4 ,we h ent]ta9$ ,santa ,claus = ages )\t und]m9+ ! morals ( our *ildr54 ,& we %all cont9ue to retell ! fairy /ories1 =1 al?\gh !y are n1 /rictly speak+1 true /ories1 !y h _! place 9 ! life ( ! *ild4 ,:y c we n g on1 !n1 z we h done 9 ! pa/1 lean+ ^u ! /ork8 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! /ory ( :]e babies come f & ! /ory ( ,santa ,claus or ,"m ,hubb>d is a v important "o4 ,santa ,claus & ,"m ,hubb>d repres5t ideas & int]e/s t are b pass+ phases 9 ! *ild's developm5t1 :]eas k ab\t reproduction is some?+ t gr[s 9 int]e/ ) ! ye>s & rea*es its deepe/ significance j at ! "t :5 y c h>dly1 if at all1 rega9 y\r hold ^u y\r *ild1 once y h lo/ x4 ,x does n matt] mu* :o disillusions y\r *ild ab\t ,santa ,claus4 ,! disappo9tm5t is brief1 & soon ! *ild c look ^u ! leg5d z a joke4 ,b x does matt] v mu* :o tells y\r *ild t ! /ork /ory is all a lie1 & h[ he is told4 ,x is well = mo!rs to realize t ! emb>rassm5t :i* !y may feel :5 ?is "q is fir/ ask$ is q =eign to ! *ild1 = ! *ild at ?is "t has no k :atev] ( sex4 ,to him x is simply a "q = satisfy+ 8 mom5t>y curiosity4 ,lat] on1 :5 ! *ild has become aw>e ( ! idea ( sex1 he is n likely to ask 8 "m emb>rass+ que/ions1 or1 if he %\ld ask !m1 ! situation w\ld be equally emb>rass+ to bo?--unless y h 9 ! mean:ile kept 9 close sympa?y ) y\r *ildr51 & !y feel t !y c come to y ) any "q & be answ]$ frankly4 ,& ! way to keep !m 9 close sympa?y is by meet+ frankly e "q z x arises4 ,x is n necess>y to answ] e "q by tell+ ev]y?+ y "k2 x is necess>y m]ely to tell en\gh to satisfy ! *ild's imm$iate ne$4 ,n only1 !n1 does y\r frank answ] t5d to keep ! *ild 9 t\* ) ! "m1 b y protect him 9 ?is mann] aga9/ go+ = 8 in=mation to s\rces t are frequ5tly contam9at+4 ,! in=mation t boys & girls give "o ano!r ab\t sex matt]s is (t5 some?+ appall+1 n only 9 its di/ance f ! tru?1 b 9 ! am\nt ( fil? ) :i* x is encru/$4 ,x is ! desire to keep 8 m9d clean1 !n1 t %\ld prompt ! "m to tell h] *ild :at he wants to "k :5 he wants to "k x4 ,a ?ird consid]ation is f\nd 9 ! fact t _m *ildr51 :5 !y d n receive satisfactory answ]s to _! qu]ies1 w reflect & brood ab\t ! subject to a degree t becomes morbid4 ,?is is especially likely to happ5 :]e ! subject ( ! *ild's inquiry is treat$ z ?\gh x 7 an improp] or a wick$ "o to speak ab\t1 s t ! *ild d>es n ask o!rs = enlight5m5t4 ,t ! e>ly answ]+ ( ! *ild's que/ions may (fset bo? morbid curiosity & ! dang] ( resort+ to fil?y s\rces ( in=mation is illu/rat$ by ! /ory ( a sev5-ye>-old boy :o 0 invit$ by an old] boy to come to ! wood-%$ = ! purpose ( be+ told an important secret4 ,if y promise n to tell any "o1 ! old] boy began1 ,i w tell y :]e babies come f4 ,:y1 ,i "k :]e babies come f1 repli$ ! second1 n greatly int]e/$4 ,oh1 yes y d6 ,i suppose y ?9k t a /ork br+s !m8 ,well1 y're 'way (f !re4 ,! /ork a9't got no?+ to d ) x1 ! in/ructor cont9u$ brea?lessly1 = fe> ( be+ depriv$ ( 8 opportunity to imp>t 8 preci\s secret4 ,at la/ ! secret 0 out2 b ! y\ng] repli$1 coolly1 ,t's no?+4 ,my "m told me t :5 ,i 0 f\r ye>s old4 ,s9ce ! matt] _h ceas$ to be a secret1 & s9ce ! /ory ev5 lack$ novelty1 all opportunity = ! elaboration ( details 0 de/roy$4 ,b :at c y tell to a *ild ( f\r or five8 ,= t is ! age at :i* ! "q is likely fir/ to pres5t itself4 ,rememb] t ! *ild is n ask+ a sex "q1 b "o ab\t ! direct s\rce ( himself1 or ab\t "s p>ticul> baby t he has se54 ,y c say t ! baby grew f a t9y egg1 :i* is 9 a little *amb] t gr[s z ! baby gr[s1 until ! baby is big en\gh to come out4 ,?is w satisfy mo/ *ildr5 = a consid]able "t1 b "s *ildr5 w imm$iately ask1 ,:]e is t little room8 ,to :i* y may reply1 ,! gr[+ baby mu/ be kept 9 ! mo/ protect$ place possible1 s x is kept "u ! "m's he>t4 ,or1 y may say t ! baby grew f a se$ implant$ 9 ! "m's body1 t x 0 n\ri%$ by h] blood until x grew l>ge en\gh1 :5 x came out at ! co/ ( mu* suff]+4 ,( c\rse1 y w tell ! /ory z p]sonally z y c1 ab\t y\r p>ticul> *ild1 & 9 z simple a way z y c4 ,if y tell ! little girl or boy ?is mu* y h told him all t he probably c>es to "k at ?is "t2 y h told ! tru? s t y h no?+ to fe> ab\t 8 be+ disillusion$ ei!r z to ! /ory or z to y\r own tru/wor?9ess2 & y h avoid$ ar\s+ ! suspicion t c]ta9 subjects are unwor?y ( und]/&+4 ,& !n y w f9d t ?is new conception ( 8 relation to y1 z truly a "p ( y\r be+1 w deep5 & /r5g!n 8 natural feel+ ( affection & sympa?y4 ,x is also well ) ! fir/ tell+ to impress ! *ild--9 s _m words1 if necess>y--) ! idea t he mu/ always come to y = any?+ he wants to "k1 & t y are always glad to tell him4 ,z ! *ild gr[s old] 8 k ( life mu/ gr[ also4 ,9 ! c\ntry & 9 small t[ns ! *ild becomes famili> ) _m important facts ab\t life )\t any special ef=t be+ requir$ to in=m him4 ,he le>ns t *ickies hat* out ( eggs & t ! eggs h be5 laid by ! "m h54 ,he le>ns t ! field & g>d5 plants gr[ f se$s & t ! se$s 7 borne by ! "m plants4 ,he le>ns ab\t ! com+ ( ! calf & ! colt2 & ev5 city *ildr5 c le>n t kitt5s & puppies come f "m animals4 ,x is a comp>atively simple matt] = a *ild ) su* k to get ! fur!r in=mation t ! baby bro!r develop$ f an egg t "m kept ne> h] he>t dur+ ! hat*+ "t4 ,mu* ( ?is k t ! c\ntry *ild acquires incid5tally mu/ be br\ght to ! city *ild ?r\gh special ef=ts & devices1 9 ! s*ool z well z 9 ! home1 t he may acquire ! fundam5tal facts ( be>+ & re>+ "y1 9 plants z well z 9 animals1 & t he may look ^u ^! facts n z /range or disconc]t+ m>vels1 b z natural happ5+s4 ,miss ,g>rett1 "o ( ! mo/ successful tea*]s ( sex & reproduction1 tells ! /ory ( "s city boys :o _h be5 taught ^! ?+s1 & :o _h decid$1 9 _! club1 to raise rabbits4 ,! selection ( a fa!r rabbit & a "m rabbit 0 too important a matt] to leave to a committee1 s ! :ole club w5t 9 a body to att5d to ^! prelim9>ies4 ,! c>e ! boys took ( ! "m rabbit dur+ h] pregnancy 0 9 itself an education4 ,lat] ,miss ,g>rett saw ! lead] ( ! club--:o _h be5 ! t\ghe/ ( ! gang--) ano!r boy on ! /reet1 :ile a pregnant woman 0 try+ to cross ) a heavy basket4 ,come on1 ,jim1 he call$1 let's help h] across4 ,?is same boy b a few mon?s back w\ld h ridicul$ ! poor woman 9 h] plight4 ,e *ild c le>n :at ,jim & 8 companion le>n$4 ,he c le>n to respect mo!rhood & to be consid]ate ( mo!rs z mo!rs4 ,x is v int]e/+ to see ! great diff]5ces 9 ?is reg>d betwe5 families 9 :i* ! fact ( mo!rhood is a secret1 & ^? 9 :i* x is a matt] ( common k4 ,i 0 visit+ a fri5d ^: six-ye>-old boy knew t ano!r baby 0 expect$1 & he 0 v c>eful to avoid annoy+ 8 "m4 ,( c\rse1 ! attitude ( ! o!r memb]s ( ! family also _h an influ5ce ^u ! conduct ( ?is *ild4 ,b ano!r "m compla9$ t %e receiv$ v little consid]ation dur+ pregnancy f h] olde/ son--a boy ( f\rte5--al?\gh all ! o!r memb]s ( ! family 7 z c>eful & z ?\ghtful z c\ld be desir$4 ,?is second "m1 h[ev]1 _h all[$ h] old] boys to gr[ up on ! assumption t sex & reproduction _h no?+ to d ) life1 or1 at any rate1 7 ( no conc]n to !m & 7 n suitable subjects to "k ab\t2 s t h] boys did n "k t some?+ unusual 0 9 ! air1 or t some?+ special 0 expect$ ( !m4 ,! important ?+ = ! "m to d dur+ ^! gr[+ ye>s is to reta9 ! confid5ce ( ! *ildr51 & to give !m an opportunity to become acqua9t$ ) ! ev]yday facts ab\t plants & animals4 ,! que/ions t come to ! *ild's m9d w be que/ions ( mo!rhood & babyhood1 *iefly1 & n que/ions ( sex or fa!rhood4 ,:5 ^! que/ions d at la/ arise1 z !y are sure to almo/ any "t aft] twelve ye>s1 & sometimes ev5 be=e1 y h a great advantage if y\r *ild br+s 8 que/ions to y in/ead ( to 8 casual acqua9tances ( ! s*ool or /reet1 ev5 if y are n prep>$ to answ] all ! que/ions = him4 ,! girl w come to h] "m1 & ! boy w come to 8 fa!r1 if !y h acquir$ ! habit ( com+ ) frankness & confid5ce4 ,!n1 if = any reason y are n qualifi$ to tell :at ne$s to be told1 y may j z frankly say s & ref] ! *ild to ! "r in/ructor1 :o may be a tea*] or ! family physician4 ,old] *ildr5 may ev5 be s5t to suitable books4 ,b ! mo/ desirable condition is t 9 :i* ! p>5ts h prep>$ 9 advance to answ] all ! que/ions !mselves1 & ev5 to anticipate "s que/ions4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 ! c\ntry *ildr5 become acqua9t$ ) ! facts ( life4 ,! *ild %\ld receive in/ruction along ^! l9es at v>i\s /ages 9 8 developm5t1 ev5 up to "y manhood or womanhood1 correspond+ to 8 physical developm5t & to 8 m5tal developm5t1 :i* normally proce$ 9 close relation to ea* o!r4 ,! girl %\ld be in=m$ h[ to c>e = h] heal?4 ,! boy %\ld be in/ruct$ ab\t ! sex life ( ! opposite sex to "k :at !y h a "r to expect1 or r :at !y h no "r to dem& ( ! o!r4 ,boys dur+ ! adolesc5t p]iod1 :i* has be5 call$ ! age ( *ivalry & romance1 are ke5 to appreciate ! rights ( o!rs & _! own duties to ! weak2 x is at ?is "t t we are to appeal to _! s5se ( honor 9 e/abli%+ ideals ( purity1 & ! s5se ( responsibility z be>]s ( ! life /ream4 ,! /&>ds ( sex morals are e/abli%$ dur+ ?is p]iod1 = girls z well z = boys4 ,_! /r5g? to "t ( temptation w lie 9 ! ideals :i* n[ become fix$4 ,we want our girls to gr[ up dem&+ purity ( ! "y m5 !y w meet1 n pret5d+ t !y d n "k ! diff]5ce4 ,& we want our boys to gr[ up ) fai? 9 ! lit]al tru? ( t f9e l9e ab\t ,sir ,galahad3 ,8 /r5g? is z ! /r5g? ( t51 because 8 he>t is pure4 ,! p>5ts :o wi% to prep>e !mselves ) a k ( :at to tell _! *ildr5 9 place ( ! old /ork fable2 ( :5 to tell1 in/ead ( po/pon+ to a di%one/ "s o!r "t2 & ( h[ to tell1 in/ead ( 9 ! emb>rass+1 half-express$ vagu5ess1 w\ld d well to read "s ( ! abundant lit]ature on ?is subject t has be5 issu$ 9 rec5t ye>s j = our help3 ,"s ( ! be/ titles are giv5 bel[4 ,! foll[+ titles1 ) comm5ts1 are tak5 = ! mo/ "p f ,a ,select$ ,li/ ( ,books = ,p>5ts1 issu$ by ! ,f$]ation = ,*ild ,/udy3 ,,biology ,,( ,,sex4 ,by ,t4 ,w4 ,gall[ay4 ,a concise & reliable /atem5t ( fundam5tal sex facts4 ,,girl ,,& ,,woman4 ,by ,c>ol9e ,latim]4 ,v helpful 9 und]/&+ & deal+ ) ! physical1 m5tal & moral di/urbances ( girlhood & e>ly womanhood4 ,"s ( ! recomm5dations1 p>ticul>ly reg>d+ physical aspects1 are op5 to "q4 ,,m>riage ,,& ,,! ,,sex ,,problem4 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,fo]/]4 ,emphasis is laid ^u ! religi\s & spiritual sides ( ! emotional life1 ^u tra9+ = self-control & ! ma/]y ( moods & in/9cts4 ,,sex4 ,by ,patrick ,g$des & ,j4 ,ar?ur ,?ompson4 ,! biological aspects ( sex & also int]e/+ *apt]s on sex education1 ! e?ics ( sex1 & sex & society4 ,good bibliography4 ,,sex ,,education4 ,by ,maurice ,a4 ,bigel[4 ,cov]s ! problems ( sex education & ( criticisms ( sex education4 ,,sex ,,education4 ,by ,ira ,s4 ,wile1 ,m4,d4 ,an excell5t little volume = ! purpose ( assi/+ p>5ts to bani% ! difficulties & to sugge/ a plan = develop+ a c\rse 9 sex education4 ,! *apt] on t]m9ology is mo/ helpful4 ,,! ,,sexual ,,life ,,( ,a ,,*ild4 ,by ,dr4 ,alb]t ,moll4 ,an exhau/ive /udy ( ! orig9 & developm5t 9 *ildhood & y\?1 ( ! acts & feel+s due to sex4 ,indisp5sable to anyone int]e/$ 9 sex education4 ,,! ,,sexual ,,"q4 ,by ,augu/ ,=el1 ,m4,d41 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,c4 ,f4 ,,m>%all1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,a compreh5sive & reliable /udy ( ! subject f biological1 hi/orical1 social & hygi5ic viewpo9ts4 ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,! ,,"y ,,9 ,,laws ,,( ,,sex4 ,by ! ,hon4 ,e4 ,lyttelton4 ,a brief pres5tation1 f a l(ty po9t ( view ( ! _m phases ( ! sex problem z x confronts ! boy4 ,! foll[+ books on sex education 7 writt5 = *ildr54 ,!y are li/$ "h1 n to be put into ! h&s ( ! "y1 b z a help to p>5ts 9 supply+ me?ods ( approa* & a usable vocabul>y3 ,,! ,,r5ewal ,,( ,,life4 ,by ,m>g>et ,w4 ,morley4 ,,! ,,sex ,,side ,,( ,,life4 ,an ,explanation = ,"y ,p4 ,by ,dr4 ,m>y ,w>e ,d5nett 7,pamphlet1 publi%$ by ! au?or1 ,new ,york47 ,,! ,,sp>k ,,( ,,life4 ,by ,m>g>et ,w4 ,morley4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,gifts ,,( ,,life4 ,by ,nellie ,m4 ,smi?1 ,a4,m4 ,special /udies 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 especially dur+ ! w>1 h made x cle> t girls 9 ! adolesc5t /age are def9itely aw>e ( ! ne$ = clean & tru/wor?y in/ruction on matt]s p]ta9+ to ! relations betwe5 ! sexes1 to ! control ( ! emotions1 to ! c>e ( ! body dur+ ! m5/rual p]iod1 & to o!r problems aris+ f ! facts ( sex4 ,x is pa!tic1 is x n1 to h a high-s*ool girl write3 ,"s p>5ts are a%am$ to tell _! girls ev]y?+1 s t is :y ,i ?9k !y %\ld be told 9 s*ool4 ,^: p>5ts _h %e 9 m9d8 ,ano!r writes3 ,!re are _m girls ) no "m or v ne> female relation t c tell !m all !y ne$ to "k1 & if any?+ %\ld happ5 9 a girl's life1 %e does n ?9k x prop] to speak to a male1 ev5 if x is h] fa!r4 ,are ! girls :o h mo!rs or v ne> female relations to be none ! bett]1 or happi] = x8 ,i hope t mo!rs w n cont9ue 9 ! future1 z mo/ h done 9 ! pa/1 to hesitate ab\t giv+ su* in=mation to _! *ildr54 ,if y are p]haps tempt$ to feel t y w\ld l to pres]ve ! *ild's innoc5ce z long z possible1 y h b to realize t innoc5ce is n ! same z ignorance4 ,we are apt to =get h[ "y we ourselves 7 :5 we _h obta9$ "o way or ano!r a l>ge mass ( in=mation ab\t reproduction1 & ev5 ab\t sex4 ,! "q is n :e!r a "y *ild %\ld h ?is in=mation or n2 ! "q is :e!r he %all h correct & pure in=mation1 or false & fil?y in=mation4 ,= "o or ! o!r he is sure to get4 ,true k is ! be/ mantle ( innoc5ce4 ,mu* mis]y is caus$1 n only = girls1 b also = boys1 by ! lapses f ! pa? ( virtue4 ,if ! "y man :o has gone a/ray is 9 a position to say1 ,_h ,i b he$$6 in/ead ( say+1 ,_h ,i b kn[n6 x w make a great diff]5ce 9 ! way he w lat] feel t[>d ! "o p]son f :om he _h a "r to expect protect+ k4 ,x is true en\gh t k alone is n a sure protection aga9/ wrong-do+2 b y c h no moral tra9+ )\t k1 & k is ! lea/ y c give4 ,!re is no reason :y p>5ts %\ld ?9k ( enlight5+ _! *ildr5 on ?is subject z a disagreeable necessity1 in/ead ( z "o ( ! important means ?r\gh :i* to be ( real help to _! *ildr51 & at ! same "t to help !mselves to reta9 _! hold ^u ! *ildr54 ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,gold5 ,,age ,,( ,,transition ,!re comes a "t 9 ! life ( e boy & e girl t br+s a maximum ( trials & worry--to ! o!r p4 ,?is "t is ! gold5 age ( transition f *ildhood to manhood or womanhood1 ! age ( adolesc5ce4 ,if y h _h annoyance & h>d%ip ) y\r infants1 if ! *ildr5 h p]plex$ y & tri$ y--z y ?\ght1 to ! limit--y may be sure t !re is m 9 /ore = y4 ,= ! age ( adolesc5ce br+s ) x problems & p]plexities & annoyances t w make y =get t x's any tr\ble at all to look aft] y\ng] *ildr54 ,aft] ye>s ( pa9/ak+ att5tion to all ! details ( a *ild's home surr\nd+s1 9 ! hope t ?is att5tion w result 9 di/9ct ga9s to ! *ild's "*1 x mu/ be v disc\rag+ to notice "s f9e day t ,l\ise is becom+ r f9icky ab\t ! food--:i* is j z good z %e has always _h--& t ,ar?ur is incl9$ to become r %ort 9 speak+ to 8 "m--n to say impud5t4 ,& bo? are likely to become critical n only ab\t ! food b ab\t a hundr$ o!r ?+s t !y f9d at home4 ,& bo? are likely to be some?+ n f> f impud5t 9 giv+ expression to _! criticisms4 ,9 fact1 !y w be q prep>$ to und]take ! education ( _! p>5ts1 & to tell y ) al>m+ assurance j h[ & :5 to d ?+s1 bo? at home & abroad4 ,=tunate1 inde$1 are ! p>5ts :o h come to ?is critical /age 9 _! education equipp$ ) a s5se ( humor4 ,h[ev]1 ^! unexpect$ & mortify+ outbreaks ( inconsid]at5ess & bad mann]s d n %[ t y\r e>ly ef=ts h all be5 9 va94 ,!y d n %[ t outside influ5ces beyond y\r control h p]v]t$ y\r *ildr51 or h c\nt]act$ y\r ef=ts4 ,!y %[ m]ely t ,l\ise & ,ar?ur are /ill gr[+1 & h n[ ent]$ ^u t mo/ int]e/+ & mo/ significant p]iod ( ! new bir?4 ,x is well1 fir/ ( all1 = ! "m--& ! fa!r1 too--to realize t ?is p]iod is a pass+ "o1 = ?is k c save y _m a worri$ day & _m a sleepless night4 ,i d n mean t :5 ! *ild comes to ?is dang]\s age y are simply to let nature & impulse h _! way4 ,i mean only t ! problems are to be met ) _m devices1 b n ) worry4 ,= we are com+ to und]/& "s ( ! fundam5tal causes ( ! great *anges t occur 9 ! nature ( ! gr[+ *ild at ?is "t1 & we are le>n+1 accord+ly1 bett] ways ( deal+ ) ! tr\blesome manife/ations ( ^! *anges4 ,n t we c lay d[n rules = ! prop] h&l+ ( all adolesc5ts ev]y:]e1 = we c n4 ,e individual is a problem by himself2 b we c le>n a bett] way ( approa*+ ?is preci\s problem1 a m helpful attitude to ma9ta9 t[>d him or h]4 ,!re is a physical basis = ! rem>kable alt]ations 9 ! m9ds & morals ( ?is age4 ,! infant gr[s v rapidly at fir/1 b ) a dim9i%+ rate until ab\t ! twelf? ye>4 ,!n1 almo/ sudd5ly1 ! rate ( gr[? increases aga91 & 9 f\r or five ye>s mo/ *ildr5 h atta9$ ne>ly _! full physical gr[?4 ,associat$ ) ?is great physical gr[? is ! fact t "s organs gr[ mu* fa/] ?an o!rs1 s t ! proportions ( an adult come to be v diff]5t f ^? ( a *ild4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 h[ev]1 !re has be5 a great /ra9 on ! sy/em1 because1 ap>t f ! dem&s ( ! g5]al body gr[?1 "s ( ! organs h n be5 able to keep up ) ! special dem&s made ^u !m4 ,= example1 ! gr[? 9 body weight & 9 muscle may proce$ m rapidly ?an ! proportionate gr[? ( ! lungs or ! liv]1 or ! weight may increase m rapidly ?an ! proportionate /r5g? ( ! muscles4 ,moreov]1 ! n]v\s sy/em is develop+ at a m rapid rate1 probably1 ?an ! o!r sy/ems ( organs1 & ?is /ra9 %[s itself 9 v>i\s ways t are disagreeable to adults ) fix$ habits & /&>ds4 ,all ( ^! *anges are intimately b\nd up ) ! developm5t ( ! sex organs & ) ! approa* ( sexual maturity4 ,a graceful *ild becomes awkw>d & a well-mann]$ *ild comes to act rudely & to speak q unlike 8 =m] self4 ,^! *anges are relat$ to ! fact t ) ! developm5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em !re arise impulses = hundr$s ( new k9ds ( movem5ts :i* ! *ild c le>n to suppress or to control only ) ! pass+ ( "t4 ,?is is ! age at :i* ! *ild is expos$ to ! acquirem5t ( _m undesirable muscul> habits1 su* z v>i\s k9ds ( fidget+s1 bit+ ( ! f+]-nails1 twirl+ ( buttons1 wr9kl+ ( ! =ehead1 %rugg+s1 sway+ ! body1 roll+ ! tongue1 tapp+ ) ! f+]s or ! feet1 & s on4 ,ne>ly a ?\s& ( ^! uncontroll$ or automatic movem5ts h be5 describ$ 9 *ildr5 ( ?is age4 ,( c\rse1 any ( ^! movem5ts t produce s\nds or t cat* our eye are v annoy+ to u1 & if we h nev] nagg$ be=e1 we are likely to beg9 n[ by say+ ,don't ?is & ,don't t1 = we h nev] be5 tempt$ l ?is be=e4 ,b nagg+ is n :at is call$ =4 ,are we !n to let !m keep on annoy+ o!rs1 or are we to leave !m to !mselves to make p]man5t ^! awkw>d & di/urb+ & (t5 hide\s movem5ts8 ,we %\ld d nei!r4 ,we %\ld rememb] t n[ ( all times ! boy or girl ne$s our fri5d%ip & our sympa?y2 we %\ld let ! "y p]son feel t our objections are n bas$ ^u our mom5t>y annoyance1 b ^u our conc]n = ! k9ds ( habits he w acquire2 & we %\ld d :at we c to help him break 8 habit1 n insi/ t he break x = u4 ,moreov]1 x is n c]ta9 t all ( ^! fidget+s & tapp+s %\ld be suppress$ ^u _! fir/ appe>ance4 ,mo/ ( ^! automatic movem5ts disappe> ( !mselves z ! *ild matures & le>ns to direct 8 n]v\s en]gy into *annels t lead to useful actions1 z he acquires skill & self-control ?r\gh practice 9 gymna/ics or ) tools1 or musical in/rum5ts or at "s games4 ,& :ile !re %\ld be e opportunity to play games & musical in/rum5ts & to h&le tools1 etc41 we %\ld n be disc\rag$ if1 aft] a :ole day ( h>d ex]tion 9 "w & play1 !re is /ill "s en]gy left = drumm+ on ! table or teas+ si/] or ! cat1 or = danc+ a jig up/airs & rattl+ ! lamp4 ,closely connect$ ) ! rapid developm5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em is ! fact ( ! increas+ irritability ( temp]4 ,?is w %[ itself e day 9 a hundr$ ways4 ,( c\rse1 x is unreasonable1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! boy or girl is n to be all[$ to become rude & impati5t & dom9e]+4 ,b ) ?is increas+ irritability comes increas+ s5sitiv5ess1 & x is v easy = y to make him realize t 8 conduct is n t becom+ a g5tleman1 or t 8 mann] has be5 (f5sive4 ,he w n give y ! satisfaction1 v (t51 ( lett+ y "k t he fully appreciates y\r po9t ( view2 inde$1 he w ev5 make a %[ ( disput+ y\r position2 he w try to argue out a ju/ification = 8 conduct1 or at lea/ a mitigation4 ,b he kn[s v well :at 8 (f5se is1 & is ?or\ghly a%am$ ( himself2 b he has to save 8 face4 ,x may be helpful to mo!rs & fa!rs1 & to o!rs :o h to d ) girls & boys ( ?is age1 to "k t :at appe>s to u z impud5ce is v (t5 b an expression ( ! *ild's awkw>d attempt to hide 8 discomfiture or emb>rassm5t4 ,?is is especially true 9 ! e>ly /ages ( adolesc5ce4 ,! boy or girl is becom+ consci\s ( himself z a p]son1 & res5ts be+ treat$ z a *ild2 ! only way he kn[s ( ass]t+ 8 p]sonality is by affect+ an air ( disda9 t[>d ^? :o presume to treat him z a *ild4 ,?is swagg] is m likely to be put on :5 !re is a ?ird p]son pres5t4 ,x is !re=e always saf] to res]ve y\r discussions & corrections to ! "t :5 y are alone ) y\r girl or boy1 & c place y\r conv]sation on an intimate basis4 ,h& 9 h& ) spells ( mo/ irritat+ self-ass]tiv5ess1 ! adolesc5t is subject to spells ( mo/ depress+ humility & self-abnegation4 ,inde$1 at e po9t ?is p]iod is m>k$ by ! mo/ viol5t contra/s & alt]ations ( mood4 ,h\rs or days ( seem+ indiff]5ce to all int]e/s & activities w be foll[$ by ke5 excitem5t & en?usiasm4 ,a fit ( d\bt 9 8 own ability & wor?9ess w be foll[$ by almo/ ludicr\s self-confid5ce4 ,a fev]i% desire = con/ant companion%ip w foll[ a dull & moody se>* = seclusion & solitude4 ,9 g5]al x is p]haps wise/ to ignore ^! *ang+ moods1 except :]e !y f9d _! outlet 9 (f5sive or vici\s conduct4 ,we mu/ rememb] t x is j z try+ to ! "y p]son z x is to ! old] ones2 &1 :ile we may n be prep>$ to yield our com=t & our /&>ds to ! :ims ( ! girl or boy1 we %\ld seek = adju/m5t ?r\gh sympa!tic ex*ange ( ideas & s5tim5ts1 & n ?r\gh arbitr>y rules4 ,9 any case1 ^! *ang+ moods ne$ n 9 !mselves be consid]$ occasions = misgiv+s & worry ab\t ! future developm5t1 = !y are "p & p>cel ( ! rapid *anges 9 ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,s complex is ! "* ( ?is /age t volumes h be5 writt5 ab\t x2 x has be5 record$ 9 song & 9 lit]ature1 & has be5 celebrat$ 9 religi\s c]emonials f anci5t times4 ,if1 !n1 ! "m f9ds x p]plex+1 & some:at beyond h] full compreh5sion1 %e c]ta9ly %\ld n blame h]self4 ,x has be5 said t ! complexity ( ! individual dur+ adolesc5ce is due to ! fact t at ?is "t ! bra9 & ! :ole body become at la/ awak5$ to _! manifold capacities1 & t ! *ild n[ is n only capable ( do+ ev]y?+ t a human be+ c d1 b feels ! impulse to d ev]y?+4 ,b manife/ly he _c d all ?+s at once2 h5ce ! rapid *anges ( impulse & mood4 ,!re is a sudd5 increase 9 emotions1 )\t suitable habits = giv+ !m an outlet4 ,!re is vague long+ & =mless ye>n+ = ! *ild kn[s n :at4 ,mu* relief & satisfaction come f physical ex]tion1 especially = boys4 ,!re is mu* satisfaction ( ! emotions f association ) o!rs2 h5ce ! gr[? ( ! gang & ! feel+ ( k9%ip4 ,adults1 ) _! limit$ int]e/s & _! appreciation ( ! ne$ = specialization 9 ! practical pursuits ( life1 are (t5 incl9$ to look ) disfavor ^u ! gr[+ girl's or boy's dabbl+ 9 a hundr$ diff]5t directions4 ,n cont5t ) a?letics & hunt+1 ! boy w want to collect /amps or birds' eggs1 to make a motor-boat & le>n telegraphy2 to take photographs & try 8 h& at ! cornet2 to exp]im5t 9 *emi/ry & /uff an owl4 ,n cont5t ) danc+1 sew+ & cook+1 ! girl w want to ma/] sev]al poets & make attempts at pa9t+2 %e w want to become m pr(ici5t at ! piano & d "s s++2 %e w want h] %>e ( photography & a?letics1 & w\ld try h] h& at writ+ a novel4 ,all ^! ?+s seem s di/ract+ to u t we fe> ei!r t ! "y p]son w become a sup]ficial dabbl] or w fail to settle d[n to some?+ s]i\s4 ,b mu* is to be said 9 favor ( lett+ e girl & boy d z ne> to ev]y?+ he or %e wants to d z possible4 ,exp]tness c come lat] :5 a *oice ( a specialty has be5 made4 ,n[ is ! "t = t\*+ life at z _m po9ts z possible1 = acquir+ bread? ( outlook & range ( sympa?y & int]e/4 ,n[ especially is ! "t = try+ out ! individual's capacities-- :i* may lie q beyond ! range ( ! conv5tional pursuits ( ! family or ! neighborhood4 ,x is ! "t = self-discov]y1 & to ?is end e bit ( help t c come f ! home & f ! *ur*1 f ! s*ool & f ! community1 f direct exp]i5ce & f lit]ature1 %\ld be utiliz$4 ,! dang] ( e>ly specialization is %[n to u :5 we contemplate m5 & wom5 :o h no int]e/s beyond _! r n>r[ r\t9e occupations1 :o h no sympa?ies beyond _! r n>r[ set ( intimates1 :o h no appreciation ( human "* & human s]vice beyond ! small circle into :i* !y settl$ 9 _! te5s1 & f :i* !y c by no possibility be drawn4 ,x is because ! =mation ( new habits becomes increas+ly difficult aft] ! sixte5? or sev5te5? ye> t n>r[ prejudices & bias$ op9ions %\ld be avoid$ by p>ticipation 9 ! broade/ v>iety ( activities & associations4 ,be=e ! conflict+ moods & t5d5cies are f9ally weld$ into a consi/5t :ole ! girl or boy %\ld make a "p ( 8 p]sonality z _m s\rces ( en?usiasm1 z _m k9ds ( int]e/1 z _m l9es ( sympa?y z possible4 ,9 a few ye>s ! "* beg9s to set1 & ! size ( ! "* w be 9 l>ge "p det]m9$ by ! numb] & v>iety ( emotional1 intellectual1 s5sory1 & muscul> elem5ts t h be5 develop$ dur+ ?is adolesc5t p]iod4 ,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is age is ! t5d5cy to h]o wor%ip4 ,x is s difficult to "k 9 advance :at types ( h]oes our *ildr5 are go+ to select t we are incl9$ to feel q helpless 9 ! matt]4 ,b x is safe to say t e>li] tra9+ is sure to h its effects1 al?\gh we _c always measure ! effect4 ,a boy 9 :om a ke5 s5se ( honor %[s itself be=e adolesc5ce is n likely to adopt a h]o 9 :om !re is a suspicion ( any?+ sneaky4 ,! new flood ( emotions br+s ) x a ho/ ( new aspirations & new ideals2 & "s ( ^! are likely en\gh to conflict ) ! old] *ildi% ideals4 ,x is !re=e ( ! utmo/ importance t ! read+--:i* is p]haps ! *ief s\rce ( model h]oes = mo/ *ildr5--%\ld be ( a :olesome k9d4 ,?is does n mean t ! /ories mu/ be ab\t p>agons ( virtue2 ! villa9s ( fiction & hi/ory h _! value 9 tea*+ life & "*1 & we ne$ n fe> t !y w contam9ate ! m9ds ( ! "y1 = 9 mo/ *ildr5 ! in/9cts may be reli$ ^u to reject ! allurem5t ( ! base "*4 ,b fiction t is false 9 its s5tim5t1 t does n pres5t tru?ful pictures ( life1 is likely to give p]v]t$ ideas ( human relations & false /&>ds ( value4 ,city *ildr5 :o h access to ! !atre (t5 get _! h]oes f ! /age2 & ! same ?+ may be said ab\t ! drama z ab\t fiction4 ,x is only ! too highly color$ & exagg]at$ melodrama t is likely to be objectionable = ! impressionable y\?4 ,! mov+-picture %[s1 :i* are com+ to supply s _m ( ! *ildr5 ) _! *ief opportunity to le>n life1 h be51 on ! :ole1 fairly :olesome2 & ! movem5t to secure m adequate c5sor%ip ( ! films w probably leave ^! s\rces ( in/ruction p]fectly safe1 f a moral po9t ( view1 s f> z conc]ns ! k ( life t ! adolesc5t gets4 ,! only real dang] f ! movies & ! !atres is likely to be ! cultivation ( ! habit ( passive ent]ta9m5t4 ,& ?is sugge/s ano!r s\rce ( puzzles ( adolesc5ce4 ,9 ! alt]nat+ moods ( excessive ex]tion & indol5ce !re is ! possibility ( girls & boys le>n+ ! value ( alt]nation ( "w & play & re/4 ,b !re is also ! dang] ( acquir+ ! habit ( re/+ all ! "t1 & leav+ n only ! "w = o!rs1 b also ! activity ( play4 ,x is mu* bett] = *ildr5 to re/ because !y are tir$ ?an because !y are lazy4 ,&1 :ile x is true t ! in/9cts are all = activity1 x is easy en\gh = ! gr[+ individual to acquire ! habit ( passive absorption ( :atev] amusem5t is provid$4 ,x is bett]1 !n1 = ! "y p to get _! ent]ta9m5t out ( !atricals ?an out ( ! !atre1 out ( play+ games ?an out ( wat*+ games1 out ( hav+ adv5tures 9 ! woods & 9 ! wat] ?an out ( read+ ab\t !m4 ,&1 9 e way1 ! mo/ reliable safety-valve ( ! p]iod is con/ant activity1 z ?is is ! be/ outlet = ! _m & conflict+ emotions :i* are ! s\rce ( ! *ief difficulties4 ,:5 ,ar?ur %[s signs ( gett+ re/less x is a great com=t to be able to s5d him (f on "s err&1 or to give him a def9ite task to d4 ,b x is also a great s]vice to ! boy1 = :ile he is at ! "w !re is be+ us$ up ! n]v\s en]gy t w\ld o!rwise appe> at ! surface z ano!r spell4 ,& ?is pr9ciple is j z true = girls z x is = boys4 ,only y _c s5d ! girl to a piece ( "w requir+ great bodily ex]tion--nor does %e ne$ ?is s mu*4 ,"w is n only a satisfactory safety-valve = ! emotions 9 g5]al1 b x is especially valuable z a means ( div]t+ ! ?\ghts & feel+s f ! gr[+ consci\sness ( sex4 ,"o ( ! reasons :y x n[ becomes m difficult = ev5 ?\ghtful & consid]ate p>5ts to keep 9 close sympa?y ) ! boy or girl is ?is outbur/ ( new & v>i$ int]e/s1 :i* clamor = movem5t & color & quick *anges4 ,! p>5t has 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s settl$ d[n to a relatively small gr\p ( activities & int]e/s1 mo/ ( :i* (f] no appeal to ! gr[+ individual4 ,= in/ance1 y w\ld l to come close to ! ?\ghts & feel+s ( y\r gr[+ son or daught]2 y sugge/ t y take a walk toge!r4 ,n[1 x is v nice = a middle-ag$ p]son to take a walk1 alone or ) a companion2 b ! girl or boy sees no s5se 9 tak+ a walk unless y wi% to get some:]e4 ,! ord9>y conv]sation & gossip t a girl is likely to he> :5 y take h] to visit a fri5d is apt to be v /upid--to ! girl4 ,ev5 :]e ! p>5ts h wat*$ ! exp&+ s\l closely on ! "o h&1 & h kept !mselves 9 t\* ) a v>iety ( activities ri* 9 human int]e/s on ! o!r1 !y (t5 f9d t ! intimacy ) _! *ildr5 is = a "t weak5$1 & fully re/or$ only aft] ! latt] h pass$ ?r\gh ^! try+ ye>s4 ,:at is likely to be ! greate/ s\rce ( grief on ! "p ( ! p>5t is ! app>5t lapse ( ! gr[+ boy or girl f /&>ds ( hone/y & tru?fulness ) :i* %e has s solicit\sly tri$ to imbue him or h]4 ,b ?is lapse dur+ ! critical gr[+ p]iod is s widespread1 s common among boys & girls :o aft]w>d become f9e m5 & wom51 t special /ud5ts ( ! problem h come to believe t semi-crim9ality is q normal1 at lea/ = boys1 at ?is age4 ,n[1 :ile "s *ildr5 are p]haps by nature incapable ( atta9+ to a satisfactory moral level1 mo/ *ildr5 w1 "u suitable surr\nd+s1 gr[ away f ?is /ate ( ly+ & /eal+2 b "u adv]se conditions ^! di/ress+ features ( _! behavior may become habitual4 ,suitable surr\nd+s & treatm5t w\ld "h consi/ ( ! pres5ce ( good models & high ideals1 sympa!tic help 9 resi/+ temptation1 & n 9 a h>% d5unciation ( ea* unapprov$ act z evid5ce ( turpitude & p]v]sion4 ,y ne$ n assume t !re is p]v]sion until t is demon/rat$ beyond any d\bt4 ,=1 if ! *ild is morally r$eemable1 he %\ld be treat$ l "o :o is weak & :o ne$s help until ! difficulties are ma/]$2 o!rwise y are likely to enc\rage 9 him ! feel+ t he is hopeless1 & he w relax all ef=t = 8 own self-ma/]y4 ,along ) ! emotions relat$ to romantic love !re is a rapid developm5t ( ! religi\s side ( ! nature1 ( a consci\sness ( ! race z a :ole1 ( a _s ( *ivalry & dis9t]e/$ness-- all emotions t be> a trem5d\s motive p[] :i* ne$s to be guid$ into suitable *annels4 ,nev] be=e & nev] aga9 has ! individual ! endurance & ! en]gy = su* self-sacrifice1 = su* devotion1 = su* ex]tion 9 behalf ( ! pure/ ( ideals4 ,at ! same "t1 ! increas$ s5sitiv5ess %r9ks f e sne] & e evid5ce ( misund]/&+ or unsympa!tic repro(4 ,x is !re=e unwise to tease ! girl or boy ab\t ! fri5d ( ! opposite sex2 x is cruel to sne] at _! ambitions1 & x may be positively demoraliz+ to ridicule _! ideals4 ,a "m ( unusual intellig5ce1 :o _h devot$ h]self n only to ! r\t9e "w connect$ ) h] h\sehold & ! c>e ( h] *ildr51 b _h made special ef=ts to keep in=m$ on :at 0 go+ on 9 ! _w ( ?\ght & practical affairs1 & :o _h a busy life ( v>i$ activities1 0 walk+ along a city /reet ) h] y\nge/ son--j fifte54 ,! adolesc5t1 :o 0 r free 9 8 comm5ts on :at w5t on ar\nd him1 made ?is pretty little spee* to 8 "m3 ,"m1 ,i ?9k y h a v petty m9d4 ,"h y fuss ar\nd try+ to help out t poor ,v---- family by gett+ toge!r clo?+ = ! *ildr51 & an odd job = ! old man once 9 a :ile4 ,& y h be5 try+ to raise a fund to complete ! education ( ! ,w---- boy1 & all ?+s ( t k9d4 ,b all y h done does n help to solve ! problem ( pov]ty4 ,! "m1 :o _h inde$ be5 c>ry+ on ^! v>i\s good works1 alongside ( _m o!r activities1 naturally res5t$ ! criticism ( h] son4 ,b :at %e m9d$ mo/ 0 ! inconsi/5cy ( ! boy :51 a few m9utes lat]1 !y pass$ a /reet prea*] ) a cr[d ab\t him4 ,!y c\ld n he> :at ! man 0 say+1 b ! wise "y adolesc5t rem>k$1 ,i wi% ,i _h "s money to help t fell[ )4 ,n[1 ?9ks ! "m1 :at d y "k ab\t ?is man's purposes2 :at is he work+ =8 ,! boy did n "k2 b he want$ to d some?+ to help ! cause4 ,:at cause1 he did n "k--& did n c>e2 = him x 0 en\gh t "h a man is devot+ himself to a cause4 ,& ?is incid5t illu/rates ne>ly ev]y?+ t makes ! adolesc5t s puzzl+ & s exasp]at+ to old] p4 ,fir/ ( all1 he _h gott5 hold ( a l>ge idea1 :i* he c\ld n by any possibility und]/& 9 all its be>+s2 & on ! basis ( ?is he criticises ! *>itable ef=ts ( 8 "m &1 inde$1 ( h] :ole g5]ation4 ,n only does he criticise ! prevail+1 modes ( philan?ropic ef=t1 b he condemns ^! good p z hav+ petty m9ds--because !y d n all see :at he has se51 p]haps = z long z a day or two4 ,8 attitude is n reason$ out1 b arises f ! deepe/ feel+s ( sympa?y = ! great trag$y ( pov]ty1 :i* he takes 9 at "o sweep )\t pati5ce = ! details ( individual poor p4 ,!n ! prea*] on ! /reet corn]1 expos+ himself to ! gibes & sne]s ( ! unsympa!tic cr[d1 appeals to him in/antly z a self-sacrific+ *ampion ( "s cause4 ,x is 8 religi\s feel+s1 8 *ivalric feel+s1 t are rea*$2 he w\ld himself become a mission>y1 & ! mission>y is a h]o t appeals especially to ! adolesc5t4 ,!re is no inconsi/5cy betwe5 8 disapproval ( specific acts ( *>ity & 8 approval ( ! prea*] ( an unkn[n cause4 ,9 bo? in/ances he gives voice to 8 feel+s = ! l>g]1 compreh5sive ideals t are j surg+ to ! surface ( 8 consci\sness4 ,?is is ! p]iod 9 :i* y w "o day compla9 t ! "y p]son is giv+ altoge!r too mu* "t & ?\ght to details ( dress & fa%ion1 only to remon/rate a few days lat] ab\t 8 c>eless or ev5 slov5ly appe>ance4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! int]e/ 9 dress & appe>ance w gr[1 because z ! adolesc5t boy or girl becomes consci\s ( 8 own p]sonality he ?9ks m & m ( ! appe>ance ( 8 p]son1 & especially ( h[ x appe>s to o!rs4 ,!re is ev5 ! dang] t ! boy w become a fop or a d&y1 & t ! girl w take to ov]dress+4 ,argum5t is ( little avail 9 su* cases4 ,! association ) p]sons ( good ta/e :o w ar\se ! admiration or affection ( ! gr[+ *ild w d m ?an h\rs ( s]mons4 ,if ! boy c realize t "o may be a f9e man )\t we>+ ! late/ /yle 9 coll>s1 or if ! girl f9ds a ?or\ghly admirable & lovable woman :o does n obs]ve ! cu/oms ( fa%ion too mu*1 nei!r ridicule nor prote/ w be necess>y4 ,9 g5]al1 ! adolesc5t w give u ex]cise 9 pati5ce & 9 imag9ation & 9 +5uity4 ,he w puzzle u & p]plex u z well z exasp]ate u4 ,b if we _c rememb] back to our own gold5 age1 we mu/ try z be/ we c to believe t ev5 ?is w pass away4 ,,xiv4 ,,h]$ity ,,& ,,environm5t ,) special assi/ance f ,,b5jam9 ,,*>les ,,gru5b]g1 ,ph4,d4 ,! frequ5t appe>ance ( ! black %eep 9 a flock ( tol]ably :ite %eep1 ! frequ5t failure ( ! be/ ef=ts ( p>5ts & tea*]s to make a fairly dec5t man out ( a promis+ boy1 h l$ _m to "q :e!r1 aft] all1 ! pa9s & ef=t are wor? :ile4 ,we h come to "q ! wisdom ( bo!r+ ab\t environm5t2 j z we sometimes "q ! exi/5ce ( a pr9ciple call$ h]$ity4 ,e day "s "o asks ! "q1 ,d y believe 9 h]$ity8 ,& _m times a day p discuss1 ,:i* is m important1 h]$ity or environm5t8 ,^! are c]ta9ly practical que/ions = p>5ts1 s9ce ! answ]s we receive mu/ influ5ce our practice or conduct 9 relation to ! *ildr54 ,if we felt q sure t h]$ity 0 ev]y?+ & environm5t no?+1 we %\ld r$uce our s*ool appropriations & build l>g] jails & asylums1 or we %\ld resign ourselves z be/ we c\ld to lett+ nature take h] c\rse4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we felt sure t h]$ity 0 no?+ & environm5t ev]y?+1 we %\ld proce$ at once to d\ble our s*ool equipm5t1 raise ! tea*]s' sal>ies1 conv]t our p5al in/itutions into re=matories & our armories into recreation c5tres1 & advance ! age ( compulsory education j z f> z we ?\ght we c\ld af=d to4 ,^? :o place ! emphasis ^u h]$ity1 9 ! attempt to discr$it ! value ( ?\ghtful & pa9/ak+ control ( ! environm5t ( ! develop+ *ild1 usually rem9d u t a man l ,l9coln a*iev$ p[] & di/9ction 9 spite ( :at we w\ld ord9>ily consid] s]i\s ob/acles to complete developm5t1 :]eas ?\s&s ( college graduates :o h _h all ! advantages t tra9$ tutors & gu>d$ surr\nd+s c give h develop$ into m$iocre m5 & wom5--h ev5 develop$ into vici\s & crim9al m5 & wom54 ,!y w rem9d u t f a class ( *ildr5 t _h ! same tea*]s = _m ye>s has em]g$ a gr\p ( v di/9ct m5 & wom52 !y w rem9d u t bro!rs & si/]s ) ! id5tical environm5t turn out to be s diff]5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o see no?+ 9 h]$ity w po9t to ! same ,l9coln & ask confid5tly :y 8 ance/ors & 8 desc5dants d n %[ ! same degree ( p[] & a*ievem5t4 ,!y w po9t to ! same family ( bro!rs & si/]s :o _h ! same h]$ity & ask :y !y all turn$ out s diff]5tly4 ,! black %eep proves j z mu*--& j z little--= "o side ( ! argum5t z x does = ! o!r4 ,!re are1 x is true1 _m p :o say t !y d n believe 9 ei!r h]$ity or environm5t4 ,su* p see ! difficulties ( ! disputants & reject bo? alt]natives4 ,!y pref] to say frankly t !y d n und]/& ! situation2 t life is too complex to be solv$ by puny human intellects4 ,or !y resort to "s equally un9telligible explanation1 su* z ,fate or ,nature--:i* is b ano!r way ( say+ t we nev] c und]/&4 ,on ! o!r side /&s ! sci5ti/ :o refuses to %ut 8 eyes to any e/abli%$ facts1 & insi/s ^u try+ to und]/& z mu* z possible1 ?\gh he may nev] hope to und]/& all4 ,b no "o is prep>$ to say au?oritatively t ei!r h]$ity or environm5t is ! exclusive or ev5 ! pr$om9ant factor 9 det]m9+ ! "* ( ! individual4 ,inde$1 ! voice ( ! sci5ti/1 :i* is ! only au?oritative voice we h 9 su* matt]s1 is tell+ u v pla9ly t ! :ole "q ( h]$ity or environm5t is n a real "q at all3 we are confront$ 9 e *ild ) a case ( h]$ity & environm5t1 & ! practical "q is h[ to control ! latt] s z to get ! mo/ f ! =m]4 ,to beg91 !n1 9 a mode/ way to und]/& :at is und]/&able1 9 ! fai? t und]/&+ w gr[ ) ?\ght & obs]vation1 is ! fir/ duty ( ^? :o are n cont5t to fold _! h&s 9 resignation or despair4 ,we "k t we c control :]ev] we h real k4 ,! cook kn[s t %e _c make roa/ duck out ( pork *ops2 b %e kn[s also t %e c make palatable & dige/ible pork *ops by proce$+ 9 "o way1 & t %e c make t\gh & sick5+ pork *ops out ( ! same mat]ials by *ang+ h] proc$ure4 ,9 ! same way ! sci5tific approa* to ! problem ( *ild tra9+ tea*es u t1 :ile we _c make a swan out ( a goose1 we c make ! gosl+ into a bett] goose or a poor] goose by ! treatm5t we apply to x4 ,a frequ5t s\rce ( d\bt & misund]/&+ is ! univ]sal occurr5ce ( su* di/9ct types among bro!rs & si/]s4 ,! qu]y at once arises1 ,h n ^! *ildr5 ! same h]$ity8 ,bro!rs & si/]s h ! same ance/ors1 b n ! same h]$ity4 ,rec5t biological discov]ies tea* u t ! individual develops f a bundle ( units d]iv$ f ! two p>5ts1 b ! units suppli$ by a p>5t nev] repres5t ! totality ( ! p>5ts' composition1 nor d all ! units t are pass$ on come to manife/ !mselves z p>ts ( ! "*4 ,! p>5t passes on sample units f h] or 8 own inh]itance1 s t no two comb9ations are ev] exactly alike4 ,x is a commonplace obs]vation t ,johnny may h 8 mat]nal gr&mo!r's *91 8 pat]nal gr&mo!r's eyes1 8 fa!r's walk1 8 ,uncle ,george's lips1 8 ,aunt ,m>y's %>p tongue1 8 gr&fa!r's al]tness1 & 8 "m's good judgm5t4 ,( c\rse1 he has n 8 gr&mo!r's eyes or 8 uncle's lips3 ^! relatives /ill reta9 _! respective facial organs1 & 8 fa!r /ill has 8 quick temp]4 ,:at ,johnny has inh]it$ is a some?+1 p]haps 9 ! nature ( a f]m5t1 :i* det]m9es ! color ( 8 eyes1 a c]ta9 some?+ t makes 8 lips develop into t p>ticul> %ape1 a c]ta9 some?+ t causes 8 bra9 to respond to annoyance 9 ! same mann] z t ( 8 ,aunt ,m>y's4 ,& ! v>i\s ance/ors & relatives h receiv$ f _! p>5ts simil> det]m9+ factors t h manife/$ !mselves 9 simil> peculi>ities4 ,we d n inh]it f our relatives1 or ev5 f our p>5ts3 we are built up ( ! same elem5ts z ^? ( :i* our relatives are built1 b ea* "o ( u has receiv$ 8 individual comb9ation ( factors4 ,h5ce1 no two bro!rs or si/]s are exactly alike1 al?\gh !y h ! same p>5ts & ! same ance/ors4 ,:ile x is univ]sally recogniz$ t no two individuals are exactly alike1 we are n at all cle> 9 our m9ds z to :e!r ! important diff]5ces arise f diff]5ces 9 exp]i5ce or nurture1 or f ess5tial diff]5ces 9 nature4 ,we "k t *ildr5 ( ! same p>5ts are ess5tially diff]5t f bir?1 & t no matt] h[ simil> ! treatm5t !y receive aft]w>d !y w always rema9 diff]5t1 or ev5 become m diff]5t z !y become old]4 ,x is becom+ m cle> e day1 z a result ( sci5tific /udy1 t e individual is absolutely unique1 except+ only true tw9s4 ,if we accept ?is individuality ( ! p]son z a fact1 :at1 !n1 is ! importance ( tra9+ or environm5t8 ,does n ?is admission settle at once ! cont5tion ( ^? :o see no value at all 9 a c>efully-controll$ environm5t8 ,if ?is *ild is born )\t ma!matical ability1 :at is ! use ( drumm+ ari?metic into 8 head2 or1 if he is born ) musical g5ius1 :y %\ld we bo!r ab\t tea*+ him music8--he w take to x naturally4 ,! answ] to ^! & simil> que/ions is to be f\nd 9 ! answ] to ano!r "q1 namely1 ,:at is x precisely t ! *ild is born )8 ,surely no *ild is ev] born ) ! ability to dance or s+ or to d sums 9 algebra4 ,:5 we say t a *ild has musical g5ius we mean m]ely t z he develops we may notice 9 him a c]ta9 capacity to acquire musical k m readily ?an mo/ o!r *ildr5 d1 or a c]ta9 disposition to express himself 9 melody1 or a c]ta9 lik+ = music 9 "s =m1 or a c]ta9 read9ess to acquire control ( musical in/rum5ts4 ,9 o!r words1 ! *ild is born ) a capacity = acquir+ c]ta9 ?+s1 f ! outside1 t is1 f ! environm5t--he is born ) c]ta9 possibilities1 :i* c become actualities only if ! suitable conditions are provid$4 ,9 ! same way "o *ild is born ) a capacity = exceptional muscul> developm5t1 & ano!r = exceptional self-ma/]y4 ,b 9 e case practice makes p]fect1 ! muscles mu/ be prop]ly n\ri%$ & ex]cis$1 ! w mu/ be tra9$--& t means suitable environm5t4 ,n[1 :ile e individual is unique1 n e *ild is a born g5ius4 ,! di/9ctiv5ess ( ea* *ild lies 9 ! fact t he consi/s ( a comb9ation ( capacities & t5d5cies1 ea* ( :i* v>ies 9 degree :5 comp>$ ) o!r individuals4 ,= example1 ,evelyn has ab\t ! same capacity = physical "w z ,annie1 b %e /&s l[] ?an ! latt] 9 ari?metic & high] 9 language "w4 ,john %[s ab\t ! same physical p[] z ,h5ry1 :5 measur$ by runn+ & jump+ & *9n+2 b ,john c hit ! ball ) 8 bat m times out ( a hundr$ ?an ,h5ry c1 :]eas ,h5ry c hit ! bull's-eye ) 8 rifle m times out ( a hundr$ ?an ,john c4 ,9 a ?\s& details any two *ildr5 diff] f ea* o!r1 "o excell+ 9 ne>ly half ( ! po9ts1 ! o!r excell+ p]haps 9 ab\t z _m1 & ! two /&+ almo/ exactly alike 9 "s matt]s4 ,a *ild t excels mo/ ( 8 colleagues 9 "o or a few po9ts is said to h m>k$ ability 9 t direction--z ! exceptional a?lete1 or ! *ild ) exceptional lit]>y or moral feel+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a *ild t seems to measure well up to ! av]age 9 mo/ po9ts1 & ev5 to excel 9 a few1 may fall f> %ort 9 "s matt]s1--t is1 may be defici5t4 ,?us a p]fectly good *ild 9 e o!r way may be unable to ma/] ! ord9>y requirem5ts 9 ari?metic1 or a *ild may h an entirely satisfactory developm5t 9 e way & be defici5t 9 musical discrim9ation4 ,ano!r k9d ( diff]5ce is to be f\nd 9 :at may be call$ g5]al capacity4 ,"s *ildr5 %[ high] capacity ?an ! av]age along ne>ly e l9e t c be measur$ or te/$1 )\t %[+ a prepond]ance 9 any "o direction4 ,su* *ildr5 are said to be ( high grade1 or ( high vitality4 ,9 ! same way _m *ildr5 are bel[ ! av]age 9 ne>ly e l9e1 )\t be+ p>ticul>ly defective along any "o l9e4 ,!y c d "o ?+ ab\t z well z ano!r1 j z ! high-grade boys & girls c d "o ?+ ab\t z well z ano!r2 b 9 ! =m] !re is a limit to ! possible developm5t :i* is exce$$ 9 ! latt]4 ,among bo? classes ( *ildr5 ! full developm5t dep5ds ^u suitable environm5t1 b :at is suitable = "o may n be suitable = ! o!r4 ,f a consid]ation ( ^! diff]5ces 9 degree & diff]5ce 9 k9d we may see t !re is no c\rse ( tra9+ or treatm5t1 no me?od ( in/ruction1 no trick = ! "m or = ! tea*] t w be usable = all *ildr5 "u all circum/ances1 to make !m all come up to "s preconceiv$ uni=m /&>d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we consid] ! diff]5ces z wor? develop+1 & ev5 emphasiz+1 x mu/ be obvi\s t ! tra9+ & ! treatm5t %\ld be adapt$ to ! individual *ild s f> z possible4 ,/>t+ out ) ess5tially diff]5t human be+s1 uni=m treatm5t w n make !m all alike1 nor w any treatm5t make !m all alike4 ,b />t+ out ) a p>ticul> human be+1 we c le>n to treat him 9 su* a way z to make him develop into a m desirable p]son ?an he w\ld become if he 7 neglect$ or if he 7 treat$ diff]5tly4 ,& t is ! ma9 problem1 aft] all4 ,! relation betwe5 h]$ity & environm5t may p]haps be made cle> by an extreme illu/ration f ! physical side4 ,"h are two full-gr[n m51 bo? five feet & f\r in*es tall4 ,we obs]ve t !y are bo? %ort4 ,n[1 ! %ortness ( "o ( !m turns out to be ! result ( h]$ity1--t is1 he belongs to a /ra9 ( %ort p4 ,no am\nt ( fe$+ or ( ex]cise or ( special rgime c\ld h made him m ?an a qu>t] or half an in* tall]4 ,! o!r man1 h[ev]1 belongs to a race ( r tall] m5 & wom53 8 %ortness ( /ature may be trac$ to und]nutrition1 or to ov]work1 or to sickness dur+ 8 *ildhood4 ,x is q c]ta9 t a diff]5t k9d ( environm5t w\ld h result$ 9 8 be+ z tall z 8 bro!rs & si/]s4 ,n[1 ! problem ( tra9+ conc]ns itself practically n s mu* ) ! p]son :o is p>ticul>ly long by nature1 nor s mu* ) ! p]son :o is unusually %ort by nature--& we may apply long & %ort to e o!r trait z well z to /ature4 ,! problem ) ^! extremes is simply to keep ! *ild 9 good heal?4 ,! special ef=ts ( ! tea*] & ( ! p>5t are devot$ to giv+ ! *ild :o appe>s some:at bel[ ! av]age 9 "s p>ticul> ^? special /imulations & ex]cises & fe$+s t w br+ him up to ! av]age4 ,we f9d ! extremely %ort too disc\rag+1 & ! extremely long d n clamor = our att5tion2 b x is ^? ne> ! middle-po9t t we want to help ov] to ! o!r side ( ! divid+ l9e4 ,& ?is is j z true ( an undesirable "* z x is ( a desirable "o4 ,we take no tr\ble to tea* hone/y to ! *ild t seems in/9ctively hone/2 & we give up 9 despair ) ! *ild t conv9ces u ( 8 utt] lack ( a moral s5se3 we conc5trate our ef=ts ^u ! del9qu5ts :om we cat* e>ly1 or ^u ^? :o are 9 dang] ( slid+ d[n if !y are n help$ along4 ,p]haps "o reason = ! great confusion on ?is subject arises out ( ! fact t we h become accu/om$ to mak+ a %>p di/9ction betwe5 physical *>act]s on ! "o h& & s-call$ m5tal & moral qualities on ! o!r4 ,e "o recognizes family resemblances 9 physical features4 ,a p>ticul> %ape ( nose or a peculi>ity ( ! h& appe>s 9 e memb] ( ! family1 sometimes = sev]al successive g5]ations4 ,facts l ^! we accept z evid5ce ( h]$ity )\t any "q4 ,we also recognize t ! ,joneses ( ,c5t]ville always take ! measles h>d1 :]eas ) ! ,&]sons vacc9ation nev] takes4 ,b :5 x comes to m5tal qualities1 :i* we are n accu/om$ to measure or to recognize ) ! same degree ( discrim9ation1 mo/ ( u fail to see t h]$ity is j z common = ^! z = physical traits4 ,moreov]1 m5tal qualities take on su* a great v>iety ( =ms t _! recognition is made d\bly difficult4 ,?us x may be ! same m5tal traits t make ( a c]ta9 man a successful lawy]1 ( 8 bro!r an able sci5ti/1 & ( _! c\s9 a clev] crim9al4 ,no d\bt ea* ( ^! ?ree m5 has qualities 9 a degree lack+ 9 ! o!rs2 b ! po9t is t !y h _m qualities 9 common :i* are obscur$ by ! diff]5t l9es ( developm5t !y h foll[$4 ,! old p>able ( ! :eat ca/ ^u ! gr\nd may help u4 ,t :i* falls ^u /ony gr\nd fails ( g]m9ation2 t :i* falls ^u poor soil w g]m9ate1 b w die ( dr\ght or be scor*$ by ! sun2 t :i* falls ^u good soil w develop into a good plant4 ,! k9d ( plant t may develop is det]m9$ by ! se$1 by h]$ity2 h[ ! plant w develop is det]m9$ by ! surr\nd+ conditions1 by ! environm5t4 ,on ! physical side ^! facts are s famili> to u t we nev] "q ! connection betwe5 developm5t & food1 or betwe5 developm5t & ex]cise1 or betwe5 developm5t & o!r physical conditions4 ,( c\rse1 we say1 an und]n\ri%$ *ild w nev] be /rong2 ( c\rse1 an ov]work$ *ild w nev] be /rong1 ( c\rse1 dr9k+ & smok+ & o!r dissipation w prev5t heal?y developm5t4 ,& yet1 d we n "k t ( two und]f$ *ildr51 "o w %[ ! ill effects m ?an ! o!r2 t ( two ov]work$ *ildr51 "o w survive abuse ) less p]man5t injury ?an ! o!r4 ,we mu/1 !n1 h cle> 9 our m9ds ! idea t ev]y?+ t happ5s to a *ild & t may produce a reaction or an effect is wor? consid]+ f ! po9t ( view ( its influ5ce ^u 8 developm5t4 ,inde$1 in/ead ( discuss+ h]$ity v]sus environm5t1 we %\ld try to conceive ( ! p]sonality ( ! *ild z made up ( ! effect ( a c]ta9 h]$ity respond+ to a c]ta9 environm5t4 ,= example1 ! *ild inh]its ! in/9ct to h&le ?+s4 ,at a c]ta9 age ?is in/9ct w take ! =m ( h&l+ objects )9 rea*1 & ( break+ !m4 ,we _c say t ! *ild has an in/9ct = break+ vases or te>+ books2 he has simply ! in/9ct to d some?+ ) mat]ial t he c h&le4 ,n[1 x is possible = ! *ild to ex]cise ?is in/9ct only on mat]ial t c be brok5 or torn2 x is also possible = ! *ild to ex]cise x on mat]ial t c be manipulat$ con/ructively--z blocks = build+1 clay = %ap+1 or1 lat]1 tools ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,9 "o case ! *ild e/abli%es habits ( te>+ or break+2 9 ! o!r ! same in/9cts--! same h]$ity1 t is--issues 9 habits ( mak+4 ,or we may take ! in/9ct ( curiosity1 :i* e normal *ild w manife/ at an e>ly /age4 ,?is in/9ct may f9d ex]cise 9 wond]+ :at is 9 p>cels or clos$ cupbo>ds2 or x may ex]cise itself 9 wond]+ ab\t ! ?und] & ! fl[]s & ! ?+s "u ! e>?2 or x may be q suppress$ by disc\ragem5t or by unsatisfy+ indulg5ce4 ,?us ! same in/9ct may lead "u diff]5t treatm5ts to diff]5t results4 ,?is does n mean t e *ild has ! mak+ ( an inve/igator2 x means t a p]fectly heal?y in/9ct capable ( be+ turn$ to good use is (t5 p]v]t$ or cru%$ out because we h n le>n$ to cultivate x pr(itably ?r\gh control ( ! gr[+ *ild's developm5t4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce t ! m5tal & moral capacities are inh]it$ 9 ! same way z ! purely physical or physiological ones4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 mu* m to le>n ab\t h[ to control ! developm5t ( ! =m] ?an ab\t ! control ( ! latt]4 ,yet ?is po9t %\ld be cle> to e p>5t & tea*]2 :atev] ! *ild's inh]itance may be1 ! full developm5t ( 8 capacities is possible only "u suitable ext]nal conditions4 ,:at ^! conditions are dep5ds ^u ! comb9ation ( capacities t ! p>ticul> *ild possesses4 ,b to f9d out :at ^! capacities are we mu/ give ! *ild an opportunity to %[ :at's 9 him4 ,?is we c d by plac+ him 9 an environm5t simple en\gh = him to adju/ himself to readily1 & at ! same "t complex en\gh to give e side ( 8 nature a *ance to respond4 ,?is is ! significance ( mod]n educational movem5ts t seek to leave ! *ild untrammell$ 9 8 responses to :at goes on ar\nd him4 ,we h le>n$ t "s *ildr5 w become tall & t o!rs w nev] rea* beyond a c]ta9 height2 we seek m]ely to keep !m heal?y by suitable fe$+1 ex]cise1 re/1 ba?+1 etc4 ,b 9 ! matt] ( m5tal developm5t we h n yet le>n$ t x is impossible = all *ildr5 to rea* ! same degree ( l+ui/ic or ma!matical or arti/ic developm5t1 & we try to br+ all ( !m up to our preconceiv$ /&>d ( :at a *ild %\ld d 9 ea* l9e4 ,! ?+ t we ne$ to f9d out is :at a p>ticul> *ild c d2 & !n we mu/ give him ! opportunity & ! enc\ragem5t to d 8 be/4 ,! ?+s we enc\rage him to d w be ! basis = ! habits :i* he w =m1 = ! skill :i* he w acquire--& s = ! activities t w yield him satisfaction & det]m9e 8 behavior 9 relation to o!rs4 ,t is1 ! ?+s ! *ild le>ns to d well w det]m9e :at k9d ( a p]son he w be :5 he gr[s up4 ,b x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t e *ild is born ) a set ( special aptitudes t fit him = "s p>ticul> occupation4 ,_m *ildr5 d inde$ h r special types ( native ability1 z ! *ild ( arti/ic proclivities1 or ! natural born prea*]4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 _m *ildr5 are born ) m>k$ %ortcom+s 9 _! makeup1 al?\gh ^! defici5cies ne$ n always int]f]e ) _! develop+ into excell5t m5 & wom54 ,= example1 a *ild may be color-bl9d1 or incapable ( ma/]+ a =eign language 9 s*ool1 or awkw>d 9 do+ "w requir+ great skill--& yet capable ( do+ high-grade "w 9 o!r l9es4 ,^? *ildr5 t h /rongly-m>k$ proclivities--:i* usually %[ !mselves e>ly 9 life & :i* are commonly associat$ ) /rong likes & dislikes--w no d\bt d ! mo/ effective "w along ! l9es ( _! native tal5ts4 ,& ^? ) m>k$ defici5cies %\ld c]ta9ly n be direct$ into occupations :]e9 ! lack+ tal5ts are ess5tial = success4 ,b ! great mass ( *ildr5 v>y f ea* o!r n s mu* 9 ! directions along :i* _! special abilities lie z 9 ! degree to :i* !y are capable ( develop+ ! ord9>y abilities :i* !y d h4 ,= su* *ildr5 ! *oice ( an occupation _c wisely be made v e>ly 9 life1 nor %\ld a v special *oice be made until !re has be5 an opportunity to try out a l>ge v>iety ( activities & processes4 ,inde$1 ev5 = ! *ild ( decid$ g5ius x is desirable t !re be a *ance to try out _m k9ds ( activities1 bo? physical & m5tal4 ,?is is desirable n s mu* 9 ! hope ( c\nt]act+ 8 special b5t on ! !ory ( supply+ ex]cise = ! functions t are n to 8 lik+ z = ! purpose ( giv+ him an opportunity to f9d out all he c d1 & to give u a *ance to f9d out all he c d well4 ,ev5 *ildr5 :o pass z av]age *ildr51 h[ev]1 may be divid$ into classes accord+ to ! v>iations 9 _! native capacities4 ,t is to say1 "s *ildr51 al?\gh n exhibit+ any special tal5ts or special defici5cies1 are nev]!less m easily adju/$ to do+ muscul> "w ?an o!rs2 "s are m happy 9 ! manipulation ( numb]s2 "s %[ great] pati5ce2 "s are m easily fatigu$ by ! repetition ( a process2 "s _c /& on _! feet = long p]iods )\t suff]+1 & s on4 ,^! diff]5ces %\ld c]ta9ly be tak5 into consid]ation1 fir/ ( all1 9 ! treatm5t accord$ !m 9 ! s*ool & at home1 9 :at is requir$ ( !m1 9 ! selection ( /udies1 etc4 ,&1 9 ! second place1 ^! facts %\ld be consid]$ 9 ! *oice ( g5]al fields ( occupation4 ,x w\ld be ! height ( cruelty & ( inju/ice to insi/ ^u ,walt]'s prep>+ = & ent]+ 8 fa!r's bus9ess--j to keep up ! family tradition--:5 a little att5tion to ! boy's "w 9 s*ool & to 8 play & to 8 p]sonal pref]5ces & ta/es w\ld %[ t he 0 em95tly unsuit$ = ! bus9ess1 & at ! same "t well suit$ = "s te*nical pursuit su* z eng9e]+4 ,untold mis]y & failure spr+ f our neglig5ce 9 ^! matt]s1 no less ?an f our direction ( ! *ild's developm5t 9 accordance ) ! p>5ts' ambitions r ?an 9 accordance ) ! *ild's discov]able abilities & disabilities4 ,h[ f> %ort our ord9>y tra9+ falls ( giv+ our v>i\s capacities _! full developm5t is %[n by ! exquisite acut5ess ( t\* & ( he>+ acquir$ by *ildr5 :o become bl9d 9 infancy4 ,! s5ses ( t\* & he>+ are "h develop$ s f> beyond :at ord9>y p]sons ev] atta9 t ! belief is q common t "o :o is defective 9 "o s5se has be5 comp5sat$ by nature ) special capacity 9 ! o!r s5ses4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! extreme developm5t is n ! result ( special end[m5t or h]$ity1 b altoge!r ! result ( special tra9+ or environm5t4 ,!re is a c]ta9 s5se 9 :i* ! idea ( h]$ity impresses "o ) a p>alyz+ feel+ ( inevitabl5ess4 ,:5 a *ild is born 8 sex is irrevocably fix$2 ! "* ( 8 eyes & ( 8 hair1 ! =m ( 8 features & ! ridges on 8 f+]-tips are unalt]able except ?r\gh mutilation or disease4 ,b up to a c]ta9 limit ! *ild w gr[ j 9 proportion to ! nurture t he receives4 ,& :at t limit is we may n "k until we f9d out ?r\gh ye>s ( pati5t ef=t1 ?r\gh endless try+ out 9 e direction4 ,he w gr[ f>!r 9 "s directions ?an 9 o!rs1 & ! limit 9 ea* direction is ! elem5t ( de/9y suppli$ by h]$ity4 ,v few1 h[ev]1 rea* _! limit 9 _m directions1 & no p]son has ev] rea*$ 8 limit 9 e direction4 ,! di/ance we d actually g dep5ds1 9 practice1 altoge!r ^u ! k9d ( environm5t t is suppli$4 ,?is environm5t1 s f> z ! gr[+ *ild is conc]n$1 is entirely )9 our control1 & we h no "r to give up our ef=ts & to %ift ! responsibility to unsatisfactory h]$ity until we are q sure t all has be5 done t suitable surr\nd+s & treatm5t--suitable environm5t--c d4 ,we mu/ wat* & wait1 & "w h>d :ile we wait & wat*4 ,,xv4 ,,fre$om ,,& ,,discipl9e ,is x n /range t s*ool1 :i* we provide = our belov$ *ildr5 = _! own good1 at s great a co/ ( ?\ght & money1 %\ld be s little appreciat$ by !m8 ,is x n /range t s*ool1 :i* is int5d$ to give p[] & fre$om1 %\ld be look$ ^u by ! *ildr5 z no bett] ?an a prison--a good place f :i* to escape8 ,we gr[n folks "k h[ valuable s*ool & tra9+ & discipl9e are4 ,d we n sometimes sigh t we _h n m ( ^! bless+s 9 our own *ildhood8 ,or t we did n take advantage ( ! little we _h8 ,if ! *ildr5 only knew--p]haps !y w\ld n s eag]ly seek to escape into :at !y va9ly imag9e to be fre$om4 ,p]haps4 ,gr[n folks :o h ?\ght ab\t ! matt] "k1 ( c\rse1 t fre$om is some?+ diff]5t f m]ely be+ left alone4 ,!y "k t fre$om is a /ate to be atta9$ only ?r\gh ef=t4 ,!y "k t fre$om results f a discipl9e :i* makes a p]son ! ma/] ( 8 impulses1 in/ead ( leav+ him _! slave4 ,!y "k t ! fre$om wor? /riv+ = is fre$om f our own caprices & moods1 f our bl9dness & ignorance & passions4 ,x is = ?is reason t we value discipl9e1 q ap>t f any?+ t x may contribute to our ability to live h>moni\sly ) o!rs1 q ap>t f any?+ x may d to increase our p[] 9 an economic s5se4 ,b if discipl9e is ! means = atta9+ fre$om1 h[ does x come ab\t t 9 ! pa/ 7& = mo/ p to-day7 discipl9e has appe>$ z a me?od ( compell+ *ildr5 to d ! "r ?+--until !y h ! habit8 ,h[ does x come ab\t t discipl9e1 9 ! m9ds ( mo/ p1 consi/s s l>gely ( re/ra9+ *ildr5 f do+ undesirable acts--until !y are well />t$ into ! safe age ( discretion8 ,! reason seems to be t ! ne$ = discipl9e or tra9+ makes itself mo/ quickly felt :]e *ildr5--or old] p--infr+e ^u ! rights ( o!rs1 or ^u ! proprieties4 ,we miss discipl9e :]e a *ild fails ( self-re/ra9t1 acts impulsively1 or loses 8 temp]4 ,9 %ort1 failure ( e>ly tra9+ is indicat$ :]ev] !re is lack ( self-control1 or a lack ( prop] application to ! bus9ess 9 h&4 ,x is !re=e natural t discipl9e %\ld e>ly take ! =m ( comm&+ & prohibit+4 ,x is b a %ort /ep f ?is view ( discipl9e to ! philosophy t :at *ildr5 d spontane\sly1 :at !y l to d1 mu/ be wrong4 ,& ! complem5t to ?is is ! feel+ t virtue & "* c arise only f do+ :at is disagreeable or difficult4 ,b ! new] /udies 9 ! psy*ology ( *ildhood lead to a totally diff]5t !ory ( "* =mation4 ,& _m exp]im5ts made 9 s*ools & in/itutions confirm ^! new !ories at e po9t4 ,moreov]1 if we look ab\t1 p]haps ev5 9 our own homes1 ,i am sure we c all f9d abundant support = ! mod]n view4 ,! new /udies h to d ) ! relation t our emotions be> to our activities & especially to ! =mation ( habits4 ,to le>n to d a ?+1 we h kn[n = ages1 we mu/ practise cont9u\sly & uni=mly4 ,b we did n "k t ! /ate ( feel+s connect$ ) ! p]=mance ( ! act _h any?+ to d ) ! result4 ,ri*>d mu/ ma/] ! scales 9 8 music /udy4 ,^! scales c be ma/]$ 9 only "o way--he mu/ play !m ov] & ov] & ov] aga91 until he j has !m4 ,b suppose ,ri*>d does n c>e to practise ! scales ov] & ov] & ov] aga98 ,suppose t he does n c>e :e!r he ev] ma/]s ! scales or n4 ,well1 he c be made to practise1 at any rate2 & p]haps "s day he w ?ank 8 eld]s = hav+ ?us =c$ ^u him ! extremely valuable b unappreciat$ comm& ( ! scales4 ,b :at happ5s 9 ! c\rse ( ?is =c$ practise8 ,!re is res5tm5t1 & antagonism & a gr[+ hatr$ ( scales1 ( ! man :o fir/ v5t$ scales1 ( slop+ r[s ( notes on ! page ( music4 ,& ?is res5tm5t is m likely to prev5t a real ma/]y ( ! task ?an ! en=c$ practise is to ensure x4 ,! antagonism w1 at any rate1 c\nt]act ! value ( ! practise to a l>ge degree4 ,! ?ird elem5t 9 ! fixation ( habits t we h h]et(ore too g5]ally disreg>d$ is t ( satisfaction2 ?is is no less important ?an regul>ity & frequ5cy ( action4 ,! abs5ce ( satisfaction1 to say no?+ ( ! pres5ce ( opposite feel+s1 is ( itself suffici5t to prev5t effective le>n+1 :e!r ( k or ( skill4 ,& :5 ! opposite feel+s are pres5t1 ! acquir$ act or idea t5ds to be pu%$ out ( ! sy/em at ! e>lie/ opportunity4 ,x is 9 "s su* way z ?is t _m speciali/s 9 ! work+s ( ! human m9d w\ld expla9 s mu* ( our =gett+4 ,!y say t we =get ei!r because we really wi% to =get--! facts are unpleasant-- or because we d n suffici5tly c>e to rememb]--! facts are n suffici5tly int]e/+1 !y d n suffici5tly conc]n u4 ,out ( ! psy*ological facts p]ta9+ to ! relation ( ! feel+ /ate to ! le>n+ process & to ! habit-=m+ process1 is develop$ ! doctr9e ( int]e/ 9 education4 ,! v "n int]e/ sugge/s to _m t ?is mu/ be "s plan = sug>-coat+ education1 or p]haps = giv+ *ildr5 only :at !y l4 ,& ?is is q ! opposite ( ! traditional view :i* is express$ by ! humori/ :o said1 ,x does n matt] mu* :at y tea* a boy1 s long z he doesn't l x4 ,b ! idea ( int]e/ 9 mod]n psy*ology does n mean lett+ ! *ild h 8 own way1 any m ?an discipl9e means do+ only :at is unpleasant or difficult4 ,we c see ! basic tru? at ! f\ndation ( ?is view 9 ! age-long usage ( ! race1 :i* aw>ds prizes & p5alties = good actions & evil actions1 respectively4 ,if y %\ld be ask$ ,:y did y rew>d ,m>yann1 ,:y did y puni% ,h5ry2 y w\ld no d\bt say some?+ l ?is3 ,if we rew>d a *ild = do+ :at we approve1 he is m likely to d t sort ( ?+ aga92 if we puni%1 or impose unpleasant consequ5ces1 ^u acts t we disapprove1 su* acts are less likely to be repeat$4 ,9 o!r words1 we h kn[n "r along t satisfaction someh[ leads ! *ild to repeat ! conditions t br\ght ab\t ! satisfaction2 & t suff]+ someh[ leads ! *ild to avoid ! conditions t br\ght ab\t ! suff]+4 ,:at ! new psy*ology does "h is to unify :at we h kn[n4 ,we say n ! p]=mance ( an act alone w e/abli% a habit2 n ! repetition alone w e/abli% x2 n ! subsequ5t satisfaction alone4 ,all ( ^! factors mu/ take "p1 & !y mu/ take "p 9 association4 ,! feel+ mu/ accompany ! act4 ,x is n suffici5t t ,ri*>d be assur$ t "s "t 9 ! vague future he w d]ive deep satisfaction f be+ ma/] ( ! scales2 he mu/ someh[ be made to feel a pres5t conc]n ei!r 9 :at he is do+1 or a real int]e/ 9 ! outcome4 ,! "t t is to elapse betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( 8 practice & ! satisfaction he is to receive mu/ n be beyond ! *ild's p[] to appreciate4 ,9 our actual deal+ ) *ildr5 our exp]i5ce leads u to make use ( ^! pr9ciples1 (t5 )\t realiz+ all t is impli$4 ,= example1 :5 ! "y *ild by y\r side %[s signs ( we>9ess1 & y /ill h "s di/ance to g1 y try to /imulate 8 int]e/ by tell+ him ( ! good ?+s to come at j\rney's end4 ,if ?is does n s]ve y\r purpose1 y draw 8 att5tion to ! bird on ! tree only a hundr$ feet away1 or y *all5ge him to race ) y to ! next telegraph po/4 ,& if y *all5ge him to su* a race1 y are s5sible en\gh to let him w9 x1 = y "k v well t no?+ w disc\rage him s mu* z defeat--t is1 ! unpleasant feel+ ( failure2 & y "k t no?+ w /imulate him q z mu* z ! satisfaction ( defeat+ y4 ,9 o!r words1 y set be=e him "o goal aft] ano!r1 ea* b a small fraction ( ! ma9 j\rney1 & ea* )9 ! appreciation ( ! *ild1 & ea* (f]+ a satisfactory conclusion t is readily & eag]ly seiz$ z wor? /riv+ =1 "h & n[4 ,n[ x may be ask$1 :at discipl9e is !re 9 do+ always :at br+s satisfaction8 ,h[ c ! *ildr5 ev] le>n to d ! disagreeable b necess>y tasks t make up s l>ge a "p ( e-day liv+8 ,:]e w !y ev] le>n t "s ?+s mu/ be done1 n because we l to d !m1 b because x is our duty to d !m8 ,& ^! are inde$ s]i\s que/ions4 ,!re are two sets ( answ]s4 ,"o ( !m consi/s ( ! results actually a*iev$ 9 deal+ ) *ildr5 f ! new po9t ( view4 ,! o!r is a *all5ge to make cle> j :at we mean by discipl9e & task & duty4 ,to take ! latt] fir/1 is x n true t "o "p ( our object is 9 ! =m ( acquir$ k & acquir$ skill8 ,practis+ ! scales1 or /udy+ ! multiplication table is n an end 9 itself4 ,we require /udy & practice because we believe t ! k or ! skill is wor? hav+4 ,n[ x has be5 %[n ov] & ov] aga9 t :at is le>n$ ) satisfaction /icks2 & :at is le>n$ ) pa9 is ?r[n ov]bo>d ! fir/ m9ute ! wat*man is (f 8 gu>d4 ,are ! names ( writ]s ) ! titles ( _! books less well rememb]$ by *ildr5 :o le>n !m ?r\gh ! game ( ,au?ors ?an !y are by *ildr5 :o might be requir$ to memorize !m f a catalog8 ,are ! sums & products ( numb]s acquir$ 9 keep+ scores ( games less accurate & less p]man5t 9 ! m9d ( ! *ild ?an ! same sums & products le>n$ z s*ool ex]cises8 ,is ! skill acquir$ 9 h&l+ tools--sew+ co/umes1 or mak+ sc5]y = an amateur play--any less effective or less la/+ ?an ! skill acquir$ 9 sew+ y>ds ( /it*es or saw+ y>ds ( bo>d j = ex]cise 9 a class8 ,on ! contr>y1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ari?metic & au?ors & sew+ & t9k]+ c be made bo? m effective & m la/+ :5 associat$ ) pleasurable feel+s ?an :5 p]=m$ "u /ra91 compulsion & res5tm5t4 ,if x is only a "q ( le>n+ ?is or t1 !re is no d\bt t ! pleasant way is 9 e respect ! bett] way4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 x is n m]ely a "q ( le>n+ ! specific skill or k4 ,!re is also ! ne$ = le>n+ application1 p]si/5ce ?r\gh difficulties1 endurance1 & ! o!r h>dy virtues t di/+ui% a discipl9$ "*4 ,& "h ! contra/ betwe5 ! old attitude & ! new is mo/ m>k$4 ,we c c]ta9ly =ce *ildr5 to d :at is disagreeable2 we c hold !m to _! tasks :5 !y are tempt$ to ab&on ! monoton\s & we>isome r\nd ( un9t]e/+ drudg]y4 ,b is ?is ! only way to get = ! *ildr5 exp]i5ce ) su* necess>y1 ?\gh unpleasant1 "w8 ,we are assum+ ( c\rse t su* exp]i5ce is necess>y1 s9ce un9t]e/+ "w _c be sep>at$ f mo/ important und]tak+s4 ,a typical exp]i5ce 9 a s*ool t has = sev]al ye>s conduct$ a class along ! l9es ( ! new] psy*ology c answ] our "q4 ,"o ( ! difficulties t _h to be ov]come 0 ! ma/]y ( simple addition4 ,ano!r 0 ! art ( writ+2 & ( c\rse read+ is a necess>y art ( mod]n life4 ,in/ead ( ! usual drill & practice & ex]cises1 ?is class pass$ ?r\gh ! drudg]y /age )\t realiz+ t s*ool 0 a prison4 ,?is 0 dur+ ! autumn ( ! ,armi/ice4 ,food cons]vation & ?rift 7 9 ! air4 ,^! *ildr5 7 pres5t$ ) a quantity ( g>d5 vegetables1 b !re 0 m ?an !y c\ld use !mselves1 s ! sugge/ion 0 made t !y c\ld h ! surplus = future use4 ,! *ildr51 "u guidance1 did all ! "w connect$ ) cold-pack cann+ ( ! tomatoes4 ,?is "w 0 n at e po9t int]e/+1 9 ! sup]ficial s5se2 b ! purpose ( ! entire project 0 "o t appeal$ to ! *ildr51 s t !y 7 q satisfi$ to d ! _m ess5tial details4 ,did !y n "h le>n to clean _! di%es & j>s z well z !y w\ld h done _h ! clean+ be5 a duty impos$ arbitr>ily f above8 ,mu/ drudg]y be dread$ to be well done8 ,let ! tea*] :o _h *>ge ( ?is class describe :at happ5$1 9 h] own words4 ,! success ( ! fir/ small gr\p 9 c>ry+ ?r\gh ! v>i\s /eps 444 l$ to fur!r "w ( ! same sort1 z v>i\s vegetables 7 giv5 u4 ,! *ildr5 also dri$ apples & lima beans :i* !y ga!r$ !mselves at ! s*ool f>m4 ,t ! int]e/ 9 ?is r exact+ "w 0 su/a9$ = two mon?s 0 d\btless due to ! fact t ! *ildr5 _h a g5u9e purpose 9 cann+ a l>ge quantity ( vegetables4 ,= e>ly 9 ! "w1 ^u ! sugge/ion ( "o ( ! class1 x _h be5 decid$ to h a sale & use ! proce$s to buy milk = a sick baby4 ,al?\gh ,i _h n ?\ght ( ?is plan myself1 ,i 0 glad to l5d x my support4 ,! f9al prep>ation = ! sale occupi$ a l>ge %>e ( ! "t = sev]al weeks4 ,! *ief consid]ation f ! *ildr5's po9t ( view seem$ to be :o %\ld take *>ge ( ! bus9ess ( sell+4 ,!y _h conduct$ a play /ore int]mitt5tly dur+ ! fall1 b1 ^u te/+1 x 0 f\nd t mo/ ( ! class 7 ill prep>$ to act z salespeople4,a ,! *ildr5 readily recogniz$ ?is fact & will+ly w5t to "w to drill on addition & subtraction4 ,! mo/ successful drill 0 accompli%$ by means ( a dramatic rehe>sal ( ! =?com+ sale1 "s *ildr5 imp]sonat+ ! visitors & ! o!rs ! salesm54 ,real money1 correct prices1 & ! actual j>s ( vegetables & fruit 7 us$ = ?is play4 ,footnote ,a3 ,rememb] ^! 7 second-grade *ildr5--mo/ ( !m sev5 or eight ye>s old4 ,! ne$ ( invitations1 ( price li/s1 & ( bookkeep]s ! day ( ! sale1 0 also recogniz$ & l$ to mu* ne$$ practice 9 writt5 ,engli%4 ,! prices 7 det]m9$ by a /udy ( ! late/ food catalog1 a small gr\p ) a tea*] und]tak+ ?is "w4 ,x necessitat$ ! use ( an alphabetical index1 & 9 "s cases ! calculation ( ! price ( p9ts1 :5 only qu>ts 7 li/$1 z we _h us$ bo? p9t & qu>t j>s4 ,fur!r prep>ation consi/$ ( ! mak+ ( labels = ! j>s & ( po/]s = ! room4 ,! art tea*]1 :5 call$ 9 to advise1 taught ! *ildr5 h[ to make accurate squ>e lett]s1 :i* !y us$ 9 v>i\s sizes = ! labels & po/]s4 ,! mak+ ( fifty or m small labels ) half-in* lett]s prov$ irksome to ! little p1 b !y %[$ mu* p]si/5ce 9 complet+ ! task1 because ( _! int]e/ 9 ! sale4 ,! eight *ildr5 :o made ! f9al l>ge po/]s did a great deal ( intellig5t1 pa9/ak+ "w4 ,f ! arti/ic po9t ( view1 ! po/]s 7 n notewor?y1 b !y repres5t$ ! *ildr5's own sugge/ions4 ,! sale 0 conduct$ by ! *ildr51 :o made _! own *ange1 kept records ( sales & wrapp$ up pur*ases4 ,! v>i\s duties 7 agre$ ^u by ! class1 9 accordance ) ea* "o's prov$ ability to c>ry !m out1 & ev]yone _h "s %>e4 ,9 ?is simple acc\nt ( an exp]im5tal class conduct$ at ! ,e?ical ,culture ,s*ool1 9 ,new ,york1 "u ! direction ( ,miss ,mabel ,r4 ,goodl&]1 are _m ref]5ces to drill & practice4 ,b ?r\gh\t all ( ! "w x 0 possible to ma9ta9 ! int]e/ ( ! *ildr5 because1 app>5tly1 ! att5tion 0 n on ! drill z an end 9 itself1 b ^u ! special skill or k z a means to a m remote end4 ,& ?is remote end 0 n ! =mal "o ( pass+1 or be+ promot$1 or gett+ a good m>k1 b ! vital1 urg5t purpose ( rais+ money ?r\gh ! sale = a sick baby's milk4 ,und\bt$ly ! motives ( ! sev]al *ildr5 9 ?is class 7 v>i$ & mix$--l ! motives ( good citiz5s :o are unit$ 9 support ( a p>ticul> c&idate1 or a p>ticul> plat=m4 ,b !re 0 en\gh common purpose to insure coop]ation & p]si/5ce & ef=t f e s+le *ild 9 proportion to 8 ability4 ,! le>n+ ( /upid sums & ! practice 9 p5man%ip are no m attractive to ^! *ildr5 ?an !y are to ord9>y *ildr5 9 ord9>y s*ools 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,b !y ov]came all int]nal ob/acles1 w5t ?r\gh ) all ( ! monotony & drudg]y1 & to t ext5t triumph$ ov] any disposition to %irk or to loaf or to dawdle or to flit f "w to s5sation4 ,& h[ is x ) ! le>n+ ( responsibility1 ) acquir+ a s5se ( duty8 ,_m ( u h no d\bt le>n$ :at we h le>n$ ( duty & responsibility1 ?r\gh ! con/ant repetition ( ,?\ %alt & ,?\ %alt n by our eld]s dur+ our own gr[+ ye>s4 ,b results at lea/ z valuable h be5 obta9$ 9 ! cases ( o!rs ?r\gh ! con/ant rubb+ up aga9/ _! equals 9 a free give-&-take atmosph]e4 ,*ildr5 le>n to live ) o!rs by liv+ ) o!rs4 ,!y le>n to "w ) o!rs--to coop]ate--by work+ ) o!rs4 ,!y le>n to play ! game1 to d teamwork1 to play fair1 to play 9 good =m1 to hit h>d only by play+ accord+ to rule1 ) o!rs1 ) wor?y oppon5ts1 "u good sup]vision4 ,9 %ort1 ! discipl9e t makes = p[] & fre$om may be q z easily obta9$ ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( fre$om z ?r\gh ext]nal co]cion--nay1 m easily1 & m effectively4 ,x is fair to ask :e!r tra9+ = a game is n q analog\s to our idea ( tra9+ = life2 & :e!r ! me?ods :i* are f\nd to be effective 9 ! =m] k9d ( tra9+ are n equally valuable = ! latt]4 ,assum+ ! analogy1 w\ld y h a *ild le>n ! rules ( su* games z baseball or t5nis f a book be=e all[+ him to h&le a ball1 or be=e lett+ him see a game8 ,w\ld y expect him to coop]ate 9 teamwork aft] a long p]iod ( drill ^u ! rules gov]n+ team coop]ation8 ,w\ld y expect him to hit h>d because he has le>n$ ! correct answ] to ! "q1 ,h[ %\ld a play] hit8 ,?is may n seem a fair comp>ison to "s ( ! tra9+ t has actually be5 tri$4 ,p]haps a m famili> analogy w\ld be 9 tea*+ a *ild correct movem5ts = ! game to be ma/]$1 sep>at$ f any exp]i5ce ) real games4 ,boys are practic+ = a game1 & ea* "o is drill+ on "s special detail1 hitt+1 cat*+1 runn+ bases1 long ?r[s1 or :at n2 ea* "o ( !m has 9 m9d z "p ( 8 mov+ purpose n only 8 team's success & glory1 b 8 own individual responsibility4 ,contra/ ?is ) ! same boys requir$ to drill at precisely ! same movem5ts on ! !ory t ! ex]cise w d !m good1 or t "s "t 9 ! future !y might h to meet a situation 9 :i* a long ?r[ or a swift run w\ld be significant4 ,d y expect ! same en?usiasm & en]gy to be develop$ 9 bo? cases8 ,& if n ! same en?usiasm & en]gy1 c we expect ! same results--:e!r we view ! results z s mu* skill or te*nic1 :e!r we view ! results z s mu* tra9+ 9 drudg]y1 or :e!r we consid] ! results f ! viewpo9t ( moral values z s mu* devotion1 self-sacrifice1 re/ra9t8 ,! moral values t h be5 = ye>s attribut$ to a?letics appe> aft] all to be ! effects ( int5se1 en?usia/ic1 & int]e/$ p>ticipation 9 teamwork--t is1 9 purposeful & en]getic conc]n ) jo9t und]tak+s4 ,! responsibilities we wi% to develop1 ! s5se ( duty1 no less ?an ! application & p]si/5ce1 no less ?an k & skill1 are types ( habits :i* are be/ =m$ "u ! gl[ ( satisfy+ exp]i5ce4 ,f> f assum+ a s(t life = ! *ild1 ! idea ( int]e/ assumes ! mo/ /r5u\s k9d ( life4 ,& ! exp]i5ces ( all :o h tri$ x ju/ifies ! assumption4 ,! exp]im5tal class already m5tion$1 simil> exp]im5ts by ,mrs4 ,m>ietta ,johnson at ,fairhope1 ,alabama & else:]e1 exp]im5tal classes at ! ,l9coln ,s*ool & at ! ,horace ,mann ,s*ool1 at v>i\s play s*ools 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,engl&1 all %[ m cont9u\s application ( ! *ildr5 to :atev] !y happ5 to h 9 h&1 long] p]iods ( int5se activity1 & no sign :atev] ( loaf+ or %irk+4 ,! activities select$ by ! *ildr5 !mselves involve j z mu* discipl9e z any?+ t c be select$ = !m4 ,9 ^! s*ools ! *ildr5 nev] he> ! tea*] call = att5tion1 = al?\gh ev]ybody kn[s t att5tion is an ess5tial ( effective "w1 ! att5tion takes c>e ( itself :]e ! *ildr5 already feel a g5u9e conc]n 9 ! outcome4 ,& ?is conc]n insures satisfactory application1 s9ce ! *ildr5 look =w>d to satisfy+ results4 ,?is does n mean1 ( c\rse1 t ei!r ! "w itself or ! result is necess>ily pleasant1 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 ,(t51 inde$1 x is q ! rev]se1 z :5 ! rac] is ex]t+ e la/ res]ve ( 8 en]gy 9 ! f9al spurt1 or :5 ! conte/ants are 9 susp5se await+ ! decision ( ! judges z to :i* is ! be/ cake4 ,& ! endless gr9d ( practice & prep>ation is no m pleasant to ! *ild :o kn[s ! purpose & approves ! purpose ( 8 ef=ts 7hav+ tak5 "p 9 select+ ! und]tak+7 ?an simil> ex]tion is to ! *ild ^: "w is all plann$ & direct$ by outsid]s2 b ! satisfactions connect$ ) ! ex]tions are diff]5t 9 ! two cases1 & ! correspond+ results are correspond+ly diff]5t4 ,! pr9ciple ( int]e/ z a guide to ! tra9+ ( *ildr5 c be appli$ 9 ! home z well z 9 ! s*ool4 ,x means1 fir/ ( all1 tak+ into acc\nt ! int]e/s1 ta/es1 pref]5ces ( ! *ildr54 ,z has already be5 sugge/$ 9 e>li] *apt]s1 !re are _m occasions :5 ! *ild may be consult$ or giv5 a *oice ( action1 ( amusem5ts1 ( pur*ases1 & s on--situations 9 :i* x is a matt] ( indiff]5ce to old] p1 b 9 :i* ! mak+ ( a decision or a *oice is bo? satisfy+ & valuable to ! *ild4 ,ev5 :]e ! decision is n an indiff]5t "o1 our own %\ld n be impos$ 9 an arbitr>y mann]2 :5 x diff]s f t ( ! *ild1 we c get 8 ass5t & coop]ation1 :]e an arbitr>y *oice leaves him cold or ev5 res5tful4 ,! games *ildr5 play1 :e!r by !mselves or ) o!r *ildr51 are only 9 "p manife/ations ( ta/es3 !y repres5t to a degree /ages ( developm5t4 ,= ! reason1 !re=e1 t int]e/s develop1 we %all f9d t :at is a favorable "t = "o *ild is n necess>ily a favorable "t = ano!r *ild to le>n a p>ticul> ?+4 ,?is is v well %[n by ! great diff]5ces f\nd among *ildr51 z to le>n+ s*ool subjects l read+ or writ+4 ,9 "s ! int]e/ is ar\s$ v e>ly1 & = !m ?is is ! be/ "t2 ) o!rs ! int]e/ does n appe> until ! ?ird or f\r? grade1 or ev5 lat]1 & = su* *ildr5 ?is is ! be/ "t4 ,!re is no "o p]iod t is be/ = all *ildr52 by attempt+ to treat all alike1 !re=e1 we n only wa/e a great deal ( en]gy & good feel+1 b we (t5 defeat our purpose by antagoniz+ ! *ildr5 & ?us mak+ !m resi/ ! v ?+s we want !m to hug to !mselves4 ,& ?is is j z true ( :at we try to d 9 ! home z x is ( s*ool tea*+4 ,to discov] ! int]e/s ( ! *ildr5 requires t !y be giv5 an opportunity to express !mselves4 ,?is means 9 mo/ cases mu* m fre$om ?an *ildr5 h h]et(ore enjoy$4 ,b x means also con/ant vigilance on ! "p ( ! eld]s1 n s mu* to gu>d aga9/ ! fre$om be+ abus$1 z to gu>d aga9/ ! opportunity be+ wa/$4 ,! ta/e 9 games or 9 read+1 ! *oice ( companions or ( leisure "t occupations mu/ n only %[ !mselves to be indulg$2 !y mu/ be seiz$ ^u by ^? :o guide ! *ildr51 z means = giv+ drive & direction to fur!r developm5t4 ,a *ild :o devotes too mu* "t to a?letics & too little to lit]ature1 may be drawn to read+ ?r\gh books ab\t a?letic conte/s ( ! classics1 or ?r\gh mod]n /ories ( college life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! boy :o is prone to get 8 satisfactions vic>i\sly & to neglect active p>ticipation 9 games & o!r activities1 mu/ be l$ ?r\gh 8 read+1 prop]ly select$ & uno/5tati\sly plac$ "u 8 nose1 to m direct conc]n ) produc+ practical effects 9 8 environm5t4 ,! int]e/1 once discov]$1 mu/ be ! means = /imulat+ to great] ex]tion & to clos] unification ( ! *ild's activities4 ,"o ( ! ?+s t pres5ts a difficulty 9 e g5]ation is ! fact t ! social & moral ideals *ange f age to age4 ,we are ?us con/antly tempt$ to put into ! *>act]s ( our *ildr5 ^? traits t 7 valu$ highly by our p>5ts1 )\t always consid]+ ! importance ( ea* item = ! days 9 :i* our *ildr5 w play _! p>ts4 ,?us x comes ab\t t _m ( ! virtues t h a traditional value may be que/ion$ :5 (f]$ z /aples = citiz5s ( to-morr[4 ,ob$i5ce1 = example1 is a p]man5t necessity 9 a society t re/s ^u ! assumption t "o or a few *os5 m5 repres5t ! w ( ! gods on e>?1 b has only a transitory value 9 a democracy4 ,z someone has said1 ob$i5ce 9 *ildhood mu/ be consid]$ z a scaffold t is useful :ile ! la/+ p>ts ( ! /ructure are be+ put 9 place2 :5 ! desir$ /ructure is complet$1 ob$i5ce is naturally remov$ z ( no fur!r s]vice4 ,n[ ! k9d ( discipl9e requir$ 9 a democracy calls = an attitude or disposition t makes coop]ation ) o!rs come z a matt] ( c\rse2 x calls = ! mak+ ( decisions1 or ! =m+ ( op9ions1 on ! basis ( facts2 & x calls = ! habit ( tak+ due acc\nt ( ! rights ( o!rs4 ,! tra9+ = ?is class ( habits is be/ obta9$ ?r\gh me?ods t take full acc\nt ( *ildr5's int]e/s4 ,j z ! old] outlook turn$ to discipl9e z a means = obta9+ fre$om1 ! new psy*ology utilizes fre$om z a means = obta9+ discipl9e4 ,9 bo? cases ! end is ( c\rse ! same--t is1 ! lib]ation ( ! human _s & ! organiz+ ( ! individual's p[]s to ! greate/ good4 ,b z our ideas ( human relations & ( values h *ang$1 sci5ce has giv5 u new me?ods = atta9+ ! f9al goals t we set ourselves4