,,introductory ,,am]ican ,,hi/ory ,,by ,,h5ry ,,eldridge ,,b\rne ,,& ,,elb]t ,,jay ,,b5ton ,,pr(essors ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,we/]n ,,res]ve ,,univ]sity #aiab ,,introduction ,?is volume is ! introductory "p ( a c\rse 9 ,am]ican hi/ory embody+ ! plan ( /udy recomm5d$ by ! ,committee ( ,eight ( ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association4#a ,! plan calls = a cont9u\s c\rse runn+ ?r\gh grades six1 sev51 & eight4 ,! ev5ts :i* h tak5 place )9 ! limits ( :at is n[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ necess>ily furni% ! mo/ ( ! cont5t ( ! lessons4 ,b ! ,committee urge t en\gh o!r matt]1 ( an introductory "*1 be includ$ to tea* boys & girls ( f twelve to f\rte5 ye>s ( age t our civilization _h its beg9n+s f> back 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,su* introductory /udy w enable !m to ?9k ( our c\ntry 9 its true hi/orical sett+4 ,! ,committee recomm5d t ab\t two-?irds ( "o ye>'s "w be devot$ to ?is prelim9>y matt]1 & t ! rema9d] ( ! ye> be giv5 to ! p]iod ( discov]y & exploration4 ,! plan ( ! ,committee ( ,eight emphasizes ?ree or f\r l9es ( developm5t 9 ! _w's hi/ory lead+ up to ,am]ican hi/ory prop]4 ,fir/1 !re 0 a movem5t ( conque/ or colonization by :i* ! anci5t civiliz$ _w1 orig9ally made up ( communities l ! ,greeks & ,pho5icians 9 ! ,aegean & ea/]n ,m$it]ranean ,seas1 spread to s\!rn ,italy & adjac5t l&s4 ,! ,roman conque/ ( ,italy & ( ! b>b>ian tribes ( we/]n ,europe exp&$ ! civiliz$ _w to ! %ores ( ! ,atlantic4 ,)9 ?is great] ,roman _w new nations grew up4 ,! migration ( ,europeans to ! ,am]ican cont95t 0 ! f9al /ep4 ,second1 accompany+ ! gr[? ( ! civiliz$ _w 9 ext5t 0 a gr[? ( k ( ! %ape ( ! e>?1 or ( :at we call geography4 ,columbus 0 a geograph] z well z ! h]ald ( an exp&+ _w4 ,a ?ird process 0 ! creation & transmission ( all t we mean by civilization4 ,"h1 z ! ,committee rem>k1 ! ef=t %\ld be to %[1 9 a v simple way1 ! civilization :i* =m$ ! h]itage ( ^? :o 7 to g to ,am]ica1 t is1 to expla9 :at ,am]ica />t$ )4 ,! ,committee also sugge/ t x is necess>y to associate ! ?ree or f\r peoples ( ,europe :i* 7 to h a %>e 9 ,am]ican colonization ) en\gh ( _! *>act]i/ic incid5ts to give ! *ild "s feel+ = ! "n ',engl&1' ',spa91' ',holl&1' & ',france4' ,no attempt is made 9 ?is book to give a connect$ hi/ory ( ,greece1 ,rome1 ,engl&1 or any o!r c\ntry ( ,europe4 ,su* an attempt w\ld be utt]ly de/ructive ( ! plan4 ,only ^? features ( e>ly civilization & ^? incid5ts ( hi/ory h be5 select$ :i* appe> to h a vital relation to ! subsequ5t =tunes ( mank9d 9 ,am]ica z well z 9 ,europe4 ,!y are treat$ 9 all cases z introductory4 ,op9ions may diff] ^u ! "q ( :at topics be/ illu/rate ! relation4 ,! ,committee leaves a wide m>g9 ( opportunity = ! ex]cise ( judgm5t 9 selection4 ,9 ! use ( a textbook bas$ on ! plan ! tea*] %\ld use ! same lib]ty ( selection4 ,= example1 we h *os5 ! /ory ( ,m>a?on to illu/rate ! idea ( ! h]oic memories ( ,greece4 ,o!rs may pref] ,!rmopylae1 because ?is /ory seems to possess a simpl] dramatic developm5t4 ,9 ! same way tea*]s may desire to give m emphasis to c]ta9 phases ( anci5t or m$iaeval civilization or c]ta9 h]oic p]sons treat$ v briefly 9 ?is book4 ,ex]cises simil> to ^? ins]t$ at ! end ( ea* *apt] (f] means ( supplem5t+ "w provid$ 9 ! text4 ,! /ory ( ,am]ican discov]y & exploration 9 ! plan ( ! ,committee ( ,eight foll[s ! introductory matt] z a natural culm9ation4 ,9 our textbook we h adh]$ to ! same plan ( division4 ,! "w ( ! sev5? grade w1 !re=e1 op5 ) ! /udy ( ! fir/ p]man5t ,engli% settlem5ts4 ,! discov]ies & explorations are told 9 m detail ?an mo/ ( ! e>li] incid5ts1 b :atev] is ref]r$ to is treat$1 we hope1 ) su* simplicity & def9it5ess ( /atem5t t x w be compreh5sible & in/ructive to pupils ( ! six? grade4 ,at ! close ( ! book w be f\nd a li/ ( ref]5ces4 ,f ?is tea*]s may draw a ri* v>iety ( /ories & descriptions to illu/rate any features ( ! subject :i* especially int]e/ _! classes4 ,9 ! index is giv5 ! pronunciation ( difficult names4 ,we wi% to express gratitude to ^? :o h aid$ u ) wise advice & criticism4 ,footnote #a3 ,! ,/udy ( ,hi/ory 9 ,elem5t>y ,s*ools4 ,scribn]'s1 #aiji4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,scatt]$ ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,europe ,,ii4 ,,our ,,e>lie/ ,,tea*]s ,,iii4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,greeks ,,liv$ ,,iv4 ,,greek ,,emigrants ,,or ,,coloni/s ,v4 ,,new ,,rivals ,,( ,,! ,,greeks ,,vi4 ,,! ,,m$it]ranean ,a ,,roman ,,lake ,,vii4 ,,! ,,anci5t ,,_w ,,ext5d$ ,,to ,,! ,,%ores ,,( ,,! ,,atlantic ,,viii4 ,,! ,,civilization ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,_w ,,ix4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,! ,,roman ,,empire ,x4 ,,emigrants ,a ,,?\s& ,,ye>s ,,ago ,,xi4 ,,h[ ,,engli%m5 ,,le>n$ ,,to ,,gov]n ,,!mselves ,,xii4 ,,! ,,civilization ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,,xiii4 ,,trad]s1 ,,travel]s1 ,,& ,,explor]s ,,9 ,,! ,,lat] ,,middle ,,ages ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,a ,,new ,,_w ,,xv4 ,,o!rs ,,help ,,9 ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,_w ,,xvi4 ,,e>ly ,,spani% ,,explor]s ,,& ,,conqu]ors ,,( ,,! ,,ma9l& ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,spani% ,,explor]s ,,( ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,xviii4 ,,rivalry ,,& ,,/rife ,,9 ,,europe ,,xix4 ,,fir/ ,,fr5* ,,attempts ,,to ,,settle ,,am]ica ,,xx4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,& ,,! ,,dut* ,,triumph ,,ov] ,,spa9 ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,p ,,attempt ,,to ,,settle ,,am]ica ,,ref]5ces ,,= ,,tea*]s ,,index ,,& ,,pron\nc+ ,,vocabul>y ,,introductory ,,am]ican ,,hi/ory ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,scatt]$ ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,europe ,,! ,,emigrant ,,& ,,:at ,,he ,,br+s ,,to ,,am]ica4 ,! emigrant :o l&s at ,new ,york1 ,bo/on1 ,philadelphia1 or any o!r seaport1 br+s ) him some?+ :i* we d n see4 ,he may h 9 8 h&s only a small bundle ( clo?+ & en\gh money to pay 8 railroad f>e to 8 new home1 b he is c>ry+ ano!r k9d ( baggage m valuable ?an bundles or boxes or a pocket full ( silv] or gold4 ,?is o!r baggage is ! k1 ! cu/oms1 & ! memories he has br\ght f ! fa!rl&4 ,he has already le>n$ 9 ,europe h[ to d ! "w at :i* he hopes to labor 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 8 native l& he has be5 taught to obey ! laws & to d 8 duty z a citiz54 ,?is fits him to %>e 9 our self-gov]nm5t4 ,he also br+s great memories1 = he likes to ?9k ( ! brave & noble de$s done by m5 ( 8 race4 ,if he is a religi\s man1 he wor%ips ,god j z 8 =efa!rs h = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,to und]/& h[ ! emigrant happ5s to "k :at he does & to be :at he is1 we mu/ /udy ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry f :i* he comes4 ,,all ,,am]icans ,,are ,,emigrants4 ,if ?is is true ( ! newcom]1 x is equally true ( ! re/ ( u1 = we are all emigrants4 ,! ,indians are ! only native ,am]icans1 & :5 we f9d out m ab\t !m we may le>n t !y1 too1 are emigrants4 ,if we foll[ ! hi/ory ( our families f> en\gh back1 we %all come ^u ! names ( our =efa!rs :o sail$ f ,europe4 ,!y may h come to ,am]ica 9 ! e>ly days :5 !re 7 only a few settlem5ts scatt]$ along our ,atlantic coa/1 or !y may h come s9ce ! ,revolution>y ,w> *ang$ ! ,engli% colonies into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,l ! ,canadians1 ! ,s\? ,am]icans1 & ! ,au/ralians1 we are simply ,europeans :o h mov$ away4 ,! /ory ( ! ,europe 9 :i* our =efa!rs liv$ is1 !re=e1 "p ( our /ory4 ,9 ord] to und]/& our own hi/ory we mu/ "k some?+ ( ! hi/ory ( ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 & o!r ,european l&s4 ,,:at ,,! ,,e>ly ,,emigrants ,,br\ght4 ,if we read ! /ory ( our =efa!rs be=e !y left ,europe1 we %all f9d answ]s to sev]al important que/ions4 ,:y1 we ask1 did ,columbus seek = new l&s or = new ways to l&s already kn[n8 ,h[ did ! p ( ,europe live at ! "t he discov]$ ,am]ica8 ,:at did !y "k h[ to d8 ,7 !y skilful 9 all sorts ( "w1 or 7 !y z rude & ignorant z ! ,indians on ! we/]n %ores ( ! ,atlantic8 ,! answ]s :i* hi/ory w give to ^! que/ions w say t ! fir/ emigrants :o l&$ on our %ores br\ght ) !m mu* ( ! same k & _m ( ! same cu/oms & memories :i* emigrants br+ n[adays & :i* we also h4 ,x is true t s9ce ! "t ! fir/ settl]s came m5 h f\nd out h[ to make _m new ?+s4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! are ! /eam-eng9e1 ! electric motor1 ! telegraph1 & ! telephone4 ,b x is surpris+ h[ _m important ?+s1 :i* we /ill use1 7 made be=e ,columbus saw ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,mod]n ,,/eam%ip ,,& ,,an ,,e>ly ,,sail+ ,,vessel ,! e>ly emigrants came 9 small sail+ vessels & suff]$ great h>d%ips ,= "o ?+1 m5 knew h[ to pr9t books4 ,?is art _h be5 discov]$ dur+ ! boyhood ( ,columbus4 ,ano!r ?+1 m5 c\ld make guns1 :ile ! ,indians _h only b[s & arr[s4 ,! %ips 9 :i* ,columbus sail$ across ! ocean seem$ v l>ge & wond]ful to ! ,indians1 :o us$ canoes4 ,! %ips 7 /e]$ ) ! help ( a compass1 an in/rum5t :i* ! ,indians _h nev] se54 ,"s ( ! ?+s :i* ! e>ly emigrants knew _h be5 kn[n hundr$s or ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e4 ,"o ( ! olde/ 0 ! art ( writ+4 ,! way to write words or s\nds 0 f\nd out s long ago t we %all nev] "k ! "n ( ! man :o fir/ discov]$ x4 ,! hi/orians tell u he liv$ 9 ,egypt1 :i* 0 9 nor!rn ,africa1 exactly :]e ,egypt is n[4 ,"s m5 7 afraid t ! new art might d m h>m ?an good4 ,! k+ to :om ! secret 0 told ?\ght t ! *ildr5 w\ld be unwill+ to "w h>d & try to rememb] because ev]y?+ c\ld be writt5 d[n & !y w\ld n ne$ to use _! memories4 ,! ,egyptians at fir/ us$ pictures to put _! words ^u rocks or pap]1 & ev5 aft] !y made sev]al lett]s ( ! alphabet _! writ+ seem$ l a mixture ( little pictures & que] m>ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,cleopatra ,,egyptian ,,phonetic ,,writ+ ,,old ,,& ,,new ,,inv5tions4 ,^? :o fir/ discov] h[ to make ?+s are call$ inv5tors1 & :at !y make are call$ inv5tions4 ,n[ if we %\ld write out a li/ ( ! mo/ useful inv5tions1 we c\ld place 9 "o column ! inv5tions :i* 7 made be=e ! days ( ,columbus & 9 ano!r ^? :i* h be5 made s9ce4 ,) ?is li/ be=e u we may ask :i* inv5tions we c\ld live )\t & :i* we c\ld n sp>e unless we 7 will+ to become l ! savages4 ,we %\ld f9d t a l>ge numb] ( ! inv5tions :i* we use e day belong to ! set ( ?+s old] ?an ,columbus4 ,?is is ano!r reason :y1 if we wi% to und]/& our ways ( liv+ & work+1 we mu/ ask ab\t ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntries :]e our =efa!rs liv$4 ,x is ! beg9n+ ( our own hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,pho5ician ,e>ly ,greek ,e>ly ,lat9 ,engli% ,,gr[? ,,( ,,lett]s ,,( ,,! ,,alphabet ,a ,,plan ,,( ,,/udy4 ,! discov]y ( ,am]ica 0 made 9 #adib1 at ! beg9n+ ( :at we call ,mod]n ,times4 ,be=e ,mod]n ,times 7 ! ,middle ,ages1 la/+ ab\t a ?\s& ye>s4 ,^! began ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s aft] ! "t ( ,*ri/ or :at we call ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era4 ,all ! ev5ts t took place e>li] we say happ5$ 9 ,anci5t ,times4 ,mu* t we "k 0 le>n$ fir/ by ! ,greeks or ,romans :o liv$ 9 ,anci5t ,times4 ,x is 9 ! ,middle ,ages t we fir/ he> ( peoples call$ ,engli%m51 ,fr5*m51 ,g]mans1 ,dut*m51 ,italians1 ,spani>ds1 & _m o!rs n[ liv+ 9 ,great ,brita9 & on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe4 ,we %all le>n fir/ ( ! ,greeks & ,romans & ( :at !y knew & succe$$ 9 do+1 & !n %all f9d out h[ ^! ?+s 7 le>n$ by ! peoples ( ! ,middle ,ages & :at !y add$ to !m4 ,?is w help u to f9d out :at our =efa!rs />t$ ) :5 !y came to live 9 ,am]ica4 ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at does ! emigrant f ,europe br+ to ,am]ica besides 8 baggage8 #b4 ,:y are all ,am]icans emigrants8 #c4 ,:at did ! e>lie/ emigrants f ,europe to ,am]ica br+ ) !m8 #d4 ,:i* d y ?9k ! m useful inv5tion--! telephone or ! art ( writ+8 ,:o inv5t$ ?is art8 ,f9d ,egypt on ! map4 ,h[ did ,egyptian writ+ look8 #e4 ,:y 0 x a help to ,columbus t gunp[d] & guns 7 inv5t$ be=e he discov]$ ,am]ica8 #f4 ,:5 did ! ,*ri/ian ,era beg98 ,:at is meant by ,anci5t ,times8 ,by ! ,middle ,ages8 ,by ,mod]n ,times8 ,9 :at ,times 0 ! art ( writ+ inv5t$8 ,9 :at ,times 0 ! compass inv5t$8 ,9 :at ,times 0 ! telephone inv5t$8 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,collect f illu/rat$ pap]s1 magaz9es1 or adv]tis+ fold]s1 pictures ( ocean /eam%ips4 ,collect pictures ( sail+ %ips1 %ips us$ n[ & ^? us$ long ago4 #b4 ,collect f p]sons :o h rec5tly come to ?is c\ntry /ories ( h[ !y travel$ f ,europe to ,am]ica1 & f ports l ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 & ,philadelphia to :]e !y n[ live4 #c4 ,let ea* boy & girl 9 ! s*oolroom po9t out on ! map ! ,european c\ntry f :i* 8 p>5ts or 8 gr&p>5ts or 8 =efa!rs came4 #d4 ,let ea* boy & girl make a li/ ( ! holidays :i* 8 =efa!rs _h 9 ! fa!rl& or "m c\ntry4 ,let ea* f9d out ! mann] 9 :i* ! holidays 7 kept4 ,let ea* tell ! mo/ int]e/+ h]o /ory f among ! /ories ( ! "m c\ntry or fa!rl&4 ,let ea* f9d out :e!r ! tools us$ 9 ! old home 7 l ! tools 8 p>5ts use "h4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,our ,,e>lie/ ,,tea*]s ,,anci5t ,,cities ,,t ,,/ill ,,exi/4 ,9 ,anci5t ,times ! mo/ important peoples liv$ on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! nor!rn %ore turns & twi/s ar\nd f\r p59sulas4 ,! fir/ is ,spa91 :i* sep>ates ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea f ! ,atlantic ,ocean2 ! second1 %ap$ l a boot1 is ,italy2 & ! ?ird1 ! end ( :i* looks l a mulb]ry leaf1 is ,greece4 ,beyond ,greece is ,asia ,m9or1 ! "p ( ,asia :i* lies betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea & ! ,black ,sea4 ,! ,italians n[ live 9 ,italy1 b ! ,romans liv$ !re 9 ,anci5t ,times4 ,! p :o live 9 ,greece are call$ ,greeks1 j z !y 7 m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,_m ( ! cities t ! ,greeks & ,romans built are /ill /&+4 ,alex&ria 0 f\nd$ by ! great conqu]or ,alex&]4 ,con/ant9ople us$ to be ! ,greek city ( ,byzantium4 ,ano!r ,greek city1 ,massilia1 has become ! mod]n ,fr5* city ( ,m>seilles4 ,rome _h ! same "n 9 ,anci5t ,times1 except t x 0 spell$ ,roma4 ,! ,romans call$ ,p>is by ! "n ( ,lutetia1 & ,london !y call$ ,lugdunum4 ,,ru9s ,,:i* ,,%[ ,,h[ ,,! ,,anci5ts ,,liv$4 ,9 _m ( ^! cities are anci5t build+s or ru9s ( build+s1 bits ( c>v+1 vases1 mosaics1 sometimes ev5 wall pa9t+s1 :i* we may see & f :i* we may le>n h[ ! ,greeks & ,romans liv$4 ,ne> ,naples are ! ru9s ( ,pompeii1 a ,roman city sudd5ly de/roy$ dur+ an eruption ( ! volcano ,vesuvius4 ,= hundr$s ( ye>s ! city lay buri$ "u fifte5 or tw5ty feet ( a%es4 ,:5 ^! 7 tak5 away1 ! old /reets & ! walls ( ! h\ses c\ld be se54 ,no ro(s 7 left & ! walls 9 _m places 7 only p>tly /&+1 b ?+s :i* 9 o!r anci5t cities _h entirely disappe>$ 7 kept safe 9 ,pompeii "u ! volcanic a%es4 ,! travel] :o walks to-day along ! ru9$ /reets c see h[ its inhabitants liv$ two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,he c visit _! public build+s & _! private h\ses1 c h&le _! di%es & c look at ! pa9t+s on _! walls or ! mosaics 9 ! floors4 ,b int]e/+ z ,pompeii is1 we mu/ n ?9k t its ru9s tea* u m ?an ! ru9s ( ,rome or ,a!ns or _m o!r anci5t cities4 ,ea* has some?+ important to tell u ( ! p :o liv$ long ago4 ,,anci5t ,,words ,,/ill ,,9 ,,use4 ,! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans h left u "s ?+s m useful ?an ! ru9s ( _! build+s4 ,^! are ! words 9 our language :i* once 7 !irs1 & :i* we use ) slight *anges 9 spell+4 ,mo/ ( our words came 9 ! beg9n+ f ,g]many1 :]e our ,engli% =efa!rs liv$ be=e !y settl$ 9 ,engl&4 ,to ! words !y took ov] f ,g]many !y add$ words borr[$ f o!r peoples1 j z we d n[4 ,we h rec5tly borr[$ sev]al words f ! ,fr5*1 su* z tonneau & lim\s9e1 words us$ to describe p>ts ( an automobile1 besides ! "n automobile itself1 :i* is made up ( a ,lat9 & a ,greek ^w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ru9s ,,( ,a ,,h\se ,,at ,,pompeii ,! h\ses ( ! bett] sort 7 built ) an op5 c\rt 9 ! c5t] ,9 ?is way1 = hundr$s ( ye>s1 words h be5 com+ into our language f o!r languages4 ,sev]al ?\s& h come f ,lat91 ! language ( ! ,romans2 sev]al hundr$ f ,greek1 ei!r directly or pass$ on to u by ! ,romans or ! ,fr5*4 ,! ^w s*ool is ,greek1 & ! ^w ari?metic 0 borr[$ f ! ,fr5*1 :o took x f ! ,greeks4 ,geography is ano!r ^w :i* came1 ?r\gh ,fr5* & ,lat91 f ! ,greeks1 to :om x meant t :i* is writt5 ab\t ! e>?4 ,! ^w gramm> came 9 ! same way4 ,! ^w alphabet is made by jo9+ toge!r ! names ( ! fir/ two ,greek lett]s1 alpha & beta4 ,_m words ab\t religion are borr[$ f ! ,greeks1 & ?is is n /range1 = ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 writt5 9 ,greek4 ,"s ( ^! are ,bible1 *ur*1 bi%op1 *oir1 angel1 devil1 apo/le1 & m>tyr4 ,! ,greeks h h&$ d[n to u _m words ab\t gov]nm5t1 includ+ ! ^w itself1 :i* 9 ! beg9n+ meant to /e]4 ,politics meant hav+ to d ) a polis or city4 ,sev]al ( ! words mo/ rec5tly made up ( ,greek words are telegraph1 telephone1 phonograph1 & !rmomet]4 ,,_m ,,words ,,borr[$ ,,f ,,! ,,romans4 ,ne>ly t5 times z _m ( our words are borr[$ f ! ,romans z f ! ,greeks1 & x is n /range1 because at "o "t ! ,romans rul$ ov] all ! c\ntry n[ occupi$ by ! ,italians1 ! ,fr5*1 ! ,spani>ds1 a "p ( ! ,g]mans1 & ! ,engli%1 s t ^! peoples naturally le>n$ ! words us$ by _! conqu]ors & gov]nors4 ,,int]e/+ ,,anci5t ,,/ories4 ,9 ! poems & tales :i* we le>n at home or at s*ool are /ories :i* ,greek & ,roman p>5ts & tea*]s taught _! *ildr5 _m hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,we le>n !m p>tly because !y are int]e/+1 & because !y please or amuse u1 & p>tly because !y appe> s (t5 9 our books t x is necess>y to "k !m if we w\ld und]/& our own books & language4 ,:o has n he>d ( ,h]cules & 8 ,labors1 ( ! ,se>* = ! ,gold5 ,fleece1 ! ,siege ( ,troy1 or ! ,w&]+s ( ,ulysses8 ,we love mod]n fairy /ories & tales ( adv5ture1 b !y are n m pleas+ ?an ^! anci5t /ories4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pla9 ,,( ,,m>a?on ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,greeks4 ,our language & our books are full ( memories ( ,greek & ,roman de$s ( c\rage4 ,! /ory ( ! ,greeks comes be=e ! /ory ( ! ,romans1 = ! ,greeks 7 liv+ 9 beautiful cities1 ) temples & !at]s1 :ile ! ,romans 7 /ill an almo/ unkn[n p dwell+ on ! hills t bord] ! riv] ,tib]4 ,,memories ,,( ,,greek ,,c\rage4 ,! mo/ h]oic de$s ( ! ,greeks took place 9 a great w> betwe5 ! ,greek cities & ! k+dom ( ,p]sia ab\t five hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,9 ^? days !re 0 no k+dom call$ ,greece1 su* z ! geographies n[ describe4 ,in/ead !re 7 cities1 a few ( :i* 7 rul$ by k+s1 o!rs by ! citiz5s !mselves4 ,^! cities b&$ toge!r :5 any dang] ?reat5$ !m4 ,sometimes "o city turn$ traitor & help$ ! enemy aga9/ ! o!rs4 ,! mo/ dang]\s enemy ! ,greeks _h1 until ! ,romans attack$ !m1 0 ! k+dom ( ,p]sia1 :i* /ret*$ f ! ,aegean ,sea f> into ,asia4 ,9 ! w> ) ! ,p]sians ! ,greeks f\ght ?ree fam\s battles1 at ,m>a?on1 ,!rmopylae1 & ,salamis1 ! /ories ( :i* m5 h always lik$ to he> & rememb]4 ,,prep>+ ,,= ,,m>a?on1 #dij ,b4,c4 ,to ! ,a!nians belong ! glories ( ,m>a?on4 ,!y liv$ :]e ! mod]n city ( ,a!ns n[ /&s4 ,! ru9s ( _! temples & !at]s /ill attract /ud5ts & travel]s to ,greece4 ,! pla9 ( ,m>a?on lay m ?an tw5ty miles to ! nor!a/1 & ! roads to x l$ ?r\gh m\nta9 passes4 ,:5 ! ,a!nians he>d t ! ho/s ( ! ,great ,k+ ( ,p]sia 7 approa*+1 !y s5t a runn]1 ,pheidippides by "n1 to ask aid ( ,sp>ta1 a city "o hundr$ & =ty miles away1 9 ! p59sula n[ call$ ! ,morea1 :]e dwelt ! /urdie/ fight]s ( ,greece4 ,?is runn] rea*$ ,sp>ta on ! second day1 b ! ,sp>tans said x w\ld be aga9/ _! religi\s cu/om to m>* be=e ! moon 0 full4 ,! ,a!nians saw t !y mu/ meet ! enemy alone--"o small city aga9/ a mighty empire4 ,!y call$ _! t5 ?\s& m5 toge!r & set out4 ,on ! way !y 7 jo9$ by a ?\s& m1 ! :ole army ( ! brave little t[n ( ,plataea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,greek ,,soldi]s ,,9 ,,arms ,f a ,greek vase ( ab\t ! "t ( ! battle ( ,m>a?on ,,h[ ,,! ,,a!nians ,,7 ,,arm$4 ,al?\gh ! ,p]sians _h six times z _m soldi]s z ! ,a!nians1 !y 7 n s well arm$ = h& to h& fight+4 ,_! pr9cipal weapon 0 ! b[ & arr[1 :ile ! ,greeks us$ ! lance & a %ort sword4 ,! ,greek soldi] 0 protect$ by 8 bronze helmet1 solid across ! =ehead & ov] ! nose2 by 8 brea/plate1 a lea!rn or l95 tunic cov]$ ) small metal scales1 ) flaps hang+ bel[ 8 hips2 & by greaves or pieces ( metal 9 front ( 8 knees & %9s4 ,he 0 also protect$ by a %ield1 (t5 long en\gh to rea* f 8 face to 8 knees4 ,accord+ to a /range cu/om ! ,a!nians 7 l$ by t5 g5]als1 ea* comm&+ "o day 9 turn4 ,,! ,,battle-,,gr\nd4 ,m>a?on 0 a pla9 ab\t two miles wide1 ly+ betwe5 ! m\nta9s & ! sea4 ,f x two roads ran t[>d ,a!ns1 "o along ! %ore :]e ! hills almo/ rea*$ ! sea1 ! o!r up a n>r[ valley & ov] ! m\nta9s4 ,! ,a!nians 7 encamp$ 9 ?is valley1 :]e !y c\ld attack ! ,p]sians if !y tri$ to foll[ ! %ore road4 ,! ,p]sians l&$ f _! %ips & fill$ ! pla9 ne> ! %ore4 ,!y want$ to fight 9 ! op5 pla9 because !y _h s _m m soldi]s ?an ! ,a!nians & because !y meant to use _! horsem54 ,= "s "t ! ,a!nians wat*$ ! ,p]sians1 n kn[+ :at x 0 be/ to d4 ,half ! g5]als did n wi% to risk a battle1 b ,miltiades 0 eag] to fight1 = he fe>$ t delay w\ld lead timid citiz5s or traitors to yield to ! ,p]sians4 ,he f9ally ga9$ 8 wi%1 & on 8 day ( comm& ! battle 0 ord]$4 ,,! ,,battle4 ,! ,p]sians by ?is "t _h decid$ to sail ar\nd to ! h>bor ( ,a!ns & _h tak5 _! horsem5 on bo>d _! %ips4 ,:5 !y saw ! ,greeks com+ !y drew up _! foot-soldi]s 9 deep masses4 ,! ,a!nians & _! comrades--! ,plataeans--soon began to move =w>d on ! run4 ,! ,p]sians ?\ght ?is madness1 because ! ,greeks _h no ar*]s or horsem54 ,b ! ,greeks saw t if !y mov$ =w>d sl[ly ! ,p]sians w\ld h "t to %oot arr[s at !m aga9 & aga94 ,:5 ! ,greeks ru%$ ^u ! ,p]sians ! soldi]s at ! two ends ( ! ,p]sian l9e gave way & fl$ t[>ds ! %ore4 ,9 ! c5t]1 :]e ! be/ ,p]sian soldi]s /ood1 ! ,greeks 7 n at fir/ successful1 & 7 =c$ to retreat4 ,b ^? :o _h be5 victori\s came to _! rescue1 attack$ ! ,p]sians 9 ! re>1 & f9ally drove !m (f4 ,! ,p]sians ran into ! sea to rea* ! %ips1 & ! ,a!nians foll[$ !m4 ,"s ( ! ,greeks 7 s eag] 9 ! fight t !y seiz$ ! sides ( ! %ips & tri$ to keep !m f be+ r[$ away1 b ! ,p]sians cut at _! h&s & made !m let g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/raits ,,( ,,salamis ,:]e a great sea-fight betwe5 ,greeks & ,p]sians took place ,,! ,,news ,,( ,,! ,,victory4 ,! ,a!nians _h won a victory ( :i* !y 7 s pr\d t !y meant x nev] %\ld be =gott54 ,_! city _h sudd5ly become great ?r\gh ! c\rage & self-sacrifice ( h] citiz5s4 ,"o hundr$ & n9ety-two ,greeks _h fall51 & on ! battle-field _! comrades rais$ ov] _! bodies a m\nd ( e>? :i* /ill m>ks _! tomb4 ,! victors s5t ! runn] ,pheidippides to be> ! news to ,a!ns4 ,ov] ! hills he ran until he rea*$ ! m>ket place1 & !re1 ) ! message ( triumph on 8 lips1 he fell dead4 ,,o!r ,,victories ,,( ,,! ,,greeks4 ,m>a?on 0 only ! beg9n+ ( ,greek victories ov] ! ,p]sians1 only ! fir/ /ruggle 9 ! long w>s betwe5 ,europe & ,asia4 ,t5 ye>s aft] ,m>a?on ! ,sp>tans won ev]la/+ glory by _! h]oic /& at ! ,pass ( ,!rmopylae --?ree hundr$ ,greeks aga9/ ! mighty army ( ! ,p]sian k+ ,x]xes4 ,! b>b>ian hordes pass$ ov] _! bodies1 took ! road to ,a!ns1 burn$ ! city1 b 7 soon beat5 9 ! sea-fight :i* took place on ! wat]s ly+ betwe5 ! ma9l& ( ,a!nian t]ritory & ! isl& ( ,salamis4 ,?is victory 0 also due to ,a!nian c\rage & lead]%ip1 = ! ,a!nians & _! lead]1 ,!mi/ocles1 7 resolv$ to /ay & fight1 al?\gh ! o!r ,greeks want$ to sail away4 ,,:y ,,m>a?on ,,is ,,rememb]$4 ,! victories ( ,m>a?on & ,salamis 7 great n only because small armies ( ,greeks put to flight ! ho/s ( ,p]sia1 !y 7 great because !y sav$ ! indep5d5ce ( ,greece4 ,if ! ,greeks _h become ! subjects & slaves ( ,p]sia1 !y w\ld n h built ! wond]ful build+s1 or c>v$ ! beautiful /atues1 or writt5 ! books :i* we /udy & admire4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! ,greeks z our fir/ tea*]s we feel z pr\d ( _! victories z if !y 7 our own victories4 ,,! ,,w>s ,,( ,,! ,,greek ,,cities4 ,! ,a!nians _h done ! mo/ 9 w9n+ ! victory ov] ! ,p]sians1 & !re=e ,a!ns 0 = _m ye>s ! mo/ p[]ful city 9 ,greece4 ,! ,sp>tans 7 always jeal\s ( ! ,a!nians1 & 9 less ?an a c5tury aft] ! victory ( ,m>a?on !y conqu]$ & humbl$ ,a!ns4 ,! wor/ faults ( ! ,greeks 7 su* jeal\sies & ! desire to "l x ov] "o ano!r4 ,greek hi/ory is full ( w>s ( city aga9/ city1 ,sp>ta aga9/ ,a!ns1 ,cor9? aga9/ ,a!ns1 & ,!bes aga9/ ,sp>ta4 ,9 ^! w>s _m h]oic de$s 7 done1 ( :i* we l to read1 b x is m important = u to und]/& h[ ! ,greeks liv$4 ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at anci5t cities /ill exi/8 ,f9d !m on ! map4 7,= ea* difficult "n f9d ! pronunciation 9 ! index47 #b4 ,:at ?+s d we f9d 9 ! ru9s ( anci5t cities :i* tell u h[ ! p liv$8 #c4 ,f :at c\ntry did mo/ ( our words come 9 ! beg9n+8 ,:y are !y n[ call$ ,engli%8 ,:at peoples us$ ! ^w geography be=e we did8 ,ab\t h[ _m words d we get f ! ,greeks1 & h[ _m f ! ,romans8 #d4 ,:i* p became fam\s e>li]1 ! ,greeks or ! ,romans8 ,po9t out on ! map ! p59sula :]e ea* liv$4 #e4 ,:y d we l to rememb] ! brave de$s ( ! ,greeks8 #f4 ,f9d ! city ( ,a!ns on ! map4 ,f9d ,sp>ta4 ,:]e 0 ,m>a?on8 ,:at city won glory at ,m>a?on8 #g4 ,:at 7 ! wor/ faults ( ! ,greeks8 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,collect pictures ( ru9$ cities 9 ,italy1 ,greece1 & ,asia ,m9or1 f illu/rat$ pap]s1 magaz9es1 or adv]tis+ fold]s4 ,collect po/al c>ds giv+ su* pictures4 #b4 ,*oose ! be/ "o ( ! ,greek /ories m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii1 & tell x4 #c4 ,f9d out h[ diff]5tly soldi]s n[ are clo!d & arm$ f ! way ! ,greek soldi]s 74 #d4 ,f9d out :y a long di/ance run is n[ call$ a ,m>a?on4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,h[ ,,! ,,greeks ,,liv$ ,,! ,,greek ,,cities4 ,! ,greeks liv$ 9 cities s mu* ( ! "t t we d n (t5 ?9k ( !m z ev] liv+ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! reason = ?is 0 t _! gov]nm5t & ev]y?+ else important 0 c>ri$ on 9 ! city4 ,! cities 7 usually surr\nd$ by high1 ?ick /one walls1 :i* made !m safe f sudd5 attack4 ,)9 or beside ! city !re 0 (t5 a l(ty hill1 :i* we %\ld call a =t or citadel1 b :i* !y call$ ! upp] city or acropolis4 ,!re ! p liv$ at fir/ :5 !y 7 few 9 numb]1 & ?i!r !y fl$ if ! walls ( _! city 7 brok5 d[n by enemies4 ,9 ,a!ns su* a hill rose two hundr$ feet above ! pla94 ,its top 0 a ?\s& feet long1 & all ! sides except "o 7 /eep cliffs4 ,on x ! ,a!nians built _! mo/ beautiful temples4 ,,private ,,h\ses4 ,unlike p n[adays ! ,greeks did n sp5d mu* money on _! dwell+-h\ses4 ,to u ^! h\ses w\ld seem small1 badly v5tilat$1 & v uncom=table4 ,b :at _! h\ses lack$ 0 m ?an made up by ! beauty & spl5dor ( ! public build+s1 halls1 !at]s1 porticoes1 & especially ! temples4 ,,temples4 ,! temples 7 n int5d$ to hold hundr$s ( wor%ip]s l ! l>ge *ur*es ( ,europe & ,am]ica to-day4 ,religi\s c]emonies 7 mo/ (t5 c>ri$ on 9 ! op5 air4 ,! ,p>!non1 ! mo/ fam\s temple ( ,anci5t ,times1 0 small4 ,its pr9cipal room measur$ less ?an "o hundr$ feet 9 l5g?4 ,"p ( ?is room 0 us$ = an alt> & = ! ivory & gold /atue ( ! goddess ,a!na4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,acropolis ,,at ,,a!ns ,,z ,,x ,,is ,,to-,,day ,,! ,,p>!non4 ,9 a picture ( ! ,p>!non1 or ( a simil> temple1 we notice ! columns 9 front & along ! sides4 ,! ,p>!non _h eight at ea* end & sev5te5 on ea* side4 ,!y 7 ?irty-f\r feet high4 ,a few feet )9 ! columns on ! sides 0 ! wall ( ! temple4 ,be=e ! ve/ibule & entrances at ! front & at ! re> /ood six m columns4 ,! beauty ( ! m>ble f :i* /ones & columns 7 cut might h seem$ en\gh1 b ! build]s c>v$ gr\ps ( figures 9 ! ?ree-corn]$ space 7call$ ! p$im5t7 9 front betwe5 ! ro( & ! /ones re/+ ^u ! columns4 ,! upp] r[s ( /ones b5ea? ! ro( & above ! columns 7 also c>v$1 & cont9u\s c>v+s 7call$ a frieze7 ran ar\nd ! top ( ! temple wall on ! outside4 ,! temple 0 n left a gli/5+ :ite1 b p>ts ( x 7 pa9t$ 9 blue1 or r$1 or gilt1 or orange4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,top ,,( ,,! ,,acropolis #bjjj ,,ye>s ,,ago ,! ,p>!non is ! l>ge temple on ! "r ,,o!r ,,greek ,,temples4 ,?is beautiful temple is n[ p>tly ru9$4 ,ru9s ( o!r temples are on ! ,acropolis1 & "o bett] pres]v$1 call$ ! ,!seum1 /&s on a l[] hill4 ,!re are also simil> ru9s 9 _m places along ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ are at ,pae/um 9 ,italy1 & at ,girg5ti 9 ,sicily4 ,long be=e ^! temples 7 ru9$ !y _h taught ! ,romans h[ to con/ruct "o ( ! mo/ beautiful k9ds ( build+s1 & ?is ! ,romans lat] taught ! peoples ( we/]n ,europe4 ,,greek ,,me?ods ,,( ,,build+ ,,/ill ,,us$4 ,if we look at our l>ge build+s1 we %all see mu* to rem9d u ( ! ,greek build+s4 ,sometimes ! exact =m ( ! ,greek build+ is imitat$2 sometimes ?is =m is *ang$ z ! ,romans *ang$ x1 or z x 0 *ang$ by build]s :o liv$ aft] ! "t ( ! ,romans4 ,if ! model ( ! :ole build+ is n us$1 !re are simil> pill>s1 or gables1 or ! sculpture 9 ! p$im5t & ! frieze is imitat$4 ,! ,greeks _h ?ree k9ds ( pill>s1 nam$ ,doric1 ,ionic1 & ,cor9?ian4 ,! ,doric is simple & solid1 ! ,ionic %[s 9 its capital1 or top1 delicate & beautiful curves1 :ile ! ,cor9?ian is adorn$ ) leaves spr++ gracefully f ! top ( ! pill>4 ,illu/ration3 ,doric ,ionic ,cor9?ian ,,greek ,,ord]s ,,( ,,ar*itecture ,illu/ration3 ,,ru9s ,,( ,,! ,,greek ,,!at] ,,at ,,epidaurus ,,!at]s4 ,! fir/ ,greek !at] 0 only a smoo? op5 space ne> a hillside1 ) a t5t1 call$ a sk51 or sc5e1 9 :i* ! actors dress$4 ,lat] an amphi!at] ( /one seats 0 con/ruct$ on ! hillside1 & across ! op5 end 0 plac$ ! sc5e1 :i* _h be5 *ang$ into a /one build+4 ,on its front sometimes a h\se or a palace 0 pa9t$1 j z n[adays !at]s are furni%$ ) pa9t$ sc5]y4 ,9 ^! op5-air !at]s ?\s&s ( p ga!r$4 ,plays 7 g5]ally giv5 z a "p ( religi\s fe/ivals1 & !re 7 conte/s betwe5 writ]s to see :i* c\ld produce ! be/ play4 ,sometimes ! plays foll[$ "o ano!r = ?ree days f morn+ until night4 ,_m ( !m are s int]e/+ t p /ill read !m1 aft] tw5ty-five hundr$ ye>s4 ,! ,romans /udi$ !m1 & s d mod]n m5 :o are prep>+ !mselves to write plays4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,/adium ,,at ,,a!ns ,,! ,,/adium4 ,a build+ :i* some:at resembl$ ! !at] 0 ! /adium1 :]e races 7 run4 ,! diff]5ce 0 t x 0 oblong in/ead ( half r\nd4 ,! mo/ fam\s /adium1 at ,olympia1 0 sev5 hundr$ & two feet long1 ) rais$ seats on bo? sides & ar\nd "o end ( ! runn+ track4 ,! o!r end 0 op54 ,ab\t fifty ?\s& p]sons us$ to ga!r !re to wat* ! races4 ,,porticoes4 ,!re 7 o!r build+s1 "s = meet+ places1 "s = gymnasiums1 & /ill o!rs call$ porticoes1 :]e ! judges held c\rt or ! city (fic]s c>ri$ on _! bus9ess4 ,! porticoes 7 simply r[s ( columns1 ro($ ov]1 ) occasionally a second /ory4 ,z !y /ret*$ along ! sides ( a squ>e or m>ket place !y add$ mu* to ! beauty ( a city4 ,,greek ,,sculpture4 ,we "k t ! ,greeks 7 skilful sculptors because f ! ru9s ( _! cities h be5 dug wond]ful m>ble & bronze /atues :i* are n[ pres]v$ 9 ! great museums ( ! _w1 9 ,p>is1 ,london1 ,b]l91 & ,rome1 & "h 9 ,am]ica1 9 ,new ,york & ,bo/on4 ,museums :i* _c h ! orig9al /atues usually conta9 copies or ca/s ( !m 9 pla/]4 ,! /atues are g5]ally m>r$ & brok51 b en\gh rema9s to %[ u ! wond]ful beauty ( ! arti/'s "w4 ,among ! mo/ fam\s are ! ,v5us1 ( ,melos 7or de ,milo71 :i* /&s 9 a special room 9 a museum call$ ! ,l\vre 9 ,p>is2 ! ,h]mes 9 ! museum ( ,olympia 9 ,greece2 & ! figures f ! ,p>!non 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 9 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,discus-,,?r[] 7,,discobolos7 ,an anci5t ,greek /atue n[ 9 ! ,vatican ,arti/s n[adays1 l ! ,roman arti/s long ago1 /udy ! ,greek /atues & ! ,greek sculpture1 9 ord] t !y may le>n h[ su* beautiful ?+s c be made4 ,!y d n hope to excel ! ,greeks1 b are cont5t to rema9 _! pupils4 ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,pott]y4 ,! ,greeks 7 also pa9t]s1 mak]s ( pott]y1 & work]s 9 gold & silv]4 ,_m pieces ( _! workman%ip h be5 discov]$ by ^? :o h dug 9 ! ru9s ( anci5t build+s & tombs4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,greek ,,book ,! upp] picture1 %[s ! book op54 ,,:at ,,! ,,boys ,,7 ,,taught4 ,! ,greek boys 7 n v good at ari?metic1 & ev5 gr[n m5 us$ c\nt+ bo>ds or _! f+]s to help !m 9 reckon+4 ,9 le>n+ to write !y sme>$ a ?9 lay] ( wax ov] a bo>d & m>k$ on t4 ,!re 0 a k9d ( pap] call$ papyrus1 made f a re$ :i* grew mo/ly 9 ,egypt1 b ?is 0 exp5sive4 ,rolls 7 made ( %eets ( x pa/$ toge!r1 & ^! 7 _! books4 ,"o ( ! books ! boys /udi$ mu* 0 ! poems ( ,hom]--! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey--:i* tell ab\t ! siege ( ,troy & ! w&]+s ( ,ulysses4 ,boys (t5 le>n$ ^! long poems by he>t4 ,!y also /or$ away 9 _! memories ! say+s ( o!r poets & wise m51 s t !y c\ld g5]ally "k :at to ?9k1 hav+ ) !m s _m good & wise ?\ghts put 9 su* excell5t words4 ,,games ,,& ,,ex]cises ,,= ,,boys4 ,x is n surpris+ t ,greek boys knew h[ to play1 b x is surpris+ t !y play$ _m ( ! games :i* boys play n[1 su* z hide-&-seek1 tug ( w>1 ducks & drakes1 & bl9d man's buff4 ,!y ev5 pit*$ p5nies4 ,9 s*ool ! boys 7 taught n only to read & write1 b to be skilful a?letes1 & to play on ! lyre1 accompany+ ?is ) s++4 ,! gymnasium 0 (t5 an op5 space ne> a /ream into :i* !y c\ld plunge aft] _! ex]cises 7 ov]4 ,!y 7 taught to box1 to wre/le1 to ?r[ ! discus1 & to hurl ! spe>4 ,milit>y tra9+ 0 important = !m1 s9ce all might be call$ to fight = ! safety ( _! city4 ,,! ,,olympic ,,games4 ,boys & "y m5 7 tra9$ z runn]s1 wre/l]s1 box]s1 & discus ?r[]s1 n only because !y enjoy$ ^! ex]cises & ! ,greeks ?\ght !m an important "p ( education1 b also t !y might br+ back honors & prizes to _! city f ! great games :i* all ! ,greeks held e few ye>s4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ^! games 7 held at ,olympia4 ,!re ! ,greeks w5t f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 c>ry+ _! t5ts & cook+ ut5sils ) !m1 because !re 7 n en\gh h\ses 9 ,olympia to hold s _m p4 ,w>s ev5 7 /opp$ = a "t 9 ord] t ! games might n be po/pon$4 ,,! ,,rew>ds ,,( ,,! ,,victors4 ,! pr9cipal conte/ 0 a da% = two hundr$ y>ds1 al?\gh !re 7 long] races & _m o!r k9ds ( conte/s4 ,un=tunately ! ,greeks lik$ to see ! mo/ brutal sort ( box+1 9 :i* ! box]'s h&s & arms 7 cov]$ ) heavy /rips ( lea!r /iff5$ ) pieces ( iron or lead4 ,= ! games m5 tra9$ t5 mon?s1 "p ( ! "t at ,olympia4 ,! prize 0 a cr[n ( wild olive1 & ! w9n] return$ 9 triumph to 8 city1 :]e poets sang 8 praises1 a special seat at public games 0 res]v$ = him1 & (t5 arti/s 7 employ$ to make a bronze /atue ( him to be set up 9 ,olympia or 9 8 own city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,greek ,,games--,,runn+ ,f an antique vase ,,! ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,a!ns4 ,! citiz5 ( ,a!ns1 & ( o!r ,greek cities1 _h m to d ) 8 gov]nm5t ?an d mo/ ,am]icans ) !irs4 ,z ne>ly all "w 0 done by slaves1 he _h pl5ty ( "t to att5d meet+s4 ,all ! citiz5s c\ld att5d ! great assembly1 or ecclesia1 :]e six ?\s& at lea/ mu/ be pres5t be=e any?+ c\ld be decid$4 ,by ?is assembly =eign]s might be admitt$ to citiz5%ip or citiz5s might be expell$1 or o/raciz$1 f ,a!ns z hurtful to its welf>e4 ,!re 0 a small] c\ncil ( five hundr$ :i* decid$ less important que/ions )\t lay+ !m be=e ! g5]al assembly4 ,?is body 0 *os5 by lot j z our juries are1 b memb]s ( ! c\ncil ^: t]m _h end$ _h a "r to object to any new memb] z an unwor?y citiz5 ,a t5? ( ! c\ncil rul$ = a t5? ( ! ye>1 & !y *ose _! presid5t by lot e day1 s t any wor?y man at ,a!ns _h a *ance to be presid5t = a day & a night4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,decree ,,( ,,! ,,c\ncil--,,ab\t #dej ,b4,c4 ,_m citiz5s also s]v$ 9 ! c\rts1 = !re 7 six ?\s& judges1 & 9 decid+ important cases z _m z a ?\s& & "o1 or ev5 fifte5 hundr$ & "o1 took "p4 ,be=e su* l>ge c\rts & assemblies x 0 necess>y to be a good speak] to be able to w9 a case or p]suade ! citiz5s4 ,"s ( ! greate/ orators ( ! _w 7 ,a!nians1 ! be/ kn[n be+ ,demo/h5es4 ,,socrates4 ,! ,a!nians 7 n always j1 al?\gh s _m ( !m act$ z judges4 ,"o c\rt1 compos$ ( five hundr$ & "o judges1 condemn$ to dea? ,socrates1 ! wise/ man ( ! ,greeks & "o ( ! wise/ 9 ! _w4 ,he did n make spee*es1 or write books1 or tea* 9 s*ool4 ,he w5t ab\t1 9 ! m>ket place1 at ! gymnasium1 & on ! /reets1 ask+ m51 "y & old1 que/ions ab\t :at int]e/$ him mo/1 t is1 ,:at is ! true way to live8 ,if p did n give him an answ] :i* seem$ good1 he ask$ m que/ions1 until sometimes !y w5t away angry4 ,_m ( !m ?\ght because he ask$ que/ions ab\t ev]y?+ t he did n believe 9 any?+1 n ev5 9 ! religion ( 8 city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,socrates ,aft] ! m>ble bu/ 9 ! ,vatican ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,socrates1 #cii ,b4,c4 ,aft] a :ile ! enemies ( ,socrates accus$ him ( be+ a wick$ man :o p]suad$ "y m5 to be wick$4 ,he 0 tri$ by an ,a!nian c\rt1 :i* made ! t]rible blund] ( f9d+ him guilty & condemn+ him to dea?4 ,accord+ to ! ,a!nian cu/om he 0 oblig$ to dr9k a cup ( poison\s hemlock4 ,?is he did1 aft] talk+ to 8 fri5ds *e]ily ab\t h[ a good man %\ld live4 ,z he wrote no books we h le>n$ ab\t him f 8 fri5ds4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ^! 0 ,plato1 :o is also c\nt$ among ! wise/ m5 t ev] liv$4 ,! /ory ( ! lives ( ^! m5 is ano!r gift :i* ! ,greeks made to all :o 7 to live aft] !m1 & x is q z valuable z are ! ways ( build+1 arti/ic skill1 or great poems & plays4 ,,que/ions #a4 ,:y d we wi% to "k h[ ! ,greeks liv$8 #b4 ,:at 0 an ,acropolis8 ,h[ does ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns look8 #c4 ,on ! picture ( ! ,p>!non po9t out ! p$im5t4 ,%[ :]e ! frieze 0 plac$4 ,f9d on a map ,pae/um4 #d4 ,:at did ! ,greeks fir/ mean by a sc5e8 ,:y d we /ill /udy ,greek plays8 ,:at is left ( ! ,greek !at]s8 #e4 ,:at 0 a /adium1 a portico1 a gymnasium8 ,d we h su* build+s8 #f4 ,h[ d we "k t ! ,greeks made beautiful /atues8 #g4 ,:at games = ,greek boys 7 l our games8 ,tell ab\t ! great public games ( ! ,greeks4 #h4 ,h[ 7 ! ,greek rolls or books made8 #i4 ,tell ! /ory ( ,socrates4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,are !re any build+s 9 y\r t[n :i* are l ,greek build+s8 #b4 ,f9d 9 y\r t[n ,doric1 ,ionic1 & ,cor9?ian columns4 #c4 ,get f a wall-pap] deal] a sample ( a frieze = a pap]$ room4 #d4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! gov]nm5t ( ,a!ns & ! gov]nm5t ( y\r t[n8 #e4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! c\rts at ,a!ns & ! c\rts 9 y\r t[n8 #f4 ,are ,olympic games held n[8 ,:]e8 #g4 ,:i* prizes w\ld y pref]1 ! prizes giv5 to w9n]s at ,greek games or ! prizes giv5 to w9n]s 9 our a?letic games8 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,greek ,,emigrants ,,or ,,coloni/s ,,:5 ,,! ,,atlantic ,,0 ,,unkn[n4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ?+s done by ! m5 ( ,anci5t ,times 0 to explore ! coa/s & l&s ( ,europe & to make settlem5ts :]ev] !y w5t4 ,at fir/ !y knew little ( ! we/]n & nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe4 ,h]odotus1 a ,greek :om we call ! ,fa!r ( ,hi/ory1 & :o 0 a great travel]1 said1 ,?\gh ,i h tak5 va/ pa9s1 ,i h nev] be5 able to get an assurance f any eye-witness t !re is any sea on ! fur!r side ( ,europe4 ,by ! fur!r side he meant we/]n1 & 8 rem>k %[s t he did n "k ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,he und]/ood t t9 & amb] came f ! ,t9 ,isl&s1 :i* he call$ ! ends ( ! e>?4 ,z t9 came f ,engl&1 x is pla9 t he _h he>d a little ( t isl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,z ,,describ$ ,,by ,,! ,,greek ,,hi/orian ,,h]odotus ,,greek ,,emigrants4 ,long be=e ,a!ns became a great & beautiful city ! ,greeks _h begun to make settlem5ts on di/ant %ores4 ,^? :o liv$ on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 z well z ^? :o liv$ :]e ! k+dom ( ,greece is n[1 s5t out coloni/s or emigrants4 ,! ,greek colonies 7 v important1 because by !m ! anci5t civiliz$ _w 0 made l>g]1 j z by ! settlem5t ( ,am]ica ! mod]n _w 0 d\bl$ 9 size4 ,! coloni/s sail$ away f home = ! same reasons :i* l$ our =efa!rs to leave ,engl& & ,europe = ,am]ica4 ,!y ei!r hop$ to f9d x easi] 9 a new l& to make a liv+ & obta9 prop]ty1 or !y did n l ! way _! city 0 rul$1 & be+ unable to *ange ?is1 resolv$ to build else:]e a city :i* !y c\ld manage z !y pleas$4 ,,h[ ,,!y ,,locat$ ,a ,,new ,,city4 ,!re 7 sev]al diff]5t l&s to :i* !y c\ld g1 j z ! ,european ( to-day may sail = ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,s\? ,am]ica or ,au/ralia4 ,!y c\ld attempt to settle on ! %ores ( ! ,black ,sea1 or cross ov] to nor!rn ,africa1 or try to rea* ,italy & ! m di/ant coa/s ( :at are n[ ,france & ,spa94 ,9 ord] to *oose wisely1 !y g5]ally ask$ ! advice ( ! prie/s ( _! god ,apollo at 8 temple at ,delphi4 ,^! prie/s knew m ab\t good places = settlem5ts ?an mo/ o!r p]sons1 because travel]s f ev]y:]e came to ,delphi & ! prie/s 7 wise en\gh to inquire ab\t all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,! t]ritory occupi$ by ! ,greeks is indicat$ by solid black ,! /ory is told t "o gr\p ( emigrants 0 advis$ to locate _! new colony opposite ! city ( ! bl9d4 ,!y discov]$ t ^! words meant t an e>li] b& ( emigrants _h pass$ by ! wond]ful h>bor ( ! pres5t city ( ,con/ant9ople & _h settl$ in/ead on ! o!r %ore ( ! ,bosphorus4 ,taught by ! oracle !y *ose ! bett] place & began to build ! city ( ,byzantium1 :i* lat] became ,con/ant9ople4 ,,"m ,,& ,,daught] ,,cities4 ,solemn c]emonies took place :5 coloni/s dep>t$4 ,!y c>ri$ ) !m fire f ! he>? ( ! "m city 9 ord] to light a simil> fire on _! new he>?1 = e city _h its he>?/one & on x a fire t 0 nev] qu5*$4 ,! ties betwe5 ! "m & ! daught] city 7 close1 & ! enemies ( "o 7 ! enemies ( ! o!r4 ,he :o wi%$ to visit ! colony usually w5t to ! "m city to f9d a %ip b\nd ?i!r4 ,,:]e ,,! ,,settlem5ts ,,7 ,,made4 ,:5 ! ,greek sailors fir/ ent]$ ! ,black ,sea1 !y ?\ght x a b\ndless ocean1 & call$ x ! ,pontus1 a ^w :i* means ,! ,ma94 ,until t "t !y _h be5 accu/om$ to sail only f isl& to isl& 9 ! ,aegean ,sea4 ,aft] a :ile !y made settlem5ts all ar\nd ! %ores ( ! ,black ,sea1 & 9 lat] times ,a!ns drew f ?is region h] supply ( gra94 ,/ill m important settlem5ts 7 made 9 ,sicily & s\!rn ,italy1 = x 0 ?r\gh ^! settlem5ts t "s ( ! ?+s ! ,greeks knew1 l ! art ( writ+1 7 taught to ! ,italian tribes & to ! ,romans4 ,,dang]s ,,( ,,! ,,voyage4 ,at fir/ ,greek sailors fe>$ ! dang]s ( ! we/]n ,m$it]ranean z mu* z ^? ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,!y imag9$ t ! huge1 mis%ap51 & dreadful mon/]s ,scylla & ,*>ybdis lurk$ 9 ! ,/raits ( ,mess9a wait+ to seize & swall[ ! unlucky pass]-by4 ,on ! slopes ( ,m\nt ,aetna dwelt1 !y ?\ght1 hide\s1 "o-ey$ giants1 ! ,cyclops1 :o f$ _! fi]ce appetites ) ! quiv]+ fle% ( _m captives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,greek ,,ru9s ,,at ,,pae/um ,,9 ,,italy ,,greeks ,,9 ,,! ,,we/4 ,! e>lie/ settlem5t ( ! ,greeks 9 ,italy 0 at ,cumae1 on a headl& at ! entrance ( ! ,bay ( ,naples4 ,lat] ^! coloni/s ent]$ ! bay & f\nd$ ! new city1 or ,neapolis1 :i* we call ,naples4 ,f9ally !re 7 s _m ,greek cities 9 s\!rn ,italy t x 0 nam$ ,great ,greece4 ,! ,greeks also made settlem5ts 9 :at is n[ s\!rn ,france & ea/]n ,spa94 ,! pr9cipal "o 0 ,massilia1 or ,m>seilles4 ,?r\gh ! trad]s ( ?is city ! anci5t _w obta9$ a supply ( t9 f ,brita91 a c\ntry :i* is n[ call$ ,engl&4 ,,greek ,,colonies ,,z ,,c5t]s ,,( ,,civilization4 ,! ,greeks 9 ^! colonies trad$ ) ! natives ^: villages 7 ne> by1 & _m ( ! natives le>n$ to live l ! ,greeks4 ,9 ?is way ! ,greeks became tea*]s ( civilization1 & ! ,greek _w1 :i* at fir/ 0 made up ( cities on ! %ores ( ! ,aegean ,sea1 0 spread f place to place along ! coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,greek ,,trireme ,,greek ,,%ips4 ,! %ips ( ! ,greeks 7 v diff]5t f mod]n vessels4 ,( c\rse !y 7 n driv5 by /eam1 nor did !y rely z mu* on sails z mod]n sail+ %ips d4 ,!y _h sails1 b 7 driv5 =w>d mo/ly by _! o>s4 ,! trireme1 or ord9>y w>-%ip1 _h its o>s arrang$ 9 ?ree banks1 fifty m5 r[+ at once4 ,aft] ^! _h r[$ sev]al h\rs1 or a wat*1 ano!r fifty took _! places1 & f9ally a ?ird fifty1 s t ! %ips c\ld be r[$ at high spe$ all ! "t4 ,) ! aid ( its two sails a trireme is said to h gone "o hundr$ & fifty miles 9 a day & a night4 ,^! boats 7 ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet long & fifte5 feet wide4 ,!y c\ld be r[$ 9 %all[ wat]1 b 7 n high en\gh to ride heavy seas safely4 ,!y _h a %>p beak1 :i*1 driv5 aga9/ an enemy's %ip1 w\ld break 9 its sides4 ,! ,greek gra9 %ips & freight boats 7 heavi] & m capable ( endur+ r\gh wea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,alex&] ,,! ,,great ,aft] ! bu/ 9 ! ,capitol9e ,museum1 ,rome ,,alex&] ,,! ,,great1 ,,k+ ,,( ,,mac$on ,,f #ccf ,,to #cbc ,b4,c4 ,greek ways ( liv+ 7 also c>ri$ ea/w>d z well z we/w>d4 ,! enl>gem5t ( ! ,greek _w 9 ?is direction 0 due to ,alex&] ! ,great1 ! mo/ skilful soldi] & ! able/ lead] ( m5 among all ! ,greeks4 ,alex&] 0 k+ ( ,mac$on1 & l ! e>li] ,greeks he reg>d$ ! ,p]sians z 8 enemies1 & made w> ^u !m4 ,aft] conqu]+ ! ,p]sians he m>*$ across we/]n ,asia until he _h rea*$ ! ,indus ,riv] 9 ,india4 ,he 0 a build] ( cities z well z a conqu]or4 ,he f\nd$ sev5ty cities1 & sixte5 ( !m 7 nam$ = him4 ,! mo/ important 0 ! ,alex&ria :i* is /ill ! *ief seaport ( ,egypt4 ,greek became ! language commonly spok5 ?r\gh\t ! l&s ne> ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean4 ,?is is ! reason :y 9 lat] times ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 writt5 9 ,greek4 ,,alex&ria4 ,( ?is ,greek _w ,a!ns ceas$ to be ! c5t] & ,alex&ria took its place4 ,at ,alex&ria !re 0 a great libr>y :i* conta9$ ov] five hundr$ ?\s& volumes or rolls4 ,!re also 0 ! museum or univ]sity1 9 :i* _m le>n$ m5 7 at "w4 ,! be/ kn[n ( ^! m5 0 ,euclid1 :o p]fect$ ! ma!matics :i* we call geometry1 & ,ptolemy1 ^: ideas ab\t geography & ! %ape & size ( ! globe ,columbus c>efully /udi$ be=e he set out on 8 great voyage4 ,alex&ria 0 also a c5t] ( trade & comm]ce4 ,f ,alex&ria1 because its %ips 7 ! fir/ =eign %ips to be admitt$ to a ,roman port1 ! ,romans ga9$ _! lik+ = _m ( ! beautiful ?+s :i* ! ,greeks made4 ,,que/ions #a4 ,:y 7 ! ,greek colonies important8 ,:y did ! ,greeks emigrate to ! colonies8 #b4 ,po9t out on ! map1 ! l&s to :i* !y might g4 ,"n sev]al cities :i* !y built4 #c4 ,:at 7 ! ties betwe5 ! daught] & ! "m city8 #d4 ,:y 0 a "p ( s\!rn ,italy call$ ,great ,greece8 #e4 ,describe a ,greek trireme & ! way x 0 manag$4 #f4 ,( :at c\ntry 0 ,alex&] ! ,great k+8 ,:5 did he reign8 ,h[ f> ea/ did he m>*8 ,:at did he d besides w9n+ victories8 #g4 ,:y 0 ! city ( ,alex&ria fam\s 9 ,anci5t ,times8 #h4 ,( :at help 0 ,ptolemy to ,columbus8 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,f9d out ! colonies we h4 ,= :at purpose d ,am]icans g to ^! colonies8 ,is x z h>d to rea* !m z x 0 = ! ,greeks to rea* _! colonies8 #b4 ,:at c\ntry n[ has ! mo/ colonies8 #c4 ,le>n & tell ! /ory ( ,ulysses & ! ,cyclops4 #d4 ,f9d out :at is meant at ,con/ant9ople by ! ,gold5 ,horn8 ,:o n[ live at ,con/ant9ople1 at ,naples1 at ,m>seilles8 #e4 ,collect pictures ( ^! cities4 ,,review 7,*apt]s ,,ii1 ,,iii1 & ,,iv7 ,t5 ?+s we owe to ! ,greeks3 #a4 ,_m useful words4 #b4 ,_m int]e/+ tales4 #c4 ,_m examples ( h]oism4 #d4 ,k ( h[ to con/ruct beautiful build+s4 #e4 ,h[ to c>ve beautiful /atues1 reliefs1 & friezes4 #f4 ,h[ to write great plays4 #g4 ,h[ to speak be=e l>ge audi5ces4 #h4 ,wise say+s ( m5 l ,socrates & ,plato4 #i4 ,k ( geography & ma!matics4 #aj4 ,_! "w z coloni/s 9 tea*+ o!r peoples to live1 & ?9k & act z !y did4 ,two important dates3 ,battle ( ,m>a?on1 #dij ,b4,c4 ,dea? ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 #cbc ,b4,c4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,new ,,rivals ,,( ,,! ,,greeks ,,! ,,greek ,,colonies ,,& ,,! ,,c>?ag9ians4 ,! ,greek colonies 7 sometimes 9 dang] ( be+ attack$ by ! native tribes ^: l&s !y _h seiz$ or by ! wild] tribes t dwelt fur!r f ! coa/4 ,9 ,sicily _! mo/ dang]\s neighbors 7 ! ,c>?ag9ians at ! we/]n end ( ! isl&4 ,! *ief t[n ( ^! p 0 ,c>?age1 situat$ opposite ,sicily 9 nor!rn ,africa 9 :at is n[ ,tunis4 ,! ,c>?ag9ians 7 emigrants f ,tyre & o!r cities ( ,pho5icia on ! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & because ( _! _m %ips held control ( a l>ge "p ( ! we/]n ,m$it]ranean4 ,!y _h colonies ev5 9 ,spa91 :]e 9 v e>ly times ,pho5ician trad]s _h gone to obta9 gold & silv]4 ,,! ,,greeks ,,& ,,! ,,romans4 ,9 ,italy ! mo/ dang]\s neighbors ( ! ,greek coloni/s 7 ! ,romans1 :o liv$ half-way up ! we/]n side ( ! p59sula along ! riv] ,tib]4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,romans1 l ! hi/ory ( ! ,greeks1 is full ( int]e/+ & wond]ful tales4 ,"s ( !m are leg5ds1 su* z e p likes to tell ab\t its e>ly hi/ory4 ,!y relate h[ ! city 0 f\nd$ by two bro!rs1 ,romulus & ,remus2 h[ ,horatius def5d$ ! bridge across ! ,tib] aga9/ ! ho/s ( ! exil$ ,t>qu9 k+2 h[ ! f>m] ,c9c9natus1 hav+ be5 made lead] or dictator1 9 sixte5 days drove (f ! neighbor+ tribes :i* 7 attack+ ! ,romans & !n w5t back to 8 pl\gh4 ,,! ,,gauls ,,burn ,,rome1 #cij ,b4,c4 ,! ,romans told /ories ( _! defeats z well z ( _! victories4 ,"o ( ^! tells h[ ho/s ( ,gauls1 a p ( ! same race z ! =efa!rs ( ! ,fr5*1 /ream$ s\?w>d f ! valley ( ! ,po4 ,! ,romans 7 al>m$ by su* tall m51 ) fi]ce eyes1 & fair1 fl[+ hair1 ^: swords cra%$ ?r\gh ! frail ,roman helmets4 ,!y s5t a l>ge army to /op ! invad]s1 b 9 ! battle1 :i* 0 f\ght only twelve miles f ,rome1 ?is army 0 de/roy$4 ,! few def5d]s t 7 left )drew to ! ,capitol9e1 ! /eepe/ ( ! hills ov] :i* ! city _h spread4 ,"s ( ! old] s5ators & sev]al prie/s scorn$ to seek a refuge f ! fury ( ! b>b>ians1 & took _! seats quietly 9 ivory *airs 9 ! m>ket place or ,=um at ! foot ( ! ,capitol9e hill4 ,! ,gauls at fir/ gaz$ 9 wond] at ! /range sight ( ! motionless figures4 ,:5 "o ( !m attempt$ to /roke ! :ite be>d ( a s5ator1 ! s5ator /ruck him ) 8 /aff2 !n ! ,gauls fell ^u s5ators & prie/s & slew !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cliff ,,( ,,! ,,capitol9e ,,hill ,! sides ( ! ,capitol9e hill 7 s /eep t = a long "t ! ,gauls 7 baffl$ 9 _! attempts to seize x4 ,at la/ !y discov]$ a pa?1 & "o d>k night 7 on ! po9t ( scal+ ! height :5 "s geese1 sacr$ to ! goddess ,juno1 cackl$ & flapp$ _! w+s until ! g>rison 0 ar\s$ & ! ,gauls hurl$ headlong d[n ! precipice4 ,! g>rison 0 sav$1 b ! city 0 burn$4 ,?is happ5$ 9 ,rome j "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ! battle ( ,m>a?on 9 ,greece4 ,,! ,,caud9e ,,=ks4 ,ano!r adv5ture did n h s happy an end+4 ,! ,romans 7 at w> ) ! ,samnites1 a tribe liv+ on ! slopes ( ! ,ap5n9es1 :o 7 cont9ually attack+ ! ,greek cities on ! coa/4 ,! w> 0 caus$ by ! attempt ( ! ,romans to protect "o ( ! ,greek cities4 ,! ,roman g5]als1 ) a l>ge army1 9 mak+ _! way into ! ,samnite c\ntry attempt$ to m>* ?r\gh a n>r[ gorge :i* broad5$ out into a pla9 & !n 0 clos$ aga9 at ! f>!r end by ano!r gorge4 ,:5 !y rea*$ ?is second gorge !y f\nd ! road block$ by fall5 trees & heaps ( /ones4 ,!y also saw ,samnites on ! heights above !m4 ,9 al>m !y ha/5$ to retrace _! /eps1 only to f9d ! o!r entrance clos$ 9 ! same way4 ,aft] va9 attempts to =ce a passage or to scale ! surr\nd+ heights !y 7 oblig$ to surr5d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,region ,,( ,,! ,,caud9e ,,=ks ,illu/ration3 ,,italy ,,be=e ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,roman ,,p[] ,! ,samnites compell$ ! ,roman army1 bo? g5]als & soldi]s1 ea* clad 9 a s+le g>m5t1 to pass "u ! yoke made ( two spe>s set upright ) "o laid across1 :ile !y /ood by & je]$4 ,if any ,roman look$ angry or sull5 at 8 disgrace1 !y /ruck or ev5 kill$ him4 ,?is 0 call$ ! disa/] ( ! ,caud9e ,=ks1 f ! pass :]e ! ,romans 7 caught4 ,,! ,,romans ,,& ,,! ,,greek ,,cities4 ,n _m ye>s aft] ?is ! ,romans qu>rel$ ) ! ,greek cities ( s\!rn ,italy4 ,! ,greeks ( ,t>5tum1 situat$ :]e ,t>anto is n[1 call$ to _! aid ,pyrrhus1 :o rul$ a "p ( ,alex&]'s old k+dom4 ,pyrrhus 0 a skilful g5]al1 & he _h ) him1 besides 8 foot-soldi]s & horsem51 _m tra9$ elephants4 ,a *>ge ( ^! elephants 0 too mu* = ! ,romans1 :o 7 already h>d press$ by ! long spe>s ( ! soldi]s ( ,pyrrhus4 ,b ! ,romans 7 ready = ano!r battle1 & 9 ?is !y f\ght s /ubbornly & kill$ s _m ( ! ,greek soldi]s t ,pyrrhus cri$ out1 ,ano!r victory l ?is & we are ru9$4 ,9 a ?ird battle1 :i* took place #bge ,b4,c41 he 0 defeat$1 & return$ to ,greece1 leav+ ! ,romans ma/]s ( ! ,greek cities 9 ,italy4 ,,! ,,romans ,,conqu]ors ,,( ,,italy4 ,by ?is "t !re 7 few tribes s\? ( ! riv] ,po :i* did n own ! ,romans z _! ma/]s4 ,all ,italy 0 unit$ "u _! rule4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! conque/ ( ! _w t lay ab\t ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea & 9 ! ext5sion ( t anci5t _w to ! %ores ( ! ,atlantic & to ,engl&4 ,be=e we read ! /ory ( ! o!r conque/s we mu/ inquire :o ! ,roman p 7 & h[ !y liv$4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,romans ,,liv$4 ,9 e>ly times mo/ ( ! ,romans 7 f>m]s or cattle rais]s4 ,a man's weal? 0 reckon$ accord+ to ! numb] ( cattle he own$4 ,_! mann] ( liv+ 0 simple & frugal4 ,l ! ,greek1 ! ,roman _h 8 games4 ,he enjoy$ *>iot-races1 b us$ slaves or fre$m5 z driv]s4 ,he also w5t to ! !at]1 al?\gh he ?\ght x unwor?y ( a ,roman to be an actor4 ,su* an occupation 0 = =eign]s or slaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,roman ,,we>+ ,a ,,toga ,,roman ,,boys ,,at ,,s*ool4 ,! boys at s*ool did n le>n poems1 z did ! ,greek boys1 b /udi$ ! fir/ set ( laws made by ! ,romans1 call$ ! ,twelve ,tables4 ,?is !y read1 copi$1 & le>n$ by he>t4 ,_! int]e/ 9 laws 0 ! fir/ sign t !y 7 to become ! _w's greate/ lawmak]s4 ,,roman ,,wom54 ,9 _! respect = wom5 ! ,romans 7 sup]ior to ! ,greeks4 ,! ,roman "m did n rema9 9 ! wom5's ap>tm5ts ( ! h\se1 z %e 0 expect$ to d at ,a!ns1 b 0 h] husb&'s companion1 receiv$ 8 gue/s1 direct$ h] h\sehold1 & w5t 9 & out z %e *ose4 ,,patricians ,,& ,,plebeians4 ,! m5 ( ! families :i* fir/ rul$ ,rome 7 call$ patricians or nobles1 :ile ! re/ 7 plebeians or common p4 ,!re 7 also _m slaves1 b !y _h no rights4 ,at fir/ only ! patricians knew exactly :at ! laws 71 because ! laws 7 n writt5 9 a book4 ,:5 disputes arose betwe5 patricians & plebeians ab\t prop]ty1 ! plebeians believ$ ! patricians *ang$ ! laws 9 ord] to ga9 an advantage ov] _! poor] neighbors4 ,! /ory is told t twice ! plebeians )drew f ! city & refus$ to return until _! wrongs 7 remov$4 ,!n !y compell$ ! nobles to draw up ! laws 9 a roll call$ ! ,twelve ,tables4 ,at ?is "t mess5g]s 7 s5t to ,a!ns to exam9e ! laws ( ! ,greeks4 ,! ri*] plebeians 7 also gradually admitt$ to all ! (fices ( ! ,roman republic1 & s became nobles !mselves4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,at ,,rome4 ,! ,romans _h once be5 rul$ by k+s1 b n[ _! *ief (fic]s 7 consuls4 ,two consuls 7 *os5 ea* ye> because ! ,romans fe>$ t a s+le consul might make himself a k+1 or1 at lea/1 ga9 too mu* p[]4 ,! real rul]s ( ,rome1 h[ev]1 7 ! s5ators1 ! m5 :o _h held ! prom95t (fices4 ,!re 7 assemblies ( ! p1 b ^! g5]ally did :at ! s5ators or o!r (fic]s told !m to d4 ,among ! int]e/+ (fic]s ( ,rome 0 ! c5sor1 :o drew up a li/ or c5sus ( ! citiz5s & ( _! prop]ty4 ,ano!r (fic] 0 ! tribune1 *os5 9 ! beg9n+ by ! plebeians to protect !m aga9/ ! patricians4 ,! tribune 0 n at fir/ a memb] ( ! s5ate1 b he 0 giv5 a seat outside ! door1 & if a law 0 propos$ t w\ld injure ! plebeians1 he cri$ out1 ,veto1 :i* means ,i =bid1 & ! law _h to be dropp$4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( our ^w veto4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,romans ,,treat$ ,,! ,,italians4 ,! ,romans 7 wise 9 _! deal+s ) ! cities or tribes :i* !y conqu]$4 ,!y n only s5t out colonies ( _! fell[-citiz5s to occupy a "p ( ! l&s !y _h seiz$1 b !y also gave ! conqu]$ peoples a %>e 9 _! gov]nm5t1 & 9 "s cases all[$ !m to act z citiz5s ( ,rome4 ,^! new ,roman citiz5s help$ ! old] ,romans 9 _! w>s ) o!r tribes4 ,9 ?is way ,roman t[ns gradually spread ov] ,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,roman ,,milit>y ,,/&>d ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at 0 ! "n ( ! dang]\s neighbors ( ! ,greeks 9 ,sicily8 ,f9d ,c>?age on ! map4 ,:]e did ! ,c>?ag9ians come f orig9ally8 ,f9d ,pho5icia on ! map4 #b4 ,:o 7 ! dang]\s neighbors ( ! ,greeks 9 ,italy8 ,f9d ! ,tib] & ,rome on ! map4 #c4 ,tell ! /ory ( ! capture ( ,rome by ! ,gauls4 ,h[ long 0 ?is aft] ! battle ( ,m>a?on8 ,h[ long aft] ! dea? ( ,socrates8 ,h[ long be=e ,alex&] became k+ ( ,mac$on8 #d4 ,f9d ! l& ( ! ,samnites on ! map4 ,tell ! /ory ( ! ,caud9e ,=ks4 #e4 ,:at ,greek k+ did ! p ( ,t>5tum call to ,italy to help !m aga9/ ! ,romans8 ,:at did he say aft] 8 second battle ) ! ,romans8 #f4 ,aft] ! defeat ( ,pyrrhus h[ mu* ( ,italy own$ ! ,romans z ma/]s8 ,h[ did ! ,romans treat ! ,italians8 #g4 ,expla9 h[ ! e>ly ,roman ways ( liv+ diff]$ f ! ways ( ! ,greeks4 #h4 ,h[ diff]5tly did ! ,romans & ! ,greeks gov]n !mselves8 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,read ! /ory ( ,horatius 9 ,macaulay's ,lays ( ,anci5t ,rome4 #b4 ,collect pictures ( ,rome & ,italy4 #c4 ,is !re a mod]n city ( ,c>?age8 ,:at c\ntry rules ov] ,tunis8 ,are !re n[ any ,pho5icians8 #d4 ,read ! description ( ,tyre 9 ! ,bible1 ,ezekiel xxvii4 #c-be1 & tell :at is said !re ab\t ! ri*es ( ! ,tyrians4 ,f9d out :o de/roy$ ,tyre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,e>ly ,,roman ,,co9 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,m$it]ranean ,a ,,roman ,,lake ,,rome ,,9 ,,p]il4 ,! conque/ ( ,italy by ! ,romans took ab\t two hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,! conque/ ( ! peoples liv+ 9 ! o!r l&s on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean took ne>ly z long aga94 ,only twice 9 ^! f\r or five hundr$ ye>s 0 ,rome 9 s]i\s dang] ( de/ruction4 ,once x 0 by ! ,gauls1 z we h read1 :o captur$ all ! city except ! citadel4 ,! second "t x 0 by ! ,c>?ag9ians1 :o liv$ on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,africa4 ,! ,romans 7 f9ally victori\s ov] all _! enemies because !y 7 pati5t & c\rage\s 9 mis=tune & refus$ to believe t !y c\ld be conqu]$4 ,,cause ,,( ,,w> ,,) ,,c>?age4 ,! ,c>?ag9ians 7 angry at ! way ! ,romans treat$ !m4 ,!y wat*$ ) al>m ! /eady gr[? ( ! ,roman p[]1 & fe>$ t ! ,romans1 if ma/]s ( ,italy1 w\ld attack _! trade ) ! cities ( ! we/]n ,m$it]ranean4 ,a qu>rel broke out ov] a city 9 ,sicily4 ,at fir/ ! ,c>?ag9ians seem$ to h ! be/ ( x1 because !y _h a /rong w> fleet :ile ! ,romans _h only a few small vessels4 ,b ! ,romans hurri$ly built %ips & plac$ ^u ea* a k9d ( drawbridge1 fitt$ ) great hooks call$ grappl+-irons4 ,^! !y let d[n ^u ! enemy's decks z soon z ! %ips came close en\gh1 & ov] ^! drawbridges ! ,roman soldi]s ru%$ & captur$ ! ,c>?ag9ian %ips4 ,:5 ! ,c>?ag9ians ask$ = peace1 ! ,romans dem&$ a great sum ( money & a promise t ! ,c>?ag9ians w\ld leave ! cities 9 ,sicily :i* !y occupi$4 ,soon aft]w>d ! ,romans took advantage ( a mut9y 9 ! ,c>?ag9ian army to dem& m money & to seize ,s>d9ia & ,corsica4 ,no wond] ! ,c>?ag9ians 7 angry4 ,! result 0 a new & m t]rible w>4 ,,hannibal4 ,! ,c>?ag9ians 9 ! new w> 7 l$ by ,hannibal1 :o und]/ood h[ to fight battles bett] ?an any ( ! g5]als :om ! ,romans s5t aga9/ him4 ,! /ory is told t :5 he 0 a boy 8 fa!r made him promise1 at ! alt> ( 8 city's gods1 undy+ hatr$ to ,rome4 ,ev5 ! ,romans ?\ght him a wond]ful man4 ,_! hi/orians said t toil did n we> out 8 body or exhau/ 8 en]gy4 ,cold or heat 7 alike to him4 ,he nev] ate or drank m ?an he ne$$4 ,he slept :5 he _h "t1 :e!r x 0 day or night1 wrapp+ himself 9 a milit>y cloak & ly+ on ! gr\nd 9 ! mid/ ( 8 soldi]s4 ,he did n dress bett] ?an ! o!r (fic]s1 b 8 weapons & 8 horses 7 ! be/ 9 ! army4 ,,w> ,,c>ri$ ,,into ,,italy1 #bah ,b4,c4 ,hannibal decid$ t ! w> %\ld be c>ri$ into ,italy to ! v gates ( ,rome4 ,he />t$ f ,spa91 half ( :i* ! ,c>?ag9ians rul$1 m>*$ across s\!rn ,gaul1 & came to ! foot-hills ( ! ,alps4 ,to climb ! ,alps 0 ! mo/ difficult "p ( 8 long j\rney4 ,,cross+ ,,! ,,alps4 ,!re 7 no roads across ! m\nta9s1 only r\gh pa?s us$ by ! m\nta9e]s1 :o con/antly attack$ ,hannibal's soldi]s1 bur/+ out sudd5ly ^u !m f beh9d a turn 9 ! trail1 or roll+ huge rocks ^u !m f above4 ,! elephants1 ! horses1 & ! baggage animals ( ! army 7 fright5$1 & 9 ! tumult _m ( !m slipp$ ov] ! precipices & 7 da%$ on ! rocks bel[4 ,= five days ! army toil$ upw>d1 & !n re/$ two days on ! summit ( ! pass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,alps ,,t ,,hannibal ,,_h ,,to ,,cross ,al?\gh ! road d[n into ,italy 0 %ort1 x 0 /eep1 & ! pa?s 7 slipp]y ) ice & ) sn[ trodd5 into slu% by ?\s&s ( m5 & animals4 ,9 "o place !re _h be5 a l&slide1 & ! road along ! rocky slope 0 cut away = a ?\s& feet4 ,9 ord] to build a new road x 0 necess>y to crack ! rocks4 ,?is ! soldi]s did by mak+ huge fires & p\r+ w9e ov] ! heat$ surface4 ,at la/1 worn out1 ragg$1 & half />v$1 ! army rea*$ ! pla9s ( ,italy1 b ) a loss ( half its m54 ,,h[ ,,hannibal ,,won ,a ,,victory4 ,! fir/ great battle ) ! ,romans 0 f\ght on ! riv] ,trebia 9 nor!rn ,italy1 & 9 x ,hannibal %[$ h[ easily he c\ld outwit & de/roy a ,roman army4 ,x 0 a w9t]'s day & ! riv] 0 swoll5 by ra9s4 ,! two camps lay on opposite banks4 ,9 ! e>ly morn+ ,hannibal s5t across ! riv] a body ( horsem5 to attack ! ,roman camp & draw ! ,romans into a battle4 ,at ! same "t he ord]$ 8 o!r soldi]s to eat breakfa/1 to build fires be=e _! t5ts to w>m !mselves1 & to rub _! bodies ) oil1 s t !y might be /rong = ! com+ fight4 ,! ,romans 7 sudd5ly r\s$ by ! attack ( ! ,c>?ag9ian horsem51 &1 )\t wait+ = food1 mov$ out ( camp1 *as+ ! horsem5 t[>d ! riv]4 ,into its icy wat]s ! ,romans wad$ brea/-high1 & :5 !y came up on ! opposite bank !y 7 b5umb$ ) cold4 ,z soon z ,hannibal knew t ! ,romans _h cross$ ! riv] he attack$ !m fi]cely ) all 8 troops4 ,two ?\s& m5 :om he _h plac$ 9 ambu% fell ^u ! re> ( _! l9e4 ,_! allies 7 fright5$ by a *>ge ( elephants4 ,see+ t de/ruction 0 c]ta91 t5 ?\s& ( ! be/ soldi]s broke ?r\gh ! ,c>?ag9ian l9e & m>*$ away4 ,all ! re/ ( ! army 0 de/roy$4 ,,roman ,,endurance4 ,?is 0 n ! la/ ( ! ,roman defeats4 ,two o!r armies 7 de/roy$ by ,hannibal dur+ ! next two ye>s4 ,9 ! battle ( ,cannae ne>ly sev5ty ?\s& ,romans1 includ+ eighty s5ators1 7 sla94 ,! news fill$ ! city ) weep+ wom51 b ! s5ate did n ?9k ( yield+4 ,:5 _! allies des]t$ !m1 !y besieg$ ! fai?less cities1 took !m1 behead$ ! rul]s1 & sold ! inhabitants into slav]y4 ,!y did n d>e to fight ,hannibal 9 ! op5 field1 b tri$ to we> him out by cutt+ (f all small bodies ( 8 troops & by mak+ x difficult = him to get food = 8 army4 ,!y c>ri$ ! w> into ,spa9 & f9ally into ,africa1 & :51 ) a weak5$ army1 ,hannibal fac$ !m !re1 !y defeat$ him4 ,8 defeat 0 ! ru9 ( ,c>?age1 = ! unhappy city 0 compell$ to see h] fleet de/roy$1 to pay ! ,romans a huge sum ( money1 & to give up ,spa9 to !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,roman ,,soldi] ,,o!r ,,roman ,,triumphs4 ,! w> ) ,c>?age end$ two hundr$ & two ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ! w>s t foll[$1 ,roman armies f\ght n only 9 ,spa9 & ,africa1 b also 9 ,greece & ,asia4 ,c>?age 0 de/roy$2 z 0 also ,cor9?1 a ,greek city4 ,roman g5]als enri*$ !mselves & s5t great treasures back to ,rome4 ,roman m]*ants grew ri* because _! rivals 9 ,c>?age & ,cor9? 7 ru9$ or because ! conqu]$ cities 7 =bidd5 to trade ) any city b ,rome4 ,all ?is took a long "t & _m w>s1 b 9 ! end ! ,romans became ma/]s ( e l& along ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,?is 0 n :olly a mis=tune1 = ! ,romans _h le>n$ t ! ,greeks 7 sup]ior to !m 9 "s ?+s & !y took ! ,greeks z _! tea*]s 9 mo/ ( ! arts ( liv+4 ,! anci5t _w became a sort ( p>tn]%ip1 & we call its civilization ,graeco-,roman1 t is1 bo? ,greek & ,roman4 ,,! ,,romans ,,z ,,rul]s4 ,! ,romans at fir/ treat$ ! l&s 9 ,sicily1 ,spa91 ,africa1 ,greece1 & ,asia z conqu]$ t]ritories1 or prov9ces1 s5d+ to rule ov] !m (fic]s :o 7 to act bo? z gov]nors & judges4 ,) ^! m5 w5t _m tax-collectors or publicans4 ,! ,romans 7 oblig$ to leave 9 mo/ prov9ces a l>ge body ( soldi]s to put d[n any attempt at rebellion4 ,(t5 ! (fic]s & ! publicans robb$ ! c\ntry in/ead ( rul+ x ju/ly4 ,,evil ,,results ,,( ,,conque/4 ,dur+ ! w>s ! ,romans _h lo/ _m ( _! simple ways ( liv+4 ,"s _h gr[n ri* 9 ! bus9ess ( provid+ = ! armies & navies1 & !y 7 eag] = new w>s 9 ord] to make /ill bigg] =tunes4 ,hannibal's m>*es up & d[n ,italy _h driv5 ?\s&s ( f>m]s f _! homes1 & !y _h w&]$ to ,rome = safety & food4 ,:5 ! w> 0 ov] _m ( !m did n g back to _! homes4 ,^? :o did f\nd t !y c\ld no long] get fair prices = _! crops because great quantities ( :eat 7 %ipp$ to ,rome f ! conqu]$ l&s4 ,weal?y m5 b\ght ! little f>ms & jo9$ !m1 mak+ great e/ates :]e slaves rais$ %eep & cattle or t5d$ v9ey>ds & olive groves4 ,!re 0 n mu* "w = free m5 9 ,rome1 = slaves 7 v *eap4 ,"o army ( prison]s 0 sold at ab\t eight c5ts apiece4 ,9 ?is way ! poor 7 made idle1 :ile ! ri* s5t ev]y:]e = new luxuries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gladiators ,aft] c>v+s on ! tomb ( ,scaurus ,,cruel ,,sports4 ,to amuse ! idle cr[ds1 (fice-seek]s & victori\s g5]als provid$ cruel sports4 ,savage animals 7 turn$ loose to te> "o ano!r to pieces4 ,:at 0 worse1 human prison]s 7 compell$ to fight1 arm$ ) swords or spe>s4 ,^! m5 7 call$ gladiators1 & (t5 7 specially tra9$ to fight ) "o ano!r or ) wild bea/s4 ,,"s ,,?+s ,,! ,,romans ,,le>n$4 ,b ! successes ( ! ,romans br\ght !m o!r ?+s :i* 7 good4 ,!y took ! build+s ( ! ,greeks z models & built simil> temples & porticoes 9 ,rome1 especially ab\t ! old m>ket place or ,=um4 ,_! own h\ses1 :i* 9 e>li] times 7 no?+ b cab9s1 !y enl>g$1 & if !y 7 ri* en\gh1 built palaces1 adorn$ ) pa9t+s & ) /atues4 ,un=tunately _m ( ^! came f ! plund] ( ,greek cities1 = ! ,romans 7 great robb]s ( o!r peoples4 ,! poor] ,romans cont9u$ to live 9 wret*$ hovels4 ,,! ,,!at]4 ,! ,romans le>n$ m ab\t ! !at]s ( ! ,greeks4 ,_! plays 7 ei!r translat$ into ,lat9 f ,greek or retold 9 a diff]5t mann] f ! orig9al ,greek4 ,! ,romans did n succe$ 9 writ+ any plays ( _! own :i* 7 z good z ! plays ( ! ,greeks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ru9s ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,!at] ,,at ,,orange1 ,,france ,,! ,,new ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,romans4 ,! ,greeks also taught ! ,romans h[ to write poems & hi/ories4 ,! fir/ hi/ories 7 writt5 9 ,greek1 b lat] ! ,romans le>n$ h[ to write 9 ,lat9 prose & poetry z good z mu* t _h be5 writt5 by ! ,greeks4 ,greek became ! second language ( e educat$ ,roman1 & ?us he c\ld enjoy ! books ( ! ,greeks z well z ^? writt5 by ,romans4 ,! education ( ! ,roman boy n[ began ) ! poems ( ,hom]1 & ! "y man's education 0 n ?\ght to be f9i%$ until he _h travel$ 9 ,greece & ! l&s along ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean4 ,,que/ions #a4 ,h[ long did x take ! ,romans to conqu] ,italy8 ,h[ long to conqu] ! l&s ab\t ! ,m$it]ranean8 ,9 :at ,times did all ?is happ58 #b4 ,:y did ! ,c>?ag9ians & ! ,romans fight8 ,:at did ,hannibal promise 8 fa!r8 ,:at sort ( a lead] 0 ,hannibal8 #c4 ,h[ did ,hannibal rea* ,italy8 ,h[ did he w9 ! battle ( ! ,trebia8 #d4 ,:y 0 he unable to =ce ! ,romans to yield8 #e4 ,h[ long be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era did ?is w> ) ,hannibal close8 ,h[ long aft] ! battle ( ,m>a?on1 & aft] ! dea? ( ,alex&] ! ,great8 #f4 ,:at o!r l&s did ! ,romans conqu]8 ,h[ did !y rule ^! colonies8 #g4 ,7 !y bett] = ! weal? & p[] !y ga9$8 ,:at became ( _m ( ! ,italian f>m]s8 ,:]e did ! ,romans get _! slaves8 #h4 ,:at good ?+s did !y le>n f ! ,greeks8 ,:at 0 ! ,graeco-,roman _w8 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,on an outl9e map ( ! l&s ar\nd ! ,m$it]ranean m>k on ea* l&1 ,spa91 ,greece1 nor!rn ,africa1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,egypt1 ! dates at :i* ! ,romans conqu]$ ea*1 f9d+ ^! dates 9 any brief ,roman or ,anci5t ,hi/ory--,bots=d1 ,my]s1 ,morey1 ,we/1 ,wolfson4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,anci5t ,,_w ,,ext5d$ ,,to ,,! ,,%ores ,,( ,,! ,,atlantic ,,new ,,conque/s ,,( ,,! ,,romans4 ,! ,romans _h z yet conqu]$ only civiliz$ peoples l !mselves1 ) ! exception ( ! tribes 9 ,spa9 & s\!rn ,gaul4 ,n[ ! ,roman armies 7 to pu% nor?w>d ov] ! pla9s & ?r\gh ! =e/s ( ,gaul1 across ! ,rh9e into unkn[n ,g]many1 & ov] ! ,*annel into ,brita91 equally unkn[n4 ,!y 7 to be explor]s z well z conqu]ors4 ,9 ?is way !y 7 to c>ry _! civilization to ! ,rh9e & ! ,atlantic1 & s increase greatly ! "p ( ! e>? :]e m5 liv$ & ?\ght z ! ,romans did & z ! ,greeks _h be=e !m4 ,! anci5t civiliz$ _w 0 beg9n+ to move f its old] c5t]1 ! ,m$it]ranean1 t[>d ! %ore ( ! ,atlantic4 ,,ance/ors ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,& ,,! ,,g]mans4 ,! tribes liv+ 9 ,gaul 7 n at t "t call$ ,fr5*1 b ,gallic4 ,! ,gauls 7 l ! ,britons :o liv$ across ! ,*annel 9 ,brita94 ,! ,g]man ance/ors ( ! ,engli% _h n yet cross$ ! ,nor? ,sea to t l&4 ,beyond ! ,rh9e liv$ ! ,g]mans1 :o _h b little to d ) ! ,romans & ! ,greeks & 7 /ill b>b>ians4 ,! ,gauls liv+ f>!/ away f ! ,roman settlem5ts 7 n mu* m civiliz$4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,g]mans & ! ,gauls 0 t ! ,gauls liv$ 9 villages & t[ns & cultivat$ ! l& or dug 9 m9es or trad$ along ! riv]s1 :ile ! ,g]mans _h no t[ns & dwelt 9 cle>+s ( ! =e/4 ,_! weal?1 l t ( ! e>ly ,romans1 0 _! cattle4 ,! l& !y cultivat$ 0 divid$ betwe5 !m ye> aft] ye>1 s t a ,g]man own$ only 8 hut & ! plot ( gr\nd or g>d5 ab\t x4 ,"s ( ! t[ns ( ! ,gauls 7 plac$ on high hills & 7 protect$ by /rong walls4 ,,! ,,t]rible ,,g]mans4 ,! ,romans _h at fir/ be5 afraid ( ! ,gauls1 because !y _h nev] =gott5 h[ t]ribly ^! p _h once defeat$ !m4 ,b s9ce t "t !y _h f\ght ! ,gauls s (t5 t !y 7 los+ ?is fe>4 ,!y n[ dread$ m to meet ! ,g]mans1 :o seem$ l giants because !y 7 tall] ev5 ?an ! ,gauls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gallic ,,w>riors ,,gallic ,,& ,,g]man ,,w>riors4 ,! lead]s ( ! ,g]mans 7 sometimes k+s & sometimes nobles :om ! ,romans call$ duces1 f :i* comes our ^w duke4 ,! ,gallic *iefta9s 7 adorn$ ) gold necklaces1 bracelets1 & r+s4 ,:5 !y w5t out to battle1 !y wore helmets %ap$ l ! head ( "s rav5\s bea/1 & _! bodies 7 protect$ by coats ( *a9 armor made ( iron r+s4 ,_! pr9cipal weapon 0 a long1 heavy sword4 ,bo? ,g]man & ,gallic nobles 7 accompani$ by b&s ( "y m51 _! devot$ foll[]s1 :o %>$ ! joys ( victory or di$ ) !m 9 case ( defeat4 ,x 0 a disgrace to lose "o's sword or to survive if ! lead] 0 kill$4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,g]mans ,,liv$4 ,:5 ! ,g]mans 7 n fight+ !y 7 idle1 = all "w 0 done by wom5 & slaves4 ,!y 7 great dr9k]s & gambl]s1 & (t5 9 _! games a man w\ld /ake 8 fre$om ^u ! result4 ,if he lo/1 he became ! slave ( ! w9n]4 ,! ,g]mans respect$ _! wives1 ev5 if !y compell$ !m to d ! h>d "w4 ,! wom5 sometimes w5t ) ! m5 to battle1 & _! cries enc\rag$ ! w>riors1 or if ! w>riors wav]$1 ! fi]ce reproa*es ( ! wom5 drove !m back to ! fight4 ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,g]mans4 ,we rememb] ! religion ( ! ,g]mans because f\r days ( ! week are nam$ = _! gods or ! gods ( _! neighbors across ! ,baltic4 ,_! pr9cipal god 0 ,wodan1 or ,od91 god ( ! sun & ! tempe/4 ,wodan's day is ,w$nesday4 ,?ursday is nam$ = ,?or1 ! ,nor?m5's god ( ?und]4 ,! god ( w>1 ,tiw1 gave a "n to ,tuesday1 & ,frigu1 ! goddess ( love1 to ,friday4 ,! ,g]man1 l 8 nor!rn neighbors1 ?\ght ( heav5 z ! place :]e brave w>riors :o _h di$ 9 battle sp5t _! days 9 fea/+4 ,,julius ,,caes>4 ,julius ,caes> 0 ! great ,roman g5]al :o conqu]$ ! ,gauls & l$ ! fir/ exp$itions across ! ,rh9e into ,g]many & ov] ! ,*annel into ,brita94 ,he 0 a weal?y noble :o1 l o!r nobles1 held "o (fice aft] ano!r until he became consul4 ,he 0 also a great political lead]1 & ) two o!r m5 controll$ ,rome4 ,we %\ld call !m bosses1 b ! ,romans call$ !m triumvirs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,julius ,,caes> ,aft] ! bu/ 9 ! ,museum at ,naples ,,caes> ,,9 ,,gaul4 ,z soon z ,caes> became gov]nor ( ! prov9ce ( s\!rn ,gaul1 he %[$ t he 0 a skilful g5]al z well z a successful politician4 ,he int]f]$ 9 ! w>s betwe5 ! ,gauls1 tak+ sides ) ! fri5ds ( ! ,romans4 ,:5 a l>ge army ( ,g]mans ent]$ ,gaul1 he defeat$ x & drove x back across ! ,rh9e4 ,"o w> l$ to ano!r until all ! tribes f ! c\ntry n[ call$ ,belgium to ! ,m$it]ranean coa/ pr(ess$ to be fri5ds ( ! ,roman p4 ,8 campaigns la/$ f #eh ,b4,c4 = n9e ye>s4 ,two or ?ree times ,caes> 0 v close to ru91 b by 8 c\rage & en]gy he always succe$$ 9 ga9+ ! victory4 ,,v]c+etorix1 ,,gallic ,,h]o4 ,! great h]o ( ! ,gauls 9 _! /ruggle ) ! ,romans 0 ,v]c+etorix4 ,he 0 a "y noble :o liv$ 9 a m\nta9 t[n ( c5tral ,gaul4 ,8 fa!r _h be5 kill$ 9 an attempt to make himself k+ ( 8 native city4 ,v]c+etorix believ$ t if ! ,gauls did n unite aga9/ ! ,romans !y w\ld soon see _! l&s become ,roman prov9ces4 ,z he knew 8 army 0 no mat* = ! ,romans 9 op5 fight1 he p]suad$ ! ,gauls to try to />ve ! ,romans out ( ! c\ntry4 ,he plann$ to de/roy all village /ores ( gra91 & to cut (f ! small] b&s ( soldi]s :i* w&]$ f ! ma9 army 9 se>* ( food4 ,,caes> ,,& ,,v]c+etorix4 ,v]c+etorix f\nd ! "w ( conqu]+ ,caes> 9 ?is way too difficult4 ,he 0 f9ally driv5 to take refuge 9 ,alesia1 on a hilltop 9 ea/]n ,gaul4 ,"h ! ,romans prep>$ to />ve him into surr5d]4 ,!y dug miles ( deep tr5*es ab\t ! =tress s t ! imprison$ ,gauls c\ld n break ?r\gh4 ,!y dug o!r tr5*es to protect !mselves f ! attacks ( a great army ( ,gauls :i* came to rescue ,v]c+etorix4 ,^! tr5*es 7 fifte5 or tw5ty feet wide2 !y 7 /r5g!n$ by palisades & ramp>ts1 & fill$ ) wat] :]e ?is 0 possible4 ,sev]al times ! ,gauls ne>ly succe$$ 9 break+ ?r\gh1 b ! quickness & /ubborn c\rage ( ,caes> always sav$ ! day4 ,,dea? ,,( ,,v]c+etorix4 ,v]c+etorix n[ prov$ t he 0 a real h]o4 ,he (f]$ to give himself up to ,caes>1 if ?is w\ld save ! t[n4 ,b ,caes> dem&$ ! submission ( all ! *iefs4 ,:5 !y _h laid d[n _! arms be=e ! conqu]or1 ,v]c+etorix appe>$ on a gaily decorat$ horse4 ,he rode ar\nd ! ?rone :]e ,caes> sat1 dism\nt$ 9 front1 took (f 8 armor1 & b[$ to ! gr\nd4 ,8 fate 0 h>d4 ,he 0 s5t to ,rome a prison]1 0 %[n 9 ! triumphal procession ( ! victori\s ,caes>1 & 0 !n put to dea? 9 a dungeon4 ,on ! site ( ,alesia /&s a monum5t erect$ by ! ,fr5* to ! memory ( ! brave ,gallic h]o4 ,! defeat ( ,v]c+etorix end$ ! resi/ance ( ! ,gauls1 & n _m ye>s aft]w>d _! c\ntry 0 add$ to ! long li/ ( ,roman prov9ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bridge ,,on ,,:i* ,,caes>',s ,,army ,,cross$ ,,! ,,rh9e ,,caes> ,,9 ,,g]many4 ,caes> cross$ ! ,rh9e into ,g]many on a bridge :i* 8 eng9e]s built 9 t5 days4 ,he laid wa/e ! fields ( ! tribes ne> ! riv] 9 ord] to make ! "n ( ,rome fe>$1 & !n return$ to ,gaul & de/roy$ ! bridge4 ,twice he sail$ ov] to ,brita91 ! la/ "t m>*+ a few miles nor? ( :]e ,london n[ /&s4 ,8 purpose 0 to keep ! ,britons f /irr+ up ! ,gauls to attack him4 ,o!r g5]als _m ye>s lat] conqu]$ ,brita9 z f> z ! hills ( ,scotl&4 ,,! ,,g]man ,,h]o ,,h]mann4 ,! ,romans 7 n =tunate 9 _! lat] attempts to conqu] a "p ( ,g]many4 ,:5 ,caes>'s gr&nephew ,augu/us 0 ma/] ( ,rome1 he s5t an army "u ,v>us into ! =e/s f> f ! ,rh9e4 ,h]mann1 a lead] ( ! ,g]mans1 ga!r$ ! tribes toge!r & utt]ly de/roy$ ! army ( ,v>us4 ,:5ev] ,augu/us ?\ght ( ?is dreadful disa/]1 he w\ld cry out1 ,o ,v>us1 give me back my legions6 ,! ,rh9e & ! ,danube became ! nor!rn b\nd>ies ( ! ,roman conque/s4 ,,gauls ,,& ,,britons ,,become ,,roman4 ,al?\gh ! ,gauls _h f\ght /ubbornly aga9/ ,caes> !y soon became z ,roman z ! ,italians !mselves4 ,!y ceas$ to speak _! own language & began to use ,lat94 ,!y ma/]$ ,lat9 s ?or\ghly t _! s*ools 7 sometimes reg>d$ z bett] ?an ! s*ools 9 ,italy1 & ,roman y\?s 7 s5t to ,gaul to le>n h[ be/ to speak _! own language4 ,! ,britons also became v good ,romans4 ,ev5 ! ,g]mans frequ5tly cross$ ! ,rh9e & enli/$ 9 ! ,roman armies4 ,:5 !y return$ to _! own c\ntry !y c>ri$ ,roman ideas & cu/oms ) !m4 ,,! ,,int]e/ ,,( ,,am]icans ,,9 ,,roman ,,successes4 ,= ,am]icans ! influ5ce ! ,romans ex]t$ 9 ,spa91 ,gaul1 ,g]many1 & ,brita9 is m important ?an _! "w 9 ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean1 because f ^? c\ntries came ! e>ly settl]s ( ,am]ica4 ,! civilization :i* ! ,romans taught ! peoples ( we/]n ,europe 0 to become a valuable "p ( ! civilization ( our =efa!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,roman ,,empire ,,at ,,its ,,greate/ ,,ext5t ,,9 #cie ,a4,d4 ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,_w4 ,we may realize h[ l>ge ! _w ( ! ,romans 0 by obs]v+ on a mod]n map t )9 its limits lay mod]n ,engl&1 ,france1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 ! s\!rn "p ( ,au/ria-,hung>y1 ,italy1 ,bulg>ia1 ,greece1 ! ,turki% ,empire bo? 9 ,europe & ,asia1 ,egypt1 ,tripoli1 ,tunis1 ,alg]ia1 & ,morocco4 ,= a "t !y also rul$ nor? ( ! ,danube1 & ! ,rumanians boa/ t !y are desc5d$ f ,roman coloni/s4 ,! peoples 9 s\!rn ,russia 7 influ5c$ by ! ,greeks & by ! ,romans1 al?\gh ! ,romans did n try to br+ !m "u _! rule4 ,no mod]n empire has includ$ s _m important c\ntries4 ,if we comp>e ?is va/ t]ritory )1 ! scatt]$ colonies ( ! ,greeks1 we %all und]/& h[ useful x 0 t ! ,romans adopt$ mu* ( ! ,greek civilization1 = !y c\ld c>ry x to places t ! ,greeks nev] rea*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ru9s ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,gauls ,,at ,,c>nac1 ,,9 ,,brittany1 ,,france ,,que/ions #a4 ,aft] ! ,romans _h conqu]$ ! l&s ab\t ! ,m$it]ranean1 into :at o!r c\ntries did !y m>*8 #b4 ,:o once liv$ :]e ! ,fr5* n[ live8 ,tell h[ ! ,gauls liv$4 #c4 ,h[ did ! mann] ( liv+ ( ! ,g]mans diff] f t ( ! ,gauls8 ,7 ! ,britons simil> to ! ,g]mans or to ! ,gauls8 #d4 ,:at names d we get f ! names ( ! ,g]man gods8 #e4 ,:o 0 ,julius ,caes>8 ,:y did he g among ! ,gauls8 ,:at 0 ! result ( 8 w>s ) ! ,gauls8 ,tell ! /ory ( ,v]c+etorix4 #f4 ,aft] ! conque/ ( ! ,gauls1 into :at c\ntries did ,caes> g8 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,roman ,,co9 ,,) ,,! ,,head ,,( ,,julius ,,caes> #g4 ,:at 0 ! fate ( ! ,roman army 9 ,g]many 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us8 #h4 ,9 :i* ( ^! c\ntries did ! peoples become mu* l ! ,romans8 #i4 ,:y h ,am]icans a special int]e/ 9 ! ,roman conque/ ( ,gaul & ,brita98 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,caes> & ,alex&] 7 two ( ! greate/ g5]als :o ev] liv$4 ,h[ _m ye>s aft] ,alex&] di$ did ,caes> beg9 8 w>s 9 ,gaul8 ,:at diff]5ce 0 !re betwe5 :at ^! two g5]als did8 ,^: "w is ! m important = u8 #b4 ,plan a l>ge map ( ! ,graeco-,roman _w1 pa/+ on ea* c\ntry a picture ( "s int]e/+ ,greek or ,roman ru94 ,?is w take a long "t1 b _m pictures may be f\nd 9 adv]tis+ fold]s ( /eam%ip l9es & t\ri/ ag5cies4 ,,review 7,*apt]s ,,iv1 ,v1 ,,vi1 & ,,vii7 ,h[ ! ,graeco-,roman _w 0 built up3 #a4 ,! ,greeks drive back ! ,p]sians4 #b4 ,! ,greeks settle 9 _m places on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ,black ,seas4 #c4 ,alex&] conqu]s ! c\ntries ab\t ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean4 #d4 ,! ,romans conqu] ! ,greeks 9 ,italy1 b le>n _! ways ( liv+4 #e4 ,! ,romans conqu] ! ,c>?ag9ians & seize _! colonies4 #f4 ,! ,romans conqu] all ! l&s ar\nd ! ,m$it]ranean4 #g4 ,! ,romans conqu] ,gaul & ,brita94 ,important dates 9 ?is "w ( build+ a ,graeco-,roman _w3 ,battle ( ,m>a?on1 #dij ,b4,c4 ,"w ( ,alex&] end$1 #cbc ,b4,c4 ,romans become ma/]s ( ,italy1 #bge ,b4,c4 ,romans conqu] ,hannibal1 #bjb ,b4,c4 ,caes>'s conque/ ( ,gaul complete1 #di ,b4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,roman ,,f>m]',s ,,cal5d> ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,civilization ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,_w ,,/rife ,,at ,,rome4 ,:ile ! ,romans 7 conqu]+ ! anci5t _w !y _h begun to qu>rel among !mselves4 ,c]ta9 m5 resolv$ t ,rome %\ld n be manag$ any long] by ! noble s5ators = _! own b5efit or = ! b5efit ( ri* contractors & m]*ants4 ,!y wi%$ to h ! idle cr[ds ( m5 :o pack$ ! %[s & circuses settl$ z free f>m]s on ! unus$ l&s ( ,italy4 ,among ^! new lead]s 7 two bro!rs1 ,tib]ius & ,caius ,grac*us1 sons ( "o ( ,rome's noble/ families4 ,! o!r nobles look$ ^u !m ) hatr$ & kill$ !m1 fir/ ,tib]ius & aft]w>d ,caius4 ,^! murd]s did n end ! tr\ble4 ,! lead]s on bo? sides arm$ _! foll[]s1 & bloody battles 7 f\ght 9 ! /reets4 ,g5]als l$ _! armies to ,rome1 al?\gh1 accord+ to ! laws1 to br+ an army into ,italy s\? ( ! ,rubicon ,riv] 0 to make w> on ! republic & be guilty ( treason4 ,once 9 ! city ^! g5]als put to dea? hundr$s ( _! enemies4 ,,caes> ,,rules ,,rome4 ,! /rife 9 ! city _h ceas$ = a "t :5 ,pompey1 a fam\s g5]al1 :o _h once %>$ p[] ) ,caes> z a triumvir1 jo9$ ! s5ators 9 plann+ 8 ru94 ,caes> l$ 8 army into ,italy to ! bord]s ( ! ,rubicon4 ,exclaim+1 ,! die is ca/1' he cross$ ! sacr$ b\nd>y & m>*$ /raight to ,rome4 ,pompey & 8 p>ty fl$1 & civil w> divid$ ! ,roman _w into ^? :o foll[$ ,caes> & ^? :o foll[$ ,pompey1 ,caes> 0 ev]y:]e victori\s1 9 ,italy1 ,africa1 ,spa91 & ! ,ea/4 ,he br\ght back ord] into ! gov]nm5t ( ! city & ( ! prov9ces1 b 9 ! ye> #dd ,b4,c4 he 0 murd]$ 9 ! s5ate-h\se by sev]al s5ators1 "o ( :om1 ,m>cus ,brutus1 _h be5 8 fri5d4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,title ,,emp]or4 ,caes> _h n be5 call$ emp]or1 ?\gh ! *ief p[] _h be5 84 ,"o ( 8 titles 0 imp]ator1 or comm&] ( ! army1 a ^w f :i* our ^w emp]or comes4 ,he 0 really ! fir/ emp]or ( ,rome4 ,9 lat] times ! v ^w ,caes> became an imp]ial title1 n only 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 b also 9 mod]n ,g]many1 = ,kais] is ano!r =m ( ! ^w ,caes>4 ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,! ,,empire4 ,caes>'s successor 0 8 gr&nephew ,octavius1 usually call$ ,augu/us1 :i* 0 "o ( 8 titles4 ,augu/us c>ri$ out _m ( ,caes>'s plans = improv+ ! gov]nm5t 9 ,rome & 9 ! prov9ces4 ,! p 9 ! prov9ces 7 no long] robb$ by ,roman (fic]s4 ,_m ( !m became ,roman citiz5s4 ,aft] a "t all *ildr5 born )9 ! empire 7 consid]$ ,romans1 j z if !y _h be5 born 9 ,rome4 ,,! ,,roman ,,empire4 ,! ,roman ,empire c>ri$ on ! "w :i* ! republic _h begun4 ,x did "s ?+s bett] ?an ! republic _h done !m4 ,)9 its fronti]s !re 0 peace = two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,_m p _h an opportunity to %>e 9 all ! be/ t ! ,greeks & ,romans _h le>n$4 ,un=tunately ! peoples imitat$ ! bad z well z ! good4 ,,roman ,,roads4 ,z build]s ! ,romans taught mu* to ^? :o liv$ aft] !m4 ,_! great roads lead+ out f ,rome h nev] be5 excell$4 ,9 ,gaul ^! roads s]v$1 c5turies lat]1 to m>k out ! pres5t ,fr5* sy/em ( highroads & %[$ _m a r\te to ! build]s ( railroads4 ,!y 7 made s solid t p>ts ( !m /ill rema9 aft] two ?\s& ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,augu/us ,caes> ,aft] ! /atue 9 ! ,vatican ,,h[ ,,^! ,,roads ,,7 ,,built4 ,9 plann+ _! roads ! ,romans did n hesitate be=e ob/acles l hills or deep valleys or m>%y l&s4 ,!y (t5 pi]c$ ! hills ) tunnels & bridg$ ! valleys or swamps4 ,9 build+ a road !y dug a tr5* ab\t fifte5 feet wide & p\nd$ ! e>? at ! bottom until x 0 h>d4 ,^u ?is bottom 0 plac$ a lay] ( r\gh /ones1 ov] :i* 7 put n9e in*es ( brok5 /one mix$ ) lime to =m a sort ( concrete4 ,?is 0 cov]$ by a lay] six in*es deep ( brok5 bricks or brok5 tiles1 :i* :5 p\nd$ d[n (f]$ a h>d1 smoo? surface4 ,on ! top 7 laid l>ge pav+ /ones c>efully fitt$ s t !re ne$ be no j> :5 a wagon roll$ ov] ! road4 ,su* roads 7 necess>y = ! trad]s :o pass$ to & fro ?r\gh\t ! empire1 b especially = troops or gov]nm5t mess5g]s s5t ) all spe$ to regions :]e !re 0 dang] ( revolt or :]e ! fronti]s 7 ?reat5$ by ! b>b>ians4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cross-,,section ,,( ,a ,,roman ,,road ,,aqu$ucts4 ,next to _! roads ! mo/ rem>kable ,roman /ructures 7 ! aqu$ucts :i* br\ght wat] to ! city f riv]s or spr+s1 "s ( !m _m miles away4 ,_h !y kn[n1 z we d1 h[ to make heavy iron pipes1 _! aqu$ucts w\ld h be5 laid und]gr\nd1 except :]e !y cross$ deep valleys4 ,! lead pipes :i* !y us$ 7 n /rong en\gh to endure ! =ce ( a great quantity ( wat]1 & s :5 ! aqu$ucts rea*$ ! edge ( ! pla9 :i* /ret*es f ! ea/]n hills to ! walls ( ,rome1 ! /reams ( fl[+ wat] 7 c>ri$ 9 /one *annels re/+ ^u ar*es :i* sometimes rea*$ ! height ( ov] n9ety feet4 ,,! ,,claudian ,,aqu$uct4 ,! ,claudian aqu$uct1 :i* is ! mo/ magnific5t ev] built1 is c>ri$ on su* ar*es = ab\t sev5 miles & a half4 ,al?\gh brok5 9 _m places1 & ?\gh ! wat] has n fl[$ ?r\gh its l(ty *annels = sixte5 hundr$ ye>s1 x is "o ( ! gr&e/ sights 9 ! neighborhood ( ,rome4 ,if we add toge!r ! l5g?s ( ! aqu$ucts1 und]gr\nd or c>ri$ on ar*es1 :i* provid$ ,rome ) h] wat] supply1 ! total is ov] ?ree hundr$ miles4 ,!y c\ld furni% ,rome ) a hundr$ million gallons ( wat] a day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ru9s ,,( ,,! ,,claudian ,,aqu$uct ,complet$ by ! ,roman ,emp]or ,claudian 9 #eb ,a4,d4 ,! /ructure 0 ne>ly a hundr$ feet high ,,public ,,ba?s4 ,! ,romans us$ great quantities ( wat] = _! public ba?s1 :i* 7 l>ge build+s ) rooms especially made = ba?+ 9 hot or cold wat] & = plunges4 ,!y 7 also1 l ! ,greek gymnasiums1 places = ex]cise1 conv]sation1 & read+4 ,_m 7 built z monum5ts by weal?y m5 & by emp]ors4 ,a v small fee 0 *>g$ = entrance1 & ! money 0 us$ to pay = repairs & ! wages ( ^? :o manag$ ! ba?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ru9s ,,( ,,! ,,colosseum ,,two ,,fam\s ,,build+s4 ,_m ( ! ,roman temples1 porticoes1 & !at]s 7 copi$ f ,greek build+s1 b ! ,romans us$ ! ar* m ?an did ! ,greeks1 & 9 ?is ! build]s ( lat] times imitat$ !m4 ,among _! greate/ build+s 7 ! amphi!at]s1 f ! b5*es ( :i* cr[ds wat*$ gladiators fight+ "o ano!r or /ruggl+ ) wild bea/s4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! amphi!at]s 0 ! ,colosseum1 ! ru9s ( :i* /ill exi/4 ,its out] walls 7 "o hundr$ & sixty feet high4 ,9 "o direction x measur$ six hundr$ & sev5te5 feet & 9 ano!r five hundr$ & twelve4 ,!re 7 seats en\gh = =ty-five ?\s& p]sons4 ,! l[e/ seats 7 rais$ fifte5 feet above ! ar5a or c5tral space :]e m5 or wild bea/s f\ght4 ,?r\gh an arrangem5t ( und]gr\nd pipes ! ar5a c\ld be flood$ s t ! spectators might enjoy ! excitem5t ( a real naval battle4 ,ano!r great build+ 0 ! ,circus ,maximus1 built to hold ! cr[ds t wat*$ ! *>iot-races1 & at "o "t hav+ seats = two hundr$ ?\s& p]sons4 ,9 _! amusem5ts ! ,romans became m & m vulg>1 excitable1 & cruel4 ,"s equally spl5did build+s 7 us$ = bett] ?+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,pan!on ,,! ,,pan!on4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! ,pan!on1 a temple :i* 0 aft]w>d a ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,x /ill /&s1 & is n[ us$ z ! burial-place ( ! ,italian k+s4 ,! mo/ rem>kable "p ( x is ! dome1 :i* has a wid? ( a little ov] "o hundr$ & =ty-two feet4 ,no o!r dome 9 ! _w is s wide4 ,! ,romans 7 v successful 9 cov]+ l>ge spaces ) ar*$ or vault$ ceil+s4 ,all lat] build]s ( domes & ar*es are _! pupils4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ar* ,,( ,,titus ,,basilicas4 ,! ,romans _h o!r l>ge build+s call$ basilicas4 ,^! 7 porticoes or prom5ades1 ) ! space 9 ! c5t] cov]$ by a great ro(4 ,!y 7 us$ z places = public meet+s4 ,"o ( !m _h "o hundr$ & eight pill>s arrang$ 9 a d\ble r[ ar\nd ! sides & ends ( ?is c5tral space4 ,! "n basilica is ,greek & means royal4 ,"s ( ^! basilicas 7 us$ z ,*ri/ian *ur*es :5 ! ,romans accept$ ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,! c5tral space 0 !n call$ ! nave1 & ! spaces betwe5 ! columns ! aisles4 ,,triumphal ,,ar*es4 ,! ,romans built beautiful ar*es to celebrate _! victories4 ,sev]al ( ^! /ill rema91 ) s5t5ces cut into _! /one tablets tell+ ( ! triumphs ( _! build]s4 ,mod]n p h tak5 !m z models = simil> memorial ar*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,roman ,,aqu$uct ,/ill 9 good repair1 ! ,pont du ,g>d1 ne> ,nmes1 ,france ,,roman ,,law4 ,! ,romans did mu* = ! _w by _! laws4 ,!y %[$ little reg>d = ! rights ( m5 captur$ 9 w> & 7 cruel 9 _! treatm5t ( slaves1 b !y consid]$ c>efully ! rights ( free m5 & wom54 ,"u ! emp]ors ! lawy]s & judges work$ to make ! laws cle>] & fair] to all4 ,f9ally ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian1 :o rul$ at ! "t :5 ! empire 0 already half ru9$ by ! attacks ( b>b>ian enemies1 ord]$ ! lawy] ,tribonian to ga!r into a s+le code all ! /atutes & decrees4 ,^! laws la/$ long aft] ! empire 0 de/roy$1 & out ( !m grew _m ( ! laws us$ 9 ,europe to-day4 ,!y h also influ5c$ our laws 9 ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pavem5t ,,( ,a ,,roman ,,villa ,,9 ,,engl& ,une>!d n _m ye>s ago at ,aldbor\gh4 ,su* /ones laid 9 ! =m ( designs or pictures are call$ ,mosaics ,,que/ions #a4 ,9 ! political /rife at ,rome :at did ! bro!rs ,tib]ius & ,caius ,grac*us try to d8 #b4 ,:at did ,julius ,caes> d :5 a p>ty ( s5ators tri$ to ru9 him8 ,:at 0 ! result ( 8 w> ) ! o!r ,roman lead]s8 #c4 ,f :at ,roman ^w does ,emp]or come8 ,:at is ! orig9 ( ! ^w ,kais]8 ,h[ did ,caes> die8 #d4 ,:o 0 ,caes>'s successor & ! fir/ "o :o organiz$ ! ,roman ,empire8 #e4 ,:y 7 ! ,romans su* great build]s ( roads8 ,h[ 7 _! roads built8 ,d any traces ( !m /ill rema98 #f4 ,h[ did ! ,romans provide ! city ) a supply ( pure wat]8 #g4 ,:at 0 a ,roman ba?8 #h4 ,7 ! ,romans z fam\s z ! ,greeks = _! build+s8 ,"n ! l>ge/ build+s 9 ,rome4 ,:at 0 a basilica8 ,( :at use 7 basilicas to ! ,*ri/ians lat]8 #i4 ,d y rememb] ! e>lie/ =m ( ! ,roman law 7,*apt] ,v78 ,:at did ,ju/9ian d ) ! laws 9 8 day8 ,are ^! laws important to u8 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,:at emp]ors are !re n[8 ,are !y l ,caes> & ,augu/us8 #b4 ,f9d out if our roads are built z c>efully z ! ,roman roads & if !y are likely to la/ z long4 ,:at diff]5t k9ds ( roads d we h8 ,c any "o 9 ! room con/ruct a small model ( a ,roman road8 #c4 ,f9d out h[ wat] is n[ c>ri$ to cities4 ,are cities provid$ ) great public ba?s l ^? ( ! ,romans8 #d4 ,ask a libr>ian or a lawy] to %[ y a copy ( ! revis$ /atutes ( y\r /ate4 ,?is is a code some:at l ! code ( ,ju/9ian1 only n s brief4 ,illu/ration3 ,,templum ,,jovis ,,capitol9i 7,m$allion7 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,! ,,roman ,,empire ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,jews4 ,among ! cities captur$ by ! ,romans 0 ,j]usalem1 ab\t :i* clu/] s _m /ories f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,!re1 hundr$s ( ye>s be=e1 liv$ ,david1 ! %eph]d boy :o1 aft] wond]ful adv5tures1 became k+ ( 8 p4 ,!re 8 son ,solomon built a temple ( dazzl+ spl5dor4 ,among ?is p _h aris5 great prea*]s1--,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,micah1--:o decl>$ t religion did n consi/ 9 ! sacrifice ( bulls & goats1 b 9 ju/ice1 9 m]cy1 & 9 humility4 ,!y _h a g5ius = religion1 j z ! ,greeks _h a g5ius = art1 & ! ,romans a g5ius = gov]nm5t4 ,,! ,,jews ,,conqu]$ ,,by ,,! ,,romans4 ,:5 ! ,jews fir/ he>d ( ! ,romans !y admir$ ^! citiz5s ( a republic :o made & unmade k+s4 ,9 lat] ye>s !y le>n$ t ! ,romans 7 h>d ma/]s & !y fe>$ & hat$ !m4 ,! ,jewi% k+dom 0 "o ( ! la/ c\ntries along ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean :i* ! ,romans conqu]$1 b l all ! o!rs x f9ally became a ,roman prov9ce4 ,,jesus ,,( ,,naz>e?4 ,a few ye>s be=e ! ,jewi% k+dom became a ,roman prov9ce !re 0 born 9 a village ne> ,j]usalem a *ild nam$ ,jesus4 ,aft] he _h gr[n to manhood 9 ,naz>e? he ga!r$ ab\t him foll[]s or disciples :om he taught to live & act z is told 9 ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,view ,,( ,,j]usalem ,%[+ ! ,m\nt ( ,olives 9 ! di/ance ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,x 0 fir/ held by a little b& ( ,jews1 b ,paul1 a ,jew born 9 ,t>sus1 a city ( ,asia ^: inhabitants _h receiv$ ! rights ( ,roman citiz5%ip1 believ$ t ! message ( ! new religion 0 meant = all nations4 ,he taught x 9 _m cities ( ,asia ,m9or & ,greece1 & ev5 w5t z f> we/ z ,rome4 ,sev]al ( ! epi/les or lett]s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 writt5 by ,paul to *ur*es :i* he _h f\nd$ or :]e he _h taught4 ,s x happ5s t f ,pale/9e came religi\s tea*+s :i* multitudes consid] ev5 m important ?an ! art & lit]ature ( ! ,greeks or ! laws & political me?ods ( ! ,romans4 ,,:y ,,! ,,*ri/ians ,,7 ,,p]secut$4 ,! ,romans at fir/ refus$ to p]mit any "o 9 _! empire to call himself a ,*ri/ian4 ,!y dislik$ ! ,jews because ! ,jews d5i$ t ! ,roman gods 7 real gods1 ass]t+ t ^! gods 7 m]e images 9 wood & /one4 ,! ,*ri/ians did ?is also1 b 9 ! eyes ( ! ,roman rul]s ! wor/ (f5se ( ! ,*ri/ians 0 t !y appe>$ to =m a sort ( secret society & held meet+s to :i* o!r p]sons 7 n admitt$4 ,! emp]or _h =bidd5 su* societies4 ,! ,romans also dislik$ ! ,*ri/ians because ( _! refusal to jo9 9 ! public c]emonies :i* honor$ ! emp]or z if he 7 a god :o _h giv5 peace & ord] to ! _w & :o 0 able to rew>d ! good & puni% ! evil4 ,! ,*ri/ians believ$ x to be wrong to jo9 9 ! wor%ip ( an emp]or1 :e!r he 7 alive or dead4 ,,*ri/ians ,,put ,,to ,,dea?4 ,! ,romans 7 cruel 9 _! mann] ( puni%+ disob$i5ce1 & _m ,*ri/ians suff]$ dea? 9 its mo/ horrible =ms4 ,"s 7 burn$1 o!rs 7 tortur$1 o!rs 7 torn to pieces by wild animals 9 ! great amphi!at]s to satisfy ! fi]ce ,roman cr[d4 ,n]o1 ! wor/ ( ! ,roman emp]ors1 :o1 _m ?\ght1 set ,rome on fire 9 ord] t he might enjoy ! sight ( ! burn+ city1 tri$ to turn suspicion f himself by accus+ ! ,*ri/ians ( ! crime4 ,he puni%$ !m by ty+ !m to poles1 sme>+ _! bodies ) pit*1 & burn+ !m at night z tor*es4 ,,! ,,*ri/ians ,,all[$ ,,to ,,wor%ip4 ,! new religion spread rapidly f prov9ce to prov9ce 9 spite ( ^! p]secutions4 ,at fir/ ! ,*ri/ians wor%ip$ secretly1 b lat] !y v5tur$ to build *ur*es4 ,f9ally1 ?ree c5turies aft] ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 ! emp]ors promis$ t ! p]secutions %\ld cease & t ! ,*ri/ians might wor%ip undi/urb$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,view ,,( ,,con/ant9ople ,,! ,,roman ,,empire ,,becomes ,,*ri/ian ,,ab\t #cbe ,a4,d4 ,con/ant9e 0 ! fir/ emp]or to become ,*ri/ian4 ,he 0 ! "o :o made ! ,greek city ,byzantium ! capital ( ! empire & = :om x 0 r5am$ ,con/ant9ople4 ,= a "t bo? ! old ,roman religion & ! ,*ri/ian religion 7 favor$ by ! emp]ors1 b be=e ! f\r? c5tury clos$ ! old religion 0 =bidd54 ,9 lat] days wor%ip]s ( ! ,roman gods 7 mo/ly c\ntry p1 call$ 9 ,lat9 pagani1 & !re=e _! religion 0 call$ paganism4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,*ur* ,,0 ,,rul$4 ,"o ( ! reasons :y ! ,*ri/ians _h be5 successful 9 _! /ruggle ) ! ,roman emp]ors 0 t !y 7 unit$ "u wise & brave lead]s4 ,! ,*ri/ians 9 ea* l>ge city 7 rul$ by a bi%op1 & ! bi%ops ( sev]al cities 7 direct$ by an ar*bi%op4 ,9 ! we/]n "p ( ! empire ! bi%op ( ,rome1 :o 0 call$ ! pope1 0 honor$ z ! *ief ( ! bi%ops & ar*bi%ops1 & ! successor ( ! ,apo/le ,pet]4 ,9 ! ea/]n "p ! ar*bi%ops or patri>*s ( ,con/ant9ople & ,alex&ria & ,j]usalem honor$ ! pope1 b claim$ to be equal 9 au?ority ) him4 ,!re 7 also two k9ds ( cl]gy1 p>i% prie/s & monks4 ,! prie/s 7 pa/ors ( ord9>y p>i%es1 b ! monks liv$ 9 gr\ps 9 build+s call$ mona/]ies4 ,sometimes _! purpose 0 to dwell f> f ! bu/le & wrongs ( ord9>y life & give !mselves to pray] & fa/+2 sometimes !y act$ z a bro!rhood ( tea*]s 9 b>b>\s communities1 tea*+ ! p bett] me?ods ( f>m+1 & c>ry+ ! arts ( civiliz$ life beyond ! bord]s ( ! empire4 ,,que/ions #a4 ,:]e did ! ,jews live 9 ,anci5t ,times8 #b4 ,d y rememb] any ( ! /ories ( ,david8 #c4 ,:at f9ally became ( ! k+dom ov] :i* ,david rul$8 #d4 ,:at era 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w beg9s ) ! bir? ( ,jesus ,*ri/8 #e4 ,:y did ! ,romans =bid ! ,*ri/ians to wor%ip8 ,h[ did ! ,romans puni% !m8 ,h[ long aft] ! bir? ( ,*ri/ be=e ! emp]ors all[$ ! ,*ri/ians to wor%ip undi/urb$8 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,mona/]y ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,abbey ( ,sa9t-,g]ma9 des ,prs z x appe>$ 9 #acfa ) wall1 t[]s1 & moat or dit* #f4 ,:at is ! "n ( ! fir/ ,roman emp]or :o became a ,*ri/ian8 ,:at "n 0 soon giv5 to ! wor%ip]s ( ! old ,roman gods8 #g4 ,by :at titles 7 ! lead]s ( ! ,*ri/ians nam$8 ,:at two k9ds ( cl]gy 7 !re8 ,important date3 #cbe ,a4,d41 :5 ! ,roman ,empire became ,*ri/ian4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,emigrants ,a ,,?\s& ,,ye>s ,,ago ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,x 0 m ?an a ?\s& ye>s f ! "t ( ,con/ant9e to ! "t ( ,columbus4 ,?is p]iod is call$ ,m$iaeval1 or ! ,middle ,ages4 ,dur+ ^! long c5turies ! anci5t civiliz$ _w ( ! ,roman ,empire 0 mu* *ang$4 ,! ,roman or ,greek cities on ! s\!rn %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7 captur$ by ,arabs or ,moors4 ,! ,moors conqu]$ ! l>g] "p ( ,spa94 ,! ea/]n l&s ( ,pale/9e & ,asia ,m9or fell into ! h&s ( ! ,turks4 ,! ,turks1 ! ,moors1 & ! ,arabs 7 foll[]s ( ! prophet ,mohamm$1 :o di$ 9 ! ye> #fcb4 ,! ,mohamm$ans 7 enemies ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,,we/]n ,,europe4 ,! o!r "p ( ! ,european _w 0 also *ang$4 ,! c\ntries on ! %ores ( ! ,atlantic 7 n[ m important ?an ^? on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! names ( ! diff]5t c\ntries 7 *ang$4 ,in/ead ( ,gallia or ,gaul1 !re 0 ,france2 in/ead ( ,britannia1 ,engl&2 = ,hispania1 ,spa92 = ,g]mania1 ,deuts*l& or ,g]many4 ,italy1 ! c5t] ( ! old empire1 0 f9ally divid$ into sev]al /ates--city republics l ,g5oa & ,v5ice1 prov9ces rul$ by ! pope1 & o!r t]ritories rul$ by dukes1 pr9ces1 or k+s4 ,,fate ,,( ,,civilization4 ,! mo/ important "q to ask is1 ,h[ mu* ( ! mann] ( liv+ or civilization ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans did ! lat] ,europeans /ill reta98 ,! answ] is f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ?is hi/ory is also f\nd :at m5 add$ to t :i* !y _h le>n$ f ! ,greeks & ! ,romans4 ,! emigrants to ,am]ica 7 to c>ry ) !m k :i* n ev5 ! wise/ m5 ( ! anci5t _w _h possess$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wall ,,( ,,aurelian ,?is wall enclos$ ! anci5t city ( ,rome4 ,x 0 ab\t ?irte5 miles 9 circumf]5ce1 fifty-five feet high1 & _h ?ree hundr$ t[]s ,,m$iaeval ,,g]man ,,emigrants4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,middle ,ages expla9s h[ ! ,g]man peoples f :om mo/ ( our =efa!rs 7 desc5d$ began to move f ! nor!rn =e/s t[>ds ! bord]s ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,_m ?\s& m5 _h already cross$ ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube to s]ve 9 ! ,roman armies4 ,sometimes an unusually /rong & skilful w>rior w\ld be made a g5]al4 ,g]mans _h also cross$ ! ,rh9e to "w z f>m]s on ! e/ates ( ! ri* ,gallic nobles4 ,o!r ,g]mans1 call$ ,go?s1 work$ 9 ,con/ant9ople & ! cities ( ! ,ea/ z masons1 port]s1 & wat]-c>ri]s4 ,! ,romans _h own$ s _m slaves t !y _h lo/ ! habit ( "w & 7 glad to hire ^! =eign]s4 ,,/ory ,,( ,,ulfilas4 ,_m ( ! ,go?s :o liv$ nor? ( ! ,danube _h =sak5 _! old gods & become ,*ri/ians4 ,!y 7 taught by ,bi%op ,ulfilas1 once a captive among !m1 aft]w>d a mission>y4 ,he translat$ ! ,bible into ! ,go?ic language1 & ?is translation is ! mo/ anci5t specim5 ( ,g]man t we possess4 ,_m ( ! o!r ,g]man tribes le>n$ ab\t ,*ri/ianity f ! ,go?s1 & al?\gh !y might be enemies ( ! ,roman gov]nm5t1 !y 7 n enemies ( ! ,*ur*4 ,,! ,,go?s ,,invade ,,! ,,roman ,,empire4 ,! ,roman emp]ors tri$ to prev5t ! nor!rn tribes f cross+ ! fronti] 9 great numb]s1 because1 once across1 if !y did n f9d "w & food1 !y became plund]]s4 ,n _m ye>s aft] ,con/ant9e's dea?1 a million ,go?s _h pass$ ! ,danube & _h plund]$ ! c\ntry almo/ to ! walls ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,?is 0 n l ! invasion ( a regul> army1 :i* comes to fight battles & to arrange t]ms ( peace4 ,! ,go?s1 & ! ,g]mans :o soon foll[$ _! example1 mov$ z a :ole p1 ) _! wives & *ildr51 _! cattle1 & ! few h\sehold goods !y own$4 ,:]ev] !y wi%$ to settle !y dem&$ ( ! ,romans "o ?ird1 sometimes two ?irds1 ( ! l&4 ,!y soon le>n$ to be good neighbors ( ! old] inhabitants1 al?\gh at fir/ !y 7 little bett] ?an robb]s4 ,al>ic1 "o ( ! lead]s ( ! ,go?s1 l$ !m into ,italy & 9 ! ye> #daj captur$ ,rome4 ,al>ic did n injure ! build+s mu*1 & he kept 8 m5 f robb+ ! *ur*es4 ,"s ( ! o!r b>b>\s tribes :o roam$ ab\t plund]+ villages & attack+ cities did f> great] damage4 ,! ,roman gov]nm5t grew weak] & weak]1 until "o by "o ! prov9ces fell into ! h&s ( ,g]man k+s4 ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,engl&1 ,,france1 ,,& ,,g]many4 ,brita9 0 attack$ by ! ,angles & ,saxons f ! %ores ( ,g]many across ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,!y drove away ! inhabitants or made slaves ( !m & settl$ ^u ! l&s !y _h seiz$4 ,! c\ntry 0 !n call$ ,angle-l& or ,engl&1 & ! p ,anglo-,saxons or ,engli%m54 ,! ,roman prov9ces 9 ,gaul 7 gradually conqu]$ by ! ,franks f ! bord]s ( ! ,rh9e1 & !y gave ! "n ,france to ! l&4 ,at ab\t ! same "t ! o!r ,g]man tribes t _h rema9$ 9 ,g]many unit$ "u "o k+4 ,,! ,,result ,,( ,,b>b>ian ,,attacks4 ,! "p ( ! anci5t _w :i* lay ab\t ,con/ant9ople 0 less *ang$ ?an ! re/ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! walls ( ,con/ant9ople 7 high & ?ick1 & !y )/ood attack aft] attack until #adec4 ,)9 _! %elt] m5 cont9u$ to live mu* z !y _h liv$ 9 ,anci5t ,times4 ,a few delight$ to /udy ! writ+s ( ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,9 ,italy & ! o!r c\ntries ( we/]n ,europe mo/ ( ! cities 7 9 ru9s4 ,! anci5t ba?s1 amphi!at]s1 aqu$ucts1 & palaces ( ,rome crumbl$ & fell4 ,! m$iaeval ,romans also us$ huge build+s l ! ,colosseum z qu>ries ( cut /one & burn$ ! m>ble = lime4 ,?is 0 done 9 e c\ntry :]e ,roman build+s exi/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,amphi!at] ,,at ,,arles ,! amphi!at] at ,arles 9 s\!rn ,france _h a /ill /rang] =tune4 ,x 0 us$ at "o "t z a citadel1 at ano!r z a prison & gradually became ! home ( hundr$s ( ! crim9als & ! poor ( ! city4 ,e ar*way held its ne/ ( human outca/s4 ,f /one to /one !y ca/ _! rott+ beams & pla/] & burr[$ into ! v entrails ( ! enorm\s build+ to seek a secure retreat f ! pursuit ( ! (fic]s ( ! law4 ,few p]sons travel$ f ,con/ant9ople to ,italy or ,france1 & few f we/]n ,europe visit$ ,con/ant9ople4 ,! m5 ( ,italy & ,france & ,engl& did n "k h[ to read ,greek4 ,_m ( !m also ceas$ to read ! writ+s ( ! anci5t ,romans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,*ur*1 ,,cant]bury1 ,,engl& ,?is *ur* is on ! site ( a *apel built 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,its walls %[ "s ( ! bricks ( ! orig9al *apel ,,! ,,engli% ,,become ,,*ri/ians1 #eig ,a4,d4 ,*ri/ianity _h spread ?r\gh\t ! ,roman ,empire1 & x became ! religion ( all ! tribes :o f\nd$ k+doms ( _! own ^u ! ru9s ( ! ,empire4 ,! ,angles & ,saxons1 :5 !y invad$ ,brita91 7 /ill wor%ip]s ( ! gods ,wodan & ,?or4 ,!y _h nev] le>n$ f ! ,go?s ( ,ulfilas any?+ ab\t ,*ri/ianity4 ,"o day 9 ! slave m>ket at ,rome ?ree fair-hair$ boys 7 (f]$ = sale4 ,gregory1 a noble ,roman1 :o _h become a monk & 0 ! abbot ( 8 mona/]y1 happ5$ to be pass+ & ask$ :o !y 74 ,he 0 told !y 7 ,angles4 ,angels1 he cri$1 yes1 !y h faces l angels1 & %\ld become companions ( ! angels 9 heav54 ,:5 ?is good abbot became pope1 he s5t mission>ies to ,angle-l& & !y e/abli%$ !mselves at ,cant]bury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gregory ,,& ,,! ,,little ,,engli% ,,slaves ,,mission>ies ,,to ,,! ,,g]mans ,,& ,,! ,,slavs4 ,! conv]sion ( ! ,engli% help$ 9 ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity on ! ,cont95t1 = ,boniface1 an ,engli% monk1 0 ! greate/ mission>y to ! ,g]mans4 ,he won ?\s&s f ! wor%ip ( _! anci5t gods & f\nd$ _m *ur*es4 ,! ,slavs1 :o liv$ ea/ ( ! ,g]mans1 7 taught by mission>ies f ,con/ant9ople in/ead ( f ,rome4 ,,! ,,educat$ ,,m5 ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,! mission>ies & tea*]s ( ! ,*ur* _h be5 educat$ l ! old] ,romans4 ,!y read ,roman books1 & tri$ to pres]ve ! k :i* bo? ,greeks & ,romans _h ga!r$4 ,influ5c$ by !m1 ! emigrants & conqu]ors f ! nor? also tri$ to be l ! ,romans4 ,educat$ m51 & especially ! prie/s ( ! ,*ur*1 us$ ,lat9 z _! language4 ,9 ?is way "s p>ts ( ! old ,roman & ,greek civilization 7 pres]v$1 al?\gh ! ,roman gov]nm5t _h fall5 & _m beautiful cities 7 m]e heaps ( ru9s4 ,,! ,,vik+s4 ,! emigration ( :ole peoples f "o "p ( ,europe to ano!r did n /op :5 ! ,roman ,empire 0 ov]run4 ,new peoples appe>$ & s\ght to plund] or cr[d out ! tribes :i* _h already settl$ )9 its b\nd>ies & 7 le>n+ ! ways ( civilization4 ,"o ( ^! peoples came f ! regions n[ kn[n z ,norway1 ,sw$51 & ,d5m>k4 ,!y 7 call$ ,danes by ! ,engli%1 & ,nor?m5 or ,normans by o!r ,europeans4 ,!y _h ano!r "n1 ,vik+s1 :i* 0 _! ^w = sea-rov]s4 ,x 0 _! cu/om to sail ! seas & riv]s r ?an m>* on ! l&4 ,!y 7 a h>dy & d>+ p1 :o lik$ no?+ bett] ?an to fight & conqu] & rob 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,!re 0 n a l& 9 we/]n ,europe1 ev5 z f> s\? z ,sicily1 t !y did n visit4 ,:]ev] !y w5t !y plund]$ & burn$ & murd]$1 leav+ a black5$ trail4 ,,! ,,danes ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,! ,danes ravag$ ! ea/]n & s\!rn %ores ( ,engl&1 & aft] !y 7 tir$ ( robb]y1 p>tly because !re 0 little left to take1 !y began to settle 9 ! l&4 ,alfr$1 ! greate/ ( ! e>ly ,engli% k+s1 0 driv5 by !m into ! swamps = a :ile1 b 9 ! ye> #hgh ,a4,d4 he conqu]$ an army ( !m 9 battle & p]suad$ "o ( _! k+s to be baptiz$ z a ,*ri/ian4 ,alfr$ 0 oblig$ to all[ !m to keep ! ea/]n portion ( ,engl&1 a region call$ ,danelaw1 because ! law ( ! ,danes 0 obey$ !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,vik+ ,,%ip ,,at ,,sea ,,! ,,danes ,,become ,,normans4 ,no m ,danes or ,nor?m5 came to tr\ble ,engl& = a "t1 b in/ead !y cross$ ! ,*annel to ,france & r[$ up ! ,se9e & tri$ to capture ,p>is4 ,a few ye>s lat] a ,franki% k+ gave !m ! city ( ,r\51 fur!r d[n ! ,se9e1 & ! region ab\t x :i* 0 call$ ,norm&y4 ,^! ,normans also accept$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,,! ,,vik+s ,,become ,,discov]]s4 ,be=e ano!r hundr$ ye>s _h pass$ ! ,nor?m5 p]=m$ a feat m difficult ?an sail+ up riv]s & burn+ t[ns4 ,!y 7 ! fir/ to v5ture f> out ( sight ( l&1 ?\gh _! %ips 7 no l>g] ?an our fi%+ boats4 ,^! bold sailors visit$ ! ,orkney & ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 nor? ( ,scotl&1 & f9ally rea*$ ,icel&4 ,9 ,icel& _! %eep & cattle fl\ri%$1 & a lively trade 9 fi%1 oil1 butt]1 & sk9s sprang up ) ! old homel& & ) ! ,briti% isl&s4 ,be=e long "o ( ! settl]s1 nam$ ,eric ! ,r$1 l$ a colony to ,gre5l&1 ! l>g] & m desolate isl& fur!r we/4 ,he call$ x ,gre5l& because1 he said1 m5 w\ld be m easily p]suad$ to g !re if ! l& _h a good "n4 ,?is 0 probably 9 ! ye> #ihe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,leif ,,ericson ,f ! /atue 9 ,bo/on ,,discov]y ,,( ,,v9l&4 ,eric _h a son1 call$ ,leif ,ericson1 or ,leif ! ,lucky1 :o visit$ ,norway & 0 well receiv$ at ! c\rt ( ,k+ ,olaf4 ,n long be=e mission>ies _h p]suad$ ,olaf & 8 p to give up _! old gods & accept ,*ri/ianity1 & ,leif foll[$ _! example4 ,leif set out 9 ! e>ly summ] ( ! ye> #ajjj to c>ry ! new religion to 8 fa!r1 ,eric ! ,r$1 to 8 fa!r's p1 & to 8 neighbors4 ,! voyage 0 a long "o1 la/+ all ! summ]1 = on ! way 8 %ip 0 driv5 out ( its c\rse & came ^u /range l&s :]e wild rice & grape-v9es & l>ge trees grew4 ,! mild] climate & /ories ( l>ge trees useful = build+ %ips ar\s$ ! curiosity ( ! ,gre5l&]s4 ,!y s5t explor+ exp$itions1 & f\nd ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica at places :i* !y call$ ,hellul&1 t is1 ! l& ( flat /ones2 ,m>kl&1 ! l& ( =e/s2 & ,v9l&1 :]e ! grape-v9es gr[4 ,hellul& 0 probably on ! coa/ ( ,labrador1 ,m>kl& some:]e on ! %ores ( ,newf\ndl&1 & ,v9l& 9 ,nova ,scotia4 ,,! ,,settlem5t ,,9 ,,v9l&4 ,?ornf9n ,k>lsefni1 a successful trad] betwe5 ,icel& & ,gre5l&1 attempt$ to plant a colony 9 ! new l&s4 ,k>lsefni & 8 fri5ds1 to ! numb] ( "o hundr$ & sixty m5 & sev]al wom51 set out 9 #ajjg ) ?ree or f\r %ips1 load$ ) supplies & _m cattle4 ,!y built huts & rema9$ ?ree or f\r w9t]s 9 ,v9l&1 b all trace ( any settlem5t disappe>$ long ago4 ,!y f\nd1 _! /ories tell u1 sw>?y1 r\gh-look+ ,indians1 ) co>se hair1 l>ge eyes1 & broad *eeks1 ) :om !y trad$ r$ clo? = furs4 ,tr\ble broke out betwe5 ! ,nor?m5 & ! ,indians1 :o outnumb]$ !m4 ,s _m ,nor?m5 7 kill$ t ! survivors became al>m$ & return$ to ,gre5l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,discov]ies ,,( ,,! ,,nor?m5 ,! ,am]ican l&s !y f\nd are m>k$ ) diagonal l9es ,,v9l& ,,=gott54 ,! voyages to ,v9l& soon ceas$ & ! discov]ies ( ,leif & 8 foll[]s 7 only rememb]$ 9 ! songs or sagas ( ! p4 ,!y ?\ght ( ,v9l& ma9ly z a l& ( flat /ones1 great trees1 & fi]ce natives4 ,nor did ! wise m5 ( ,europe :o he>d ! ,nor?m5's /ory guess t a ,new ,_w _h be5 discov]$4 ,x 0 probably =tunate t five hundr$ ye>s 7 to g by be=e ,europeans settl$ 9 ,am]ica1 = )9 t "t !y 7 to le>n a great deal & to f9d aga9 _m ?+s :i* ! ,romans _h left b :i* 9 ! ye> #ajjj 7 hidd5 away1 ei!r 9 ! ru9s ( ! anci5t cities or 9 libr>ies & treasure-h\ses1 :]e few knew ( !m4 ,! m ,europeans possess$ be=e !y set out1 ! m ,am]icans w\ld h to />t )4 ,illu/ration3 ,,facsimile ,,( ,a ,,bit ,,( ,,an ,,old ,,saga ,,manuscript ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at is meant by ! ,middle ,ages or ! ,m$iaeval p]iod8 #b4 ,%[ on ! map1 :at "p ( ! ,roman ,empire 0 conqu]$ by ! ,mohamm$ans4 #c4 ,m5tion ! ,roman names ( ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,spa91 ,:y 7 !y *ang$ to :at !y are n[8 #d4 ,:at p e>ly 9 ! ,middle ,ages began to emigrate f _! homes to ! ,roman ,empire8 ,:at did !y d = a liv+8 #e4 ,:]e did ! ,go?s live8 ,:o taught !m ! ,*ri/ian religion8 ,:5 ! ,go?s ent]$ ! ,roman ,empire :at did !y ask ( ! inhabitants8 ,did !y de/roy mu*8 ,h[ _m ye>s sep>at$ ! capture ( ,rome by ,al>ic f its capture by ! ,gauls8 #f4 ,:at tribes conqu]$ ,engl& or ,brita98 ,:at tribes conqu]$ ,roman ,gaul or ,france8 ,h[ long be=e ,con/ant9ople 0 captur$8 #g4 ,:at 0 ! effect ( ^! raids & w>s ^u _m cities8 ,:o tri$ to keep fre% ! memory ( :at ! ,greeks & ! ,romans _h done8 ,:o us$ ! language ( ! ,romans8 #h4 ,tell ! /ory ( ! way ! ,engli% became ,*ri/ians4 ,:o taught ! ,*ri/ian religion to _m ,g]mans8 ,f :at city did ! ,slavs receive mission>ies8 #i4 ,:at diff]5t names are giv5 to ! inhabitants ( ,d5m>k1 ,norway1 & ,sw$5 :o became rov]s ov] ! seas8 ,:]e did !y make settlem5ts8 #aj4 ,tell ! /ory ( h[ ,leif ! ,lucky discov]$ ,am]ica4 ,:y did ! ,nor?m5 leave ,v9l&8 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,po9t out on ! map all ! places m5tion$ 9 ?is *apt]4 #b4 ,on an outl9e map m>k ! names ( ! peoples m5tion$ 9 ! *apt] on ! c\ntries :]e !y settl$4 #c4 ,ask *ildr5 9 s*ool :o "k "s o!r language ?an ,engli% :at are _! names = ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,spa91 & ,italy4 ,important dates3 ,al>ic's capture ( ,rome1 #daj ,a4,d4 ,discov]y ( ,am]ica by ! ,nor?m51 #ajjj ,a4,d4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,h[ ,,engli%m5 ,,le>n$ ,,to ,,gov]n ,,!mselves ,,h]oes ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,! ,middle ,ages1 l ,anci5t ,times1 are recall$ by _m int]e/+ tales4 ,"s ( !m1 su* z ! /ories ( ,k+ ,ar?ur & 8 ,knights1 ! /ory ( ,rol&1 & ! ,song ( ! ,niebelungs1 are only tales & n hi/ory4 ,o!rs tell u ab\t great k+s1 ,*>lemagne & ,/4 ,l\is ( ,france1 ,fr$]ick ! ,r$be>d ( ,g]many1 or ,/4 ,/eph5 ( ,hung>y4 ,! h]o-k+ = ,engl& 0 ,alfr$1 :o f\ght bravely aga9/ ! pirate ,danes & f9ally conqu]$ & p]suad$ _m ( !m to live quietly "u 8 rule4 ,,k+ ,,alfr$ ,,began ,,to ,,reign ,,9 #hga4 ,k+ ,alfr$ 0 a skilful w>rior1 b he 0 also an excell5t rul] 9 "t ( peace4 ,:5 he 0 a boy he _h %[n 8 love ( books4 ,8 "m once (f]$ a beautifully writt5 ,saxon poem z a prize to ! "o ( h] sons :o %\ld be ! fir/ to le>n x4 ,alfr$ c\ld n yet read1 b he _h a ready memory1 & ) ! aid ( 8 tea*] he le>n$ ! poem & won ! prize4 ,at t "t almo/ all books 7 writt5 9 ,lat9 & few ev5 ( ! cl]gy c\ld read4 ,dur+ ! long w>s ) ! ,danes _m books _h be5 de/roy$4 ,m5 f\nd battle-axes m useful ?an books & ceas$ to c>e ab\t read+4 ,k+ ,alfr$ fe>$ t ! ,saxons w\ld soon become ignorant b>b>ians1 & s5t = prie/s & monks :o 7 le>n$ & 7 able to tea* 8 cl]gy4 ,he s5t ev5 into ,france = su* m54 ,,e>ly ,,engli% ,,books4 ,z x w\ld be easi] = p to le>n to read books writt5 9 ! language !y spoke r ?an 9 ,lat91 ,alfr$ help$ to translate sev]al fam\s ,lat9 books into ,engli%4 ,among ^! 0 a hi/ory writt5 by a ,roman be=e ! ,g]mans _h ov]?r[n ! ,roman ,empire4 ,?is hi/ory told ab\t ! _w ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans4 ,alfr$ comm&$ "s ( 8 cl]gy to keep a record f ye> to ye> ( ?+s :i* happ5$ 9 8 k+dom4 ,?is record 0 call$ ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle1 & 0 ! fir/ hi/ory writt5 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,x 0 c>efully kept = _m ye>s aft] ,alfr$'s dea?4 ,ano!r wise ?+ ,alfr$ did 0 to collect ! laws or dooms ( ! e>li] k+s1 s t e "o might "k :at ! law requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,extract ,,f ,,! ,,saxon ,,*ronicle ,f a copy 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,a ,,navy4 ,alfr$ has be5 call$ ! creator ( ! ,engli% navy4 ,he ?\ght t ! only way to keep ! ,danes f plund]+ 8 %ores 0 to fight !m on ! sea4 ,he built sev]al %ips :i* 7 bigg] ?an ! ,dani% %ips1 b !y 7 n always victori\s1 = !y c\ld n foll[ ! ,dani% %ips into %all[ wat]4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,danes c\ld n plund] ,engl& z easily z be=e4 ,,! ,,new ,,army4 ,alfr$ organiz$ 8 fight+ m5 9 a bett] way4 ,9 times pa/ ! m5 _h be5 call$ ^u to fight only :5 ! ,danes 7 ne>1 b n[ he kept a ?ird ( 8 m5 ready all ! "t1 & ano!r ?ird he plac$ 9 =ts1 s ! re/ 7 able to "w 9 ! fields 9 safety4 ,!re are good reasons :y ,engli%m5 reg>d ,alfr$ z a h]o4 ,,william ,,! ,,conqu]or ,,began ,,to ,,rule ,,engl& ,,9 #ajff4 ,ab\t a hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft] ,alfr$ di$1 ,william1 duke ( ,norm&y1 cross$ ! ,*annel ) an army1 kill$ ! ,engli% k+ 9 battle1 & seiz$ ! ?rone4 ,?is 0 n altoge!r a mis=tune to ! ,engli%1 = !y came "u ! same rul] z ! ,normans & !y %>$ 9 all t ! m5 ( ! ,cont95t 7 beg9n+ to le>n4 ,= "o ?+1 build]s f ! ,cont95t taught ! ,engli% to con/ruct ! great ,norman *ur*es or ca!drals :i* e travel] 9 ,engl& sees4 ,besides1 ,william ! ,conqu]or 0 a /rong k+ & put d[n ! *iefs or lords t 7 incl9$ to oppress ! common p4 ,,h5ry ,,ii4 ,h5ry ,,ii1 "o ( ,william's successors1 rul$ ov] mo/ ( we/]n ,france z well z ov] ,engl&4 ,8 (fic]s & nobles 7 tir$ out by 8 endless travel+ 9 8 l&s1 :i* ext5d$ f ! banks ( ! riv] ,loire 9 ,france to ! bord]s ( ,scotl&4 ,all ,engli%m5 & ,am]icans %\ld rememb] him ) gratitude because ( ! improvem5ts he made 9 ! ways ( discov]+ ! tru? :5 disputes arose & 7 c>ri$ into c\rts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,normans ,,cross+ ,,! ,,engli% ,,*annel ,f ! ,bayeux ,tape/ry1 embroid]$ 9 ! "t ( ,william ! ,conqu]or4 ,! figures are work$ on a b& ( l95 two hundr$ & ?irty feet long1 & tw5ty in*es wide4 ,wor/$s ( eight colors are us$ ,,ordeals ,,& ,,trials ,,by ,,battle4 ,be=e ,h5ry's reign x 0 ! cu/om :5 a man 0 accus$ ( a crime to f9d out ! tru? by arrang+ a wag] ( battle or :at 7 call$ ordeals4 ,! two mo/ common ordeals 7 ! ordeal by fire & ! ordeal by wat]4 ,9 ! ordeal by fire an iron 0 heat$ r$-hot1 & aft] x _h be5 bless$ by a prie/ x 0 put into ! h& ( ! man ! tru? ( ^: ^w 0 be+ te/$1 & he _h to c>ry x a c]ta9 numb] ( feet4 ,8 h& 0 !n b\nd up & left = ?ree days4 ,if at ! end ( t "t ! w\nd 0 heal+1 m5 believ$ he 0 innoc5t1 = !y ?\ght ,god w\ld keep an innoc5t man f be+ puni%$4 ,9 ! ordeal by wat] ! man 0 ti$ & ?r[n into wat] :i* _h be5 bless$ by ! prie/4 ,if he 0 guilty1 ! p ?\ght ! wat] w\ld n receive him4 ,if he sank at once1 he 0 pull$ out & treat$ z if he _h told ! tru?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trial ,,by ,,battle ,aft] a draw+ 9 an old manuscript ,a wag] ( battle 0 a fight betwe5 ! two m5 ^: dispute 0 to be settl$1 or betwe5 a man & 8 accus]4 ,ea* 0 arm$ ) a hamm] or a small battle-axe1 & ! "o :o gave up lo/ 8 case4 ,,trial ,,by ,,jury4 ,k+ ,h5ry introduc$ a bett] way ( f9d+ out ! tru?4 ,he call$ ^u twelve m5 f a neighborhood to come be=e ! judges1 to promise solemnly to tell :at !y knew ab\t a matt]1 & !n to decide :i* p]son 0 9 ! "r4 ,!y 7 suppos$ to "k ab\t ! facts1 & !y 7 all[$ to talk ! matt] ov] ) "o ano!r be=e !y made a decision4 ,lat] ^! m5 f ! neighborhood 7 divid$ into two gr\ps1 "o to tell :at !y knew & ! o!r to li/5 & decide :at 0 true4 ,^? :o told :at !y knew 7 call$ ! witnesses1 & ^? :o li/5$ & decid$ 7 call$ jurors4 ,! "n jurors came f a ,lat9 ^w mean+ to take an oa?4 ,,ri*>d ,,! ,,lionhe>t$4 ,k+ ,h5ry _h two sons1 ,ri*>d & ,john4 ,ri*>d 0 ! bolde/ & mo/ skilful fight] ( 8 "t4 ,:5 ! news 0 br\ght to ,engl& t ,j]usalem _h be5 captur$ by ! ,mohamm$ans1 he l$ an army to ,pale/9e to recapture x4 ,he fail$ to take ! city1 b he became fam\s ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/ z a fe>less w>rior & 0 ev] aft]w>ds call$ ! ,lionhe>t$4 ,at 8 dea? 8 bro!r ,john became k+4 ,he 0 z c[>dly & wick$ z ,ri*>d 0 brave & g5]\s4 ,,! ,,great ,,*>t]4 ,! lead]s ( ! p1 ! nobles & ! cl]gy1 soon grew tir$ ( ,john's wick$ness4 ,9 #abae !y rais$ an army & ?reat5$ to take ! k+dom f ,john & cr[n ano!r pr9ce z k+4 ,john 0 soon ready to promise any?+ 9 ord] to obta9 p[] once m1 & ! nobles & bi%ops met him at ,runnym$e on ! riv] ,?ames1 a few miles we/ ( ,london1 & compell$ him to sign a li/ ( promises4 ,z ! li/ conta9$ sixty-?ree sep>ate promises1 x 0 call$ ! ,great ,*>t] or ,magna ,*>ta4 ,if ,john did n keep ^! promises1 ! lords & cl]gy agre$ to make w> on him1 & he ev5 said t ?is w\ld be _! duty4 ,,promises ,,( ,,! ,,*>t]4 ,_m ( ! articles ( ! ,great ,*>t] 7 important only to ! m5 ( ,k+ ,john's day1 b o!rs are z important to u z to !m4 ,9 ^! ! k+ promis$ t e "o %\ld be treat$ ju/ly4 ,he said he w\ld n refuse to li/5 to ! compla9ts ( ^? :o ?\ght !y 7 wrong$4 ,! k+ also promis$ t he w\ld n decide 9 favor ( a ri* man j because ! ri* man might (f] him money4 ,he w\ld put no "o 9 prison :o _h n be5 tri$ & f\nd guilty by a jury4 ,by ano!r important promise ! k+ said he w\ld n levy new taxes )\t ! cons5t ( ! *ief m5 ( ! k+dom4 ,?is op5$ ! way = ! p to h some?+ to say ab\t h[ _! money %\ld be sp5t4 ,?is "r is a v important "p ( :at we call self-gov]nm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,portion ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,*>t] ,,promises ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,*>t] ,,r5ew$4 ,9 aft] times :5ev] ! ,engli% ?\ght a k+ 0 do+ !m a wrong !y rem9d$ him ( ! promises made by ,k+ ,john 9 ! ,great ,*>t] & dem&$ t ! promises be solemnly r5ew$4 ,9 #abfe a great noble nam$ ,simon de ,mont=t ask$ _m t[ns to s5d a numb] ( _! *ief m5 to meet ) ! nobles & cl]gy to talk ov] ! conduct ( ! k+4 ,o!rs1 ev5 k+s1 soon foll[$ ,simon's example by ask+ ! t[nsm5 = advice ab\t matt]s ( gov]nm5t4 ,aft] a :ile ?is became ! cu/om4 ,occasionally ! k+ want$ ! advice ( ! cl]gy1 ! nobles1 & ! t[nsm5 at ! same "t & call$ !m toge!r4 ,! meet+ 0 call$ a p>liam5t1 t is1 an assembly 9 :i* talk+ or discussion goes on4 ,illu/ration3 ,p>liam5t ,h\se ,we/m9/] ,hall ,we/m9/] ,abbey--,,:]e ,,p>liam5t ,,met ,,9 ,,london ,,9 ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,,! ,,engli% ,,p>liam5t4 ,only ! mo/ important nobles or lords c\ld g 9 p]son to ! assemblies1 o!rwise ! meet+ w\ld be too l>ge to d any bus9ess4 ,! o!r lords *ose c]ta9 ones f _! numb] to g 9 place ( all ! re/4 ,we call su* m5 repres5tatives4 ,9 ?is way1 besides ! m5 :o repres5t$ ! t[ns1 !re 7 pres5t ^! nobles :o repres5t$ ! l&[n]s ( ! c\nties4 ,gradually ^! nobles & ! t[nsm5 =m$ an assembly ( _! own1 :ile ! great] lords1 ! bi%ops1 & abbots sat toge!r 9 ano!r assembly4 ,! two assemblies 7 call$ ! ,h\se ( ,commons & ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 & ! two made up ! p>liam5t4 ,,an ,,assembly ,,( ,,repres5tatives4 ,?is p>liam5t 0 a great inv5tion4 ,! ,engli% _h discov]$ a bett] way ( gov]n+ !mselves ?an ei!r ! ,greeks or ! ,romans4 ,we call x ! repres5tative sy/em4 ,if a ,roman citiz5 :o liv$ f> f ,rome want$ to take "p 9 ! elections1 he 0 oblig$ to leave 8 f>m or 8 bus9ess & travel to ,rome1 = only ! citiz5s :o 7 at ,rome c\ld h a %>e 9 mak+ ! laws4 ,x nev] occurr$ to ! ,romans t ! citiz5s outside ( ,rome c\ld s5d "s ( _! numb] z repres5tatives to ,rome4 ,! =mation ( ! ,engli% p>liam5t 0 an important /ep t[>ds :at we mean 9 ,am]ica by gov]nm5t ( ! p1 = ! p1 & by ! p4 ,,que/ions #a4 ,m5tion ! names ( h]oes or h]o-k+s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,:at /ories h y le>n$ ab\t ^! h]oes8 #b4 ,:o 0 ! h]o-k+ ( ! ,engli%8 ,h[ did he e>ly %[ 8 love ( books8 ,:at did he d to help 8 p to a k ( books8 #c4 ,h[ did he succe$ bett] ?an o!r k+s 9 driv+ back ! ,danes8 ,:y has he be5 call$ ! creator ( ! ,engli% navy8 #d4 ,:at 0 ! "n ( ! ,norman duke :o conqu]$ ! ,engli% & rul$ ov] !m8 ,did ?is conque/ h9d] or help !m8 #e4 ,:y %\ld we rememb] ,h5ry ,,ii gratefully8 ,expla9 an ordeal & a trial by battle4 ,h[ 7 ! fir/ juries =m$ & :at did !y d8 ,h[ 7 !y aft]w>ds divid$8 #f4 ,= :at 0 ,k+ ,ri*>d mo/ celebrat$8 ,:at sort ( a k+ 0 8 bro!r ,john8 #g4 ,:y 0 ! ,*>t] :i* ,john 0 =c$ to grant call$ ,great8 ,repeat "s ( its promises4 ,did ! ,engli% soon =get ^! promises8 #h4 ,:o ask$ ! t[nsm5 to s5d sev]al ( _! numb] to talk ov] affairs ) ! cl]gy & ! nobles8 ,:at 0 ?is body f9ally call$8 ,into :at two bodies 0 x divid$8 #i4 ,:at is a repres5tative sy/em8 ,:y 0 x an inv5tion8 ,:at did ! ,romans d :5 !y liv$ 9 t[ns di/ant f ,rome & want$ to take "p 9 elections or help make ! laws8 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,le>n & tell "o ( ! ,k+ ,ar?ur /ories & a "p ( ! /ory ( ! ,niebelungs4 ,f9d a /ory ab\t ,*>lemagne1 ,fr$]ick ! ,r$be>d1 ,/4 ,l\is1 or ,/4 ,/eph54 #b4 ,collect pictures ( w> vessels1 ^? ( old times & ^? ( to-day1 & expla9 _! diff]5ces4 #c4 ,f9d out h[ m5 n[adays decide :e!r an accus$ man is guilty4 #d4 ,:at is ! "n ( ! assembly 9 y\r /ate :i* makes ! laws8 ,:at assembly at ,wa%+ton makes ! laws = ! :ole c\ntry8 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,civilization ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,,:at ,,! ,,engli% ,,ow$ ,,to ,,_! ,,european ,,neighbors4 ,if ! ,engli% succe$$ bett] ?an o!r ,europeans 9 le>n+ h[ to gov]n !mselves1 "o reason 0 t ! ,*annel protect$ !m f attack1 & !y c\ld qu>rel ) _! k+ )\t runn+ mu* risk t _! enemies 9 o!r c\ntries w\ld take advantage ( ! qu>rel to seize _! l&s or attempt to conqu] !m4 ,! ,fr5* 7 n s well plac$4 ,france also 0 n unit$ l ,engl&1 & :ole di/ricts call$ c\nties or du*ies 7 almo/ indep5d5t ( ! k+1 be+ rul$ by _! c\nts & dukes4 ,9 ,france x w\ld n h be5 wise = ! p to qu>rel ) ! k+1 = he 0 _! natural protector aga9/ cruel lords4 ,g]many & ,italy 7 ev5 m divid$1 ) n only c\nties & du*ies1 b also cities ne>ly z indep5d5t z ! anci5t cities ( ,greece4 ,! ,europeans on ! ,cont95t did _m ?+s :i* ! ,engli% 7 do+1 & "s ( ^! 7 s well done t ! ,engli% 7 ready to accept ^! ,europeans z _! tea*]s4 ,! memory ( :at ! ,greeks & ! ,romans _h done rema9$ long] 9 s\!rn ,france & ,italy because s _m build+s 7 /ill /&+ :i* rem9d$ ,fr5*m5 & ,italians ( ! p :o built !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,monk ,,copy+ ,,manuscript ,,books ,,classes ,,( ,,p4 ,! p ( ,europe1 z well z ( ,engl&1 7 divid$ into two classes1 nobles & peasants4 ,! cl]gy seem$ to =m ano!r class because !re 7 s _m ( !m4 ,besides ! p>i% prie/s & ! bi%ops !re 7 ?\s&s ( monks1 :o 7 p]sons :o *ose to dwell toge!r 9 mona/]ies "u ! rule ( an abbot or a prior1 r ?an live among ord9>y p :]e m5 7 s (t5 tempt$ to d wrong or 7 s likely to be wrong$ by o!rs4 ,! monks work$ on ! f>ms ( ! mona/]ies1 or /udi$ 9 ! libr>ies1 or pray$ & fa/$4 ,= a long "t ! m5 :o knew h[ to read 7 ne>ly always monks or prie/s4 ,outside ( ! mona/]ies or ! bi%ops' h\ses !re 7 few books4 ,,! ,,nobles4 ,! nobles 7 ei!r knights1 b>ons1 c\nts1 or dukes4 ,9 ,engl& !re 7 also e>ls4 ,_m m$iaeval nobles rul$ l k+s1 b ov] a small] t]ritory4 ,!y ga9$ _! p[] because !y 7 ri* 9 l& & c\ld support _m m5 :o 7 ready to foll[ !m 9 battle1 or because 9 ! con/ant w>s !y prov$ !mselves able to keep any?+ !y took1 :e!r x 0 a hilltop or a t[n4 ,timid & peaceable p 7 (t5 glad to put !mselves "u ! protection ( su* a fight]1 :o sav$ !m f be+ robb$ by o!r fight+ nobles4 ,9 ?is way ! nobles s]v$ a good purpose until ! k+s1 :o 7 at fir/ only v successful nobles1 7 able to br+ nobles z well z peasants "u _! own rule & to compel e "o to obey ! same laws4 ,aft] ?is ! nobles became :at we call an ari/ocracy1 pr\d ( _! family hi/ory1 g5]ally liv+ 9 bett] h\ses & own+ m l& ?an _! neighbors1 b ) little p[] ov] o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,a ,,m$iaeval ,,ca/le #a4 ,! ,donjon-keep4 #b4 ,*apel4 #c4 ,/ables4 #d4 ,inn] ,c\rt4 #e4 ,out] ,c\rt4 #f4 ,outworks4 #g4 ,m\nt1 :]e ju/ice 0 execut$4 #h4 ,soldi]s' ,lodg+s ,illu/ration3 ,,pi]refonds--,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,ca/les ,,( ,,france ,,ca/les4 ,= safety1 k+s & nobles 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7 oblig$ to build /rong /one =ts or =tifi$ h\ses call$ ca/les4 ,!y 7 (t5 plac$ on a hilltop or on an isl& or 9 a spot :]e approa* to ! walls c\ld be made difficult by a broad canal1 or moat1 fill$ ) wat]4 ,at diff]5t places along ! walls 7 t[]s1 & )9 ! out] r+ ( walls a great t[]1 or keep1 :i* 0 h>d to capture ev5 aft] ! re/ ( ! ca/le _h be5 ent]$ by ! enemy4 ,^! ca/les 7 gloomy places to live 9 until1 c5turies lat]1 _! inn] walls 7 pi]c$ ) w9d[s4 ,_m are /ill /&+1 o!rs are int]e/+ heaps ( ru9s4 ,,knigh?ood4 ,! lords ( ! ca/les 7 occupi$ mo/ly 9 hunt+ or fight+4 ,!y f\ght to keep o!r lords f int]f]+ ) !m or to w9 = !mselves m l&s & p[]4 ,!y hunt$ t !y might h meat = _! tables4 ,9 lat] times1 :5 x 0 n s necess>y to kill animals = food1 !y hunt$ z a sport4 ,fight+ also ceas$ to be ! *ief occupation1 al?\gh ! nobles 7 expect$ to accompany ! k+ 9 8 w>s4 ,f boyhood ! sons ( nobles1 unless !y ent]$ ! ,*ur* z prie/s or monks1 7 taught ! art ( fight+4 ,a boy 0 s5t to ! ca/le ( ano!r "l1 :]e he s]v$ z a page1 wait+ on ! "l at table or runn+ err&s4 ,he 0 tra9$ to ride a horse boldly & to be skilful ) ! sword & ! lance4 ,:5 8 education 0 f9i%$ he 0 usually made a knight1 an ev5t :i* took place ) _m int]e/+ c]emonies4 ,! "y man ba!d1 z a sign t he 0 pure4 ,! weapons & arms = 8 use 7 bless$ by a prie/ & laid on ! alt> ( ! *ur*1 & ne> !m he knelt & pray$ all night4 ,9 ! f9al c]emony a sword 0 gird$ ^u him & he receiv$ a slight bl[ on ! neck f ! sword ( "s knight1 or p]haps ( ! k+4 ,8 armor cov]$ him f head to foot 9 metal1 & sometimes 8 horse 0 also cov]$ ) metal plates4 ,:5 he 0 fully arm$1 he 0 expect$ to %[ 8 skill to ! lords & ladies :o 7 pres5t4 ,,! ,,duties ,,( ,a ,,knight4 ,! duties ( ! knight 7 to def5d ! weak1 to protect wom5 f wrong1 to be fai?ful to 8 "l & k+1 & to be c\rte\s ev5 to an enemy4 ,a knight true to ^! duties 0 call$ *ivalr\s1 a ^w :i* means v mu* :at we mean by ! ^w g5tlemanly4 ,!re 7 _m wick$ knights1 b we mu/ n =get t ! good knights taught c\rtesy1 fai?fulness 9 keep+ promises1 respect = wom51 c\rage1 self-sacrifice1 & honor4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,knight 9 ,armor ,?irte5? c5tury ,,! ,,peasants4 ,mo/ ( ! p 7 peasants or t[nsm54 ,!re 7 few t[ns1 because _m _h be5 burn$ by ! b>b>ian tribes :i* broke into ! ,roman ,empire1 or _h be5 de/roy$ 9 ! lat] w>s4 ,! peasants 7 cr[d$ 9 villages close to ! walls ( "s ca/le or mona/]y4 ,!y paid de>ly = ! protection :i* ! "l ( ! ca/le or ! abbot ( ! mona/]y gave !m1 = !y 7 oblig$ to "w on 8 l&s ?ree days or m ea* week1 & to br+ him eggs1 *ick5s1 & a little money sev]al times a ye>4 ,!y also gave him a "p ( _! h>ve/4 ,,! ,,t[nsm54 ,at fir/ ! t[ns belong$ to lords1 or abbots1 or bi%ops1 b _m t[ns drove out _! lords & rul$ !mselves or receiv$ (fic]s f ! k+4 ,:5 !y rul$ !mselves1 _! t[ns 7 call$ communes4 ,! citiz5s agre$ t :5ev] ! t[n bell 0 rung !y w\ld ga!r toge!r4 ,any "o :o 0 abs5t 0 f9$4 ,= !m et]nal vigilance 0 ! price ( lib]ty4 ,"s ( ! belfries ( ^! m$iaeval t[ns are /ill /&+1 & rem9d ! citiz5s ( to-day ( ! /ruggles ( ! e>ly days4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,( ,,c>cassonne ,?is is an anci5t city 9 ,france f\nd$ by ! ,romans ,! m5 ( ea* occupation or trade 7 organiz$ into societies or guilds1 ) ma/]s1 j\rneym51 & appr5tices4 ,!re 7 guilds ( goldsmi?s1 ironmong]s1 & fi%mong]s1 t is1 work]s 9 gold & iron & sell]s ( fi%4 ,! m]*ants also _h _! guilds4 ,9 _m t[ns no "o 0 all[$ to "w at a trade or sell m]*&ise :o 0 n a memb] ( a guild4 ,,old ,,cities ,,:i* ,,/ill ,,exi/4 ,_m ( ! t[ns :i* grew up 9 ! ,middle ,ages are n[ ! great cities ( ,engl& & ,europe4 ,_! citiz5s c look back a ?\s& ye>s & m ov] ! hi/ory ( _! city1 c po9t to *ur*es1 to t[n halls1 & sometimes to private h\ses1 t h /ood all ?is "t4 ,!y c (t5 %[ ! rema9s ( m$iaeval walls or broad /reets :]e once ^! walls /ood1 & ! moats t surr\nd$ !m4 ,! travel] 9 ,york or ,london1 9 ,p>is1 9 ,nuremburg1 9 ,flor5ce1 or 9 ,rome eag]ly se>*es = ! relics ab\t :i* s _m int]e/+ /ories ( ! pa/ are told4 ,,v5ice ,,& ,,g5oa4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ ( ^! old cities is ,v5ice1 built ^u l[-ly+ isl&s two miles f ! %ore ( ,italy & protect$ by a s& b> f ! wat]s ( ! ,adriatic4 ,v5ice 0 f\nd$ by m5 & wom5 :o fl$ f a ,roman city on ! ma9l& :i* 0 ru9$ by ! b>b>ians 9 ! fif? c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,9 _m places piles _h to be driv5 into ! loose s&s to furni% a f\ndation = h\ses4 ,! ,v5etians did n try to keep out ! wat] b us$ x z /reets1 & in/ead ( driv+ 9 wagons !y w5t ab\t 9 boats4 ,!y grew ri* 9 trade on ! sea1 z ! ,greeks _h done 9 ^? same wat]s hundr$s ( ye>s be=e4 ,f>!r d[n ! coa/ ( ,italy 7 ! cities ,br9disi & ,t>anto1 ! ,brundusium & ,t>5tum ( ! ,romans4 ,across ! p59sula to ! we/ 0 ano!r trad+ city call$ ,g5oa1 :i* 0 ! bir?place ( ,columbus4 ,,mod]n ,,languages4 ,:ile ! p ( m$iaeval times 7 build+ city walls & t[]s to protect !mselves !y 7 also do+ o!r ?+s4 ,almo/ )\t kn[+ x !y =m$ ! languages :i* we n[ speak & write--,engli%1 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,italian1 & ,spani%4 ,! ,engli% & ,g]man languages are closely relat$ because ! =efa!rs ( ! ,engli% emigrat$ to ,engl& f ,g]many1 tak+ _! language ) !m4 ,?is old] language 0 gradually *ang$1 b x /ill rema9$ l ,g]man4 ,dut* is ano!r language l bo? ,engli% & ,g]man4 ,!re are _m words 9 ^! languages borr[$ f o!r peoples4 ,engli%m51 because ( _! long union ) we/]n ,france1 borr[$ _m words f ! ,fr5*4 ,! ,fr5* did n inv5t ^! words1 = ! ,fr5* language grew out ( ! ,lat9 language :i* ! ,fr5* le>n$ f ! ,romans4 ,,h[ ,,mod]n ,,languages ,,7 ,,=m$4 ,9 ,engli% we h two sets ( words & phrases3 "o is us$ 9 writ+ books or spee*es1 ! o!r 9 conv]sation4 ,:5 ! ,gauls le>n$ ,lat91 ! language ( ,rome1 mo/ ( !m le>n$ ! words us$ 9 conv]sation & did n le>n ! words ( ,roman books4 ,be=e long spok5 words diff]$ s mu* f ! old] writt5 words t only s*ol>s und]/ood t ! two _h belong$ to ! same language4 ,?is new language 0 ,fr5*4 ,9 ! same way ,italian & ,spani% grew out ( ! ord9>y ,lat9 spok5 9 ,italy & ,spa94 ,:5 m5 began to write books 9 ! new languages1 ! *anges w5t on m sl[ly because ! use ( words 9 books kept ! spell+ ! same4 ,m5 wrote less 9 ,lat91 b x 0 /ill us$ 9 ! religi\s s]vices ( ! ,*ur* & 9 ! s*ools & univ]sities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v5ice ,,& ,,! ,,gr& ,,canal ,,s*ools ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages mo/ boys & girls did n g to s*ool4 ,education 0 pr9cipally = ^? :o expect$ to become prie/s or monks4 ,! s*ools 7 9 ! mona/]ies or 9 ! h\ses or palaces ( ! bi%ops4 ,! /ud5ts 7 taught a little ,lat9 gramm>1 to write or speak ,lat91 & to debate4 ,!y also le>n$ ari?metic2 en\gh a/ronomy to reckon ! days on :i* ! fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur* %\ld come2 & music1 s mu* z 0 !n kn[n ( x4 ,pr9t+ _h n be5 inv5t$1 s !re 7 no text-books = !m to /udy1 & writt5 books or manuscripts 7 too co/ly4 ,/ud5ts li/5$ to ! tea*] z he read f 8 manuscripts & copi$ ! words or tri$ to rememb] !m4 ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,univ]sities4 ,if /ud5ts rema9$ 9 ! s*ools aft] ^! ?+s _h be5 le>n$1 !y /udi$ ! laws ( ! ,romans1 or ! practise ( m$ic9e1 or ! religi\s que/ions :i* are call$ !ology4 ,"s tea*]s talk$ 9 su* an int]e/+ way ab\t su* que/ions t hundr$s ( /ud5ts came to li/54 ,l o!r k9ds ( work]s1 :o 7 organiz$ 9 societies or guilds1 ! tea*]s & /ud5ts =m$ a guild call$ a univ]sity4 ,! tea*]s 7 ! ma/]-workm51 & ! /ud5ts 7 ! appr5tices4 ,,:]e ,,! ,,/ud5ts ,,liv$4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! univ]sities _h no build+s ( _! own1 & ! tea*]s taught 9 hir$ halls1 ! /ud5ts bo>d+ :]ev] !y c\ld f9d lodg+s4 ,p>tly to help /ud5ts :o 7 too poor to pay = good lodg+s1 & p>tly to br+ ! /ud5ts "u ! direct rule ( tea*]s1 colleges 7 built4 ,^! 7 n sep>ate in/itutions l ! ,am]ican colleges1 b simply h\ses = resid5ce1 al?\gh lat] "s tea*+ 0 done 9 !m4 ,,"s ,,fam\s ,,univ]sities4 ,! olde/ univ]sity 0 9 ,bologna 9 ,italy1 & tea*]s began to expla9 ! laws ( ! ,romans to its /ud5ts eight hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is 0 call$ ! greate/ univ]sity 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,its /ud5ts numb]$ sometimes betwe5 six & sev5 ?\s&4 ,ab\t ! same "t ! ,engli% univ]sities ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge 7 =m$1 & !re1 _m ye>s lat]1 a l>ge numb] ( ! m5 :o settl$ 9 ,am]ica 7 educat$4 ,,! ,,wisdom ,,( ,,! ,,arabs4 ,/ud5ts 9 ^! univ]sities obta9$ sev]al ( ! writ+s ( ! ,greeks ?r\gh ! ,arabs1 ! foll[]s ( ,mohamm$1 :o _h conqu]$ mo/ ( ,spa94 ,long be=e ,europeans ?\ght ( f\nd+ univ]sities ! ,arabs _h fl\ri%+ s*ools & univ]sities 9 ,spa94 ,! capital ( ! ,mohamm$an ,empire 0 fir/ at ,bagdad on ! ,euphrates1 :]e once rul$ ,h>\n-al-,ras*id1 ! h]o ( ! tales ( ! ,arabian ,nights4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,( ,,new ,,college1 ,,ox=d ,built 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ,,:at ,,europeans ,,borr[$ ,,f ,,! ,,arabs4 ,! ,arabs _h le>n$ mu* ( geography & ma!matics f ! ,greeks1 & !y also f\nd out mu* = !mselves4 ,! num]als :i* we use are ,arabic2 & algebra1 "o ( our pr9cipal /udies 9 ma!matics1 0 ?\ght out by ! ,arabs4 ,_! le>n$ m5 7 deeply int]e/$ 9 ! books ( ,ari/otle1 an anci5t ,greek1 :o _h be5 a tea*] ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,!y translat$ 8 books into ,arabic1 & ,*ri/ian /ud5ts 9 ,spa9 translat$ ! ,arabic into ,lat94 ,! great s*ol>s at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is believ$ t ,ari/otle reason$ bett] ?an o!r ?9k]s1 & took z _! model ! me?ods ( reason+ f\nd 9 ?is ,lat9 translation ( an ,arabic translation ( :at ,ari/otle _h writt5 9 ,greek4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,alcaz> ,,at ,,seville ,built by ! ,moors 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,note ! elaborate decoration ( ! ,moori% ar*itecture4 ,,build]s ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,! ,greeks & ! ,romans _h be5 great build]s1 b ! m5 ( ! ,middle ,ages succe$$ 9 build+ *ur*es1 t[n halls1 & palaces or ca/les :i* equal$ 9 gr&eur & beauty ! be/ t ! anci5t build]s _h made4 ,! l>ge *ur*es or ca!drals seem wond]ful because _! build]s 7 able to place masses ( /one high 9 ! air & to cov] imm5se spaces ) beautiful vault$ ro(s4 ,build]s n[adays imitate1 b n (t51 if ev]1 equal !m4 ,=tunately ! orig9al build+s are /ill /&+ 9 _m ,engli% & ,european cities3 9 ,cant]bury1 ,durham1 & ,w9*e/]2 9 ,p>is1 ,*>tres1 & ,rheims2 9 ,cologne1 ,erfurt1 & ,/rasb\rg2 9 ,b>celona & ,tol$o2 9 ,milan1 ,v5ice1 & ,rome4 ,illu/ration3 ,,notre ,,dame ,,9 ,,p>is ,view f ! re>1 %[+ ! ar*es & buttresses ,,*ur* ,,build+4 ,! ,italians began by build+ *ur*es l ,roman basilicas4 ,roman ar*es & domes1 support$ by heavy walls1 7 also us$ nor? ( ! ,alps1 & ! me?od ( build+ 0 nam$ ,romanesque1 or 9 ,engl&1 ,norman4 ,! ar*itects or build]s ( we/]n ,france discov]$ a way ( ro(+ ov] j z l>ge spaces )\t us+ su* heavy walls1 s t ! int]ior c\ld be light$ by l>g] w9d[s4 ,in/ead ( hav+ r\nd$ ar*es !y us$ po9t$ ar*es4 ,! walls betwe5 ! w9d[s 7 /r5g!n$ by masses ( /one call$ buttresses4 ,! peak ( ! ro( ( ^! ca!drals 0 sometimes m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty feet above ! floor4 ,! glass ( ! w9d[s %[$ 9 beautiful colors sc5es f ! ,bible or f lives ( sa9t$ m5 & wom54 ,! out] walls1 especially ! we/]n front1 ! doorways & ! t[]s1 7 ri*ly c>v$ & adorn$ ) /atues1 & (t5 ) ! figures ( /range birds & bea/s :i* liv$ only 9 ! imag9ation ( ! build]s4 ,?is me?od ( build+ 0 nam$ ,go?ic1 & x 0 us$ n only = *ur*es b = t[n halls & private h\ses4 ,ar*itects use simil> me?ods ( build+ n[adays4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ca!dral ,,at ,,ami5s ,a typical ,go?ic int]ior4 ,,! ,,r5aissance4 ,m5 :o c\ld build & adorn great *ur*es & t[n halls & :o 7 eag] to /udy 9 ! new univ]sities %\ld be call$ civiliz$4 ,! b>b>\s days 7 gone1 b m5 /ill _h mu* to le>n f ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans4 ,_m ( ! anci5t build+s 7 9 ru9s1 ! /atues half buri$ or brok51 ! pa9t+s de/roy$1 & ! books lo/4 ,m5 began to se>* = :at 0 left ( ^! ?+s & to /udy !m c>efully to le>n :at ! ,graeco-,roman _w _h be5 l4 ,aft] a :ile /ud5ts c\ld ?9k ( no?+ else1 & tri$ to imitate1 if !y c\ld n surpass1 :at ! ,romans & ! ,greeks _h done4 ,! age 9 :i* m5 7 fir/ int]e/$ 9 ^! ?+s is call$ ! ,r5aissance or rebir?1 because m5 7 s unlike :at !y _h be5 t !y seem$ born aga94 ,) ! beg9n+ ( ! ,r5aissance ! ,middle ,ages came to an end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,pet]',s ,,at ,,rome ,,petr>*4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! new m5 0 ,petr>*1 an ,italian poet :o liv$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 a hundr$ ye>s be=e ,columbus4 ,he wi%$ above all ?+s to read1 copy1 & possess ! writ+s ( ! ,romans1 & especially ( ,cic]o1 an orator & writ] :o liv$ 9 ! days ( ,julius ,caes>4 ,petr>* & 8 fri5ds se>*$ = ! manuscripts ( ,roman au?ors :i* _h be5 pres]v$1 hidd5 away 9 mona/]y libr>ies4 ,! same love ( ,roman books seiz$ o!rs1 & pr9ces sp5t l>ge sums ( money 9 collect+ & copy+ anci5t writ+s4 ,at ?is "t a beg9n+ ( ! great libr>ies ( ,europe 0 made1 ,petr>* tri$ to le>n ,greek1 b c\ld f9d no "o 9 ,italy able to tea* him4 ,,greek ,,books ,,br\ght ,,aga9 ,,to ,,italy4 ,%ortly aft] ,petr>* di$ "s ,greeks came f ,con/ant9ople seek+ ! aid ( ! pope & ! k+s ( ! ,we/ 9 an attempt to drive back ! ,turks1 :o _h already cross$ into ,europe & settl$ 9 ! l&s :i* !y n[ occupy4 ,unless help %\ld be s5t to ,con/ant9ople1 ! city w\ld c]ta9ly fall into _! h&s4 ,) ^! ,greeks 0 "o ( ^? m5 :o /ill lov$ to read ! writ+s ( ! anci5t au?ors4 ,he 0 p]suad$ to rema9 a few ye>s 9 ,flor5ce & o!r ,italian cities & tea* ,greek to ! eag] ,italian s*ol>s4 ,he 0 also p]suad$ to write a gramm> ( ! ,greek language1 9 ord] t aft] he _h return$ to ,con/ant9ople o!rs might be able to cont9ue 8 tea*+4 ,collectors ( books n[ se>*$ = ,greek writ+s z eag]ly z !y _h se>*$ = ,lat9 writ+s4 ,m]*ants s5t _! ag5ts to ,con/ant9ople to buy books4 ,"o travel] & s*ol> br\ght back to ,italy ov] two hundr$4 ,soon ,italy 0 ! l& to :i* /ud5ts f ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,engl& w5t to le>n ,greek & to obta9 copies ( ,greek books4 ,x 0 =tunate t s _m books _h be5 br\ght f ,con/ant9ople1 = at la/1 9 #adec1 ! ,turks captur$ t city & no place 9 ! ,ea/ 0 left :]e ! books ( ! ,greeks 7 /udi$ z !y _h be5 at ,con/ant9ople4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice ,,9 ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,pr9t+4 ,aft] collectors ( ,greek & ,roman writ+s _h made sev]al good libr>ies1 p>tly by pur*ase1 p>tly by copy+ manuscripts belong+ to o!rs1 a great inv5tion 0 made :i* enabl$ ^! writ+s to be spread f> & wide & plac$ 9 ! h&s ( e /ud5t4 ,?is inv5tion 0 ! me?od ( pr9t+ ) movable types4 ,x is n q c]ta9 :o made ! inv5tion1 al?\gh ,john ,gut5b]g1 ( ,ma9z1 9 ,g]many1 has g5]ally be5 call$ ! inv5tor4 ,probably sev]al m5 ?\ght ( ! me?od at ab\t ! same "t1 t is1 ab\t #adej4 ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,type4 ,9 =m+ _! type ! ,g]man pr9t]s imitat$ ! lett]+ made by copyi/s ) a quill4 ,_! type is call$ ,go?ic1 & x is /ill widely us$ 9 ,g]man books4 ,! ,italian pr9t]s made _! lett]s m r\nd & simple 9 %ape1 imitat+ ! h&writ+ ( ! be/ ,italian copyi/s4 ,?is is ! ,roman type1 9 :i* _m ,european peoples1 z also ! ,engli% & ! ,am]icans1 pr9t _! books4 ,! ,italians also prep>$ a k9d ( lett]+ :i*1 because !y 7 ! inv5tors1 is nam$ italic4 ,,! ,,ald9e ,,press4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s pr9t]s ( ?is e>ly "t 0 a ,v5etian nam$ ,aldus ,manutius or ,manucci4 ,he ga!r$ ab\t him a numb] ( ,greeks & plann$ to pr9t all ! ,greek manuscripts t _h be5 discov]$4 ,?is he did 9 beautiful type1 imitat$ f ! h&writ+ ( "o ( 8 ,greek fri5ds4 ,he sold ! books = a price p] volume ab\t equal to our fifty c5ts1 s t few s*ol>s 7 too poor to buy4 ,,"s ,,e>ly ,,pr9t$ ,,books4 ,ano!r great pr9t] 0 ! ,engli%man ,william ,caxton1 :o le>n$ ! art 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,among ! books he pr9t$ 0 ,*auc]'s ,cant]bury ,tales4 ,! fir/ book pr9t$ by ,gut5b]g 0 ! ,bible 9 ,lat94 ,e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ?r\gh ! labors ( a ,dut* s*ol>1 ,erasmus1 & ( 8 pr9t]1 ! ,g]man ,frob51 ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ,greek 0 pr9t$4 ,,ar*itecture ,,& ,,sculpture4 ,! arti/s & ! ar*itects ( ?is "t began to imitate ! build+s !y f\nd or t !y une>!d4 ,!y us$ r\nd ar*es & domes m ?an ! po9t$ ar*es & vault$ ro(s ( ! ,go?ic build]s4 ,sculptors pictur$ 9 /one ! /ories ( ! ,greek & ,roman gods & h]oes4 ,/atues long buri$ 9 anci5t ru9s 7 dug up1 & great arti/s l ! ,italian ,mi*el ,angelo /udi$ !m & rival$ !m 9 ! beautiful /atues !y cut4 ,on e h& m5's m9ds 7 awak5$ by :at !y saw ( ! "w ( ! f\nd]s ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,facsimile ,,( ,,"p ,,( ,,caxton',s ,,a5eid 7,,r$uc$7 ,) ! same 9 mod]n type ,,que/ions #a4 ,:y did ! memory ( ! ,greeks & ,romans rema9 long] 9 ,france & ,italy ?an 9 ,g]many & ,engl&8 #b4 ,:at diff]5t classes ( p 7 !re 9 ! ,middle ,ages8 ,:at 0 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a p>i% prie/ & a monk8 #c4 ,h[ did ! nobles ga9 a liv+8 ,7 !y useful8 ,9 :at sorts ( h\ses did !y live8 ,describe a ca/le4 ,:at 0 ! keep8 #d4 ,h[ 7 ! sons ( nobles tra9$8 ,:at 0 a page8 ,h[ 0 a "y man made a knight8 ,:at 7 ! duties ( a knight8 #e4 ,7 ! f>m]s or peasants prosp]\s & happy 9 ! ,middle ,ages8 ,h[ did ! t[nsm5 le>n to protect !mselves8 ,:at 0 a guild8 ,:y are _m ,europeans pr\d ( _! cities8 #f4 ,:y is ,v5ice especially int]e/+8 ,:y d we rememb] ,g5oa8 #g4 ,f :at language did ,fr5*1 ,italian1 & ,spani% gr[8 ,h[ 7 ! *anges made 9 ! old language8 ,:]e did ! ,engli% get _! language8 ,0 x j l ! ,engli% we speak8 #h4 ,:at did ! boys /udy 9 ! ,middle ,ages8 ,:at did ! ^w univ]sity mean !n8 ,"n two or ?ree univ]sities f\nd$ !n :i* /ill exi/4 ,:at did ! ,arabs tea* ,*ri/ian /ud5ts8 #i4 ,:at sort ( build+s did m5 9 ! ,middle ,ages especially l to build8 ,are ^! build+s /ill /&+8 ,:y d we admire ^! great *ur*es8 #aj4 ,:at d we call ! "t :5 m5 began to /udy once m ,roman & ,greek books1 & began to imitate ! ways ( liv+ & ?9k+ common 9 ! ,graeco-,roman _w8 ,:o 0 ! fir/ ( ^! new m58 ,:]e especially did m5 se>* = ,greek books8 #aa4 ,:at inv5tion help$ m5 spread f> & wide ?is new k8 ,h[ d ! ,g]mans come to h ,go?ic type8 ,:]e d we get our ,roman & italic type8 ,:at books did ! ,v5etian pr9t] ,aldus pr9t8 ,"n a fam\s ,engli% & a fam\s ,g]man pr9t]4 #ab4 ,:at besides anci5t books did ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance l to /udy & imitate8 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,f9d out :at titles ( noblem5 are us$ n[ 9 diff]5t ,european c\ntries4 ,9 :at c\ntry are m5 (t5 knight$8 ,:y are !y knight$8 ,:at title %[s t a man is a knight8 #b4 ,collect pictures ( armor & ( ca/les1 especially ( ca/les /ill /&+4 ,collect pictures ( old t[n walls4 #c4 ,collect pictures ( ,v5ice & ,g5oa1 especially f adv]tis+ fold]s4 #d4 ,f9d ! names ( sev]al l>ge ,am]ican univ]sities4 ,d ! /ud5ts live 9 colleges z /ud5ts did 9 ! ,middle ,ages8 #e4 ,tell "o or two /ories f ! ,arabian ,nights4 ,collect pictures ( ,arabian co/umes & ( ,arabian build+s 9 ,spa91 or ,africa1 or ,asia4 #f4 ,collect pictures ( ,engli% & ,european ca!drals4 ,f9d pictures ( *ur*es 9 ,am]ica :i* resemble !m4 ,,review ,h[ anci5t civilization 0 pres]v$ #a4 ,:at ru9$ s _m anci5t cities8 #b4 ,:o tri$ to pres]ve ! memory ( :at ! ,greeks & ! ,romans _h done8 #c4 ,:at language did ! *ur*m5 cont9ue to use8 #d4 ,h[ did ! mission>ies help8 #e4 ,h[ did ,alfr$ tea* ! ,engli% "s ( ! ?+s ! ,romans _h kn[n8 #f4 ,:at did ! ,arabs tea* ! ,*ri/ians :i* ! ,greeks _h kn[n8 #g4 ,:at 0 /udi$ at ,bologna8 ,h[ did ! univ]sities help 9 pres]v+ ! anci5t k8 #h4 ,:at did ,petr>* d to f9d lo/ books8 ,:at did o!r m5 ( ,petr>*'s "t d8 #i4 ,:at help came f ! inv5tion ( pr9t+8 #aj4 ,f :at besides books did ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance le>n ab\t ! ,greeks & ! ,romans8 ,illu/ration3 ,,husb&man ,,& ,,c\ntry ,,woman ,,( ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,trad]s1 ,,travel]s1 ,,& ,,explor]s ,,9 ,,! ,,lat] ,,middle ,,ages ,,! ,,p]ils ,,( ,,trad]s4 ,!re 0 a "t 9 ! ,middle ,ages :5 m]*ants sc>cely d>$ to travel f "o t[n to ano!r = fe> ( be+ plund]$ by "s robb] "l or common ?ief4 ,if !y travel$ by sea !y might also be attack$ by robb]s4 ,"s ( ^! robb]s1 l ! ,nor?m51 came f af>1 b o!rs 7 ord9>y sailors :o put out f ne>-by ports :5 !re seem$ no?+ bett] to d4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s gradually *ang$4 ,! k+s or great lords succe$$ 9 protect+ m]*ants on l&1 & ! m]*ants arm$ vessels ( _! own to drive ! pirates f ! sea4 ,z trade grew great] ! t[ns became ri*] & /rong] & ! robb]s & pirates few]1 s t ! numb] ( m]*ant %ips increas$ rapidly & long voyages 7 attempt$4 ,,fairs4 ,at fir/ trade 0 c>ri$ on at great fairs1 held 9 places conv5i5t = ! m]*ants ( ,engl& & we/]n ,europe4 ,! fairs la/$ ab\t six weeks1 & "o fair foll[$ ano!r4 ,z soon z ! fir/ 0 ov] ! m]*ants pack$ _! unsold w>es & j\rney$ to ! next4 ,at ! fairs 7 f\nd drugs & spices1 cottons & silks f ! ,ea/1 sk9s & furs f ! ,nor?1 wool f ,engl&1 & o!r products f ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,france1 & ,spa94 ,,! ,,treasures ,,( ,,! ,,ea/4 ,m5 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7 dep5d5t = luxuries ^u ! l&s ( ,asia :i* are commonly call$ ! ,ea/4 ,by ?is "n we may mean ,p]sia1 ,arabia1 ,india1 ,*9a1 or ! ,molucca ,isl&s1 :]e ! *oice/ spices /ill gr[4 ,spices 7 a great luxury1 & 7 ne$$ to flavor ! food1 because ! mann] ( cook+ 0 poor & !re 0 little v>iety 9 ! k9ds ( food4 ,mo/ ( ! cotton clo?1 ! silks1 ! drugs1 & ! dyes 7 also procur$ f ! ,ea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trad]',s ,,c>avan ,,cross+ ,,! ,,des]t ,,r\tes ,,to ,,! ,,ea/4 ,no "o knew t x 0 possible to rea* ,asia by sail+ ar\nd ! s\!rn po9t ( ,africa or ?r\gh :at is call$ ! ,/rait ( ,magellan4 ,! products ( ! ,ea/ 7 br\ght to ,europe by sev]al r\tes1 two rea*+ ! ,m$it]ranean at ,alex&ria1 9 ,egypt1 a ?ird at ,antio*1 9 ,syria1 & a f\r? on ! s\!a/]n %ore ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,! loads 7 c>ri$ by camels 9 long c>avans across ! des]ts f ! ,r$ ,sea1 or ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 or f nor!rn ,india4 ,%ips f ! ,italian cities ( ,g5oa1 ,pisa1 & ,v5ice /ruggl$ ) "o ano!r = ! "r to br+ back ^! preci\s w>es & sell !m to ! m]*ants ( ,europe1 :o 7 ready to pay high prices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,trade ,,r\tes ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,,v5etian ,,trad]s4 ,m]*ants f ,g]many came to ,v5ice to trade ! products ( ! ,nor? = spices1 drugs1 dyes1 & silks1 :i* !y c>ri$ back across ! ,alps4 ,once a ye> ! ,v5etians s5t a fleet ( vessels we/w>d ?r\gh ! /raits ( ,gibralt> & along ! ,atlantic %ore z f> z ,bruges & ,london4 ,! voyage 0 long & dang]\s1 & ! ,v5etians trad$ 9 ports on ! way4 ,spices 9 ,bruges sold = two or ?ree times :at !y co/ 9 ,v5ice4 ,,! ,,crusades4 ,"o ev5t t br\ght to ! ,v5etians an opportunity to enri* !mselves 0 ! ,crusades4 ,! ,mohamm$ans _h long held a l>ge "p ( ,spa91 & t[>ds ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury !y ?reat5$ ,france & ,italy4 ,!y also attack$ :at 0 left ( ! ,roman ,empire 9 ! ,ea/1 & ! emp]ors s5t to ! pope & ! we/]n k+s frantic appeals = help4 ,?\s&s ( ,fr5*m51 ,g]mans1 ,engli%m51 & ,italians 7 sudd5ly seiz$ ) ! desire to g to ,pale/9e & drive ! ,mohamm$ans f ,j]usalem1 ! ,holy ,city1 & f ! tomb ( ,*ri/4 ,= ! next two c5turies l>ge armies 7 s5t !re1 sometimes ga9+ victories1 sometimes be+ defeat$ 9 battle or ov]come by disease4 ,,:at ,,! ,,v5etians ,,ga9$ ,,f ,,! ,,crusades4 ,mo/ ( ! ,crusad]s w5t to ! ,holy ,l& by sea1 & :5 !y _h no %ips ( _! own !y (t5 took passage 9 ,v5etian %ips4 ,! ,v5etians ask$ l>ge sums = ?is1 & also succe$$ 9 obta9+ all ! rights ( trade 9 _m ( ! seaports :i* 7 captur$4 ,sometimes ! ,v5etians und]took to gov]n isl&s l ,cyprus & ,crete1 or t]ritories along ! coa/s1 b _! ma9 aim 0 to increase _! trade r ?an to build up an empire4 ,,! ,,new ,,v5etian ,,%ips4 ,! ,crusad]s :o return$ to ,europe br\ght back a lik+ = ! luxuries ( ! ,ea/1 & _! tales made o!r m5 eag] = !m4 ,= ?is reason m %ips 7 built to sail 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! %ip[n]s attempt$ to make _! %ips l>g] & /rong]4 ,!y 7 l>g] ?an ^? built by ! ,engli% or by o!r peoples along ! ,atlantic coa/1 b !y w\ld seem small to u4 ,!re is an acc\nt ( ,v5etian %ips 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury :i* tells u t !y 7 "o hundr$ & t5 feet long & c>ri$ crews ( "o ?\s& m54 ,!y reli$ ma9ly ^u ! use ( o>s1 b _h a ma/1 sometimes two ma/s1 rigg$ ) sails1 :i* !y c\ld use if ! w9d 0 favorable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v5etian ,,%ips ,,dang]s ,,( ,,! ,,sea4 ,"o difficulty ab\t sail+ 0 ! lack ( any means 9 cl\dy wea!r1 & especially at night1 ( tell+ ! direction 9 :i* !y 7 go+4 ,! sailors did n l to v5ture f> f %ore1 al?\gh ! op5 sea is saf] dur+ a /orm ?an a w9d-swept & rocky coa/4 ,at ! "t :5 ! sailors ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7 build+ up _! trade to ,alex&ria1 ,antio*1 & ! ,black ,sea1 two in/rum5ts came into use :i* enabl$ !m to tell j :]e !y 74 ,,! ,,compass4 ,"o ( ^! in/rum5ts 0 ! compass1 :i* ! ,*9ese _h long us$1 & :i* 0 kn[n to ! ,arabs be=e ! ,europeans he>d ( x4 ,if a boy w take a ne$le1 rub its po9t ) a magnet1 & lay ! ne$le on a cork float+ 9 wat]1 he w h a r\gh sort ( compass4 ,! po9t ( ! ne$le :]ev] x may be turn$ w sw+ back t[>ds ! nor?1 ?us guid+ ! sailors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>9]',s ,,compass ,! compass 0 kn[n 9 ,europe ab\t #abjj4 ,!re is a /ory t at fir/ sailors ?\ght its action due to magic & refus$ to sail "u a capta9 :o us$ x4 ,b a c5tury lat] x 0 9 g5]al use1 & _h be5 s mu* improv$ t ev5 9 ! sev]e/ /orms ! ne$le rema9$ level & po9t$ /eadily t[>ds ! nor?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,a/rolabe ,,! ,,a/rolabe4 ,! o!r in/rum5t1 call$ ! a/rolabe1 0 a brass circle m>k$ (f into #cfj degrees4 ,to ?is circle 7 fa/5$ two movable b>s1 at ! ends ( :i* 7 sights1 or project+ pieces pi]c$ by a hole4 ,! a/rolabe 0 hung on a ma/ 9 su* a way t "o b> 0 horizontal & ! o!r c\ld be mov$ until ?r\gh its sights "s kn[n /> c\ld be se54 ,! numb] ( degrees m>k$ on ! circle betwe5 ! two b>s told h[ high ! /> 0 above ! horizon1 & ! sailors c\ld reckon ! latitude ( ! place :]e !y 74 ,9 a simil> way _! longitude c\ld be f\nd out4 ,! a/rolabe 0 n s useful z ! compass1 = x c\ld be us$ only on cle> days or nights4 ,) ^! two in/rum5ts x 0 possible to sail f> out into ! ,atlantic4 ,by ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury %ips f ,g5oa & ,portugal _h visit$ ! ,madeira & ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 & ev5 ! ,azores :i* are a ?\s& miles f ! ma9l&4 ,,:at ,,m5 ,,?\ght ,,ab\t ,a ,,sea ,,r\te ,,to ,,! ,,ea/4 ,m5 le>n$ m ab\t o!r /range l&s ?r\gh a ,v5etian travel]1 ,m>co ,polo1 :o wrote an acc\nt ( 8 wond]ful j\rney to ! c\rt ( ! ,gr& ,khan1 or ,emp]or ( ! ,mongols1 ( 8 travels ?r\gh ,*9a1 & ( 8 return to ,p]sia by sea4 ,_m m5 9 ! ,middle ,ages _h believ$ t ea/ ( ,asia 0 a great m>%1 & t because ( x ev5 if !y succe$$ 9 sail+ ar\nd ,africa x w\ld be impossible to rea* ! region ( ! spices & silks & jewels :i* !y s mu* desir$4 ,!y also ?\ght t ! heat 9 ! tropics 0 s int5se t at a c]ta9 di/ance d[n ! coa/ ( ,africa !y w\ld f9d ! wat] ( ! ocean boil+4 ,^! ?+s & ! tales ( /range mon/]s t inhabit$ ! deep sea _h t]rifi$ !m4 ,! news :i* ,m>co ,polo br\ght *ang$ ?is feel+4 ,,! ,,mongols4 ,! way ,m>co ,polo happ5$ to visit ! c\rt ( ! ,mongol emp]or 0 ?is4 ,! ,mongol ,t>t>s 7 great conqu]ors1 & !y n only subdu$ ! ,*9ese b m>*$ we/w>d1 ov]runn+ mo/ ( ,russia & /opp+ only :5 !y 7 on ! fronti]s ( ,italy4 ,= a long "t s\!rn ,russia rema9$ "u _! rule4 ,_! capital 0 j nor? ( ! ,great ,wall ( ,*9a4 ,! ,mongol emp]or did n hate ,europeans1 & ev5 s5t to ! pope = mission>ies to tea* 8 p4 ,m>co ,polo's fa!r & uncle :ile on a trad+ exp$ition _h f\nd _! way to 8 c\rt1 & on a second j\rney1 9 #abga1 !y took ) !m ,m>co1 a lad ( sev5te5 ye>s4 ,! emp]or 0 mu* int]e/$ 9 8 we/]n visitors & took "y ,m>co into 8 s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,mongol ,,emp]or ,,( ,,m>co ,,polo',s ,,"t ,aft] an old ,*9ese manuscript ,,m>co ,,polo',s ,,travels4 ,m>co ,polo travel$ ov] ,*9a on (ficial err&s1 :ile 8 fa!r & uncle 7 ga!r+ weal? by trade4 ,aft] _m ye>s !y desir$ to return to ,italy1 b ! emp]or 0 unwill+ to lose su* able s]vants4 ,x happ5$1 h[ev]1 t ! emp]or wi%$ to s5d a pr9cess z a bride to ! ,khan or ,emp]or ( ,p]sia1 also a ,mongol sov]eign1 & ! ?ree ,polos1 :o 7 kn[n to be tru/wor?y seam51 7 select$ to escort ! pr9cess to h] royal husb&4 ,aft] do+ ?is !y did n return to ,*9a1 b w5t on to ,italy4 ,!y _h be5 abs5t tw5ty-f\r ye>s1 & !y f\nd t _! relatives _h giv5 !m up = dead & did n recognize !m4 ,x 0 l ! old /ory ( ,ulysses1 :o1 :5 he return$ to 8 native ,i?aca aft] 8 w&]+s1 0 recogniz$ by nobody4 ,! ,polos prov$ ! tru? ( :at !y said by %[+ ! great treasures :i* !y _h sew$ into ! dresses ( co>se /uff ( a ,t>t> patt]n :i* !y wore4 ,!y display$ jewels ( ! greate/ value1 diamonds1 em]alds1 rubies1 & sapphires4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,m>co ,,polo',s ,,travels ,! kn[n _w is 9 :ite1 ! undiscov]$ 9 black1 & t fir/ describ$ by ,m>co ,polo is dott$ ,,:at ,,m>co ,,polo ,,told4 ,9 ! acc\nt ,m>co ,polo wrote ( 8 travels & ( ! c\ntries he _h visit$ he describ$ a wond]ful palace ( ! ,great ,emp]or4 ,its walls 7 cov]$ ) gold & silv]1 ! d9+ hall seat$ six ?\s& p1 & its ceil+ 0 inlaid ) gold4 ,?is palace seem$ to ,m>co ,polo s l>ge1 s ri*1 & s beautiful t no man on e>? c\ld design any?+ to equal x4 ,! robes ( ! emp]or & 8 twelve ?\s& nobles & knights 7 ( silk & beat5 gold1 ea* hav+ a girdle ( gold decorat$ ) preci\s /ones4 ,m>co ,polo told ( great cities 9 ,*9a :]e m5 trad$ 9 ! co/ly w>es ( ! ,ea/1 & :]e silk 0 abundant & *eap4 ,he describ$ f he>say ,japan z an isl& fifte5 hundr$ miles f ! ma9l&4 ,its p1 he said1 7 :ite1 civiliz$1 & wondr\sly ri*4 ,! palace ( ! emp]or ( ,japan 0 ro($ ) gold1 its pavem5ts & floors 7 ( solid gold1 laid 9 plates two f+]s ?ick4 ,,reasons ,,= ,,f9d+ ,a ,,sea ,,r\te ,,to ,,! ,,ea/4 ,tales ( su* great weal? made ,europeans m eag] ?an ev] to rea* ! ,ea/4 ,m>co ,polo _h %[n t x 0 possible to sail pa/ ,india1 ?r\gh ! isl&s1 to ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,asia4 ,:5 pr9t+ 0 inv5t$ 8 acc\nt 0 pr9t$1 & ! copy ( t book :i* ,columbus own$ is /ill pres]v$4 ,^u its m>g9s ,columbus wrote 8 own op9ions ab\t geography4 ,o!r travel]s besides ! ,polos return$ ) simil> tales ( ! ,ea/4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 all *ance to g !re by way ( ! l& 0 lo/1 because ! ,mongol emp]ors 7 driv5 out ( ,*9a & ! new rul]s w\ld n p]mit ,europeans to ent] ! c\ntry4 ,! ord9>y c>avan r\tes to ! ,ea/ 7 also clos$ n long aft]w>ds4 ,9 #adec ! ,turks captur$ ,con/ant9ople1 drove away ! ,italian m]*ants1 & prev5t$ ,european sailors f rea*+ ! ,black ,sea4 ,fifty ye>s lat] ! ,turks seiz$ ,egypt & clos$ t r\te also4 ,=tunately be=e ?is happ5$ a bett] r\te _h be5 discov]$4 ,,! ,,portuguese ,,sailors4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ! ,portuguese pr9ces f\ght to recov] ,portugal f ! ,moors4 ,:5 ?is 0 done !y 7 eag] to cross ! /raits & attack ! ,moors 9 ,africa4 ,pr9ce ,h5ry ( ,portugal made an exp$ition to ,africa & return$ ) ! desire to "k m ab\t ! coa/ s\? ( ! po9t beyond :i* ,european sailors d>$ n v5ture4 ,sailors 7 afraid ( be+ lo/ 9 ! ,sea ( ,d>kness or kill$ by ! heat ( ! boil+ tropics4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dang]s ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,,( ,,d>kness ,f an old picture ,f 8 love ( explor+ ! seas ,pr9ce ,h5ry has be5 call$ ,! ,navigator4 ,he took up 8 resid5ce on a lonely promontory 9 s\!rn ,portugal1 & ga!r$ ab\t him le>n$ m5 ( all peoples1 ,arabian & ,jewi% ma!maticians1 & ,italian mapmak]s4 ,capta9s tra9$ 9 ?is new s*ool ( seaman%ip 7 s5t into ! s\!rn seas4 ,ea* 0 to sail f>!r d[n ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa ?an o!r capta9s _h gone4 ,be=e ,pr9ce ,h5ry di$ 9 #adfj 8 capta9s _h pass$ ,cape ,v]de1 & t5 ye>s lat] !y cross$ ! equator )\t suff]+ ! fate :i* m5 _h once fe>$4 ,b !y 7 disc\rag$ :5 !y f\nd t beyond ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea ! coa/ turn$ s\?w>d aga91 = !y _h hop$ to sail ea/w>d to ,asia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,portuguese ,,r\te ,,to ,,india ,! brok5 l9es %[ ! old trade r\tes to ! ,ea/4 ,! solid l9e %[s ! new ,portuguese r\te ,,cape ,,( ,,good ,,hope ,,discov]$4 ,at la/ 9 #adhg ! end ( :at seem$ to be an endless coa/ 0 rea*$4 ,! =tunate capta9 :o accompli%$ ?is 0 ,b>?olomew ,diaz1 :o came ( a family ( d>+ seam54 ,he _h be5 sail+ s\?w>d along ! coa/ = ne>ly eight mon?s1 :5 a nor!rly gale drove him be=e x = ?irte5 days4 ,! wea!r cle>$ & ,diaz turn$ ea/w>d to f9d ! coa/4 ,z he did n see l& he turn$ nor?w>d & soon discov]$ l& to ! we/4 ,?is %[$ t he _h pass$ ! s\!rn po9t ( ,africa4 ,8 crew 7 unwill+ to g f>!r & he foll[$ ! coa/ ar\nd to ! we/]n side aga94 ,! s\!rn po9t he call$ ! ,cape ( ,/orms1 b ! k+ ( ,portugal1 :5 ! voyag]s return$1 nam$ x ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 = n[ he knew t an exp$ition c\ld be s5t directly to ! ,indies4 ,diaz _h sail$ ?irte5 ?\s& miles1 & 8 voyage 0 ! mo/ wond]ful t ,europeans _h ev] he>d ab\t4 ,,! ,,sea ,,r\te ,,to ,,india4 ,elev5 ye>s lat] ! ,portuguese k+ s5t ,vasco da ,gama1 ano!r capta91 to attempt to rea* ! coa/ ( ,india by sail+ ar\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope :i* ,diaz _h discov]$4 ,da ,gama 0 successful & l&$ at ,calicut on ! s\?-we/]n coa/ ( ,india4 ,he return$ to ,portugal 9 #adii1 & 8 c>go 0 wor? sixty times ! co/ ( ! voyage4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( a trade ) ! ,ea/ :i* enri*$ ,portugal & especially ! m]*ants ( ,lisbon4 ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at dang]s ?reat5$ trad]s 9 ! ,middle ,ages :o travel$ by sea or l&8 ,:at 0 a fair8 #b4 ,:at products 7 br\ght f ! ,ea/8 ,by :at r\tes8 ,po9t ^! out on a map4 ,:at rival trad+ cities 7 9 ,italy8 ,h[ did ! ,v5etians get _! w>es to ,london8 #c4 ,:o 7 ! ,crusad]s8 ,:y did !y attack ! ,mohamm$ans8 ,:at did ! ,v5etian trad]s ga9 by ^! w>s8 ,describe a l>ge ,v5etian %ip ( ?is "t4 #d4 ,:5 0 ! compass inv5t$8 ,:y 0 x dang]\s to sail great seas & oceans )\t a compass8 ,tell h[ an a/rolabe 0 made4 #e4 ,:at at fir/ kept m5 f attempt+ to sail to ea/]n ,asia8 ,:o 0 ,m>co ,polo8 ,describe 8 adv5tures4 ,h[ did he return to ,v5ice8 ,h[ did p le>n ab\t ! l&s he _h visit$8 #f4 ,:y aft] #adec 0 x necess>y to f9d a sea r\te to ,asia8 ,:at did ,pr9ce ,h5ry ! ,navigator succe$ 9 do+8 ,h[ 0 ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope discov]$8 ,:o w5t ) ,diaz on ?is voyage8 #g4 ,:o fir/ sail$ to ,india by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope8 ,0 ! voyage pr(itable8 ,:at city 0 made ri* by ! new trade8 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,f9d f a map 9 ! geography h[ _m miles goods mu/ h be5 c>ri$ to rea* ,v5ice f ,p]sia1 ,india1 ! ,moluccas1 or ,*9a4 ,h[ f> is x f ,v5ice by sea to ,bruges or ,london8 #b4 ,:]e & h[ d we n[ obta9 c9namon1 nutmeg1 & cloves8 #c4 ,:at l9e ( emp]ors has be5 rec5tly rul+ ov] ,*9a8 ,:]e has be5 _! capital8 ,f9d out ab\t ! pres5t ,mongols4 ,collect pictures ( ,*9a & ,japan4 #d4 ,read a long] acc\nt ( ,m>co ,polo4 #e4 ,/udy ! geography ( ,portugal4 ,collect pictures ( ,portugal4 ,f9d out if _m ,portuguese are liv+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,review ,/eps ,t[>ds ! ,discov]y ( ,am]ica ,greek colonies 9 ,italy1 ,gaul1 & ,spa94 ,roman conque/ ( ,gaul1 ,spa91 & ,brita94 ,vik+ voyages to ,gre5l& & ,v9l&4 ,v5etian trade 9 spices ) ! ,ea/1 & ,v5etian voyages to ,london & ,bruges4 ,m>co ,polo's travels 9 ,*9a & ! ,ea/4 ,portuguese voyages d[n ! coa/ ( ,africa & ab\t ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,a ,,new ,,_w ,,*ri/oph] ,,columbus4 ,six ye>s be=e ,vasco da ,gama made 8 fam\s voyage to ,india ar\nd ,africa & op5$ a new trade r\te = ! ,portuguese m]*ants1 ano!r seaman _h =m$ & c>ri$ out a mu* bold] plan4 ,?is 0 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 & 8 plan 0 to sail directly we/ f ,europe into ! unkn[n ocean 9 se>* ( new isl&s & ! coa/ ( ,asia4 ,columbus1 :o 0 a native ( ,g5oa 9 ,italy1 _h foll[$ 8 y\ng] bro!r to ,portugal4 ,bo? 7 probably l$ !re by ! fame ( ,pr9ce ,h5ry's explorations4 ,! bro!rs became v skilful 9 mak+ maps & *>ts = ! ,portuguese4 ,!y also frequ5tly sail$ ) !m on _! exp$itions along ! coa/ ( ,africa4 ,all ! e>ly associations ( ,columbus 7 ) m5 int]e/$ 9 voyages ( discov]y1 & p>ticul>ly ) ^? engag$ 9 ! d>+ se>* = a sea r\te to ,india4 ,,h[ ,,columbus ,,=m$ ,,8 ,,plan4 ,columbus ga!r$ all ! in=mation on geography :i* he c\ld f anci5t writ]s & f mod]n discov]]s4 ,_m ( !m believ$ t ! _w 0 %ap$ l a ball4 ,if su* 7 its %ape1 ,columbus reason$1 :y might n a %ip sail ar\nd x f ea/ to we/8 ,or1 bett]1 :y n sail directly we/ to ,india1 & p]haps f9d _m wond]ful isl&s betwe5 ,europe & ,asia8 ,8 imag9ation 0 also fir$ by ,m>co ,polo's description ( ! m>vel\s ri*es ( ,*9a1 ,japan1 & ! ,spice ,isl&s4 ,b ! idea ( go+ directly we/ into ! mid/ ( ! unkn[n & seem+ly b\ndless wa/e ( wat]1 & on & on to ,asia1 appe>$ to mo/ m5 ( ! fifte5? c5tury to be madness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ri/oph] ,,columbus ,! olde/ kn[n picture ( ,columbus1 9 ! ,national ,libr>y1 ,madrid ,,8 ,,notion ,,( ,,! ,,di/ance ,,to ,,asia4 ,columbus made two =tunate errors 9 reckon+ ! di/ance to ! ,indies4 ,he imag9$ t ,asia ext5d$ mu* f>!r ea/w>d ?an x actually does1 mak+ x ne>] ,europe1 & e/imat$ ! e>? to be small] ?an x is4 ,8 figures plac$ ,japan less ?an #c1jjj miles we/ ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 in/ead ( ! #ab1jjj miles :i* is ! real di/ance4 ,he accord+ly ?\ght ,japan w\ld be f\nd ab\t :]e ,mexico or ,florida is situat$4 ,,h[ ,,he ,,secur$ ,,help4 ,ev5 s1 _m ye>s pass$ be=e ,columbus 0 able to und]take a voyage4 ,he 0 too poor himself1 & ne$$ ! help ( "s gov]nm5t to fit out su* an exp$ition4 ,he may h tri$ to get 8 native city1 ,g5oa1 to help him4 ,!re is su* a /ory4 ,if he did1 x 0 )\t success4 ,he tri$ to obta9 ! help ( ,portugal1 :]e he liv$ a long "t1 & ^: pr9ces 7 greatly int]e/$ 9 ! discov]y ( new trade r\tes4 ,8 bro!r visit$ ,engl& 9 ! same cause4 ,nei!r ( ^! c\ntries1 h[ev]1 0 will+ to und]take ?is exp5sive & d\btful ent]prise4 ,! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,spa91 to :om ,columbus turn$1 kept him wait+ _m ye>s = an answ]4 ,!y ?\ght t !y _h m important "w 9 h&4 ,!re 0 ano!r k+ 9 ,spa9 at ! "t1 ! k+ ( ! ,moors4 ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ! ,*ri/ian k+ & que51 7 try+ to conqu] ! ,moors1 & ?us to end ! /ruggle betwe5 ,*ri/ians & ,mohamm$ans = ! possession ( ,spa91 :i* _h la/$ ne>ly eight c5turies4 ,?is w> requir$ all ! /r5g? & rev5ue ( ,spa94 ,=tunately1 j z ,columbus 0 becom+ ?or\ghly disc\rag$1 ! w> ) ! ,moors came to an end4 ,granada1 ! seat ( _! =m] p[]1 0 f9ally tak5 9 ,janu>y1 #adib4 ,n[ 0 a good "t to ask favors ( ! sov]eigns ( ,spa91 & to plan l>ge ent]prises = ! future4 ,p[]ful fri5ds aid$ ,columbus to r5ew 8 petition1 & ,que5 ,isabella 0 p]suad$ to promise him all ! help t he ne$$4 ,,! ,,%ips ,,( ,,columbus4 ,?ree %ips1 or c>avels z !y 7 call$1 7 fitt$ out4 ,! ,santa ,m>ia 0 ! l>ge/ ( ! ?ree1 b x 0 n mu* l>g] ?an ! small sail+ ya*ts :i* we see to-day4 ,x 0 ab\t n9ety feet long by tw5ty feet broad1 & _h a s+le deck4 ,?is 0 ,columbus's pr9cipal %ip or flag%ip4 ,! second c>avel1 ! ,p9ta1 0 mu* swift]1 built high at ! pr[ & /]n1 & furni%$ ) a =eca/le = ! crew & a cab9 = ! (fic]s1 b )\t a deck 9 ! c5t]4 ,! ?ird & smalle/ c>avel1 call$ ! ,nia1 ! ,spani% ^w = baby1 0 built mu* l ! ,p9ta4 ,n9ety p]sons made up ! ?ree crews4 ,illu/ration3 ,,columbus',s ,,ideas ,,( ,,! ,,atlantic ,! %ad$ portions repres5t ! l& z ,columbus expect$ to f9d x4 ,! light outl9e ( ! ,am]icas %[s ! actual position ( ! l& z he f\nd x4 ,! %ips 7 ! usual size ( ^? :i* coa/$ along ! %ores ( ,europe 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,exp$itions _h nev] gone f> out into ! ocean4 ,columbus pref]r$ ! small] vessels 9 a voyage ( discov]y1 because !y w\ld be able to run close to ! %ores & into ! small] h>bors & up ! riv]s4 ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,voyage4 ,! exp$ition set sail f ,palos 9 ,spa91 ,augu/ #c1 #adib4 ,x w5t directly to ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,^! 7 own$ by ,spa91 & 7 select$ by ,columbus z ! mo/ conv5i5t />t+-po9t4 ,! little fleet 0 delay$ ?ree weeks at ! isl&s mak+ repairs4 ,on ,septemb] #f ,columbus 0 (f aga94 ,he /ruck due we/ f ! ,can>ies4 ,,! ,,t]rors ,,( ,,! ,,voyage4 ,:ile ! little fleet 0 /ill 9 sight ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s a volcanic eruption ne>ly fright5$ ! sailors out ( _! wits4 ,!y deem$ su* an ev5t an om5 ( evil4 ,b ! exp$ition _h f9e wea!r day aft] day4 ,/eady1 g5tle1 ea/]ly w9ds1 ! trade w9ds ( ! tropics1 waft$ !m sl[ly we/w>d4 ,b ! timid sailors began to wond] h[ !y w\ld ev] be able to return aga9/ w9ds :i* seem$ nev] to *ange f ! ea/4 ,!n !y came to an imm5se field ( seawe$1 l>g] 9 area ?an ! :ole ( ,spa94 ,?is t]rifi$ ! sailors1 :o fe>$ !y might be driv5 on hidd5 rocks or be engulf$ 9 quicks&s4 ,!y imag9$1 too1 t great sea-mon/]s 7 lurk+ beyond ! seawe$ wait+ to dev\r !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,c>avel ,,( ,,columbus ,aft] ! recon/ruct$ model exhibit$ at ! ,columbian ,exposition1 ,*icago1 #ahic ,,! ,,fir/ ,,signs ,,( ,a ,,new ,,l&4 ,9 spite ( fe>s & compla9ts1 & ?reats ( resi/ance1 ,columbus kept a we/w>d c\rse = m ?an f\r weeks4 ,!n z he began to see s _m birds fly+ to ! s\?we/1 he conclud$ t l& mu/ be ne>] 9 t direction4 ,he _h he>d t mo/ ( ! isl&s held by ! ,portuguese 7 discov]$ by foll[+ ! flight ( birds4 ,s on ,octob] #g ! we/w>d c\rse 0 *ang$ to "o slightly s\?we/4 ,f ?is "t on ! signs ( l& grew frequ5t4 ,float+ bran*es1 occasionally cov]$ ) b]ries1 pieces ( wood1 bits ( cane1 7 enc\rag+ signs4 ,birds l ducks & s&pip]s became common sights4 ,! ,que5 _h promis$ a small p5sion to ! "o :o %\ld fir/ see l&4 ,columbus _h (f]$ to give a silk5 d\blet 9 addition4 ,) :at eag]ness ! sailors mu/ h kept on ! look\t6 ,,! ,,great ,,discov]y4 ,at la/ z ! fleet 0 sail+ onw>d 9 ! bright moonlight ,columbus saw a light mov+ z if c>ri$ by h& along a %ore4 ,a few h\rs lat]1 ab\t two o'clock on ! morn+ ( ,octob] #ab1 a sailor on ! ,p9ta saw l& di/9ctly1 & soon all beheld1 a few miles away1 a long1 l[ bea*4 ,! vessels hove to & wait$ = daylight4 ,e>ly ! same day1 ,friday1 ,octob] #ab1 #adib1 !y approa*$ ! l&1 :i* prov$ to be a small isl&4 ,columbus nam$ x ,san ,salvador1 :i* means ,holy ,savi\r4 ,we d n "k :i* "o ( ! ,bahama isl&s he fir/ saw1 b we believe x 0 ! "o n[ call$ ,watl+ ,isl&4 ,columbus w5t a%ore ) ! royal /&>d & bann]s fly+ to take possession ( ! l& 9 ! "n ( ,k+ ,f]d9& & ,que5 ,isabella4 ,,:]e ,,columbus ,,?\ght ,,he ,,04 ,! a/oni%$ inhabitants ( ! isl& soon ga!r$ to see ! /range sight--! l&+ ( :ite m5 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,!y look$ ^u ! %ips z sea-mon/]s1 & ! :ite m5 z gods4 ,nor 0 ,columbus less puzzl$ by :at he saw4 ,! p 7 a /range race--c9namon color$1 nak$1 greas$1 & pa9t$ to suit ea* "o's fancy4 ,!y _h only ! rude/ means ( self-def5se1 & 7 almo/ z poor z ! p>rots t *att]$ 9 ! trees above !m4 ,su* savages bore little resemblance to ! p :om ,m>co ,polo said inhabit$ ! ,spice ,isl&s4 ,columbus ?\ght t he _h rea*$ "s outly+ isl& n f> f ,japan4 ,a cruise ( a few days among ! ,bahamas satisfi$ him t he 0 9 ! ocean ne> ! coa/ ( ,asia1 = _h n ,m>co ,polo describ$ x z /udd$ ) ?\s&s ( spice-be>+ isl&s8 ,he _h n f\nd any spices1 b ! air 0 full ( fragrance & ! trees & h]bs 7 /range 9 appe>ance4 ,( c\rse if ! isl&s 7 ! ,indies1 ! p mu/ be ,indians4 ,columbus call$ !m ,indians1 & ?is "n clung to ! r$ m51 al?\gh _! isl&s 7 n ! true ,indies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,watl+ ,,isl&1 ,,:]e ,,columbus ,,fir/ ,,l&$ ,,! ,,se>* ,,= ,,! ,,gold5 ,,ea/4 ,columbus ?\ght t ! natives meant to tell him 9 _! sign language ( a great l& to ! s\? :]e gold ab\nd$4 ,he set (f 9 se>* ( ?is1 & came ^u a l& ! natives call$ ,cuba4 ,its l>ge size conv9c$ him t he _h at la/ f\nd ! ,asiatic ma9l&1 & he s5t two mess5g]s1 "o a ,jew kn[+ _m languages1 9 se>* ( ! ,emp]or ( ,*9a4 ,!y f\nd nei!r cities nor k+doms1 nei!r gold nor spices4 ,?is 0 a great disappo9tm5t to ,columbus1 b he pati5tly kept up 8 se>* = ! ri*es :i* he expect$ to f9d4 ,,! ,,mis=tunes ,,( ,,columbus4 ,:ile on ! coa/ ( ,cuba1 ,p9zon1 ! comm&] ( ! ,p9ta1 des]t$ him4 ,p9zon1 ^: %ip 0 swift] ?an ! o!rs1 probably wi%$ to be ! fir/ to get home1 9 ord] to tell a /ory :i* w\ld ga9 him ! cr$it ( ! discov]y ( ! ,indies4 ,a few days lat] ,columbus discov]$ a l>ge isl& :i* ! natives call$ ,hayti1 & :i* he call$ ,espaola or ,spani% ,l&4 ,at e isl& he se>*$ = ! spices & gold :i* ,m>co ,polo _h giv5 him reason to expect4 ,9 a /orm (f ,espaola ,columbus's own %ip1 ! ,santa ,m>ia1 0 totally wreck$4 ,su* disa/]s conv9c$ him t x 0 high "t to return to ,spa9 ) ! news ( 8 discov]y4 ,,prep>ations ,,= ,,return ,,to ,,spa94 ,z !re 0 n room = bo? crews on ! t9y ,nia1 8 "o rema9+ %ip1 x became necess>y to leave ab\t =ty sailors 9 ,espaola4 ,a =t 0 built1 & supplies 7 left = a ye>4 ,columbus ) ! re/ set (f on ! return to ,spa94 ,t5 ,indians 7 captur$ & tak5 ) !m to %[ to 8 fri5ds 9 ,europe4 ,besides1 ,columbus hop$ t !y w\ld le>n ! language ( ,spa91 & c>ry ,*ri/ianity back to _! p4 ,,! ,,se>* ,,= ,,*9a ,,r5ew$4 ,!re 0 rejoic+ 9 ,palos :5 ! voyag]s return$4 ,great honors 7 be/[$ ^u ,columbus4 ,x 0 n[ easy to get m5 & money = ano!r voyage4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #adic1 ,columbus />t$ to return to 8 isl&s1 ?is "t ) sev5te5 %ips & fifte5 hundr$ m51 all confid5t t !y w\ld soon see ! m>ble palaces ( ,*9a1 & secure a %>e 9 ! weal? ( ! ,spice ,isl&s4 ,no "o yet realiz$ t a new _w--two great cont95ts--lay betwe5 !m & _! covet$ goal 9 ,asia4 ,columbus w5t directly to ,espaola1 :]e he f\nd t 8 colony ( ! previ\s ye> _h be5 murd]$ by ! ,indians4 ,a new settlem5t 0 quickly />t$4 ,a little t[n call$ ,isabella 0 built1 ) a =t1 a *ur*1 a m>ket place1 public gran>y1 & dwell+-h\ses4 ,isabella 0 ! fir/ real settlem5t 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,l&s ,,discov]$ ,,by ,,columbus ,,o!r ,,voyages ,,to ,,! ,,new ,,_w4 ,columbus made two o!r voyages4 ,he cont9u$ to se>* = ! coa/ ( ,asia1 :i* he believ$ to be ne>4 ,he made a ?ird voyage f ,spa9 to ! ,we/ ,indies 9 #adih4 ,he sail$ f>!r s\?1 & came ^u ! ma9l& :i* lat] 0 call$ ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,a f\r? exp$ition 9 #aejb t\*$ on ! coa/ t we call ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,he di$ soon aft] ?is voyage1 /ill believ+ t he _h discov]$ a new r\te to ! ,indies & new l&s on ! coa/ ( ,asia4 ,,! ,,sad ,,end ,,( ,,columbus',s ,,life4 ,! close ( 8 life 0 a sad "o4 ,! l&s he _h f\nd did n yield ! ri*es :i* he _h expect$4 ,! coloni/s :om he _h s5t out to ! isl&s _h rebell$1 & jeal\s enemies _h accus$ him falsely be=e ! k+ & que5 ( misgov]nm5t 9 8 t]ritories4 ,once 8 oppon5ts _h him c>ri$ to ,spa9 *a9$ l a common prison]4 ,he 0 giv5 8 lib]ty on rea*+ ,spa91 b ! p _h become prejudic$ aga9/ him4 ,f]d9&1 ! son ( ,columbus1 tells u t z he & 8 bro!r ,diego1 :o 7 pages 9 ! que5's s]vice1 happ5$ to pass a cr[d ( 8 fa!r's enemies1 ! latt] greet$ !m ) hoots3 ,!re g ! sons ( ! ,admiral ( ,mosquitol&1 ! man :o has discov]$ a l& ( vanity & deceit1 ! grave ( ,spani% g5tlem54 ,h>d%ips & disappo9tm5ts broke d[n ! great discov]]1 & he di$ neglect$ & almo/ =gott5 by ! p ( ,spa94 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,columbus ,,monum5t ,,at ,,g5oa ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at plan did ,columbus =m8 ,:y 0 x bold] ?an ! plan ,diaz _h c>ri$ out 9 #adhg1 or ev5 ?an t ,da ,gama c>ri$ out a few ye>s lat]8 ,:y did m5 l ,columbus & ,diaz desire to f9d a sea r\te to ,india8 ,_h anybody be=e ,columbus believ$ ! e>? r\nd8 #b4 ,:at mi/ake did ,columbus make 9 e/imat+ ! size ( ! e>?8 ,:y 0 ?is a =tunate error8 #c4 ,f :at c\ntries did ,columbus try to obta9 help8 ,:y did he f9d x s h>d to secure ?is8 ,:at ev5t 9 ,spa9 f9ally favor$ 8 cause8 ,:o 7 ! ,moors8 #d4 ,:y 0 ,columbus surpris$ :5 he saw ! natives 9 ! ,we/ ,indies8 ,:y 7 ! ,indians on _! side surpris$8 #e4 ,:at isl&s did ,columbus f9d & claim = ,spa9 on 8 fir/ voyage8 ,h[ _m o!r voyages did he make8 ,:at new l&s did he f9d on 8 lat] voyages8 ,:at did he ?9k he _h f\nd8 #f4 ,:y did ! enemies ( ,columbus 9 ,spa9 call him ! ,admiral ( ,mosquitol&1 ! man :o discov]$ a l& ( vanity & deceit1 ! grave ( ,spani% g5tlem58 ,:at did !y mean by ?is8 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,f9d pictures ( ! %ips ( ,columbus or ( ! sail+ %ips ( o!r explor]s ( t day4 ,h[ does ! deck arrangem5t on ^? diff] f ! ocean /eam%ips ( to-day8 ,:at advantage w\ld %ips l ^? ( ,columbus h ov] pres5t /eam%ips 9 explor+ /range coa/s8 ,:at disadvantages8 #b4 ,draw up a li/ ( reasons :y ,columbus's sailors 7 afraid to g on & wi%$ to turn back to ,spa94 #c4 ,trace on an outl9e map ! voyage ( ,columbus4 ,m>k :]e ,columbus f\nd l&1 & :]e he expect$ to f9d ,japan & ,*9a4 ,:at great mass ( l& 0 really v ne> ! isl& he fir/ discov]$8 #d4 ,f9d f ! maps m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv 7,greek ,_w71 ,*apt] ,,vii 7,roman ,_w71 ,*apt] ,,viii 7,! _w aft] ,polo's j\rney71 & ,*apt] ,,xiv 7,! _w z kn[n aft] ,columbus71 h[ mu* m ! ,romans knew ( ! _w ?an ! ,greeks _h kn[n1 ! ,europeans aft] ,m>co ,polo's j\rney ?an ! ,romans1 & ! ,europeans aft] ,columbus's voyage ?an aft] ,m>co ,polo's j\rney4 ,important ,date--#adib4 ,! discov]y ( ,am]ica by ,columbus4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,o!rs ,,help ,,9 ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,_w ,,! ,,race ,,to ,,! ,,indies4 ,! discov]y ( all ! l&s :i* make :at we call ! ,new ,_w came v sl[ly4 ,x 0 ! "w ( _m diff]5t explor]s4 ,mo/ ( ! exp$itions s5t out to ! new isl&s w5t 9 se>* ( a passage to ,india4 ,x 0 a f9e race4 ,ea* nation 0 eag] to see its %ips ! fir/ to rea* ,india by ! we/w>d r\te4 ,all 7 disappo9t$ at f9d+ s mu* l& betwe5 ,europe & ,asia4 ,x seem$ to !m to be ( little value & to block ! way to ! ri*] c\ntries ( ! ,ea/4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 !y discov]$ ! great cont95ts :i* we "k z ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,columbus _h done m ?an he dream$1 & 8 discov]y 0 a turn+-po9t 9 hi/ory4 ,,john ,,cabot4 ,john ,cabot1 an ,italian m>9] at ?is "t 9 ! s]vice ( ,engl&1 left ,bri/ol 9 #adig on a voyage ( discov]y4 ,?is 0 five ye>s aft] ,columbus discov]$ ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,cabot _h he>d t ! sailors ( ,portugal & ( ,spa9 _h occupi$ unkn[n isl&s4 ,he plann$ to d ! same = ,k+ ,h5ry ,,vii ( ,engl&4 ,= 8 voyage he _h a s+le vessel no l>g] ?an ! ,nia1 ! smalle/ %ip 9 ! fleet ( ,columbus4 ,eighte5 m5 made up 8 crew4 ,he pass$ ar\nd ! s\!rn end ( ,irel&1 & sail$ nor? & we/ until he came to l&1 :i* prov$ to be ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica some:]e betwe5 ! nor!rn "p ( ,labrador & ! s\!rn end ( ,nova ,scotia4 ,,cabot',s ,,discov]y4 ,john ,cabot saw no inhabitants1 b he f\nd not*$ trees1 sn>es = game1 & ne$les = mak+ nets1 :i* %[$ pla9ly t ! l& 0 inhabit$ by human be+s4 ,l ,columbus1 ,cabot ?\ght he 0 (f ! coa/ ( ,*9a4 ,,! ,,cabot ,,voyages ,,=gott54 ,be=e ! end ( #adig ,john ,cabot 0 back 9 ,bri/ol4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t he & 8 son1 ,seba/ian ,cabot1 made a second voyage to ! new f\nd l&s 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! ,cabot voyages1 h[ev]1 7 soon almo/ =gott5 by ! p ( ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,seba/ian ,,cabot ,aft] ! picture ascrib$ to ,holbe9 ,,! ,,nam+ ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,l&s4 ,:y 0 our c\ntry nam$ ,am]ica r ?an ,columbia or ,new ,india8 ,bo? ! s\!rn & nor!rn cont95ts :i* we call ! ,am]icas 7 nam$ = ,am]icus ,vespucius r ?an = ,*ri/oph] ,columbus4 ,?is seems ! m /range s9ce we "k s little ab\t ! life ( ,am]icus4 ,am]icus ,vespucius 0 born 9 ,flor5ce1 ,italy1 & l _m o!r "y ,italians ( t day ent]$ ! s]vice ( neighbor+ c\ntries4 ,he w5t to ,spa9 & accompani$ sev]al ,spani% exp$itions s5t to explore ! new cont95t :i* ,columbus _h discov]$ on 8 ?ird voyage4 ,p]haps ,am]icus w5t z a pilot2 he c]ta9ly 0 n ! lead] 9 any exp$ition4 ,b he seems to h writt5 to 8 fri5ds int]e/+ acc\nts ( :at he _h se54 ,9 "o ( ^! lett]s ,am]icus seems to h writt5 boa/fully ( h[ he _h f\nd l&s :i* might be call$ a new _w4 ,he said t ! new cont95t 0 m popul\s & m full ( animals ?an ,europe1 or ,asia1 or ,africa1 & t ! climate 0 ev5 m temp]ate & pleasant ?an any o!r region4 ,?is 0 cle>ly a new _w4 ,,:y ,,am]icus ,,0 ,,reg>d$ ,,z ,,! ,,discov]] ,,( ,,am]ica4 ,! /atem5t ( ,am]icus 0 scatt]$ widely by ! help ( ! newly inv5t$ pr9t+ press4 ,x 0 writt5 9 ,lat91 & s c\ld be read by ! le>n$ ( all c\ntries4 ,!y 7 impress$ by ! belief ( ,am]icus t he _h se5 a new _w & n simply ! ,indies4 ,?is 0 especially true ( m5 liv+ outside ( ,spa9 :o _h he>d little ( ,columbus or 8 discov]y4 ,columbus = 8 "p _h writt5 z if 8 great discov]y 0 a way to ! ,indies & ! f9d+ ( isl&s on ! way ?i!r less important4 ,besides1 :5 he saw :at we call ,s\? ,am]ica he _h no idea t x 0 a new _w4 ,! p ( ,europe ei!r nev] knew t he _h discov]$ ! ma9l& or _h =gott5 x altoge!r4 ,b !y he>d a great deal ab\t ,am]icus & 8 do+s4 ,x is n /range t ,am]icus r ?an ,columbus 0 long reg>d$ z ! true discov]] ( ,am]ica4 ,,two ,,names ,,= ,,! ,,new ,,l&s4 ,ev5 !n ! new cont95t might n h be5 call$ ,am]ica b = ! sugge/ion ( a "y s*ol> ( ! "t4 ,m>t9 ,waldseemll]1 a pr(essor ( geography at ! college ( ,/4 ,di1 n[ 9 ea/]n ,france1 wrote a book on geography4 ,9 8 description ( ! p>ts ( ! _w unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 he sugge/$ nam+ ! cont95t /ret*+ to ! s\? = ,am]icus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,facsimile ,( ! passage 9 ! ,cosmographia ,introductio 7#aejg71 by ,m>t9 ,waldseemll]1 9 :i* ! "n ( ,am]ica is propos$ = ! ,new ,_w4 ,! facsimile's transcription reads z foll[s3 ,nunc ,v]o et hae p>tes sunt latius lu/ratae1 et alia qu>ta p>s p] ,am]icum ,vesputium 7ut 9 sequ5tibus audietur7 inv5ta e/ quam non video cur quis jure vetet ab ,am]ico inv5tore sagacis +5ii viro ,am]ig5 quasi ,am]ici t]ram1 sive ,am]icam dic5dam3 cum et ,europa et ,asia a muli]ibus sua sortita s9t nom9a4 ,ejus situm et g5tis mores ex bis b9is ,am]ici navigationibus quae sequuntur liquide intelligidatur4 ,waldseemll] ?\ght ,am]icus _h be5 ! real discov]] ( ?is cont95t4 ,he said1 ,n[1 inde$1 z ^! regions are m widely explor$1 & ano!r f\r? "p has be5 discov]$ by ,am]icus ,vespucius1 ,i d n see :y any "o may ju/ly =bid x to be nam$ ,am]ige--t is1 ,am]ic's ,l&1 f ,am]icus1 ! discov]]4 ,o!rs adopt$ ,waldseemll]'s sugge/ion & ! "n ,am]ica came into g5]al use outside ( ,spa94 ,b ! ,spani>ds cont9u$ to call all ! new l&s by ! "n :i* ,columbus _h giv5 !m--! ,indies4 ,am]ica 0 at fir/ ! "n = ,s\? ,am]ica only1 b lat] 0 also us$ by writ]s = ! o!r cont95t :i* 0 soon f\nd to ! nor?4 ,x 0 natural to di/+ui% ! two cont95ts z ,s\? & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,,balboa4 ,! successors ( ,columbus kept up a ceaseless se>* = ! real ,indies1 b ! m !y explor$ ! m !y saw t a great cont95tal b>ri] 0 ly+ across ! sea passage to ,asia4 ,a few began to suspect t aft] all ,am]ica 0 n a "p ( ,asia4 ,vasco ,nuez ,balboa 0 "o ( ^!4 ,balboa 0 a plant] :o _h settl$ 9 ,espaola4 ,he fell deeply into debt1 & to escape 8 cr$itors _h himself nail$ up 9 a b>rel & put abo>d a vessel b\nd = ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,f !re he w5t to ! ea/]n bord] ( ,panama ) a p>ty ( gold seek]s4 ,! ,indians told him ( a great sea & ( an abundance ( gold on its %ores to be f\nd a %ort di/ance across ! i/hmus4 ,x is probable t ! ,indians wi%$ to get rid ( ! ,spani>ds z neighbors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vasco ,,nu,,ez ,,balboa ,,balboa',s ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,pacific4 ,balboa resolv$ to make a "n = himself & to be ! discov]] ( ! o!r sea4 ,he set (f 9 #aeac4 ,! l& is n m ?an =ty-five miles wide at ,panama1 b x is almo/ impassable ev5 to ?is day4 ,= tw5ty-two days ! h>dy adv5tur]s advanc$ ?r\gh a =e/1 d5se ) ?ickets & tangl$ swamps & int]lac+ v9es--s ?ick t = days ! sun c\ld n be se5--& ov] r\gh & slipp]y m\nta9-sides until !y came to an op5 sea /ret*+ (f to ! s\? & we/4 ,balboa call$ x ! ,s\? ,sea1 b x is usually call$ ! ,pacific ,ocean1 ! "n giv5 x aft]w>d4 ,balboa _h made ! important discov]y t ! b>ri] ( l& 0 comp>atively n>r[4 ,?is gave ! impression t ,nor? ,am]ica1 too1 0 n>r[] ?an x prov$ to be1 & ! se>* = ! passage to ! ,indies 0 pu%$ ) great] vigor4 ,,magellan4 ,a ,portuguese explor]1 ,vasco da ,gama1 _h really won ! race begun by ,pr9ce ,h5ry's navigators & ,columbus = ,india1 ! l& ( cloves1 pepp]1 & nutmegs4 ,he _h won 9 #adig by go+ ar\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,ano!r explor]1 ,f]d9& ,magellan1 f9ally1 rea*$ ! ,indies 9 a long we/w>d voyage la/+ two ye>s1 f #aeai to #aeba4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f]d9& ,,magellan ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,magellan',s ,,voyage4 ,magellan1 himself a ,portuguese1 tri$ 9 va9 l ,columbus to p]suade ! k+ ( ,portugal to aid him 9 8 project4 ,he succe$$ bett] 9 ,spa91 & sail$ f !re 9 #aeai ) a small fleet giv5 him by ! "y k+ ,*>les4 ,! five %ips 9 8 fleet 7 old & 9 bad repair1 & ! crews _h be5 br\ght toge!r f e nation4 ,!y sail$ directly to ,s\? ,am]ica1 & sp5t ! fir/ ye> se>*+ e inlet along ! coa/ = a passage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/rait ,,( ,,magellan ,!y f\nd t ! natives ( ,s\? ,am]ica us$ = food vegetables t look$ l turnips & ta/$ l *e/nuts4 ,! ,indians call$ !m patatas4 ,9 ?is way ! potato1 "o ( ! great foods ( to-day1 0 f\nd by ,europeans4 ,a :ole w9t] 0 pass$ on ! cold & b>r5 coa/ ( ,patagonia4 ,magellan call$ ! natives ,patagones1 ! ^w 9 8 language mean+ big feet1 f ! l>ge foot-pr9ts :i* !y left on ! s&4 ,,! ,,/rait ,,( ,,magellan4 ,magellan f9ally f\nd a /rait1 s9ce nam$ = him ! ,/rait ( ,magellan1 & sail$ 8 %ips ?r\gh x amid ! greate/ dang]s4 ,! *ange f ! r\gh wat]s ( ! /rait to ! calm sea beyond made ! ^w ,pacific or ,peaceful ,sea seem ! mo/ suitable "n = ! va/ body ( wat] :i* !y _h ent]$4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,voyage ,,across ,,! ,,pacific4 ,f ! we/]n coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica ,magellan /ruck boldly out into ! ,pacific ,ocean on 8 way to ,asia4 ,! crews suff]$ untold h>d%ips4 ,! v rats :i* ov]ran ! rott5 %ips became a luxuri\s article ( food :i* only ! m =tunate memb]s ( ! crews c\ld af=d4 ,! poor] seam5 liv$ = days on ! ox-hide /rips :i* protect$ ! ma/s4 ,^! 7 soak$ 9 sea-wat] & roa/$ ov] ! fire4 ,magellan 0 =tunate en\gh to *ance ^u ! ,isle ( ,guam1 :]e pl5tiful supplies 7 obta9$4 ,he call$ ! gr\p ( small isl&s1 ( :i* ,guam is "o1 ! ,ladrones4 ,?is 0 8 ^w = robb]s1 us$ because ! natives 7 su* robb]s4 ,! exp$ition discov]$ a gr\p ( isl&s aft]w>ds call$ ! ,philipp9es4 ,!re ,magellan fell 9 ) trad]s f ! ,indies & knew t ! rema9d] ( ! voyage w\ld be ?r\gh well-kn[n seas & ov] a r\te frequ5tly foll[$4 ,poor ,magellan did n live to complete 8 rem>kable voyage4 ,he 0 kill$ 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s 9 a battle ) ! natives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,old ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,_w--#aebc ,aft] ,magellan's voyage1 b be=e ! exploration ( ,nor? ,am]ica _h gone f> ,only "o ( ! five %ips f\nd its way ?r\gh ! ,spice ,isl&s1 across ! ,indian ,ocean1 ar\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & s back to ,spa92 b ?is "o c>ri$ home tw5ty-six tons ( cloves1 wor? m ?an en\gh to pay ! :ole co/ ( ! exp$ition4 ,su* 0 ! value ( ! trade ,europe 0 s eag]ly seek+4 ,,:at ,,magellan ,,_h ,,%[n ,,! ,,p ,,( ,,europe4 ,magellan's voyage _h1 h[ev]1 be5 a great ev5t4 ,hi/orians are agre$ t x 0 ! greate/ voyage 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,x _h %[n 9 a practical way t ! e>? is a globe1 j z ,columbus & o!r wise m5 _h long taught1 = a %ip _h sail$ completely ar\nd x4 ,b ,magellan _h also prov$ "s ?+s t !y _h n dream$4 ,he _h %[n t two great oceans in/ead ( "o lay betwe5 ,europe & ,asia2 he _h made cle> t ! ,indies :i* ! ,spani% explor]s _h f\nd1 & :i* o!r p 7 beg9n+ to call ! ,am]icas1 7 really a new _w entirely sep>ate f ,asia1 & n a "p ( ,asia z ,columbus _h ?\ght4 ,,que/ions #a4 ,:y 7 ! e>ly ,am]ican explor]s disappo9t$ at f9d+ two cont95ts betwe5 ,europe & ,asia8 #b4 ,:at l& did ,john ,cabot discov]8 ,:]e did he ?9k ?is l& 08 ,:y did ! ,engli% p take little int]e/ 9 ?is voyage8 #c4 ,:y 0 our c\ntry nam$ ,am]ica8 ,d y ?9k t ,am]icus ,vespucius des]v$ s great an honor8 ,by :at "n did ! ,spani>ds cont9ue to call ! new region8 ,:y did ! ,spani>ds h "o "n & ! o!r ,europeans ano!r "n = a long "t8 #d4 ,h[ did ,balboa come to f9d ! ,pacific ,ocean8 ,:y did m5 se>* = a passage betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ! ,pacific m vigor\sly aft] ,balboa's exp$ition8 #e4 ,:y has ,magellan's voyage be5 call$ ! greate/ "o 9 hi/ory8 ,:at ?ree ?+s _h ,magellan %[n ! ,european _w8 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,make out a li/ ( ! explor]s m5tion$ 9 ?is *apt] :o help$ 9 ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w1 & place opposite ! "n ( ea* ! "n ( ! l& he discov]$4 #b4 ,trace ,magellan's voyage on ! map & make a li/ ( ! l&s or c\ntries he pass$4 ,look at ! map ( ,nor? ,am]ica on ?is old map1 & at ! "o 9 m5tion$ ,*apt] ,,xix4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ! que] %ape ( ,nor? ,am]ica on ! old map8 ,important date--#aeai-ba4 ,magellan's %ip made ! fir/ voyage ar\nd ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,e>ly ,,spani% ,,explor]s ,,& ,,conqu]ors ,,on ,,! ,,ma9l& ,,! ,,civilization ,,( ,,! ,,mexican ,,indians4 ,e>ly ,spani% explor]s on ! coa/ ( ,mexico f\nd ! ,indians ( ! ma9l& m highly civiliz$ ?an ! natives ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,"s ( ^!1 especially ! ,aztecs1 liv$ 9 l>ge villages or cities & 7 rul$ by p[]ful *iefs or k+s4 ,!y built to _! gods huge /one temples ) t[]s sev]al /ories 9 height4 ,_! h\ses1 q unlike ^? ( ! o!r ,indians ! ,spani% _h se51 7 made ( /one or sun-dri$ brick & coat$ ) h>d :ite pla/]4 ,"s ( !m 7 ( imm5se size & c\ld hold _m families4 ,doors _h n be5 inv5t$1 b hang+s ( wov5 grass or matt+ ( cotton s]v$ in/ead4 ,/r+s ( %ells :i* a visitor c\ld rattle answ]$ = door-bells4 ,! /reets ( ! t[ns 7 n>r[1 b 7 (t5 pav$ ) a sort ( cem5t4 ,aqu$ucts 9 solid masonry some:at l ! old ,roman aqu$ucts1 al?\gh n s l>ge1 c>ri$ wat] f ! neighbor+ hills = f\nta9s & rude public ba?s4 ,! wom5 wove cotton & prep>$ clo?+ = _! families4 ,workm5 made ornam5ts ( gold & copp]1 & ut5sils & di%es ( pott]y = e-day use4 ,! p cultivat$ ! fields ar\nd ! cities1 rais+ a great v>iety ( foods1 & ev5 built dit*es to c>ry wat] = irrigat+ ! fields4 ,all ?is 0 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! simple habits ( ! ,we/ ,indians4 ,illu/ration3 ,,aztec ,,sacrificial ,,/one ,n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum 9 ! ,city ( ,mexico ,,cruel ,,cu/oms ,,( ,,! ,,aztecs4 ,) all ! good features ( ,mexican life1 ) all ! sup]iority ( ! ,mexicans ov] ! o!r ,indians1 !re 0 mu* t 0 hide\s & cruel4 ,! ,aztecs1 ! mo/ p[]ful tribes1 7 cont9ually at w> ) _! neighbors4 ,!y liv$ ma9ly ^u ! plund] ( _! enemies & ! tribute :i* !y took f ^? !y _h conqu]$4 ,l all ,mexicans1 !y wor%ip$ great ugly idols z gods & to ^! _! prie/s (f]$ "p ( ! captives tak5 9 w> z human sacrifices4 ,,spani% ,,ideas ,,( ,,mexico4 ,! reports ( ! ,aztec civilization & ( ! treasures ( gold1 mo/ly untrue1 excit$ ! int]e/ & gre$ ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,mexico seem$ l ! ,*9a :i* ,m>co ,polo _h describ$1 & might (f] a *ance ( imm5se weal? = ^? :o %\ld conqu] x4 ,9 tru?1 ,mexican civilization did resemble t ( ,asia m ?an any?+ t ! ,spani>ds _h se54 ,montezuma1 a p[]ful *ief or k+ ( ! ,aztecs1 liv$ some:at l a ,mongol ,emp]or ( ,p]sia or ,*9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,montezuma1 ,,! ,,la/ ,,k+ ,,( ,,mexico ,aft] ,montanus & ,ogilby ,,cort,s4 ,9 #aeai ! gov]nor ( ,cuba s5t ,h]n&o ,corts to explore & conqu] ,mexico4 ,! exp$ition l&$ :]e ,v]a ,cruz is n[ situat$4 ,! %ips 7 !n sunk 9 ord] to cut (f all hope ( retreat = ! soldi]s4 ,= :om b c[>ds1 said ,corts1 7 means ( retreat necess>y6 ,corts1 ) great skill1 work$ up ! zeal ( 8 soldi]s to ! fury ( a religi\s crusade4 ,all ?\ght x a duty to de/roy ! idols !y saw1 to end ! practice ( (f]+ human sacrifices1 & to =ce ! ,*ri/ian religion ^u ! natives4 ,! small army m>*$ sl[ly inl& t[>ds ! ,city ( ,mexico1 :i* 0 ! capital ( ,montezuma's k+dom4 ,corts & 8 m5 _h le>n$ ! ,indian mode ( fight+ f ambu%1 & also h[ successfully to mat* cunn+ & trea*]y ) ^? villag]s :o tri$ to prev5t 8 invasion ( _! c\ntry4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,spani>ds ,,& ,,! ,,aztecs ,,f\ght4 ,! ,mexican w>riors1 ?\gh !y f\ght fi]cely1 7 no mat* = ! ,spani>ds4 ,! ,mexicans 7 exp]ts ) ! b[ & arr[1 us+ arr[s po9t$ ) a h>d k9d ( /one4 ,!y c>ri$ = h&-to-h& fight+ a n>r[ club set ) a d\ble edge ( razor-l /ones1 & wore a crude k9d ( armor made f quilt$ cotton4 ,b su* ?+s 7 useless aga9/ ,spani% bullets %ot f af>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,armor ,,( ,,cort,s ,aft] an engrav+ ( ! orig9al 9 ! ,national ,museum1 ,madrid ,! ro>+ cannon1 ! glitt]+ /eel swords1 ! ?ick armor & %9+ helmets1 ! pranc+ horses on :i* ! ,spani% lead]s 7 m\nt$1 gave ! :ole a /range1 une>?ly appe>ance to ! simple-m9d$ ,indians4 ,! /ory is told t ! ,mexicans believ$ t "o ( _! gods _h once float$ out to sea1 say+ t1 9 ! fulness ( "t1 he w\ld return ) fair-sk9n$ companions to beg9 aga9 8 rule ov] 8 p4 ,_m ,aztecs look$ ^u ! com+ ( ! :ite m5 z ! return ( ?is god & ?\ght t resi/ance w\ld be useless4 ,su* natives s5t pres5ts1 made _! peace ) ,corts1 & s weak5$ ! opposition to ! conqu]ors4 ,,cort,s ,,9 ,,p]il4 ,corts easily ent]$ ! ,city ( ,mexico1 & =c$ ,montezuma to resign4 ,b "h ! natives attack$ 8 army 9 su* numb]s t he _h to retreat to escape capture4 ,! ,spani>ds fl$ f ! city at night amid ! onslaught ( ! inhabitants fight+ = _! religion & _! homes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cannon ,,( ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,cort,s ,aft] ,van ,m5k54 ,!re are 9 ! naval museum at ,annapolis guns captur$ 9 ! ,mexican ,w> suppos$ to be ^? us$ by ,corts ,! retreat co/ ! ,spani>ds t]rible losses4 ,corts />t$ 9 ! ev5+ on ! retreat ) #a1bej soldi]s1 #f1jjj ,indian allies1 & #hj horses4 ,!re 7 left 9 ! morn+ #ejj soldi]s1 #b1jjj allies1 & #bj horses4 ,corts is said to h buri$ 8 face 9 8 h&s & wept = 8 lo/ foll[]s1 b he nev] wav]$ 9 8 purpose ( tak+ ,mexico4 ,he 0 able to defeat ! ,indians 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 & to return to ! attack on ! capital city4 ,,capture ,,( ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,mexico4 ,! siege :i* foll[$1 la/+ ne>ly ?ree mon?s1 has r>ely be5 mat*$ 9 hi/ory = ! brav]y & suff]+ ( ! natives4 ,! fight+ 0 con/ant & t]rible4 ,! fre% wat] supply 0 cut (f f ! inhabitants 9 ! city1 & fam9e aid$ ! invad]s4 ,at l5g? ! def5d]s 7 exhau/$ & ,corts ent]$4 ,x _h tak5 him two ye>s to conqu] ! ,aztecs4 ,a great] task rema9$ = him to d4 ,he 0 to cleanse & rebuild ! ,city ( ,mexico1 make x a c5t] ( ,spani% civilization1 & ,mexico a ,new ,spa94 ,by su* "w ,corts %[$ t he c\ld be n only a great conqu]or1 b also an able rul] 9 "t ( peace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,mexico ,,"u ,,! ,,conqu]ors ,f ! engrav+ 9 ! ,niewe ,w]eld ( ,montanus ,,piz>ro4 ,a few ye>s aft] ,corts conqu]$ ,mexico a second army conqu]$ ano!r fam\s ,indian k+dom4 ,francisco ,piz>ro comm&$ ?is exp$ition1 :i* set out f ,panama 9 #aeca4 ,piz>ro _h be5 ) ,balboa at ! discov]y ( ! ,s\? ,sea or ,pacific ,ocean1 &1 l 8 ma/]1 _h become int]e/$ 9 ! /ories ! ,indians told ( a ri* k+dom f> to ! s\?4 ,! gold5 k+dom :i* ! ,indians describ$ 0 t ( ! ,incas1 :o liv$ mu* z ! ,aztecs4 ,! ,spani>ds call$ ! region ( ! ,incas ! ,biru c\ntry or1 by s(t5+ ! fir/ lett]1 ! ,p]u c\ntry1 f ,biru1 :o 0 a native ,indian *iefta94 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,/one ,,idol ,,( ,,! ,,aztec',s ,x is m ?an eight feet high & five feet across1 & 0 dug up 9 ! c5tral squ>e ( ! ,city ( ,mexico m ?an "o hundr$ ye>s ago ,,conque/ ,,( ,,p]u4 ,piz>ro f\nd ! ,incas divid$ z usual by civil w>s & incapable ( mu* resi/ance4 ,"o ( _! rival *iefs 0 outwitt$ :5 he tri$ to capture ,piz>ro by a trick1 & 0 himself made a prison] in/ead4 ,he (f]$ to give ,piz>ro 9 return = 8 fre$om z mu* gold z w\ld fill 8 prison room z high z he c\ld rea*4 ,! (f] 0 accept$1 & gold1 ma9ly 9 ! %ape ( vases1 plates1 images1 & o!r ornam5ts f ! temples = ! ,indian idols1 0 ga!r$ toge!r4 ,! ,spani>ds soon f\nd !mselves 9 possession ( almo/ #g1jjj1jjj wor? ( gold1 besides a va/ quantity ( silv]4 ,z mu* m 0 tak5 f ! ,indians by =ce4 ,! :ole 0 divid$ among ! conqu]ors4 ,piz>ro's %>e 0 wor? ne>ly a million doll>s4 ,b ! poor *ief :o _h made !m sudd5ly ri* 0 suspect$ ( plott+ to h 8 w>riors ambu% !m z !y left ! c\ntry1 0 tri$ by 8 conqu]ors1 & put to dea?4 ,! bloody "w ( conque/ 0 soon ov]4 ,p]u1 l ,mexico1 rapidly became a c5t] ( ,spani% settlem5t4 ,emigrants1 in/ead ( /opp+ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 _h ! *oice ( go+ on into ! new] regions :i* ,corts & ,piz>ro _h won4 ,,emigrants ,,to ,,spani% ,,am]ica4 ,x 0 mu* h>d] 9 ! sixte5? c5tury to leave ,spa9 & settle 9 ,am]ica ?an x is today4 ,! fir/ & sometimes ! greate/ difficulty 0 9 gett+ p]mission to leave ,spa94 ,no "o c\ld g :o _h n secur$ ! k+'s cons5t4 ,! emigrant mu/ %[ t nei!r he nor 8 fa!r nor 8 gr&fa!r _h ev] be5 guilty ( h]esy1 t is1 t he & 8 =efa!rs _h be5 /eadfa/ ,ca?olic ,*ri/ians4 ,8 wife1 if he _h "o1 mu/ give h] cons5t4 ,8 debts mu/ all be paid4 ,! ,moors & ! ,jews ( ,spa9 c\ld n secure p]mits to move to ! ,new ,_w4 ,=eign]s ( :atev] nation 7 n want$ 9 ! colonies & 7 usually kept out4 ,spa9 tri$ to keep its colonies :olly = ,spani>ds4 ,,h>d%ips ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,,voyage4 ,^? :o did g to ! colonies f\nd ! voyage dang]\s & co/ly4 ,"o travel] has relat$ t x co/ him ab\t "o hundr$ & eighty doll>s = ! passage1 & t he provid$ 8 own *ick5s & bread4 ,! dang] to sail+ %ips f /orms 0 mu* great] ?an x is today = /eam%ips4 ,! voyage requir$ ?ree or f\r weeks & n uncommonly z _m mon?s4 ,,! ,,ne$ ,,( ,,labor]s4 ,! h>d%ips & dang]s ( ! voyage & ! reports ( suff]+ f fam9e & disease kept mo/ p f go+ to ! ,new ,_w4 ,emigration 0 sl[1 am\nt+ to ab\t a ?\s& a ye>4 ,!re 7 always few] capable :ite labor]s ?an ! l&[n]s 9 ! colonies ne$$ = _! "w1 = !re 0 mu* to d 9 cle>+ ! l& & prep>+ x = use4 ,! l&[n]s 7 usually well-to-d ,spani>ds :o did n l to "w 9 ! fields !mselves4 ,a great _m ( ! labor]s :o migrat$ to ,am]ica s]v$ 9 ! army or w5t to ! gold & silv] m9es ( ,mexico & ,p]u4 ,! craze = gold con/antly robb$ ! old] colonies ( _! f>m labor]s4 ,! l&[n]s 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 dur+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! colonies1 made slaves ( ! ,indians & compell$ !m to take ! place ( ! labor]s !y ne$$ & c\ld n obta94 ,,indian ,,slav]y4 ,! p ( ,europe ?\ght t ! :ole _w belong$ to ! foll[]s ( ,*ri/4 ,non-,*ri/ians1 :e!r ,indian or negro1 _h ! *oice ( accept+ ,*ri/ianity or ( be+ made slaves4 ,! *oice ( ,*ri/ianity did n always save !m f ! fate ( slav]y4 ,9 ?is ! ,spani>ds 7 no m cruel ?an _! neighbors ! ,engli% or ! ,fr5*4 ,! ,spani% plant]s f ! beg9n+ =c$ ! ,indians to "w _! f>ms4 ,! gold seek]s made !m "w 9 _! m9es4 ,! labor 9 e case 0 h>d1 & specially h>d = ! ,indian unus$ to "w4 ,! ov]se]s 7 brutal :5 ! slaves did n d ! tasks set = !m4 ,h>d usage & ! unheal?ful qu>t]s rapidly broke d[n ! natives4 ,! :ite m5 also br\ght into ! isl& diseases :i* !y1 ) _! great] exp]i5ce1 c\ld resi/1 b f :i*1 "o writ] says1 ! ,indians di$ l %eep ) a di/emp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,spani% ,,galleon ,%ips l ?is c>ri$ ! ,spani% emigrants to ,am]ica ,,slav]y ,,de/roys ,,! ,,we/ ,,indians4 ,:5 ! numb] ( ! ,indians 9 ,espaola & ,cuba _h decreas$ s mu* t !re 7 n en\gh left to meet ! ne$s ( ! plant]s1 slave-hunt]s se>*$ ! neighbor+ isl&s = o!rs4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! ,indians 7 ne>ly gone1 & ! plant]s began to look to ! ma9l& = _! slaves1 ! k+ ( ,spa9 =bade mak+ slaves ( ! ,indians4 ,un=tunately he did n =bid !m to capture negroes 9 ,africa = ! same purpose1 & ! *ange m]ely meant t negroes took ! place ( ,indians z slaves4 ,! /ory ( ! *ange is 9 great "p ! /ory ( ! life ( ,b>?olomew de ,las ,casas4 ,,las ,,casas4 ,! fa!r ( ,las ,casas 0 a companion ( ,columbus on 8 second voyage 9 #adic4 ,he return$ to ,spa91 tak+ ) him a "y ,indian slave :om he gave to 8 son4 ,?is y\? became greatly int]e/$ 9 ! race to :i* 8 "y slave belong$4 ,9 #aejb he w5t to ,espaola to take possession ( 8 fa!r's e/ate4 ,! plant]'s life did n long satisfy him & f9ally he became a prie/4 ,he mov$ f ,espaola to ,cuba1 ! new] colony4 ,las ,casas became conv9c$ t ,indian slav]y 0 wrong1 & gave 8 own slaves _! fre$om4 ,9 8 s]mons he attack$ ! abuses ( slav]y4 ,he visit$ ,spa9 9 ord] to help ! slaves1 & secur$ _m re=ms :i* less5$ ! h>d%ips ( _! lot4 ,s9ce ! plant]s dem&$ m labor]s & ,las ,casas ?\ght ! negro w\ld be h>di] ?an ! ,indian1 he advocat$ negro slav]y 9 place ( ,indian slav]y z ! less ( two evils4 ,f9ally1 9 #aedb1 ,las ,casas p]suad$ 8 k+1 ,*>les ,v1 to put an end to ,indian slav]y ( e =m4 ,8 success came too late to b5efit ! natives ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,!y _h decreas$ until almo/ none 7 left4 ,x is said t !re 7 two hundr$ ?\s& ,indians 9 ,espaola 9 #adib1 & t 9 #aedh !re 7 b>ely five hundr$ survivors4 ,! same decrease _h tak5 place 9 ! o!r isl&s4 ,b ! "w ( ,las ,casas came 9 "t to save ! ,indians on ! ma9l& f ! fate ( ! luckless isl&]s4 ,,negro ,,slav]y4 ,las ,casas lat] regrett$ t he _h advis$ ! plant]s to obta9 negroes to take ! place ( ! ,indians4 ,"s negroes _h be5 captur$ by ! ,portuguese on ! coa/ ( ,africa dur+ _! explorations & tak5 to ,europe z slaves4 ,columbus c>ri$ a few ( ^! to ! ,we/ ,indies ) him1 & o!rs _h foll[$ 8 example1 b negro slav]y _h gr[n v sl[ly until aft] ,las ,casas /opp$ ,indian slav]y1 :5 x increas$ rapidly 9 ,spani% ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,las ,,casas ,aft] ! picture by ,felix ,p>ra 9 ! ,academy1 ,mexico4 ,las ,casas is suppos$ to be implor+ ,provid5ce to %ield ! natives f ,spani% cruelty ,,! ,,missions ,,( ,,! ,,ma9l&4 ,las ,casas became at "o "t a mission>y to a tribe ( ! mo/ desp]ate w>riors locat$ on ! s\!rn bord] ( ,mexico1 9 a region call$ by ! ,spani>ds ! ,l& ( ,w>4 ,?ree times a ,spani% army _h invad$ ! c\ntry1 & ?ree times x _h be5 driv5 back by ! native def5d]s4 ,las ,casas wi%$ to %[ ! ,spani>ds t m c\ld be accompli%$ by treat+ ! ,indians k9dly ?an by bloody w>f>e & conque/4 ,he & ! monks :om he took ) him le>n$ ! language ( ! ,indians1 & w5t among !m n z conqu]ors b z ,*ri/ian tea*]s4 ,_! g5tle mann]s & endless pati5ce won ! fri5d%ip ( ! ,indians 9 "t & *ang$ ! l& ( con/ant w>f>e into "o ( peace4 ,!y l$ ! natives to de/roy _! idols & to give up cannibalism4 ,! mission e/abli%$ among !m & kept up by ! monks :o 7 attract$ to x 0 only "o ( a great numb] :i* sprang up on ! ma9l&4 ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,missions4 ,influ5c$ by ! "w ( ,las ,casas aga9/ ,indian slav]y & = ,indian missions1 ! ,spani>ds b5t _! ef=ts to pres]ve & ,*ri/ianize ! natives :]ev] !y came ^u !m 9 ,am]ica4 ,ca?olic prie/s ga!r$ ! ,indians into p]man5t villages1 :i* 7 call$ missions4 ,)9 ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,columbus1 or by #afjj1 !re 7 m !n #e1jjj1jjj ,indians 9 su* villages "u ,spani% rule4 ,prie/s taught !m to build bett] h\ses1 *eck$ _! native vices1 & suppress$ hea!n practices4 ,e mission became a little indu/rial s*ool = *ildr5 & p>5ts alike1 :]e all might le>n ! simpl] arts & trades & ! cu/oms & language ( _! tea*]s4 ,ea* ,indian cultivat$ 8 own plot ( l& & work$ two h\rs a day on ! f>m belong+ to ! village4 ,! produce ( ! village f>m support$ ! *ur*4 ,! monks or fri>s :o _h *>ge ( ! mission c>$ = ! poor1 taught 9 ! s*ools1 pres]v$ ! peace & ord] ( ! village1 & look$ aft] ! religi\s welf>e ( all4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ru9s ,,( ,a ,,spani% ,,mission ,,h\se ,gradually ,spani% emigrants settl$ 9 ! mission /ations1 & plant]s e/abli%$ f>ms ar\nd !m1 & !y became ,spani% villages 9 e respect l ^? 9 ! isl&s or 9 ! ,old ,_w1 except t _m inhabitants 9 ! t[ns on ! ma9l& 7 ,indians4 ,! emigrants freely int]m>ri$ ) ! ,indians & a mix$ race took ! place ( ! old inhabitants4 ,! cu/oms1 language1 religion1 & rule ( ,spa9 prevail$ 9 ?is ,new ,spa91 ?\gh 9 "s ways ! new civilization 0 n s good z t ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,,que/ions #a4 ,9 :at ways did ! ,aztecs resemble ! ,europeans8 ,h[ did !y diff] f !m8 ,:y 7 ! ,spani>ds p>ticul>ly anxi\s to conqu] ,mexico8 #b4 ,:y did _m ( ! ,mexicans refuse to fight ! ,spani>ds8 ,h[ _m soldi]s & ,indian allies did ,corts lose 9 "o battle8 ,h[ long did x take ,corts to conqu] ,mexico8 #c4 ,:at o!r ,indian p 0 conqu]$ a few ye>s lat]8 ,by :om8 ,:at seem$ to be ! ma9 object ( ^! conqu]ors1 ,corts & ,piz>ro1 9 _! exp$itions8 #d4 ,:y did ! ,spani>ds make slaves ( ! ,indians 9 ! ,we/ ,indies8 ,:y did !y lat] cease mak+ slaves ( ,indians & beg9 mak+ slaves ( negroes8 ,:at %>e _h ,las ,casas 9 ?is *ange8 #e4 ,:at good "w did ! prie/s & monks 9 ! ,spani% ,missions accompli%8 ,:at became ( ! ,aztecs or o!r ,indian tribes 9 ,mexico8 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,f9d all y c ab\t ! h\ses1 food1 clo?+1 & occupations ( any ,indians liv+ 9 y\r "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or if none are !re n[1 le>n ?is f y\r p>5ts or f "s neighbor :o knew ! ,indians4 ,did !y resemble ! ,aztecs 9 ^! respects or ! ,we/ ,indians8 #b4 ,review ! acc\nt ( emigrat+ to ,spani% ,am]ica f\r hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,:o c\ld n g to ,spani% ,am]ica !n8 ,f9d out :o may n come into ! ,unit$ ,/ates to-day4 ,:at did x co/ "o travel] to get to ,am]ica 9 ! sixte5? c5tury8 ,f9d out ! co/ ( a voyage f ,europe to ,am]ica to-day4 ,h[ long did x take to make su* a voyage8 ,f9d out ! usual l5g? ( a voyage f ,europe to-day4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,spani% ,,explor]s ,,( ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,ponce ,,de ,,leon4 ,:ile m5 l ,corts 7 explor+ & conqu]+ ! c\ntries on ! we/ %ore ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 o!rs began to se>* ! va/ regions to ! nor?4 ,"o ( ^! explor]s 0 ,ponce de ,leon1 :o _h come to ,espaola ) ,columbus 9 #adic4 ,he aft]w>ds sp5t _m ye>s 9 ! ,we/ ,indies captur+ ,indians1 & und]/ood f some?+ !y said t a magic f\nta9 c\ld be f\nd beyond ! ,bahamas :i* w\ld re/ore an old man to y\? & vigor1 if he ba!d 9 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ponce ,,de ,,leon ,z ,ponce de ,leon 0 beg9n+ to feel ag$ he w5t 9 se>* ( ?is wondr\s f\nta91 b he f\nd in/ead a coa/ :]e fl[]s grew 9 great abundance4 ,x 0 ! ,ea/] season 9 #aeac4 ,s9ce ! ,spani% call ?is season ,pascua ,florida or ,fl[]y ,ea/]1 ,ponce call$ ! new fl[]y c\ntry ,florida4 ,he w5t a%ore ne> ! pres5t site ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & lat]1 :ile try+ to e/abli% a settlem5t1 lo/ 8 life 9 a battle ) ! ,indians4 ,,explorations ,,( ,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,coa/4 ,o!r ,spani% explor]s betwe5 #aeac & #aebe foll[$ ! :ole ,gulf coa/ f ,florida to ,v]a ,cruz1 & ! ,atlantic coa/ f ,florida to ,labrador4 ,!y s\ght cont9ually = a passage to ,india4 ,e l>ge inlet 0 ent]$1 = x might prove to be ! long-look$-= /rait4 ,sl[ly ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica took %ape on ! maps ( t "t4 ,two fam\s exp$itions into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry did mu* to enl>ge ?is k4 ,"o 0 made by ,de ,soto ?r\gh ! region :i* n[ =ms sev5 s\!rn /ates ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! o!r 0 by ,coronado ?r\gh ! great s\?we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h]n&o ,,de ,,soto ,,de ,,soto4 ,h]n&o de ,soto1 a noble f ,seville 9 ,spa91 _h won fame & =tune ) ,piz>ro 9 ,p]u4 ,! ,k+ ( ,spa91 to rew>d 8 brav]y & skill 9 conqu]+ ,indians1 made him ,gov]nor ( ,cuba4 ,9 ^? days ! ,gov]nor ( ,cuba controll$ ,florida4 ,x 0 a l>g] ,florida ?an ! pres5t /ate ( t "n1 = ,spani% ,florida includ$ ! :ole nor? coa/ ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico runn+ back into ! cont95t )\t any def9ite b\nd>y4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,gild$ ,,man4 ,de ,soto _h he>d a fanciful /ory ( a c\ntry s ri* 9 gold t its k+ 0 sme>$ e morn+ ) gum & !n ?ickly spr9kl$ ) p[d]$ gold1 :i* 0 wa%$ (f at night4 ,de ,soto ?\ght ?is c\ntry might be some:]e 9 ,florida1 & prep>$ to se>* = ! ,gild$ ,man1 or 9 ! ,spani% language ,el ,dorado4 ,,! ,,comrades ,,( ,,de ,,soto4 ,m ?an six hundr$ m51 "s ( !m f ! olde/ families ( ! nobility ( ,spa9 & ,portugal1 flock$ to ,de ,soto's bann]4 ,!y sold _! possessions at home & v5tur$ all _! weal? 9 ! hope ( obta9+ great ri*es 9 ,florida4 ,,de ,,soto',s ,,r\te ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,s\? ,,( ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,de ,soto cross$ f ,cuba to ! we/ coa/ ( ,florida 9 #aeci1 & advanc$ nor?w>d by l& to an ,indian village ne> ,apala*ee ,bay4 ,"h he sp5t ! fir/ w9t]4 ,a :ite man1 :om ! ,indians _h tak5 captive twelve ye>s be=e & f9ally adopt$1 jo9$ ,de ,soto & became v useful z an int]pret]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spani% ,,knight ,,( #af,,? ,,c5tury ,9 ! spr+ ,de ,soto r5ew$ 8 explorations4 ,x 0 l a j\rney into ! int]ior ( ,africa4 ,! exp$ition pass$ nor!a/]ly ?r\gh ! c\ntry n[ )9 ,georgia & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 z f>1 p]haps1 z ! bord] ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,f "h x pass$ ?r\gh ! m\nta9s1 & turn$ s\?we/]ly ?r\gh ,t5nessee & ,alabama until a l>ge ,indian village call$ ,mauvilla 0 rea*$4 ,?is 0 ne> ! head ( ,mobile ,bay4 ,mobile 0 nam$ f ! ,indian village ,mauvilla4 ,! ,alabama ,indians1 ^: "n means ! ?icket cle>]s1 7 ne> by4 ,"h aga9 ,de ,soto *ang$ 8 c\rse to ! nor?we/ into ! unkn[n int]ior4 ,,! ,,h>d%ips ,,( ,,! ,,j\rney4 ,8 army 0 almo/ exhau/$ by ! difficulties ( ! j\rney4 ,a road _h to be cut & brok5 ?r\gh ?ickets & =e/1 pa?s _h to be made ?r\gh ! _m swamps1 & =ds f\nd across ! riv]s4 ,x frequ5tly became necess>y to /op = mon?s at a "t1 to let ! horses1 worn out f travel & />v+ because ( ! sc>city ( fodd]1 fatt5 on ! grass4 ,! /ores :i* ! army br\ght ) !m soon gave out4 ,! m5 7 =c$ to live l ,indians1 & 7 (t5 r$uc$ to us+ ! roots ( wild plants = food4 ,:]e !y c\ld1 !y robb$ ! ,indians ( _! scanty /ores ( corn & beans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indians ,,broil+ ,,fi% ,,cruel ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,! ,,indians4 ,de ,soto 0 cruel 9 8 treatm5t ( ! conqu]$ natives along 8 r\te4 ,_m ( 8 (fic]s came ) him really = ! purpose ( obta9+ ,indian slaves = _! plantations 9 ,cuba4 ,indian wom5 7 made to d ! "w ( ! camp4 ,indian m5 7 *a9$ toge!r & =c$ to c>ry ! baggage4 ,! *iefs 7 held z ho/ages = ! good behavior ( ! :ole tribe4 ,! ,indians :o tri$ to %irk "w or (f]$ resi/ance 7 kill$ )\t m]cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,de ,,soto',s ,,r\te--#aeci-aedb ,de ,soto's cruelties made ! ,indian ( ! ,s\? hate ! :ite m51 & left him ! enemy ( any :o %\ld come to ^? regions 9 aft]-ye>s4 ,m ?an once ,de ,soto n>r[ly escap$ de/ruction at ! h&s ( ! enrag$ savages4 ,!y attack$ ! ,spani>ds ) all _! /r5g? at ,mauvilla1 & aga9 :ile !y 7 9 camp 9 nor!rn ,mississippi = ! w9t] ( #aedj-aeda4 ,^! two battles ) ! ,indians co/ ! ,spani>ds _! baggage1 :i* 0 de/roy$ 9 ! burn+ villages4 ,new clo?+1 h[ev]1 0 soon made f ! sk9s ( wild animals4 ,de]sk9s & be>sk9s s]v$ = cloaks1 jackets1 %irts1 /ock+s1 & ev5 = %oes4 ,! great army mu/ h look$ mu* l a b& ( ,rob9son ,crusoes4 ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,mississippi4 ,de ,soto m>*$ on nor?we/]ly until ,may #h1 #aeda1 :5 he 0 some:]e ne> ! site ( ! pres5t city ( ,memphis4 ,!re he came ^u a great riv]4 ,"o ( 8 (fic]s tells u t ! riv] 0 s wide at ?is po9t t if a man on ! o!r side /ood /ill1 x c\ld n be kn[n :e!r he 7 a man or n2 t ! riv] 0 ( great dep?1 & ( a /rong curr5t2 & t ! wat] 0 always muddy4 ,de ,soto call$ x1 9 8 own language1 ! ,rio ,gr&e or ,great ,riv]1 b ! ,indians call$ x ! ,mississippi4 ,am]icans h adopt$ ! ,indian "n4 ,o!r ,spani% explor]s _h probably pass$ ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] be=e ,de ,soto1 & wond]$ at its mighty size1 b ,de ,soto 0 ! fir/ :ite man to approa* x f ! l& & to appreciate ! importance ( 8 discov]y4 ,,w&]+s ,,we/ ,,( ,,! ,,mississippi4 ,! ,spani>ds cut d[n trees1 made !m into planks & built b>ges on :i* !y cross$ ! ,mississippi4 ,!n !y w&]$ = ano!r ye> ?r\gh ! endless woods & m>%es ( ! l[-ly+ l&s n[ )9 ! /ate ( ,arkansas4 ,!y probably w5t z f> we/ z ! op5 pla9s ( ,oklahoma or ,texas4 ,9 ^! bord] regions betwe5 ! =e/s & ! prairies !y met ,indians :o us$ ! sk9s ( ! buffalo = clo?+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,burial ,,( ,,de ,,soto ,,9 ,,! ,,mississippi ,,dea? ,,& ,,burial ,,( ,,de ,,soto4 ,! sev]e w9t] ( #aeda-aedb disc\rag$ ! h>dy travel]s1 :o _h n[ sp5t ne>ly ?ree ye>s 9 a va9 se>*4 ,! natives :om !y _h f\nd made clo?+ f ! fib] 9 ! b>k ( mulb]ry trees & f ! hides ( buffaloes1 & /or$ beans & corn = food1 b su* ?+s seem$ ( little value to ! seek]s = ! ,gild$ ,man4 ,de ,soto return$ to ! ,mississippi & prep>$ to e/abli% a colony some:]e ne> ! m\? ( ! ,r$ ,riv]4 ,x 0 8 purpose to s5d to ,cuba = supplies1 &1 ) ?is settlem5t z a base1 make a f>!r se>* 9 ! pla9s ( ! great ,we/4 ,he did n live to c>ry out 8 plan4 ,long exposure & anxiety _h weak5$ him4 ,! mal>ia ( ! swamps attack$ him1 & he di$ )9 a few days4 ,8 body 0 wrapp$ 9 mantles weight$ ) s&1 c>ri$ 9 a canoe1 & secretly l[]$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! great riv] he _h discov]$4 ,8 successor tri$ to conceal ,de ,soto's dea? f ! ,indians4 ,! ,spani>ds _h call$ _! lead] ! ,*ild ( ! ,sun1 & n[ he _h di$ l any o!r mortal4 ,!y 7 afraid if ! ,indians f\nd 8 body !y w\ld cease to believe t ! /rang]s 7 immortal & w\ld massacre !m all4 ,! ,indians 7 told t ! great lead] _h gone to ,heav51 z he _h (t5 done be=e1 & t he w\ld return 9 a few days4 ,,results ,,( ,,de ,,soto',s ,,j\rney4 ,! we>y survivors built boats1 float$ d[n ! ,mississippi into ! ,gulf1 & sail$ cauti\sly along ! coa/s to ,mexico4 ,!y _h be5 gone f\r ye>s & ?ree mon?s1 & half ( ! army :i* set out _h p]i%$4 ,h[ev]1 ! exp$ition ( ,de ,soto w always rema9 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable j\rneys 9 ! hi/ory ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x _h ext5d$ ! ,spani% claims f> into ! int]ior4 ,) x _h begun ! writt5 hi/ory ( ! c\ntry n[ compos+ at lea/ eight /ates 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,florida1 ,georgia1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,t5nessee1 & ,arkansas4 ,x _h p]haps rea*$ ! pres5t ,oklahoma & ,texas1 & _h c]ta9ly pass$ d[n ! ,mississippi ,riv] ?r\gh ,l\isiana4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,sev5 ,,cities4 ,:ile ,de ,soto 0 explor+ ! s\!a/]n "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica a second exp$ition se>*$ ! s\?we/4 ,bo? 7 look+ = ri* ,indian k+doms l ,mexico & ,p]u4 ,! second exp$ition came ab\t 9 ?is mann]4 ,"s ( ! ,indians f nor!rn ,mexico told ! ,spani>ds a /range tale ( h[ 9 ! di/ant pa/ _! ance/ors came =? f sev5 caves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,indian ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,mexico ,! ,spani>ds1 h[ev]1 confus$ ! tale ) a /ory ( _! own ab\t ,sev5 ,cities4 ,!y believ$ t at ! "t ,spa9 0 ov]run by ! ,moors 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 sev5 bi%ops1 fly+ f p]secution1 _h tak5 refuge1 ) a great company ( foll[]s1 on an isl& or gr\p ( isl&s f> out 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 & t !y _h built ,sev5 ,cities4 ,wond]ful /ories 7 told 9 ,spa9 ( ^! cities1 ( _! weal? & spl5dor1 ?\gh nobody ev] pret5d$ to h actually se5 !m4 ,! ,spani>ds ?\ght ! ,indians meant to tell !m ( ^! ,sev5 ,cities in/ead ( sev5 caves4 ,! mi/ake 0 natural1 z ! ,spani% explor]s _h mu* tr\ble 9 und]/&+ ! ,indian languages4 ,!y _h long expect$ to f9d ! ,sev5 ,cities 9 ,am]ica4 ,inde$ !re 0 rumor t :ite travel]s _h se5 !m nor? ( ,mexico4 ,,! ,,j\rney ,,( ,,fri> ,,m>cos4 ,9 #aeci ! ,vic]oy ( ,mexico s5t a fronti] mission>y1 ,fri> ,m>cos by "n1 toge!r ) a negro1 ,/eph51 & "s ,*ri/ianiz$ ,indians to look = !m4 ,fri> ,m>cos travel$ f> to ! nor?4 ,he inquir$ 8 way ( ! ,indians1 always ask+ !m ab\t ,sev5 ,cities4 ,he describ$ !m z l>ge cities ) h\ses made ( /one & mort>4 ,! ,indians1 half-und]/&+ him1 direct$ him to sev5 ,zui villages or pueblos4 ,! fir/ ( ^! !y call$ ,cibola4 ,fri> ,m>cos h5ce=? spoke ( !m z ! ,sev5 ,cities ( ,cibola4 ,! good fri> himself nev] ent]$ ev5 ! fir/ ( !m4 ,8 negro1 ,/eph51 _h be5 s5t on 9 advance to prep>e ! way1 b ?is r\gh1 gre$y fell[ (f5d$ ! ,indians1 :o promptly murd]$ him4 ,:5 ! fri> approa*$ he f\nd ! ,indians s excit$ & ho/ile t he d>$ n ent] _! village4 ,he did1 h[ev]1 v5ture to climb a hill at a di/ance1 f :i* he _h a view ( "o ( ! cities ( ,cibola4 ,! h\ses1 built ( light /one & :iti% adobe1 gli/5$ 9 ! wond]fully cle> air & bright sunlight ( t region1 & gave him ! idea ( a mu* l>g] & ri*] city ?an really exi/$4 ,fri> ,m>cos1 by ?is "t ?or\ghly fright5$1 hurri$ly retrac$ 8 /eps4 ,,coronado4 ,!re 0 great excitem5t 9 ,mexico ov] ! /ory ,fri> ,m>cos told4 ,! acc\nt ( :at _h be5 se5 grew1 z su* /ories always d1 9 ! tell+ & retell+4 ,no?+ else 0 ?\ght ( 9 all ,new ,spa94 ,! ,vic]oy ( ,mexico made ready a great army = ! conque/ ( ! ,sev5 ,cities ( ,cibola4 ,he gave ! comm& to 8 intimate fri5d1 ,francisco de ,coronado4 ,ev]ybody want$ to accompany him1 b x 0 necess>y to h ! cons5t ( ! vic]oy4 ,sons ( nobles1 eag] to g1 trad$ ) _! m =tunate neighbors = ! vic]oy's p]mit4 ,"s m5 :o secur$ ^! sold !m z special favors to _! fri5ds4 ,:oev] obta9$ "o ( !m c\nt$ x z good z a title ( nobility4 ,s high 7 ! expectations ( great weal? :5 ! ,sev5 ,cities %\ld be discov]$6 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,zu,i ,,pueblo ,,f ,a ,,di/ance ,,! ,,army ,,( ,,coronado4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( #aedj1 ,coronado set =? f 8 home 9 we/]n ,mexico ne> ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia4 ,he _h an army ( ?ree hundr$ ,spani>ds1 ne>ly all ! y\ng] sons ( nobles4 ,!y 7 fitt$ out ) poli%$ coats ( mail & gild$ armor1 c>ri$ lances & swords1 & 7 m\nt$ on ! *oice/ horses f ! l>ge /ock-f>ms ( ! vic]oy4 ,!re 7 9 ! army a few footm5 arm$ ) crossb[s & h>quebuses4 ,a ?\s& negroes & ,indians 7 tak5 along1 ma9ly z s]vants = ! :ite ma/]s4 ,"s l$ ! sp>e horses4 ,o!rs c>ri$ ! baggage1 or drove ! ox5 & c[s1 ! %eep & sw9e :i* w\ld be ne$$ on ! j\rney4 ,a small fleet c>ri$ "p ( ! baggage by way ( ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia1 prep>$ also to help ,coronado 9 o!r ways1 & to explore ! ,gulf to its head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,r\te ,,( ,,coronado ,,! ,,r\te ,,( ,,coronado ,,to ,,cibola4 ,! l>ge army m>*$ sl[ly ?r\gh ! wild regions ( ! ,gulf coa/4 ,coronado soon became impati5t & pu%$ ahead ( ! ma9 body ) a small foll[+ ( pick$ horsem54 ,!y w5t ?r\gh ! m\nta9\s wild]ness ( nor!rn ,mexico & across ! des]t pla9s ( s\!a/]n ,arizona4 ,aft] a m>* la/+ five mon?s1 ov] a di/ance equal to t f ,new ,york to ,omaha1 ,coronado came ^u ! ,sev5 ,cities ( ,cibola2 b ! real ,sev5 ,cities ( ,cibola z ,coronado f\nd !m bore little resemblance to :at he _h expect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,zu,i ,,pueblo ,,! ,,real ,,sev5 ,,cities ,,( ,,cibola4 ,! fir/ city ( ,cibola 0 an ,indian pueblo ( ab\t two hundr$ flat-ro($ h\ses1 built ( /one & sun-dri$ clay4 ,! h\ses 7 ent]$ by climb+ ladd]s to ! top & !n pass+ d[n into ! rooms z we ent] %ips ?r\gh hat*es4 ,! p wore only su* clo!s z c\ld be wov5 f ! co>se fib] ( native plants1 or pat*$ toge!r f ! tann$ sk9s ( ! cat or ! de]4 ,!y cultivat$ c]ta9 plants = food1 b only small & poor v>ieties ( corn1 beans1 & melons4 ,!y _h "s skill 9 mak+ small ?+s = h\se & p]sonal decoration1 ma9ly 9 ! =m ( pott]y & simple ornam5ts ( gre5 /one4 ,! k+dom ( ri* cities dw9dl$ to a small prov9ce ( poor villages inhabit$ by an unw>like p4 ,we "k n[ t ,coronado _h f\nd ! ,zui pueblos 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,new ,mexico4 ,! conque/ ( ^! 0 a w(ully small ?+ = s gr& & co/ly an exp$ition4 ,no gold or silv] or preci\s jewels _h be5 f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,canyon ,,( ,,! ,,colorado ,,! ,,canyon ,,( ,,! ,,colorado4 ,yet ! wond]s ( ! natural _w ab\t !m a/oni%$ & int]e/$ ! ,spani>ds4 ,"s ( _! numb] f\nd ! ,gr& ,canyon ( ! ,colorado ,riv] & vividly describ$ x to _! comrades4 ,z !y look$ into its dep?s x seem$ z if ! wat] 0 six feet across1 al?\gh 9 reality x 0 _m hundr$ feet wide4 ,"s tri$ )\t success to desc5d ! /eep cliff to ! /ream bel[ or to discov] a means ( cross+ to ! opposite side4 ,^? :o /aid above e/imat$ t "s huge rocks on ! side ( ! cliff 7 ab\t z tall z a man1 b ^? :o w5t d[n z f> z !y c\ld swore t :5 !y rea*$ ^! rocks !y f\nd !m bigg] ?an ! great t[] ( ,seville1 :i* is two hundr$ & sev5ty-five feet high4 ,,coronado ,,9 ,,new ,,mexico4 ,coronado m>*$ f ! ,cities ( ,cibola ea/w>d to ! valley ( ! ,rio ,gr&e ,riv]1 & settl$ = ! w9t] 9 an ,indian village a %ort di/ance s\? ( ! pres5t city ( ,albuqu]que1 ,new ,mexico4 ,! ,spani>ds drove ! natives out1 only all[+ !m to take ! clo!s !y wore4 ,a ,,w9t] ,,9 ,,an ,,indian ,,village4 ,! soldi]s pass$ ! sev]e w9t] ( #aedj-aeda com=tably qu>t]$ 9 ! be/ h\ses ( ! ,indian village4 ,a pl5tiful supply ( corn & beans _h be5 left by ! un=tunate own]s4 ,! live /ock br\ght f ,mexico furni%$ an abundance ( fre% meat4 ,coronado requir$ ! ,indians to furni% ?ree hundr$ pieces ( clo? = cloaks & blankets = 8 m51 to take ! place ( _! own1 n[ worn out4 ,nor did ! (fic]s give ! ,indians "t to secure ! clo? t 0 dem&$1 b =c$ !m to take _! own cloaks & blankets (f _! backs4 ,:5 a soldi] came ^u an ,indian ^: blanket 0 bett] ?an 81 he compell$ ! unlucky fell[ to ex*ange ) him )\t m ado4 ,coronado's /r5u\s ef=ts to provide well = ! com=ts ( 8 m5 made him mu* lov$ by !m1 b mu* hat$ by ! ,indians4 ,x is no wond] t su* treatm5t drove ! ,indians into rebellion1 & t ,coronado 0 oblig$ to c>ry on a cruel w> ( reconque/ & rev5ge4 ,,! ,,tale ,,( ,,quivira4 ,an ,indian slave 9 "o ( ! villages *e]$ ,coronado & 8 foll[]s ) a fabul\s tale ab\t a wond]ful city1 _m days' j\rney across ! pla9s to ! nor!a/1 :i* he call$ ,quivira4 ,! k+ ( ,quivira1 he said1 took 8 nap "u a l>ge tree1 on :i* 7 hung little gold bells1 :i* put him to sleep z !y swung 9 ! air4 ,e "o 9 ! city _h jugs & b[ls made ( wr\ght gold4 ,! slave 0 probably tempt$ by ! eag]ness ( 8 he>]s to make 8 tale bigg]4 ,he p]haps made x z entic+ z he c\ld 9 ord] to lead ! /rang]s away to p]i% 9 ! pa?less pla9s :]e wat] w\ld be sc>ce & corn unkn[n4 ,,! ,,se>* ,,= ,,quivira4 ,! slave's /ory deceiv$ ! ,spani>ds4 ,coronado grasp$ eag]ly at ! only hope left ( f9d+ a ri* c\ntry & m>*$ away 9 se>* ( ,quivira4 ,he travel$ to ! nor!a/ = sev5ty-sev5 days4 ,!re 7 no guid+ l& m>ks4 ,soldi]s measur$ ! di/ance travel$ ea* day by c\nt+ ! foot/eps4 ,! pla9s 7 flat1 save = an occasional *annel cut by "s riv] half buri$ 9 ! s&2 !y 7 b>r51 except = a %ort wiry grass & a small rim ( %rubs & /unt$ trees along ! wat]c\rses4 ,,quivira4 ,! mo/ m>vel\s sight ( ! long j\rney 0 ! h]ds ( buffaloes 9 c\ntless numb]s4 ,! ,indians guid$ ,coronado 9 ! end to a clu/] ( ,indian villages :i* !y call$ ,quivira4 ,?is 0 some:]e 9 :at is n[ c5tral ,kansas ne> ,junction ,city4 ,! ,indians 7 9 all probability ! ,wi*itas4 ,"h aga9 ! great explor] met ) a bitt] disappo9tm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,tepees ,in/ead ( a f9e city ( /one & mort>1 he f\nd scatt]$ ,indian villages ) m]e t5t-l h\ses =m$ by fa/5+ grass or /raw or buffalo sk9s to poles4 ,! p 7 ! poore/ & mo/ b>b>\s :i* he _h met4 ,coronado 01 h[ev]1 =tunate 9 secur+ a supply ( corn & buffalo meat 9 ,quivira = 8 long return j\rney4 ,,coronado',s ,,op9ion ,,( ,,! ,,we/4 ,a ye> lat] a cre/fall5 army ( half-/>v$ m5 clad 9 ! sk9s ( animals /umbl$ back homew>d ?r\gh ,mexico 9 /raggl+ gr\ps4 ,great sadness prevail$ 9 ,mexico1 = _m _h lo/ _! =tunes besides fri5ds & relatives 9 ! ent]prise4 ,coronado seem$ to ! p ( ! "t to h l$ a co/ly army on a wild-goose *ase4 ,he himself ?\ght t ! regions he _h cross$ 7 valueless4 ,he said !y 7 cold & too f> away f ! sea to furni% a good site = a colony1 & ! c\ntry 0 nei!r ri* en\gh nor popul\s en\gh to make x wor? keep+4 ,,results ,,( ,,coronado',s ,,explorations4 ,we "k bett] to-day ! value ( ,coronado's great discov]ies4 ,he _h solv$ ! age-long my/]y ( ! ,sev5 ,cities1 & explor$ ! s\?we/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( our day4 ,! ri* region n[ includ$ 9 ! great /ates ( ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 ,texas1 ,oklahoma1 & ,kansas _h be5 se51 & x 0 soon aft] describ$ = ! ,european _w4 ,8 m5 _h explor$ ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia to its head1 & ! ,colorado ,riv] t[>d its s\rce = two hundr$ miles4 ,!y _h prov$ t l[] ,cali=nia 0 n an isl& b a "p ( ! ma9l&4 ,o!rs soon explor$ ! entire coa/ ( ,cali=nia to ! limits ( ! pres5t /ate ( ,oregon4 ,,h[ ,,de ,,soto ,,& ,,coronado ,,came ,,ne> ,,meet+4 ,de ,soto & ,coronado toge!r pu%$ ! ,spani% fronti] f> nor?w>d to ! c5t] ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,a /ory :i* 0 told by ,de ,soto's m5 %[s h[ close toge!r ! two great explor]s 7 at "o "t4 ,:ile ,coronado 0 9 ,quivira1 ,de ,soto 0 w&]+ along ! bord]s ( ! pla9s we/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 ?\gh nei!r knew ( ! ne>ness ( ! o!r4 ,an ,indian woman :o ran away f ,coronado's army fell 9 ) ,de ,soto's1 n9e days lat]4 ,if ,de ,soto & ,coronado _h met on ! pla9s !re w\ld h be5 a f9] /ory to tell1 almo/ z dramatic z ! meet+ ( ,/anley & ,liv+/one 9 c5tral ,africa4 ,"o _c refra9 f wond]+ h[ diff]5t w\ld h be5 ! end+ ) ! two great armies unit$ & enc\rag$ to cont9ue _! explorations4 ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at /ory _h ,ponce de ,leon he>d 9 ! ,we/ ,indies8 ,:at did he f9d8 ,:y did he call ! new c\ntry :i* he discov]$ ,florida8 ,:at 0 includ$ 9 ,florida z ! ,spani>ds und]/ood x8 #b4 ,:at 0 ,de ,soto look+ = 9 ,nor? ,am]ica8 ,h[ long did he se>*8 ,:at did he f9d8 ,0 he disappo9t$8 ,:at 0 he plann+ to d :5 he di$8 ,:y 0 8 j\rney v rem>kable8 ,?r\gh :at pres5t /ates ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates did he pass8 #c4 ,:]e did ! ,spani>ds expect to f9d ! ,sev5 ,cities8 ,:y did he expect to f9d !m !re8 ,:at 0 ! /ory ( ! ,sev5 ,cities8 ,( ! ,sev5 ,caves8 #d4 ,:at did ,coronado expect to f9d at ! ,sev5 ,cities ( ,cibola8 ,:at did he f9d !re8 ,:y did he g f> on into ,nor? ,am]ica 9 se>* ( ,quivira8 ,:at did he f9d on ! way to ,quivira8 ,:at did he f9d ,quivira to be8 #e4 ,:at did ,coronado ?9k ( 8 own discov]ies8 ,:at _h he f\nd out ( int]e/ or value to ! re/ ( ! _w8 ,:i* ( ! pres5t /ates ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates did 8 r\te t\*8 ,,review #a4 ,review ! effect ( ! discov]ies ( ,columbus1 ,magellan1 ,de ,soto1 ,coronado1 on ! k ( ! new _w4 ,important date--#aeda4 ,! discov]y ( ! ,mississippi by ,de ,soto4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,rivalry ,,& ,,/rife ,,9 ,,europe ,,! ,,rivals ,,( ,,spa94 ,:5 ! e>ly voyages to ,am]ica & ,asia 7 end$1 ! ,fr5*1 ! ,engli%1 & ! o!r nor!rn peoples ( ,europe seem$ to be beat5 9 ! race = new l&s & = new r\tes to old l&s4 ,! ,fr5* _h s5t a few fi%]m5 to ! ,banks ( ,newf\ndl&1 & t 0 all4 ,! ,engli% _h made "o or two voyages & appe>$ to be no long] int]e/$4 7,see ,*apt] ,,xiv1 ,cabot7 ,! ,dut* seem$ to be only /urdy fi%]m51 ?rifty f>m]s1 or ke5 trad]s1 occupi$ mu* ( ! "t 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ ! ,nor? ,sea1 :i* ?reat5$ to bur/ ! dikes & flood f>ms & cities4 ,,! ,,trade-,,w9ds4 ,! ,portuguese & ! ,spani>ds _h a great advantage 9 liv+ ne>] ! natural />t+-po9t = su* voyages4 ,to g to ,asia %ips w5t by way ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,to g to ,am]ica a s\!rn r\te 0 tak51 = 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic ! prevail+ w9ds are f ! s\?we/1 :ile s\? ( ,spa9 ! trade-w9ds bl[ t[>ds ! s\?we/1 mak+ x easy to sail to ,am]ica4 ,to take ! nor!rn r\te1 :i* 0 ! natural "o = ,fr5* & ,engli% sailors1 w\ld be to battle aga9/ head w9ds & heavy seas4 ,,! ,,spani>ds ,,& ,,! ,,portuguese ,,divide ,,! ,,_w4 ,! ,spani>ds & ! ,portuguese believ$ t _! discov]ies gave !m ! "r to all new l&s :i* %\ld be f\nd & to all trade by sea ) ! ,gold5 ,ea/4 ,two ye>s aft] ! fir/ voyage ( ,columbus ! ,spani>ds agre$ ) ! ,portuguese t a l9e runn+ #cgj leagues we/ ( ! ,cape ,v]de ,isl&s %\ld sep>ate ! regions claim$ by ea*4 ,! ,spani>ds 7 to hold all l&s discov]$ we/ ( t l9e1 & ! ,portuguese all ea/ ( x4 ,?is left ,brazil )9 ! region claim$ by ! ,portuguese4 ,! re/ ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica lay )9 ! ,spani% claims4 ,x is ! future hi/ory ( ?is region t especially int]e/s u z /ud5ts ( ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cabot ,,memorial ,,t[] ,erect$ at ,bri/ol1 ,engl&1 9 memory ( ! fir/ sailor f ,engl& to visit ,am]ica ,,! ,,ma9 ,,"q4 ,7 ! ,spani>ds to keep :at !y claim$ & cont9ue to out/rip _! nor!rn rivals8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( ,europe dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,un=tunately = ! ,spani>ds !y 7 drawn into qu>rels 9 ,europe :i* co/ !m _m m5 & mu* money4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t !y 7 unable to make full use ( _! discov]ies1 ev5 if !y _h kn[n h[4 ,be=e ! c5tury 0 end$ _! rivals1 ! ,engli% & ! ,fr5*1 7 /rong] ?an !y2 & ! ,dut*1 _! own subjects1 _h rebell$ aga9/ !m4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,& ,,! ,,fr5* ,,desire ,a ,,%>e4 ,m5 _h su* great ideas ( ! imm5se weal? ( ! ,indies t ! successes ( "o nation made ! o!r nations eag] = "s "p ( ! spoil4 ,engli%m5 & ,fr5*m5 7 n likely to all[ ! ,portuguese to take all !y c\ld f9d by sail+ ea/w>d ar\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & ! ,spani>ds to keep :atev] !y discov]$ by sail+ directly we/w>d or by foll[+ ! r\te m>k$ out by ,magellan4 ,bo? w\ld se>* = new r\tes to ! ,ea/1 & bo? w\ld lay claim to l&s !y saw by ! way1 reg>dless ( any o!r nation4 ,_m qu>rels came f ?is rivalry1 b qu>rels arose also f o!r causes4 ,,k+ ,,*>les ,,& ,,k+ ,,francis4 ,ab\t ! "t ,corts conqu]$ ,mexico1 8 ma/]1 ,k+ ,*>les ( ,spa91 began a w> aga9/ ,francis1 ! k+ ( ,france4 ,z long z ^! two k+s liv$ !y 7 ei!r fight+ or prep>+ to fight4 ,_h ,*>les be5 k+ ( ,spa9 only1 !re might h be5 no tr\ble1 b he rul$ l&s 9 ,italy & claim$ o!rs :i* ! ,fr5* k+ rul$4 ,he also rul$ all ! region nor? ( ,france :i* is n[ ,belgium & ,holl&1 & he own$ a di/rict :i* =ms "p ( ea/]n ,france ne> ,switz]l&4 ,z he 0 ! ,g]man emp]or besides1 ! ,fr5* k+ ?\ght him too dang]\s to be left 9 peace4 ,^! w>s h little to d ) ,am]ican hi/ory1 except t !y help$ to weak5 ! k+ ( ,spa9 & to prev5t ! ,spani>ds f mak+ ! mo/ ( _! e>ly successes 9 coloniz+4 ,,religion ,a ,,cause ,,( ,,/rife4 ,religion 0 ! mo/ s]i\s cause ( qu>rel 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ! k+ ( ,spa9 0 ! pr9ce mo/ injur$ by ! /ruggle4 ,at ! "t ( ,pr9ce ,h5ry ( ,portugal & ( ,columbus all peoples 9 we/]n ,europe wor%ip$ 9 ! same mann]1 taught _! *ildr5 ! same beliefs1 & 9 religi\s matt]s !y all obey$ ! pope4 ,b by #aeba ?is _h *ang$4 ,! tr\bles began 9 ,g]many :5 ,*>les ,v 0 emp]or4 ,be=e !y 7 ov] ,philip ,,ii1 son ( ,*>les1 lo/ control ( ! ,dut*1 :o rebell$ & f\nd$ a republic ( _! own4 ,! ,engli% f9ally became ! pr9cipal enemies ( ,spa94 ,! ,fr5*1 mo/ ( :om 7 ( ! same religion z ! ,spani>ds1 came to hate ,spani% me?ods ( def5d+ religion1 especially aft] ! ,spani>ds _h massacr$ a b& ( ,fr5* settl]s 9 ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,emp]or ,,*>les ,v ,,! ,,re=m]s4 ,_m m5 became discont5t$ at ! way ! ,*ur* 0 manag$4 ,at fir/ all 7 agre$ t ! evils ( :i* !y compla9$ c\ld be remov$ if prie/s1 bi%ops1 & pope work$ toge!r to t end4 ,aft] a :ile "s tea*]s 9 diff]5t c\ntries n only compla9$ ( evils1 b refus$ to believe z ! ,*ur* _h taught & z mo/ p /ill believ$4 ,!y did n mean to divide ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* into sev]al *ur*es1 b !y ?\ght !y und]/ood ! words ( ! ,bible bett] ?an ! tea*]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,,! ,,re=mation4 ,at t "t p :o 7 n agre$ 9 _! religi\s beliefs did n live peaceably 9 ! same c\ntries4 ,! pr9ces & k+s :o 7 fai?ful to ! ,*ur* ord]$ t ! new tea*]s & _! foll[]s %\ld be puni%$4 ,o!r pr9ces accept$ ! views ( ! re=m]s1 & soon began to puni% ^? ( _! subjects :o cont9u$ to believe z ! ,*ur* taught4 ,9 ,g]many ^! pr9ces 7 call$ ,prote/ants1 because !y prote/$ aga9/ ! ef=ts ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les & 8 advis]s to /op ! spread ( ! new religion4 ,?is "n 0 aft]w>ds giv5 to all :o refus$ to rema9 9 ! old] ,*ur*1 subject to ! bi%ops & ! pope4 ,,ca?olic ,,& ,,prote/ant ,,lead]s4 ,! mo/ fam\s lead]s ( ! ,roman ,ca?olics at ?is "t 7 ,ignatius ,loyola1 a ,spani>d1 ,reg9ald ,pole1 an ,engli%man1 & ,c>lo ,borromeo1 an ,italian4 ,loyola _h be5 a soldi] 9 8 y\?1 b :ile recov]+ f a s]i\s w\nd1 resolv$ to be a mission>y4 ,) sev]al o!r "y m5 ( ! same purpose he f\nd$ ! ,society ( ,jesus or ! ,jesuit ,ord]4 ,( ! ,prote/ants ! greate/ lead]s 7 ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 a ,g]man1 & ,john ,calv91 a ,fr5*man4 ,lu!r 0 a pr(essor 9 ! univ]sity at ,witt5b]g 9 ,saxony1 :i* 0 rul$ by ! ,elector ,fr$]ick ! ,wise4 ,calv9 _h liv$ z a /ud5t 9 ,p>is1 b :5 ,k+ ,francis resolv$ to all[ no ,prote/ants 9 8 k+dom1 ,calv9 0 oblig$ to leave ! c\ntry4 ,he settl$ 9 ! ,swiss city ( ,g5eva4 ,,! ,,lu!ran ,,*ur*4 ,lu!r's tea*+s 7 accept$ by _m ,g]mans1 especially 9 nor!rn ,g]many4 ,he translat$ ! ,bible into ,g]man4 ,aft] a :ile 8 foll[]s =m$ a ,*ur* ( _! own :i* 0 call$ ,lu!ran4 ,x diff]$ f ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ! way x 0 gov]n$ z well z 9 :at x taught4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,hugu5ots4 ,calv9 liv$ 9 ,g5eva1 b mo/ ( ^? :o accept$ 8 tea*+s cont9u$ to live 9 ,france4 ,! nickname ,hugu5ots1 or conf$]ates1 0 giv5 to !m4 ,!y 7 n p]mitt$ by ! ,fr5* k+ to wor%ip z ,calv9 taught1 b by #aefb s _m nobles _h jo9$ !m t x 0 no long] possible to treat !m z crim9als4 ,!y 7 p]mitt$ to hold _! meet+s outside ! wall$ t[ns4 ,! lead] :om !y mo/ honor$ 0 ,admiral ,gasp>d de ,coligny4 ,bo? he & !y1 z we %all see1 soon _h reason to fe> & hate ! ,spani>ds4 ,b we mu/ fir/ und]/& ! difficulties :i* ! k+ ( ,spa9 _h 9 deal+ ) 8 ,dut* subjects4 ,,! ,,k+ ,,( ,,spa9 ,,& ,,! ,,ne!rl&s4 ,philip ,,ii inh]it$ f 8 fa!r ,*>les sev5te5 du*ies1 c\nties1 & o!r di/ricts nor? ( ,france 9 :at is n[ ,belgium & ,holl&4 ,*>les _h kn[n h[ to manage ^! p1 because he 0 br\ght up among !m4 ,! task ( manag+ !m 0 n easy4 ,ea* di/rict or city _h its own special rights & its p dem&$ t ^! %\ld be respect$ by ! rul+ pr9ce4 ,*>les _h rememb]$ ?is1 b ,philip wi%$ to rule ! ,ne!rl&]s1 z ^! p 7 call$1 j z he rul$ ! p ( ,spa94 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,dikes ,,along ,,! ,,yssel ,,9 ,,! ,,ne!rl&s ,,prote/ants ,,9 ,,! ,,ne!rl&s4 ,! tr\ble 0 made worse because _m ( ! ,ne!rl&]s became foll[]s ( ,lu!r or ,calv91 & br\ght _! books into ! c\ntry4 ,n[ ,philip1 l 8 fa!r ,*>les1 0 fai?ful to ! tea*+s ( ! ,*ur*1 & ?\ght x 0 8 duty to puni% su* p]sons4 ,! result 0 t ,philip soon _h two k9ds ( enemies 9 8 ,ne!rl& prov9ces1 ^? :o did n l ! way he rul$ & ^? :o refus$ to believe z ! ,*ur* taught1 & ! two unit$ aga9/ him4 ,aft] a :ile mo/ ( ! ,lu!rans 7 driv5 away1 b ! ,calv9i/s kept com+ 9 ov] ! bord] f ,france4 ,,! ,,ne!rl&s4 ,! ,ne!rl&s1 or ,l[ ,c\ntries1 are well nam$1 especially ! nor!rn "p :]e ! ,dut* live1 because mu* ( ! l& is bel[ ! level ( ! sea at high tide1 & "s ( x at l[ tide4 ,= sev]al hundr$ ye>s ! ,dut* built dikes to keep back ! sea1 or pump$ x out :]e x fl[$ 9 & cov]$ ! l[] l&s4 ,occasionally great /orms broke ?r\gh ! dikes & caus$ ! ,dut* mon?s or ye>s ( labor4 ,a p s brave & indu/ri\s 7 n likely to submit to ! w ( ,philip ,,ii4 ,! *ances t !y w\ld rebel 7 increas$ by ! spread ( ! new religi\s views1 :i* ! ,dut* accept$ m readily ?an _! neighbors1 ! s\!rn ,ne!rl&]s4 ,! s\!rn ,ne!rl&]s :o became ,calv9i/s g5]ally emigrat$ to ! nor!rn cities1 l ,am/]dam1 :]e !y 7 saf]4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ,( ,! ,ne!rl&s ,,william ,,( ,,orange4 ,william1 ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 0 ! lead] ( ! ,dut* aga9/ ,philip ,,ii4 ,he _h be5 tru/$ by ,*>les1 ,philip's fa!r1 :o _h lean$ on 8 %\ld] at ! great c]emony held 9 ,brussels :5 ,*>les gave up 8 ?rone to ,philip4 ,william 0 call$ ! ,sil5t1 because he 0 c>eful n to tell 8 plans to any except 8 ne>e/ fri5ds4 ,:5 ,philip return$ to ,spa91 ,william 0 made gov]nor or /ad?old] ( ?ree ( ! ,dut* prov9ces--,holl&1 ,zeal&1 & ,utre*t4 ,philip 0 angry because ,william & o!r great nobles 9 ! ,ne!rl&s oppos$ 8 way ( deal+ ) ! h]etics & ( rul+ ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,9 ?is bo? ! s\!rn ,ne!rl&]s & ! nor!rn ,ne!rl&]s 7 unit$1 al?\gh ! s\!rn ,ne!rl&]s rema9$ fai?ful to ! ,roman ,ca?olic religion4 ,,spa9 ,,& ,,engl&4 ,! ,engli% at fir/ _h no reason to qu>rel ) ! k+ ( ,spa94 ,!y 7 fri5dly to ! ,ne!rl&]s1 :o 7 8 subjects4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages !y sold great quantities ( wool to ! ,ne!rl& cities ( ,bruges1 ,brussels1 & ,gh5t1 & b\ght f9e clo? wov5 9 ^? t[ns4 ,! fri5d%ip ( ! rul] ( ! ,ne!rl&s seem$ necess>y1 if ?is trade 0 to prosp]4 ,x 0 ! tr\ble ab\t religion :i* f9ally made ! ,engli% & ! ,spani>ds enemies4 ,,h5ry ,,viii4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 ,k+ ( ,engl&1 ! k+1 ! p>liam5t1 & ! cl]gy decid$ to refuse ob$i5ce to ! pope4 ,! k+ call$ himself ! head ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,engl&4 ,lu!ran views crept into ! c\ntry z !y _h done into ! ,ne!rl&s1 b ,k+ ,h5ry at fir/ dislik$ ! ,lu!rans q z mu* z he grew to dislike ! pope4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,*ur*4 ,s long z ,h5ry liv$ n mu* *ange 0 made 9 ! beliefs or ! mann] ( wor%ip 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,dur+ ! %ort reign ( 8 son1 ! ,engli% ,*ur* became m l ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es on ! ,cont95t1 except t 9 ,engl& !re 7 /ill ar*bi%ops & bi%ops1 & ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ur* w5t on mu* z be=e4 ,:5 ,h5ry's daught] ,m>y 0 made que5 %e tri$ to /op ^! *anges1 & = a few ye>s h] subjects 7 aga9 ob$i5t to ! pope1 b %e di$ 9 #aeeh & h] half-si/]1 ,elizabe?1 became que54 ,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,elizabe? ,,! ,,engli% ,,*ur* ,,& ,,! ,,ca?olics4 ,9 religi\s matt]s ,que5 ,elizabe? did mu* z h] fa!r & h] bro!r _h done4 ,all p]sons 7 =c$ to att5d ! religi\s s]vices c>ri$ on 9 ! mann] ord]$ 9 ! pray]-book4 ,roman ,ca?olics c\ld n hold any gov]nm5t (fice4 ,!y 7 puni%$ if !y tri$ to p]suade o!rs to rema9 fai?ful to ! old] ,*ur*4 ,philip did n l ?is1 b = a "t he pref]r$ to be on fri5dly t]ms ) ! ,engli%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,co/umes ,,at ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,elizabe? ,,que5 ,,elizabe?4 ,que5 ,elizabe? rul$ ,engl& = =ty-five ye>s4 ,! ,engli% reg>d h] reign z ! mo/ glori\s 9 _! hi/ory4 ,be=e x 0 ov] !y prov$ !mselves m ?an a mat* = ! ,spani>ds on ! sea4 ,!y also began to seek = r\tes to ! ,ea/ & to attempt settlem5ts 9 ,am]ica4 ,_! trade 0 increas+4 ,! ,greek & ,roman writ]s 7 /udi$ by ,engli% s*ol>s at ,ox=d & ,cambridge4 ,books & poems & plays 7 writt5 :i* 7 to make ! ,engli% language ! rival ( ! languages ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,?is 0 ! "t :5 ,%akespe>e wrote 8 fir/ plays4 ,,que/ions #a4 ,:y 0 x easi] to sail t[>d ,am]ica f ,spa9 or ,portugal ?an f ,engl&8 #b4 ,:at peoples divid$ ! new _w betwe5 !m8 ,:]e did !y draw ! l9e ( division8 #c4 ,:y 7 ! k+s ( ,france & ,spa9 rivals8 ,ov] :at c\ntries did ,k+ ,*>les rule8 #d4 ,:5 did religion become a cause ( /rife8 ,:at k+ 0 *iefly injur$ by su* /ruggles8 #e4 ,:o 7 call$ re=m]s8 ,by :at o!r names 7 !y call$8 #f4 ,:o 7 ! lead]s ( ! ,ca?olics8 ( ! ,prote/ants8 ,:o 7 ! ,hugu5ots8 ,:at 0 _! lead]'s "n8 #g4 ,:y did ,philip ,,ii & 8 subjects 9 ! ,ne!rl&s qu>rel8 #h4 ,:at 0 /range ab\t ! l& 9 :i* ! ,dut* liv$8 ,:o 0 ! h]o ( ! ,dut*8 #i4 ,:y 7 ! ,engli% & ! ,spani>ds at fir/ fri5dly8 ,:at k+ ( ,engl& refus$ to obey ! pope8 #aj4 ,:y d ,engli%m5 ?9k ,que5 ,elizabe? a great rul]8 ,h[ did ,elizabe? settle ! "q ( religion8 ,,ex]cise ,collect pictures ( ! ,dut*1 ( _! canals1 dikes1 & t[ns4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,fir/ ,,fr5* ,,attempts ,,to ,,settle ,,am]ica ,,c>ti]4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,francis ,i1 ! ,fr5* made ! fir/ s]i\s attempts to f9d a we/w>d r\te to ! ,f> ,ea/ & to settle ! new l&s t seem$ to lie directly across ! pa?way4 ,9 #aecd ,jacques ,c>ti] 0 s5t ) two %ips 9 se>* ( a /rait beyond ! regions controll$ by ,spa9 or ,portugal :i* w\ld lead into ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,c>ti] pass$ ar\nd ! nor!rn side ( ,newf\ndl& & into ! broad expanse ( wat] we/ ( x4 ,?is he call$ ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,,c>ti] ,,at ,,montreal4 ,c>ti] made a second voyage 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 explor+ ! great riv] :i* he call$ ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,he w5t up ! riv] until ! heights ( ,m\nt ,royal or ,montreal1 z he call$ !m1 appe>$ on 8 "r h&1 & swift rapids 9 ! riv] block$ 8 way 9 front4 ,! "n ,la*9e rapids1 or ! ,*9a rapids1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds giv5 to ^!1 rema9s to rem9d u t ,c>ti] 0 se>*+ = a passage to ,*9a4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,w9t] ,,9 ,,canada4 ,c>ti] sp5t ! sev]e w9t] :i* foll[$ at ! foot ( ! cliffs :i* m>k ! site ( ! mod]n city ( ,quebec4 ,! exp$ition return$ to ,france ) ! com+ ( spr+4 ,,attempts ,,to ,,plant ,a ,,colony ,,at ,,quebec4 ,sev]al ye>s lat]1 9 #aeda1 ,c>ti] & o!rs attempt$ to e/abli% a p]man5t settlem5t on ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,z x 0 h>d to get good coloni/s to settle 9 ! cold climate s f> nor?1 ! lead]s 7 all[$ to ransack ! prisons = debtors & crim9als to make up ! necess>y numb]s4 ,!y select$ ! neighborhood ( ! cliffs :]e ,c>ti] _h w9t]$ 9 #aece1 :]e ,quebec n[ /&s1 z ! mo/ suitable place = _! colony4 ,b ! settl]s 7 ill-fitt$ = ! h>d%ips ( a new settlem5t 9 s cold & b>r5 a c\ntry4 ,diseases & ! ho/ility ( ! ,indians completely disc\rag$ !m1 & all gladly return$ to ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,jacques ,,c>ti]'s ,,voyages ,?us3 #a/ ,voyage---- #b;d ,voyage4444 #c;d ,voyage-- -- ,! zeal ( ! ,fr5* = ,am]ican discov]y & settlem5t on ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ceas$ ) ,c>ti]4 ,8 hope t ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce w\ld prove ! long-s\ght passage to ,*9a _h to be giv5 up1 b ! riv] :i* he _h discov]$ & s ?or\ghly explor$ prov$ to be a great highway into ! c5t] ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,,coligny',s ,,plan ,,= ,a ,,hugu5ot ,,colony4 ,ne>ly ?irty ye>s lat] ! ,fr5* ,prote/ant lead]1 ,coligny1 =m$ ! plan ( e/abli%+ a colony 9 ,am]ica1 :i* w\ld be a refuge = ! ,hugu5ots if _! enemies got ! upp] h& 9 ,france4 ,an exp$ition left ,france 9 #aefd1 & select$ a site = a settlem5t ne> ! m\? ( ! ,/4 ,johns riv] 9 ,florida4 ,x seem$ a good place4 ,a =t1 call$ ,=t ,c>ol9e1 0 quickly built4 ,b ! fir/ coloni/s 7 n well *os54 ,!y 7 *iefly y\ng] nobles1 soldi]s unus$ to labor1 or discont5t$ tradesm5 & artisans4 ,!re 7 few f>m]s among !m4 ,,! ,,misde$s ,,( ,,! ,,coloni/s4 ,!y sp5t _! "t visit+ di/ant ,indian tribes 9 a va9 se>* = gold & silv]1 or plund]+ ,spani% villages & %ips 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,no "o ?\ght ( prep>+ ! soil & plant+ se$s = a food supply4 ,x seem$ easi] to rob neighbors4 ,! provisions :i* !y _h br\ght ) !m gave out4 ,game & fi% ab\nd$ 9 ! woods & riv]s ab\t !m1 b !y 7 )\t skill 9 hunt+ & fi%+4 ,be=e ! fir/ ye> _h pass$ ! mis]able inhabitants ( ,=t ,c>ol9e 7 r$uc$ to digg+ roots 9 ! =e/ = food4 ,/>vation & ! rev5ge ( angry ,indians confront$ !m4 ,,relief ,,s5t ,,to ,,! ,,colony4 ,9 ,augu/1 #aefe1 j z ! half-/>v$ coloni/s 7 prep>+ to leave ! c\ntry1 an exp$ition ) fre% settl]s--mo/ly dis*>g$ soldi]s1 a few "y nobles1 & "s me*anics ) _! families1 ?ree hundr$ 9 all--arriv$ 9 ! h>bor4 ,x br\ght an abundance ( supplies & o!r ?+s ne$$ by a colony 9 a new c\ntry4 ,x look$ !n z ?\gh ^! ,fr5*m5 w\ld succe$ 9 _! plan & e/abli% a p]man5t colony 9 ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,=t ,,c>ol9e1 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,settlem5t ,,9 ,,florida ,f ,de ,bry's ,voyages ,,=t ,,c>ol9e ,,& ,,! ,,spani>ds4 ,! ,fr5* _h1 h[ev]1 settl$ 9 ,florida4 ,inde$1 x w\ld h be5 difficult to settle 9 ,am]ica at any place along ! ,atlantic coa/ )\t do+ s4 ,! ,spani>ds reg>d$ all ,nor? ,am]ica f ,mexico to ,labrador z ly+ )9 ,florida4 ,! attempt ( ! ,fr5* to settle on ! l&s claim$ by ! k+ ( ,spa9 0 sure to br+ on a w>1 soon] or lat]4 ,! conduct ( ! ,fr5* at ,=t ,c>ol9e 9 plund]+ ! ,spani% colonies 9 ! ,we/ ,indies made all ,spani>ds anxi\s to drive out su* a ne/ ( robb]s & murd]]s4 ,besides1 ! ,spani>ds hat$ ,coligny's foll[]s m ?an ord9>y ,fr5*m51 because !y 7 ,hugu5ots4 ,,m55dez4 ,at ! "t ! news rea*$ ,spa9 ( ,coligny's settlem5t at ,=t ,c>ol9e1 a ,spani% nobleman1 ,p$ro ,m55dez1 0 prep>+ to e/abli% a colony 9 ,florida1 & ?us aft] a long delay c>ry out ! task :i* ,de ,soto _h va9ly attempt$4 ,m55dez 0 naturally z eag] z ! k+ to drive out ! ,fr5* intrud]s4 ,s an exp$ition l>g] ?an 0 plann$ at fir/ 0 hurri$ (f4 ,m55dez 0 to d ?ree ?+s3 drive ! ,fr5* out1 conqu] & ,*ri/ianize ! ,indians1 & e/abli% ,spani% settlem5ts 9 ,florida4 ,,! ,,defeat ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,fleet4 ,m55dez ) a "p ( 8 fleet arriv$ be=e ,=t ,c>ol9e j "o week aft] ! relief exp$ition :i* ,coligny _h s5t ov] came into h>bor4 ,8 %ips attack$ & scatt]$ ^? ( ! ,fr5*4 ,! vessels ( ! ,fr5* = ! mo/ "p s\ght refuge on ! high seas4 ,!y 7 too swift to be ov]tak51 b no mat* = ! ,spani% 9 battle4 ,m55dez decid$ to wait = ! re/ ( 8 %ips be=e mak+ ano!r attack on ,=t ,c>ol9e4 ,mean:ile he sail$ s\?w>d along ! coa/ = fifty miles till he came to an inlet4 ,he call$ ! place ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,,/4 ,,augu/9e ,,f\nd$4 ,a fri5dly ,indian *ief readily gave 8 dwell+ to ! ,spani>ds4 ,x 0 a huge1 b>n-l /ructure1 made ( ! entire trunks ( trees1 & ?at*$ ) palmetto leaves4 ,soldi]s quickly dug a dit* ar\nd x & ?rew up a brea/work ( e>? & small /icks4 ,! coloni/s :o came ) ,m55dez l&$ & set ab\t ! usual "w ( f\nd+ a settlem5t4 ,su* 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,spani% t[n ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 f\nd$ 9 #aefe1 & ! olde/ t[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,augu/9e1 ,,florida1 ,,z ,,f\nd$ ,,by ,,m55dez ,pagus ,hispanorum z giv5 9 ,montanus & ,ogilby ,,fr5* ,,sail ,,to ,,attack ,,/4 ,,augu/9e4 ,bo? sides prep>$ = a t]rible /ruggle1 ! ,fr5* at ,=t ,c>ol9e & ! ,spani>ds 9 _! new qu>t]s at ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,! ,fr5* /ruck ! fir/ bl[4 ,a few ( ! weak] & ! sick soldi]s 7 left at ,=t ,c>ol9e to /& gu>d ) ! wom5 & *ildr54 ,! ma9 body abo>d ! %ips advanc$ by sea to attack ,/4 ,augu/9e1 b a furi\s tempe/ scatt]$ & wreck$ ! ,fr5* fleet be=e x arriv$4 ,,m55dez ,,de/roys ,,=t ,,c>ol9e4 ,m55dez n[ took advantage ( ! /orm to m>* ov]l& to ,=t ,c>ol9e1 wad+ ?r\gh swamps & =d+ /reams amid a fe>ful ra9 & gale4 ,8 dr5*$ & hungry foll[]s fell l wild bea/s ^u ! few ,fr5* left 9 ! =t4 ,ab\t fifty ( ! wom5 & *ildr5 7 sp>$ to become captives4 ,z _m m5 escap$ 9 ! =e/s ar\nd ! =t1 b ! great] "p 7 kill$4 ,,capture ,,( ,,! ,,%ipwreck$ ,,fr5*4 ,! ,fr5* fleet _h be5 wreck$ (f ! coa/ ( ,florida a doz5 miles s\? ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,a few days lat] ,m55dez discov]$ "s survivors w&]+ along ! coa/1 half />v$1 try+ to live on ! %ell-fi% !y f\nd on ! bea*1 & sl[ly & pa9fully work+ _! way back t[>d ,=t ,c>ol9e4 ,! ,fr5*m5 begg$ ,m55dez to be all[$ to rema9 9 ! c\ntry till %ips c\ld be s5t to take !m (f1 b he 0 unwill+ to make any t]ms ) !m4 ,,murd] ,,( ,,! ,,captives4 ,! unhappy ,fr5*m5 7 tak5 prison]s1 &1 a few h\rs lat]1 put to dea?4 ,o!r %ipwreck$ refugees 7 captur$ a few days lat]1 & ^! suff]$ ! same fate4 ,ne>ly ?ree hundr$ p]i%$ 9 ?is cold-blood$ mann]4 ,x 0 a m]ciless de$1 & yet su* 0 ! "* ( all w>f>e at ! "t4 ,m55dez believ$ t he 0 do+ 8 duty4 ,nor did ! k+ ( ,spa9 ?9k ,m55dez unduly cruel1 = :5 he he>d ! /ory ( ! fate ( ! ,fr5*m5 ( ,=t ,c>ol9e he s5t ?is message to ,m55dez3 ,say to him t1 z to ^? he has kill$1 he has done well2 & z to ^? he has sav$1 !y %all be s5t to ! galleys4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,z ,,kn[n ,,aft] ,,! ,,explorations ,,( ,,de ,,soto ,,coronado ,,& ,,c>ti] ,illu/ration3 7map7 ,,que/ions #a4 ,:o 0 ! lead] 9 ! fir/ ,fr5* ef=ts to explore & settle 9 ,nor? ,am]ica8 ,f9d z _m reasons z possible :y ,france _h n tri$ to settle 9 ,am]ica be=e4 ,:at p>ts ( ! cont95t did ,c>ti] become int]e/$ 98 ,:y 0 he specially int]e/$ 9 ,/4 ,lawr5ce region8 #b4 ,h[ did ,montreal get its "n8 ,:y 0 ! "n1 ,la*9e rapids1 giv5 to ! rapids above ,montreal on ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce riv]8 #c4 ,:y did ,c>ti] fail 9 8 attempts to plant a ,fr5* colony 9 ,nor? ,am]ica8 ,h[ mu* _h he & 8 fri5ds accompli%$ = ,france 9 ,nor? ,am]ica8 #d4 ,:y did ,coligny lat] wi% to e/abli% a colony 9 ,am]ica8 ,:]e did 8 p try to settle8 ,f9d ! place on ! map4 ,give sev]al reasons :y !y soon got into tr\ble ) ! ,spani>ds4 #e4 ,:at did ! k+ ( ,spa9 s5d ,m55dez to ,florida to d8 ,:at ?+s did he accompli%8 ,:y d we specially rememb] ,/4 ,augu/9e8 ,f9d x on ! map4 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,exam9e ! map ( ,nor? ,am]ica 9 #aeda4 ,:at p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7 kn[n8 ,:at p>ts 7 unkn[n8 ,c y see :y ! explor]s w\ld se>* ea* bay or inlet or great riv]8 #b4 ,f9d h[ f> into ! cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica ! ,fr5* explor$ ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce riv]1 t is1 ! di/ance f ,newf\ndl& to ,montreal by us+ ! scale ( miles on a map 9 "o ( y\r geographies4 ,important ,date3 #aefe4 ,! f\nd+ ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,! ,,engli% ,,& ,,! ,,dut* ,,triumph ,,ov] ,,spa9 ,,cruel ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,! ,,ne!rl&]s4 ,two ye>s aft] ! cruel massacre ( ! ,hugu5ot colony 9 ,florida1 ,philip ,,ii1 ! ,k+ ( ,spa91 decid$ to put an end to ! ob/9acy ( ! ,ne!rl&]s1 & s5t an army f ,spa9 comm&$ by ! ,duke ( ,alva1 :o 0 z pitiless z ,m55dez4 ,alva began by seiz+ prom95t nobles1 & he w\ld h arre/$ ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 b he escap$ into ,g]many4 ,a c\rt 0 set up :i* condemn$ _m p]sons to dea?1 includ+ ! greate/ nobles ( ! l&4 ,! p nicknam$ x ! ,c\ncil ( ,blood4 ,alva also turn$ ! m]*ants aga9/ him by compell+ !m to pay ! t5? p5ny1 t is1 "o t5? ( ! price ( ! goods e "t ^! 7 ei!r b\ght or sold4 ,alva made himself s ?or\ghly hat$ t ev5 ,philip decid$ to call him back to ,spa94 ,,! ,,begg>s ,,( ,,! ,,sea4 ,j !n some?+ happ5$ :i* gave ,coligny & ! ,hugu5ots _! *ance = v5geance4 ,! m5 :o 7 resi/+ ! k+'s (fic]s 9 ! ,ne!rl&s _h be5 nicknam$ ! ,begg>s4 ,:5 !y 7 driv5 f ! cities !y took to ! sea4 ,! ,begg>s ( ! ,sea sometimes f\nd a port ( refuge 9 ,la ,ro*elle1 a ,hugu5ot t[n on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,france1 & sometimes !y put into fri5dly ,engli% h>bors4 ,f ^! places !y w\ld sail out & attack ,spani% vessels4 ,:5 ,que5 ,elizabe? 9 #aegb ord]$ a fleet ( ^! ,begg>s to leave1 !y cross$ ov] to _! own %ores & drove ! ,spani% g>rison out ( ,brille4 ,?is success enc\rag$ ! ,dut* & _m ( ! s\!rn ,ne!rl&]s to rise & expel ! ,spani% soldi]s f _! t[ns4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,promise ,,aid4 ,z soon z ,coligny he>d ! news he urg$ ! ,fr5* k+ to s5d an army into ! ,ne!rl&s & take v5geance n only = ! massacre at ,=t ,c>ol9e1 b also = all ! wrongs t he & 8 fa!r & 8 gr&fa!r _h ev] receiv$ at ! h&s ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,! ,fr5* k+ agre$ & wrote a lett] to ! ,ne!rl&]s promis+ aid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gasp>d ,,de ,,coligny ,aft] ! portrait 9 ! ,public ,libr>y1 ,g5eva ,,massacre ,,( ,,hugu5ots ,,9 ,,p>is4 ,! plan 0 nev] c>ri$ out4 ,:ile ,coligny & _m o!r ,hugu5ots 7 9 ,p>is1 8 enemies attempt$ to kill him4 ,:5 ! attempt fail$ ^! enemies1 includ+ ! k+'s "m1 p]suad$ ! k+ t ,coligny & ! ,hugu5ots 7 plott+ aga9/ him1 & goad$ ! k+ into ord]+ ! murd] ( all ! ,hugu5ots 9 ,p>is & ! o!r cities ( ,france4 ,?\s&s ( ,hugu5ots p]i%$4 ,:5 ! ,ne!rl&]s he>d ( :at _h befall5 ,coligny & 8 foll[]s1 !y 7 cru%$ ) grief4 ,coligny _h miss$ ! *ance ( v5geance4 ,b ! ,spani% k+ 0 soon to h o!r enemies besides ! ,hugu5ots :o 7 ready to help ! ,dut*4 ,^! new enemies 7 ! ,engli%4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,drawn ,,into ,,! ,,conflict4 ,! religi\s tr\bles 9 ,engl& _h be5 gr[+ m s]i\s4 ,two or ?ree plots 7 made to assass9ate ,elizabe? 9 ord] to put on ! ?rone ,que5 ,m>y ( ,scotl&1 :o 0 ! next heir4 ,philip began to enc\rage ^! plott]s1 especially aft] ! pope 9 #aegj _h excommunicat$ ,elizabe? & =bidd5 h] subjects to obey h] z que54 ,%e 0 sure to be dragg$ into ! /ruggle 9 ! ,ne!rl&s soon] or lat]4 ,we h se5 t %e _h once %elt]$ ! ,begg>s ( ! ,sea4 ,! murd] ( ,coligny & 8 foll[]s fright5$ ! ,engli% & made _m ( !m anxi\s to jo9 9 ! conflict be=e _! fri5ds on ! ,cont95t1 ! ,fr5* ,hugu5ots & ! ,dut* ,calv9i/s1 7 utt]ly de/roy$4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,engli% ,,trade4 ,if ,engl& %\ld be drawn into w>1 h] safety w\ld dep5d ma9ly ^u h] %ips4 ,engli%m5 _h always tak5 to ! sea1 z 0 natural = m5 ^: %ores 7 wa%$ by ! ,atlantic1 ! ,*annel & ! ,nor? ,sea1 b !y 7 sl[ 9 build+ fleets ( %ips ei!r = trade or = w>4 ,! trade ( ! c\ntry ) o!r peoples 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 c>ri$ on mo/ly by =eign]s4 ,yet s9ce ! days ( ,elizabe?'s fa!r & gr&fa!r a *ange _h tak5 place4 ,engli% m]*ants f\nd _! way to all m>kets4 ,!y also made new ?+s to sell4 ,refugees driv5 by ! religi\s tr\bles f ,france & ! ,ne!rl&s br\ght _! skill to ,engl& & taught ! ,engli% h[ to weave f9e wool5s & silks4 ,,! ,,new ,,engli% ,,navy4 ,! ,engli% navy 0 gr[+4 ,"o ( ! new %ips1 ,! ,triumph1 c>ri$ #dej seam51 #ej gunn]s1 & #bjj soldi]s4 ,besides h>quebuses = ! soldi]s1 !re 7 _m k9ds ( cannon ) /range names1 su* z culv]9s1 falconets1 sak]s1 s]p5t9es1 & rab9ets4 ,f\r ( ! cannon 7 l>ge en\gh to %oot a cannon-ball eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,b x 0 on ! skill & c\rage ( h] m5 r ?an ^u ! size ( h] %ips t ,engl& reli$ = victory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sir ,,francis ,,drake ,aft] ! pa9t+ at ,buckl& ,abby1 ,engl& ,,sir ,,francis ,,drake4 ,"o ( ^! m5 0 ,francis ,drake4 ,he 0 son ( a *apla9 9 ! navy & z a boy play$ 9 ! rigg+ ( ! great %ips-(-w>1 z o!r boys play 9 ! /reets4 ,9 "t "y ,drake 0 appr5tic$ to ! skipp] ( a small trad+ vessel4 ,=tune smil$ on ! lad e>ly 9 life4 ,8 ma/] di$1 & out ( love = ! appr5tice :o _h s]v$ him s well1 left him ! vessel4 ,francis ,drake became ?us a %ipma/] on 8 own acc\nt1 & 9 "t ! mo/ popul> ( ,que5 ,elizabe?'s sea-capta9s4 ,,slave-,,trad]s4 ,he (t5 w5t ) 8 c\s91 ,john ,hawk9s1 on voyages to ,africa4 ,!y b\ght negro slaves f slave-trad]s along ! coa/1 or kidnap$ negroes :om !y f\nd1 & c>ri$ !m to ! ,spani% plant]s ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,hawk9s & ,drake 7 z dev\t & humane z o!r m5 ( _! "t4 ,!y simply c\ld n see any wrong 9 enslav+ ! hea!n black m5 9 ,africa4 ,besides1 !y enjoy$ ! wild life ( ! slave-trad] ) its dang]s & ri* rew>ds4 ,,:y ,,drake ,,hat$ ,,! ,,spani>ds4 ,! k+ ( ,spa9 tri$ to keep ! trade 9 slaves = 8 own m]*ants1 & attempt$ to prev5t ! trade ( ! ,engli% slav]s ) ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,spani% %ips-(-w> ru9$ "o ( ! voyages f :i* ,hawk9s & ,drake hop$ = l>ge pr(its4 ,! ,spani>ds won !reby ! undy+ hatr$ ( ,drake4 ,,! ,,dragon ,,( ,,! ,,seas4 ,x 0 a "t1 too1 :5 ,drake's c\ntrym5 at home %>$ 8 int5se hatr$ ( ! ,spani>d4 ,:ile ,engl& & ,spa9 7 n at w> ) "o ano!r1 ,engli% & ,spani% trad]s f\ght :5ev] !y met on ! high seas4 ,! ,engli% made ! ,spani% settlem5ts 9 ,am]ica _! special prey4 ,at c]ta9 times ( ! ye> ,spani% %ips1 call$ gov]nm5t %ips1 c>ri$ to ,spa9 gold & silv]--! royal %>e ( ! products ( ,am]ica4 ,drake1 l _m ano!r ( 8 c\ntrym51 lay 9 wait to rob ^! %ips ( _! preci\s c>goes4 ,he manag$ to ga!r a =tune by 8 cunn+ & c\rage4 ,m ?an once he 0 =c$ to bury 8 treasures 9 ! s& to light5 8 %ips t !y might sail ! fa/]1 & escape 8 pursu]s4 ,! ,spani>ds came to "k & to fe> ,drake z ! ,dragon ( ! ,seas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spani% ,,treasure ,,%ip ,,drake',s ,,v5ture4 ,drake once =m$ ! plan to take a fleet into ! ,pacific ,ocean 9 ord] to plund] ! treasure %ips :]e !y w\ld be less on _! gu>d4 ,a fleet ( five %ips 0 made ready4 ,contributions f weal?y m]*ants & p[]ful nobles1 p]haps a gift f ,que5 ,elizabe? h]self1 gave him ! means = unusual luxuries 9 ! equipm5t ( 8 fleet4 ,skilful musicians & ri* furniture 7 tak5 on bo>d ,drake's own %ip1 ! ,pelican1 or ! ,gold5 ,h9d z he aft]w>ds *ri/5$ x4 ,! brilliant little fleet left ,plym\? 9 #aegg4 ,"o aft] ano!r ( ! %ips turn$ back or 0 de/roy$ on ! long voyage ( twelve mon?s across ! ,atlantic & ?r\gh ! ,/rait ( ,magellan4 ,,beyond ,,! ,,/rait ,,( ,,magellan4 ,! ,gold5 ,h9d alone rema9$ to c>ry out ! orig9al project4 ,z x ent]$ ! ,pacific ,ocean a furi\s /orm drove ! little vessel s\?w>d beyond ,cape ,horn to ! regions :]e ! oceans meet4 ,no "o be=e _h sail$ s f> s\?4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,prizes4 ,drake rega9$ control ( 8 %ip :5 ! /orm _h pass$1 & sail$ nor?w>d along ! coa/1 plund]+ & robb+ z he w5t4 ,once1 z a l&-p>ty 0 se>*+ along ! %ore = fre% wat]1 x came ^u a ,spani>d asleep ) ?irte5 b>s ( silv] beside him4 ,8 nap 0 di/urb$ long en\gh to take away 8 burd54 ,fur!r on !y met ano!r ,spani>d & an ,indian boy driv+ a tra9 ( ,p]uvian %eep lad5 ) eight hundr$ p\nds ( silv]4 ,! ,engli%m5 took _! place1 & m]rily drove ! %eep to _! boats4 ,a treasure %ip1 nicknam$ ! ,spitfire1 on ! way to ,panama1 0 captur$ aft] a long *ase ( ne>ly eight hundr$ miles4 ,drake obta9$ f x unkn[n quantities ( gold & silv]4 ,) su* a ri* load1 8 ?\ghts turn$ to ! homew>d voyage4 ,,drake',s ,,voyage ,,ar\nd ,,! ,,_w4 ,by ?is "t a ho/ ( ,spani% w>-%ips 7 on ,drake's track4 ,!y expect$ to capture him on 8 return ?r\gh ! ,/rait ( ,magellan4 ,drake1 n[ confront$ ) real dang]1 cunn+ly outwitt$ 8 enemies4 ,he & _m o!r ,engli%m5 ( 8 day 7 sure a passage w\ld be f\nd some:]e ?r\gh ,nor? ,am]ica betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ! ,pacific4 ,spani%1 ,fr5*1 & ,engli% explor]s _h all c>ri$ on ! se>* = ?is passage4 ,drake decid$ to return by su* a r\te1 if x 7 possible4 ,he foll[$ ! coa/ ( ,cali=nia1 & probably pass$ t ( ,oregon & ,wa%+ton z f> z ,vanc\v] ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,drake',s ,,voyage ,:5 x grew cold] & ! coa/ turn$ to ! we/w>d1 he gave up ! se>*4 ,aft] mak+ "s ne$$ repairs 9 a small h>bor a few miles above ! mod]n ,san ,francisco1 ,drake set out boldly across ! ,pacific to return home1 z ,magellan's m5 _h done be=e him1 by go+ ar\nd ! _w4 ,he t\*$ at ! ,philipp9es1 visit$ ! ,spice ,isl&s1 & sl[ly work$ 8 way ar\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,! ,gold5 ,h9d1 long s9ce giv5 up z lo/1 rea*$ ,engl& 9 ! fall ( #aehj1 aft] ne>ly ?ree ye>s' abs5ce4 ,= a second "t a %ip _h sail$ ar\nd ! _w4 ,drake 0 ! fir/ ,engli%man to ga9 ! honor4 ,,drake',s ,,rew>d4 ,que5 ,elizabe? lik$ ! /ory ,drake told ( outwitt+ & plund]+ ,spani>ds4 ,array$ 9 h] mo/ gorge\s robes %e visit$ 8 %ip1 :]e a banquet _h be5 prep>$4 ,:ile ,drake knelt at h] feet %e made him a knight4 ,& s x 0 t ! man :om ! ,spani>ds call$ ) good reason ! ,ma/] ,?ief ( ! ,seas1 ! ,engli% call$ by a new title1 ,sir ,francis ,drake1 & prais$ z ! greate/ sea-capta9 ( ! age4 ,8 %ip1 ! ,gold5 ,h9d1 0 ord]$ to be pres]v$ =ev]4 ,,! ,,dut* ,,/ruggle ,,aga9/ ,,spa94 ,a few ye>s aft] ,drake return$ ! ,engli% took a deep] int]e/ 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ,philip & ! ,dut*4 ,al?\gh ! ,dut* _h lo/ hope ( help f ! ,fr5* ,hugu5ots1 !y resi/$ ,philip's g5]als m boldly ?an ev]4 ,! ,spani% soldi]s treat$ ! t[ns :i* surr5d]$ s savagely t ! o!r t[ns decid$ x 0 bett] to die fight+ ?an to yield4 ,! siege ( ,leyd5 became fam\s because1 aft] food _h giv5 out & ! inhabitants 7 />v+ _! fri5ds cut ! great dikes 9 ord] t ! boats ( ! ,begg>s ( ! ,sea load$ ) provisions might be float$ up to ! v walls ( ! city4 ,?is unexpect$ flood also drove away ! ,spani>ds4 ,=tunately aft] ! rescue ( ! city a /rong w9d arose & drove back ! waves s t ! dikes c\ld aga9 be replac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,elizabe? ,,mak+ ,,drake ,a ,,knight ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,william ,,( ,,orange4 ,k+ ,philip _h come to ! conclusion t unless ,william ( ,orange 7 kill$ ! ,dut* c\ld n be conqu]$1 & s he put a price on ,pr9ce ,william's head1 (f]+ a l>ge sum ( money to any "o :o %\ld kill him4 ,! fir/ attempts fail$1 b f9ally 9 #aehd he 0 %ot4 ,,sir ,,philip ,,sidney4 ,! murd] ( ,william al>m$ ! ,engli% = ,elizabe?'s life1 especially z ,philip _h already aid$ m5 :o 7 plott+ aga9/ h]4 ,%e s5t an army into ! ,ne!rl&s to aid ! ,dut*1 al?\gh %e _h n made up h] m9d to attack ,philip directly4 ,! army did n give mu* help to ! ,dut*1 b x is rememb]$ because a noble ,engli% poet1 ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 0 mortally w\nd$ 9 "o ( ! battles4 ,! /ory is told t :ile ,sidney 0 rid+ back1 tortur$ by 8 w\nd1 he became v ?ir/y1 z w\nd$ m5 always d1 & begg$ = a dr9k ( wat]4 ,look+ up :5 x 0 br\ght to him he saw on ! gr\nd a common soldi] m sorely w\nd$ ?an he4 ,he imm$iately s5t ! wat] to ! soldi] say+1 ,?y necessity is great] ?an m9e4 ,,! ,,inv9cible ,,armada4 ,! k+ ( ,spa9 n[ decid$ t he c\ld n subdue ! ,dut* until he _h ?or\ghly puni%$ ! ,engli%4 ,he ev5 plann$ to put himself ^u ! ,engli% ?rone1 claim+ t he 0 ! heir ( "o ( ! e>ly k+s ( ,engl&4 ,mon?s 7 sp5t 9 prep>+ a great fleet1 an ,inv9cible ,armada :i* 0 to sail up ! ,*annel1 take on bo>d ! ,spani% army 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & cross ov] to ,engl&4 ,:ile ^! prep>ations 7 be+ made ) ,philip's usual c>e1 ,sir ,francis ,drake swoop$ d[n on ,cadiz & burnt s mu* %ipp+ & de/roy$ s _m supplies t ! voyage _h to be po/pon$ a ye>4 ,?is ,drake call$ s+e+ ! k+ ( ,spa9's be>d4 ,,! ,,armada ,,9 ,,! ,,*annel4 ,x 0 ,july1 #aehh1 be=e ! ,inv9cible ,armada appe>$ (f ,plym\? 9 ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,_m ( ! ,spani% %ips 7 l>g] ?an ! ,engli% %ips1 b !y 7 s clumsy t ! ,engli% c\ld outsail !m & attack !m f any direction !y *ose4 ,moreov]1 ! ,spani>ds ne$$ to fight close at h& 9 ord] t ! soldi]s arm$ ) ord9>y guns might jo9 9 ! fray4 ,! ,engli% kept out ( range ( ^! guns & us$ _! heavy cannon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,spani% ,,armada ,,9 ,,! ,,engli% ,,*annel ,aft] an engrav+ by ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ians foll[+ a tape/ry 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,armada4 ,) ! ,engli% %ips cl++ to ! flanks & re> ( ! ,armada1 ! ,spani>ds mov$ heavily up ! ,*annel4 ,9 ! n>r[] wat]s betwe5 ,dov] & ,calais ! ,engli% attack$ m fi]cely1 & sank sev]al ,spani% vessels4 ,soon ! o!rs 7 flee+ into ! ,nor? ,sea1 driv5 by a furi\s gale4 ,_m s\ght to rea* ,spa9 by sail+ ar\nd ,scotl& & ,irel&1 & "s ( ^! %ips 7 da%$ on ! rocky %ores4 ,only a ?ird ( ,philip's pr\d fleet return$ to ,spa94 ,,effect ,,( ,,! ,,defeat ,,( ,,! ,,armada ,,on ,,spa94 ,?is 0 ! la/ attempt ,philip made to attack ! ,engli%1 because ,spa9 _h be5 exhau/$ 9 ! ef=t to collect money & supplies = ! ,inv9cible ,armada4 ,! w> dragg$ on = _m ye>s1 & ! ,engli% attack$ & plund]$ ,spani% vessels :]ev] !y f\nd !m4 ,,! ,,indep5d5ce ,,( ,,! ,,dut*4 ,! ru9 ( ! ,armada also meant t ! ,dut* w\ld succe$ 9 becom+ indep5d5t ( ! ,spani% k+4 ,sev5 ( ! nor!rn prov9ces _h already =m$ a union & _h begun to call !mselves ! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s4 ,!y 7 gr[+ ri*] :ile _! neighbor+ prov9ces on ! s\?1 :i* _h decid$ to return to _! allegiance to ,spa91 grew poor]4 ,,fir/ ,,voyage ,,( ,,! ,,dut* ,,to ,,! ,,ea/4 ,ev5 :ile ! fight 0 go+ on ! ,dut* trad$ 9 places :]e ,philip _h n p]mitt$ !m to trade :ile he c\ld control !m4 ,"o ( ^! places 0 ,lisbon1 ! capital ( ,portugal4 ,"h ! ,dut* obta9$ spices :i* ! ,portuguese br\ght f ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,b 9 #aehj ,philip seiz$ ,portugal1 & ! ,dut* c\ld no long] g to ,lisbon4 ,?is made !m anxi\s to f9d _! way to ! ,ea/4 ,9 #aeie ! fir/ fleet set out4 ,?is voyage 0 unsuccessful1 b o!r fleets foll[$1 until soon ! ,dut* _h almo/ driv5 ! ,portuguese1 n[ subjects ( ! k+ ( ,spa91 f ! ,spice ,isl&s4 ,soon also ,dut* sailors v5tur$ across ! ,atlantic to ! %ores ( ,am]ica4 ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at c\ntry 9 nor!rn ,europe did ,spa9 rule8 ,:at "n 0 giv5 to ^? :o resi/$ ! ,spani% (fic]s 9 ! ,ne!rl&s8 ,:y 7 !y giv5 ?is "n8 #b4 ,:at promise did ,coligny make to ! p ( ! ,ne!rl&s8 ,:y 0 he unable to c>ry x out8 ,:at o!r p 7 ready to help ! ,dut*8 ,c y give "o reason at lea/ :y ! ,engli% 7 will+ to help ! ,dut* aga9/ ,spa98 #c4 ,:y _h ,engli% trade gr[n important8 ,did ?is help to make a navy8 #d4 ,:y did ,engli% sailors l ,drake specially hate ! ,spani>ds8 ,:at 0 ,drake's me?od ( mak+ a liv+8 ,h[ did he come to g ar\nd ! _w 9 #aegg-aehj8 ,h[ long 0 x s9ce ,magellan made 8 voyage8 #e4 ,:at did ! ,engli% ?9k ( ,drake8 ,:at did ! ,spani>ds ?9k ( him8 ,:y did ea* p ?9k z x did8 #f4 ,:y did ,philip ( ,spa9 h ,william ( ,orange kill$8 ,:y did ?is make ! conque/ ( ! ,dut* ev5 h>d]8 #g4 ,:y did ,philip1 k+ ( ,spa91 try to conqu] ,engl& & make himself k+ ( t c\ntry8 ,h[ did he try to c>ry out 8 plan8 ,:y 7 ! ,engli% victori\s 9 ! great battle ) ! ,armada8 ,:]e 0 ! battle f\ght8 #h4 ,h[ did ! defeat ( ! ,armada affect ,spa9's w> 9 ! ,ne!rl&s8 ,did all ( ! ,ne!rl&s become indep5d5t ( ,spa98 #i4 ,:at trade did ! ,dut* beg9 to c>ry on be=e _! w> ) ,spa9 end$8 #aj4 ,:at new p became rivals ( ! ,spani>ds & ,fr5* = trade & settlem5ts 9 ,am]ica8 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,:at p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica did ,drake visit on 8 fam\s voyage ar\nd ! _w8 #b4 ,:at effect did ! qu>rels 9 ,europe describ$ 9 ,*apt]s #ai & #bj h ^u ! progress 9 explor+ & settl+ ,am]ica8 #c4 ,f9d out :e!r ! p ( ! nor!rn ,ne!rl&s & ! s\!rn ,ne!rl&s are /ill sep>ate c\ntries to-day4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,! ,,engli% ,,p ,,attempt ,,to ,,settle ,,am]ica ,,engli% ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,am]ica ,,awak5$4 ,voyages l ^? made by ,sir ,francis ,drake awak5$ a desire ?r\gh\t ,engl& to le>n m ab\t ! ,new ,_w4 ,until ?is "t ev5 ! great discov]ies ( ,columbus & ! ,cabots _h fail$ to /ir ! ,engli% p to take "p 9 ! exploration & settlem5t ( ! ,am]icas4 ,! pr9cipal reason 0 because _! att5tion 0 occupi$ by ! /ruggle betwe5 _! mon>*s & ! popes to decide :e!r k+ or pope %\ld gov]n ! ,engli% ,*ur*4 ,?is cont9u$ until ,que5 ,elizabe? _h be5 on ! ?rone "s ye>s4 ,o!r sea-capta9s1 he>+ ( ,drake's success1 n[ turn$ _! %ips t[>d ! ,am]icas4 ,_m w5t to ! ,we/ ,indies1 z he _h done1 ma9ly to seize ! ri* plund] to be f\nd on bo>d ! %ips ( ,spa9 b\nd homew>d4 ,"s ( !m explor$ ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 hop+ to f9d valuable regions t _h n fall5 into ! possession ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,,! ,,nor?we/ ,,passage4 ,m>t9 ,frobi%] made ?ree voyages1 ! la/ 9 #aegh1 9 se>* ( a passage ?r\gh ,nor? ,am]ica to ,*9a4 ,he ent]$ ! bay :i* be>s 8 "n1 & ! /rait :i* 0 lat] call$ aft] ,hudson1 b fail$ to f9d a passage4 ,drake attempt$ to f9d ! we/]n entrance to su* a passage 9 #aegi z a %ort cut homew>d :5 he tri$ to avoid 8 ,spani% pursu]s4 ,,gilb]t4 ,a gr&] s*eme 0 plann$ by ,humphrey ,gilb]t4 ,he wi%$ to build up ano!r ,engl& across ! sea1 j z ! p ( ,spa9 7 build+ up ano!r ,spa94 ,he plann$ to d ?is by e/abli%+ f>ms to :i* he & o!rs might s5d labor]s :o c\ld n f9d "w at home4 ,que5 ,elizabe? lik$ ?is plan1 & to enc\rage him1 & to repay him = ! exp5se ( c>ry+ ! emigrants ov]1 %e promis$ him ! l& = six hundr$ miles on ea* side ( 8 settlem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>lcote ,,hall ,an ,engli% ,manor ,h\se ( ! "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe? ,,failure ,,( ,,gilb]t',s ,,exp$ition4 ,gilb]t tri$ twice to plant a colony 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 8 half-bro!r1 0 "o ( 8 capta9s 9 ! exp$ition ( #aegh4 ,he w\ld h be5 9 ! disa/r\s second attempt 9 #aehc _h n ,que5 ,elizabe?1 full ( =ebod+s ( dang] to h] favorite1 refus$ to let him g4 ,z x 0 he s5t a %ip at 8 own co/4 ,gilb]t took a l>ge supply ( hobby-horses & o!r toys ) :i* to please ! savages4 ,mi%ap1 des]tion1 & %ipwreck pursu$ ! luckless comm&]4 ,! second exp$ition left ,plym\? ) five vessels 9 #aehc4 ,! %ip t ,raleigh s5t1 ! be/ 9 ! fleet1 des]t$ be=e !y 7 out ( sight ( ,engl&4 ,"o 0 left 9 ,newf\ndl&4 ,! wreck ( ! l>ge/ %ip1 ) mo/ ( ! provisions1 (f ,cape ,breton1 s disc\rag$ ! crews t !y prevail$ ^u ,gilb]t to ab&on ! plan to settle on su* b>r5 & /ormy %ores1 ,gilb]t attempt$ to return on ! ,squirrel1 ! small] ( ! two rema9+ vessels4 ,?is 0 a t9y vessel ( sc>cely t5 tons burd54 ,:at 0 left ( ! little fleet voyag$ homew>d by ! s\!rn way1 & ran into a fe>ful /orm z x approa*$ ! ,azores4 ,al?\gh ,gilb]t 0 urg$ to g abo>d ! l>g] vessel1 he refus$ to des]t 8 companions1 ) :om he _h pass$ ?r\gh s _m /orms & p]ils1 & tri$ to calm ! fe>s ( all by 8 reply1 ,d n fe>1 ,heav5 is z ne> by wat] z by l&4 ,"o night ! ,squirrel sudd5ly sank4 ,all on bo>d 7 lo/4 ,su* 0 ! sad end+ ( ! fir/ ef=ts to e/abli% an ,engli% colony 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,,raleigh ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh took up ! int]e/+ plan :i* 8 k9sman1 ,gilb]t1 _h at he>t4 ,raleigh 0 n[ at ! height ( 8 favor ) ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,%e _h made him weal?y1 especially by ! gift ( l>ge e/ates :i* %e _h tak5 f o!rs4 ,%e readily promis$ him ! same privileges 9 ,am]ica :i* %e _h (f]$ to ,gilb]t4 ,raleigh d\btless ?\ght t he might increase 8 =tune & w9 glory = himself & = 8 c\ntry by plant+ ,engli% colonies 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,no man ( ! age 0 bett] fitt$ = ! und]tak+4 ,he _h %[n himself a fe>less soldi] & an able comm&] 9 ! w> aga9/ ,spa9 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,he _h =tune1 skill1 & p[]ful fri5ds4 ,l ,gilb]t1 he 0 a fri5d ( poets & s*ol>s & a /ud5t ( books2 l ,drake1 he 0 a natural lead] ( m54 ,illu/ration3 ,,sir ,,walt] ,,raleigh ,,& ,,8 ,,son ,,virg9ia4 ,raleigh began 9 #aehd by s5d+ an exp$ition to explore ! coa/ = a suitable site = a colony4 ,8 m5 sail$ by way ( ! ,can>ies1 & came ^u ,nor? ,am]ica 9 ! neighborhood ( ,pamlico ,s\nd1 avoid+ ! /ormy r\te directly across ! ,atlantic :i* ,gilb]t _h foll[$4 ,!y f\nd1 !re=e1 in/ead ( ! bleak %ore ( ,newf\ndl& & ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl&1 ! g5ial climate ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,virg9ia4 ,!y c>ri$ home gl[+ reports ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y 7 p>ticul>ly pleas$ ) an isl& 9 ,pamlico ,s\nd call$ by ! ,indians ,roanoke ,isl&4 ,!y not$ ) wond] ! ov]hang+ grape-v9es load$ ) fruit1 ! f9e c$> trees :i* seem$ to !m ! highe/ & r$de/ 9 ! _w1 ! great flocks ( noisy :ite cranes1 & ! numb]less de] 9 ! =e/s4 ,! ,indians appe>$ g5tle & fri5dly1 ,elizabe? 0 s pleas$ ) ! acc\nts ( ! c\ntry t %e all[$ x to be call$ ,virg9ia aft] h]self1 ! ,virg9 ,que51 & made ,raleigh a knight4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,engli% ,,coloni/s4 ,raleigh made sev]al attempts to plant a colony 9 ,virg9ia4 ,! mo/ fam\s "o 0 l$ by ,john ,:ite 9 #aehg4 ,:ite _h visit$ ,virg9ia on an e>li] voyage1 & pa9t$ m ?an sev5ty pictures ( ,indian life1 repres5t+ _! dress & _! mann] ( liv+4 ,^! may /ill be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 9 ,london4 ,8 int]e/ 9 ! c\ntry & its ,indian population made 8 appo9tm5t z gov]nor seem a wise *oice4 ,c>e 0 tak5 9 ! selection ( coloni/s 9 ord] to secure f>m]s r ?an gold-seek]s4 ,tw5ty-five wom5 & *ildr5 7 includ$ 9 ! colony ( ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty p]sons4 ,,roanoke4 ,:ite & 8 foll[]s settl$ on ,roanoke ,isl&4 ,!y f\nd t ! =t1 :i* "o ( ,raleigh's (fic]s _h built "s ye>s e>li]1 0 level$ to ! gr\nd4 ,sev]al huts 7 /ill /&+1 b !y 7 fall+ to pieces4 ,! fir/ task 0 to rebuild ! huts & move into !m f _! %ips4 ,a baby girl 0 born a few days aft] ! l&+1 ! fir/ *ild born ( ,engli% p>5ts 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,h] fa!r1 ,ananias ,d>e1 0 "o ( ,:ite's c\ncilors2 h] "m1 ,eleanor ,d>e1 0 ! daught] ( ,gov]nor ,:ite4 ,! baby 0 giv5 ! "n ,virg9ia1 ! "n ( ! c\ntry :i* 0 to be h] home4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,raleigh',s ,,colonies ,,! ,,coloni/s ,,9 ,,dang]4 ,! little colony mu/ h =ese5 ! ho/ility ( ! ,indians & a sc>city ( food1 = be=e ,gov]nor ,:ite _h be5 9 ,am]ica two mon?s1 he 0 s5t back to ,engl& to obta9 m provisions1 ,:ite1 f 8 own acc\nt1 did n wi% to leave 8 daught] & gr&daught]4 ,,:ite',s ,,se>* ,,= ,,aid4 ,:ite return$ to ,engl& 9 ! fall ( #aehg at ! wrong mom5t to ask = aid4 ,all ,engl& 0 al>m$ by ! rumor t a great ,spani% fleet 0 ab\t to l& an invad+ army4 ,! fri5ds ( ,virg9ia 9 ,engl& 7 too busy protect+ _! own homes f ! invad] to give he$ to ! ne$s ( ! f>m] coloni/s across ! sea4 ,:ite travel$ ?r\gh ,engl&1 seek+ aid = 8 fri5ds & family1 b 0 disappo9t$ ev]y:]e4 ,,:y ,,raleigh ,,gave ,,no ,,help4 ,raleigh _h by no means =gott5 8 coloni/s1 b 8 que5 & 8 c\ntry _h ! fir/ claim on him ?r\gh ! long w> ) ,spa94 ,twice dur+ ?is p]iod1 he f\nd "t & means to prep>e relief exp$itions = ,virg9ia4 ,! que5 /opp$ ! fir/ "o j z x 0 ready to sail1 because all ! %ips 7 ne$$ at t mom5t = s]vice 9 ! w>4 ,a second exp$ition 0 attack$ by ! ,spani>ds & =c$ to return4 ,,! ,,lo/ ,,colony4 ,:ite f9ally secur$ passage = himself on a fleet go+ to ! ,we/ ,indies1 n ) a fleet & relief supplies ( 8 own1 b z a pass5g] on ano!r man's %ip4 ,x 0 ! summ] ( #aeia :5 he arriv$ at ,roanoke1 f\r ye>s aft] 8 dep>ture4 ,! coloni/s 7 n to be f\nd4 ,_! h\ses 7 torn d[n4 ,! *e/s :i* !y _h evid5tly buri$ 9 ord] to hide !m f ! ,indians _h be5 dug up & ransack$ ( ev]y?+ ( value4 ,:ite's own pap]s :i* he _h left beh9d 7 /rewn ab\t4 ,8 pictures & maps 7 torn & rott5 ) ! ra94 ,8 armor 0 almo/ eat5 ?r\gh ) ru/4 ,"o trace ( ! fate ( ! settl]s 0 left4 ,! l>ge lett]s ,,croatoan 7 c>v$ on a tree ne> ! entrance to ! old =t4 ,:ite recall$ ! agreem5t made :5 he left f\r ye>s be=e4 ,if ! coloni/s %\ld f9d x necess>y to leave ,roanoke1 !y 7 to c>ve on a tree ! "n ( ! place to :i* !y 7 go+4 ,if !y 7 9 dang] or di/ress :5 !y left1 !y 7 to c>ve a cross ov] ! "n ( ! place4 ,:ite f\nd no cross4 ,! ^w ,croatoan 0 ! "n ( a small isl& ly+ s\? ( ,cape ,hatt]as1 :]e ,indians liv$ :o 7 kn[n to be fri5dly4 ,:ite believ$ 8 fri5ds to be safe among ! ,indians at ,croatoan1 b he c\ld n g f>!r 9 se>* = !m because ! capta9s ( ! %ips :i* br\ght him ov] refus$ to delay long]4 ,!y gave _m excuses1 b 7 evid5tly m eag] to attack ! ,spani>ds ?an to f9d a few luckless emigrants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,indian ,,village ,,9 #aehi ,aft] a draw+ by ,john ,:ite1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,! fate ( ,raleigh's colony is "o ( ! puzzles ( hi/ory4 ,x is believ$ t !y took refuge ) fri5dly ,indians1 & liv$ ) !m until !y lo/ _! lives 9 w> or _h adopt$ ! ways ( _! protectors4 ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,ef=ts ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,& ,,! ,,fr5*4 ,raleigh _h fail$ to c>ry out 8 great plan to plant a new ,engl& 9 ,am]ica1 b he _h awak5$ 9 8 c\ntrym5 an int]e/ 9 ,am]ica1 & made kn[n ! advantages ( its soil & climate4 ,! ,fr5* _h app>5tly made no great] headway4 ,c>ti]'s colony on ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce _h brok5 up1 & ! ,spani>ds _h driv5 ! ,fr5* colony f ,florida4 ,! hi/ory ( ,coligny's colony at ,=t ,c>ol9e1 ,c>ti]'s at ,quebec1 ,gilb]t's on ! coa/ ( ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 & ,raleigh's at ,roanoke1 _h %[n h[ useless 7 attempts to settle 9 ,am]ica :i* 7 n /rongly support$ by fri5ds or by ! home gov]nm5t4 ,^! attempts to plant colonies 9 ,am]ica 7 n1 h[ev]1 z bad failures z !y appe>$4 ,bo? nations _h le>n$ mu* ab\t ! c\ntry & ab\t ! prep>ations ne$$ = p]man5t settlem5ts4 ,,:at ,,! ,,spani% ,,_h ,,accompli%$4 ,9 #afjj ,spa9 seem$ to h a*iev$ mu* m ?an ei!r ( h] rivals4 ,! map ( t "t %[s ,spa9 9 possession ( va/ t]ritories 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! ,engli% _h a small tract1 ,virg9ia1 9 :i* !y _h "s int]e/ b no coloni/s4 ,! ,fr5* reg>d$ ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce valley z !irs by "r ( discov]y1 b !y c\ld po9t to no settlem5ts to cl9* t claim4 ,! ,spani>ds1 on ! o!r h&1 c\nt$ m ?an two hundr$ cities & t[ns :i* !y _h plant$ 9 _! t]ritories4 ,ab\t two hundr$ ?\s& ,spani>ds1 f>m]s1 m9]s1 trad]s1 soldi]s1 & nobles1 _h ei!r migrat$ f ,spa9 to ,am]ica or _h be5 born !re ( emigrants s9ce ,columbus's discov]y4 ,five million ,indians _h come "u _! rule1 & mo/ ( !m 7 liv+ z civiliz$ m51 & call$ !mselves ,*ri/ians4 ,"o hundr$ & =ty ?\s& negro slaves _h be5 c>ri$ f ,africa to ! plantations & m9es 9 ,spani% ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,regions 9 ! ,new ,_w & ! ,ea/ claim$ by ! ,c\ntries ( ,europe aft] a c5tury ( exploration4 ,! ,city ( ,mexico1 ! l>ge/ 9 all ,am]ica1 0 mu* l ! cities ( ,spa94 ,well-built h\ses ( wood1 /one1 & mason-"w ab\nd$4 ,*ur*es1 mona/]ies1 a univ]sity1 high] s*ools = boys & girls1 f\r hospitals1 ( :i* "o 0 = ,indians1 & public build+s1 simil> to ^? 9 ! cities ( old ,spa91 already exi/$4 ,spani% life & ,spani% culture _h spread ov] a l>ge area 9 ! ,new ,_w1 & ! mo/ rem>kable fact 0 t ! ,old ,_w civilization _h be5 be/[$ on ! ,indian population4 ,z ,roman culture w5t into ,spa9 & ,gaul1 s ,spani% culture w5t into a ,new ,spa9 9 a new _w4 ,,! ,,prospects ,,( ,,! ,,spani% ,,colonies4 ,b ! outlook = ,spa9 9 ,am]ica 0 n :olly bright4 ,h] /ruggle ) h] ,dut* subjects & ! w> ) ,engl&1 :i* grew out ( t qu>rel1 left h] completely worn out4 ,%e no long] _h ! p to sp>e = ,am]ican settlem5ts4 ,^! ceas$ to gr[ z !y once _h4 ,negroes & ,indians outnumb]$ ! ,spani>ds 9 mo/ ( !m4 ,! ?ree races m+l$ toge!r & int]m>ri$ until a new p1 ! ,spani% ,am]ican1 diff]+ 9 color & blood f ei!r ( ! old races1 0 =m$4 ,,! ,,lat] ,,/ory ,,( ,,colonization4 ,spa9's rivals--! ,dut*1 ! ,engli%1 & ! ,fr5*--7 j rea*+ ! height ( _! p[]4 ,!y _h settl$ _! mo/ s]i\s religi\s diff]5ces4 ,_! m]*ants 7 eag]ly look+ ab\t = comm]cial opportunities4 ,a consid]able population 9 ea* ( !m1 b m especially 9 ,engl&1 0 discont5t$ & ready to try its =tunes 9 a new _w4 ,! ,spani>ds _h pass$ by ! be/ p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica z wor?less4 ,! p & ! unoccupi$ l& 7 bo? ready = ! =mation ( colonies on a l>g] scale4 ,9 _m ways a great] /ory ( ,am]ican colonization rema9s to be told4 ,?is w be ! /ory ( ! ,dut*1 ! ,fr5*1 & ! ,engli% colonization ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,,que/ions #a4 ,:y _h ! ,engli% p n tak5 m int]e/ 9 ,am]ica be=e ,drake's "t8 ,:at f9ally1 made ! ,engli% sea-capta9s turn to ,am]ican adv5ture & exploration8 #b4 ,:at did ,gilb]t attempt to d8 ,h[ _m reasons c y f9d = 8 failure8 #c4 ,:y 0 ,raleigh specially fitt$ to beg9 ! task ( plant+ ,engli% colonies 9 ,am]ica8 ,:at "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica did 8 m5 select = a settlem5t8 ,:y did x seem a suitable place8 ,:at "n 0 giv5 to ! c\ntry8 #d4 ,:y did ,raleigh fail to help 8 colony at ,roanoke8 ,:at did ,:ite ?9k _h happ5$ to !m8 ,:y didn't he g 9 se>* ( !m8 #e4 ,:y _h ! ,fr5* & ! ,engli% be5 unsuccessful 9 _! ef=ts to settle ,nor? ,am]ica8 ,_h !y really ga9$ any?+ f all _! ef=ts8 #f4 ,:at _h ,spa9 accompli%$ s9ce ! voyage by ,columbus8 ,:y 7 ! prospects ( ,spa9 n s bright z !y _h be58 ,:at rivals 7 ready to beg9 colonies 9 ,am]ica8 ,,ex]cises #a4 ,h[ mu* t]ritory 0 ,que5 ,elizabe? will+ to give ,gilb]t = 8 plan 9 ,nor? ,am]ica8 ,0 !re ?is mu* 7twelve hundr$ miles7 ( ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica unclaim$ by ! ,fr5* & ! ,spani>ds8 #b4 ,f9d ,roanoke ,isl& on ! map4 #c4 ,"n ! regions 9 ! ,new ,_w & ! ,ea/ claim$ by ! ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,portuguese1 & ,spani>ds aft] a c5tury ( discov]y & exploration 7#adib-afjj74 ,:at p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7 /ill unkn[n8 ,) ! use ( "s map ( ! _w to-day make a li/ ( ! colonies ( ! same c\ntries n[4 ,,review #a4 ,prep>e a li/ ( ! m5 :o took ! *ief "p 9 discov]+ ! ,new ,_w1 & give = ea* ! 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ab\t ! ,old ,greek ,leg5ds1 or ! same au?or's acc\nt1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bgb-bie1 ( ,emigration to ! ,colonies 9 ! ,old5 ,day4 ,b4 ,,anci5t ,,times4 ,,! ,,roman ,,p4 7,= use ) *apt]s v1 vi1 vii1 viii & ix47 7a7 ,hi/ories ( ! ,romans4 ,ei!r ,bots=d1 ,hi/ory ( ,rome2 ,pelham1 ,outl9es ( ,roman ,hi/ory2 ,h[ & ,leigh1 ,hi/ory ( ,rome2 or ,s*uckburgh1 ,hi/ory ( ,rome2 ?\gh ! la/ two d n cov] ! entire p]iod ( ,roman hi/ory4 ,duruy1 ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 #h volumes1 is attractive 9 /yle & suppli$ ) a great v>iety ( pictures & o!r illu/rative matt]4 ,bots=d1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,anci5t ,_w2 ,goodspe$1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,anci5t ,_w2 ,my]s1 ,anci5t ,hi/ory2 ,wolfson1 ,ess5tials 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory2 & ,we/1 ,anci5t ,_w1 give %ort acc\nts ( ! *ief ev5ts 9 ,roman hi/ory4 7b7 ,v]sions ( fam\s old ,roman /ories1 especially ! w&]+s ( ,a5eas1 ! ,/ory ( ,romulus & ,remus1 ( ! ,sab9e ,wom51 ,horatius at ! ,bridge1 & ,c9c9natus4 ,a4,j4 ,*ur*1 ,/ories f ,virgil2 ,c4,m4 ,gayley1 ,classical ,my?s2 ,h4,a4 ,gu]b]1 ,my?s ( ,greece & ,rome2 ! same au?or's ,/ory ( ! ,romans2 ,ha>5 & ,pol&1 ,fam\s ,m5 ( ,rome2 & ,h>d+1 ,city ( ,sev5 ,hills4 ,macaulay1 ,lays ( ,anci5t ,rome1 gives ! /ory ( ,horatius at ! ,bridge1 toge!r ) sev]al o!r /ories f e>ly ,roman hi/ory4 7c7 ,v]sions ( ! ,g]man my?s ab\t ,od9 7,wodan71 ,?or1 ,freya1 & ,tyr 7,tiw74 ,c4,m4 ,gayley4 ,classical ,my?s2 ,gu]b]1 ,my?s ( ,nor!rn ,l&s2 ,ha>5 & ,pol&1 ,fam\s ,m5 ( ! ,middle ,ages2 ,m>y ,e4 ,lit*field1 ,! ,n9e ,worlds2 ,h4,w4 ,mabie1 ,norse ,/ories2 ,eva ,m>* ,tappan1 ,european ,h]o ,/ories2 ,alice ,zimm]n1 ,gods & ,h]oes ( ! ,nor?4 7d7 ,! ,/ory ( ,h]mann 7or ! /ruggle betwe5 ! ,romans & ,g]mans7 is told by ,ar?ur ,gilman1 ,magna ,*>ta ,/ories1 pp4 #aci-aee2 & by ,maude ,b4 ,dutton1 ,little ,/ories ( ,g]many4 7e7 ,%ort ,biographies ( "s fam\s ,romans4 ,%ort acc\nts ( ! lives ( ,romulus1 ! ,grac*i1 ,caes>1 ,cic]o1 & ,con/ant9e are giv5 9 ,ha>5 & ,pol&1 ,fam\s ,m5 ( ,rome2 ,h>d+1 ,! ,city ( ,sev5 ,hills2 & sev]al ( !m 9 ,plut>*'s ,lives4 ,a simple acc\nt ( ! ,life ( ,hannibal1 ! ,c>?ag9ian enemy ( ,rome1 w also be f\nd 9 ^! books4 7f7 ,int]e/+ phases ( ,roman ,life3 = example1 ! ,roman boy1 c\ntry life 9 ,italy1 ! ,roman h\se1 travel+1 amusem5ts1 etc4 ,see ,w4,w4 ,f[l]1 ,social ,life at ,rome 9 ! ,age ( ,cic]o2 ,h4,w4 ,john/on1 ,! ,private ,life ( ! ,romans2 ,s4,b4 ,platn]1 ,topography & ,monum5ts ( ,anci5t ,rome2 ,t4,g4 ,tuck]1 ,life 9 ! ,roman ,_w ( ,n]o & ,/4 ,paul4 ,_m phases ( ,roman life are describ$ 9 ,f4,m4 ,craw=d's ,ave ,roma4 7g7 ,= descriptions ( incid5ts 9 ,roman hi/ory & phases ( ,roman life z ! ,greek & ,roman writ]s told !m1 see ,bots=d1 ,/ory ( ,rome1 & ,munro1 ,s\rce ,book ( ,roman ,hi/ory4 ,c4 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 7,= use ) *apt]s x1 xi1 xii1 & xiii47 7a7 ,hi/ories ( ! p ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,g4,b4 ,adams1 ,gr[? 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