,s5t5ce ,numb]s1 %[n ?us 7#a71 h be5 add$ by volunte]4 ,a ,!ologico-,political ,treatise ,"p #a - ,*apt]s ,i to ,v ,b>u* ,sp9oza ,a ,!ologico-,political ,treatise ,"p #a - ,*apt]s ,i to ,v ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts3 ,,preface4 ,orig9 & consequ5ces ( sup]/ition4 ,causes t h l$ ! au?or to write4 ,c\rse ( 8 inve/igation4 ,= :at read]s ! treatise is design$4 ,submission ( au?or to ! rul]s ( 8 c\ntry4 ,,*apt] ,i - ,( ,prophecy4 ,def9ition ( prophecy4 ,di/9ction betwe5 revelation to ,moses & to ! o!r prophets4 ,betwe5 ,*ri/ & o!r recipi5ts ( revelation4 ,ambiguity ( ! ^w ,_s4 ,! diff]5t s5ses 9 :i* ?+s may be ref]r$ to ,god4 ,diff]5t s5ses ( ,_s ( ,god4 ,prophets p]ceiv$ revelation by imag9ation4 ,,*apt] ,,ii - ,( ,prophets4 ,a mi/ake to suppose t prophecy c give k ( ph5om5a ,c]ta9ty ( prophecy bas$ on3 7#a7 ,vividness ( imag9ation1 7#b7 ,a ,sign1 7#c7 ,goodness ( ! ,prophet4 ,v>iation ( prophecy ) ! temp]am5t & op9ions ( ! individual4 ,,*apt] ,,iii - ,( ! ,vocation ( ! ,hebrews1 & :e!r ! ,gift ( ,prophecy 0 peculi> to !m4 ,happ9ess ( ,hebrews did n consi/ 9 ! inf]iority ( ! ,g5tile4 ,nor 9 philosophic k or virtue4 ,b 9 _! conduct ( affairs ( /ate & escape f political dang]s4 ,ev5 ?is ,di/9ction did n exi/ 9 ! "t ( ,abraham4 ,te/imony f ! ,old ,te/am5t itself to ! %>e ( ! ,g5tiles 9 ! law & fav\r ( ,god4 ,explanation ( app>5t discrepancy ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans4 ,answ] to ! argum5ts = ! et]nal election ( ! ,jews4 ,,*apt] ,,iv - ,( ! ,div9e ,law4 ,laws ei!r dep5d on natural necessity or on human decree4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! latt] n inconsi/5t ) ! =m] class ( laws4 ,div9e law a k9d ( law f\nd$ on human decree3 call$ ,div9e f its object4 ,div9e law3 7#a7 univ]sal2 7#b7 indep5d5t ( ! tru? ( any hi/orical n>rative2 7#c7 indep5d5t ( rites & c]emonies2 7#d7 its own rew>d4 ,reason does n pres5t ,god z a law-giv] = m54 ,su* a conception a pro( ( ignorance - 9 ,adam - 9 ! ,israelites - 9 ,*ri/ians4 ,te/imony ( ! ,scriptures 9 fav\r ( reason & ! rational view ( ! ,div9e4 ,,*apt] ,v - ,( ! ,c]emonial ,law4 ,c]emonial law ( ! ,old ,te/am5t no "p ( ! ,div9e univ]sal law1 b p>tial & tempor>y4 ,te/imony ( ! prophets !mselves to ?is ,te/imony ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,h[ ! c]emonial law t5d$ to pres]ve ! ,hebrew k+dom4 ,*ri/ian rites on a simil> foot+4 ,:at "p ( ! ,scripture n>ratives is "o b\nd to believe8 ,au?ors ,endnotes to ! ,treatise4 ,a ,!ologico-,political ,treatise ,"p #a - ,*apt]s ,i to ,v ,,preface4 7#a7,m5 w\ld nev] be sup]/iti\s1 if !y c\ld gov]n all _! circum/ances by set rules1 or if !y 7 always fav\r$ by =tune3 b be+ frequ5tly driv5 into /raits :]e rules are useless1 & be+ (t5 kept fluctuat+ pitiably betwe5 hope & fe> by ! unc]ta9ty ( =tune's gre$ily covet$ fav\rs1 !y are consequ5tly1 = ! mo/ "p1 v prone to cr$ulity4 7#b7 ,! human m9d is readily sway$ ?is way or t 9 times ( d\bt1 especially :5 hope & fe> are /ruggl+ = ! ma/]y1 ?\gh usually x is boa/ful1 ov] - confid5t1 & va94 7#c7 ,?is z a g5]al fact ,i suppose ev]yone kn[s1 ?\gh few1 ,i believe1 "k _! own nature2 no "o c h liv$ 9 ! _w )\t obs]v+ t mo/ p1 :5 9 prosp]ity1 are s ov]-brimm+ ) wisdom 7h[ev] inexp]i5c$ !y may be71 t !y take e (f] ( advice z a p]sonal insult1 :]eas 9 adv]sity !y "k n :]e to turn1 b beg & pray = c\nsel f e pass]-by4 7#d7 ,no plan is !n too futile1 too absurd1 or too fatu\s = _! adoption2 ! mo/ frivol\s causes w raise !m to hope1 or plunge !m into despair - if any?+ happ5s dur+ _! fright :i* rem9ds !m ( "s pa/ good or ill1 !y ?9k x port5ds a happy or unhappy issue1 & !re=e 7?\gh x may h prov$ abortive a hundr$ times be=e7 /yle x a lucky or unlucky om54 7#e7 ,any?+ :i* excites _! a/oni%m5t !y believe to be a port5t signify+ ! ang] ( ! gods or ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 &1 mi/ak+ sup]/ition = religion1 acc\nt x impi\s n to av]t ! evil ) pray] & sacrifice4 7#f7 ,signs & wond]s ( ?is sort !y conjure up p]petually1 till "o might ?9k ,nature z mad z !mselves1 !y int]pret h] s fanta/ically4 7#g7 ,?us x is br\ght prom95tly be=e u1 t sup]/ition's *ief victims are ^? p]sons :o gre$ily covet temporal advantages2 !y x is1 :o 7especially :5 !y are 9 dang]1 & _c help !mselves7 are wont ) ,pray]s & womani% te>s to implore help f ,god3 upbraid+ ,reason z bl9d1 because %e _c %[ a sure pa? to ! %ad[s !y pursue1 & reject+ human wisdom z va92 b believ+ ! phantoms ( imag9ation1 dreams1 & o!r *ildi% absurdities1 to be ! v oracles ( ,heav54 7#h7 ,z ?\gh ,god _h turn$ away f ! wise1 & writt5 ,8 decrees1 n 9 ! m9d ( man b 9 ! entrails ( bea/s1 or left !m to be proclaim$ by ! inspiration & in/9ct ( fools1 madm51 & birds4 ,su* is ! unreason to :i* t]ror c drive mank9d6 7#i7 ,sup]/ition1 !n1 is eng5d]$1 pres]v$1 & fo/]$ by fe>4 ,if anyone desire an example1 let him take ,alex&]1 :o only began sup]/iti\sly to seek guidance f se]s1 :5 he fir/ le>nt to fe> =tune 9 ! passes ( ,sysis 7,curtius1 v4 #d72 :]eas aft] he _h conqu]$ ,d>ius he consult$ prophets no m1 till a second "t fright5$ by rev]ses4 7#aj7 ,:5 ! ,scy?ians 7 provok+ a battle1 ! ,bactrians _h des]t$1 & he himself 0 ly+ sick ( 8 w\nds1 he once m turn$ to sup]/ition1 ! mock]y ( human wisdom1 & bade ,ari/&]1 to :om he confid$ 8 cr$ulity1 inquire ! issue ( affairs ) sacrific$ victims4 7#aa7 ,v num]\s examples ( a l nature might be cit$1 cle>ly %[+ ! fact1 t only :ile "u ! dom9ion ( fe> d m5 fall a prey to sup]/ition2 t all ! port5ts ev] inve/$ ) ! rev]5ce ( misguid$ religion are m]e phantoms ( deject$ & fe>ful m9ds2 & la/ly1 t prophets h mo/ p[] among ! p1 & are mo/ =midable to rul]s1 precisely at ^? times :5 ! /ate is 9 mo/ p]il4 7#ab7 ,i ?9k ?is is suffici5tly pla9 to all1 & w !re=e say no m on ! subject4 7#ac7 ,! orig9 ( sup]/ition above giv5 af=ds u a cle> reason = ! fact1 t x comes to all m5 naturally1 ?\gh "s ref] its rise to a dim notion ( ,god1 univ]sal to mank9d1 & also t5ds to %[1 t x is no less inconsi/5t & v>iable ?an o!r m5tal halluc9ations & emotional impulses1 & fur!r t x c only be ma9ta9$ by hope1 hatr$1 ang]1 & deceit2 s9ce x spr+s1 n f reason1 b solely f ! m p[]ful phases ( emotion4 7#ad7 ,fur!rmore1 we may readily und]/& h[ difficult x is1 to ma9ta9 9 ! same c\rse m5 prone to e =m ( cr$ulity4 7#ae7 ,=1 z ! mass ( mank9d rema9s always at ab\t ! same pit* ( mis]y1 x nev] ass5ts long to any "o rem$y1 b is always be/ pleas$ by a novelty :i* has n yet prov$ illusive4 7#af7 ,?is elem5t ( inconsi/5cy has be5 ! cause ( _m t]rible w>s & revolutions2 =1 z ,curtius well says 7lib4 iv4 *ap4 #aj73 ,! mob has no rul] m pot5t ?an sup]/ition1 & is easily l$1 on ! plea ( religion1 at "o mom5t to adore its k+s z gods1 & anon to execrate & abjure !m z humanity's common bane4 7#ag7 ,imm5se pa9s h !re=e be5 tak5 to c\nt]act ?is evil by inve/+ religion1 :e!r true or false1 ) su* pomp & c]emony1 t x may rise sup]ior to e %ock1 & be always obs]v$ ) /udi\s rev]5ce by ! :ole p--a sy/em :i* has be5 br\ght to great p]fection by ! ,turks1 = !y consid] ev5 controv]sy impi\s1 & s clog m5's m9ds ) dogmatic =mulas1 t !y leave no room = s\nd reason1 n ev5 en\gh to d\bt )4 7#ah7 ,b if1 9 despotic /atecraft1 ! supreme & ess5tial my/]y be to hoodw9k ! subjects1 & to mask ! fe>1 :i* keeps !m cl[n1 ) ! speci\s g>b ( religion1 s t m5 may fight z bravely = slav]y z = safety1 & c\nt x n %ame b highe/ hon\r to risk _! blood & _! lives = ! va+lory ( a tyrant2 yet 9 a free /ate no m mis*iev\s exp$i5t c\ld be plann$ or attempt$4 7#ai7 ,:olly repugnant to ! g5]al fre$om are su* devices z en?rall+ m5's m9ds ) prejudices1 =c+ _! judgm5t1 or employ+ any ( ! weapons ( quasi-religi\s s$ition2 inde$1 su* s$itions only spr+ up1 :5 law ent]s ! doma9 ( speculative ?\ght1 & op9ions are put on trial & condemn$ on ! same foot+ z crimes1 :ile ^? :o def5d & foll[ !m are sacrific$1 n to public safety1 b to _! oppon5ts' hatr$ & cruelty4 7#bj7 ,if de$s only c\ld be made ! gr\nds ( crim9al *>ges1 & words 7 always all[$ to pass free1 su* s$itions w\ld be dive/$ ( e semblance ( ju/ification1 & w\ld be sep>at$ f m]e controv]sies by a h>d & fa/ l9e4 7#bj7 ,n[1 see+ t we h ! r>e happ9ess ( liv+ 9 a republic1 :]e ev]yone's judgm5t is free & un%ackl$1 :]e ea* may wor%ip ,god z 8 consci5ce dictates1 & :]e fre$om is e/eem$ be=e all ?+s de> & preci\s1 ,i h believ$ t ,i %\ld be und]tak+ no ungrateful or unpr(itable task1 9 demon/rat+ t n only c su* fre$om be grant$ )\t prejudice to ! public peace1 b also1 t )\t su* fre$om1 piety _c fl\ri% nor ! public peace be secure4 7#ba7 ,su* is ! *ief conclusion ,i seek to e/abli% 9 ?is treatise2 b1 9 ord] to rea* x1 ,i mu/ fir/ po9t out ! misconceptions :i*1 l sc>s ( our =m] bondage1 /ill disfigure our notion ( religion1 & mu/ expose ! false views ab\t ! civil au?ority :i* _m h mo/ impud5tly advocat$1 endeav\r+ to turn ! m9d ( ! p1 /ill prone to hea!n sup]/ition1 away f its legitimate rul]s1 & s br+ u aga9 into slav]y4 7#bb7 ,z to ! ord] ( my treatise ,i w speak pres5tly1 b fir/ ,i w rec\nt ! causes :i* l$ me to write4 7#bc7 ,i h (t5 wond]$1 t p]sons :o make a boa/ ( pr(ess+ ! ,*ri/ian religion1 namely1 love1 joy1 peace1 temp]ance1 & *>ity to all m51 %\ld qu>rel ) su* rancor\s animosity1 & display daily t[>ds "o ano!r su* bitt] hatr$1 t ?is1 r ?an ! virtues !y claim1 is ! readie/ crit]ion ( _! fai?4 7#bd7 ,matt]s h long s9ce come to su* a pass1 t "o c only pron\nce a man ,*ri/ian1 ,turk1 ,jew1 or ,hea!n1 by 8 g5]al appe>ance & attire1 by 8 frequ5t+ ?is or t place ( wor%ip1 or employ+ ! phraseology ( a p>ticul> sect - z = mann] ( life1 x is 9 all cases ! same4 7#be7 ,inquiry into ! cause ( ?is anomaly leads me unhesitat+ly to ascribe x to ! fact1 t ! m9i/ries ( ! ,*ur* are reg>d$ by ! masses m]ely z dignities1 h] (fices z po/s ( emolum5t - 9 %ort1 popul> religion may be summ$ up z respect = ecclesia/ics4 7#bf7 ,! spread ( ?is misconception inflam$ e wor?less fell[ ) an int5se desire to ent] holy ord]s1 & ?us ! love ( diffus+ ,god's religion deg5]at$ into sordid av>ice & ambition4 7#bg7 ,e *ur* became a !atre1 :]e orators1 in/ead ( *ur* tea*]s1 h>angu$1 c>+ n to in/ruct ! p1 b /riv+ to attract admiration1 to br+ oppon5ts to public scorn1 & to prea* only novelties & p>adoxes1 su* z w\ld tickle ! e>s ( _! congregation4 7#bh7 ,?is /ate ( ?+s necess>ily /irr$ up an am\nt ( controv]sy1 envy1 & hatr$1 :i* no lapse ( "t c\ld appease2 s t we c sc>cely wond] t ( ! old religion no?+ survives b its outw>d =ms 7ev5 ^!1 9 ! m\? ( ! multitude1 seem r adulation ?an adoration ( ! ,deity71 & t fai? has become a m]e comp\nd ( cr$ulity & prejudices - aye1 prejudices too1 :i* degrade man f rational be+ to bea/1 :i* completely /ifle ! p[] ( judgm5t betwe5 true & false1 :i* seem1 9 fact1 c>efully fo/]$ = ! purpose ( ext+ui%+ ! la/ sp>k ( reason6 7#bi7 ,piety1 great ,god6 & religion are become a tissue ( ridicul\s my/]ies2 m51 :o flatly despise reason1 :o reject & turn away f und]/&+ z naturally corrupt1 ^!1 ,i say1 ^! ( all m51 are ?\ght1 ,o lie mo/ horrible6 to possess light f on ,high4 7#cj7 ,v]ily1 if !y _h b "o sp>k ( light f on ,high1 !y w\ld n insol5tly rave1 b w\ld le>n to wor%ip ,god m wisely1 & w\ld be z m>k$ among _! fell[s = m]cy z !y n[ are = malice2 if !y 7 conc]n$ = _! oppon5ts' s\ls1 in/ead ( = _! own reputations1 !y w\ld no long] fi]cely p]secute1 b r be fill$ ) pity & compassion4 7#ca7 ,fur!rmore1 if any ,div9e light 7 9 !m1 x w\ld appe> f _! doctr9e4 7#cb7 ,i grant t !y are nev] tir$ ( pr(ess+ _! wond] at ! pr(\nd my/]ies ( ,holy ,writ2 /ill ,i _c discov] t !y tea* any?+ b speculations ( ,platoni/s & ,ari/otelians1 to :i* 79 ord] to save _! cr$it = ,*ri/ianity7 !y h made ,holy ,writ con=m2 n cont5t to rave ) ! ,greeks !mselves1 !y want to make ! prophets rave also2 %[+ conclusively1 t nev] ev5 9 sleep h !y caught a glimpse ( ,scripture's ,div9e nature4 7#cc7 ,! v vehem5ce ( _! admiration = ! my/]ies pla9ly atte/s1 t _! belief 9 ! ,bible is a =mal ass5t r ?an a liv+ fai?3 & ! fact is made /ill m app>5t by _! lay+ d[n be=eh&1 z a f\ndation = ! /udy & true int]pretation ( ,scripture1 ! pr9ciple t x is 9 e passage true & div9e4 7#cd7 ,su* a doctr9e %\ld be rea*$ only aft] /rict scrut9y & ?or\gh compreh5sion ( ! ,sacr$ ,books 7:i* w\ld tea* x mu* bett]1 = !y /& 9 ne$ no human factions71 & n be set up on ! ?re%old1 z x 71 ( inquiry4 7#ce7 ,z ,i pond]$ ov] ! facts t ! light ( reason is n only despis$1 b by _m ev5 execrat$ z a s\rce ( impiety1 t human comm5t>ies are accept$ z div9e records1 & t cr$ulity is extoll$ z fai?2 z ,i m>k$ ! fi]ce controv]sies ( philosoph]s rag+ 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 ! s\rce ( bitt] hatr$ & diss5sion1 ! ready in/rum5ts ( s$ition & o!r ills innum]able1 ,i det]m9$ to exam9e ! ,bible afre% 9 a c>eful1 imp>tial1 & unfett]$ _s1 mak+ no assumptions conc]n+ x1 & attribut+ to x no doctr9es1 :i* ,i d n f9d cle>ly !re9 set d[n4 7#cf7 ,) ^! precautions ,i con/ruct$ a me?od ( ,scriptural int]pretation1 & ?us equipp$ proce$$ to inquire - :at is prophecy8 7#cg7 ,9 :at s5se did ,god reveal himself to ! prophets1 & :y 7 ^! p>ticul> m5 - *os5 by him8 7#ch7 ,0 x on acc\nt ( ! sublimity ( _! ?\ghts ab\t ! ,deity & nature1 or 0 x solely on acc\nt ( _! piety8 7#ci7 ,^! que/ions be+ answ]$1 ,i 0 easily able to conclude1 t ! au?ority ( ! prophets has weight only 9 matt]s ( morality1 & t _! speculative doctr9es affect u little4 7#dj7 ,next ,i inquir$1 :y ! ,hebrews 7 call$ ,god's *os5 p1 & discov]+ t x 0 only because ,god _h *os5 = !m a c]ta9 /rip ( t]ritory1 :]e !y might live peaceably & at ease1 ,i le>nt t ! ,law reveal$ by ,god to ,moses 0 m]ely ! law ( ! individual ,hebrew /ate1 !re=e t x 0 b9d+ on none b ,hebrews1 & n ev5 on ,hebrews aft] ! d[nfall ( _! nation4 7#da7 ,fur!r1 9 ord] to asc]ta91 :e!r x c\ld be conclud$ f ,scripture1 t ! human und]/&+ is naturally corrupt1 ,i inquir$ :e!r ! ,univ]sal ,religion1 ! ,div9e ,law reveal$ ?r\gh ! ,prophets & ,apo/les to ! :ole human race1 diff]s f t :i* is taught by ! light ( natural reason1 :e!r miracles c take place 9 violation ( ! laws ( nature1 & if s1 :e!r !y imply ! exi/5ce ( ,god m surely & cle>ly ?an ev5ts1 :i* we und]/& pla9ly & di/9ctly ?r\gh _! imm$iate natural causes4 7#db7 ,n[1 z 9 ! :ole c\rse ( my inve/igation ,i f\nd no?+ taught expressly by ,scripture1 :i* does n agree ) our und]/&+1 or :i* is repugnant !reto1 & z ,i saw t ! prophets taught no?+1 :i* is n v simple & easily to be grasp$ by all1 & fur!r1 t !y clo!d _! tea*+ 9 ! /yle1 & confirm$ x ) ! reasons1 :i* w\ld mo/ deeply move ! m9d ( ! masses to devotion t[>ds ,god1 ,i became ?or\ghly conv9c$1 t ! ,bible leaves reason absolutely free1 t x has no?+ 9 common ) philosophy1 9 fact1 t ,revelation & ,philosophy /& on diff]5t foot+s4 ,9 ord] to set ?is =? categorically & exhau/ ! :ole "q1 ,i po9t out ! way 9 :i* ! ,bible %\ld be int]pret$1 & %[ t all ( spiritual que/ions %\ld be s\ght f x alone1 & n f ! objects ( ord9>y k4 7#dc7 ,!nce ,i pass on to indicate ! false notions1 :i* h f ! fact t ! multitude - ev] prone to sup]/ition1 & c>+ m = ! %r$s ( antiquity = et]nal tru?s - pays homage to ! ,books ( ! ,bible1 r ?an to ! ,^w ( ,god4 7#dd7 ,i %[ t ! ,^w ( ,god has n be5 reveal$ z a c]ta9 numb] ( books1 0 display$ to ! prophets z a simple idea ( ! m9d1 namely1 ob$i5ce to ,god 9 s+l5ess ( he>t1 & 9 ! practice ( ju/ice & *>ity2 & ,i fur!r po9t out1 t ?is doctr9e is set =? 9 ,scripture 9 accordance ) ! op9ions & und]/&+s ( ^?1 among :om ! ,apo/les & ,prophets prea*$1 to ! end t m5 might receive x will+ly1 & ) _! :ole he>t4 7#de7 ,hav+ ?us laid b>e ! bases ( belief1 ,i draw ! conclusion t ,revelation has ob$i5ce = its sole object1 !re=e1 9 purpose no less ?an 9 f\ndation & me?od1 /&s entirely alo( f ord9>y k2 ea* has its sep>ate prov9ce1 nei!r c be call$ ! h&maid ( ! o!r4 7#df7 ,fur!rmore1 z m5's habits ( m9d diff]1 s t "s m readily embrace "o =m ( fai?1 "s ano!r1 = :at moves "o to pray may move ano!r only to sc(f1 ,i conclude1 9 accordance ) :at has gone be=e1 t ev]yone %\ld be free to *oose = himself ! f\ndations ( 8 cre$1 & t fai? %\ld be judg$ only by its fruits2 ea* w\ld !n obey ,god freely ) 8 :ole he>t1 :ile no?+ w\ld be publicly hon\r$ save ju/ice & *>ity4 7#dg7 ,hav+ ?us drawn att5tion to ! lib]ty conc$$ to ev]yone by ! reveal$ law ( ,god1 ,i pass on to ano!r "p ( my subject1 & prove t ?is same lib]ty c & %\ld be accord$ ) safety to ! /ate & ! magi/]ial au?ority - 9 fact1 t x _c be )held )\t great dang] to peace & detrim5t to ! community4 7#dh7 ,9 ord] to e/abli% my po9t1 ,i />t f ! natural rights ( ! individual1 :i* are co-ext5sive ) 8 desires & p[]1 & f ! fact t no "o is b\nd to live z ano!r pleases1 b is ! gu>dian ( 8 own lib]ty4 7#di7 ,i %[ t ^! rights c only be transf]r$ to ^? :om we depute to def5d u1 :o acquire ) ! duties ( def5ce ! p[] ( ord]+ our lives1 & ,i !nce inf] t rul]s possess rights only limit$ by _! p[]1 t !y are ! sole gu>dians ( ju/ice & lib]ty1 & t _! subjects %\ld act 9 all ?+s z !y dictate3 nev]!less1 s9ce no "o c s utt]ly abdicate 8 own p[] ( self-def5ce z to cease to be a man1 ,i conclude t no "o c be depriv$ ( 8 natural rights absolutely1 b t subjects1 ei!r by tacit agreem5t1 or by social contract1 reta9 a c]ta9 numb]1 :i* _c be tak5 f !m )\t great dang] to ! /ate4 7#ej7 ,f ^! consid]ations ,i pass on to ! ,hebrew ,/ate1 :i* ,i describe at "s l5g?1 9 ord] to trace ! mann] 9 :i* ,religion acquir$ ! =ce ( law1 & to t\* on o!r notewor?y po9ts4 7#ea7 ,i !n prove1 t ! hold]s ( sov]eign p[] are ! depositories & int]pret]s ( religi\s no less ?an ( civil ord9ances1 & t !y alone h ! "r to decide :at is j or unju/1 pi\s or impi\s2 la/ly1 ,i conclude by %[+1 t !y be/ reta9 ?is "r & secure safety to _! /ate by all[+ e man to ?9k :at he likes1 & say :at he ?9ks4 7#eb7 ,su*1 ,philosophical ,read]1 are ! que/ions ,i submit to y\r notice1 c\nt+ on y\r approval1 = ! subject matt] ( ! :ole book & ( ! sev]al *apt]s is important & pr(itable4 7#ec7 ,i w\ld say m1 b ,i d n want my preface to ext5d to a volume1 especially z ,i "k t its lead+ propositions are to ,philosoph]s b common places4 7#ed7 ,to ! re/ ( mank9d ,i c>e n to comm5d my treatise1 = ,i _c expect t x conta9s any?+ to please !m3 ,i "k h[ deeply root$ are ! prejudices embrac$ "u ! "n ( religion2 ,i am aw>e t 9 ! m9d ( ! masses sup]/ition is no less deeply root$ ?an fe>2 ,i recognize t _! con/ancy is m]e ob/9acy1 & t !y are l$ to praise or blame by impulse r ?an reason4 7#ee7 ,!re=e ! multitude1 & ^? ( l passions ) ! multitude1 ,i ask n to read my book2 nay1 ,i w\ld r t !y %\ld utt]ly neglect x1 ?an t !y %\ld mis9t]pret x aft] _! wont4 7#ef7 ,!y w\ld ga9 no good !mselves1 & might prove a /umbl+-block to o!rs1 ^: philosophy is hamp]$ by ! belief t ,reason is a m]e h&maid to ,!ology1 & :om ,i seek 9 ?is "w especially to b5efit4 7#eg7 ,b z !re w be _m :o h nei!r ! leisure1 nor1 p]haps1 ! incl9ation to read ?r\gh all ,i h writt51 ,i feel b\nd "h1 z at ! end ( my treatise1 to decl>e t ,i h writt5 no?+1 :i* ,i d n mo/ will+ly submit to ! exam9ation & judgm5t ( my c\ntry's rul]s1 & t ,i am ready to retract any?+1 :i* !y %all decide to be repugnant to ! laws or prejudicial to ! public good4 7#eh7 ,i "k t ,i am a man &1 z a man1 liable to error1 b aga9/ error ,i h tak5 scrupul\s c>e1 & /riv5 to keep 9 entire accordance ) ! laws ( my c\ntry1 ) loyalty1 & ) morality4 ,,*apt] ,i4 - ,( ,prophecy 7#a7 ,prophecy1 or revelation is sure k reveal$ by ,god to man4 7#b7 ,a prophet is "o :o int]prets ! revelations ( ,god to ^? :o are unable to atta9 to sure k ( ! matt]s reveal$1 & !re=e c only appreh5d !m by simple fai?4 7#c7 ,! ,hebrew ^w = prophet is nabi1,endnote #a i4e4 speak] or int]pret]1 b 9 ,scripture its mean+ is re/rict$ to int]pret] ( ,god1 z we may le>n f ,exodus vii3#a1 :]e ,god says to ,moses1 ,see1 ,i h made !e a god to ,ph>aoh1 & ,a>on ?y bro!r %all be ?y prophet2 imply+ t1 s9ce 9 int]pret+ ,moses' words to ,ph>aoh1 ,a>on act$ ! "p ( a prophet1 ,moses w\ld be to ,ph>aoh z a god1 or 9 ! attitude ( a god4 7#d7 ,prophets ,i w treat ( 9 ! next *apt]1 & at pres5t consid] prophecy4 7#e7 ,n[ x is evid5t1 f ! def9ition above giv51 t prophecy really includes ord9>y k2 = ! k :i* we acquire by our natural faculties dep5ds on k ( ,god & ,8 et]nal laws2 b ord9>y k is common to all m5 z m51 & re/s on f\ndations :i* all %>e1 :]eas ! multitude always /ra9s aft] r>ities & exceptions1 & ?9ks little ( ! gifts ( nature2 s t1 :5 prophecy is talk$ (1 ord9>y k is n suppos$ to be includ$4 7#f7 ,nev]!less x has z mu* "r z any o!r to be call$ ,div9e1 = ,god's nature1 9 s f> z we %>e !re91 & ,god's laws1 dictate x to u2 nor does x suff] f t to :i* we give ! preem95ce1 except 9 s f> z ! latt] transc5ds its limits & _c be acc\nt$ = by natural laws tak5 9 !mselves4 7#g7 ,9 respect to ! c]ta9ty x involves1 & ! s\rce f :i* x is d]iv$1 i4e4 ,god1 ord9>y k is no :it inf]ior to prophetic1 unless inde$ we believe1 or r dream1 t ! prophets _h human bodies b sup]human m9ds1 & !re=e t _! s5sations & consci\sness 7 entirely diff]5t f our own4 7#h7 ,b1 al?\gh ord9>y k is ,div9e1 its pr(essors _c be call$ prophets ,endnote #b1 = !y tea* :at ! re/ ( mank9d c\ld p]ceive & appreh5d1 n m]ely by simple fai?1 b z surely & hon\rably z !mselves4 7#i7 ,see+ !n t our m9d subjectively conta9s 9 itself & p>takes ( ! nature ( ,god1 & solely f ?is cause is enabl$ to =m notions expla9+ natural ph5om5a & inculcat+ morality1 x foll[s t we may rightly ass]t ! nature ( ! human m9d 79 s f> z x is ?us conceiv$7 to be a prim>y cause ( ,div9e revelation4 7#aj7 ,all t we cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/& is dictat$ to u1 z ,i h j po9t$ out1 by ! idea & nature ( ,god2 n inde$ ?r\gh words1 b 9 a way f> m excell5t & agree+ p]fectly ) ! nature ( ! m9d1 z all :o h enjoy$ intellectual c]ta9ty w d\btless atte/4 7#aa7 ,"h1 h[ev]1 my *ief purpose is to speak ( matt]s hav+ ref]5ce to ,scripture1 s ^! few words on ! light ( reason w suffice4 7#ab7 ,i w n[ pass on to1 & treat m fully1 ! o!r ways & means by :i* ,god makes revelations to mank9d1 bo? ( t :i* transc5ds ord9>y k1 & ( t )9 its scope2 = !re is no reason :y ,god %\ld n employ o!r means to communicate :at we "k already by ! p[] ( reason4 7#ac7 ,our conclusions on ! subject mu/ be drawn solely f ,scripture2 = :at c we affirm ab\t matt]s transc5d+ our k except :at is told u by ! words or writ+s ( prophets8 7#ad7 ,& s9ce !re are1 s f> z ,i "k1 no prophets n[ alive1 we h no alt]native b to read ! books ( prophets dep>t$1 tak+ c>e ! :ile n to reason f metaphor or to ascribe any?+ to our au?ors :i* !y d n !mselves di/9ctly /ate4 7#ae7 ,i mu/ fur!r premise t ! ,jews nev] make any m5tion or acc\nt ( second>y1 or p>ticul> causes1 b 9 a _s ( religion1 piety1 & :at is commonly call$ godl9ess1 ref] all ?+s directly to ! ,deity4 7#af7 ,= in/ance if !y make money by a transaction1 !y say ,god gave x to !m2 if !y desire any?+1 !y say ,god has dispos$ _! he>ts t[>ds x2 if !y ?9k any?+1 !y say ,god told !m4 7#ag7 ,h5ce we mu/ n suppose t ev]y?+ is prophecy or revelation :i* is describ$ 9 ,scripture z told by ,god to anyone1 b only su* ?+s z are expressly ann\nc$ z prophecy or revelation1 or are pla9ly po9t$ to z su* by ! context4 7#ah7 ,a p]usal ( ! sacr$ books w %[ u t all ,god's revelations to ! prophets 7 made ?r\gh words or appe>ances1 or a comb9ation ( ! two4 7#ai7 ,^! words & appe>ances 7 ( two k9ds2 #a4- real :5 ext]nal to ! m9d ( ! prophet :o he>d or saw !m1 #b4- imag9>y :5 ! imag9ation ( ! prophet 0 9 a /ate :i* l$ him di/9ctly to suppose t he he>d or saw !m4 7#bj7 ,) a real voice ,god reveal$ to ,moses ! laws :i* ,he wi%$ to be transmitt$ to ! ,hebrews1 z we may see f ,exodus xxv3#bb1 :]e ,god says1 ,& !re ,i w meet ) !e & ,i w commune ) !e f ! m]cy seat :i* is betwe5 ! ,*]ubim4 7#ba7 ,"s sort ( real voice mu/ necess>ily h be5 employ$1 = ,moses f\nd ,god ready to commune ) him at any "t4 ,?is1 z ,i %all %ortly %[1 is ! only in/ance ( a real voice4 7#bb7 ,we might1 p]haps1 suppose t ! voice ) :i* ,god call$ ,samuel 0 real1 = 9 #a ,sam4 iii3#ba1 we read1 ,& ! ,"l appe>$ aga9 9 ,%iloh1 = ! ,"l reveal$ ,himself to ,samuel 9 ,%iloh by ! ^w ( ! ,"l2 imply+ t ! appe>ance ( ! ,"l consi/$ 9 ,8 mak+ ,himself kn[n to ,samuel ?r\gh a voice2 9 o!r words1 t ,samuel he>d ! ,"l speak+4 7#bc7 ,b we are compell$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! prophecies ( ,moses & ^? ( o!r prophets1 & !re=e mu/ decide t ?is voice 0 imag9>y1 a conclusion fur!r support$ by ! voice's resemblance to ! voice ( ,eli1 :i* ,samuel 0 9 ! habit ( he>+1 & !re=e might easily imag9e2 :5 ?rice call$ by ! ,"l1 ,samuel suppos$ x to h be5 ,eli4 7#bd7 ,! voice :i* ,abimele* he>d 0 imag9>y1 = x is writt51 ,g54 xx3#f1 ,& ,god said unto him 9 a dream4 7#be7 ,s t ! w ( ,god 0 manife/ to him1 n 9 wak+1 b only 9 sleep1 t is1 :5 ! imag9ation is mo/ active & uncontroll$4 7#bf7 ,"s ( ! ,jews believe t ! actual words ( ! ,decalogue 7 n spok5 by ,god1 b t ! ,israelites he>d a noise only1 )\t any di/9ct words1 & dur+ its cont9uance appreh5d$ ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts by pure intuition2 to ?is op9ion ,i myself once incl9$1 see+ t ! words ( ! ,decalogue 9 ,exodus are diff]5t f ! words ( ! ,decalogue 9 ,deut]onomy1 = ! discrepancy seem$ to imply 7s9ce ,god only spoke once7 t ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts 7 n int5d$ to convey ! actual words ( ! ,"l1 b only ,8 mean+4 7#bg7 ,h[ev]1 unless we w\ld d viol5ce to ,scripture1 we mu/ c]ta9ly admit t ! ,israelites he>d a real voice1 = ,scripture expressly says1 ,deut4 v3#d1 ,god spake ) y face to face1 i4e4 z two m5 ord9>ily int]*ange ideas ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( _! two bodies2 & !re=e x seems m consonant ) ,holy ,writ to suppose t ,god really did create a voice ( "s k9d ) :i* ! ,decalogue 0 reveal$4 7#bh7 ,! discrepancy ( ! two v]sions is treat$ ( 9 ,*ap4 ,,viii4 7#bi7 ,yet n ev5 ?us is all difficulty remov$1 = x seems sc>cely reasonable to affirm t a creat$ ?+1 dep5d+ on ,god 9 ! same mann] z o!r creat$ ?+s1 w\ld be able to express or expla9 ! nature ( ,god ei!r v]bally or really by means ( its individual organism3 = in/ance1 by decl>+ 9 ! fir/ p]son1 ,i am ! ,"l y\r ,god4 7#cj7 ,c]ta9ly :5 anyone says ) 8 m\?1 ,i und]/&1 we d n attribute ! und]/&+ to ! m\?1 b to ! m9d ( ! speak]2 yet ?is is because ! m\? is ! natural organ ( a man speak+1 & ! he>]1 kn[+ :at und]/&+ is1 easily compreh5ds1 by a comp>ison ) himself1 t ! speak]'s m9d is meant2 b if we knew no?+ ( ,god beyond ! m]e "n & wi%$ to commune ) ,him1 & be assur$ ( ,8 exi/5ce1 ,i fail to see h[ our wi% w\ld be satisfi$ by ! decl>ation ( a creat$ ?+ 7dep5d+ on ,god nei!r m nor less ?an ourselves71 ,i am ! ,"l4 7#ca7 ,if ,god contort$ ! lips ( ,moses1 or1 ,i w n say ,moses1 b "s bea/1 till !y pron\nc$ ! words1 ,i am ! ,"l1 %\ld we appreh5d ! ,"l's exi/5ce !refrom8 7#cb7 ,scripture seems cle>ly to po9t to ! belief t ,god spoke ,himself1 hav+ desc5d$ f heav5 to ,m\nt ,s9ai = ! purpose - & n only t ! ,israelites he>d ,him speak+1 b t _! *ief m5 beheld ,him 7,ex3xxiv47 7#cc7 ,fur!r ! law ( ,moses1 :i* might nei!r be add$ to nor curtail$1 & :i* 0 set up z a national /&>d ( "r1 n[h]e prescrib$ ! belief t ,god is )\t body1 or ev5 )\t =m or figure1 b only orda9$ t ! ,jews %\ld believe 9 ,8 exi/5ce & wor%ip ,him alone3 x =bade !m to inv5t or fa%ion any lik5ess ( ! ,deity1 b ?is 0 to insure purity ( s]vice2 because1 nev] hav+ se5 ,god1 !y c\ld n by means ( images recall ! lik5ess ( ,god1 b only ! lik5ess ( "s creat$ ?+ :i* might ?us gradually take ! place ( ,god z ! object ( _! adoration4 7#cd7 ,nev]!less1 ! ,bible cle>ly implies t ,god has a =m1 & t ,moses :5 he he>d ,god speak+ 0 p]mitt$ to behold x1 or at lea/ its h9d] p>ts4 7#ce7 ,d\btless "s my/]y lurks 9 ?is "q :i* we w discuss m fully bel[4 7#cf7 ,= ! pres5t ,i w call att5tion to ! passages 9 ,scripture indicat+ ! means by :i* ,god has reveal$ ,8 laws to man4 7#cg7 ,revelation may be ?r\gh figures only1 z 9 ,i ,*ron3xxii41 :]e ,god displays 8 ang] to ,david by means ( an angel be>+ a sword1 & also 9 ! /ory ( ,balaam4 7#ch7 ,maimonides & o!rs d inde$ ma9ta9 t ^! & e o!r in/ance ( angelic app>itions 7e4g4 to ,manoah & to ,abraham (f]+ up ,isaac7 occurr$ dur+ sleep1 = t no "o ) 8 eyes op5 ev] c\ld see an angel1 b ?is is m]e nons5se4 7#ci7 ,! sole object ( su* comm5tators seems to be to extort f ,scripture confirmations ( ,ari/otelian quibbles & _! own inv5tions1 a proce$+ :i* ,i reg>d z ! acme ( absurdity4 7#dj7 ,9 figures1 n real b exi/+ only 9 ! prophet's imag9ation1 ,god reveal$ to ,joseph 8 future lord%ip1 & 9 words & figures ,he reveal$ to ,jo%ua t ,he w\ld fight = ! ,hebrews1 caus+ to appe> an angel1 z x 7 ! ,capta9 ( ! ,"l's ho/1 be>+ a sword1 & by ?is means communicat+ v]bally4 7#da7 ,! =sak+ ( ,israel by ,provid5ce 0 portray$ to ,isaiah by a vision ( ! ,"l1 ! ?rice ,holy1 sitt+ on a v l(ty ?rone1 & ! ,hebrews1 /a9$ ) ! mire ( _! s9s1 sunk z x 7 9 uncleanness1 & ?us z f> z possible di/ant f ,god4 7#db7 ,! wret*$ness ( ! p at ! "t 0 ?us reveal$1 :ile future calamities 7 =etold 9 words4 ,i c\ld cite f ,holy ,writ _m simil> examples1 b ,i ?9k !y are suffici5tly well kn[n already4 7#dc7 ,h[ev]1 we get a /ill m cle> confirmation ( our position 9 ,num xii3#f1g1 z foll[s3 ,if !re be any prophet among y1 ,i ! ,"l w make myself kn[n unto him 9 a vision 7i4e4 by appe>ances & signs1 = ,god says ( ! prophecy ( ,moses t x 0 a vision )\t signs71 & w speak unto him 9 a dream 7i4e4 n ) actual words & an actual voice74 7#dd7 ,my s]vant ,moses is n s2 ) him w ,i speak m\? to m\?1 ev5 app>5tly1 & n 9 d>k spee*es1 & ! similitude ( ! ,"l he %all behold1 i4e4 look+ on me z a fri5d & n afraid1 he speaks ) me 7cf4 ,ex xxxiii3#ag74 7#de7 ,?is makes x indisputable t ! o!r prophets did n he> a real voice1 & we ga!r z mu* f ,deut4 xxxiv3#aj3 ,& !re arose n a prophet s9ce 9 ,israel l unto ,moses :om ! ,"l knew face to face1 :i* mu/ mean t ! ,"l spoke ) none o!r2 = n ev5 ,moses saw ! ,"l's face4 7#df7 ,^! are ! only m$ia ( communication betwe5 ,god & man :i* ,i f9d m5tion$ 9 ,scripture1 & !re=e ! only ones :i* may be suppos$ or inv5t$4 7#dg7 ,we may be able q to compreh5d t ,god c communicate imm$iately ) man1 = )\t ! int]v5tion ( bodily means ,he communicates to our m9ds ,8 ess5ce2 /ill1 a man :o c by pure intuition compreh5d ideas :i* are nei!r conta9$ 9 nor d$ucible f ! f\ndations ( our natural k1 mu/ necess>ily possess a m9d f> sup]ior to ^? ( 8 fell[ m51 nor d ,i believe t any h be5 s end[$ save ,*ri/4 7#dh7 ,to ,him ! ord9ances ( ,god lead+ m5 to salvation 7 reveal$ directly )\t words or visions1 s t ,god manife/$ ,himself to ! ,apo/les ?r\gh ! m9d ( ,*ri/ z ,he =m]ly did to ,moses ?r\gh ! sup]natural voice4 7#di7 ,9 ?is s5se ! voice ( ,*ri/1 l ! voice :i* ,moses he>d1 may be call$ ! voice ( ,god1 & x may be said t ! wisdom ( ,god 7i4e4 wisdom m ?an human7 took ^u itself 9 ,*ri/ human nature1 & t ,*ri/ 0 ! way ( salvation4 7#ej7 ,i mu/ at ?is juncture decl>e t ^? doctr9es :i* c]ta9 *ur*es put =w>d conc]n+ ,*ri/1 ,i nei!r affirm nor d5y1 = ,i freely confess t ,i d n und]/& !m4 7#ea7 ,:at ,i h j /at$ ,i ga!r f ,scripture1 :]e ,i nev] read t ,god appe>$ to ,*ri/1 or spoke to ,*ri/1 b t ,god 0 reveal$ to ! ,apo/les ?r\gh ,*ri/2 t ,*ri/ 0 ! ,way ( ,life1 & t ! old law 0 giv5 ?r\gh an angel1 & n imm$iately by ,god2 :5ce x foll[s t if ,moses spoke ) ,god face to face z a man speaks ) 8 fri5d 7i4e4 by means ( _! two bodies7 ,*ri/ commun$ ) ,god m9d to m9d4 7#eb7 ,?us we may conclude t no "o except ,*ri/ receiv$ ! revelations ( ,god )\t ! aid ( imag9ation1 :e!r 9 words or vision4 7#ec7 ,!re=e ! p[] ( prophecy implies n a peculi>ly p]fect m9d1 b a peculi>ly vivid imag9ation1 z ,i w %[ m cle>ly 9 ! next *apt]4 7#ed7 ,we w n[ inquire :at is meant 9 ! ,bible by ! ,_s ( ,god brea!d into ! prophets1 or by ! prophets speak+ ) ! ,_s ( ,god2 to t end we mu/ det]m9e ! exact signification ( ! ,hebrew ^w ruagh1 commonly translat$ _s4 7#ee7 ,! ^w ruagh lit]ally means a w9d1 e4g4 ! s\? w9d1 b x is frequ5tly employ$ 9 o!r d]ivative significations4 ,x is us$ z equival5t to1 7#ef7 7#a47 ,brea?3 ,nei!r is !re any _s 9 8 m\?1 ,ps4 cxxxv3#ag4 7#eg7 7#b47 ,life1 or brea?+3 ,& 8 _s return$ to him #a ,sam4 xxx3#ab2 i4e4 he brea!d aga94 7#eh7 7#c47 ,c\rage & /r5g?3 ,nei!r did !re rema9 any m _s 9 any man1 ,jo%4 ii3#aa2 ,& ! _s ent]$ into me1 & made me /& on my feet1 ,ezek4 ii3#b4 7#ei7 7#d47 ,virtue & fitness3 ,days %\ld speak1 & multitudes ( ye>s %\ld tea* wisdom2 b !re is a _s 9 man1 ,job xxxii3#g2 i4e4 wisdom is n always f\nd among old m5 = ,i n[ discov] t x dep5ds on individual virtue & capacity4 ,s1 ,a man 9 :om is ! ,_s1 ,numb]s xxvii3#ah4 7#fj7 7#e47 ,habit ( m9d3 ,because he _h ano!r _s ) him1 ,numb]s xiv3#bd2 i4e4 ano!r habit ( m9d4 ,behold ,i w p\r out ,my ,_s unto y1 ,prov4 i3#bc4 7#fa7 7#f47 ,w1 purpose1 desire1 impulse3 ,:i!r ! _s 0 to g1 !y w5t1 ,ezek4 #a3ab2 ,t cov] ) a cov]+1 b n ( ,my ,_s1 ,is4 xxx3#a2 ,= ! ,"l ha? p\r$ out on y ! _s ( deep sleep1 ,is4 xxix3#aj2 ,!n 0 _! _s s(t5$1 ,judges viii3#c2 ,he t rule? 8 _s1 is bett] ?an he t take? a city1 ,prov4 xvi3#cb2 ,he t ha? no ru ov] 8 own _s1 ,prov4 xxv3#bh2 ,y\r _s z fire %all dev\r y1 ,isaiah xxxiii3#a4 ,f ! mean+ ( disposition we get - 7#fb7 7#g47 ,passions & faculties4 ,a l(ty _s means pride1 a l[ly _s humility1 an evil _s hatr$ & melan*oly4 ,s1 too1 ! expressions spirits ( jeal\sy1 =nication1 wisdom1 c\nsel1 brav]y1 /& = a jeal\s1 lascivi\s1 wise1 prud5t1 or brave m9d 7= we ,hebrews use sub/antives 9 pref]5ce to adjectives71 or ^! v>i\s qualities4 7#fc7 7#h47 ,! m9d itself1 or ! life3 ,yea1 !y h all "o _s1 ,eccles4 iii3#ai ,! _s %all return to ,god ,:o gave x4 7#fd7 7#i47 ,! qu>t]s ( ! _w 7f ! w9ds :i* bl[ !nce71 or ev5 ! side ( any?+ turn$ t[>ds a p>ticul> qu>t] - ,ezek4 xxxvii3#i2 xlii3#af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 c4 7#fe7 ,i h already allud$ to ! way 9 :i* ?+s are ref]r$ to ,god1 & said to be ( ,god4 7#ff7 7#a47 ,z belong+ to ,8 nature1 & be+1 z x 71 "p ( ,him2 e4g4 ! p[] ( ,god1 ! eyes ( ,god4 7#fg7 7#b47 ,z "u ,8 dom9ion1 & dep5d+ on ,8 pleasure2 ?us ! heav5s are call$ ! heav5s ( ! ,"l1 z be+ ,8 *>iot & habitation4 ,s ,nebu*adnezz> is call$ ! s]vant ( ,god1 ,assyria ! sc\rge ( ,god1 c4 7#fh7 7#c47 ,z d$icat$ to ,him1 e4g4 ! ,temple ( ,god1 a ,naz>5e ( ,god1 ! ,bread ( ,god4 7#fi7 7#d47 ,z reveal$ ?r\gh ! prophets & n ?r\gh our natural faculties4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ,mosaic law is call$ ! law ( ,god4 7#gj7 7#e47 ,z be+ 9 ! sup]lative degree4 ,v high m\nta9s are /yl$ ! m\nta9s ( ,god1 a v deep sleep1 ! sleep ( ,god1 c4 ,9 ?is s5se we mu/ expla9 ,amos iv3#aa3 ,i h ov]?r[n y z ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,"l came ^u ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 i4e4 t memorable ov]?r[1 = s9ce ,god ,himself is ! ,speak]1 ! passage _c well be tak5 o!rwise4 ,! wisdom ( ,solomon is call$ ! wisdom ( ,god1 or extraord9>y4 ,! size ( ! c$>s ( ,lebanon is allud$ to 9 ! ,psalmi/'s expression1 ! c$>s ( ! ,"l4 7#ga7 ,simil>ly1 if ! ,jews 7 at a loss to und]/& any ph5om5on1 or 7 ignorant ( its cause1 !y ref]r$ x to ,god4 7#gb7 ,?us a /orm 0 t]m$ ! *id+ ( ,god1 ?und] & lightn+ ! arr[s ( ,god1 = x 0 ?\ght t ,god kept ! w9ds conf9$ 9 caves1 ,8 treasuries2 ?us diff]+ m]ely 9 "n f ! ,greek w9d-god ,eolus4 7#gc7 ,9 l mann] miracles 7 call$ works ( ,god1 z be+ especially m>vell\s2 ?\gh 9 reality1 ( c\rse1 all natural ev5ts are ! works ( ,god1 & take place solely by ,8 p[]4 7#gd7 ,! ,psalmi/ calls ! miracles 9 ,egypt ! works ( ,god1 because ! ,hebrews f\nd 9 !m a way ( safety :i* !y _h n look$ =1 & !re=e especially m>vell$ at4 7#ge7 ,z1 !n1 unusual natural ph5om5a are call$ works ( ,god1 & trees ( unusual size are call$ trees ( ,god1 we _c wond] t v /rong & tall m51 ?\gh impi\s robb]s & :oremong]s1 are 9 ,g5esis call$ sons ( ,god4 7#gf7 ,?is ref]5ce ( ?+s wond]ful to ,god 0 n peculi> to ! ,jews4 7#gg7 ,ph>aoh1 on he>+ ! int]pretation ( 8 dream1 exclaim$ t ! m9d ( ! gods 0 9 ,joseph4 7#gh7 ,nebu*adnezz> told ,daniel t he possess$ ! m9d ( ! holy gods2 s also 9 ,lat9 any?+ well made is (t5 said to be wr\ght ) ,div9e h&s1 :i* is equival5t to ! ,hebrew phrase1 wr\ght ) ! h& ( ,god4 7#hj7 ,we c n[ v easily und]/& & expla9 ^? passages ( ,scripture :i* speak ( ! ,_s ( ,god4 7#ha7 ,9 "s places ! expression m]ely means a v /rong1 dry1 & deadly w9d1 z 9 ,isaiah xl3#g1 ,! grass )]e?1 ! fl[] fade?1 because ! ,_s ( ! ,"l bl[e? ^u x4 7#hb7 ,simil>ly 9 ,g54 i3#b3 ,! ,_s ( ! ,"l mov$ ov] ! face ( ! wat]s4 7#hc7 ,at o!r times x is us$ z equival5t to a high c\rage1 ?us ! _s ( ,gideon & ( ,samson is call$ ! ,_s ( ! ,"l1 z be+ v bold1 & prep>$ = any em]g5cy4 7#hd7 ,any unusual virtue or p[] is call$ ! ,_s or ,virtue ( ! ,"l1 ,ex4 xxxi3#c3 ,i w fill him 7,bezaleel7 ) ! ,_s ( ! ,"l1 i4e41 z ! ,bible itself expla9s1 ) tal5t above man's usual end[m5t4 7#he7 ,s ,isa4 xi3#b3 ,& ! ,_s ( ! ,"l %all re/ ^u him1 is expla9$ aft]w>ds 9 ! text to mean ! _s ( wisdom & und]/&+1 ( c\nsel & might4 7#hf7 ,! melan*oly ( ,saul is call$ ! melan*oly ( ! ,"l1 or a v deep melan*oly1 ! p]sons :o appli$ ! t]m %[+ t !y und]/ood by x no?+ sup]natural1 9 t !y s5t = a musician to assuage x by h>p-play+4 7#hg7 ,aga91 ! ,_s ( ! ,"l is us$ z equival5t to ! m9d ( man1 = in/ance1 ,job xxvii3#c3 ,& ! ,_s ( ! ,"l 9 my no/rils1 ! allusion be+ to ,g54 ii3#g3 ,& ,god brea!d into man's no/rils ! brea? ( life4 7#hh7 ,ezekiel also1 prophesy+ to ! dead1 says 7xxvii3#ad71 ,& ,i w give to y ,my ,_s1 & ye %all live2 i4e4 ,i w re/ore y to life4 7#hi7 ,9 ,job xxxiv3#ad1 we read3 ,if ,he ga!r unto ,himself ,8 ,_s & brea?2 9 ,g54 vi3#c3 ,my ,_s %all n always /rive ) man1 = t he also is fle%1 i4e4 s9ce man acts on ! dictates ( 8 body1 & n ! _s :i* ,i gave him to disc]n ! good1 ,i w let him alone4 7#ij7 ,s1 too1 ,ps4 li3#ab3 ,create 9 me a clean he>t1 ,o ,god1 & r5ew a "r _s )9 me2 ca/ me n away f ,?y pres5ce1 & take n ,?y ,holy ,_s f me4 7#ia7 ,x 0 suppos$ t s9 orig9at$ only f ! body1 & t good impulses come f ! m9d2 !re=e ! ,psalmi/ invokes ! aid ( ,god aga9/ ! bodily appetites1 b prays t ! _s :i* ! ,"l1 ! ,holy ,"o1 _h giv5 him might be r5ew$4 7#ib7 ,aga91 inasmu* z ! ,bible1 9 concession to popul> ignorance1 describes ,god z hav+ a m9d1 a he>t1 emotions - nay1 ev5 a body & brea? - ! expression ,_s ( ! ,"l is us$ = ,god's m9d1 disposition1 emotion1 /r5g?1 or brea?4 7#ic7 ,?us1 ,isa4 xl3#ac3 ,:o ha? dispos$ ! ,_s ( ! ,"l8 i4e4 :o1 save ,himself1 ha? caus$ ! m9d ( ! ,"l to w any?+18 & ,isa4 lxiii3#aj3 ,b !y rebell$1 & vex$ ! ,holy ,_s4 7#id7 ,! phrase comes to be us$ ( ! law ( ,moses1 :i* 9 a s5se exp\nds ,god's w1 ,is4 lxiii4 #aa1 ,:]e is ,he t put ,8 ,holy ,_s )9 him8 mean+1 z we cle>ly ga!r f ! context1 ! law ( ,moses4 7#ie7 ,nehemiah1 speak+ ( ! giv+ ( ! law1 says1 i3#bj1 ,?\ gave/ also ?y good ,_s to in/ruct !m4 7#if7 ,?is is ref]r$ to 9 ,deut4 iv3#f1 ,?is is y\r wisdom & und]/&+1 & 9 ,ps4 cxliii3#aj1 ,?y good ,_s w lead me into ! l& ( uprightness4 7#ig7 ,! ,_s ( ! ,"l may mean ! brea? ( ! ,"l1 = brea?1 no less ?an a m9d1 a he>t1 & a body are attribut$ to ,god 9 ,scripture1 z 9 ,ps4 xxxiii3#f4 7#ih7 ,h5ce x gets to mean ! p[]1 /r5g?1 or faculty ( ,god1 z 9 ,job xxxiii3#d1 ,! ,_s ( ! ,"l made me1 i4e4 ! p[]1 or1 if y pref]1 ! decree ( ! ,"l4 7#ii7 ,s ! ,psalmi/ 9 poetic language decl>es1 xxxiii3#f1 ,by ! ^w ( ! ,"l 7 ! heav5s made1 & all ! ho/ ( !m by ! brea? ( ,8 m\?1 i4e4 by a m&ate issu$1 z x 71 9 "o brea?4 7#ajj7 ,also ,ps4 cxxxix3#g1 ,:i!r %all ,i g f ,?y ,_s1 or :i!r %all ,i flee f ,?y pres5ce8 i4e4 :i!r %all ,i g s z to be beyond ,?y p[] & ,?y pres5ce8 7#aja7 ,la/ly1 ! ,_s ( ! ,"l is us$ 9 ,scripture to express ! emotions ( ,god1 e4g4 ,8 k9dness & m]cy1 ,micah ii3#g1 ,is ! ,_s i4e4 ! m]cy ( ! ,"l /rait5$8 7#ajb7 ,are ^! cruelties ,8 do+s8 7#ajc7 ,ze*4 iv3#f1 ,n by might or by p[]1 b ,my ,_s i4e4 m]cy1 sai? ! ,"l ( ho/s4 7#ajd7 ,! twelf? v]se ( ! sev5? *apt] ( ! same prophet mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be int]pret$ 9 l mann]3 ,yea1 !y made _! he>ts z an adamant /one1 le/ !y %\ld he> ! law1 & ! words :i* ! ,"l ( ho/s ha? s5t 9 ,8 ,_s i4e4 9 ,8 m]cy by ! =m] prophets4 7#aje7 ,s also ,haggai ii3#e3 ,s ,my ,_s rema9e? among y3 fe> n4 7#ajf7 ,! passage 9 ,isaiah xlviii3#af1 ,& n[ ! ,"l & ,8 ,_s ha? s5t me1 may be tak5 to ref] to ,god's m]cy or ,8 reveal$ law2 = ! prophet says1 ,f ! beg9n+ 7i4e4 f ! "t :5 ,i fir/ came to y1 to prea* ,god's ang] & ,8 s5t5ce =? aga9/ y7 ,i spoke n 9 secret2 f ! "t t x 01 !re am ,i1 & n[ ,i am s5t by ! m]cy ( ,god z a joyful mess5g] to prea* y\r re/oration4 7#ajg7 ,or we may und]/& him to mean by ! reveal$ law t he _h be=e come to w>n !m by ! comm& ( ! law 7,levit4 xix3#ag7 9 ! same mann] "u ! same conditions z ,moses _h w>n$ !m1 t n[1 l ,moses1 he ends by prea*+ _! re/oration4 7#ajh7 ,b ! fir/ explanation seems to me ! be/4 7#aji7 ,return+1 !n1 to ! ma9 object ( our discussion1 we f9d t ! ,scriptural phrases1 ,! ,_s ( ! ,"l 0 ^u a prophet1 ,! ,"l brea!d ,8 ,_s into m51 ,m5 7 fill$ ) ! ,_s ( ,god1 ) ! ,holy ,_s1 c41 are q cle> to u1 & mean t prophets 7 end[$ ) a peculi> & extraord9>y p[]1 & devot$ !mselves to piety ) especial con/ancy7#c72 t ?us !y p]ceiv$ ! m9d or ! ?\ght ( ,god1 = we h %[n t ,god's ,_s signifies 9 ,hebrew ,god's m9d or ?\ght1 & t ! law :i* %[s ,8 m9d & ?\ght is call$ ,8 ,_s2 h5ce t ! imag9ation ( ! prophets1 inasmu* z ?r\gh x 7 reveal$ ! decrees ( ,god1 may equally be call$ ! m9d ( ,god1 & ! prophets be said to h possess$ ! m9d ( ,god4 7#aaj7 ,on our m9ds also ! m9d ( ,god & ,8 et]nal ?\ghts are impress$2 b ?is be+ ! same = all m5 is less tak5 into acc\nt1 especially by ! ,hebrews1 :o claim$ a pre-em95ce1 & despis$ o!r m5 & o!r m5's k4 7#aaa7 ,la/ly1 ! prophets 7 said to possess ! ,_s ( ,god because m5 knew n ! cause ( prophetic k1 & 9 _! wond] ref]r$ x ) o!r m>vels directly to ! ,deity1 /yl+ x ,div9e k4 7#aab7 ,we ne$ no long] scruple to affirm t ! prophets only p]ceiv$ ,god's revelation by ! aid ( imag9ation1 t is1 by words & figures ei!r real or imag9>y4 7#aac7 ,we f9d no o!r means m5tion$ 9 ,scripture1 & !re=e mu/ n inv5t any4 7#aad7 ,z to ! p>ticul> law ( ,nature by :i* ! communications took place1 ,i confess my ignorance4 7#aae7 ,i might1 inde$1 say z o!rs d1 t !y took place by ! p[] ( ,god2 b ?is w\ld be m]e trifl+1 & no bett] ?an expla9+ "s unique specim5 by a transc5d5tal t]m4 7#aaf7 ,ev]y?+ takes place by ! p[] ( ,god4 7#aag7 ,nature h]self is ! p[] ( ,god "u ano!r "n1 & our ignorance ( ! p[] ( ,god is co-ext5sive ) our ignorance ( ,nature4 7#aah7 ,x is absolute folly1 !re=e1 to ascribe an ev5t to ! p[] ( ,god :5 we "k n its natural cause1 :i* is ! p[] ( ,god4 7#aai7 ,h[ev]1 we are n n[ inquir+ into ! causes ( prophetic k4 7#abj7 ,we are only attempt+1 z ,i h said1 to exam9e ! ,scriptural docum5ts1 & to draw our conclusions f !m z f ultimate natural facts2 ! causes ( ! docum5ts d n conc]n u4 7#aba7 ,z ! prophets p]ceiv$ ! revelations ( ,god by ! aid ( imag9ation1 !y c\ld indisputably p]ceive mu* t is beyond ! b\nd>y ( ! intellect1 = _m m ideas c be con/ruct$ f words & figures ?an f ! pr9ciples & notions on :i* ! :ole fabric ( reason$ k is re>$4 7#abb7 ,?us we h a clue to ! fact t ! prophets p]ceiv$ ne>ly ev]y?+ 9 p>ables & allegories1 & clo!d spiritual tru?s 9 bodily =ms1 = su* is ! usual me?od ( imag9ation4 7#abb7 ,we ne$ no long] wond] t ,scripture & ! prophets speak s /rangely & obscurely ( ,god's ,_s or ,m9d 7cf4 ,numb]s xi3#ag1 #a ,k+s xxii3#ba1 c471 t ! ,"l 0 se5 by ,micah z sitt+1 by ,daniel z an old man clo!d 9 :ite1 by ,ezekiel z a fire1 t ! ,holy ,_s appe>$ to ^? ) ,*ri/ z a desc5d+ dove1 to ! apo/les z fi]y tongues1 to ,paul on 8 conv]sion z a great light4 7#abd7 ,all ^! expressions are pla9ly 9 h>mony ) ! curr5t ideas ( ,god & spirits4 7#abe7 ,inasmu* z imag9ation is fleet+ & incon/ant1 we f9d t ! p[] ( prophecy did n rema9 ) a prophet = long1 nor manife/ itself frequ5tly1 b 0 v r>e2 manife/+ itself only 9 a few m51 & 9 !m n (t54 7#abf7 ,we mu/ necess>ily inquire h[ ! prophets became assur$ ( ! tru? ( :at !y p]ceiv$ by imag9ation1 & n by sure m5tal laws2 b our inve/igation mu/ be conf9$ to ,scripture1 = ! subject is "o on :i* we _c acquire c]ta9 k1 & :i* we _c expla9 by ! imm$iate causes4 7#abg7 ,scripture tea*+ ab\t ! assurance ( prophets ,i w treat ( 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 - ,,( ,,prophets4 7#a7 ,x foll[s f ! la/ *apt] t1 z ,i h said1 ! prophets 7 end[$ ) unusually vivid imag9ations1 & n ) unusually p]fect m9ds4 7#b7 ,?is conclusion is amply su/a9$ by ,scripture1 = we are told t ,solomon 0 ! wise/ ( m51 b _h no special faculty ( prophecy4 7#c7 ,heman1 ,calcol1 & ,d>a1 ?\gh m5 ( great tal5t1 7 n prophets1 :]eas un$ucat$ c\ntrym51 nay1 ev5 wom51 su* z ,hag>1 ,abraham's h&maid1 7 ?us gift$4 7#d7 ,nor is ?is contr>y to ord9>y exp]i5ce & reason4 7#e7 ,m5 ( great imag9ative p[] are less fitt$ = ab/ract reason+1 :]eas ^? :o excel 9 intellect & its use keep _! imag9ation m re/ra9$ & controll$1 hold+ x 9 subjection1 s to speak1 le/ x %\ld usurp ! place ( reason4 7#f7 ,?us to suppose t k ( natural & spiritual ph5om5a c be ga9$ f ! prophetic books1 is an utt] mi/ake1 :i* ,i %all endeav\r to expose1 z ,i ?9k philosophy1 ! age1 & ! "q itself dem&4 7#g7 ,i c>e n = ! gird+s ( sup]/ition1 = sup]/ition is ! bitt] enemy1 ( all true k & true morality4 7#h7 ,yes2 x has come to ?is6 7#i7 ,m5 :o op5ly confess t !y c =m no idea ( ,god1 & only "k ,him ?r\gh creat$ ?+s1 ( :i* !y "k n ! causes1 c unblu%+ly accuse philosoph]s ( ,a!ism4 7#aj7 ,treat+ ! "q me?odically1 ,i w %[ t prophecies v>i$1 n only accord+ to ! imag9ation & physical temp]am5t ( ! prophet1 b also accord+ to 8 p>ticul> op9ions2 & fur!r t prophecy nev] r5d]$ ! prophet wis] ?an he 0 be=e4 7#aa7 ,b ,i w fir/ discuss ! assurance ( tru? :i* ! prophets receiv$1 = ?is is ak9 to ! subject-matt] ( ! *apt]1 & w s]ve to elucidate some:at our pres5t po9t4 7#ab7 ,imag9ation does n1 9 its own nature1 involve any c]ta9ty ( tru?1 su* z is impli$ 9 e cle> & di/9ct idea1 b requires "s extr9sic reason to assure u ( its objective reality3 h5ce prophecy _c af=d c]ta9ty1 & ! prophets 7 assur$ ( ,god's revelation by "s sign1 & n by ! fact ( revelation1 z we may see f ,abraham1 :o1 :5 he _h he>d ! promise ( ,god1 dem&$ a sign1 n because he did n believe 9 ,god1 b because he wi%$ to be sure t x 0 ,god ,:o made ! promise4 7#ac7 ,! fact is /ill m evid5t 9 ! case ( ,gideon3 ,%[ me1 he says to ,god1 %[ me a sign1 t ,i may "k t x is ,?\ t talke/ ) me4 7#ad7 ,god also says to ,moses3 ,& let ?is be a sign t ,i h s5t !e4 7#ae7 ,hezekiah1 ?\gh he _h long kn[n ,isaiah to be a prophet1 none ! less dem&$ a sign ( ! cure :i* he pr$ict$4 7#ae7 ,x is ?us q evid5t t ! prophets always receiv$ "s sign to c]tify !m ( _! prophetic imag9+s2 & = ?is reason ,moses bids ! ,jews 7,deut4 xviii47 ask ( ! prophets a sign1 namely1 ! pr$iction ( "s com+ ev5t4 7#af7 ,9 ?is respect1 prophetic k is inf]ior to natural k1 :i* ne$s no sign1 & 9 itself implies c]titude4 7#ag7 ,moreov]1 ,scripture w>rants ! /atem5t t ! c]titude ( ! prophets 0 n ma!matical1 b moral4 7#ah7 ,moses lays d[n ! puni%m5t ( dea? = ! prophet :o prea*es new gods1 ev5 ?\gh he confirm 8 doctr9e by signs & wond]s 7,deut4 xiii472 ,=1 he says1 ! ,"l also worke? signs & wond]s to try ,8 p4 7#ai7 ,& ,jesus ,*ri/ w>ns ,8 disciples ( ! same ?+ 7,matt4 xxiv3#bd74 7#bj7 ,fur!rmore1 ,ezekiel 7xiv3#i7 pla9ly /ates t ,god sometimes deceives m5 ) false revelations2 & ,micaiah be>s l witness 9 ! case ( ! prophets ( ,ahab4 7#ba7 ,al?\gh ^! in/ances g to prove t revelation is op5 to d\bt1 x nev]!less conta9s1 z we h said1 a consid]able elem5t ( c]ta9ty1 = ,god nev] deceives ! good1 nor ,8 *os51 b 7accord+ to ! anci5t prov]b1 & z appe>s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,abigail & h] spee*71 ,god uses ! good z in/rum5ts ( goodness1 & ! wick$ z means to execute ,8 wra?4 7#bb7 ,?is may be se5 f ! case ( ,micaiah above quot$2 = al?\gh ,god _h det]m9$ to deceive ,ahab1 ?r\gh prophets1 ,he made use ( ly+ prophets2 to ! good prophet ,he reveal$ ! tru?1 & did n =bid 8 proclaim+ x4 7#bc7 ,/ill ! c]titude ( prophecy1 rema9s1 z ,i h said1 m]ely1 moral2 = no "o c ju/ify himself be=e ,god1 nor boa/ t he is an in/rum5t = ,god's goodness4 7#bd7 ,scripture itself tea*es & %[s t ,god l$ away ,david to numb] ! p1 ?\gh x be>s ample witness to ,david's piety4 7#be7 ,! :ole "q ( ! c]titude ( prophecy1 0 bas$ on ^! ?ree consid]ations3 #a4 ,t ! ?+s reveal$ 7 imag9$ v vividly1 affect+ ! prophets 9 ! same way z ?+s se5 :5 awake2 #b4 ,! pres5ce ( a sign2 #c4 ,la/ly1 & *iefly1 t ! m9d ( ! prophet 0 giv5 :olly1 to :at 0 "r & good4 7#bf7 ,al?\gh ,scripture does n always make m5tion ( a sign1 we mu/ nev]!less suppose t a sign 0 always v\*saf$2 = ,scripture does n always relate e condition & circum/ance 7z _m h rem>k$71 b r takes !m = grant$4 7#bg7 ,we may1 h[ev]1 admit t no sign 0 ne$$ :5 ! prophecy decl>$ no?+ t 0 n already conta9$ 9 ! law ( ,moses1 because x 0 confirm$ by t law4 7#bh7 ,= in/ance1 ,j]emiah's prophecy1 ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 0 confirm$ by ! prophecies ( o!r prophets1 & by ! ?reats 9 ! law1 &1 !re=e1 x ne$$ no sign2 :]eas ,hananiah1 :o1 contr>y to all ! prophets1 =etold ! spe$y re/oration ( ! /ate1 /ood 9 ne$ ( a sign1 or he w\ld h be5 9 d\bt z to ! tru? ( 8 prophecy1 until x 0 confirm$ by facts4 7#bi7 ,! prophet :i* prophesie? ( peace1 :5 ! ^w ( ! prophet %all come to pass1 !n %all ! prophet be kn[n t ! ,"l ha? truly s5t him4 7#cj7 ,z1 !n1 ! c]titude af=d$ to ! prophet by signs 0 n ma!matical 7i4e4 did n necess>ily foll[ f ! p]ception ( ! ?+ p]ceiv$ or se571 b only moral1 & z ! signs 7 only giv5 to conv9ce ! prophet1 x foll[s t su* signs 7 giv5 accord+ to ! op9ions & capacity ( ea* prophet1 s t a sign :i* conv9ce "o prophet w\ld fall f> %ort ( conv9c+ ano!r :o 0 imbu$ ) diff]5t op9ions4 7#ca7 ,!re=e ! signs v>i$ accord+ to ! individual prophet4 7#cb7 ,s also did ! revelation v>y1 z we h /at$1 accord+ to individual disposition & temp]am5t1 & accord+ to ! op9ions previ\sly held4 7#cc7 ,x v>i$ accord+ to disposition1 9 ?is way3 if a prophet 0 *e]ful1 victories1 peace1 & ev5ts :i* make m5 glad1 7 reveal$ to him2 9 t he 0 naturally m likely to imag9e su* ?+s4 7#cd7 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 he 0 melan*oly1 w>s1 massacres1 & calamities 7 reveal$2 & s1 accord+ z a prophet 0 m]ciful1 g5tle1 quick to ang]1 or sev]e1 he 0 m fitt$ = "o k9d ( revelation ?an ano!r4 7#ce7 ,x v>i$ accord+ to ! temp] ( imag9ation 9 ?is way3 if a prophet 0 cultivat$ he p]ceiv$ ! m9d ( ,god 9 a cultivat$ way1 if he 0 confus$ he p]ceiv$ x confus$ly4 7#cf7 ,& s ) revelations p]ceiv$ ?r\gh visions4 7#cg7 ,if a prophet 0 a c\ntryman he saw visions ( ox51 c[s1 & ! l2 if he 0 a soldi]1 he saw g5]als & armies2 if a c\rti]1 a royal ?rone1 & s on4 7#ch7 ,la/ly1 prophecy v>i$ accord+ to ! op9ions held by ! prophets2 = in/ance1 to ! ,magi1 :o believ$ 9 ! follies ( a/rology1 ! bir? ( ,*ri/ 0 reveal$ ?r\gh ! vision ( a /> 9 ! ,ea/4 7#ci7 ,to ! augurs ( ,nebu*adnezz> ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 0 reveal$ ?r\gh entrails1 :]eas ! k+ himself inf]r$ x f oracles & ! direction ( arr[s :i* he %ot into ! air4 7#dj7 ,to prophets :o believ$ t man acts f free *oice & by 8 own p[]1 ,god 0 reveal$ z /&+ ap>t f & ignorant ( future human actions4 7#da7 ,all ( :i* we w illu/rate f ,scripture4 7#db7 ,! fir/ po9t is prov$ f ! case ( ,eli%a1 :o1 9 ord] to prophecy to ,jehoram1 ask$ = a h>p1 & 0 unable to p]ceive ! ,div9e purpose till he _h be5 recreat$ by its music2 !n1 inde$1 he prophesi$ to ,jehoram & to 8 allies glad tid+s1 :i* previ\sly he _h be5 unable to atta9 to because he 0 angry ) ! k+1 & ^! :o are angry ) anyone c imag9e evil ( him1 b n good4 7#dc7 ,! !ory t ,god does n reveal ,himself to ! angry or ! sad1 is a m]e dream3 = ,god reveal$ to ,moses :ile angry1 ! t]rible slaught] ( ! fir/born1 & did s )\t ! int]v5tion ( a h>p4 7#dd7 ,to ,ca9 9 8 rage1 ,god 0 reveal$1 & to ,ezekiel1 impati5t ) ang]1 0 reveal$ ! contumacy & wret*$ness ( ! ,jews4 7#de7 ,j]emiah1 mis]able & we>y ( life1 prophesi$ ! disa/]s ( ! ,hebrews1 s t ,josiah w\ld n consult him1 b inquir$ ( a woman1 inasmu* z x 0 m 9 accordance ) womanly nature t ,god %\ld reveal ,8 m]cy !reto4 7#df7 ,s1 ,micaiah nev] prophesi$ good to ,ahab1 ?\gh o!r true prophets _h done s1 b inv>iably evil4 7#df7 ,?us we see t individual prophets 7 by temp]am5t m fitt$ = "o sort ( revelation ?an ano!r4 7#dg7 ,! /yle ( ! prophecy also v>i$ accord+ to ! eloqu5ce ( ! individual prophet4 7#dh7 ,! prophecies ( ,ezekiel & ,amos are n writt5 9 a cultivat$ /yle l ^? ( ,isaiah & ,nahum1 b m rudely4 7#di7 ,any ,hebrew s*ol> :o wi%es to inquire into ?is po9t m closely1 & comp>es *apt]s ( ! diff]5t prophets treat+ ( ! same subject1 w f9d great dissimil>ity ( /yle4 7#ej7 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 *ap4 i4 ( ! c\rtly ,isaiah1 v]se #aa to v]se #bj1 ) *ap4 v4 ( ! c\ntryman ,amos1 v]ses #ba-bd4 7#ea7 ,comp>e also ! ord] & reason+ ( ! prophecies ( ,j]emiah1 writt5 9 ,idumaea 7*ap4 xlix471 ) ! ord] & reason+ ( ,obadiah4 7#eb7 ,comp>e1 la/ly1 ,isa4 xl3#ai1 #bj1 & xliv3#h1 ) ,hosea viii3#f1 & xiii3#b4 ,& s on4 7#ec7 ,a due consid]ation ( ^! passage w cle>ly %[ u t ,god has no p>ticul> /yle 9 speak+1 b1 accord+ to ! le>n+ & capacity ( ! prophet1 is cultivat$1 compress$1 sev]e1 untutor$1 prolix1 or obscure4 7#ed7 ,!re 01 moreov]1 a c]ta9 v>iation 9 ! visions v\*saf$ to ! prophets1 & 9 ! symbols by :i* !y express$ !m1 = ,isaiah saw ! glory ( ! ,"l dep>t+ f ! ,temple 9 a diff]5t =m f t pres5t$ to ,ezekiel4 7#ee7 ,! ,rabbis1 inde$1 ma9ta9 t bo? visions 7 really ! same1 b t ,ezekiel1 be+ a c\ntryman1 0 above measure impress$ by x1 & !re=e set x =? 9 full detail2 b unless !re is a tru/wor?y tradition on ! subject1 :i* ,i d n = a mom5t believe1 ?is !ory is pla9ly an inv5tion4 ,isaiah saw s]aphim ) six w+s1 ,ezekiel bea/s ) f\r w+s2 ,isaiah saw ,god clo!d & sitt+ on a royal ?rone1 ,ezekiel saw ,him 9 ! lik5ess ( a fire2 ea* d\btless saw ,god "u ! =m 9 :i* he usually imag9$ ,him4 7#ef7 ,fur!r1 ! visions v>i$ 9 cle>ness z well z 9 details2 = ! revelations ( ,ze*>iah 7 too obscure to be und]/ood by ! prophet )\t explanation1 z appe>s f 8 n>ration ( !m2 ! visions ( ,daniel c\ld n be und]/ood by him ev5 aft] !y _h be5 expla9$1 & ?is obscurity did n arise f ! difficulty ( ! matt] reveal$ 7= be+ m]ely human affairs1 ^! only transc5d$ human capacity 9 be+ future71 b solely 9 ! fact t ,daniel's imag9ation 0 n s capable = prophecy :ile he 0 awake z :ile he 0 asleep2 & ?is is fur!r evid5t f ! fact t at ! v beg9n+ ( ! vision he 0 s t]rifi$ t he almo/ despair$ ( 8 /r5g?4 7#eg7 ,?us1 on acc\nt ( ! inadequacy ( 8 imag9ation & 8 /r5g?1 ! ?+s reveal$ 7 s obscure to him t he c\ld n und]/& !m ev5 aft] !y _h be5 expla9$4 7#eh7 ,"h we may note t ! words he>d by ,daniel1 71 z we h %[n above1 simply imag9>y1 s t x is h>dly wond]ful t 9 8 fright5$ /ate he imag9$ !m s confus$ly & obscurely t aft]w>ds he c\ld make no?+ ( !m4 7#ei7 ,^? :o say t ,god did n wi% to make a cle> revelation1 d n seem to h read ! words ( ! angel1 :o expressly says t he came to make ! prophet und]/& :at %\ld befall 8 p 9 ! latt] days 7,dan4 x3#ad74 7#fj7 ,! revelation rema9$ obscure because no "o 0 f\nd1 at t "t1 ) imag9ation suffici5tly /rong to conceive x m cle>ly4 7#fa7 ,la/ly1 ! prophets1 to :om x 0 reveal$ t ,god w\ld take away ,elijah1 wi%$ to p]suade ,eli%a t he _h be5 tak5 some:]e :]e !y w\ld f9d him2 %[+ suffici5tly cle>ly t !y _h n und]/ood ,god's revelation aright4 7#fb7 ,!re is no ne$ to set ?is out m amply1 = no?+ is m pla9 9 ! ,bible ?an t ,god end[$ "s prophets ) f> great] gifts ( prophecy ?an o!rs4 7#fc7 ,b ,i w %[ 9 great] detail & l5g?1 = ,i consid] ! po9t m important1 t ! prophecies v>i$ accord+ to ! op9ions previ\sly embrac$ by ! prophets1 & t ! prophets held div]se & ev5 contr>y op9ions & prejudices4 7#fd7 7,i speak1 be x und]/ood1 solely ( matt]s speculative1 = 9 reg>d to uprightness & morality ! case is widely diff]5t47 7#fe7 ,f !nce ,i %all conclude t prophecy nev] r5d]$ ! prophets m le>n$1 b left !m ) _! =m] op9ions1 & t we are1 !re=e1 n at all b\nd to tru/ !m 9 matt]s ( intellect4 7#ff7 ,ev]yone has be5 /rangely ha/y 9 affirm+ t ! prophets knew ev]y?+ )9 ! scope ( human intellect2 &1 al?\gh c]ta9 passages ( ,scripture pla9ly affirm t ! prophets 7 9 c]ta9 respects ignorant1 su* p]sons w\ld r say t !y d n und]/& ! passages ?an admit t !re 0 any?+ :i* ! prophets did n "k2 or else !y try to wre/ ! ,scriptural words away f _! evid5t mean+4 7#fg7 ,if ei!r ( ^! proce$+s is all[able we may z well %ut our ,bibles1 = va9ly %all we attempt to prove any?+ f !m if _! pla9e/ passages may be class$ among obscure & imp5etrable my/]ies1 or if we may put any int]pretation on !m :i* we fancy4 7#fh7 ,= in/ance1 no?+ is m cle> 9 ! ,bible ?an t ,jo%ua1 & p]haps also ! au?or :o wrote 8 hi/ory1 ?\ght t ! sun revolves r\nd ! e>?1 & t ! e>? is fix$1 & fur!r t ! sun = a c]ta9 p]iod rema9$ /ill4 7#fi7 ,_m1 :o w n admit any movem5t 9 ! heav5ly bodies1 expla9 away ! passage till x seems to mean some?+ q diff]5t2 o!rs1 :o h le>n$ to philosophize m correctly1 & und]/& t ! e>? moves :ile ! sun is /ill1 or at any rate does n revolve r\nd ! e>?1 try ) all _! might to wre/ ?is mean+ f ,scripture1 ?\gh pla9ly no?+ ( ! sort is int5d$4 7#gj7 ,su* quibbl]s excite my wond]6 7#ga7 ,are we1 =soo?1 b\nd to believe t ,jo%ua ! ,soldi] 0 a le>n$ a/ronom]8 or t a miracle c\ld n be reveal$ to him1 or t ! light ( ! sun c\ld n rema9 long] ?an usual above ! horizon1 )\t 8 kn[+ ! cause8 7#gb7 ,to me bo? alt]natives appe> ridicul\s1 & !re=e ,i w\ld r say1 t ,jo%ua 0 ignorant ( ! true cause ( ! l5g!n$ day1 & t he & ! :ole ho/ ) him ?\ght t ! sun mov$ r\nd ! e>? e day1 & t on t p>ticul> occasion x /ood /ill = a "t1 ?us caus+ ! light to rema9 long]2 & ,i w\ld say1 t !y did n conjecture t1 f ! am\nt ( sn[ 9 ! air 7see ,jo%4 x3#aa71 ! refraction may h be5 great] ?an usual1 or t !re may h be5 "s o!r cause :i* we w n n[ inquire into4 7#gc7 ,s also ! sign ( ! %ad[ go+ back 0 reveal$ to ,isaiah accord+ to 8 und]/&+2 t is1 z proce$+ f a go+ backw>ds ( ! sun2 = he1 too1 ?\ght t ! sun moves & t ! e>? is /ill2 ( p>helia he p]haps nev] ev5 dream$4 7#gd7 ,we may arrive at ?is conclusion )\t any scruple1 = ! sign c\ld really h come to pass1 & h be5 pr$ict$ by ,isaiah to ! k+1 )\t ! prophet be+ aw>e ( ! real cause4 7#ge7 ,) reg>d to ! build+ ( ! ,temple by ,solomon1 if x 0 really dictat$ by ,god we mu/ ma9ta9 ! same doctr9e3 namely1 t all ! measurem5ts 7 reveal$ accord+ to ! op9ions & und]/&+ ( ! k+2 = z we are n b\nd to believe t ,solomon 0 a ma!matician1 we may affirm t he 0 ignorant ( ! true ratio betwe5 ! circumf]5ce & ! diamet] ( a circle1 & t1 l ! g5]ality ( workm51 he ?\ght t x 0 z ?ree to "o4 7#gf7 ,b if x is all[able to decl>e t we d n und]/& ! passage1 9 good soo? ,i "k no?+ 9 ! ,bible t we c und]/&2 = ! process ( build+ is !re n>rat$ simply & z a m]e matt] ( hi/ory4 7#gg7 ,if1 aga91 x is p]mitt$ to pret5d t ! passage has ano!r mean+1 & 0 writt5 z x is f "s reason unkn[n to u1 ?is is no less ?an a complete subv]sal ( ! ,bible2 = e absurd & evil inv5tion ( human p]v]sity c\ld ?us1 )\t detrim5t to ,scriptural au?ority1 be def5d$ & fo/]$4 7#gh7 ,our conclusion is 9 no wise impi\s1 = ?\gh ,solomon1 ,isaiah1 ,jo%ua1 c4 7 prophets1 !y 7 none ! less m51 & z su* n exempt f human %ortcom+s4 7#gi7 ,accord+ to ! und]/&+ ( ,noah x 0 reveal$ to him t ,god z ab\t to de/roy ! :ole human race1 = ,noah ?\ght t beyond ! limits ( ,pale/9e ! _w 0 n inhabit$4 7#hj7 ,n only 9 matt]s ( ?is k9d1 b 9 o!rs m important1 ! prophets c\ld be1 & 9 fact 71 ignorant2 = !y taught no?+ special ab\t ! ,div9e attributes1 b held q ord9>y notions ab\t ,god1 & to ^! notions _! revelations 7 adapt$1 z ,i w demon/rate by ample ,scriptural te/imony2 f all :i* "o may easily see t !y 7 prais$ & comm5d$1 n s mu* = ! sublimity & em95ce ( _! intellect z = _! piety & fai?fulness4 7#ha7 ,adam1 ! fir/ man to :om ,god 0 reveal$1 did n "k t ,he is omnipot5t & omnisci5t2 = he hid himself f ,him1 & attempt$ to make excuses = 8 fault be=e ,god1 z ?\gh he _h _h to d ) a man2 !re=e to him also 0 ,god reveal$ accord+ to 8 und]/&+ - t is1 z be+ unaw>e ( 8 situation or 8 s91 = ,adam he>d1 or seem$ to he>1 ! ,"l walk+ 9 ! g>d51 call+ him & ask+ him :]e he 02 & !n1 on see+ 8 %amefac$ness1 ask+ him :e!r he _h eat5 ( ! =bidd5 fruit4 7#hb7 ,adam evid5tly only knew ! ,deity z ! ,creator ( all ?+s4 7#hc7 ,to ,ca9 also ,god 0 reveal$1 accord+ to 8 und]/&+1 z ignorant ( human affairs1 nor 0 a high] conception ( ! ,deity requir$ = rep5tance ( 8 s94 7#hc7 ,to ,laban ! ,"l reveal$ ,himself z ! ,god ( ,abraham1 because ,laban believ$ t ea* nation _h its own special div9ity 7see ,g54 xxxi3#bi74 7#hd7 ,abraham also knew n t ,god is omnipres5t1 & has =ekn[l$ge ( all ?+s2 = :5 he he>d ! s5t5ce aga9/ ! inhabitants ( ,sodom1 he pray$ t ! ,"l %\ld n execute x till ,he _h asc]ta9$ :e!r !y all m]it$ su* puni%m5t2 = he said 7see ,g54 xviii3#bd71 ,p]adv5ture !re be fifty righte\s )9 ! city1 & 9 accordance ) ?is belief ,god 0 reveal$ to him2 z ,abraham imag9$1 ,he spake ?us3 ,i w g d[n n[1 & see :e!r !y h done altoge!r accord+ to ! cry ( x :i* is come unto ,me2 &1 if n1 ,i w "k4 7#he7 ,fur!r1 ! ,div9e te/imony conc]n+ ,abraham ass]ts no?+ b t he 0 ob$i5t1 & t he comm&$ 8 h\sehold aft] him t !y %\ld keep ! way ( ! ,"l 7,g54 xviii3#ai72 x does n /ate t he held sublime conceptions ( ! ,deity4 7#hf7 ,moses1 also1 0 n suffici5tly aw>e t ,god is omnisci5t1 & directs human actions by ,8 sole decree1 = al?\gh ,god ,himself says t ! ,israelites %\ld he>k5 to ,him1 ,moses /ill consid]$ ! matt] d\btful & repeat$1 ,b if !y w n believe me1 nor he>k5 unto my voice4 7#hg7 ,to him 9 l mann] ,god 0 reveal$ z tak+ no "p 91 & z be+ ignorant (1 future human actions3 ! ,"l gave him two signs & said1 ,& x %all come to pass t if !y w n believe !e1 nei!r he>k5 to ! voice ( ! fir/ sign1 t !y w believe ! voice ( ! latt] sign2 b if n1 ?\ %alt take ( ! wat] ( ! riv]1 c4 7#hh7 ,inde$1 if any "o consid]s )\t prejudice ! record$ op9ions ( ,moses1 he w pla9ly see t ,moses conceiv$ ! ,deity z a ,be+ ,:o has always exi/$1 does exi/1 & always w exi/1 & = ?is cause he calls ,him by ! "n ,jehovah1 :i* 9 ,hebrew signifies ^! ?ree phases ( exi/5ce3 z to ,8 nature1 ,moses only taught t ,he is m]ciful1 graci\s1 & exce$+ jeal\s1 z appe>s f _m passages 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 7#hi7 ,la/ly1 he believ$ & taught t ?is ,be+ 0 s diff]5t f all o!r be+s1 t ,he c\ld n be express$ by ! image ( any visible ?+2 also1 t ,he c\ld n be look$ ^u1 & t n s mu* f inh]5t impossibility z f human infirmity2 fur!r1 t by reason ( ,8 p[] ,he 0 )\t equal & unique4 7#ij7 ,moses admitt$1 inde$1 t !re 7 be+s 7d\btless by ! plan & comm& ( ! ,"l7 :o act$ z ,god's viceg]5ts - t is1 be+s to :om ,god _h giv5 ! "r1 au?ority1 & p[] to direct nations1 & to provide & c>e = !m2 b he taught t ?is ,be+ ,:om !y 7 b\nd to obey 0 ! highe/ & ,supreme ,god1 or 7to use ! ,hebrew phrase7 ,god ( gods1 & ?us 9 ! song 7,exod4 xv3#aa7 he exclaims1 ,:o is l unto ,!e1 ,o ,"l1 among ! gods8 & ,je?ro says 7,exod4 xviii3#aa71 ,n[ ,i "k t ! ,"l is great] ?an all gods4 7#ia7 ,t is to say1 ,i am at l5g? compell$ to admit to ,moses t ,jehovah is great] ?an all gods1 & t ,8 p[] is unrivall$4 7#ib7 ,we mu/ rema9 9 d\bt :e!r ,moses ?\ght t ^! be+s :o act$ z ,god's viceg]5ts 7 creat$ by ,him1 = he has /at$ no?+1 s f> z we "k1 ab\t _! creation & orig94 7#ic7 ,he fur!r taught t ?is ,be+ _h br\ght ! visible _w into ord] f ,*aos1 & _h giv5 ,nature h] g]ms1 & !re=e t ,he possesses supreme "r & p[] ov] all ?+s2 fur!r1 t by reason ( ?is supreme "r & p[] ,he _h *os5 = ,himself alone ! ,hebrew nation & a c]ta9 /rip ( t]ritory1 & _h h&$ ov] to ! c>e ( o!r gods sub/itut$ by ,himself ! re/ ( ! nations & t]ritories1 & t !re=e ,he 0 call$ ! ,god ( ,israel & ! ,god ( ,j]usalem1 :]eas ! o!r gods 7 call$ ! gods ( ! ,g5tiles4 7#id7 ,= ?is reason ! ,jews believ$ t ! /rip ( t]ritory :i* ,god _h *os5 = ,himself1 dem&$ a ,div9e wor%ip q ap>t & diff]5t f ! wor%ip :i* obta9$ else:]e1 & t ! ,"l w\ld n suff] ! wor%ip ( o!r gods adapt$ to o!r c\ntries4 7#ie7 ,?us !y ?\ght t ! p :om ! k+ ( ,assyria _h br\ght into ,judaea 7 torn 9 pieces by lions because !y knew n ! wor%ip ( ! ,national ,div9ity 7#b ,k+s xvii3#be74 7#if7 ,jacob1 accord+ to ,ab5 ,ezra's op9ion1 !re=e admoni%$ 8 sons :5 he wi%$ !m to seek out a new c\ntry1 t !y %\ld prep>e !mselves = a new wor%ip1 & lay aside ! wor%ip ( /range gods - t is1 ( ! gods ( ! l& :]e !y 7 7,g54 xxxv3#b1 #c74 7#ig7 ,david1 9 tell+ ,saul t he 0 compell$ by ! k+'s p]secution to live away f 8 c\ntry1 said t he 0 driv5 out f ! h]itage ( ! ,"l1 & s5t to wor%ip o!r gods 7#a ,sam4 xxvi3#ai74 7#ih7 ,la/ly1 he believ$ t ?is ,be+ or ,deity _h ,8 habitation 9 ! heav5s 7,deut4 xxxiii3#bg71 an op9ion v common among ! ,g5tiles4 7#ii7 ,if we n[ exam9e ! revelations to ,moses1 we %all f9d t !y 7 accommodat$ to ^! op9ions2 z he believ$ t ! ,div9e ,nature 0 subject to ! conditions ( m]cy1 graci\sness1 c41 s ,god 0 reveal$ to him 9 accordance ) 8 idea & "u ^! attributes 7see ,exodus xxxiv3#f1 #g1 & ! second comm&m5t74 7#ajj7 ,fur!r x is relat$ 7,ex4 xxxiii3#ah7 t ,moses ask$ ( ,god t he might behold ,him1 b z ,moses 7z we h said7 _h =m$ no m5tal image ( ,god1 & ,god 7z ,i h %[n7 only reveal$ ,himself to ! prophets 9 accordance ) ! disposition ( _! imag9ation1 ,he did n reveal ,himself 9 any =m4 7#aja7 ,?is1 ,i repeat1 0 because ! imag9ation ( ,moses 0 unsuitable1 = o!r prophets be> witness t !y saw ! ,"l2 = in/ance1 ,isaiah1 ,ezekiel1 ,daniel1 c4 7#ajb7 ,= ?is reason ,god answ]$ ,moses1 ,?\ can/ n see ,my face2 & inasmu* z ,moses believ$ t ,god c be look$ ^u - t is1 t no contradiction ( ! ,div9e nature is !re9 involv$ 7= o!rwise he w\ld nev] h pref]r$ 8 reque/7 - x is add$1 ,= no "o %all look on ,me & live1 ?us giv+ a reason 9 accordance ) ,moses' idea1 = x is n /at$ t a contradiction ( ! ,div9e nature w\ld be involv$1 z 0 really ! case1 b t ! ?+ w\ld n come to pass because ( human infirmity4 7#ajc7 ,:5 ,god w\ld reveal to ,moses t ! ,israelites1 because !y wor%ipp$ ! calf1 7 to be plac$ 9 ! same category z o!r nations1 ,he said 7*4 xxxiii3#b1 #c71 t ,he w\ld s5d an angel 7t is1 a be+ :o %\ld h *>ge ( ! ,israelites1 in/ead ( ! ,supreme ,be+71 & t ,he ,himself w\ld no long] rema9 among !m2 ?us leav+ ,moses no gr\nd = suppos+ t ! ,israelites 7 m belov$ by ,god ?an ! o!r nations ^: gu>dian%ip ,he _h entru/$ to o!r be+s or angels 7vide v]se #af74 7#ajd7 ,la/ly1 z ,moses believ$ t ,god dwelt 9 ! heav5s1 ,god 0 reveal$ to him z com+ d[n f heav5 on to a m\nta91 & 9 ord] to talk ) ! ,"l ,moses w5t up ! m\nta91 :i* he c]ta9ly ne$ n h done if he c\ld h conceiv$ ( ,god z omnipres5t4 7#aje7 ,! ,israelites knew sc>cely any?+ ( ,god1 al?\gh ,he 0 reveal$ to !m2 & ?is is abundantly evid5t f _! transf]r+1 a few days aft]w>ds1 ! hon\r & wor%ip due to ,him to a calf1 :i* !y believ$ to be ! god :o _h br\ght !m out ( ,egypt4 7#ajf7 ,9 tru?1 x is h>dly likely t m5 accu/om$ to ! sup]/itions ( ,egypt1 uncultivat$ & sunk 9 mo/ abject slav]y1 %\ld h held any s\nd notions ab\t ! ,deity1 or t ,moses %\ld h taught !m any?+ beyond a rule ( "r liv+2 inculcat+ x n l a philosoph]1 z ! result ( fre$om1 b l a lawgiv] compell+ !m to be moral by legal au?ority4 7#ajg7 ,?us ! rule ( "r liv+1 ! wor%ip & love ( ,god1 0 to !m r a bondage ?an ! true lib]ty1 ! gift & grace ( ! ,deity4 7#ajh7 ,moses bid !m love ,god & keep ,8 law1 because !y _h 9 ! pa/ receiv$ b5efits f ,him 7su* z ! deliv]ance f slav]y 9 ,egypt71 & fur!r t]rifi$ !m ) ?reats if !y transgress$ ,8 comm&s1 hold+ out _m promises ( good if !y %\ld obs]ve !m2 ?us treat+ !m z p>5ts treat irrational *ildr54 ,x is1 !re=e1 c]ta9 t !y knew n ! excell5ce ( virtue & ! true happ9ess4 7#aji7 ,jonah ?\ght t he 0 flee+ f ! sight ( ,god1 :i* seems to %[ t he too held t ,god _h entru/$ ! c>e ( ! nations outside ,judaea to o!r sub/itut$ p[]s4 7#aaj7 ,no "o 9 ! :ole ( ! ,old ,te/am5t speaks m rationally ( ,god ?an ,solomon1 :o 9 fact surpass$ all ! m5 ( 8 "t 9 natural ability4 7#aaa7 ,yet he consid]$ himself above ! law 7e/eem+ x only to h be5 giv5 = m5 )\t reasonable & intellectual gr\nds = _! actions71 & made small acc\nt ( ! laws conc]n+ k+s1 :i* are ma9ly ?ree3 nay1 he op5ly violat$ !m 79 ?is he did wrong1 & act$ 9 a mann] unwor?y ( a philosoph]1 by indulg+ 9 s5sual pleasure71 & taught t all ,=tune's fav\rs to mank9d are vanity1 t humanity has no nobl] gift ?an wisdom1 & no great] puni%m5t ?an folly4 7#aab7 ,see ,prov]bs xvi3#bb1 #bc4 7#aac7 ,b let u return to ! prophets ^: conflict+ op9ions we h und]tak5 to note4 7#aad7 ,! express$ ideas ( ,ezekiel seem$ s div]se f ^? ( ,moses to ! ,rabbis :o h left u ! extant prophetic books 7z is told 9 ! treatise ( ,sabba?us1 i3#ac1 #b71 t !y _h s]i\s ?\ghts ( omitt+ 8 prophecy f ! canon1 & w\ld d\btless h ?us exclud$ x if a c]ta9 ,hananiah _h n und]tak5 to expla9 x2 a task :i* 7z is !re n>rat$7 he ) great zeal & lab\r accompli%$4 7#aae7 ,h[ he did s does n suffici5tly appe>1 :e!r x 0 by writ+ a comm5t>y :i* has n[ p]i%$1 or by alt]+ ,ezekiel's words & audaci\sly /rik+ out phrases accord+ to 8 fancy4 7#aaf7 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 *apt] xviii4 c]ta9ly does n seem to agree ) ,exodus xxxiv3#g1 ,j]emiah xxxii3#ah1 c4 7#aag 7 ,samuel believ$ t ! ,"l nev] rep5t$ ( any?+ ,he _h decre$ 7#a ,sam4 xv3#bi71 = :5 ,saul 0 sorry = 8 s91 & wi%$ to wor%ip ,god & ask = =giv5ess1 ,samuel said t ! ,"l w\ld n g back f 8 decree4 7#aah7 ,to ,j]emiah1 on ! o!r h&1 x 0 reveal$ t1 ,if t nation aga9/ :om ,i 7! ,"l7 h pron\nc$1 turn f _! evil1 ,i w rep5t ( ! evil t ,i ?\ght to d unto !m4 7#aai7 ,if x d evil 9 my sight1 t x obey n my voice1 !n ,i w rep5t ( ! good :]e) ,i said ,i w\ld b5efit !m 7,j]4 xviii3#h-aj74 7#abj7 ,joel 7ii3#ac7 taught t ! ,"l rep5t$ ,him only ( evil4 7#aba7 ,la/ly1 x is cle> f ,g5 iv3 #g t a man c ov]come ! temptations ( s91 & act righte\sly2 = ?is doctr9e is told to ,ca91 ?\gh1 z we le>n f ,josephus & ! ,scriptures1 he nev] did s ov]come !m4 7#abb7 ,& ?is agrees ) ! *apt] ( ,j]emiah j cit$1 = x is !re said t ! ,"l rep5ts ( ! good or ! evil pron\nc$1 if ! m5 9 "q *ange _! ways & mann] ( life4 7#abc7 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,paul 7,rom4ix3#aj7 tea*es z pla9ly z possible t m5 h no control ov] ! temptations ( ! fle% save by ! special vocation & grace ( ,god4 7#abd7 ,& :5 7,rom4 iii3#e & vi3#ai7 he attributes righte\sness to man1 he corrects himself z speak+ m]ely humanly & ?r\gh ! infirmity ( ! fle%4 7#abe7 ,we h n[ m ?an suffici5tly prov$ our po9t1 t ,god adapt$ revelations to ! und]/&+ & op9ions ( ! prophets1 & t 9 matt]s ( !ory )\t be>+ on *>ity or morality ! prophets c\ld be1 &1 9 fact1 71 ignorant1 & held conflict+ op9ions4 7#abf7 ,x !re=e foll[s t we mu/ by no means g to ! prophets = k1 ei!r ( natural or ( spiritual ph5om5a4 7#abg7 ,we h det]m9$1 !n1 t we are only b\nd to believe 9 ! prophetic writ+s1 ! object & sub/ance ( ! revelation2 ) reg>d to ! details1 e "o may believe or n1 z he likes4 7#abh7 ,= in/ance1 ! revelation to ,ca9 only tea*es u t ,god admoni%$ him to lead ! true life1 = su* alone is ! object & sub/ance ( ! revelation1 n doctr9es conc]n+ free w & philosophy4 7#abi7 ,h5ce1 ?\gh ! fre$om ( ! w is cle>ly impli$ 9 ! words ( ! admonition1 we are at lib]ty to hold a contr>y op9ion1 s9ce ! words & reasons 7 adapt$ to ! und]/&+ ( ,ca94 7#acj7 ,s1 too1 ! revelation to ,micaiah w\ld only tea* t ,god reveal$ to him ! true issue ( ! battle betwe5 ,ahab & ,aram2 & ?is is all we are b\nd to believe4 7#aca7 ,:atev] else is conta9$ 9 ! revelation conc]n+ ! true & ! false ,_s ( ,god1 ! army ( heav5 /&+ on ! "r h& & on ! left1 & all ! o!r details1 does n affect u at all4 7#acb7 ,ev]yone may believe z mu* ( x z 8 reason all[s4 7#acb7 ,! reason+s by :i* ! ,"l display$ ,8 p[] to ,job 7if !y really 7 a revelation1 & ! au?or ( ! hi/ory is n>rat+1 & n m]ely1 z "s suppose1 rhetorically adorn+ 8 own conceptions71 w\ld come "u ! same category - t is1 !y 7 adapt$ to ,job's und]/&+1 = ! purpose ( conv9c+ him1 & are n univ]sal1 or = ! conv9c+ ( all m54 7#acc7 ,we c come to no diff]5t conclusion ) respect to ! reason+s ( ,*ri/1 by :i* ,he convict$ ! ,ph>isees ( pride & ignorance1 & exhort$ ,8 disciples to lead ! true life4 7#acd7 ,he adapt$ !m to ea* man's op9ions & pr9ciples4 7#ace7 ,= in/ance1 :5 ,he said to ! ,ph>isees 7,matt4 xii3#bf71 ,& if ,satan ca/ out devils1 8 h\se is divid$ aga9/ itself1 h[ !n %all 8 k+dom /&8 7#acf7 ,he only wi%$ to conv9ce ! ,ph>isees accord+1 to _! own pr9ciples1 n to tea* t !re are devils1 or any k+dom ( devils4 7#acg7 ,s1 too1 :5 ,he said to ,8 disciples 7,matt4 viii3#aj71 ,see t ye despise n "o ( ^! little ones1 = ,i say unto y t _! angels1 c41 ,he m]ely desir$ to w>n !m aga9/ pride & despis+ any ( _! fell[s1 n to insi/ on ! actual reason giv51 :i* 0 simply adopt$ 9 ord] to p]suade !m m easily4 7#ach7 ,la/ly1 we %\ld say exactly ! same ( ! apo/olic signs & reason+s1 b !re is no ne$ to g fur!r into ! subject4 7#aci7 ,if ,i 7 to enum]ate all ! passages ( ,scripture address$ only to individuals1 or to a p>ticul> man's und]/&+1 & :i* _c1 )\t great dang] to philosophy1 be def5d$ z ,div9e doctr9es1 ,i %\ld g f> beyond ! brevity at :i* ,i aim4 7#adj7 ,let x suffice1 !n1 to h indicat$ a few in/ances ( g5]al application1 & let ! curi\s read] consid] o!rs by himself4 7#ada7 ,al?\gh ! po9ts we h j rais$ conc]n+ prophets & prophecy are ! only ones :i* h any direct be>+ on ! end 9 view1 namely1 ! sep>ation ( ,philosophy f ,!ology1 /ill1 z ,i h t\*$ on ! g5]al "q1 ,i may "h inquire :e!r ! gift ( prophecy 0 peculi> to ! ,hebrews1 or :e!r x 0 common to all nations4 7#adb7 ,i mu/ !n come to a conclusion ab\t ! vocation ( ! ,hebrews1 all ( :i* ,i %all d 9 ! ensu+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,vocation ,,( ,,! ,,hebrews1 ,,& ,,:e!r ,,! ,,gift ,,( ,,prophecy ,,0 ,,peculi> ,,to ,,!m4 7#a7 ,e man's true happ9ess & bless$ness consi/ solely 9 ! enjoym5t ( :at is good1 n 9 ! pride t he alone is enjoy+ x1 to ! exclusion ( o!rs4 7#b7 ,he :o ?9ks himself ! m bless$ because he is enjoy+ b5efits :i* o!rs are n1 or because he is m bless$ or m =tunate ?an 8 fell[s1 is ignorant ( true happ9ess & bless$ness1 & ! joy :i* he feels is ei!r *ildi% or envi\s & malici\s4 7#c7 ,= in/ance1 a man's true happ9ess consi/s only 9 wisdom1 & ! k ( ! tru?1 n at all 9 ! fact t he is wis] ?an o!rs1 or t o!rs lack su* k3 su* consid]ations d n increase 8 wisdom or true happ9ess4 7#d7 ,:oev]1 !re=e1 rejoices = su* reasons1 rejoices 9 ano!r's mis=tune1 & is1 s f>1 malici\s & bad1 kn[+ nei!r true happ9ess nor ! peace ( ! true life4 7#e7 ,:5 ,scripture1 !re=e1 9 exhort+ ! ,hebrews to obey ! law1 says t ! ,"l has *os5 !m = ,himself be=e o!r nations 7,deut4 x3#ae72 t ,he is ne> !m1 b n ne> o!rs 7,deut4 iv3#g72 t to !m alone ,he has giv5 j laws 7,deut4 iv3#h72 &1 la/ly1 t ,he has m>k$ !m out be=e o!rs 7,deut4 iv3#cb72 x speaks only accord+ to ! und]/&+ ( its he>]s1 :o1 z we h %[n 9 ! la/ *apt]1 & z ,moses also te/ifies 7,deut4 ix3#f1 #g71 knew n true bless$ness4 7#f7 ,= 9 good soo? !y w\ld h be5 no less bless$ if ,god _h call$ all m5 equally to salvation1 nor w\ld ,god h be5 less pres5t to !m = be+ equally pres5t to o!rs2 _! laws1 w\ld h be5 no less j if !y _h be5 orda9$ = all1 & !y !mselves w\ld h be5 no less wise4 7#g7 ,! miracles w\ld h %[n ,god's p[] no less by be+ wr\ght = o!r nations also2 la/ly1 ! ,hebrews w\ld h be5 j z mu* b\nd to wor%ip ,god if ,he _h be/[$ all ^! gifts equally on all m54 7#h7 ,:5 ,god tells ,solomon 7#a ,k+s iii3#ab7 t no "o %all be z wise z he 9 "t to come1 x seems to be only a mann] ( express+ surpass+ wisdom2 x is little to be believ$ t ,god w\ld h promis$ ,solomon1 = 8 great] happ9ess1 t ,he w\ld nev] end[ anyone ) s mu* wisdom 9 "t to come2 ?is w\ld 9 no wise h increas$ ,solomon's intellect1 & ! wise k+ w\ld h giv5 equal ?anks to ! ,"l if ev]yone _h be5 gift$ ) ! same faculties4 7#i7 ,/ill1 ?\gh we ass]t t ,moses1 9 ! passages ( ! ,p5tateu* j cit$1 spoke only accord+ to ! und]/&+ ( ! ,hebrews1 we h no wi% to d5y t ,god orda9$ ! ,mosaic law = !m alone1 nor t ,he spoke to !m alone1 nor t !y witness$ m>vels beyond ^? :i* happ5$ to any o!r nation2 b we wi% to emphasize t ,moses desir$ to admoni% ! ,hebrews 9 su* a mann]1 & ) su* reason+s z w\ld appeal mo/ =cibly to _! *ildi% und]/&+1 & con/ra9 !m to wor%ip ! ,deity4 7#aj7 ,fur!r1 we wi%$ to %[ t ! ,hebrews did n surpass o!r nations 9 k1 or 9 piety1 b evid5tly 9 "s attribute diff]5t f ^!2 or 7to speak l ! ,scriptures1 accord+ to _! und]/&+71 t ! ,hebrews 7 n *os5 by ,god be=e o!rs = ! sake ( ! true life & sublime ideas1 ?\gh !y 7 (t5 !reto admoni%$1 b ) "s o!r object4 7#aa7 ,:at t object 01 ,i w duly %[4 7#ab7 ,b be=e ,i beg91 ,i wi% 9 a few words to expla9 :at ,i mean by ! guidance ( ,god1 by ! help ( ,god1 ext]nal & inw>d1 &1 la/ly1 :at ,i und]/& by =tune4 7#ac7 ,by ! help ( ,god1 ,i mean ! fix$ & un*angeable ord] ( nature or ! *a9 ( natural ev5ts3 = ,i h said be=e & %[n else:]e t ! univ]sal laws ( nature1 accord+ to :i* all ?+s exi/ & are det]m9$1 are only ano!r "n = ! et]nal decrees ( ,god1 :i* always involve et]nal tru? & necessity4 7#ad7 ,s t to say t ev]y?+ happ5s accord+ to natural laws1 & to say t ev]y?+ is orda9$ by ! decree & ord9ance ( ,god1 is ! same ?+4 7#ae7 ,n[ s9ce ! p[] 9 nature is id5tical ) ! p[] ( ,god1 by :i* alone all ?+s happ5 & are det]m9$1 x foll[s t :atsoev] man1 z a "p ( nature1 provides himself ) to aid & pres]ve 8 exi/5ce1 or :atsoev] nature af=ds him )\t 8 help1 is giv5 to him solely by ! ,div9e p[]1 act+ ei!r ?r\gh human nature or ?r\gh ext]nal circum/ance4 7#af7 ,s :atev] human nature c furni% itself ) by its own ef=ts to pres]ve its exi/5ce1 may be fitly call$ ! inw>d aid ( ,god1 :]eas :atev] else accrues to man's pr(it f outw>d causes may be call$ ! ext]nal aid ( ,god4 7#ag7 ,we c n[ easily und]/& :at is meant by ! election ( ,god4 7#ah7 ,= s9ce no "o c d any?+ save by ! pr$et]m9$ ord] ( nature1 t is by ,god's et]nal ord9ance & decree1 x foll[s t no "o c *oose a plan ( life = himself1 or accompli% any "w save by ,god's vocation *oos+ him = ! "w or ! plan ( life 9 "q1 r ?an any o!r4 7#ai7 ,la/ly1 by =tune1 ,i mean ! ord9ance ( ,god 9 s f> z x directs human life ?r\gh ext]nal & unexpect$ means4 7#bj7 ,) ^! prelim9>ies ,i return to my purpose ( discov]+ ! reason :y ! ,hebrews 7 said to be elect$ by ,god be=e o!r nations1 & ) ! demon/ration ,i ?us proce$4 7#ba7 ,all objects ( legitimate desire fall1 g5]ally speak+1 "u "o ( ^! ?ree categories3 #a4 ,! k ( ?+s ?r\gh _! prim>y causes4 #b4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! passions1 or ! acquirem5t ( ! habit ( virtue4 #c4 ,secure & heal?y life4 7#bb7 ,! means :i* mo/ directly conduce t[>ds ! fir/ two ( ^! ends1 & :i* may be consid]$ _! proximate & effici5t causes are conta9$ 9 human nature itself1 s t _! acquisition h+es only on our own p[]1 & on ! laws ( human nature4 7#bc7 ,x may be conclud$ t ^! gifts are n peculi> to any nation1 b h always be5 %>$ by ! :ole human race1 unless1 inde$1 we w\ld indulge ! dream t nature =m]ly creat$ m5 ( diff]5t k9ds4 7#bd7 ,b ! means :i* conduce to security & heal? are *iefly 9 ext]nal circum/ance1 & are call$ ! gifts ( =tune because !y dep5d *iefly on objective causes ( :i* we are ignorant2 = a fool may be almo/ z liable to happ9ess or unhapp9ess z a wise man4 7#be7 ,nev]!less1 human managem5t & wat*fulness c greatly assi/ t[>ds liv+ 9 security & w>d+ (f ! injuries ( our fell[-m51 & ev5 ( bea/s4 7#bf7 ,reason & exp]i5ce %[ no m c]ta9 means ( atta9+ ?is object ?an ! =mation ( a society ) fix$ laws1 ! occupation ( a /rip ( t]ritory & ! conc5tration ( all =ces1 z x 71 into "o body1 t is ! social body4 7#bg7 ,n[ = =m+ & pres]v+ a society1 no ord9>y ability & c>e is requir$3 t society w be mo/ secure1 mo/ /able1 & lea/ liable to rev]ses1 :i* is f\nd$ & direct$ by f>-see+ & c>eful m52 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 a society con/itut$ by m5 )\t tra9$ skill1 dep5ds 9 a great measure on =tune1 & is less con/ant4 7#bh7 ,if1 9 spite ( all1 su* a society la/s a long "t1 x is ow+ to "s o!r direct+ influ5ce ?an its own2 if x ov]comes great p]ils & its affairs prosp]1 x w p]=ce m>vel at & adore ! guid+ ,_s ( ,god 79 s f>1 t is1 z ,god works ?r\gh hidd5 means1 & n ?r\gh ! nature & m9d ( man71 = ev]y?+ happ5s to x unexpect$ly & contr>y to anticipation1 x may ev5 be said & ?\ght to be by miracle4 7#bi7 ,nations1 !n1 are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r 9 respect to ! social organization & ! laws "u :i* !y live & are gov]n$2 ! ,hebrew nation 0 n *os5 by ,god 9 respect to its wisdom nor its tranquillity ( m9d1 b 9 respect to its social organization & ! good =tune ) :i* x obta9$ supremacy & kept x s _m ye>s4 7#cj7 ,?is is abundantly cle> f ,scripture4 ,ev5 a cursory p]usal w %[ u t ! only respects 9 :i* ! ,hebrews surpass$ o!r nations1 are 9 _! successful conduct ( matt]s relat+ to gov]nm5t1 & 9 _! surm\nt+ great p]ils solely by ,god's ext]nal aid2 9 o!r ways !y 7 on a p> ) _! fell[s1 & ,god 0 equally graci\s to all4 7#ca7 ,= 9 respect to intellect 7z we h %[n 9 ! la/ *apt]7 !y held v ord9>y ideas ab\t ,god & nature1 s t !y _c h be5 ,god's *os5 9 ?is respect2 nor 7 !y s *os5 9 respect ( virtue & ! true life1 = "h aga9 !y1 ) ! exception ( a v few elect1 7 on an equality ) o!r nations3 !re=e _! *oice & vocation consi/$ only 9 ! temporal happ9ess & advantages ( indep5d5t rule4 7#cb7 ,9 fact1 we d n see t ,god promis$ any?+ beyond ?is to ! patri>*s ,endnote #d or _! successors2 9 ! law no o!r rew>d is (f]$ = ob$i5ce ?an ! cont9ual happ9ess ( an indep5d5t commonweal? & o!r goods ( ?is life2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 aga9/ contumacy & ! break+ ( ! cov5ant is ?reat5$ ! d[nfall ( ! commonweal? & great h>d%ips4 7#cc7 ,nor is ?is to be wond]$ at2 = ! ends ( e social organization & commonweal? are 7z appe>s f :at we h said1 & z we w expla9 m at l5g? h]eaft]7 security & com=t2 a commonweal? c only exi/ by ! laws be+ b9d+ on all4 7#cd7 ,if all ! memb]s ( a /ate wi% to disreg>d ! law1 by t v fact !y dissolve ! /ate & de/roy ! commonweal?4 7#ce7 ,?us1 ! only rew>d :i* c\ld be promis$ to ! ,hebrews = cont9u$ ob$i5ce to ! law 0 security ,endnote #e & its att5dant advantages1 :ile no sur] puni%m5t c\ld be ?reat5$ = disob$i5ce1 ?an ! ru9 ( ! /ate & ! evils :i* g5]ally foll[ !refrom1 9 addition to su* fur!r consequ5ces z might accrue to ! ,jews 9 p>ticul> f ! ru9 ( _! especial /ate4 7#cf7 ,b !re is no ne$ "h to g into ?is po9t at m l5g?4 7#cg7 ,i w only add t ! laws ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 reveal$ & orda9$ to ! ,jews only1 = z ,god *ose !m 9 respect to ! special con/itution ( _! society & gov]nm5t1 !y mu/1 ( c\rse1 h _h special laws4 7#ch7 ,:e!r ,god orda9$ special laws = o!r nations also1 & reveal$ ,himself to _! lawgiv]s prophetically1 t is1 "u ! attributes by :i* ! latt] 7 accu/om$ to imag9e ,him1 ,i _c suffici5tly det]m9e4 7#ci7 ,x is evid5t f ,scripture itself t o!r nations acquir$ supremacy & p>ticul> laws by ! ext]nal aid ( ,god2 witness only ! two foll[+ passages3 7#dj7 ,9 ,g5esis xiv3#ah1 #ai1 #bj1 x is relat$ t ,mel*is$ek 0 k+ ( ,j]usalem & prie/ ( ! ,mo/ ,high ,god1 t 9 ex]cise ( 8 prie/ly functions he bless$ ,abraham1 & t ,abraham ! belov$ ( ! ,"l gave to ?is prie/ ( ,god a ti! ( all 8 spoils4 7#da7 ,?is suffici5tly %[s t be=e ,he f\nd$ ! ,israeliti% nation ,god con/itut$ k+s & prie/s 9 ,j]usalem1 & orda9$ = !m rites & laws4 7#db7 ,:e!r ,he did s prophetically is1 z ,i h said1 n suffici5tly cle>2 b ,i am sure ( ?is1 t ,abraham1 :il/ he soj\rn$ 9 ! city1 liv$ scrupul\sly accord+ to ^! laws1 = ,abraham _h receiv$ no special rites f ,god2 & yet x is /at$ 7,g54 xxvi3#e71 t he obs]v$ ! wor%ip1 ! precepts1 ! /atutes1 & ! laws ( ,god1 :i* mu/ be int]pret$ to mean ! wor%ip1 ! /atutes1 ! precepts1 & ! laws ( k+ ,mel*is$ek4 7#dc7 ,mala*i *ides ! ,jews z foll[s 7i3#aj-aa473 ,:o is !re among y t w %ut ! doors8 ( ! ,temple2 nei!r d ye k9dle fire on m9e alt> = n\ght4 7#dd7 ,i h no pleasure 9 y1 sai? ! ,"l ( ,ho/s4 7#de7 ,= f ! ris+ ( ! sun1 ev5 until ! go+ d[n ( ! same ,my ,"n %all be great among ! ,g5tiles2 & 9 e place inc5se %all be (f]$ 9 ,my ,"n1 & a pure (f]+2 = ,my ,"n is great among ! hea!n1 sai? ! ,"l ( ,ho/s4 7#df7 ,^! words1 :i*1 unless we d viol5ce to !m1 c\ld only ref] to ! curr5t p]iod1 abundantly te/ify t ! ,jews ( t "t 7 n m belov$ by ,god ?an o!r nations1 t ,god !n fav\r$ o!r nations ) m miracles ?an ,he v\*saf$ to ! ,jews1 :o _h !n p>tly recov]$ _! empire )\t miracul\s aid2 &1 la/ly1 t ! ,g5tiles possess$ rites & c]emonies acceptable to ,god4 7#dg7 ,b ,i pass ov] ^! po9ts lightly3 x is en\gh = my purpose to h %[n t ! election ( ! ,jews _h reg>d to no?+ b temporal physical happ9ess & fre$om1 9 o!r words1 autonom\s gov]nm5t1 & to ! mann] & means by :i* !y obta9$ x2 consequ5tly to ! laws 9 s f> z !y 7 necess>y to ! pres]vation ( t special gov]nm5t2 &1 la/ly1 to ! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 reveal$4 ,9 reg>d to o!r matt]s1 :]e9 man's true happ9ess consi/s1 !y 7 on a p> ) ! re/ ( ! nations4 7#dh7 ,:51 !re=e1 x is said 9 ,scripture 7,deut4 iv3#g7 t ! ,"l is n s nigh to any o!r nation z ,he is to ! ,jews1 ref]5ce is only made to _! gov]nm5t1 & to ! p]iod :5 s _m miracles happ5$ to !m1 = 9 respect ( intellect & virtue - t is1 9 respect ( bless$ness - ,god 01 z we h said already1 & are n[ demon/rat+1 equally graci\s to all4 7#di7 ,scripture itself be>s te/imony to ?is fact1 = ! ,psalmi/ says 7cxlv3#ah71 ,! ,"l is ne> unto all !m t call ^u ,him1 to all t call ^u ,him 9 tru?4 7#ej7 ,s 9 ! same ,psalm1 v]se #i1 ,! ,"l is good to all1 & ,8 t5d] m]cies are ov] all ,8 works4 ,9 ,ps4 xxxiii3#af1 x is cle>ly /at$ t ,god has grant$ to all m5 ! same intellect1 9 ^! words1 ,he fa%ione? _! he>ts alike4 ,! he>t 0 consid]$ by ! ,hebrews1 z ,i suppose ev]yone kn[s1 to be ! seat ( ! s\l & ! intellect4 7#ea7 ,la/ly1 f ,job xxxviii3#bh1 x is pla9 t ,god _h orda9$ = ! :ole human race ! law to rev]5ce ,god1 to keep f evil do+1 or to d well1 & t ,job1 al?\gh a ,g5tile1 0 ( all m5 mo/ acceptable to ,god1 because he exce$$ all 9 piety & religion4 7#eb7 ,la/ly1 f ,jonah iv3#b1 x is v evid5t t1 n only to ! ,jews b to all m51 ,god 0 graci\s1 m]ciful1 long-suff]+1 & ( great goodness1 & rep5t$ ,him ( ! evil1 = ,jonah says3 ,!re=e ,i det]m9$ to flee be=e unto ,t>%i%1 = ,i "k t ,?\ art a graci\s ,god1 & m]ciful1 sl[ to ang]1 & ( great k9dness1 c41 & t1 !re=e1 ,god w\ld p>don ! ,n9evites4 7#ec7 ,we conclude1 !re=e 7inasmu* z ,god is to all m5 equally graci\s1 & ! ,hebrews 7 only *os5 by him 9 respect to _! social organization & gov]nm5t71 t ! individual ,jew1 tak5 ap>t f 8 social organization & gov]nm5t1 possess$ no gift ( ,god above o!r m51 & t !re 0 no diff]5ce betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile4 7#ed7 ,z x is a fact t ,god is equally graci\s1 m]ciful1 & ! re/1 to all m52 & z ! function ( ! prophet 0 to tea* m5 n s mu* ! laws ( _! c\ntry1 z true virtue1 & to exhort !m !reto1 x is n to be d\bt$ t all nations possess$ prophets1 & t ! prophetic gift 0 n peculi> to ! ,jews4 7#ee7 ,inde$1 hi/ory1 bo? pr(ane & sacr$1 be>s witness to ! fact4 7#ef7 ,al?\gh1 f ! sacr$ hi/ories ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 x is n evid5t t ! o!r nations _h z _m prophets z ! ,hebrews1 or t any ,g5tile prophet 0 expressly s5t by ,god to ! nations1 ?is does n affect ! "q1 = ! ,hebrews 7 c>eful to record _! own affairs1 n ^? ( o!r nations4 7#eg7 ,x suffices1 !n1 t we f9d 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ,g5tiles1 & uncircumcis$1 z ,noah1 ,eno*1 ,abimele*1 ,balaam1 c41 ex]cis+ prophetic gifts2 fur!r1 t ,hebrew prophets 7 s5t by ,god1 n only to _! own nation b to _m o!rs also4 7#eh7 ,ezekiel prophesi$ to all ! nations !n kn[n2 ,obadiah to none1 t we are aw>e (1 save ! ,idumeans2 & ,jonah 0 *iefly ! prophet to ! ,n9evites4 7#ei7 ,isaiah bewails & pr$icts ! calamities1 & hails ! re/oration n only ( ! ,jews b also ( o!r nations1 = he says 7*ap4 xvi3#i71 ,!re=e ,i w bewail ,jaz] ) weep+2 & 9 *ap4 xix4 he =etells fir/ ! calamities & !n ! re/oration ( ! ,egyptians 7see v]ses #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #be71 say+ t ,god %all s5d !m a ,savi\r to free !m1 t ! ,"l %all be kn[n 9 ,egypt1 &1 fur!r1 t ! ,egyptians %all wor%ip ,god ) sacrifice & oblation2 &1 at la/1 he calls t nation ! bless$ ,egyptian p ( ,god2 all ( :i* p>ticul>s are specially notewor?y4 7#fj7 ,j]emiah is call$1 n ! prophet ( ! ,hebrew nation1 b simply ! prophet ( ! nations 7see ,j]4 i4#e74 7#fa7 ,he also m\rnfully =etells ! calamities ( ! nations1 & pr$icts _! re/oration1 = he says 7xlviii4 #ca7 ( ! ,moabites1 ,!re=e w ,i h[l = ,moab1 & ,i w cry out = all ,moab 7v]se #cf71 & !re=e m9e he>t %all s\nd = ,moab l pipes2 9 ! end he prophesies _! re/oration1 z also ! re/oration ( ! ,egyptians1 ,ammonites1 & ,elamites4 7#fb7 ,:]e=e x is beyond d\bt t o!r nations also1 l ! ,jews1 _h _! prophets1 :o prophesi$ to !m4 7#fc7 ,al?\gh ,scripture only1 makes m5tion ( "o man1 ,balaam1 to :om ! future ( ! ,jews & ! o!r nations 0 reveal$1 we mu/ n suppose t ,balaam prophesi$ only once1 = f ! n>rative itself x is abundantly cle> t he _h long previ\sly be5 fam\s = prophesy & o!r ,div9e gifts4 7#fd7 ,= :5 ,balak bade him to come to him1 he said 7,num4 xxii3#f71 ,= ,i "k t he :om ?\ blesse/ is bless$1 & he :om ?\ curse/ is curs$4 7#fe7 ,?us we see t he possess$ ! gift :i* ,god _h be/[$ on ,abraham4 ,fur!r1 z accu/om$ to prophesy1 ,balaam bade ! mess5g]s wait = him till ! w ( ! ,"l 0 reveal$ to him4 7#ff7 ,:5 he prophesi$1 t is1 :5 he int]pret$ ! true m9d ( ,god1 he 0 wont to say ?is ( himself3 ,he ha? said1 :i* he>d ! words ( ,god & knew ! k ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 :i* saw ! vision ( ! ,almighty fall+ into a trance1 b hav+ 8 eyes op54 7#fg7 ,fur!r1 aft] he _h bless$ ! ,hebrews by ! comm& ( ,god1 he began 7z 0 8 cu/om7 to prophesy to o!r nations1 & to pr$ict _! future2 all ( :i* abundantly %[s t he _h always be5 a prophet1 or _h (t5 prophesi$1 & 7z we may also rem>k "h7 possess$ t :i* af=d$ ! *ief c]ta9ty to prophets ( ! tru? ( _! prophecy1 namely1 a m9d turn$ :olly to :at is "r & good1 = he did n bless ^? :om he wi%$ to bless1 nor curse ^? :om he wi%$ to curse1 z ,balak suppos$1 b only ^? :om ,god wi%$ to be bless$ or curs$4 7#fh7 ,?us he answ]$ ,balak3 ,if ,balak %\ld give me 8 h\se full ( silv] & gold1 ,i _c g beyond ! comm&m5t ( ! ,"l to d ei!r good or bad ( my own m9d2 b :at ! ,"l sai?1 t w ,i speak4 7#fi7 ,z = ,god be+ angry ) him 9 ! way1 ! same happ5$ to ,moses :5 he set out to ,egypt by ! comm& ( ! ,"l2 & z to 8 receiv+ money = prophesy+1 ,samuel did ! same 7#a ,sam4 ix3#g1 #h72 if 9 anyway he s9n$1 !re is n a j man ^u e>? t doe? good & s9ne? n1 ,eccles4 vii3#bj4 7,vide #b ,epi/4 ,pet] ii3#ae1 #af1 & ,jude #e3aa47 7#gj7 ,8 spee*es mu/ c]ta9ly h _h mu* weight ) ,god1 & ,8 p[] = curs+ mu/ assur$ly h be5 v great f ! numb] ( times t we f9d /at$ 9 ,scripture1 9 pro( ( ,god's great m]cy to ! ,jews1 t ,god w\ld n he> ,balaam1 & t ,he *ang$ ! curs+ to bless+ 7see ,deut4 xxiii3#f1 ,jo%4 xxiv3#aj1 ,neh4 xiii3#b74 7#ga7 ,:]e=e he 0 )\t d\bt mo/ acceptable to ,god1 = ! spee*es & curs+s ( ! wick$ move ,god n at all4 7#gb7 ,z !n he 0 a true prophet1 & nev]!less ,jo%ua calls him a soo?say] or augur1 x is c]ta9 t ?is title _h an hon\rable signification1 & t ^? :om ! ,g5tiles call$ augurs & soo?say]s 7 true prophets1 :ile ^? :om ,scripture (t5 accuses & condemns 7 false soo?say]s1 :o deceiv$ ! ,g5tiles z false prophets deceiv$ ! ,jews2 inde$1 ?is is made evid5t f o!r passages 9 ! ,bible1 :5ce we conclude t ! gift ( prophecy 0 n peculi> to ! ,jews1 b common to all nations4 7#gc7 ,! ,ph>isees1 h[ev]1 vehem5tly cont5d t ?is ,div9e gift 0 peculi> to _! nation1 & t ! o!r nations =etold ! future 7:at w sup]/ition inv5t next87 by "s unexpla9$ diabolical faculty4 7#gd7 ,! pr9cipal passage ( ,scripture :i* !y cite1 by way ( confirm+ _! !ory ) its au?ority1 is ,exodus xxxiii3#af1 :]e ,moses says to ,god1 ,= :]e9 %all x be kn[n "h t ,i & ,?y p h f\nd grace 9 ,?y sight8 is x n 9 t ,?\ goe/ ) u8 s %all we be sep>at$1 ,i & ,?y p1 f all ! p t are ^u ! face ( ! e>?4 7#ge7 ,f ?is !y w\ld inf] t ,moses ask$ ( ,god t ,he %\ld be pres5t to ! ,jews1 & %\ld reveal ,himself to !m prophetically2 fur!r1 t ,he %\ld grant ?is fav\r to no o!r nation4 7#gf7 ,x is surely absurd t ,moses %\ld h be5 jeal\s ( ,god's pres5ce among ! ,g5tiles1 or t he %\ld h d>$ to ask any su* ?+4 7#gg7 ,! fact is1 z ,moses knew t ! disposition & _s ( 8 nation 0 rebelli\s1 he cle>ly saw t !y c\ld n c>ry out :at !y _h begun )\t v great miracles & special ext]nal aid f ,god2 nay1 t )\t su* aid !y mu/ necess>ily p]i%3 z x 0 evid5t t ,god wi%$ !m to be pres]v$1 he ask$ = ?is special ext]nal aid4 7#gh7 ,?us he says 7,ex4 xxxiv3#i71 ,if n[ ,i h f\nd grace 9 ,?y sight1 ,o ,"l1 let my ,"l1 ,i pray ,!e1 g among u2 = x is a /iffneck$ p4 7#gi7 ,! reason1 !re=e1 = 8 seek+ special ext]nal aid f ,god 0 ! /iffneck$ness ( ! p1 & x is made /ill m pla91 t he ask$ = no?+ beyond ?is special ext]nal aid by ,god's answ] - = ,god answ]$ at once 7v]se #aj ( ! same *apt]7 - ,behold1 ,i make a cov5ant3 be=e all ,?y p ,i w d m>vels1 su* z h n be5 done 9 all ! e>?1 nor 9 any nation4 7#hj7 ,!re=e ,moses _h 9 view no?+ beyond ! special election ( ! ,jews1 z ,i h expla9$ x1 & made no o!r reque/ to ,god4 7#ha7 ,i confess t 9 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 ,i f9d ano!r text :i* c>ries m weight1 namely1 :]e ,paul seems to tea* a diff]5t doctr9e f t "h set d[n1 = he !re says 7,rom4 iii3#a73 ,:at advantage !n ha? ! ,jew8 or :at pr(it is !re ( circumcision8 7#hb7 ,mu* e way3 *iefly1 because t unto !m 7 committ$ ! oracles ( ,god4 7#hc7 ,b if we look to ! doctr9e :i* ,paul especially desir$ to tea*1 we %all f9d no?+ repugnant to our pres5t cont5tion2 on ! contr>y1 8 doctr9e is ! same z ours1 = he says 7,rom4 iii3#bi7 t ,god is ! ,god ( ! ,jews & ( ! ,g5tiles1 & 7*4 ii3#be1 #bf7 ,b1 if ?\ be a break] ( ! law1 ?y circumcision is made uncircumcision4 7#hd7 ,!re=e if ! uncircumcision keep ! righte\sness ( ! law1 %all n 8 uncircumcision be c\nt$ = circumcision8 7#he7 ,fur!r1 9 *ap4 iv3v]se #i1 he says t all alike1 ,jew & ,g5tile1 7 "u s91 & t )\t comm&m5t & law !re is no s94 7#hf7 ,:]e=e x is mo/ evid5t t to all m5 absolutely 0 reveal$ ! law "u :i* all liv$ - namely1 ! law :i* has reg>d only to true virtue1 n ! law e/abli%$ 9 respect to1 & 9 ! =mation ( a p>ticul> /ate & adapt$ to ! disposition ( a p>ticul> p4 7#hg7 ,la/ly1 ,paul concludes t s9ce ,god is ! ,god ( all nations1 t is1 is equally graci\s to all1 & s9ce all m5 equally live "u ! law & "u s91 s also to all nations did ,god s5d ,8 ,*ri/1 to free all m5 equally f ! bondage ( ! law1 t !y %\ld no m d "r by ! comm& ( ! law1 b by ! con/ant det]m9ation ( _! he>ts4 7#hh7 ,s t ,paul tea*es exactly ! same z ourselves4 7#hi7 ,:51 !re=e1 he says ,to ! ,jews only 7 entru/$ ! oracles ( ,god1 we mu/ ei!r und]/& t to !m only 7 ! laws entru/$ 9 writ+1 :ile !y 7 giv5 to o!r nations m]ely 9 revelation & conception1 or else 7z none b ,jews w\ld object to ! doctr9e he desir$ to advance7 t ,paul 0 answ]+ only 9 accordance ) ! und]/&+ & curr5t ideas ( ! ,jews1 = 9 respect to tea*+ ?+s :i* he _h p>tly se51 p>tly he>d1 he 0 to ! ,greeks a ,greek1 & to ! ,jews a ,jew4 7#ij7 ,x n[ only rema9s to u to answ] ! argum5ts ( ^? :o w\ld p]suade !mselves t ! election ( ! ,jews 0 n temporal1 & m]ely 9 respect ( _! commonweal?1 b et]nal2 =1 !y say1 we see ! ,jews aft] ! loss ( _! commonweal?1 & aft] be+ scatt]$ s _m ye>s & sep>at$ f all o!r nations1 /ill surviv+1 :i* is )\t p>allel among o!r peoples1 & fur!r ! ,scriptures seem to tea* t ,god has *os5 = ,himself ! ,jews = ev]1 s t ?\gh !y h lo/ _! commonweal?1 !y /ill nev]!less rema9 ,god's elect4 7#ia7 ,! passages :i* !y ?9k tea* mo/ cle>ly ?is et]nal election1 are *iefly3 7#a47 ,j]4 xxxi3#cf1 :]e ! prophet te/ifies t ! se$ ( ,israel %all = ev] rema9 ! nation ( ,god1 comp>+ !m ) ! /ability ( ! heav5s & nature2 7#b47 ,ezek4 xx3#cb1 :]e ! prophet seems to int5d t ?\gh ! ,jews want$ aft] ! help af=d$ !m to turn _! backs on ! wor%ip ( ! ,"l1 t ,god w\ld nev]!less ga!r !m toge!r aga9 f all ! l&s 9 :i* !y 7 disp]s$1 & lead !m to ! wild]ness ( ! peoples - z ,he _h l$ _! fa!rs to ! wild]ness ( ! l& ( ,egypt - & w\ld at l5g?1 aft] purg+ out f among !m ! rebels & transgressors1 br+ !m !nce to 8 ,holy m\nta91 :]e ! :ole h\se ( ,israel %\ld wor%ip ,him4 ,o!r passages are also cit$1 especially by ! ,ph>isees1 b ,i ?9k ,i %all satisfy ev]yone if ,i answ] ^! two1 & ?is ,i %all easily accompli% aft] %[+ f ,scripture itself t ,god *ose n ! ,hebrews = ev]1 b only on ! condition "u :i* ,he _h =m]ly *os5 ! ,canaanites1 = ^! la/1 z we h %[n1 _h prie/s :o religi\sly wor%ipp$ ,god1 & :om ,god at l5g? reject$ because ( _! luxury1 pride1 & corrupt wor%ip4 7#ib7 ,moses 7,lev4 xviii3#bg7 w>n$ ! ,israelites t !y be n pollut$ ) :or$oms1 le/ ! l& spue !m out z x _h spu$ out ! nations :o _h dwelt !re be=e1 & 9 ,deut4 viii3#ai1 #bj1 9 ! pla9e/ t]ms ,he ?reat5s _! total ru91 = ,he says1 ,i te/ify aga9/ y t ye %all surely p]i%4 7#ic7 ,z ! nations :i* ! ,"l de/roye? be=e y\r face1 s %all ye p]i%4 ,9 l mann] _m o!r passages are f\nd 9 ! law :i* expressly %[ t ,god *ose ! ,hebrews nei!r absolutely nor = ev]4 7#id7 ,if1 !n1 ! prophets =etold = !m a new cov5ant ( ! k ( ,god1 love1 & grace1 su* a promise is easily prov$ to be only made to ! elect1 = ,ezekiel 9 ! *apt] :i* we h j quot$ expressly says t ,god w sep>ate f !m ! rebelli\s & transgressors1 & ,zephaniah 7iii3#ab1 #ac71 says t ,god w take away ! pr\d f ! mid/ ( !m1 & leave ! poor4 7#ie7 ,n[1 inasmu* z _! election has reg>d to true virtue1 x is n to be ?\ght t x 0 promis$ to ! ,jews alone to ! exclusion ( o!rs1 b we mu/ evid5tly believe t ! true ,g5tile prophets 7& e nation1 z we h %[n1 possess$ su*7 promis$ ! same to ! fai?ful ( _! own p1 :o 7 !reby com=t$4 7#if7 ,:]e=e ?is et]nal cov5ant ( ! k ( ,god & love is univ]sal1 z is cle>1 moreov]1 f ,zeph4 iii3#aj1 #aa3 no diff]5ce 9 ?is respect c be admitt$ betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile1 nor did ! =m] enjoy any special election beyond t :i* we h po9t$ out4 7#ig7 ,:5 ! prophets1 9 speak+ ( ?is election :i* reg>ds only true virtue1 mix$ up mu* conc]n+ sacrifices & c]emonies1 & ! rebuild+ ( ! temple & city1 !y wi%$ by su* figurative expressions1 aft] ! mann] & nature ( prophecy1 to exp\nd matt]s spiritual1 s z at ! same "t to %[ to ! ,jews1 ^: prophets !y 71 ! true re/oration ( ! /ate & ( ! temple to be expect$ ab\t ! "t ( ,cyrus4 7#ih7 ,at ! pres5t "t1 !re=e1 !re is absolutely no?+ :i* ! ,jews c arrogate to !mselves beyond o!r p4 7#ii7 ,z to _! cont9uance s long aft] disp]sion & ! loss ( empire1 !re is no?+ m>vell\s 9 x1 = !y s sep>at$ !mselves f e o!r nation z to draw d[n ^u !mselves univ]sal hate1 n only by _! outw>d rites1 rites conflict+ ) ^? ( o!r nations1 b also by ! sign ( circumcision :i* !y mo/ scrupul\sly obs]ve4 7#ajj7 ,t !y h be5 pres]v$ 9 great measure by ,g5tile hatr$1 exp]i5ce demon/rates4 7#aja7 ,:5 ! k+ ( ,spa9 =m]ly compell$ ! ,jews to embrace ! ,/ate religion or to g into exile1 a l>ge numb] ( ,jews accept$ ,ca?olicism4 7#ajb7 ,n[1 z ^! r5egades 7 admitt$ to all ! native privileges ( ,spani>ds1 & deem$ wor?y ( fill+ all hon\rable (fices1 x came to pass t !y /raightway became s int]m+l$ ) ! ,spani>ds z to leave ( !mselves no relic or remembrance4 7#ajc7 ,b exactly ! opposite happ5$ to ^? :om ! k+ ( ,portugal compell$ to become ,*ri/ians1 = !y always1 ?\gh conv]t$1 liv$ ap>t1 inasmu* z !y 7 consid]$ unwor?y ( any civic hon\rs4 7#ajd7 ,! sign ( circumcision is1 z ,i ?9k1 s important1 t ,i c\ld p]suade myself t x alone w\ld pres]ve ! nation = ev]4 7#aje7 ,nay1 ,i w\ld g s f> z to believe t if ! f\ndations ( _! religion h n emasculat$ _! m9ds !y may ev51 if occasion (f]s1 s *angeable are human affairs1 raise up _! empire afre%1 & t ,god may a second "t elect !m4 7#ajf7 ,( su* a possibility we h a v fam\s example 9 ! ,*9ese4 7#ajg7 ,!y1 too1 h "s di/9ctive m>k on _! heads :i* !y mo/ scrupul\sly obs]ve1 & by :i* !y keep !mselves ap>t f ev]yone else1 & h ?us kept !mselves dur+ s _m ?\s& ye>s t !y f> surpass all o!r nations 9 antiquity4 7#ajh7 ,!y h n always reta9$ empire1 b !y h recov]$ x :5 lo/1 & d\btless w d s aga9 aft] ! _s ( ! ,t>t>s becomes relax$ ?r\gh ! luxury ( ri*es & pride4 7#aji7 ,la/ly1 if any "o wi%es to ma9ta9 t ! ,jews1 f ?is or f any o!r cause1 h be5 *os5 by ,god = ev]1 ,i w n ga9say him if he w admit t ?is *oice1 :e!r tempor>y or et]nal1 has no reg>d1 9 s f> z x is peculi> to ! ,jews1 to aught b dom9ion & physical advantages 7= by su* alone c "o nation be di/+ui%$ f ano!r71 :]eas 9 reg>d to intellect & true virtue1 e nation is on a p> ) ! re/1 & ,god has n 9 ^! respects *os5 "o p r ?an ano!r4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 - ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,law4 7#a7 ,! ^w law1 tak5 9 ! ab/ract1 means t by :i* an individual1 or all ?+s1 or z _m ?+s z belong to a p>ticul> species1 act 9 "o & ! same fix$ & def9ite mann]1 :i* mann] dep5ds ei!r on natural necessity or on human decree4 7#b7 ,a law :i* dep5ds on natural necessity is "o :i* necess>ily foll[s f ! nature1 or f ! def9ition ( ! ?+ 9 "q2 a law :i* dep5ds on human decree1 & :i* is m correctly call$ an ord9ance1 is "o :i* m5 h laid d[n = !mselves & o!rs 9 ord] to live m safely or conv5i5tly1 or f "s simil> reason4 7#c7 ,= example1 ! law t all bodies imp++ on less] bodies1 lose z mu* ( _! own motion z !y communicate to ! latt] is a univ]sal law ( all bodies1 & dep5ds on natural necessity4 7#d7 ,s1 too1 ! law t a man 9 rememb]+ "o ?+1 /raightway rememb]s ano!r ei!r l x1 or :i* he _h p]ceiv$ simultane\sly ) x1 is a law :i* necess>ily foll[s f ! nature ( man4 7#e7 ,b ! law t m5 mu/ yield1 or be compell$ to yield1 some:at ( _! natural "r1 & t !y b9d !mselves to live 9 a c]ta9 way1 dep5ds on human decree4 7#f7 ,n[1 ?\gh ,i freely admit t all ?+s are pr$et]m9$ by univ]sal natural laws to exi/ & op]ate 9 a giv51 fix$1 & def9ite mann]1 ,i /ill ass]t t ! laws ,i h j m5tion$ dep5d on human decree4 7#a47 7#g7 ,because man1 9 s f> z he is a "p ( nature1 con/itutes a "p ( ! p[] ( nature4 7#h7 ,:atev]1 !re=e1 foll[s necess>ily f ! necessity ( human nature 7t is1 f nature h]self1 9 s f> z we conceive ( h] z act+ ?r\gh man7 foll[s1 ev5 ?\gh x be necess>ily1 f human p[]4 7#i7 ,h5ce ! sanction ( su* laws may v well be said to dep5d on man's decree1 = x pr9cipally dep5ds on ! p[] ( ! human m9d2 s t ! human m9d 9 respect to its p]ception ( ?+s z true & false1 c readily be conceiv$ z )\t su* laws1 b n )\t necess>y law z we h j def9$ x4 7#b47 7#aj7 ,i h /at$ t ^! laws dep5d on human decree because x is well to def9e & expla9 ?+s by _! proximate causes4 7#aa7 ,! g5]al consid]ation ( fate & ! concat5ation ( causes w\ld aid u v little 9 =m+ & arrang+ our ideas conc]n+ p>ticul> que/ions4 7#ab7 ,let u add t z to ! actual coord9ation & concat5ation ( ?+s1 t is h[ ?+s are orda9$ & l9k$ toge!r1 we are obvi\sly ignorant2 !re=e1 x is m pr(itable = "r liv+1 nay1 x is necess>y = u to consid] ?+s z cont+5t4 7#ac7 ,s mu* ab\t law 9 ! ab/ract4 7#ad7 ,n[ ! ^w law seems to be only appli$ to natural ph5om5a by analogy1 & is commonly tak5 to signify a comm& :i* m5 c ei!r obey or neglect1 inasmu* z x re/ra9s human nature )9 c]ta9 orig9ally exce$$ limits1 & !re=e lays d[n no rule beyond human /r5g?4 7#ae7 ,?us x is exp$i5t to def9e law m p>ticul>ly z a plan ( life laid d[n by man = himself or o!rs ) a c]ta9 object4 7#af7 ,h[ev]1 z ! true object ( legislation is only p]ceiv$ by a few1 & mo/ m5 are almo/ incapable ( grasp+ x1 ?\gh !y live "u its conditions1 legislators1 ) a view to exact+ g5]al ob$i5ce1 h wisely put =w>d ano!r object1 v diff]5t f t :i* necess>ily foll[s f ! nature ( law3 !y promise to ! obs]v]s ( ! law t :i* ! masses *iefly desire1 & ?reat5 its violators ) t :i* !y *iefly fe>3 ?us endeav\r+ to re/ra9 ! masses1 z f> z may be1 l a horse ) a curb2 :5ce x foll[s t ! ^w law is *iefly appli$ to ! modes ( life enjo9$ on m5 by ! sway ( o!rs2 h5ce ^? :o obey ! law are said to live "u x & to be "u compulsion4 7#ag7 ,9 tru?1 a man :o r5d]s ev]yone _! due because he fe>s ! gall[s1 acts "u ! sway & compulsion ( o!rs1 & _c be call$ j4 7#ah7 ,b a man :o does ! same f a k ( ! true reason = laws & _! necessity1 acts f a firm purpose & ( 8 own accord1 & is !re=e prop]ly call$ j4 7#ai7 ,?is1 ,i take x1 is ,paul's mean+ :5 he says1 t ^? :o live "u ! law _c be ju/ifi$ ?r\gh ! law1 = ju/ice1 z commonly def9$1 is ! con/ant & p]petual w to r5d] e man 8 due4 7#bj7 ,?us ,solomon says 7,prov4 xxi3#ae71 ,x is a joy to ! j to d judgm5t1 b ! wick$ fe>4 7#ba7 ,law1 !n1 be+ a plan ( liv+ :i* m5 h = a c]ta9 object laid d[n = !mselves or o!rs1 may1 z x seems1 be divid$ into human law & ,div9e law4 7#bb7 ,by human law ,i mean a plan ( liv+ :i* s]ves only to r5d] life & ! /ate secure4 7#bc7 ,by ,div9e law ,i mean t :i* only reg>ds ! highe/ good1 9 o!r words1 ! true k ( ,god & love4 7#bd7 ,i call ?is law ,div9e because ( ! nature ( ! highe/ good1 :i* ,i w "h %ortly expla9 z cle>ly z ,i c4 7#be7 ,inasmu* z ! intellect is ! be/ "p ( our be+1 x is evid5t t we %\ld make e ef=t to p]fect x z f> z possible if we desire to se>* = :at is really pr(itable to u4 7#bf7 ,= 9 intellectual p]fection ! highe/ good %\ld consi/4 7#bg7 ,n[1 s9ce all our k1 & ! c]ta9ty :i* removes e d\bt1 dep5d solely on ! k ( ,god2- fir/ly1 because )\t ,god no?+ c exi/ or be conceiv$2 secondly1 because s long z we h no cle> & di/9ct idea ( ,god we may rema9 9 univ]sal d\bt - x foll[s t our highe/ good & p]fection also dep5d solely on ! k ( ,god4 7#bh7 ,fur!r1 s9ce )\t ,god no?+ c exi/ or be conceiv$1 x is evid5t t all natural ph5om5a involve & express ! conception ( ,god z f> z _! ess5ce & p]fection ext5d1 s t we h great] & m p]fect k ( ,god 9 proportion to our k ( natural ph5om5a3 conv]sely 7s9ce ! k ( an effect ?r\gh its cause is ! same ?+ z ! k ( a p>ticul> prop]ty ( a cause7 ! great] our k ( natural ph5om5a1 ! m p]fect is our k ( ! ess5ce ( ,god 7:i* is ! cause ( all ?+s74 7#bi7 ,s1 !n1 our highe/ good n only dep5ds on ! k ( ,god1 b :olly consi/s !re92 & x fur!r foll[s t man is p]fect or ! rev]se 9 proportion to ! nature & p]fection ( ! object ( 8 special desire2 h5ce ! mo/ p]fect & ! *ief %>] 9 ! highe/ bless$ness is he :o prizes above all else1 & takes especial delight 91 ! intellectual k ( ,god1 ! mo/ p]fect ,be+4 7#cj7 ,hi!r1 !n1 our highe/ good & our highe/ bless$ness aim - namely1 to ! k & love ( ,god2 !re=e ! means dem&$ by ?is aim ( all human actions1 t is1 by ,god 9 s f> z ! idea ( him is 9 u1 may be call$ ! comm&s ( ,god1 because !y proce$1 z x 71 f ,god ,himself1 inasmu* z ,he exi/s 9 our m9ds1 & ! plan ( life :i* has reg>d to ?is aim may be fitly call$ ! law ( ,god4 7#ca7 ,! nature ( ! means1 & ! plan ( life :i* ?is aim dem&s1 h[ ! f\ndations ( ! be/ /ates foll[ its l9es1 & h[ m5's life is conduct$1 are que/ions p]ta9+ to g5]al e?ics4 7#cb7 ,"h ,i only proce$ to treat ( ! ,div9e law 9 a p>ticul> application4 7#cc7 ,z ! love ( ,god is man's highe/ happ9ess & bless$ness1 & ! ultimate end & aim ( all human actions1 x foll[s t he alone lives by ! ,div9e law :o loves ,god n f fe> ( puni%m5t1 or f love ( any o!r object1 su* z s5sual pleasure1 fame1 or ! l2 b solely because he has k ( ,god1 or is conv9c$ t ! k & love ( ,god is ! highe/ good4 7#cd7 ,! sum & *ief precept1 !n1 ( ! ,div9e law is to love ,god z ! highe/ good1 namely1 z we h said1 n f fe> ( any pa9s & p5alties1 or f ! love ( any o!r object 9 :i* we desire to take pleasure4 7#ce7 ,! idea ( ,god lays d[n ! rule t ,god is our highe/ good - 9 o!r words1 t ! k & love ( ,god is ! ultimate aim to :i* all our actions %\ld be direct$4 7#cf7 ,! worldl+ _c und]/& ^! ?+s1 !y appe> fooli%ness to him1 because he has too meag] a k ( ,god1 & also because 9 ?is highe/ good he c discov] no?+ :i* he c h&le or eat1 or :i* affects ! fle%ly appetites :]e9 he *iefly delights1 = x consi/s solely 9 ?\ght & ! pure reason4 7#cg7 ,!y1 on ! o!r h&1 :o "k t !y possess no great] gift ?an intellect & s\nd reason1 w d\btless accept :at ,i h said )\t "q4 7#ch7 ,we h n[ expla9$ t :]e9 ! ,div9e law *iefly consi/s1 & :at are human laws1 namely1 all ^? :i* h a diff]5t aim unless !y h be5 ratifi$ by revelation1 = 9 ?is respect also ?+s are ref]r$ to ,god 7z we h %[n above7 & 9 ?is s5se ! law ( ,moses1 al?\gh x 0 n univ]sal1 b entirely adapt$ to ! disposition & p>ticul> pres]vation ( a s+le p1 may yet be call$ a law ( ,god or ,div9e law1 inasmu* z we believe t x 0 ratifi$ by prophetic insight4 7#ci7 ,if we consid] ! nature ( natural ,div9e law z we h j expla9$ x1 we %all see3 7#dj7 ,i4- ,t x is univ]sal or common to all m51 = we h d$uc$ x f univ]sal human nature4 7#da7 ,,ii4 ,t x does n dep5d on ! tru? ( any hi/orical n>rative :atsoev]1 = inasmu* z ?is natural ,div9e law is compreh5d$ solely by ! consid]ation ( human nature1 x is pla9 t we c conceive x z exi/+ z well 9 ,adam z 9 any o!r man1 z well 9 a man liv+ among 8 fell[s1 z 9 a man :o lives by himself4 7#db7 ,! tru? ( a hi/orical n>rative1 h[ev] assur$1 _c give u ! k nor consequ5tly ! love ( ,god1 = love ( ,god spr+s f k ( ,him1 & k ( ,him %\ld be d]iv$ f g5]al ideas1 9 !mselves c]ta9 & kn[n1 s t ! tru? ( a hi/orical n>rative is v f> f be+ a necess>y requisite = our atta9+ our highe/ good4 7#dc7 ,/ill1 ?\gh ! tru? ( hi/ories _c give u ! k & love ( ,god1 ,i d n d5y t read+ !m is v useful ) a view to life 9 ! _w1 = ! m we h obs]v$ & kn[n ( m5's cu/oms & circum/ances1 :i* are be/ reveal$ by _! actions1 ! m w>ily we %all be able to ord] our lives among !m1 & s f> z reason dictates to adapt our actions to _! dispositions4 7#dd7 ,,iii4 ,we see t ?is natural ,div9e law does n dem& ! p]=mance ( c]emonies - t is1 actions 9 !mselves indiff]5t1 :i* are call$ good f ! fact ( _! in/itution1 or actions symboliz+ some?+ pr(itable = salvation1 or 7if "o pref]s ?is def9ition7 actions ( :i* ! mean+ surpasses human und]/&+4 7#de7 ,! natural light ( reason does n dem& any?+ :i* x is itself unable to supply1 b only su* z x c v cle>ly %[ to be good1 or a means to our bless$ness4 7#df7 ,su* ?+s z are good simply because !y h be5 comm&$ or in/itut$1 or z be+ symbols ( some?+ good1 are m]e %ad[s :i* _c be reckon$ among actions t are ! (fspr+s z x 71 or fruit ( a s\nd m9d & ( intellect4 7#dg7 ,!re is no ne$ = me to g into ?is n[ 9 m detail4 7#dh7 ,,iv4 ,la/ly1 we see t ! highe/ rew>d ( ! ,div9e law is ! law itself1 namely1 to "k ,god & to love ,him ( our free *oice1 & ) an undivid$ & fruitful _s2 :ile its p5alty is ! abs5ce ( ^! ?+s1 & be+ 9 bondage to ! fle% - t is1 hav+ an incon/ant & wav]+ _s4 7#di7 ,^! po9ts be+ not$1 ,i mu/ n[ inquire3 7#ej7 ,i4 ,:e!r by ! natural light ( reason we c conceive ( ,god z a law-giv] or pot5tate orda9+ laws = m58 7#ea7 ,,ii4 ,:at is ! tea*+ ( ,holy ,writ conc]n+ ?is natural light ( reason & natural law8 7#eb7 ,,iii4 ,) :at objects 7 c]emonies =m]ly in/itut$8 7#ec7 ,,iv4 ,la/ly1 :at is ! good ga9$ by kn[+ ! sacr$ hi/ories & believ+ !m8 7#ed7 ,( ! fir/ two ,i w treat 9 ?is *apt]1 ( ! rema9+ two 9 ! foll[+ "o4 7#ee7 ,our conclusion ab\t ! fir/ is easily d$uc$ f ! nature ( ,god's w1 :i* is only di/+ui%$ f ,8 und]/&+ 9 relation to our intellect - t is1 ! w & ! und]/&+ ( ,god are 9 reality "o & ! same1 & are only di/+ui%$ 9 relation to our ?\ghts :i* we =m conc]n+ ,god's und]/&+4 7#ef7 ,= in/ance1 if we are only look+ to ! fact t ! nature ( a triangle is f et]nity conta9$ 9 ! ,div9e nature z an et]nal v]ity1 we say t ,god possesses ! idea ( a triangle1 or t ,he und]/&s ! nature ( a triangle2 b if aft]w>ds we look to ! fact t ! nature ( a triangle is ?us conta9$ 9 ! ,div9e nature1 solely by ! necessity ( ! ,div9e nature1 & n by ! necessity ( ! nature & ess5ce ( a triangle - 9 fact1 t ! necessity ( a triangle's ess5ce & nature1 9 s f> z !y are conceiv$ ( z et]nal v]ities1 dep5ds solely on ! necessity ( ! ,div9e nature & intellect1 we !n /yle ,god's w or decree1 t :i* be=e we /yl$ ,8 intellect4 7#eg7 ,:]e=e we make "o & ! same affirmation conc]n+ ,god :5 we say t ,he has f et]nity decre$ t ?ree angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r angles1 z :5 we say t ,he has und]/ood x4 7#eh7 ,h5ce ! affirmations & ! negations ( ,god always involve necessity or tru?2 s t1 = example1 if ,god said to ,adam t ,he did n wi% him to eat ( ! tree ( k ( good & evil1 x w\ld h involv$ a contradiction t ,adam %\ld h be5 able to eat ( x1 & w\ld !re=e h be5 impossible t he %\ld h s eat51 = ! ,div9e comm& w\ld h involv$ an et]nal necessity & tru?4 7#ei7 ,b s9ce ,scripture nev]!less n>rates t ,god did give ?is comm& to ,adam1 & yet t none ! less ,adam ate ( ! tree1 we mu/ p]=ce say t ,god reveal$ to ,adam ! evil :i* w\ld surely foll[ if he %\ld eat ( ! tree1 b did n disclose t su* evil w\ld ( necessity come to pass4 7#fj7 ,?us x 0 t ,adam took ! revelation to be n an et]nal & necess>y tru?1 b a law - t is1 an ord9ance foll[$ by ga9 or loss1 n dep5d+ necess>ily on ! nature ( ! act p]=m$1 b solely on ! w & absolute p[] ( "s pot5tate1 s t ! revelation 9 "q 0 solely 9 relation to ,adam1 & solely ?r\gh 8 lack ( k a law1 & ,god 01 z x 71 a lawgiv] & pot5tate4 7#fa7 ,f ! same cause1 namely1 f lack ( k1 ! ,decalogue 9 relation to ! ,hebrews 0 a law1 = s9ce !y knew n ! exi/5ce ( ,god z an et]nal tru?1 !y mu/ h tak5 z a law t :i* 0 reveal$ to !m 9 ! ,decalogue1 namely1 t ,god exi/s1 & t ,god only %\ld be wor%ipp$4 7#fb7 ,b if ,god _h spok5 to !m )\t ! int]v5tion ( any bodily means1 imm$iately !y w\ld h p]ceiv$ x n z a law1 b z an et]nal tru?4 7#fc7 ,:at we h said ab\t ! ,israelites & ,adam1 applies also to all ! prophets :o wrote laws 9 ,god's "n - !y did n adequately conceive ,god's decrees z et]nal tru?s4 7#fd7 ,= in/ance1 we mu/ say ( ,moses t f revelation1 f ! basis ( :at 0 reveal$ to him1 he p]ceiv$ ! me?od by :i* ! ,israeliti% nation c\ld be/ be unit$ 9 a p>ticul> t]ritory1 & c\ld =m a body politic or /ate1 & fur!r t he p]ceiv$ ! me?od by :i* t nation c\ld be/ be con/ra9$ to ob$i5ce2 b he did n p]ceive1 nor 0 x reveal$ to him1 t ?is me?od 0 absolutely ! be/1 nor t ! ob$i5ce ( ! p 9 a c]ta9 /rip ( t]ritory w\ld necess>ily imply ! end he _h 9 view4 7#fe7 ,:]e=e he p]ceiv$ ^! ?+s n z et]nal tru?s1 b z precepts & ord9ances1 & he orda9$ !m z laws ( ,god1 & ?us x came to be t he conceiv$ ,god z a rul]1 a legislator1 a k+1 z m]ciful1 j1 c41 :]eas su* qualities are simply attributes ( human nature1 & utt]ly ali5 f ! nature ( ! ,deity4 7#ff7,?us mu* we may affirm ( ! prophets :o wrote laws 9 ! "n ( ,god2 b we mu/ n affirm x ( ,*ri/1 = ,*ri/1 al?\gh ,he too seems to h writt5 laws 9 ! "n ( ,god1 mu/ be tak5 to h _h a cle> & adequate p]ception1 = ,*ri/ 0 n s mu* a prophet z ! m\?piece ( ,god4 7#fg7 ,= ,god made revelations to mank9d ?r\gh ,*ri/ z ,he _h be=e done ?r\gh angels - t is1 a creat$ voice1 visions1 c4 7#fh7 ,x w\ld be z unreasonable to say t ,god _h accommodat$ 8 revelations to ! op9ions ( ,*ri/ z t ,he _h be=e accommodat$ !m to ! op9ions ( angels 7t is1 ( a creat$ voice or visions7 z matt]s to be reveal$ to ! prophets1 a :olly absurd hypo!sis4 7#fi7 ,moreov]1 ,*ri/ 0 s5t to tea* n only ! ,jews b ! :ole human race1 & !re=e x 0 n en\gh t ,8 m9d %\ld be accommodat$ to ! op9ions ! ,jews alone1 b also to ! op9ion & fundam5tal tea*+ common to ! :ole human race - 9 o!r words1 to ideas univ]sal & true4 7#gj7 ,inasmu* z ,god reveal$ ,himself to ,*ri/1 or to ,*ri/'s m9d imm$iately1 & n z to ! prophets ?r\gh words & symbols1 we mu/ ne$s suppose t ,*ri/ p]ceiv$ truly :at 0 reveal$1 9 o!r words1 ,he und]/ood x1 = a matt] is und]/ood :5 x is p]ceiv$ simply by ! m9d )\t words or symbols4 7#ga7 ,*ri/1 !n1 p]ceiv$ 7truly & adequately7 :at 0 reveal$1 & if ,he ev] proclaim$ su* revelations z laws1 ,he did s because ( ! ignorance & ob/9acy ( ! p1 act+ 9 ?is respect ! "p ( ,god2 inasmu* z ,he accommodat$ ,himself to ! compreh5sion ( ! p1 & ?\gh ,he spoke some:at m cle>ly ?an ! o!r prophets1 yet ,he taught :at 0 reveal$ obscurely1 & g5]ally ?r\gh p>ables1 especially :5 ,he 0 speak+ to ^? to :om x 0 n yet giv5 to und]/& ! k+dom ( heav54 7,see ,matt4 xiii3#aj1 c47 7#gb7 ,to ^? to :om x 0 giv5 to und]/& ! my/]ies ( heav51 ,he d\btless taught ,8 doctr9es z et]nal tru?s1 & did n lay !m d[n z laws1 ?us free+ ! m9ds ( ,8 he>]s f ! bondage ( t law :i* ,he fur!r confirm$ & e/abli%$4 7#gc7 ,paul app>5tly po9ts to ?is m ?an once 7e4g4 ,rom4 vii3#f1 & iii3#bh71 ?\gh he nev] himself seems to wi% to speak op5ly1 b1 to quote 8 own words 7,rom4 iii3#f1 & vi3#ai71 m]ely humanly4 7#gd7 ,?is he expressly /ates :5 he calls ,god j1 & x 0 d\btless 9 concession to human weakness t he attributes m]cy1 grace1 ang]1 & simil> qualities to ,god1 adapt+ 8 language to ! popul> m9d1 or1 z he puts x 7#a ,cor4 iii3#a1 #b71 to c>nal m54 7#ge7 ,9 ,rom4 ix3#ah1 he tea*es undisguis$ly t ,god's aug] & m]cy dep5d n on ! actions ( m51 b on ,god's own nature or w2 fur!r1 t no "o is ju/ifi$ by ! works ( ! law1 b only by fai?1 :i* he seems to id5tify ) ! full ass5t ( ! s\l2 la/ly1 t no "o is bless$ unless he h 9 him ! m9d ( ,*ri/ 7,rom4 viii3#i71 :]eby he p]ceives ! laws ( ,god z et]nal tru?s4 7#gf7 ,we conclude1 !re=e1 t ,god is describ$ z a lawgiv] or pr9ce1 & /yl$ j1 m]ciful1 c41 m]ely 9 concession to popul> und]/&+1 & ! imp]fection ( popul> k2 t 9 reality ,god acts & directs all ?+s simply by ! necessity ( ,8 nature & p]fection1 & t ,8 decrees & volitions are et]nal tru?s1 & always involve necessity4 7#gg7 ,s mu* = ! fir/ po9t :i* ,i wi%$ to expla9 & demon/rate4 7#gh7 ,pass+ on to ! second po9t1 let u se>* ! sacr$ pages = _! tea*+ conc]n+ ! light ( nature & ?is ,div9e law4 7#gi7 ,! fir/ doctr9e we f9d 9 ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ man1 :]e x is n>rat$ t ,god comm&$ ,adam n to eat ( ! fruit ( ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil2 ?is seems to mean t ,god comm&$ ,adam to d & to seek aft] righte\sness because x 0 good1 n because ! contr>y 0 evil3 t is1 to seek ! good = its own sake1 n f fe> ( evil4 7#hj7 ,we h se5 t he :o acts rightly f ! true k & love ( "r1 acts ) fre$om & con/ancy1 :]eas he :o acts f fe> ( evil1 is "u ! con/ra9t ( evil1 & acts 9 bondage "u ext]nal control4 7#ha7 ,s t ?is comm&m5t ( ,god to ,adam compreh5ds ! :ole ,div9e natural law1 & absolutely agrees ) ! dictates ( ! light ( nature2 nay1 x w\ld be easy to expla9 on ?is basis ! :ole hi/ory or allegory ( ! fir/ man4 7#hb7 ,b ,i pref] to pass ov] ! subject 9 sil5ce1 because1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,i _c be absolutely c]ta9 t my explanation w\ld be 9 accordance ) ! int5tion ( ! sacr$ writ]2 &1 secondly1 because _m d n admit t ?is hi/ory is an allegory1 ma9ta9+ x to be a simple n>rative ( facts4 7#hc7 ,x w be bett]1 !re=e1 to adduce o!r passages ( ,scripture1 especially su* z 7 writt5 by him1 :o speaks ) all ! /r5g? ( 8 natural und]/&+1 9 :i* he surpass$ all 8 contempor>ies1 & ^: say+s are accept$ by ! p z ( equal weight ) ^? ( ! prophets4 7#hd7 ,i mean ,solomon1 ^: prud5ce & wisdom are comm5d$ 9 ,scripture r ?an 8 piety & gift ( prophecy4 7#he7 ,life be+ tak5 to mean ! true life 7z is evid5t f ,deut4 xxx3#ai71 ! fruit ( ! und]/&+ consi/s only 9 ! true life1 & its abs5ce con/itutes puni%m5t4 7#hf7 ,all ?is absolutely agrees ) :at 0 set out 9 our f\r? po9t conc]n+ natural law4 7#hg7 ,moreov] our position t x is ! well-spr+ ( life1 & t ! intellect alone lays d[n laws = ! wise1 is pla9ly taught by1 ! sage1 = he says 7,prov4 xiii3#ad73 ,! law ( ! wise is a f\nta9 ( life - t is1 z we ga!r f ! prec$+ text1 ! und]/&+4 7#hh7 ,9 *ap4 iii3#ac1 he expressly tea*es t ! und]/&+ r5d]s man bless$ & happy1 & gives him true peace ( m9d4 ,happy is ! man t f9de? wisdom1 & ! man t gette? und]/&+1 = ,wisdom gives l5g? ( days1 & ri*es & hon\r2 h] ways are ways ( pleasantness1 & all h] pa?s peace 7xiiii3#f1 #ag74 7#hi7 ,accord+ to ,solomon1 !re=e1 x is only1 ! wise :o live 9 peace & equanimity1 n l ! wick$ ^: m9ds drift hi!r & ?i!r1 & 7z ,isaiah says1 *ap4 lvii3#bj7 are l ! tr\bl$ sea1 = !m !re is no peace4 7#ij7 ,la/ly1 we %\ld especially note ! passage 9 *ap4 ii4 ( ,solomon's prov]bs :i* mo/ cle>ly confirms our cont5tion3 ,if ?\ crie/ aft] k1 & lifte/ up ?y voice = und]/&+ 4 4 4 !n %alt ?\ und]/& ! fe> ( ! ,"l1 & f9d ! k ( ,god2 = ! ,"l give? wisdom2 out ( ,8 m\? come? k & und]/&+4 7#ia7 ,^! words cle>ly enunciate 7#a71 t wisdom or intellect alone tea*es u to fe> ,god wisely - t is1 to wor%ip ,him truly2 7#b71 t wisdom & k fl[ f ,god's m\?1 & t ,god be/[s on u ?is gift2 ?is we h already %[n 9 prov+ t our und]/&+ & our k dep5d on1 spr+ f1 & are p]fect$ by ! idea or k ( ,god1 & no?+ else4 7#ib7 ,solomon goes on to say 9 s _m words t ?is k conta9s & involves ! true pr9ciples ( e?ics & politics3 ,:5 wisdom ent]e? into ?y he>t1 & k is pleasant to ?y s\l1 discretion %all pres]ve !e1 und]/&+ %all keep !e1 !n %alt ?\ und]/& righte\sness1 & judgm5t1 & equity1 yea e good pa?4 7#ic7 ,all ( :i* is 9 obvi\s agreem5t ) natural k3 = aft] we h come to ! und]/&+ ( ?+s1 & h ta/$ ! excell5ce ( k1 %e tea*es u e?ics & true virtue4 7#id7 ,?us ! happ9ess & ! peace ( him :o cultivates 8 natural und]/&+ lies1 accord+ to ,solomon also1 n s mu* "u ! dom9ion ( =tune 7or ,god's ext]nal aid7 z 9 inw>d p]sonal virtue 7or ,god's int]nal aid71 = ! latt] c to a great ext5t be pres]v$ by vigilance1 "r action1 & ?\ght4 7#ie7 ,la/ly1 we mu/ by no means pass ov] ! passage 9 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 i3#bj1 9 :i* he says3 ,= ! invisible ?+s ( ,god f ! creation ( ! _w are cle>ly se51 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made1 ev5 ,8 et]nal p[] & ,godhead2 s t !y are )\t excuse1 because1 :5 !y knew ,god1 !y glorifi$ ,him n z ,god1 nei!r 7 !y ?ankful4 7#if7 ,^! words cle>ly %[ t ev]yone c by ! light ( nature cle>ly und]/& ! goodness & ! et]nal div9ity ( ,god1 & c !nce "k & d$uce :at !y %\ld seek = & :at avoid2 :]e=e ! ,apo/le says t !y are )\t excuse & _c plead ignorance1 z !y c]ta9ly might if x 7 a "q ( sup]natural light & ! inc>nation1 passion1 & resurrection ( ,*ri/4 7#ig7 ,:]e=e1 he goes on to say 7ib4 #bd71 ,god gave !m up to uncleanness ?r\gh ! lu/s ( _! own he>ts2 & s on1 ?r\gh ! re/ ( ! *apt]1 he describes ! vices ( ignorance1 & sets !m =? z ! puni%m5t ( ignorance4 7#ih7 ,?is obvi\sly agrees ) ! v]se ( ,solomon1 already quot$1 ,! in/ruction ( fools is folly1 s t x is easy to und]/& :y ,paul says t ! wick$ are )\t excuse4 7#ii7 ,z e man s[s s %all he reap3 out ( evil1 evils necess>ily spr+1 unless !y be wisely c\nt]act$4 7#ajj7 ,?us we see t ,scripture lit]ally approves ( ! light ( natural reason & ! natural ,div9e law1 & ,i h fulfill$ ! promises made at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,v4 - ,,( ,,! ,,c]emonial ,,law4 7#a7 ,9 ! =ego+ *apt] we h %[n t ! ,div9e law1 :i* r5d]s m5 truly bless$1 & tea*es !m ! true life1 is univ]sal to all m52 nay1 we h s intimately d$uc$ x f human nature t x mu/ be e/eem$ innate1 &1 z x 71 +ra9$ 9 ! human m9d4 7#b7 ,b ) reg>d to ! c]emonial obs]vances :i* 7 orda9$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t = ! ,hebrews only1 & 7 s adapt$ to _! /ate t !y c\ld = ! mo/ "p only be obs]v$ by ! society z a :ole & n by ea* individual1 x is evid5t t !y =m$ no "p ( ! ,div9e law1 & _h no?+ to d ) bless$ness & virtue1 b _h ref]5ce only to ! election ( ! ,hebrews1 t is 7z ,i h %[n 9 ,*ap4 ,,ii471 to _! temporal bodily happ9ess & ! tranquillity ( _! k+dom1 & t !re=e !y 7 only valid :ile t k+dom la/$4 7#c7 ,if 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t !y are spok5 ( z ! law ( ,god1 x is only because !y 7 f\nd$ on revelation1 or a basis ( revelation4 7#d7 ,/ill z reason1 h[ev] s\nd1 has little weight ) ord9>y !ologians1 ,i w adduce ! au?ority ( ,scripture = :at ,i "h ass]t1 & w fur!r %[1 = ! sake ( great] cle>ness1 :y & h[ ^! c]emonials s]v$ to e/abli% & pres]ve ! ,jewi% k+dom4 7#e7 ,isaiah tea*es mo/ pla9ly t ! ,div9e law 9 its /rict s5se signifies t univ]sal law :i* consi/s 9 a true mann] ( life1 & does n signify c]emonial obs]vances4 7#f7 ,9 *apt] i3#aj1 ! prophet calls on 8 c\ntrym5 to he>k5 to ! ,div9e law z he deliv]s x1 & fir/ exclud+ all k9ds ( sacrifices & all fea/s1 he at l5g? sums up ! law 9 ^! few words1 ,cease to d evil1 le>n to d well3 seek judgm5t1 relieve ! oppress$4 7#g7 ,n less /rik+ te/imony is giv5 9 ,psalm xl3#g- #i1 :]e ! ,psalmi/ addresses ,god3 ,sacrifice & (f]+ ,?\ did/ n desire2 m9e e>s ha/ ,?\ op5$2 burnt (f]+ & s9-(f]+ ha/ ,?\ n requir$2 ,i delight to d ,?y w1 ,o my ,god2 yea1 ,?y law is )9 my he>t4 7#h7 ,"h ! ,psalmi/ reckons z ! law ( ,god only t :i* is inscrib$ 9 8 he>t1 & excludes c]emonies !refrom1 = ! latt] are good & inscrib$ on ! he>t only f ! fact ( _! in/itution1 & n because ( _! intr9sic value4 7#i7 ,o!r passages ( ,scripture te/ify to ! same tru?1 b ^! two w suffice4 7#aj7 ,we may also le>n f ! ,bible t c]emonies are no aid to bless$ness1 b only h ref]5ce to ! temporal prosp]ity ( ! k+dom2 = ! rew>ds promis$ = _! obs]vance are m]ely temporal advantages & delights1 bless$ness be+ res]v$ = ! univ]sal ,div9e law4 7#aa7 ,9 all ! five books commonly attribut$ to ,moses no?+ is promis$1 z ,i h said1 beyond temporal b5efits1 su* z hon\rs1 fame1 victories1 ri*es1 enjoym5ts1 & heal?4 7#ab7 ,?\gh _m moral precepts besides c]emonies are conta9$ 9 ^! five books1 !y appe> n z moral doctr9es univ]sal to all m51 b z comm&s especially adapt$ to ! und]/&+ & "* ( ! ,hebrew p1 & z hav+ ref]5ce only to ! welf>e ( ! k+dom4 7#ac7 ,= in/ance1 ,moses does n tea* ! ,jews z a prophet n to kill or to /eal1 b gives ^! comm&m5ts solely z a lawgiv] & judge2 he does n reason out ! doctr9e1 b affixes = its non-obs]vance a p5alty :i* may & v prop]ly does v>y 9 diff]5t nations4 7#ad7 ,s1 too1 ! comm& n to commit adult]y is giv5 m]ely ) ref]5ce to ! welf>e ( ! /ate2 = if ! moral doctr9e _h be5 int5d$1 ) ref]5ce n only to ! welf>e ( ! /ate1 b also to ! tranquillity & bless$ness ( ! individual1 ,moses w\ld h condemn$ n m]ely ! outw>d act1 b also ! m5tal acquiesc5ce1 z is done by ,*ri/1 ,:o taught only univ]sal moral precepts1 & = ?is cause promises a spiritual in/ead ( a temporal rew>d4 7#ae7 ,*ri/1 z ,i h said1 0 s5t into ! _w1 n to pres]ve ! /ate nor to lay d[n laws1 b solely to tea* ! univ]sal moral law1 s we c easily und]/& t ,he wi%$ 9 n[ise to d away ) ! law ( ,moses1 inasmu* z ,he introduc$ no new laws ( ,8 own - ,8 sole c>e 0 to tea* moral doctr9es1 & di/+ui% !m f ! laws ( ! /ate2 = ! ,ph>isees1 9 _! ignorance1 ?\ght t ! obs]vance ( ! /ate law & ! ,mosaic law 0 ! sum total ( morality2 :]eas su* laws m]ely _h ref]5ce to ! public welf>e1 & aim$ n s mu* at in/ruct+ ! ,jews z at keep+ !m "u con/ra9t4 7#af7 ,b let u return to our subject1 & cite o!r passages ( ,scripture :i* set =? temporal b5efits z rew>ds = obs]v+ ! c]emonial law1 & bless$ness z rew>d = ! univ]sal law4 7#ag7 ,none ( ! prophets puts ! po9t m cle>ly ?an ,isaiah4 7#ah47 ,aft] condemn+ hypocrisy he comm5ds lib]ty & *>ity t[>ds "o's self & "o's neighb\rs1 & promises z a rew>d3 ,!n %all ?y light break =? z ! morn+1 & ?y heal? %all spr+ =? spe$ily1 ?y righte\sness %all g be=e !e1 & ! glory ( ! ,"l %all be ?y rew>d 7*ap4 lviii3#h74 7#ai7 ,%ortly aft]w>ds he comm5ds ! ,sabba?1 & = a due obs]vance ( x1 promises3 ,!n %alt ?\ delight ?yself 9 ! ,"l1 & ,i w cause !e to ride ^u ! high places ( ! e>?1 & fe$ !e ) ! h]itage ( ,jacob ?y fa!r3 = ! m\? ( ! ,"l has spok5 x4 7#bj7 ,?us ! prophet = lib]ty be/[$1 & *>itable works1 promises a heal?y m9d 9 a heal?y body1 & ! glory ( ! ,"l ev5 aft] dea?2 :]eas1 = c]emonial exactitude1 he only promises security ( rule1 prosp]ity1 & temporal happ9ess4 7#ba7 ,9 ,psalms xv4 & xxiv4 no m5tion is made ( c]emonies1 b only ( moral doctr9es1 inasmu* z !re is no "q ( any?+ b bless$ness1 & bless$ness is symbolically promis$3 x is q c]ta9 t ! expressions1 ! hill ( ,god1 & ,8 t5ts & ! dwell]s !re91 ref] to bless$ness & security ( s\l1 n to ! actual m\nt ( ,j]usalem & ! tab]nacle ( ,moses1 = ^! latt] 7 n dwelt 9 by anyone1 & only ! sons ( ,levi m9i/]$ !re4 7#bb7 ,fur!r1 all ^? s5t5ces ( ,solomon to :i* ,i ref]r$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 = ! cultivation ( ! intellect & wisdom1 promise true bless$ness1 = by wisdom is ! fe> ( ,god at l5g? und]/ood1 & ! k ( ,god f\nd4 7#bc7 ,t ! ,jews !mselves 7 n b\nd to practise _! c]emonial obs]vances aft] ! de/ruction ( _! k+dom is evid5t f ,j]emiah4 7#bd7 ,= :5 ! prophet saw & =etold t ! desolation ( ! city 0 at h&1 he said t ,god only delights 9 ^? :o "k & und]/& t ,he ex]cises lov+-k9dness1 judgm5t1 & righte\sness 9 ! e>?1 & t su* p]sons only are wor?y ( praise4 7,j]4 ix3#bc47 7#be7 ,z ?\gh ,god _h said t1 aft] ! desolation ( ! city1 ,he w\ld require no?+ special f ! ,jews beyond ! natural law by :i* all m5 are b\nd4 7#bf7 ,! ,new ,te/am5t also confirms ?is view1 = only moral doctr9es are !re9 taught1 & ! k+dom ( heav5 is promis$ z a rew>d1 :]eas c]emonial obs]vances are n t\*$ on by ! ,apo/les1 aft] !y began to prea* ! ,gospel to ! ,g5tiles4 7#bg7 ,! ,ph>isees c]ta9ly cont9u$ to practise ^! rites aft] ! de/ruction ( ! k+dom1 b m ) a view ( oppos+ ! ,*ri/ians ?an ( pleas+ ,god3 = aft] ! fir/ de/ruction ( ! city1 :5 !y 7 l$ captive to ,babylon1 n be+ !n1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 split up into sects1 !y /raightway neglect$ _! rites1 bid f>ewell to ! ,mosaic law1 buri$ _! national cu/oms 9 oblivion z be+ pla9ly sup]flu\s1 & began to m+le ) o!r nations1 z we may abundantly le>n f ,ezra & ,nehemiah4 7#bh7 ,we _c1 !re=e1 d\bt t !y 7 no m b\nd by ! law ( ,moses1 aft] ! de/ruction ( _! k+dom1 ?an !y _h be5 be=e x _h be5 begun1 :ile !y 7 /ill liv+ among o!r peoples be=e ! exodus f ,egypt1 & 7 subject to no special law beyond ! natural law1 & also1 d\btless1 ! law ( ! /ate 9 :i* !y 7 liv+1 9 s f> z x 0 consonant ) ! ,div9e natural law4 7#bi7 ,z to ! fact t ! patri>*s (f]$ sacrifices1 ,i ?9k !y did s = ! purpose ( /imulat+ _! piety1 = _! m9ds _h be5 accu/om$ f *ildhood to ! idea ( sacrifice1 :i* we "k _h be5 univ]sal f ! "t ( ,eno*2 & ?us !y f\nd 9 sacrifice _! mo/ p[]ful inc5tive4 7#cj7 ,! patri>*s1 !n1 did n sacrifice to ,god at ! bidd+ ( a ,div9e "r1 or z taught by ! basis ( ! ,div9e law1 b simply 9 accordance ) ! cu/om ( ! "t2 &1 if 9 s do+ !y foll[$ any ord9ance1 x 0 simply ! ord9ance ( ! c\ntry !y 7 liv+ 91 by :i* 7z we h se5 be=e 9 ! case ( ,mel*is$ek7 !y 7 b\nd4 7#ca7 ,i ?9k t ,i h n[ giv5 ,scriptural au?ority = my view3 x rema9s to %[ :y & h[ ! c]emonial obs]vances t5d$ to pres]ve & confirm ! ,hebrew k+dom2 & ?is ,i c v briefly d on gr\nds univ]sally accept$4 7#cb7 ,! =mation ( society s]ves n only = def5sive purposes1 b is also v useful1 &1 inde$1 absolutely necess>y1 z r5d]+ possible ! division ( lab\r4 7#cc7 ,if m5 did n r5d] mutual assi/ance to ea* o!r1 no "o w\ld h ei!r ! skill or ! "t to provide = 8 own su/5ance & pres]vation3 = all m5 are n equally apt = all "w1 & no "o w\ld be capable ( prep>+ all t he individually /ood 9 ne$ (4 7#cd7 ,/r5g? & "t1 ,i repeat1 w\ld fail1 if e "o _h 9 p]son to pl\gh1 to s[1 to reap1 to gr9d corn1 to cook1 to weave1 to /it*1 & p]=m ! o!r num]\s functions requir$ to keep life go+2 to say no?+ ( ! arts & sci5ces :i* are also entirely necess>y to ! p]fection & bless$ness ( human nature4 7#ce7 ,we see t peoples liv+1 9 unciviliz$ b>b>ism lead a wret*$ & almo/ animal life1 & ev5 !y w\ld n be able to acquire _! few rude necess>ies )\t assi/+ "o ano!r to a c]ta9 ext5t4 7#cf7 ,n[ if m5 7 s con/itut$ by nature t !y desir$ no?+ b :at is designat$ by true reason1 society w\ld obvi\sly h no ne$ ( laws3 x w\ld be suffici5t to inculcate true moral doctr9es2 & m5 w\ld freely1 )\t hesitation1 act 9 accordance ) _! true int]e/s4 7#cg7 ,b human nature is fram$ 9 a diff]5t fa%ion3 e "o1 inde$1 seeks 8 own int]e/1 b does n d s 9 accordance ) ! dictates ( s\nd reason1 = mo/ m5's ideas ( desirability & usefulness are guid$ by _! fle%ly in/9cts & emotions1 :i* take no ?\ght beyond ! pres5t & ! imm$iate object4 7#ch7 ,!re=e1 no society c exi/ )\t gov]nm5t1 & =ce1 & laws to re/ra9 & repress m5's desires & immod]ate impulses4 7#ci7 ,/ill human nature w n submit to absolute repression4 7#dj7 ,viol5t gov]nm5ts1 z ,s5eca says1 nev] la/ long2 ! mod]ate gov]nm5ts endure4 7#da7 ,s long z m5 act simply f fe> !y act contr>y to _! incl9ations1 tak+ no ?\ght = ! advantages or necessity ( _! actions1 b simply endeav\r+ to escape puni%m5t or loss ( life4 7#db7 ,!y mu/ ne$s rejoice 9 any evil :i* befalls _! rul]1 ev5 if x %\ld involve !mselves2 & mu/ long = & br+ ab\t su* evil by e means 9 _! p[]4 7#dc7 ,aga91 m5 are especially intol]ant ( s]v+ & be+ rul$ by _! equals4 7#dd7 ,la/ly1 x is exce$+ly difficult to revoke lib]ties once grant$4 7#de7 ,f ^! consid]ations x foll[s1 fir/ly1 t au?ority %\ld ei!r be ve/$ 9 ! h&s ( ! :ole /ate 9 common1 s t ev]yone %\ld be b\nd to s]ve1 & yet n be 9 subjection to 8 equals2 or else1 if p[] be 9 ! h&s ( a few1 or "o man1 t "o man %\ld be some?+ above av]age humanity1 or %\ld /rive to get himself accept$ z su*4 7#df7 ,secondly1 laws %\ld 9 e gov]nm5t be s arrang$ t p %\ld be kept 9 b\nds by ! hope ( "s greatly desir$ good1 r ?an by fe>1 = !n ev]yone w d 8 duty will+ly4 7#dg7 ,la/ly1 z ob$i5ce consi/s 9 act+ at ! bidd+ ( ext]nal au?ority1 x w\ld h no place 9 a /ate :]e ! gov]nm5t is ve/$ 9 ! :ole p1 & :]e laws are made by common cons5t4 7#dh7 ,9 su* a society ! p w\ld rema9 free1 :e!r ! laws 7 add$ to or dim9i%$1 inasmu* z x w\ld n be done on ext]nal au?ority1 b _! own free cons5t4 7#di7 ,! rev]se happ5s :5 ! sov]eign p[] is ve/$ 9 "o man1 = all act at 8 bidd+2 &1 !re=e1 unless !y _h be5 tra9$ f ! fir/ to dep5d on ! words ( _! rul]1 ! latt] w\ld f9d x difficult1 9 case ( ne$1 to abrogate lib]ties once conc$$1 & impose new laws4 7#ej7 ,f ^! univ]sal consid]ations1 let u pass on to ! k+dom ( ! ,jews4 7#ea7 ,! ,jews :5 !y fir/ came out ( ,egypt 7 n b\nd by any national laws1 & 7 !re=e free to ratify any laws !y lik$1 or to make new ones1 & 7 at lib]ty to set up a gov]nm5t & occupy a t]ritory :]ev] !y *ose4 7#eb7 ,h[ev]1 !y1 7 entirely unfit to frame a wise code ( laws & to keep ! sov]eign p[] ve/$ 9 ! community2 !y 7 all uncultivat$ & sunk 9 a wret*$ slav]y1 !re=e ! sov]eignty 0 b\nd to rema9 ve/$ 9 ! h&s ( "o man :o w\ld rule ! re/ & keep !m "u con/ra9t1 make laws & int]pret !m4 7#ec7 ,?is sov]eignty 0 easily reta9$ by ,moses1 because he surpass$ ! re/ 9 virtue & p]suad$ ! p ( ! fact1 prov+ x by _m te/imonies 7see ,exod4 *ap4 xiv41 la/ v]se1 & *ap4 xix3#i74 7#ed7 ,he !n1 by ! ,div9e virtue he possess$1 made laws & orda9$ !m = ! p1 tak+ ! greate/ c>e t !y %\ld be obey$ will+ly & n ?r\gh fe>1 be+ specially induc$ to adopt ?is c\rse by ! ob/9ate nature ( ! ,jews1 :o w\ld n h submitt$ to be rul$ solely by con/ra9t2 & also by ! imm95ce ( w>1 = x is always bett] to inspire soldi]s ) a ?ir/ = glory ?an to t]rify !m ) ?reats2 ea* man w !n /rive to di/+ui% himself by val\r & c\rage1 in/ead ( m]ely try+ to escape puni%m5t4 7#ee7 ,moses1 !re=e1 by 8 virtue & ! ,div9e comm&1 introduc$ a religion1 s t ! p might d _! duty f devotion r ?an fe>4 7#ef7 ,fur!r1 he b\nd !m ov] by b5efits1 & prophesi$ _m advantages 9 ! future2 nor 7 8 laws v sev]e1 z anyone may see = himself1 especially if he rem>ks ! numb] ( circum/ances necess>y 9 ord] to procure ! conviction ( an accus$ p]son4 7#eg7 ,la/ly1 9 ord] t ! p :i* c\ld n gov]n itself %\ld be entirely dep5d5t on its rul]1 he left no?+ to ! free *oice ( individuals 7:o _h hi!rto be5 slaves72 ! p c\ld d no?+ b rememb] ! law1 & foll[ ! ord9ances laid d[n at ! good pleasure ( _! rul]2 !y 7 n all[$ to pl\gh1 to s[1 to reap1 nor ev5 to eat2 to clo! !mselves1 to %ave1 to rejoice1 or 9 fact to d any?+ :atev] z !y lik$1 b 7 b\nd to foll[ ! directions giv5 9 ! law2 & n only ?is1 b !y 7 oblig$ to h m>ks on _! door-po/s1 on _! h&s1 & betwe5 _! eyes to admoni% !m to p]petual ob$i5ce4 7#eh7 ,?is1 !n1 0 ! object ( ! c]emonial law1 t m5 %\ld d no?+ ( _! own free w1 b %\ld always act "u ext]nal au?ority1 & %\ld cont9ually confess by _! actions & ?\ghts t !y 7 n _! own ma/]s1 b 7 entirely "u ! control ( o!rs4 7#ei7 ,f all ^! consid]ations x is cle>] ?an day t c]emonies h no?+ to d ) a /ate ( bless$ness1 & t ^? m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 i4e4 ! :ole ,mosaic ,law1 _h ref]5ce m]ely to ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,jews1 & m]ely temporal advantages4 7#fj7 ,z = ! ,*ri/ian rites1 su* z baptism1 ! ,"l's ,supp]1 fe/ivals1 public pray]s1 & any o!r obs]vances :i* are1 & always h be51 common to all ,*ri/5dom1 if !y 7 in/itut$ by ,*ri/ or ,8 ,apo/les 7:i* is op5 to d\bt71 !y 7 in/itut$ z ext]nal signs ( ! univ]sal *ur*1 & n z hav+ any?+ to d ) bless$ness1 or possess+ any sanctity 9 !mselves4 7#fa7 ,!re=e1 ?\gh su* c]emonies 7 n orda9$ = ! sake ( uphold+ a gov]nm5t1 !y 7 orda9$ = ! pres]vation ( a society1 & accord+ly he :o lives alone is n b\nd by !m3 nay1 ^? :o live 9 a c\ntry :]e ! ,*ri/ian religion is =bidd51 are b\nd to ab/a9 f su* rites1 & c none ! less live 9 a /ate ( bless$ness4 7#fb7 ,we h an example ( ?is 9 ,japan1 :]e ! ,*ri/ian religion is =bidd51 & ! ,dut* :o live !re are enjo9$ by _! ,ea/ ,india ,company n to practise any outw>d rites ( religion4 7#fc7 ,i ne$ n cite o!r examples1 ?\gh x w\ld be easy to prove my po9t f ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & to adduce _m confirmatory in/ances2 b ,i pass on ! m will+ly1 z ,i am anxi\s to proce$ to my next proposition4 7#fd7 ,i w n[1 !re=e1 pass on to :at ,i propos$ to treat ( 9 ! second "p ( ?is *apt]1 namely1 :at p]sons are b\nd to believe 9 ! n>ratives conta9$ 9 ,scripture1 & h[ f> !y are s b\nd4 7#fe7 ,exam9+ ?is "q by ! aid ( natural reason1 ,i w proce$ z foll[s4 7#ff7 ,if anyone wi%es to p]suade 8 fell[s = or aga9/ any?+ :i* is n self-evid5t1 he mu/ d$uce 8 cont5tion f _! admissions1 & conv9ce !m ei!r by exp]i5ce or by ratioc9ation2 ei!r by appeal+ to facts ( natural exp]i5ce1 or to self-evid5t intellectual axioms4 7#fg7 ,n[ unless ! exp]i5ce be ( su* a k9d z to be cle>ly & di/9ctly und]/ood1 ?\gh x may conv9ce a man1 x w n h ! same effect on 8 m9d & disp]se ! cl\ds ( 8 d\bt s completely z :5 ! doctr9e taught is d$uc$ entirely f intellectual axioms - t is1 by ! m]e p[] ( ! und]/&+ & logical ord]1 & ?is is especially ! case 9 spiritual matt]s :i* h no?+ to d ) ! s5ses4 7#fh7 ,b ! d$uction ( conclusions f g5]al tru?s a priori1 usually requires a long *a9 ( argum5ts1 &1 moreov]1 v great caution1 acut5ess1 & self-re/ra9t - qualities :i* are n (t5 met )2 !re=e p pref] to be taught by exp]i5ce r ?an d$uce _! conclusion f a few axioms1 & set !m out 9 logical ord]4 7#fi7 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t if anyone wi%es to tea* a doctr9e to a :ole nation 7n to speak ( ! :ole human race71 & to be und]/ood by all m5 9 e p>ticul>1 he w seek to support 8 tea*+ ) exp]i5ce1 & w endeav\r to suit 8 reason+s & ! def9itions ( 8 doctr9es z f> z possible to ! und]/&+ ( ! common p1 :o =m ! majority ( mank9d1 & he w n set !m =? 9 logical sequ5ce nor adduce ! def9itions :i* s]ve to e/abli% !m4 7#gj7 ,o!rwise he writes only = ! le>n$ - t is1 he w be und]/ood by only a small proportion ( ! human race4 7#ga7 ,all ,scripture 0 writt5 prim>ily = an entire p1 & second>ily = ! :ole human race2 !re=e its cont5ts mu/ necess>ily be adapt$ z f> z possible to ! und]/&+ ( ! masses1 & prov$ only by examples drawn f exp]i5ce4 7#gb7 ,we w expla9 ourselves m cle>ly4 7#gc7 ,! *ief speculative doctr9es taught 9 ,scripture are ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 or a ,be+ ,:o made all ?+s1 & ,:o directs & su/a9s ! _w ) consummate wisdom2 fur!rmore1 t ,god takes ! greate/ ?\ght = m51 or su* ( !m z live pi\sly & hon\rably1 :ile ,he puni%es1 ) v>i\s p5alties1 ^? :o d evil1 sep>at+ !m f ! good4 7#gd7 ,all ?is is prov$ 9 ,scripture entirely ?r\gh exp]i5ce-t is1 ?r\gh ! n>ratives !re relat$4 7#ge7 ,no def9itions ( doctr9e are giv51 b all ! say+s & reason+s are adapt$ to ! und]/&+ ( ! masses4 7#gf7 ,al?\gh exp]i5ce c give no cle> k ( ^! ?+s1 nor expla9 ! nature ( ,god1 nor h[ ,he directs & su/a9s all ?+s1 x c nev]!less tea* & enlight5 m5 suffici5tly to impress ob$i5ce & devotion on _! m9ds4 7#gg7 ,x is n[1 ,i ?9k1 suffici5tly cle> :at p]sons are b\nd to believe 9 ! ,scripture n>ratives1 & 9 :at degree !y are s b\nd1 = x evid5tly foll[s f :at has be5 said t ! k ( & belief 9 !m is p>ticul>ly necess>y to ! masses ^: intellect is n capable ( p]ceiv+ ?+s cle>ly & di/9ctly4 7#gh7 ,fur!r1 he :o d5ies !m because he does n believe t ,god exi/s or takes ?\ght = m5 & ! _w1 may be acc\nt$ impi\s2 b a man :o is ignorant ( !m1 & nev]!less kn[s by natural reason t ,god exi/s1 z we h said1 & has a true plan ( life1 is altoge!r bless$ - yes1 m bless$ ?an ! common h]d ( believ]s1 because besides true op9ions he possesses also a true & di/9ct conception4 7#gi7 ,la/ly1 he :o is ignorant ( ! ,scriptures & kn[s no?+ by ! light ( reason1 ?\gh he may n be impi\s or rebelli\s1 is yet less ?an human & almo/ brutal1 hav+ none ( ,god's gifts4 7#hj7 ,we mu/ "h rem>k t :5 we say t ! k ( ! sacr$ n>rative is p>ticul>ly necess>y to ! masses1 we d n mean ! k ( absolutely all ! n>ratives 9 ! ,bible1 b only ( ! pr9cipal ones1 ^? :i*1 tak5 by !mselves1 pla9ly display ! doctr9e we h j /at$1 & h mo/ effect ov] m5's m9ds4 7#ha7 ,if all ! n>ratives 9 ,scripture 7 necess>y = ! pro( ( ?is doctr9e1 & if no conclusion c\ld be drawn )\t ! g5]al consid]ation ( e "o ( ! hi/ories conta9$ 9 ! sacr$ writ+s1 truly ! conclusion & demon/ration ( su* doctr9e w\ld ov]task ! und]/&+ & /r5g? n only ( ! masses1 b ( humanity2 :o is !re :o c\ld give att5tion to all ! n>ratives at once1 & to all ! circum/ances1 & all ! scraps ( doctr9e to be elicit$ f su* a ho/ ( div]se hi/ories8 7#hb7 ,i _c believe t ! m5 :o h left u ! ,bible z we h x 7 s ab\nd+ 9 tal5t t !y attempt$ sett+ ab\t su* a me?od ( demon/ration1 /ill less c ,i suppose t we _c und]/& ,scriptural doctr9e till we h giv5 he$ to ! qu>rels ( ,isaac1 ! advice ( ,a*itophel to ,absalom1 ! civil w> betwe5 ,jews & ,israelites1 & o!r simil> *ronicles2 nor c ,i ?9k t x 0 m difficult to tea* su* doctr9e by means ( hi/ory to ! ,jews ( e>ly times1 ! contempor>ies ( ,moses1 ?an x 0 to ! contempor>ies ( ,esdras4 7#hc7 ,b m w be said on ?is po9t h]eaft]1 we may n[ only note t ! masses are only b\nd to "k ^? hi/ories :i* c mo/ p[]fully dispose _! m9d to ob$i5ce & devotion4 7#hd7 ,h[ev]1 ! masses are n suffici5tly skill$ to draw conclusions f :at !y read1 !y take m delight 9 ! actual /ories1 & 9 ! /range & unlook$-= issues ( ev5ts ?an 9 ! doctr9es impli$2 !re=e1 besides read+ ^! n>ratives1 !y are always 9 ne$ ( pa/ors or *ur* m9i/]s to expla9 !m to _! feeble intellig5ce4 7#he7 ,b n to w&] f our po9t1 let u conclude ) :at has be5 our pr9cipal object - namely1 t ! tru? ( n>ratives1 be !y :at !y may1 has no?+ to d ) ! ,div9e law1 & s]ves = no?+ except 9 respect ( doctr9e1 ! sole elem5t :i* makes "o hi/ory bett] ?an ano!r4 7#hf7 ,! n>ratives 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts surpass pr(ane hi/ory1 & diff] among !mselves 9 m]it simply by reason ( ! salut>y doctr9es :i* !y inculcate4 7#hg7 ,!re=e1 if a man 7 to read ! ,scripture n>ratives believ+ ! :ole ( !m1 b 7 to give no he$ to ! doctr9es !y conta91 & make no am5dm5t 9 8 life1 he might employ himself j z pr(itably 9 read+ ! ,koran or ! poetic drama1 or ord9>y *ronicles1 ) ! att5tion usually giv5 to su* writ+s2 on ! o!r h&1 if a man is absolutely ignorant ( ! ,scriptures1 & none ! less has "r op9ions & a true plan ( life1 he is absolutely bless$ & truly possesses 9 himself ! _s ( ,*ri/4 7#hh7 ,! ,jews are ( a directly contr>y way ( ?9k+1 = !y hold t true op9ions & a true plan ( life are ( no s]vice 9 atta9+ bless$ness1 if _! possessors h arriv$ at !m by ! light ( reason only1 & n l ! docum5ts prophetically reveal$ to ,moses4 7#hi7 ,maimonides v5tures op5ly to make ?is ass]tion3 ,e man :o takes to he>t ! sev5 precepts & dilig5tly foll[s !m1 is c\nt$ ) ! pi\s among ! nation1 & an heir ( ! _w to come2 t is to say1 if he takes to he>t & foll[s !m because ,god orda9$ !m 9 ! law1 & reveal$ !m to u by ,moses1 because !y 7 ( a=etime precepts to ! sons ( ,noah3 b he :o foll[s !m z l$ !reto by reason1 is n c\nt$ z a dwell] among ! pi\s or among ! wise ( ! nations4 7#ij7 ,su* are ! words ,( ,maimonides1 to :i* ,r4 ,joseph1 ! son ( ,%em ,job1 adds 9 8 book :i* he calls ,kebod ,elohim1 or ,god's ,glory1 t al?\gh ,ari/otle 7:om he consid]s to h writt5 ! be/ e?ics & to be above ev]yone else7 has n omitt$ any?+ t conc]ns true e?ics1 & :i* he has adopt$ 9 8 own book1 c>efully foll[+ ! l9es laid d[n1 yet ?is 0 n able to suffice = 8 salvation1 inasmu* z he embrac$ 8 doctr9es 9 accordance ) ! dictates ( reason & n z ,div9e docum5ts prophetically reveal$4 7#ia7 ,h[ev]1 t ^! are m]e figm5ts1 & are n support$ by ,scriptural au?ority w1 ,i ?9k1 be suffici5tly evid5t to ! att5tive read]1 s t an exam9ation ( ! !ory w be suffici5t = its refutation4 7#ib7 ,x is n my purpose "h to refute ! ass]tions ( ^? :o ass]t t ! natural light ( reason c tea* no?+1 ( any value conc]n+ ! true way ( salvation4 7#ic7 ,p :o lay no claims to reason = !mselves1 are n able to prove by reason ?is _! ass]tion2 & if !y hawk ab\t some?+ sup]ior to reason1 x is a m]e figm5t1 & f> bel[ reason1 z _! g5]al me?od ( life suffici5tly %[s4 7#id7 ,b !re is no ne$ to dwell ^u su* p]sons4 7#ie7 ,i w m]ely add t we c only judge ( a man by 8 works4 7#if7 ,if a man ab\nds 9 ! fruits ( ! ,_s1 *>ity1 joy1 peace1 long-suff]+1 k9dness1 goodness1 fai?1 g5tl5ess1 *a/ity1 aga9/ :i*1 z ,paul says 7,gal4 v3#bb71 !re is no law1 su* an "o1 :e!r he be taught by reason only or by ! ,scripture only1 has be5 9 v tru? taught by ,god1 & is altoge!r bless$4 7#ig7 ,?us h ,i said all t ,i und]took to say conc]n+ ,div9e law4 ,end ( ,"p #a ,,au?or',s ,,endnotes ,,to ,,! ,,!ologico-,,political ,,treatise ,,*apt]s ,i to ,v ,*apt] ,i ,endnote #a4 7#a7 ,! ^w nabi is rightly int]pret$ by ,rabbi ,salomon ,j>*i1 b ! s5se is h>dly caught by ,ab5 ,ezra1 :o 0 n s good a ,hebrai/4 7#b7 ,we mu/ also rem>k t ?is ,hebrew ^w = prophecy has a univ]sal mean+ & embraces all k9ds ( prophecy4 7#c7 ,o!r t]ms are m special1 & d5ote ?is or t sort ( prophecy1 z ,i believe is well kn[n to ! le>n$4 ,endnote #b4 7#a7 ,al?\gh1 ord9>y k is ,div9e1 its pr(essors _c be call$ prophets4 ,t is1 int]pret]s ( ,god4 7#b7 ,= he alone is an int]pret] ( ,god1 :o int]prets ! decrees :i* ,god has reveal$ to him1 to o!rs :o h n receiv$ su* revelation1 & ^: belief1 !re=e1 re/s m]ely on ! prophet's au?ority & ! confid5ce repos$ 9 him4 7#c7 ,if x 7 o!rwise1 & all :o li/5 to prophets became prophets !mselves1 z all :o li/5 to philosoph]s become philosoph]s1 a prophet w\ld no long] be ! int]pret] ( ,div9e decrees1 inasmu* z 8 he>]s w\ld "k ! tru?1 n on ! au?ority ( ! prophet1 b by means ( actual ,div9e revelation & inw>d te/imony4 7#d7 ,?us ! sov]eign p[]s are ! int]pret]s ( _! own rights ( sway1 because ^! are def5d$ only by _! au?ority & support$ by _! te/imony4 ,endnote #c4 7#a7 ,prophets 7 end[$ ) a peculi> & extraord9>y p[]4 7#b7 ,?\gh "s m5 enjoy gifts :i* nature has n be/[$ on _! fell[s1 !y are n said to surpass ! b\nds ( human nature1 unless _! special qualities are su* z _c be said to be d$ucible f ! def9ition ( human nature4 7#c7 ,= in/ance1 a giant is a r>ity1 b /ill human4 7#d7 ,! gift ( compos+ poetry extempore is giv5 to v few1 yet x is human4 7#e7 ,! same may1 !re=e1 be said ( ! faculty possess$ by "s ( imag9+ ?+s z vividly z ?\gh !y saw !m be=e !m1 & ?is n :ile asleep1 b :ile awake4 7#f7 ,b if anyone c\ld be f\nd :o possess$ o!r means & o!r f\ndations = k1 he might be said to transc5d ! limits ( human nature4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,endnote #d4 7#a7 ,9 ,g54 xv4 x is writt5 t ,god promis$ ,abraham to protect him1 & to grant him ample rew>ds4 7#b7 ,abraham answ]$ t he c\ld expect no?+ :i* c\ld be ( any value to him1 z he 0 *ildless & well /rick5 9 ye>s4 ,endnote #e4 7#a7 ,t a keep+ ( ! comm&m5ts ( ! old ,te/am5t is n suffici5t = et]nal life1 appe>s f ,m>k x3#ba4 ,end ( ,endnotes to ,,"p ,i