,,essays ,,9 ,,w>-,,"t ,,fur!r ,,/udies ,,9 ,,! ,,task ,,( ,,social ,,hygi5e ,,by ,,havelock ,,ellis ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,introduction ,,ii4 ,,evolution ,,& ,,w> ,,iii4 ,,w> ,,& ,,eug5ics ,,iv4 ,,morality ,,9 ,,w>f>e ,v4 ,,is ,,w> ,,dim9i%+ ,,vi4 ,,w> ,,& ,,! ,,bir?-,,rate ,,vii4 ,,w> ,,& ,,democracy ,,viii4 ,,fem9ism ,,& ,,mascul9ism ,,ix4 ,,! ,,m5tal ,,diff]5ces ,,( ,,m5 ,,& ,,wom5 ,x4 ,,! ,,:ite ,,slave ,,crusade ,,xi4 ,,! ,,conque/ ,,( ,,v5]eal ,,disease ,,xii4 ,,! ,,nationalisation ,,( ,,heal? ,,xiii4 ,,eug5ics ,,& ,,g5ius ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,ability ,,xv4 ,,m>riage ,,& ,,divorce ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,! ,,bir?-,,rate ,,xvii4 ,,civilisation ,,& ,,! ,,bir?-,,rate ,,xviii4 ,,bir? ,,control ,,index ,i ,,introduction ,f ! po9t ( view ( lit]ature1 ! ,great ,w> ( to-day has br\ght u into a new & clos] sympa?y ) ! ,engl& ( ! pa/4 ,dr4 ,woods & ,mr4 ,baltzly 9 _! rec5t c>eful /udy ( ,european ,w>f>e1 ,is ,w> ,dim9i%+8 come to ! conclusion t ,engl& dur+ ! p]iod ( h] great activity 9 ! _w has be5 fight+ ab\t half ! "t4 ,we _h begun to look on w> z belong+ to ! pa/ & ins5sibly fall5 into ! view ( ,buckle t 9 ,engl& a love ( w> is1 z a national ta/e1 utt]ly ext9ct4 ,n[ we h awak5$ to realise t we belong to a p :o h be5 fight+ ab\t half ! "t4 ,?us x is1 = in/ance1 t we witness a revival ( int]e/ 9 ,wordswor?1 n t ,wordswor?1 ! high-prie/ ( ,nature among ! solit>y ,lakes1 :om we h nev] =sak51 b ! ,wordswor? :o sang exultantly ( ,c>nage z ,god's ,daught]4 ,to-day we turn to ! w>-l ,wordswor?1 ! /]n patriot hurl+ defiance at ! enemies :o ?reat5$ our isl& =tress1 z ! au!ntic voice ( ,engl&4 ,b ?is new s5se ( community ) ! pa/ comes to u aga9 & aga9 on e h& :5 to-day we look back to ! records ( ! pa/4 ,i *ance to take d[n ! ,epi/les ( ,erasmus1 & turn to ! lett]s :i* ! great ,humani/ ( ,rott]dam wrote f ,cambridge & ,london f\r hundr$ ye>s ago :5 "y ,h5ry ,,viii _h j sudd5ly 79 #aead7 plung$ into w>4 ,"o reads !m to-day ) vivid int]e/1 = "h 9 ! supple & s5sitive bra9 ( ! old s*ol> we see mirror$ precisely ! same ?\ghts & ! same problems :i* ex]cise ! m s*ol>ly bra9s ( to-day4 ,erasmus1 z 8 ,pan-,g]man fri5ds lik$ to rem9d him1 0 a sort ( ,g]man1 b he 01 nev]!less1 :at we %\ld n[ call a ,pacifi/4 ,he c see no?+ good 9 w> & he eloqu5tly sets =? :at he reg>ds z its evils4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve1 h[1 ev5 9 its small details z well z 9 its great calamities1 w> br\ght precisely ! same exp]i5ces f\r c5turies ago z to-day4 ,prices are ris+ e day1 ,erasmus decl>es1 taxation has become s heavy t no "o c af=d to be lib]al1 imports are hamp]$ & w9e is sc>ce1 x is difficult ev5 to get "o's =eign lett]s4 ,9 fact ! prep>ations ( w> are rapidly *ang+ ! g5ius ( ! ,isl&4 ,!reupon ,erasmus laun*es into m g5]al consid]ations on w>4 ,ev5 animals1 he po9ts out1 d n fight1 save r>ely1 & !n ) only ^? ( o!r species1 &1 moreov]1 n1 l u1 ) ma*9es ^u :i* we exp5d ! +5uity ( devils4 ,9 e w> also x is ! non-combatants :o suff] mo/1 ! p build cities & ! folly ( _! rul]s de/roys !m1 ! mo/ righte\s1 ! mo/ victori\s w> br+s m evil ?an good1 & ev5 :5 a real issue is 9 dispute1 x c\ld bett] h be5 settl$ by arbitration4 ,! moral contagion ( a w>1 moreov]1 la/s long aft] ! w> is ov]1 & ,erasmus proce$s to express himself freely on ! crimes ( fight]s & fight+4 ,erasmus 0 a cosmopolitan s*ol> :o habitually dwelt 9 ! _w ( ! _s & 9 no wise express$ ! g5]al feel+s ei!r ( 8 own "t or ours4 ,x is int]e/+ to turn to a v ord9>y1 x may be typical1 ,engli%man :o liv$ a c5tury lat]1 aga9 9 a p]iod ( w> & also ( q ord9>y & b mod]ately glori\s w>4 ,john ,r\s1 a ,cambridge graduate ( old ,suffolk family1 0 9 #afbc appo9t$ incumb5t ( ,santon ,d[nham1 !n call$ a t[n1 ?\gh n[ x has dw9dl$ away almo/ to no?+4 ,"h1 or r at ,weet+ or at ,br&on :]e he liv$1 ,r\s began two ye>s lat]1 on ! accession ( ,*>les ,i1 a private di>y :i* 0 pr9t$ by ! ,camd5 ,society sixty ye>s ago1 & has probably rema9$ unread ev] s9ce1 unless1 z 9 ! pres5t case1 by "s p]son ( antiqu>ian ta/es int]e/$ 9 ?is remote corn] ( ,ea/ ,anglia4 ,b to-day "o detects a new /reak ( int]e/ 9 ?is anci5t s]ies ( miscellane\s entries :]e we f9d t w> br\ght to ! front ! v same problems :i* confront u to-day4 ,santon ,d[nham lies 9 a remote & desolate & salubri\s region1 n )\t its attractions to-day1 nor1 = all its isolation1 devoid ( anci5t & mod]n associations4 ,= "h 9 ,weet+ p>i% we h ! great prehi/oric c5tre ( ! fl9t implem5t indu/ry1 /ill l+]+ on at ,br&on aft] untold ages1 a %r9e ( ! ar*aeologi/4 ,& "h also1 or at all ev5ts ne> by1 at ,lack5hea?1 d\btless a %r9e also = all m5 9 khaki1 ! villag] pr\dly po9ts out ! unpret5ti\s little h\se :i* is ! ance/ral home ( ! ,kit*5]s1 :o lie 9 ord]ly rank 9 ! *ur*y>d beside ! old *ur* notable = its r>ely qua9t m$iaeval c>v+s4 ,r\s 0 an ord9>y respectable type ( c\ntry p>son1 a solid ,engli%man1 cauti\s & temp]ate 9 8 op9ions1 ev5 9 ! privacy ( 8 di>y1 some?+ ( a c\ntry g5tleman z well z a s*ol>1 & int]e/$ 9 ev]y?+ t w5t on1 9 ! season's crops1 9 ! ris+ price ( produce1 9 ! execution ( a y\? = burgl>y or ! burn+ ( a woman = murd]+ h] husb&4 ,he frequ5tly ref]s to ! outbreak ( plague 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & notes1 = in/ance1 t ,cambridge is wondr\sly re=m$ s9ce ! plague !re2 s*ol>s frequ5t n ! /reets & tav]ns z be=e2 b1 he adds lat] on bett] in=mation1 d worse4 ,& at ! same "t he is full ( int]e/ 9 ! small incid5ts ( ,nature ar\nd him1 & notes1 = in/ance1 h[ a cr[ _h built a ne/ & laid an egg 9 ! poke ( ! topsail ( ! w9dmill4 ,b ,r\s's ,di>y is n conc]n$ only ) matt]s ( local int]e/4 ,all ! rum\rs ( ! _w rea*$ ! ,vic> ( ,d[nham & 7 by him fai?fully set d[n f day to day4 ,europe 0 see?+ ) w>2 ^! 7 ! days ( t fam\s ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> ( :i* we h s (t5 he>d ( late1 & f "t to "t ,engl& 0 jo9+ 9 ! g5]al di/urbance1 :e!r 9 ,france1 ,spa91 or ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,z usual ! ,engli% attack 0 mo/ly f ! basis ( ! ,fleet1 & nev] be=e1 ,r\s notes1 _h ,engl& possess$ s great & p[]ful a fleet4 ,soon aft] ! ,di>y beg9s ! ,engli% ,exp$ition to ,ro*elle took place1 & a v]sion ( its hi/ory is "h embodi$4 ,r\s 0 kept 9 t\* ) ! outside _w n only by ! proclamations con/antly set up at ,!t=d on ! corn] po/ ( ! ,bell ,inn--/ill ! c5tre ( t anci5t t[n--b by z num]\s & z v>i$ a crop ( reports z we f9d float+ among u to-day1 (t5 inde$ ( v simil> "*4 ,! vic> sets !m d[n1 n committ+ himself to belief b ) a pati5t confid5ce t "t may tell u :at we may safely ?9k4 ,9 ! mean:ile measures ) :i* we are famili> to-day 7 actively 9 progress3 recruits or volunt>ies 7 be+ ga!r$ up by ! drum1 _m soldi]s1 mo/ly ,iri%1 7 billet$1 sometimes n )\t friction1 all ov] ,ea/ ,anglia1 ! coa/s 7 be+ =tifi$1 ! price ( corn 0 ris+1 & ev5 ! problem ( int]national ex*ange is discuss$ ) precise data by ,r\s4 ,on "o occasion1 9 #afbg1 ,r\s reports a discussion conc]n+ ! ,ro*elle ,exp$ition :i* exactly c\nt]p>ts our exp]i5ce to-day4 ,he 0 at ,br&on ) two g5tlem5 nam$ ,pa9e & ,h[let1 :5 ! =m] began to criticise ! managem5t ( ! exp$ition1 disput+ ! possibility ( its success & !n fell 9 g5]al to speak di/ru/fully ( ! voyage1 & !n ( our w> ) ,france1 :i* he w\ld make our ,k+ ! cause (2 & s w5t on to topics ( old popul> discont5t1 ( ! great co/1 ! haz>d to %ips1 etc4 ,r\s1 l a good patriot1 ?\ght x f\l = any man to lay ! blame ^u our own ,k+ & ,/ate4 ,i told !m ,i w\ld always speak ! be/ ( :at our ,k+ & ,/ate did1 & ?9k ! be/ too1 till ,i _h good gr\nds4 ,& !n 9 8 ,di>y he comm5ts t he saw h]eby1 :at he _h (t5 se5 be=e1 t m5 be dispos$ to speak ! wor/ ( ,/ate bus9ess1 z ?\gh x 7 always be+ mismanag$1 & s n\ri% a discont5t :i* is itself a worse mis*ief & c only give joy to false he>ts4 ,t is a reflection :i* comes home to u to-day :5 we f9d ! desc5dants ( ,mr4 ,pa9e foll[+ s vigor\sly ! example :i* ! p>son ( ,d[nham reprobat$4 ,t little incid5t at ,br&on1 h[ev]1 & inde$ ! :ole picture ( ! ord9>y ,engli% life ( 8 "t :i* ,r\s sets =?1 sugge/ a wid] reflection4 ,we realise :at has always be5 ! ,engli% temp]4 ,x is ! temp] ( a vigor\s1 indep5d5t1 op9ionat$1 free-spok5 yet sometimes suspici\s p among :om e individual feels 9 himself ! impulse to rule4 ,x is also ! temp] ( a p always prep>$ 9 ! face ( dang] to subord9ate ^! native impulses4 ,! "o t5d5cy & ! o!r oppos+ t5d5cy are alike bas$ on ! hi/ory & traditions ( ! race4 ,fifte5 c5turies ago1 ,sidonius ,apoll9>is gaz$ inquisitively at ! ,saxon b>b>ians1 mo/ f]oci\s ( all foes1 :o came to ,aquitania1 ) faces daub$ ) blue pa9t & hair pu%$ back ov] _! =eheads2 %y & awkw>d among ! c\rti]s1 free & turbul5t :5 back aga9 9 _! %ips1 !y 7 all tea*+ & le>n+ at once1 & c\nt$ ev5 %ipwreck z good tra9+4 ,"o w\ld ?9k1 ! ,bi%op rem>ks1 t ea* o>sman 0 himself ! ar*-pirate4#a ,^! 7 ! m5 :o s l>gely w5t to ! mak+ ( ! ,anglo-,saxon1 & ,sidonius might d\btless /ill utt] ! same comm5t c\ld he obs]ve _! desc5dants 9 ,engl& to-day4 ,e ,engli%man believes 9 8 he>t1 h[ev] mode/ly he may conceal ! conviction1 t he c\ld himself organise z l>ge an army z ,kit*5] & organise x bett]4 ,b !re is n only ! in/9ct to ord] & to tea* b also to le>n & to obey4 ,= e ,engli%man is ! desc5dant ( sailors1 & ev5 ?is isl& ( ,brita9 seem$ to m5 ( old l a great %ip an*or$ 9 ! sea4 ,no?+ c ov]come ! impulse ( ! sailor to /& by 8 po/ at ! mom5t ( dang]1 & to play 8 sailorly "p1 :atev] 8 individual convictions may be conc]n+ ! exp$ition to ,ro*elle or ! exp$ition to ! ,d>danelles1 or ev5 conc]n+ 8 "r to play no "p at all4 ,t has ev] be5 ! ,engli%man's impulse 9 ! h\r ( p]il ( 8 isl& ,%ip ( ,/ate1 z to-day we see illu/rat$ 9 an almo/ miracul\s degree4 ,x is ! sav+ grace ( an ob/9ately indep5d5t & indiscipl9able p4 ,yet let u n =get t ?is same ,engli% temp] is %[n n only 9 w>f>e1 n only 9 adv5ture 9 ! physical _w1 b also 9 ! great]1 &--may we n say8--equally ardu\s tasks ( peace4 ,= to build up is ev5 yet m difficult ?an to pull d[n1 to create new life a /ill m difficult & complex task ?an to de/roy x4 ,our ,engli% habits ( re/less adv5ture1 ( lat5t revolt subdu$ to ! ends ( law & ord]1 ( uncontrollable fre$om & indep5d5ce1 are ev5 m fruitful "h1 9 ! organisation ( ! progressive tasks ( life1 ?an !y are 9 ! organisation ( ! tasks ( w>4 ,t is ! _s 9 :i* ^! essays h be5 writt5 by an ,engli%man ( ,engli% /ock 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se1 ^: national & family in/9cts ( indep5d5ce & w>f>e h be5 transmut$ into a preoccupation ) ! m con/ructive tasks ( life4 ,x is a _s :i* may give to ^! little essays--mo/ly produc$ :ile w> 0 9 progress--a c]ta9 unity :i* 0 n design$ :5 ,i wrote !m4 #a ,o',dalton1 ,lett]s ( ,sidonius1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #adi4 ,,ii ,,evolution ,,& ,,w> ,! ,great ,w> ( to-day has r5d]$ acute ! "q ( ! place ( w>f>e 9 ,nature & ! effect ( w> on ! human race4 ,^! h long be5 debat$ problems conc]n+ :i* !re is no complete agreem5t4 ,b until we make up our m9ds on ^! fundam5tal que/ions we c ga9 no solid gr\nd f :i* to face s]5ely1 or at all ev5ts firmly1 ! crisis ?r\gh :i* mank9d is n[ pass+4 ,x has be5 widely held t w> has play$ an ess5tial "p 9 ! evolution>y /ruggle = survival among our animal ance/ors1 t w> has be5 a factor ( ! fir/ importance 9 ! social developm5t ( primitive human races1 & t w> always w be an ess5tial me?od ( pres]v+ ! human virtues ev5 9 ! highe/ civilisation4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t ^! are ?ree sep>ate & q di/9ct propositions4 ,x is possible to accept "o1 or ev5 two1 ( !m )\t affirm+ !m all4 ,if we wi% to cle> our m9ds ( confusion on ?is matt]1 s vital to our civilisation1 we mu/ face ea* ( ! que/ions by itself4 ,x has sometimes be5 ma9ta9$--nev] m en]getically ?an to-day1 especially among ! nations :i* mo/ eag]ly ent]$ ! pres5t conflict--t w> is a biological necessity4 ,w>1 we are told1 is a manife/ation ( ! ,/ruggle = ,life2 x is ! inevitable application to mank9d ( ! ,d>w9ian law ( natural selection4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two capital & f9al objections to ?is view4 ,on ! "o h& x is n support$ by any?+ t ,d>w9 himself said1 & on ! o!r h& x is d5i$ z a fact by ^? au?orities on natural hi/ory :o speak ) mo/ k4 ,t ,d>w9 reg>d$ w> z an insignificant or ev5 non-exi/5t "p ( natural selection mu/ be cle> to all :o h read 8 books4 ,he 0 c>eful to /ate t he us$ ! t]m /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 a metaphorical s5se1 & ! dom9ant factors 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 z ,d>w9 und]/ood x1 7 natural suitability to ! organic & inorganic environm5t & ! capacity = adaptation to circum/ances2 "o species fl\ri%es :ile a less effici5t species liv+ alongside x langui%es1 yet !y may nev] come 9 actual contact & !re is no?+ 9 ! lea/ approa*+ human w>f>e4 ,! conditions mu* m resemble :at1 among ourselves1 we may see 9 bus9ess1 :]e ! bett] equipp$ species1 t is to say1 ! big capitali/1 fl\ri%es1 :ile ! less well equipp$ species1 ! small capitali/1 succumbs4 ,mr4 ,*alm]s ,mit*ell1 ,secret>y ( ! ,london ,zoological ,society & famili> ) ! habits ( animals1 has lately emphasis$ ! cont5tion ( ,d>w9 & %[n t ev5 ! mo/ widely curr5t notions ( ! ext]m9ation ( "o species by ano!r h no f\ndation 9 fact4#a ,?us ! ?ylac9e or ,tasmanian wolf1 ! fi]ce/ ( ! m>supials1 has be5 entirely driv5 out ( ,au/ralia & its place tak5 by a lat] & high] animal1 ( ! dog family1 ! d+o4 ,b !re is n ! slighte/ reason to believe t ! d+o ev] made w> on ! ?ylac9e4 ,if !re 0 any /ruggle at all x 0 a common /ruggle aga9/ ! environm5t1 9 :i* ! d+o1 by sup]ior intellig5ce 9 f9d+ food & re>+ "y1 & by great] resi/+ p[] to climate & disease1 0 able to succe$ :]e ! ?ylac9e fail$4 ,aga91 ! suppos$ w> ( ext]m9ation wag$ 9 ,europe by ! br[n rat aga9/ ! black rat is 7z ,*alm]s ,mit*ell po9ts out7 pure fiction4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e ?is w> is said to h be5 f]oci\sly wag$1 bo? rats exi/ & fl\ri%1 & "u conditions :i* d n usually ev5 br+ !m into competition ) ea* o!r4 ,! black rat 7,mus rattus7 is small] ?an ! o!r1 b m active & a bett] climb]2 he is ! rat ( ! b>n & ! gran>y4 ,! br[n or ,norway rat 7,mus decumanus7 is l>g] b less active1 a burr[] r ?an a climb]1 & ?\gh bo? rats are omnivor\s ! br[n rat is m especially a scav5g]2 he is ! rat ( sew]s & dra9s4 ,! black rat came to ,nor!rn ,europe fir/--bo? ( !m probably be+ ,asiatic animals--& has no d\bt be5 to "s ext5t replac$ by ! br[n rat1 :o has be5 specially fav\r$ by ! mod]n ext5sion ( dra9s & sew]s1 :i* exactly suit 8 peculi> ta/es4 ,b ea* fl\ri%es 9 8 own environm5t2 nei!r ( !m is adapt$ to ! o!r's environm5t2 !re is no w> betwe5 !m1 nor any occasion = w>1 = !y d n really come into competition ) ea* o!r4 ,! cockroa*es1 or blackbeetles1 furni% ano!r example4 ,^! pe/s are comp>atively mod]n & _! great migrations 9 rec5t times are l>gely due to ! activity ( human comm]ce4 ,!re are ?ree ma9 species ( cockroa*--! ,ori5tal1 ! ,am]ican1 & ! ,g]man 7or ,croton bug7--& !y fl\ri% ne> toge!r 9 _m c\ntries1 ?\gh n ) equal success1 = :ile 9 ,engl& ! ,ori5tal is mo/ prosp]\s1 9 ,am]ica ! ,g]man cockroa* is mo/ abundant4 ,!y are seldom f\nd 9 actual association1 ea* is be/ adapt$ to a p>ticul> environm5t2 !re is no reason to suppose t !y fight4 ,x is s ?r\gh\t ,nature4 ,animals may utilise o!r species z food2 b t is true ( ev51 ! mo/ peaceable & civilis$ human races4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce means t "o species is m fav\r$ by circum/ances ?an ano!r species2 !re is n ! remote/ resemblance any:]e to human w>f>e4 ,we may pass on to ! second claim = w>3 t x is an ess5tial factor 9 ! social developm5t ( primitive human races4 ,w> has no "p1 ?\gh competition has a v l>ge "p1 9 :at we call ,nature4 ,b1 :5 we come to primitive man ! conditions are some:at *ang$2 m51 unlike ! l[] animals1 are able to =m l>ge communities--tribes1 z we call !m--) common int]e/s1 & two primitive tribes c come into a competition :i* is acute to ! po9t ( w>f>e because be+ ( ! same1 & n ( two diff]5t1 species1 ! conditions ( life :i* !y bo? dem& are id5tical2 !y are impell$ to fight = ! possession ( ^! conditions z animals ( diff]5t species are n impell$ to fight4 ,we are (t5 told t animals are m moral ?an human be+s1 & x is l>gely to ! fact t1 except "u ! imm$iate /ress ( hung]1 !y are bett] able to live 9 peace ) ea* o!r1 t ! great] morality ( animals is due4 ,yet1 we h to recognise1 ?is mis*iev\s t5d5cy to w>f>e1 s (t5 7?\gh by no means always1 & 9 ! e>lie/ /ages probably nev]7 f\nd 9 primitive man1 0 b\nd up ) 8 sup]ior & progressive qualities4 ,8 intellig5ce1 8 quickness ( s5se1 8 muscul> skill1 8 c\rage & endurance1 8 aptitude = discipl9e & = organisation--all ( !m qualities on :i* civilisation is bas$--7 fo/]$ by w>f>e4 ,) w>f>e 9 primitive life 0 closely associat$ ! /ill m fundam5tal art1 old] ?an humanity1 ( danc+4 ,! dance 0 ! tra9+ s*ool = all ! activities :i* man develop$ 9 a supreme degree--= love1 = religion1 = art1 = organis$ lab\r--& 9 primitive days danc+ 0 ! *ief milit>y s*ool1 a p]petual ex]cise 9 mimic w>f>e dur+ times ( peace1 & 9 times ( w> ! mo/ p[]ful /imulus to milit>y pr[ess by ! excitem5t x ar\s$4 ,n only 0 w> a =mative & developm5tal social =ce ( ! fir/ importance among e>ly m51 b x 0 comp>atively free f ! disadvantages :i* w>f>e lat] on develop$2 ! h>dness ( _! life & ! obtus5ess ( _! s5sibility r$uc$ to a m9imum ! bad results ( w\nds & %ocks1 :ile _! w>f>e1 be+ free f ! awful devices due to ! devilry ( mod]n man1 0 comp>atively innocu\s2 ev5 if v de/ructive1 its de/ruction 0 necess>ily limit$ by ! fact t ^? accumulat$ treasures ( ! pa/ :i* l>gely make civilisation _h n come into exi/5ce4 ,we may admire ! beautiful humanity1 ! f9ely develop$ social organisation1 & ! skill 9 ! arts atta9$ by su* p z ! ,eskimo tribes1 :i* "k no?+ ( w>1 b we mu/ also recognise t w>f>e among primitive peoples has (t5 be5 a progressive & developm5tal =ce ( ! fir/ importance1 creat+ virtues apt = use 9 q o!r ?an milit>y sph]es4#b ,! case is alt]$ :5 we turn f savag]y to civilisation4 ,! new & m complex social ord] :ile1 on ! "o h&1 x pres5ts sub/itutes = w> 9 s f> z w> is a s\rce ( virtues1 on ! o!r h&1 r5d]s w> a mu* m dang]\s p]=mance bo? to ! individual & to ! community1 becom+ inde$1 progressively m dang]\s to bo?1 until x rea*es su* a climax ( _w-wide injury z we witness to-day4 ,! claim made 9 primitive societies t w>f>e is necess>y to ! ma9t5ance ( virility & c\rage1 a claim s fully admitt$ t only ! y\? furni%$ ) trophies ( heads or scalps c hope to become an accept$ lov]1 is out ( date 9 civilisation4 ,= "u civilis$ conditions !re are hundr$s ( avocations :i* furni% exactly ! same conditions z w>f>e = ! cultivation ( all ! manly virtues ( ent]prise & c\rage & endurance1 physical or moral4 ,n only are ^! new avocations equally pot5t = ! cultivation ( virility1 b f> m useful = ! social ends ( civilisation4 ,= ^! ends w>f>e is altoge!r less adapt$ ?an x is = ! social ends ( savag]y4 ,x is mu* less cong5ial to ! ta/es & aptitudes ( ! individual1 :ile at ! same "t x is incomp>ably m injuri\s to ,society4 ,9 savag]y little is risk$ by w>1 = ! preci\s heirlooms ( humanity h n yet be5 creat$1 & w> c de/roy no?+ :i* _c easily be remade by ! p :o fir/ made x4 ,b civilisation possesses--& 9 t possession1 inde$1 civilisation l>gely consi/s--! preci\s traditions ( pa/ ages t c nev] live aga91 embodi$ 9 "p 9 exquisite productions ( v>i$ beauty :i* are a cont9ual joy & inspiration to mank9d1 & 9 "p 9 sl[ly evolv$ habits & laws ( social am5ity1 & reasonable fre$om1 & mutual indep5d5ce1 :i* "u civilis$ conditions w>1 :e!r betwe5 nations or betwe5 classes1 t5ds to de/roy1 & 9 s de/roy+ to inflict a p]man5t loss 9 ! mat]ial heirlooms ( ,mank9d & a s]i\s injury to ! spiritual traditions ( civilisation4 ,x is possible to g fur!r & to decl>e t w>f>e is 9 contradiction ) ! :ole ( ! influ5ces :i* build up & organise civilisation4 ,a tribe is a small b v closely knit unity1 s closely knit t ! individual is entirely subord9at$ to ! :ole & has little indep5d5ce ( action or ev5 ( ?\ght4 ,! t5d5cy ( civilisation is to create webs ( social organisation :i* gr[ ev] l>g]1 b at ! same "t loos]1 s t ! individual ga9s a cont9ually gr[+ fre$om & indep5d5ce4 ,! tribe becomes m]g$ 9 ! nation1 & beyond ev5 ?is great unit1 bonds ( int]national relation%ip are progressively =m$4 ,w>1 :i* at fir/ fav\r$ ?is movem5t1 becomes an ev] great] imp$im5t to its ultimate progress4 ,?is is recognis$ at ! ?re%old ( civilisation1 & ! l>ge community1 or nation1 aboli%es w>f>e betwe5 ! units ( :i* x is compos$ by ! device ( e/abli%+ law c\rts to disp5se imp>tial ju/ice4 ,z soon z civilis$ society realis$ t x 0 necess>y to =bid two p]sons to settle _! disputes by individual fight+1 or by initiat+ blood-feuds1 or by arm+ fri5ds & foll[]s1 sett+ up c\rts ( ju/ice = ! peaceable settlem5t ( disputes1 ! dea?-bl[ ( all w> 0 /ruck4 ,= all ! argum5ts t prov$ /rong en\gh to condemn w> betwe5 two individuals are inf9itely /rong] to condemn w> betwe5 ! populations ( two-?irds ( ! e>?4 ,b1 :ile x 0 a comp>atively easy task = a ,/ate to aboli% w> & impose peace )9 its own b\nd>ies--& ne>ly all ov] ,europe ! process 0 begun & = ! mo/ "p end$ c5turies ago--x is a va/ly m difficult task to aboli% w> & impose peace betwe5 p[]ful ,/ates4 ,yet at ! po9t at :i* we /& to-day civilisation c make no fur!r progress until ?is is done4 ,solit>y ?9k]s1 l ! ,abb de ,sa9t-,pi]re1 & ev5 great practical /atesm5 l ,sully & ,p5n1 h f "t to "t realis$ ?is fact dur+ ! pa/ f\r c5turies1 & attempt$ to conv]t x into actuality4 ,b x _c be done until ! great democracies are won ov] to a conviction ( its inevitable necessity4 ,we ne$ an int]national organisation ( law c\rts :i* %all disp5se ju/ice z betwe5 nation & nation 9 ! same way z ! exi/+ law c\rts ( all civilis$ c\ntries n[ disp5se ju/ice z betwe5 man & man2 & we fur!r ne$1 beh9d ?is int]national organisation ( ju/ice1 an int]national organisation ( police /rong en\gh to c>ry out ! decisions ( ^! c\rts1 n to ex]cise tyranny b to ensure to e nation1 ev5 ! smalle/1 t measure ( reasonable fre$om & security to g ab\t its own bus9ess :i* e civilis$ nation n[1 9 "s small degree at all ev5ts1 already ensures to ! humble/ ( its individual citiz5s4 ,! task may take c5turies to complete1 b !re is no m urg5t task be=e mank9d to-day4#c ,^! consid]ations are v elem5t>y1 & a ye> or two ago !y might h seem$ to _m--?\gh n to all ( u--m]ely academic1 *iefly suitable to put be=e s*ool*ildr54 ,b n[ !y h ceas$ to be m]ely academic2 !y h inde$ acquir$ a vital actuality almo/ agonis+ly int5se4 ,= "o realises to-day t ! consid]ations "h set =?1 widely accept$ z !y are1 yet are n g5]ally accept$ by ! rul]s & lead]s ( ! greate/ & =emo/ nations ( ! _w4 ,?us ,g]many1 9 its pres5t ,prussianis$ /ate1 ?r\gh ! m\?s z well z ?r\gh ! actions ( ^? rul]s & lead]s1 d5ies mo/ ( ! conclusions "h set =?4 ,9 ,g]many x is a commonplace to decl>e t w> is ! law ( ,nature1 t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce means ! arbitration ( w>f>e1 t x is by w> t all evolution proce$s1 t n only 9 savag]y b 9 ! highe/ civilisation ! same rule holds good1 t human w> is ! s\rce ( all virtues1 ! div9ely inspir$ me?od ( reg5]at+ & purify+ mank9d1 & e w> may prop]ly be reg>d$ z a holy w>4 ,^! beliefs h be5 implicit 9 ! ,prussian _s ev] s9ce ! ,go?s & ,v&als issu$ f ! =e/s ( ! ,vi/ula 9 ! dawn ( ,european hi/ory4 ,b !y h n[ become a sort ( religi\s dogma1 prea*$ f pulpits1 taught 9 ,univ]sities1 act$ out by /atesm54 ,f ?is ,prussian po9t ( view1 :e!r "r or wrong1 civilisation1 z x has hi!rto be5 und]/ood 9 ! _w1 is ( little consequ5ce comp>$ to ,g]man milit>i/ic ,kultur4 ,!re=e ! ,g]man q logically reg>ds ! ,russians z b>b>ians1 & ! ,fr5* z decad5ts1 & ! ,engli% z contemptibly negligible1 al?\gh ! ,russians1 h[ev] yet dom9at$ by a milit>y bureaucracy 7m\ld$ by ,teutonic influ5ces1 z "s malici\sly po9t out71 are ! mo/ humane p ( ,europe1 & ! ,fr5* ! natural lead]s ( civilisation z commonly und]/ood1 & ! ,engli%1 h[ev] mu* !y may rely on amateuri% me?ods ( organisation by em]g5cy1 h scatt]$ ! se$s ( progress ov] a l>ge "p ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,x is equally logical t ! ,g]mans %\ld feel peculi> admiration & sympa?y = ! ,turks1 & f9d 9 ,turkey1 a ,/ate f\nd$ on milit>y ideals1 _! own ally 9 ! pres5t w>4 ,t w>1 f our pres5t po9t ( view1 is a w> ( ,/ates :i* use milit>y me?ods = special ends 7(t5 inde$ ends t h be5 ?or\ghly evil7 aga9/ a ,/ate :i* /ill *]i%es ! primitive ideal ( w>f>e z an end 9 itself4 ,& :ile su* a ,/ate mu/ enjoy imm5se advantages 9 ! /ruggle1 x is difficult1 :5 we survey ! :ole c\rse ( human developm5t1 to believe t !re c be any d\bt ab\t ! f9al issue4 ,= "o :o writes z an ,engli%man1 x may be necess>y to po9t out cle>ly t t f9al issue by no means involves ! de/ruction1 or ev5 ! subjugation1 ( ,g]many4 ,x is inde$ an almo/ pa!tic fact t ,g]many1 :i* idealises w>f>e1 /&s to ga9 m ?an any c\ntry by an assur$ rule ( int]national peace :i* w\ld save h] f w>f>e4 ,plac$ 9 a position :i* r5d]s milit>i/ic organisation indisp5sable1 ! ,g]mans are m highly end[$ ?an almo/ any p ) ! high qualities ( intellig5ce1 ( receptiv5ess1 ( adaptability1 ( ?or\ghness1 ( capacity = organisation1 :i* ensure success 9 ! arts & sci5ces ( peace1 9 ! :ole "w ( civilisation4 ,?is is amply demon/rat$ by ! imm5se progress & ! manifold a*ievem5ts ( ,g]many dur+ =ty ye>s ( peace1 :i* h enabl$ h] to e/abli% a prosp]ity & a good "n 9 ! _w :i* are n[ bo? 9 p]il4 ,g]many mu/ be built up aga91 & ! int]e/s ( civilisation itself1 :i* ,g]many has trampl$ "u foot1 dem& t ,g]many %all be built up aga91 "u conditions1 let u hope1 :i* w r5d] h] old ideals useless & out ( date4 ,we %all !n be able to ass]t z ! m]e truisms !y are1 & n z a defiance flung 9 ! face ( "o ( ! _w's greate/ nations1 ! elem5t>y propositions ,i h "h set =?4 ,w> is n a p]man5t factor ( national evolution1 b = ! mo/ "p has no place 9 ,nature at all2 x has play$ a "p 9 ! e>ly developm5t ( primitive human society1 b1 z savag]y passes into civilisation1 its b5eficial effects are lo/1 &1 on ! highe/ /ages ( human progress1 mank9d once m t5ds to be enfold$1 ?is "t consci\sly & delib]ately1 9 ! g5]al h>mony ( ,nature4 #a ,p4 ,*alm]s ,mit*ell1 ,evolution & ! ,w>1 #aiae4 #b ,on ! advantages ( w> 9 primitive society1 see ,w4 ,mac,dougal's ,social ,psy*ology1 ,*4 ,,xi4 #c ,x is d\btless a task beset by difficulties1 "s ( :i* are set =?1 9 no ho/ile _s1 by ,"l ,crom]1 ,?9k+ ,int]nationally1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,july1 #aiaf2 b ! /atem5t ( mo/ ( ^! difficulties is en\gh to sugge/ ! solution4 ,,iii ,,w> ,,& ,,eug5ics ,9 deal+ ) w> x is n en\gh to discuss ! place ( w>f>e 9 ,nature or its effects on primitive peoples4 ,ev5 if we decide t ! g5]al t5d5cy ( civilisation is unfav\rable to w> we h sc>cely settl$ matt]s4 ,x is necess>y to pu% ! "q fur!r home4 ,primitive w>f>e among savages1 :5 x fails to kill1 may be a /imulat+ & invigorat+ ex]cise1 simply a m dang]\s =m ( danc+4 ,b civilis$ w>f>e is a diff]5t k9d ( ?+1 to a v limit$ ext5t dep5d+ on1 or enc\rag+1 ! pr[ess ( ! individual fight+ m51 & to be judg$ by o!r /&>ds4 ,:at precisely is ! measurable effect ( w>1 if any1 on ! civilis$ human bre$8 ,if we want to "k :at to d ab\t w> 9 ! future1 t is ! "q we h to answ]4 ,w>s are n paid = 9 w>-"t1 said ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ! bill comes lat]4 ,frankl91 :o 0 a pione] 9 _m s fields1 seems to h be5 a pione] 9 eug5ics also by argu+ t a /&+ army dim9i%es ! size & bre$ ( ! human species4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 no def9ite facts :]e) to demon/rate conclusively t proposition4 ,ev5 to-day1 x _c be said t !re is complete agreem5t among biologi/s z to ! effect ( w> on ! race4 ,?us we f9d a di/+ui%$ ,am]ican zoologi/1 ,*ancellor ,/>r ,jordan1 con/antly proclaim+ t ! effect ( w> 9 rev]s+ selection is a great ov]%ad[+ tru? ( hi/ory2 w>like nations1 he decl>es1 become effem9ate1 :ile peaceful nations g5]ate a fi]cely militant _s4#a ,ano!r di/+ui%$ ,am]ican sci5ti/1 ,pr(essor ,ripley1 9 8 great "w1 ,! ,races ( ,europe1 likewise concludes t /&+ armies t5d to ov]load succe$+ g5]ations ) inf]ior types ( m54 ,a cauti\s ,engli% biologi/1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,ar?ur ,?omson1 is equally decid$ 9 ?is op9ion1 & 9 8 rec5t ,galton ,lecture#b sets =? ! view t ! influ5ce ( w> on ! race1 bo? directly & indirectly1 is injuri\s2 he admits t !re may be b5eficial z well z det]iorative influ5ces1 b ! =m] m]ely affect ! moral atmosph]e1 n ! h]$it>y g]m plasm2 biologically1 w> means wa/age & a rev]sal ( rational selection1 s9ce x prunes (f a disproportionally l>ge numb] ( ^? :om ! race c lea/ af=d to lose4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ano!r biologi/1 ,dr4 ,*alm]s ,mit*ell1 equally oppos$ to w>1 _c feel c]ta9 t ! total effect ( ev5 a great mod]n w> is to det]iorate ! /ock1 :ile 9 ,g]many1 z we "k1 x is ! g5]ally curr5t op9ion1 sci5tific & unsci5tific1 equally among philosoph]s1 milit>i/s1 & j\rnali/s1 t n only is w> a biological necessity1 b t x is peace1 & n w>1 :i* effem9ates & deg5]ates a nation4 ,9 ,g]many1 inde$1 ?is doctr9e is s g5]ally accept$ t x is n reg>d$ z a sci5tific !sis to be prov$1 b z a religi\s dogma to be prea*$4 ,x is evid5t t we _c decide ?is "q1 s vital to human progress1 except on a f\ndation ( cold & h>d fact4 ,:atev] may be ! result ( w> on ! quality ( ! bre$1 !re c be little d\bt ( its tempor>y effect on ! quantity4 ,! reaction aft] w> may create a /imulat+ influ5ce on ! bir?-rate1 lead+ to a m or less satisfactory recov]y1 b x seems cle> t ! draft+ away ( a l>ge proportion ( ! manhood ( a nation necess>ily dim9i%es bir?s4 ,at ! pres5t "t ,engli% ,s*ools are s5d+ out an unusually small numb] ( pupils into life1 & ?is is directly due to ! ,s\?-,african ,w> fifte5 ye>s ago4 ,/ill m obvi\s is ! direct effect ( w>1 ap>t f dim9i%+ ! numb] ( bir?s1 9 actually p\r+ out ! blood ( ! "y manhood ( ! race4 ,9 ! v e>lie/ /age ( primitive humanity x seems probable t man 0 z unt\*$ by w>f>e z 8 animal ance/ors1 & x is satisfactory to ?9k t w> _h no "p 9 ! fir/ bir? ( man into ! _w4 ,ev5 ! long ,e>ly ,/one ,age has left no di/+ui%able sign ( ! exi/5ce ( w>f>e4#c ,x 0 n until ! transition to ! ,late ,/one ,age1 ! age ( poli%$ fl9t implem5ts1 t we disc]n evid5ces ( ! homicidal attacks ( man on man4 ,ev5 !n we are conc]n$ m ) qu>rels ?an ) battles1 = "o ( ! e>lie/ cases ( w\nd+ kn[n 9 human records1 is t ( a pregnant "y woman f\nd 9 ! ,cro-magnon ,cave ^: skull _h be5 cut op5 by a fl9t sev]al weeks be=e dea?1 an indication t %e _h be5 c>$ = & nurs$4 ,b1 aga9 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,new ,/one ,age1 9 ! cav]ns ( ! ,beaumes-,*audes p1 :o /ill us$ implem5ts ( ! ,old ,/one type1 we f9d skulls 9 :i* are weapons ( ! ,new ,/one type4 ,evid5tly ^! p _h come 9 contact ) a m civilis$ race :i* _h discov]$ w>4 ,yet ! old pacific race /ill l+]$ on1 z 9 ! ,belgian p ( ! ,furfooz type :o occupi$ !mselves ma9ly ) hunt+ & fi%+1 & h _! mod]n repres5tatives1 if n _! actual desc5dants1 9 ! peaceful ,lapps & ,eskimo4#d ,x 0 ?us at a late /age ( human hi/ory1 ?\gh /ill s primitive z to be prehi/oric1 t organis$ w>f>e develop$4 ,at ! dawn ( hi/ory w> ab\nd$4 ,! e>lie/ lit]ature ( ! ,aryans--:e!r ,greeks1 ,g]mans1 or ,h9dus--is no?+ b a record ( sy/ematic massacres1 & ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,hebrews1 lead]s 9 ! _w's religion & morality1 is complac5tly blood?ir/y4 ,lap\ge consid]s t 9 mod]n times1 ?\gh w>s are few] 9 numb]1 ! total numb] ( victims is /ill ab\t ! same1 s t ! /ream ( blood%$ ?r\gh\t ! ages rema9s unaffect$4 ,he attempt$ to e/imate ! victims ( w> = ea* civilis$ c\ntry dur+ half a c5tury1 & f\nd t ! total am\nt$ to n9e & a half millions1 :ile1 by includ+ ! ,napoleonic & o!r w>s ( ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 he consid]$ t t total w\ld be d\bl$4 ,put 9 ano!r =m1 ,lap\ge says1 ! w>s ( a c5tury spill #abj1jjj1jjj gallons ( blood1 en\gh to fill ?ree million =ty-gallon casks1 or to create a p]petual f\nta9 s5d+ up a jet ( #aej gallons p] h\r1 a f\nta9 :i* has be5 fl[+ unceas+ly ev] s9ce ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,x is to be not$1 also1 t ^? sla9 on ! battlefield by no means repres5t ! total victims ( a w>1 b only ab\t half ( !m2 m ?an half ( ^? :o1 f "o cause or ano!r1 p]i%$ 9 ! ,franco-,prussian w>1 x is said1 7 n bellig]5ts4 ,lap\ge wrote "s t5 ye>s ago & consid]$ t ! victims ( w>1 ?\gh rema9+ ab\t absolutely ! same 9 numb] ?r\gh ! ages1 7 becom+ relatively few]4 ,! ,great ,w> ( to-day w\ld p]haps h di/urb$ 8 calculations1 unless we may assume t x w be foll[$ by a trem5d\s reaction aga9/ w>4 ,= :5 ! w> _h la/$ only n9e mon?s1 x 0 e/imat$ t if x %\ld cont9ue at ! pres5t rate 7& z a matt] ( fact its scale has be5 mu* enl>g$7 = ano!r twelve mon?s1 ! total loss to ,europe 9 lives de/roy$ or maim$ w\ld be t5 millions1 ab\t equal to five-six?s ( ! :ole "y manhood ( ! ,g]man ,empire1 & ne>ly ! same numb] ( victims z ,lap\ge reckon$ z ! normal w> toll ( a :ole half-c5tury ( ,european civilisation4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to add t all ^! bald e/imates ( ! numb] ( direct victims to w> give no clue to ! moral & mat]ial damage--ap>t f all "q ( injury to ! race--done by ! sudd5 or sl[ de/ruction ( s l>ge a proportion ( ! "y manhood ( ! _w1 ! ev] wid5+ circles ( angui% & mis]y & de/itution :i* e fatal bullet imposes on humanity1 = x is probable t = e t5 million soldi]s :o fall on ! field1 fifty million o!r p]sons at home are plung$ into grief or pov]ty1 or "s =m ( life-dim9i%+ tr\ble4 ,! =ego+ consid]ations h n1 h[ev]1 br\ght u /rictly )9 ! field ( eug5ics4 ,!y indicate ! great ext5t to :i* w> affects ! human bre$1 b !y d n %[ t w> affects ! quality ( ! bre$1 & until t is %[n ! eug5i/ rema9s undi/urb$4 ,!re are v>i\s circum/ances :i*1 at ! outset1 & ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( exp]im5tal v]ification1 make x difficult1 or impossible1 t ev5 ! b>e mortality ( w> 7= ! eug5ical be>+s ( w> are n conf9$ to its mortality7 %\ld leave ! eug5i/ indiff]5t4 ,= w> nev] hits m5 at r&om4 ,x only hits a c>efully select$ p]c5tage ( fit m54 ,x t5ds1 9 o!r words1 to /rike out1 tempor>ily1 or 9 a fatal ev5t1 p]man5tly1 f ! class ( fa!rs1 precisely t p]c5tage ( ! population :i* ! eug5i/ wi%es to see 9 t class4 ,?is is equally ! case 9 c\ntries ) "s =m ( compulsory s]vice1 & 9 c\ntries :i* rely on a volunt>y milit>y sy/em4 ,=1 h[ev] an army is recruit$1 x is only ^? m5 rea*+ a fairly high /&>d ( fitness :o are accept$1 & ^!1 ev5 9 times ( peace are hamp]$ 9 ! task ( c>ry+ on ! race1 :i* ! less fit & ! unfit are free to d at _! own good pleasure4 ,ne>ly all ! ways 9 :i* w> & armies di/urb ! normal c\rse ( affairs seem likely to int]f]e ) eug5ical bre$+1 & none to fav\r x4 ,?us at "o "t1 9 ! ,napoleonic w>s1 ! ,fr5* age ( conscription fell to eighte51 :ile m>riage 0 a cause ( exemption1 ) ! result ( a va/ increase ( ha/y & ill-advis$ m>riages among boys1 c]ta9ly injuri\s to ! race4 ,armies1 aga91 are highly fav\rable to ! spread ( racial poisons1 especially ( syphilis1 ! mo/ dang]\s ( all1 & ?is _c fail to be1 9 a m>k$ mann]1 dysg5ic r ?an eug5ic4 ,! ,napoleonic w>s furni%$ ! fir/ opportunity ( te/+ ! tru? ( ,frankl9's ass]tion conc]n+ ! disa/r\s effect ( armies on ! race1 by ! collection ( actual & precise data4 ,b ! significance ( ! data prov$ unexpect$ly difficult to unravel1 & mo/ writ]s on ! subject h be5 l>gely occupi$ 9 correct+ ! mi/akes ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,vill]m 9 #ahbi rem>k$ t ! long s]ies ( ,fr5* w>s up to #ahae mu/ probably r$uce ! height ( ! ,fr5* p1 ?\gh he 0 unable to prove t ?is 0 s4 ,dufau 9 #ahdj 0 9 a bett] position to judge1 & he po9t$ out 9 8 ,trait de ,/ati/ique t1 comp>+ #ahaf & #ahce1 ! numb] ( "y m5 exempt$ f ! army _h d\bl$ 9 ! int]val1 ev5 ?\gh ! regulation height _h be5 l[]$4 ,?is result1 h[ev]1 he held1 0 n s al>m+ z x might appe>1 & probably only tempor>y1 = x 0 seem+ly due to ! fact t1 9 #ahjf & ! foll[+ ye>s1 ! male population 0 call$ to arms 9 masses1 ev5 y\?s be+ accept$1 s t a va/ numb] ( precoci\s m>riages ( (t5 defective m5 took place4 ,! result w\ld only be t]rible1 ,dufau believ$1 if prolong$2 8 results1 h[ev]1 7 n altoge!r reliable1 = he fail$ to note ! proportion ( m5 exempt$ to ^? exam9$4 ,! "q 0 inve/igat$ m ?or\ghly by ,ts*uril(f 9 #ahgf4e ,he came to ! conclusion t ! ,napoleonic w>s _h no great influ5ce on /ature1 s9ce ! regulation height 0 l[]$ 9 #ahje1 & aboli%$ altoge!r = heal?y m5 9 #ahaa1 & any defect ( height 9 ! next g5]ation is spe$ily repair$4 ,ts*uril(f agre$1 h[ev]1 t1 ?\gh ! influ5ce ( w> 9 dim9i%+ ! height ( ! race is unimportant1 ! influ5ce ( w> 9 increas+ physical defects & infirmities 9 subsequ5t g5]ations is a v diff]5t matt]4 ,he f\nd t ! physical det]ioration ( w> manife/$ itself *iefly 9 ! *ildr5 born eight ye>s aft]w>ds1 & !re=e 9 ! recruits tw5ty-eight ye>s aft] ! w>4 ,he reg>d$ x z an und\bt$ fact t ! ,fr5* army ( half a million m5 9 #ahji increas$ by #c p] c5t4 ! proportion ( h]$it>ily infirm p]sons4 ,he f\nd1 moreov]1 t ! new-born ( #ahad1 t is to say ! milit>y class ( #ahcd1 %[$ t infirmities _h ris5 f #cj p] c5t4 to #de4h p] c5t41 an increase ( #ej p] c5t4 ,nor is ! /atus quo entirely br\ght back lat] on1 = ! bad h]$ity ( ! increas$ numb] ( defectives t5ds to be /ill fur!r propagat$1 ev5 ?\gh 9 an att5uat$ =m4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,ts*uril(f f\nd t ! proportion ( exemptions f ! army = infirmity increas$ enorm\sly f #bf p] c5t4 9 #ahaf-ag1 to #ch p] c5t4 9 #ahbf-bg1 decl9+ lat] to #cd p] c5t4 9 #ahfj-fd1 ?\gh he is c>eful to po9t out t ?is result mu/ n be entirely ascrib$ to ! rev]s$ selection ( w>s4 ,!re c\ld1 h[ev]1 be no d\bt t mo/ k9ds ( infirmities became m frequ5t z a result ( milit>y selection4 ,lap\ge's m rec5t inve/igation into ! results ( ! ,franco-,prussian w> ( #ahgj 7 ( simil> "*2 :5 exam9+ ! recruits ( #ahib-ic he f\nd t ^! *ildr5 ( ! w> 7 inf]ior to ^? born e>li]1 & t !re 0 probably an undue proportion ( defective individuals among _! fa!rs4 ,x _c be said t ^! inve/igations f9ally demon/rate ! evil results ( w> on ! race4 ,! subject is complicat$1 & "s au?orities1 l ,collignon 9 ,france & ,ammon 9 ,g]many1--bo?1 x may be well to note1 army surgeons1--h s\ght to smoo? d[n & expla9 away ! dysg5ic effects ( w>4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 ! facts seem to support ^? probabilities :i* ! insight ( ,frankl9 fir/ cle>ly set =?4 ,x is int]e/+ 9 ! light ( ^! consid]ations on ! eug5ic be>+s ( w>f>e to turn = a mom5t to ^? :o proclaim ! high moral virtues ( w> z a national reg5]ator4 ,x is *iefly 9 ,g]many t1 = m ?an a c5tury pa/1 ?is doctr9e has be5 prea*$4#f ,w> invigorates humanity1 said ,hegel1 z /orms pres]ve ! sea f putresc5ce4 ,w> is an integral "p ( ,god's ,univ]se1 said ,moltke1 develop+ man's noble/ attributes4 ,! condemnation ( w>1 said ,treits*ke1 is n only absurd1 x is immoral4#g ,^! brave say+s sc>cely be> calm & se>*+ exam9ation at ! be/1 b1 putt+ aside all l(ti] appeals to humanity or civilisation1 a national reg5]ator :i* we h good reason to suppose enfeebles & det]iorates ! race1 _c plausibly be put be=e u z a me?od ( ennobl+ humanity or z a "p ( ,god's ,univ]se1 only to be condemn$ on pa9 ( see+ a company ( ,g]man pr(essors po9t+ ! f+] to our appall+ ,immorality1 on _! drill-s]geant's ^w ( comm&4 ,at ! same "t1 ?is glorification ( ! reg5]at+ p[]s ( w> q ov]looks ! consid]ation t ! fight+ _s t5ds to de/roy itself1 s t ! be/ way to bre$ good fight]s is n to prea* w>1 b to cultivate peace1 :i* is :at ! ,g]mans h1 9 actual practice1 done = ov] =ty ye>s pa/4 ,france1 ! mo/ milit>y1 & ! mo/ glori\sly milit>y1 nation ( ! ,napoleonic era1 is n[ ! lead] 9 anti-milit>ism1 altoge!r indiff]5t to ! lure ( milit>y glory1 ?\gh beh9d no nation 9 c\rage or skill4 ,belgium has n f\ght = g5]ations1 & _h only j introduc$ compulsory milit>y s]vice1 yet ! ,belgians1 f _! ,k+ & _! ,c>d9al-,ar*bi%op d[nw>ds1 ?rew !mselves into ! w> ) a high _s sc>cely p>allel$ 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 & ,belgian comm]cial travell]s develop$ a r>e milit>y skill & audacity4 ,all ! _w admires ! brav]y ) :i* ! ,g]mans face dea? & ! elaborate detail ) :i* !y organise battle1 yet = all _! p]petual glorification ( w> !re is no sign t !y fight ) any m _s ?an _! enemies4 ,ev5 if we 7 to feel ourselves b\nd to accept w> z an integral "p ( ,god's ,univ]se1 we ne$ n tr\ble ourselves to glorify w>1 =1 :5 once w> pres5ts itself z a t]rible necessity1 ev5 ! mo/ peaceable ( m5 are equal to ! task4 ,?is consid]ation br+s u to ^? moral equival5ts ( w> :i* ,william ,james 0 once conc]n$ ov]1 :5 he advocat$1 9 place ( milit>y conscription1 a conscription ( ! :ole y\?ful population to =m = a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s a "p ( ! army enli/$ aga9/ ,nature4#h ,su* a me?od ( =mally organis+ 9 ! cause ( civilisation1 in/ead ( 9 ! cause ( savag]y1 ! old milit>y traditions ( h>dihood & discipl9e may well h its value4 ,b ! pres5t w> has %[n u t 9 no case ne$ we fe> t ^! high qualities w p]i% 9 any vitally progressive civilisation4 ,= !y are qualities t lie 9 ! he>t ( humanity itself4 ,!y are n creat$ by ! drill-s]geant2 he m]ely utilises !m = 8 own1 z we may p]haps ?9k1 disa/r\s ends4 ,?is pres5t w> has %[n u t on e h&1 ev5 9 ! unlikelie/ places1 all ! virtues ( w> h be5 fo/]$ by ! cultivation ( ! arts & sci5ces ( peace1 ready to be trans=m$ to w>like ends by m5 :o nev] dream$ ( w>4 ,9 ,france we f9d _m ( ! mo/ promis+ "y sci5ti/s1 poets1 & noveli/s *e]fully go+ =? to meet _! dea?4 ,on ! o!r side1 we f9d a ,kreisl]1 creat$ to be ! joy ( ! _w1 ready to be trampl$ to dea? b5ea? ! ho(s ( ,cossack horses4 ,! fri5ds ( ,gordon ,ma?ison1 ! be/ /ud5t ev] turn$ out f ! ,m$ical ,faculty ( ! ,melb\rne ,univ]sity & a di/+ui%$ "y physiologi/ :o seem$ to be de/9$ to become "o ( ! fir/ physicians ( 8 "t1 view$ ) =ebod+ 8 resolve to g to ! front1 = ,:]ev] he 0 he _h to be 9 ! game1 !y said2 & a few weeks lat] he 0 kill$ at ,gallipoli on ! ?re%old ( 8 c>e]4 ,! qualities t c\nt 9 peace are ! qualities t c\nt 9 w>1 & ! high-spirit$ man :o ?r[s himself bravely into ! dang]\s adv5tures ( peace is fully ! equal ( ! h]o ( ! battlefield1 & himself prep>$ to become t h]o4#i ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 on ! :ole1 t :5 ! eug5i/ takes a wide survey ( ?is "q1 he ne$ n qualify 8 disapproval ( w> by any regrets ov] ! loss ( su* virtues z w>f>e fo/]s4 ,9 e progressive civilisation ! moral equival5ts ( w> are already 9 full play4 ,peace1 z well z w>1 develops ! noble/ attributes ( man2 peace1 r ?an w>1 pres]ves ! human sea f putresc5ce2 x is ! condemnation ( peace1 r ?an ! condemnation ( w>1 :i* is n only absurd b immoral4 ,we are n call$ ^u to *oose betwe5 ! manly virtues ( w> & ! effem9ate deg5]acy ( peace4 ,! ,great ,w> ( to-day may p]haps help u to realise t ! *oice plac$ be=e u is ( ano!r sort4 ,! virtues ( d>+ & endurance w nev] fail 9 any vitally progressive community ( m51 alike 9 ! causes ( w> & ( peace4#aj ,b on ! "o h& we f9d ^? virtues at "w 9 ! s]vice ( humanity1 creat+ ev] new m>vels ( sci5ce & ( art1 add+ to ! /ore ( ! preci\s heirlooms ( ! race :i* are a joy to all mank9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we see ^! same virtues 9 ! s]vice ( savag]y1 ext+ui%+ ^? m>vels1 kill+ _! creators1 & de/roy+ e preci\s treasure ( mank9d )9 rea*4 ,t--x seems to be "o ( ! *ief lessons ( ?is w>--is ! *oice plac$ be=e u :o are to-day call$ ^u to build ! _w ( ! future on a firm] f\ndation ?an our own _w has be5 set4 #a ,d4,s4 ,jordan1 ,w> & ! ,bre$1 #aiae2 also articles on ,w> & ,manhood 9 ! ,eug5ics ,review1 ,july1 #aiaj1 & on ,! ,eug5ics ( ,w> 9 ! same ,review = ,oct41 #aiac4 #b ,j4 ,ar?ur ,?omson1 ,eug5ics & ,w>1 ,eug5ics ,review1 ,april1 #aiae4 ,major ,leon>d ,d>w9 7,j\rnal ,royal ,/ati/ical ,society1 ,m>*1 #aiaf7 sets =? a simil> view4 #c ,x is true t 9 ! ,g\rdon cav]n1 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 repres5t+ a v late & highly develop$ /age ( ,magdal5ian culture1 !re are indications t human bra9s 7 eat5 7,zabor[ski1 ,l',homme ,prhi/orique1 p4 #hf74 ,x is surmis$ t !y 7 ! bra9s ( enemies kill$ 9 battle1 b ?is rema9s a surmise4 #d ,zabor[ski1 ,l',homme ,prhi/orique1 pp4 #aba1 #aci2 ,lap\ge1 ,les ,slections ,sociales1 p4 #bji4 #e ,revue d',an?ropologie1 #ahgf1 pp4 #fjh & #fee4 #f ,9 ,france x is almo/ unkn[n except z prea*$ by ! ,syndicali/ philosoph]1 ,georges ,sorel1 :o insi/s1 q 9 ! ,g]man mann]1 on ! purify+ & invigorat+ effects ( a great =eign w>1 al?\gh1 v unlike ! ,g]man pr(essors1 he holds t a great ext5sion ( prolet>ian viol5ce w d j z well z w>4 #g ,! rec5t expressions ( ! same doctr9e 9 ,g]many are f> too num]\s to deal )4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 ref] to ,pr(essor ,fritz ,wilke's ,i/ d] ,krieg sittli* b]e*tigt8 7#aiae7 z be+ ! "w ( a !ologian & ,biblical s*ol> ( ,vi5na :o has writt5 a book on ! politics ( ,isaiah & discuss$ ! g]ms ( hi/orical v]idity 9 ! hi/ory ( ,abraham4 ,a _w-hi/ory )\t w>1 he decl>es1 w\ld be a hi/ory ( mat]ialism & deg5]ation2 & aga93 ,! solution is n ',weapons d[n6' b ',weapons up6' ,) pure h&s & calm consci5ce let u grasp ! sword4 ,he dwells1 ( c\rse1 on ! suppos$ purify+ & ennobl+ effects ( w> & insi/s t1 9 spite ( its horrors1 & :5 necess>y1 ,w> is a div9e in/itution & a "w ( love4 ,! lead]s ( ! _w's peace movem5t are1 ?ank ,god6 n ,g]mans1 b m]ely ,engli% & ,am]icans1 & he sums up1 ) ,moltke1 t w> is a "p ( ! moral ord] ( ! _w4 #h ,william ,james1 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,oct41 #aiaj4 #i ,we /ill (t5 fall into ! fallacy ( ov]-e/imat+ ! advantages ( milit>y tra9+--) its f9e air ( set-up manl9ess & re/ra9$ yet vitalis$ discipl9e--because we are mo/ly compell$ to comp>e su* tra9+ ) ! lack ( tra9+ fo/]$ by t tame1 dull s$5t>y r\t9e ( :i* !re is f> too mu* 9 our pres5t phase ( civilisation4 ,! rem$y lies 9 /imulat+ ! h]oic & /r5u\s sides ( civilisation r ?an 9 lett+ loose ! ravages ( w>4 ,z ,nietzs*e long s9ce po9t$ out 7,human1 ,all-too-,human1 section #ddb71 ! vaunt$ national armies ( mod]n times are m]ely a me?od ( squ&]+ ! mo/ highly civilis$ m51 ^: delicately organis$ bra9s h be5 sl[ly produc$ ?r\gh long g5]ations2 9 our day great] & high] tasks are assign$ to m5 ?an patria & honor1 & ! r\gh old ,roman patriotism has become di%on\rable1 at ! be/ beh9d ! times4 #aj ,! ,bord] ( ,scotl& & ,engl& 0 9 anci5t times1 x has be5 said1 a v ,p>adise = murd]]s & robb]s4 ,! w>-l _s 0 !re v ke5 & de$s ( d>+ 7 n too scrupul\sly effect$1 = ! culprit knew t no?+ 0 easi] & saf] ?an to become an outlaw on ! o!r side ( ! ,bord]4 ,yet ^! 7 ! conditions t ev5tually made ! ,bord] "o ( ! great ,briti% c5tres ( g5ius 7! ,wel% ,bord] 0 ano!r7 & ! home ( a peculi>ly capable & vigor\s race4 ,,iv ,,morality ,,9 ,,w>f>e ,!re are "s ideali/ic p]sons :o believe t morality & w> are incompatible4 ,w> is be/ial1 !y hold1 w> is devili%2 9 its pres5ce x is absurd1 almo/ f>cical1 to talk ab\t morality4 ,t w\ld be s if morality meant ! code1 = ev] unatta9$1 ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,b !re is n only ! morality ( ,jesus1 !re is ! morality ( ,mumbo ,jumbo4 ,9 o!r words1 & limit+ ourselves to ! n>r[] range ( ! civilis$ _w1 !re is ! morality ( ,ma*iavelli & ,bism>ck1 & ! morality ( ,/4 ,francis & ,tol/oy4 ,! fact is1 z we s (t5 =get1 & sometimes d n ev5 "k1 morality is fundam5tally cu/om1 ! mores1 z x has be5 call$1 ( a p4 ,x is a body ( conduct :i* is 9 con/ant motion1 ) an exalt$ advance-gu>d1 :i* few c keep up )1 & a debas$ re>gu>d1 once call$ ! black-gu>d1 a "n t has s9ce acquir$ an appropriate significance4 ,b 9 ! sub/antial & c5tral s5se morality means ! conduct ( ! ma9 body ( ! community4 ,?us und]/ood1 x is cle> t 9 our "t w> /ill comes into contact ) morality4 ,! pione]s may be ahead2 ! ma9 body is 9 ! ?ick ( x4 ,t !re really is a morality ( w>1 & t ! majority ( civilis$ p h m or less 9 common a c]ta9 conv5tional code conc]n+ ! ?+s :i* may or may n be done 9 w>1 has be5 v cle>ly se5 dur+ ! pres5t conflict4 ,?is moral code is (t5 said to be bas$ on int]national regulations & und]/&+s4 ,x c]ta9ly on ! :ole co9cides ) !m4 ,b x is ! popul> moral code :i* is fundam5tal1 & int]national law is m]ely an attempt to en=ce t morality4 ,! use ( exp&+ bullets & poison gases1 ! poison+ ( wells1 ! abuse ( ! ,r$ ,cross & ! ,:ite ,flag1 ! de/ruction ( *ur*es & works ( art1 ! infliction ( cruel p5alties on civilians :o h n tak5 up arms--all su* me?ods ( w>f>e z ^! %ock popul> morality4 ,!y are on ea* side usually attribut$ to ! enemy1 !y are seldom av[$1 & only adopt$ 9 imitation ( ! enemy1 ) hesitation & "s (f5ce to ! popul> consci5ce1 z we see 9 ! case ( poison gas1 :i* 0 only us$ by ! ,engli% aft] long delay1 :ile ! ,fr5* /ill hesitat$4 ,! g5]al feel+ ab\t su* me?ods1 ev5 :5 involv+ sci5tific skill1 is t !y are b>b>\s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is *>ge ( b>b>ism aga9/ ^? me?ods ( w>f>e :i* %ock our moral s5se mu/ n be tak5 too lit]ally4 ,! me?ods ( real b>b>ians 9 w> are n especially b>b>\s4 ,!y h sometimes committ$ acts ( cruelty :i* are revolt+ to u to-day1 b = ! mo/ "p ! excesses ( b>b>\s w>f>e h be5 loot+ & burn+1 toge!r ) m or less rap+ ( wom51 & ^! excesses h be5 s frequ5t )9 ! la/ c5tury1 & /ill to-day1 t !y may z well be call$ civilis$ z b>b>\s4 ,! sack ( ,rome by ! ,go?s at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury made an imm5se impression on ! anci5t _w1 z an unp>allel$ outrage4 ,/4 ,augu/9e 9 8 ,city ( ,god1 writt5 %ortly aft]w>ds1 eloqu5tly describ$ ! horrors ( t "t4 ,yet to-day1 9 ! new light ( our own k ( :at w> may involve1 ! ways ( ! anci5t ,go?s seem v innoc5t4 ,we are expressly told t !y sp>$ ! sacr$ ,*ri/ian places1 & ! *ief (f5ces br\ght aga9/ !m seem to be loot+ & burn+2 yet ! treasure !y left unt\*$ 0 va/ & incalculable & we %\ld be ?ankful inde$ if any bellig]5t 9 ! w> ( to-day inflict$ z little injury on a conqu]$ city z ! ,go?s on ,rome4 ,! vague rhetoric :i* ?is invasion inspir$ sc>cely seems to be support$ by def9itely record$ facts1 & !re c be v little d\bt t ! deva/ation wr\ght 9 _m old w>s exi/s *iefly 9 ! writ+s ( rhetorical *ronicl]s ^: imag9ations 7 excit$1 z we may s (t5 see among ! j\rnali/s ( to-day1 by ! rum\r ( atrocities :i* h nev] be5 committ$4 ,?is is n to say t no deva/ation & cruelty h be5 p]petrat$ 9 anci5t w>s4 ,x seems to be g5]ally agre$ t 9 ! fam\s ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 :i* ! ,g]mans f\ght aga9/ ea* o!r1 atrocities 7 ! ord] ( ! day4 ,we are con/antly be+ told1 9 respect ( "s episode or o!r ( ! w> ( to-day1 t no?+ l x has be5 se5 s9ce ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,b ! writ]s :o make ?is /atem5t1 ) an (f-h& air ( famili> s*ol>%ip1 nev] by any *ance br+ =w>d ! evid5ce = ?is great] atroci\sness ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1#a & "o is incl9$ to suspect t ?is (t-repeat$ allusion to ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> z ! acme ( milit>y atrocity is m]ely a rhetorical fl\ri%4 ,9 any case we "k t1 n s _m ye>s aft] ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 :o comb9$ supreme milit>y gifts ) fre$om f scruple 9 policy1 & 0 at ! same "t a great repres5tative ,g]man1 decl>$ t ! ord9>y citiz5 ought nev] to be aw>e t 8 c\ntry is at w>4#b ,no?+ c\ld %[ m cle>ly ! milit>y ideal1 h[ev] imp]fectly x may sometimes h be5 atta9$1 ( ! old ,european _w4 ,atrocities1 :e!r reg>d$ z p]missible or z inevitable1 c]ta9ly occurr$4 ,b = ! mo/ "p w>s 7 ! conc]n ( ! privileg$ upp] class2 !y 7 r5d]$ necess>y by ! dyna/ic qu>rels ( mon>*s & 7 c>ri$ out by a pr(essional class ) ari/ocratic traditions & a m or less scrupul\s reg>d to anci5t milit>y etiquette4 ,!re are _m /ories ( ! suff]+s ( ! soldi]y 9 old times1 9 ! mid/ ( abundance1 on acc\nt ( milit>y respect = civilian prop]ty4 ,von d] ,goltz rem>ks t !re 0 a "t :5 ! troops camp$ 9 ! cornfields & yet />v$1 & /ates t 9 #ahjf ! ,prussian ma9 army camp$ close to huge piles ( wood & yet _h no fires to w>m !mselves or cook _! food4#c ,! leg5d1 if leg5d x is1 ( ! ,fr5* (fic] :o politely reque/$ ! ,engli% (fic] opposite him to fire fir/ %[s h[ some?+ ( ! anci5t _s ( *ivalry 0 /ill reg>d$ z ! accompanim5t ( w>f>e4 ,x 0 an occupation :i* only incid5tally conc]n$ ! ord9>y citiz54 ,! ,engli%1 especially1 protect$ by ! sea & always liv+ 9 op5 undef5d$ cities1 h usually be5 able to pres]ve ?is indiff]5ce to ! cont95tal w>s 9 :i* _! k+s h con/antly be5 engag$1 &1 z we see1 ev5 9 ! mo/ unprotect$ ,european c\ntries1 & ! mo/ pr(\ndly w>like1 ! ,great ,fr$]ick set =? precisely ! same ideal ( w>4 ,! fact seems to be t :ile w> is n[adays less *ronic ?an ( old1 less prolong$1 & less easily provok$1 x is a s]i\s fallacy to suppose t x is also less b>b>\s4 ,we imag9e t x mu/ be s simply because we believe1 on m or less plausible gr\nds1 t our life g5]ally is gr[+ less b>b>\s & m civilis$4 ,b w>1 by its v nature1 always means a relapse f civilisation into b>b>ism1 if n savag]y4#d ,we may sympa?ise ) ! endeav\r ( ! ,european soldi]s ( old to civilise w>f>e1 & we may admire ! rem>kable ext5t to :i* !y succe$$ 9 do+ s4 ,b we _c help feel+ t _! romantic & *ivalr\s notions ( w>f>e 7 absurdly incongru\s4 ,! _w 9 g5]al might h be5 cont5t ) t incongruity4 ,b ,g]many1 or m precisely ,prussia1 ) its anci5t g5ius = w>f>e1 has 9 ! pres5t w> tak5 ! decisive /ep 9 initiat+ ! abolition ( t incongruity by plac+ w>f>e def9itely on ! basis ( sci5tific b>b>ism4 ,to d ?is is1 9 a s5se1 we mu/ rememb]1 n a /ep backw>ds1 b a /ep =w>d4 ,x involv$ ! recognition ( ! fact t ,w> is n a game to be play$ = its own sake1 by a pr(essional ca/e1 9 accordance ) fix$ rules :i* x w\ld be di%on\rable to break1 b a me?od1 c>ri$ out by ! :ole organis$ manhood ( ! nation1 ( effectively atta9+ an end desir$ by ! ,/ate1 9 accordance ) ! fam\s /atem5t ( ,clausewitz t w> is ,/ate policy cont9u$ by a diff]5t me?od4 ,if by ! *ivalr\s me?od ( old1 :i* 0 inde$ 9 l>ge "p /ill _! own me?od 9 ! previ\s ,franco-,g]man w>1 ! ,g]mans _h resi/$ ! temptation to violate ! neutrality ( ,luxemburg & ,belgium 9 ord] to ru% beh9d ! ,fr5* def5ces1 & _h batt]$ in/ead at ! ,gap ( ,bel=t1 !y w\ld h won ! sympa?y ( ! _w1 b !y c]ta9ly w\ld n h won ! possession ( ! great] "p ( ,belgium & a ?ird "p ( ,france4 ,x has n alone be5 milit>y in/9ct :i* has impell$ ,g]many on ! new c\rse ?us inaugurat$4 ,we see "h ! f9al outcome ( a reaction aga9/ anci5t ,teutonic s5tim5tality :i* ! insight ( ,goldw9 ,smi? cle>ly disc]n$ =ty ye>s ago4#e ,humane s5tim5ts & civilis$ traditions1 "u ! m\ld+ h& ( ,prussian lead]s ( ,kultur1 h be5 sl[ly b firmly subord9at$ to a political realism :i*1 9 ! milit>y sph]e1 means a ma/]ly effici5cy 9 ! aim ( cru%+ ! foe by ov]:elm+ =ce comb9$ ) panic-/rik+ frightfulness4 ,9 ?is conception1 t only is moral :i* s]v$ ^! ends4 ,! horror :i* ?is frightfulness may be expect$ to ar\se1 ev5 among neutral nations1 is f ! ,g]man po9t ( view a tribute ( homage4 ,! milit>y reputation ( ,g]many is s great 9 ! _w1 & likely to rema9 s1 :atev] ! issue ( ! pres5t w>1 t we are "h fac$ by a grave critical issue :i* conc]ns ! future ( ! :ole _w4 ,! conduct ( w>s has be5 trans=m$ be=e our eyes4 ,9 any future w> ! example ( ,g]many w be held to consecrate ! new me?ods1 & ! bellig]5ts :o are n incl9$ to accept ! supreme au?ority ( ,g]many may yet be =c$ 9 _! own int]e/s to act 9 accordance ) x4 ,! mitigat+ influ5ce ( religion ov] w>f>e has long ceas$ to be ex]cis$1 = ! int]national ,ca?olic ,*ur* no long] possesses ! p[] to ex]t su* influ5ce1 :ile ! national ,prote/ant *ur*es are j z bellicose z _! flacks4 ,n[ we see ! influ5ce ( morality ov] w>f>e simil>ly t5d+ to disappe>4 ,h5ce=?1 x seems1 we h to reckon ) a conception ( w> :i* acc\nts x a function ( ! supreme ,/ate1 /&+ above morality & !re=e able to wage w> indep5d5tly ( morality4 ,necessity--! necessity ( sci5tific effectiv5ess--becomes ! sole crit]ion ( "r & wrong4 ,:5 we look back f ! /&po9t ( k :i* we h rea*$ 9 ! pres5t w> to ! notions :i* prevail$ 9 ! pa/1 !y seem to u holl[ & ev5 *ildi%4 ,sev5ty ye>s ago1 ,buckle1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,civilisation1 /at$ complac5tly t only ignorant & un9tellectual nations any long] *]i%$ ideals ( w>4 ,8 /atem5t 0 "p ( ! tru?4 ,x is true1 = in/ance1 t ,france is n[ ! mo/ anti-milit>y ( nations1 ?\gh once ! mo/ milit>y ( all4 ,b1 we see1 x is only "p ( ! tru?4 ,! v fact1 :i* ,buckle himself po9t$ out1 t effici5cy has 9 mod]n times tak5 ! place ( morality 9 ! conduct ( affairs1 (f]s a new f\ndation = w> :5 w> is urg$ on sci5tific pr9ciple = ! purpose ( r5d]+ effective ! claims ( ,/ate policy4 ,to-day we see t x is n suffici5t = a nation to cultivate k & become intellectual1 9 ! expectation t w> w automatically g out ( fa%ion4 ,x is q possible to become v sci5tific1 mo/ rel5tlessly intellectual1 & on t f\ndation to build up ideals ( w>f>e mu* m b>b>\s ?an ^? ( ,assyria4 ,! conclusion seems to be t we are to-day ent]+ on an era 9 :i* w> w n only fl\ri% z vigor\sly z 9 ! pa/1 al?\gh n 9 s *ronic a =m1 b ) an altoge!r new f]ocity & ru?lessness1 ) a va/ly increas$ p[] ( de/ruction1 & on a scale ( ext5t & int5sity involv+ an injury to civilisation & humanity :i* no w>s ( ! pa/ ev] p]petrat$4 ,moreov]1 ?is /ate ( ?+s imposes on ! nations :i* h hi!rto1 by _! temp]1 _! position1 or _! small size1 reg>d$ !mselves z nationally neutral1 a new burd5 ( armam5t 9 ord] to ensure t neutrality4 ,x has be5 proclaim$ on bo? sides t ?is w> is a w> to de/roy milit>ism4 ,b ! disappe>ance ( a milit>ism t is only de/roy$ by a great] milit>ism (f]s no gu>antee at all = any triumph ( ,civilisation or ,humanity4 ,:at !n are we to d8 ,x seems cle> t we h to recognise t our intellectual lead]s ( old :o decl>$ t to ensure ! disappe>ance ( w> we h b to sit /ill & fold our h&s :ile we wat* ! b5efic5t gr[? ( sci5ce & intellect 7 griev\sly mi/ak54 ,w> is /ill "o ( ! active factors ( mod]n life1 ?\gh by no means ! only factor :i* x is 9 our p[] to grasp & direct4 ,by our en]getic ef=t ! _w c be m\ld$4 ,x is ! conc]n ( all ( u1 & especially ( ^? nations :i* are /rong en\gh & enlight5$ en\gh to take a lead+ "p 9 human affairs1 to "w t[>ds ! initiation & ! organisation ( ?is imm5se ef=t4 ,9 s f> z ! ,great ,w> ( to-day acts z a spur to su* ef=t x w n h be5 an unmix$ calamity4 #a ,9 s f> z x may h be5 s1 t seems m]ely due to its great l5g?1 to ! fact t ! abs5ce ( commiss>iat arrangem5ts involv$ a m ?or\gh me?od ( pillage1 & to epidemics4 #b ,treits*ke1 ,hi/ory ( ,g]many 7,engli% translation by ,e4 & ,c4 ,paul71 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #hg4 #c ,von d] ,goltz1 ,! ,nation 9 ,arms1 pp4 #ad et seq4 ,?is attitude 0 a f9al e*o ( ! anci5t ,truce ( ,god4 ,t in/itution1 :i* 0 fir/ def9itely =mulat$ 9 ! e>ly elev5? c5tury 9 ,r\ssillon & 0 soon confirm$ by ! ,pope 9 agreem5t ) nobles & b>ons1 0 ext5d$ to ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom be=e ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,x orda9$ peace = sev]al days a week & on _m fe/ivals1 & x gu>ante$ ! rights & lib]ties ( all ^? foll[+ peaceful avocations1 at ! same "t protect+ crops1 live-/ock1 & f>m implem5ts4 #d ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o 0 z famili> ) classic z ) ,*ri/ian life & ?\ght1 p]petually dwells on ! b\ndless mis]y ( w> & ! supreme desirability ( peace z a po9t at :i* pagan & ,*ri/ian are at "o2 ,nihil gratius soleat audiri1 nihil desid]abilius concupisci1 nihil po/remo possit melius inv5iri 444 ,sicut nemo e/ qui gaud]e nolit1 ita nemo e/ qui pacem hab]e nolit 7,city ( ,god1 ,bk4 ,,xix41 ,*s4 #aa-ab74 #e ,contempor>y ,review1 #ahgh4 ,v ,,is ,,w> ,,dim9i%+8 ,! *e]ful optimism ( ^? pacifi/s :o look$ = ! spe$y ext9ction ( w> has lately ar\s$ mu* scorn4 ,!re really seem to h be5 p :o believ$ t new virtues ( lov+-k9dness are spr++ up 9 ! human brea/ to br+ ab\t ! univ]sal reign ( peace spontane\sly1 :ile we all /ill cont9u$ to cultivate our old vices ( int]national gre$1 suspicion1 & jeal\sy4 ,dr4 ,fr$]ick ,adams ,woods1 9 ! *all5g+ & /imulat+ /udy ( ! preval5ce ( w> 9 ,europe f #adej to ! pres5t day :i* he has lately writt5 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,alex&] ,baltzly1 easily ?r[s contempt ^u su* pacifi/s4 ,all _! beautiful argum5ts1 he tells u 9 effect1 c\nt = no?+4 ,w> is to-day rag+ m furi\sly ?an ev] 9 ! _w1 & x is ev5 d\btful :e!r x is dim9i%+4 ,t is ! subject ( ! book ,dr4 ,woods & ,mr4 ,baltzly h writt53 ,is ,w> ,dim9i%+8 ,! me?od adopt$ by ^! au?ors is to c\nt up ! ye>s ( w> s9ce #adej = ea* ( ! elev5 *ief nations ( ,europe possess+ an anci5t hi/ory1 & to repres5t ! results by ! aid ( *>ts4 ,^! *>ts %[ t c]ta9ly !re has be5 a great fall+ (f 9 w> dur+ ! p]iod 9 "q4 ,w>s1 z !re pres5t$ to u1 seem to h ris5 to a climax 9 ! c5tury #aeej-afej & to h be5 decl9+ ev] s9ce4 ,! au?ors1 !mselves1 h[ev]1 are n q 9 sympa?y ) _! own conclusion4 ,!re is only1 ,dr4 ,woods decl>es1 a mod]ate am\nt ( probability 9 fav\r ( decl9+ w>4 ,he insi/s on ! fact t ! p]iod "u inve/igation repres5ts b a v small fraction ( ! life ( man4 ,he f9ds t if we take ,engl& sev]al c5turies fur!r back1 & comp>e its numb] ( w>-ye>s dur+ ! la/ f\r c5turies ) ^? dur+ ! prec$+ f\r c5turies1 ! fir/ p]iod %[s #bab ye>s ( w>1 ! second %[s #bjg ye>s1 a negligible diff]5ce1 :ile = ,france ! correspond+ numb] ( w>-ye>s are #aha & #aib1 an actual & r consid]able increase4 ,!re is ! fur!r consid]ation t if we reg>d n frequ5cy b int5sity ( w>--if we c\ld1 = in/ance1 measure a w> by its total numb] ( casualties--we %\ld d\btless f9d t w>s are %[+ a t5d5cy to ev]-increas+ gravity4 ,on ! :ole1 ,dr4 ,woods is cle>ly r discont5t$ ) ! t5d5cy ( 8 own & 8 collaborator's "w to %[ a dim9ution ( w>1 & mode/ly ca/s d\bt on all ^? :o believe t ! t5d5cy ( ! _w's hi/ory is 9 ! direction ( su* a dim9ution4 ,an hone/ & c>eful record ( facts1 h[ev]1 is always valuable4 ,dr4 ,woods' inve/igation w be f\nd useful ev5 by ^? :o are by no means anxi\s to ?r[ cold wat] ov] ! too facile optimism ( "s pacifi/s1 & ?is little book sugge/s l9es ( ?\ght :i* may prove fruitful 9 v>i\s directions1 n always =ese5 by ! au?ors4 ,dr4 ,woods emphasises ! long p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race dur+ :i* w> has fl\ri%$4 ,he seems to sugge/ t w>1 aft] all1 may be an ess5tial & b5eficial elem5t 9 human affairs1 de/9$ to endure to ! end1 j z x has be5 pres5t f ! beg9n+4 ,b has x be5 pres5t f ! beg9n+8 ,ev5 ?\gh w> may h fl\ri%$ = _m ?\s&s ( ye>s--& x 0 c]ta9ly fl\ri%+ at ! dawn ( hi/ory--we are /ill v f> inde$ f ! dawn ( human life or ev5 ( human civilisation1 = ! m our k ( ! pa/ gr[s ! m remote t dawn is se5 to be4 ,x is n only se5 to be v remote1 x is se5 to be v important4 ,d>w9 said t x 0 dur+ ! fir/ ?ree ye>s ( life t a man le>nt mo/4 ,t say+ is equally true ( humanity z a :ole1 ?\gh "h "o mu/ translate ye>s into hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,b nei!r infant man nor infant mank9d c\ld e/abli% !mselves firmly on ! pa? t leads s f> if !y _h at ! v outset1 9 accordance ) ,dr4 ,woods' =mula = m rec5t ages1 f\ght ab\t half ! "t4 ,an activity ( ?is k9d :i* may be h>mless1 or ev5 9 "s degree b5eficial at a lat] /age1 w\ld be fatally disa/r\s at an e>ly /age4 ,w>1 z ,mank9d und]/&s w>1 seems to h no place among animals liv+ 9 ,nature4 ,x seems equally to h _h no place1 s f> z inve/igation has yet be5 able to reveal1 9 ! life ( e>ly man4 ,m5 7 f> too busy 9 ! great fight aga9/ ,nature to fight aga9/ ea* o!r1 f> too absorb$ 9 ! task ( inv5t+ me?ods ( self-pres]vation to h mu* en]gy left = inv5t+ me?ods ( self-de/ruction4 ,x 0 once suppos$ t ! ,hom]ic /ories ( w> pres5t$ a picture ( life ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,! ,hom]ic picture 9 fact corresponds to a /age 9 human b>b>ism1 c]ta9ly 9 its ,european manife/ation1 a /age also pass$ ?r\gh 9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 :]e1 ne>ly fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! ,greek travell]1 ,posidonius1 f\nd ! ,celtic *iefta9s 9 ,brita9 liv+ mu* l ! p 9 ,hom]4 ,b we n[ "k t ,hom]1 s f> f br++ be=e u a primitive age1 really repres5ts ! end ( a long /age ( human developm5t1 m>k$ by a sl[ & /eady gr[? 9 civilisation & a va/ accumulation ( luxury4 ,w> is a luxury1 9 o!r words a manife/ation ( sup]flu\s en]gy1 n possible 9 ^? e>ly /ages :5 all ! en]gies ( m5 are tak5 up 9 ! prim>y bus9ess ( pres]v+ & ma9ta9+ life4 ,s x 0 t w> _h a beg9n+ 9 human hi/ory4 ,is x unreasonable to suppose t x w also h an end8 ,!re is ano!r way1 besides t ( c\nt+ ! _w's w>-ye>s1 to det]m9e ! probability ( ! dim9ution & ev5tual disappe>ance ( w>4 ,we may consid] ! causes ( w>1 & ! ext5t to :i* ^! causes are1 or are n1 ceas+ to op]ate4 ,dr4 ,woods pass+ly realises ! importance ( ?is te/ & ev5 enum]ates :at he consid]s to be ! causes ( w>1 )\t1 h[ev]1 foll[+ up 8 clue4 ,z he reckons !m1 !y are f\r 9 numb]3 racial1 economic1 religi\s1 & p]sonal4 ,!re is frequ5tly a consid]able am\nt ( d\bt conc]n+ ! cause ( a p>ticul> w>1 & no d\bt ! causes are usually mix$ & sl[ly accumulative1 j z 9 disease a numb] ( factors may h gradually comb9$ to br+ on ! sudd5 ov]?r[ ( heal?4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! f\r causes enum]at$ h be5 v influ5tial 9 produc+ w>4 ,!re c1 h[ev]1 be equally little d\bt t ne>ly all ( !m are dim9i%+ 9 _! w>-produc+ p[]4 ,religion1 :i* aft] ! ,re=mation seem$ to fom5t s _m w>s1 is n[ practically almo/ ext9ct z a cause ( w> 9 ,europe4 ,economic causes :i* 7 once reg>d$ z good & s\nd motives = w> h be5 discr$it$1 ?\gh !y _c be said to be aboli%$2 9 ! ,middle ,ages fight+ 0 und\bt$ly a mo/ pr(itable bus9ess1 n only by ! booty :i* might ?us be obta9$1 b by ! high ransoms :i* ev5 d[n to ! sev5te5? c5tury might be legitimately dem&$ = prison]s4 ,s t w> ) ,france 0 reg>d$ z an ,engli% g5tleman's be/ me?od ( gr[+ ri*4 ,lat] x 0 believ$ t a c\ntry c\ld capture ! weal? ( ano!r c\ntry by de/roy+ t c\ntry's comm]ce1 & 9 ! eighte5? c5tury t doctr9e 0 op5ly ass]t$ ev5 by responsible /atesm52 lat]1 ! gr[? ( political economy made cle> t e nation fl\ri%es by ! prosp]ity ( o!r nations1 & t by impov]i%+ ! nation ) :i* x trad$ a nation impov]i%es itself1 = a tradesman _c gr[ ri* by kill+ 8 cu/om]s4 ,s x came ab\t t1 z ,mill put x1 ! comm]cial _s1 :i* dur+ "o p]iod ( ,european hi/ory 0 ! pr9cipal cause ( w>1 became "o ( its /ronge/ ob/acles1 ?\gh1 s9ce ,mill wrote1 ! old fallacy t x is a legitimate & advantage\s me?od to fight = m>kets1 has frequ5tly reappe>$4#a ,aga91 ! p]sonal causes ( w>1 al?\gh 9 a l>ge measure incalculable1 h mu* small] scope "u mod]n conditions ?an =m]ly4 ,"u anci5t conditions1 ) p[] c5tr$ 9 despotic mon>*s or autocratic m9i/]s1 ! p]sonal causes ( w> c\nt$ = mu*4 ,9 m rec5t times x has be5 said1 truly or falsely1 t ! ,crimean ,w> 0 due to ! w\nd$ feel+s ( a diplomati/4 ,"u mod]n conditions1 h[ev]1 ! *ecks on individual initiative are s _m t p]sonal causes mu/ play an ev]-dim9i%+ "p 9 w>4 ,! same c sc>cely be said z reg>ds ,dr4 ,woods' rema9+ cause ( w>4 ,if by racialism we are to und]/& nationalism1 ?is has ( late be5 a s]i\s & ev]-gr[+ provocative ( w>4 ,int]nationalism ( feel+ is mu* less m>k$ n[ ?an x 0 f\r c5turies ago4 ,nationalities h develop$ a new self-consci\sness1 a new impulse to rega9 _! old t]ritories or to acquire new t]ritories4 ,n only ,pan-,g]manism1 ,pan-,slavism1 & ,briti% ,imp]ialism1 l all o!r imp]ialisms1 b ev5 ! national ambitions ( "s small] ,p[]s h acquir$ a new & dang]\s en]gy4 ,!y are n ! less dang]\s :51 z is inde$ mo/ frequ5tly ! case1 !y m]ely repres5t ! ambition1 n ( ! p z a :ole1 b m]ely ( a milit>y or bureaucratic clique1 ( a small *auv9i/ic gr\p1 yet noisy & en]getic en\gh to w9 ov] unscrupul\s politicians4 ,a ,g]man soldi]1 a "y j\rnali/ ( ability1 rec5tly wrote home f ! tr5*es3 ,i h (t5 dream$ ( a new ,europe 9 :i* all ! nations w\ld be frat]nally unit$ & live toge!r z "o p2 x 0 an end :i* democratic feel+ seem$ to be sl[ly prep>+4 ,n[ ?is t]rible w> has be5 un*a9$1 fom5t$ by a few m5 :o are s5d+ _! subjects1 _! slaves r1 to ! battlefield1 to slay ea* o!r l wild bea/s4 ,i %\ld l to g t[>ds ^! m5 !y call our enemies & say1 ',bro!rs1 let u fight toge!r4 ,! enemy is beh9d u4' ,yes1 s9ce ,i h be5 we>+ ?is uni=m ,i feel no hatr$ = ^? :o are 9 front1 b my hatr$ has gr[n = ^? 9 p[] :o are beh9d4 ,t is a s5tim5t :i* mu/ gr[ mightily ) ! gr[? ( democracy1 & z x gr[s ! dang] ( nationalism z a cause ( w> mu/ necess>ily decrease4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o gr\p ( causes ( w>1 ( ! fir/ importance1 :i* ,dr4 ,woods has surpris+ly omitt$1 & t is ! gr\p ( political causes4 ,x is by ov]look+ ! political aspects ( w> t ,dr4 ,woods' discussion is mo/ defective4 ,suppos$ political necessity has be5 9 mod]n times p]haps ! v *ief cause ( w>4 ,t is to say t w>s are l>gely wag$ = :at has be5 suppos$ to be ! protection1 or ! fur!rance1 ( ! civilis$ organisation :i* ord]s ! temporal b5efits ( a nation4 ,?is is admirably illu/rat$ by all ?ree ( ! great ,european w>s 9 :i* ,engl& has tak5 "p dur+ ! pa/ f\r c5turies3 ! w> aga9/ ,spa91 ! w> aga9/ ,france1 & ! pres5t w> aga9/ ,g]many4 ,! fundam5tal motive ( ,engl&'s p>ticipation 9 all ^! w>s has be5 :at 0 conceiv$ to be ! ne$ ( ,engl&'s safety1 x 0 ess5tially political4 ,a small isl& ,p[]1 dep5d5t on its fleet1 & yet v closely adjo9+ ! cont95tal ma9l&1 is vitally conc]n$ 9 ! naval developm5ts ( possibly ho/ile ,p[]s & 9 ! milit>y movem5ts :i* affect ! opposite coa/4 ,spa91 ,france1 & ,g]many all successively ?reat5$ ,engl& by a =midable fleet1 & !y all s\ght to ga9 possession ( ! coa/ opposite ,engl&4 ,to ,engl&1 !re=e1 x seem$ a measure ( political self-def5ce to /rike a bl[ z ea* fre% m5ace arose4 ,9 e case ,belgium has be5 ! battlefield on l&4 ,! neutrality ( ,belgium is felt to be politically vital to ,engl&4 ,!re=e1 ! invasion ( ,belgium by a ,great ,p[] is to ,engl& an imm$iate signal ( w>4 ,x is n only ,engl&'s w>s t h be5 ma9ly political2 ! same is true ( ,g]many's w>s ev] s9ce ,prussia has _h ! lead]%ip ( ,g]many4 ,! political condition ( a c\ntry )\t natural fronti]s & surr\nd$ by p[]ful neighb\rs is a p]petual s\rce ( w>s :i*1 9 ,g]many's case1 h be51 by delib]ate policy1 (f5sively def5sive4 ,:5 we realise ! fundam5tal importance ( ! political causation ( w>f>e1 ! :ole problem ( ! ultimate fate ( w> becomes at once m hopeful4 ,! ord]ly gr[? & /ability ( nations has 9 ! pa/ seem$ to dem& w>4 ,b w> is n ! only me?od ( secur+ ^! ends1 & to mo/ p n[adays x sc>cely seems ! be/ me?od4 ,engl& & ,france h f\ght aga9/ ea* o!r = _m c5turies4 ,!y are n[ conv9c$ t !y really h no?+ to fight ab\t1 & t ! gr[? & /ability ( ea* c\ntry are bett] ensur$ by fri5d%ip ?an by enmity4 ,!re _c be a d\bt ( x4 ,b :]e is ! limit to ! ext5sion ( t same pr9ciple8 ,france & ,g]many1 ,engl& & ,g]many1 h j z mu* to lose by enmity1 j z mu* to ga9 by fri5d%ip1 & alike on bo? sides4 ,! hi/ory ( ,europe & ! *>ts ( ,mr4 ,baltzly cle>ly %[ t ?is consid]ation has really be5 influ5tial4 ,we f9d t !re is a progressive t5d5cy = ! nations ( ,europe to ab&on w>f>e4 ,sw$51 ,d5m>k1 & ,holl&1 all vigor\s & w>like peoples1 h long ceas$ to fight4 ,!y h f\nd _! advantage 9 ! ab&onm5t ( w>1 b t ab&onm5t has be5 greatly /imulat$ by awe ( _! mighti] neighb\rs4 ,& !re91 aga91 we h a clue to ! probable c\rse ( ! future4 ,= :5 we realise t ! fundam5tal political ne$ ( self-pres]vation & good ord] has be5 a ma9 cause ( w>f>e1 & :5 we fur!r realise t ! same ends may be m satisfactorily atta9$ )\t w> "u ! influ5ce ( a suffici5tly firm ext]nal pressure work+ 9 h>mony ) ! gr[? ( int]nal civilisation1 we see t ! problem ( fight+ among nations is ! same z t ( fight+ among individuals4 ,once ^u a "t good ord] & social /ability 7 ma9ta9$ 9 a community by ! me?od ( fight+ among ! individuals con/itut+ ! community4 ,no d\bt all sorts ( preci\s virtues 7 ?us g5]at$1 & no d\bt 9 ! g5]al op9ion no bett] me?od seem$ possible or ev5 conceivable4 ,b1 z we "k1 ) ! developm5t ( a /rong c5tral ,p[]1 & ) ! gr[? ( enlight5m5t1 x 0 realis$ t political /ability & good ord] 7 m satisfactorily ma9ta9$ by a tribunal1 hav+ a /rong police =ce beh9d x1 ?an by ! me?od ( all[+ ! individuals conc]n$ to fight out _! qu>rels betwe5 !mselves4 ,fight+ betwe5 national gr\ps ( individuals /&s on precisely ! same foot+ z fight+ betwe5 individuals4 ,! political /ability & good ord] ( nations1 x is beg9n+ to be se51 c be m satisfactorily ma9ta9$ by a tribunal1 hav+ a /rong police =ce beh9d x1 ?an by ! me?od ( all[+ ! individual nations conc]n$ to fight out qu>rels betwe5 !mselves4 ,! /rong] nations h = a l>ge "p impos$ ?is peace ^u ! small] nations ( ,europe to ! great b5efit ( ! latt]4 ,h[ c we impose a simil> peace ^u ! /rong] nations1 = _! own b5efit & = ! b5efit ( ! :ole _w8 ,to t task all our en]gies mu/ be direct$4 ,a long s]ies ( em95t ?9k]s & inve/igators1 f ,comte & ,buckle a c5tury ago to ,dr4 ,woods & ,mr4 ,baltzly to-day1 h assur$ u t w> is dim9i%+ & ev5 t ! w>-l _s is ext9ct4 ,x is c]ta9ly n true t ! w>-l _s is ext9ct1 ev5 9 ! mo/ civilis$ & peaceful peoples1 & we ne$ n desire its ext9ction1 = x is capable ( trans=mation into %apes ( ! f9e/ use = humanity4 ,b ! va/ conflagration ( to-day mu/ n conceal f our eyes ! great c5tral fact t w> is dim9i%+1 & w "o day disappe> z completely z ! m$iaeval sc\rge ( ! ,black ,dea?4 ,to rea* ?is consummation all ! be/ humanis+ & civilis+ en]gies ( mank9d w be ne$$4 #a ,x has be5 argu$ 7z by ,filippi ,c>li1 ,la ,ric*ezza e la ,gu]ra1 #aiaf7 t ! ,g]mans are especially unable to und]/& t ! prosp]ity ( o!r c\ntries is b5eficial to !m1 :e!r or n "u ,g]man control1 & t !y diff] f ! ,engli% & ,fr5* 9 believ+ t economic conque/s %\ld involve political conque/s4 ,,vi ,,w> ,,& ,,! ,,bir?-,,rate ,dur+ rec5t ye>s ! fai? _h gr[n among progressive p]sons 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 n exclud+ ,g]many1 t civilisation 0 build+ up almo/ impassable b>ri]s aga9/ any great w>4 ,^! b>ri]s 7 ?\ght to be ( v>i\s k9ds1 ev5 ap>t f ! m]ely s5tim5tal & humanit>ian developm5ts ( pacific feel+4 ,!y 7 especially ( an economic k9d1 & t on a d\ble basis1 t ( ,capital & t ( ,lab\r4 ,x 0 believ$1 on ! "o h&1 t ! int]national ramifications ( ,capital1 & ! complicat$ comm]cial & f9ancial webs :i* b9d nations toge!r1 w\ld cause s vivid a realisation ( ! disa/]s ( w> z to erect a :olesomely /eady+ effect :5ev] ! dang] ( w> loom$ 9 sight4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 felt t ! int]national unity ( int]e/ among ! work]s1 ! gr[? ( ,lab\r's fav\rite doctr9e t !re is no conflict betwe5 nations1 b only betwe5 classes1 & ev5 ! actual int]national organisation & bonds ( ! work]s' associations1 w\ld int]pose a s]i\s m5ace to ! plans ( w>-mak]s4 ,^! influ5ces 7 real & important4 ,b1 z we "k1 :5 ! decisive mom5t came1 ! diplomati/s & ! milit>i/s 7 f\nd to be at ! helm1 to /e] ! %ip ( ,/ate 9 ea* c\ntry conc]n$1 & ^? on bo>d _h no voice 9 det]m9+ ! c\rse4 ,9 ,engl& only c !re be said to h be5 any %[ ( consult+ ,p>liam5t1 b at t mom5t ! situation _h already s f> develop$ t !re 0 little left b to accept x4 ,! ,great ,w> ( to-day has %[n t su* b>ri]s aga9/ w> z we at pres5t possess may crumble away 9 a mom5t at ! %ock ( ! w>-mak+ ma*9e4 ,we are to-day =c$ to und]take a m se>*+ inquiry into ! =ces :i*1 9 civilisation1 op]ate aga9/ w>4 ,i wi% to call att5tion "h to "o su* influ5ce ( fundam5tal "*1 :i* has n be5 unrecognis$1 b possesses an importance we are (t5 apt to ov]look4 ,a ,fr5* g5tleman1 well acqua9t$ ) ! con/itution ( 8 c\ntry1 wrote ,?icknesse 9 #aggf1a told me above eight ye>s s9ce t ,france increas$ s rapidly 9 peace t !y mu/ necess>ily h a w> e twelve or f\rte5 ye>s to c>ry (f ! refuse ( ! p4 ,rec5tly a well-kn[n ,g]man ,sociali/1 ,dr4 ,edu>d ,david1 memb] ( ! ,rei*/ag & a /ud5t ( ! population "q1 sett+ =? ! same great tru? 79 ,die ,neue ,g5]ation = ,novemb]1 #aiad7 /ates t x w\ld h be5 impossible = ,g]many to wage ! pres5t w> if x _h n be5 = ! high ,g]man bir?-rate dur+ ! pa/ half-c5tury4 ,& ! impossibility ( ?is w> w\ld1 = ,dr4 ,david1 h be5 inde$ tragic4 ,a m di/+ui%$ social hygi5i/1 ,pr(essor ,max ,grub]1 ( ,muni*1 :o took a lead+ "p 9 organis+ t m>vell\s ,exposition ( ,hygi5e at ,dresd5 :i* has be5 ,g]many's greate/ s]vice to real civilisation 9 rec5t ye>s1 lately set =? an id5tical op9ion4 ,! w>1 he decl>es1 0 inevitable & unavoidable1 & ,g]many 0 responsible = x1 n1 he ha/5s to add1 9 any moral s5se1 b 9 a biological s5se1 because 9 =ty-f\r ye>s ,g]mans h increas$ 9 numb]s f =ty millions to eighty millions4 ,! w> 01 !re=e1 a biological necessity4 ,if we survey ! bellig]5t nations 9 ! w> we may say t ^? :i* took ! initiative 9 draw+ x on1 or at all ev5ts 7 mo/ prep>$ to welcome x1 7 ,russia1 ,au/ria1 ,g]many1 & ,s]bia4 ,we may also note t ^! include ne>ly all ! nations 9 ,europe ) a high bir?-rate4 ,we may fur!r note t !y are all nations :i*--putt+ aside _! cultural summits & tak+ !m 9 ! mass--are among ! mo/ backw>d 9 ,europe2 ! fall 9 ! bir?-rate has n yet _h "t to p]meate !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ( ! bellig]5t peoples ( to-day1 all indications po9t to ! ,fr5* z ! p mo/ intol]ant1 sil5tly b deeply1 ( ! w> !y are s ably & h]oically wag+4 ,yet ! ,france ( ! pres5t1 ) ! l[e/ bir?-rate & ! highe/ civilisation1 0 a c5tury ago ! ,france ( a bir?-rate high] ?an t ( ,g]many to-day1 ! mo/ milit>i/ & aggressive ( nations1 a p]petual m5ace to ,europe4 ,= all ^? among u :o h fai? 9 civilisation & humanity1 & are unable to believe t w> c ev] be a civilis+ or humanis+ me?od ( progress1 x mu/ be a daily pray] t ! fall ( ! bir?-rate may be ha/5$4 ,x seems too elem5t>y a po9t to insi/ on1 yet ! mi/s ( ignorance & prejudice are s d5se1 ! cat>act ( false patriotism is s ?ick1 t = _m ev5 ! mo/ elem5t>y tru?s _c be disc]n$4 ,9 mo/ ( ! small] nations1 inde$1 an intellig5t view prevails4 ,_! smallness has1 on ! "o h&1 r5d]$ !m m op5 to int]national culture1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 enabl$ !m to outgr[ ! illusions ( milit>ism2 !re is a high] /&>d ( education among !m2 _! bir?-rates are l[ & !y accept t fact z a condition ( progressive civilisation4 ,t is ! case 9 ,switz]l&1 z 9 ,norway1 & notably 9 ,holl&4 ,x is n s 9 ! l>g] nations4 ,"h we con/antly f9d1 ev5 9 ^? l&s :]e ! bulk ( ! population are civilis$ & reasonably level-head$1 a small m9ority :o publicly te> _! hair & rage at ! /eady decl9e 9 ! bir?-rate4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 only ! decl9+ bir?-rate ( _! own c\ntry t !y h 9 view2 = !y are patriots1 :i* means t ! fall ( ! bir?-rate 9 all o!r c\ntries b _! own is a s\rce ( mu* gratification4 ,woe to u1 !y exclaim 9 effect1 if we foll[ ! example ( ^! wick$ & deg5]ate peoples6 ,our nation ne$s m54 ,we h to populate ! e>? & to c>ry ! bless+s ( our civilis$ culture all ov] ! _w4 ,9 execut+ t high mission we _c h too mu* cannon-fodd] 9 def5d+ ourselves aga9/ ! jeal\sy & aggression ( o!r nations4 ,let u promote p>5tage by law2 let u repress by law e influ5ce :i* may enc\rage a fall+ bir?-rate2 o!rwise !re is no?+ left to u b spe$y national disa/]1 complete & irrem$iable4 ,?is is n c>icature1#b ?\gh ^! apo/les ( race-suicide may easily ar\se a smile by ! v]bal ard\r ( _! procreative en]gy4 ,b we h to recognise t 9 ,g]many = ye>s pa/ x has be5 difficult to take up a s]i\s p]iodical )\t f9d+ "s anxi\sly /ati/ical article ab\t ! fall+ bir?-rate & "s wild recomm5dations = its arre/1 = x is ! milit>i/ic ,g]man :o ( all ,europeans is mo/ worri$ by ?is fall2 inde$ ,g]mans (t5 ev5 refuse to recognise x4 ,?us to-day we f9d ,pr(essor ,grub] decl>+ t if ! population ( ! ,g]man ,empire cont9ues to gr[ at ! rate ( ! fir/ five ye>s ( ! pres5t c5tury1 at ! end ( ! c5tury x w h rea*$ #bej1jjj1jjj4 ,by su* a va/ increase 9 population1 ! ,pr(essor complac5tly concludes1 ,g]many w be r5d]$ invuln]able4 ,we "k :at t means4 ,! pres5ce ( an invuln]able nation among nations t are vuln]able means inevitable aggression & w>1 a p]petual m5ace to civilisation & humanity4 ,x is n along t l9e t hope c be f\nd = ! _w's future1 or ev5 ,g]many's future1 & ,grub] conv5i5tly neglects to e/imate :at1 on 8 basis1 ! population ( ,russia w be at ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,b ,grub]'s e/imate is altoge!r fallaci\s4 ,g]man bir?s h fall51 r\ghly speak+1 ab\t "o p] ?\s& ( ! population1 e ye> s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 & x w\ld be equally reasonable to e/imate t if !y cont9ue to fall at ! pres5t rate 7:i* we _c1 ( c\rse1 anticipate7 bir?s w altoge!r h ceas$ 9 ,g]many long be=e ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,! ,g]man bir?-rate rea*$ its climax =ty ye>s ago 7#ahga-ahhj7 ) #dj4g p] #a1jjj2 9 #aijf x 0 #cd p] #a1jjj2 9 #aiji1 #ca p] #a1jjj2 9 #aiab1 #bh p] #a1jjj2 9 an almo/ measurable p]iod ( "t1 9 all probability long be=e ! end ( ! c5tury1 x w h rea*$ ! same l[ level z t ( ,france1 :5 !re w be little diff]5ce betwe5 ! invuln]ability ( ,france & ( ,g]many1 a consummation :i*1 = ! _w's sake1 is f> m dev\tly to be wi%$ ?an t anticipat$ by ,grub]4 ,we h to rememb]1 moreov]1 t ?is t5d5cy is by no means1 z we are sometimes tempt$ to suppose1 a sign ( deg5]ation or ( decay2 b1 on ! contr>y1 a sign ( progress4 ,:5 we survey broadly t c\rse ( zoological evolution ( :i* we are pleas$ to reg>d ,man z ! f9al outcome1 we note t on ! :ole ! mighty /ream has become ! less productive z x has advanc$4 ,we note ! same ( ! v>i\s l9es tak5 sep>ately4 ,we note1 also1 t intellig5ce & all ! qualities we admire h usually be5 mo/ m>k$ 9 ! less prolific species4 ,progress1 r\ghly speak+1 has prov$ incompatible ) high f]tility4 ,& ! reason is n f> to seek4 ,if ! creature produc$ is m evolv$1 x is m complex & m highly organis$1 & t means ! ne$ = mu* "t & mu* en]gy4 ,to atta9 ?is1 ! (fspr+ mu/ be few & widely spac$2 x _c be atta9$ at all "u conditions t are highly de/ructive4 ,! humble h]r+1 :i* evokes ! despair+ envy ( our human apo/les ( f]tility1 is l>gely compos$ ( spawn1 & produces a va/ numb] ( (fspr+1 ( :i* few rea* maturity4 ,! high] mammals sp5d _! lives 9 ! production ( a small numb] ( (fspr+1 mo/ ( :om survive4 ,?us1 ev5 be=e ,man began1 we see a fundam5tal pr9ciple e/abli%$1 & ! relation%ip betwe5 ! bir?-rate & ! dea?-rate 9 work+ ord]4 ,all progressive evolution may be reg>d$ z a me*anism = conc5trat+ an ev] great] am\nt ( en]gy 9 ! production ( ev] few] & ev] m spl5did individuals4 ,nature is p]petually /riv+ to replace ! crude ideal ( quantity by ! high] ideal ( quality4 ,9 human hi/ory ^! same t5d5cies h cont9ually be5 illu/rat$4 ,! ,greeks1 our pione]s 9 all insight & k1 grappl$ 7z ,pr(essor ,myres has lately set =?#c71 & realis$ t !y 7 grappl+1 ) ?is same problem4 ,ev5 9 ! ,m9oan ,age _! population w\ld appe> to h be5 full to ov]fl[+2 !re 7 too _m p 9 ! _w1 & to ! old ,greeks ! ,trojan ,w> 0 ! e>lie/ div9ely-appo9t$ rem$y4 ,w>s1 fam9es1 pe/il5ces1 colonisation1 wide-spread infanticide 7 ! me?ods1 volunt>y & involunt>y1 by :i* ?is excessive bir?-rate 0 combat$1 :ile ! greate/ ( ,greek philosoph]s1 a ,plato or an ,ari/otle1 cle>ly saw t a regulat$ & limit$ bir?-rate1 a eug5ically improv$ race1 is ! road to high] civilisation4 ,we may ev5 see 9 ,greek antiquity h[ a sudd5 rise 9 indu/rialism leads to a cr[d$ & f]tile urban population1 ! ext5sion ( slav]y1 & all ! resultant evils4 ,x 0 a =eta/e ( :at 0 se5 dur+ ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies1 :5 a sudd5 indu/rial expansion l$ to an enorm\sly high bir?-rate1 a s]vile urban prolet>iat 7t v ^w indicates1 z ,ros*] has po9t$ out1 t a l>ge family means inf]iority71 & a consequ5t outbur/ ( mis]y & degradation f :i* we are only n[ em]g+4 ,z we are n[ able to realise1 ! sudd5 expansion ( ! population accompany+ ! indu/rial revolution 0 an abnormal &1 f ! po9t ( view ( society1 a morbid ph5om5on4 ,all ! evid5ce goes to %[ t previ\sly ! population t5d$ to increase v sl[ly1 & social evolution 0 ?us able to take place equably & h>moni\sly4 ,x is only gradually t ! bir?-rate has begun to "r itself aga94 ,! movem5t1 z is well kn[n1 began 9 ,france1 always ! mo/ advanc$ outpo/ ( ,european civilisation4 ,x has n[ spread to ,engl&1 to ,g]many1 to all ,europe1 to ! :ole _w inde$1 9 s f> z ! _w is 9 t\* ) ,european civilisation1 & has long be5 well m>k$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:5 we realise ?is we are also enabl$ to realise h[ futile1 h[ misplac$1 & h[ mis*iev\s x is to raise ! cry ( ,race-suicide4 ,x is futile because no outcry c affect a _w-wide movem5t ( civilisation4 ,x is misplac$ because ! rise & fall ( ! population is n a matt] ( ! bir?-rate alone1 b ( ! bir?-rate comb9$ ) ! dea?-rate1 & :ile we _c expect to t\* ! =m] we c influ5ce ! latt]4 ,x is mis*iev\s because by fight+ aga9/ a t5d5cy :i* is n only inevitable b altoge!r b5eficial1 we bl9d ourselves to ! advance ( civilisation & risk ! misdirection ( all our en]gies4 ,h[ f> ?is bl9dness may be c>ri$ we see 9 ! false patriotism ( ^? :o 9 ! decl9e ( ! bir?-rate fancy !y see ! ru9 ( _! own p>ticul> c\ntry1 oblivi\s ( ! fact t we are conc]n$ ) a ph5om5on ( _w-wide ext5sion4 ,! :ole t5d5cy ( civilisation is to r$uce ! bir?-rate1 z ,l]oy-,beaulieu concludes 9 8 compreh5sive "w on ! population "q4 ,we may g fur!r1 & ass]t ) ! di/+ui%$ ,g]man economi/1 ,ros*]1 t ! *ief cause ( ! sup]iority ( a highly civilis$ ,/ate ov] l[] /ages ( civilisation is precisely a great] degree ( =e?\ght & self-control 9 m>riage & *ild-be>+4#d ,in/ead ( talk+ ab\t race-suicide1 we %\ld d well to obs]ve at :at an appall+ rate1 ev5 yet1 ! population is increas+1 & we %\ld note t x is ev]y:]e ! poore/ & mo/ primitive c\ntries1 & 9 e c\ntry 7z 9 ,g]many7 ! poore/ regions1 :i* %[ ! highe/ bir?-rate4 ,on e h&1 h[ev]1 are hopeful signs4 ,?us1 9 ,russia1 :]e a v high bir?-rate is to "s ext5t comp5sat$ by a v high dea?-rate--! highe/ infantile dea?-rate 9 ,europe--! bir?-rate is fall+1 & we may anticipate t x w fall v rapidly ) ! ext5sion ( education & social enlight5m5t among ! masses4 ,driv5 out ( ,europe1 ! al>mi/ falls back on ! ,yell[ ,p]il4 ,b 9 ,japan we f9d amid confus$ v>iations ( ! bir?-rate & ! dea?-rate no?+ to indicate any al>m+ expansion ( ! population1 :ile z to ,*9a we are 9 ! d>k4 ,we only "k t 9 ,*9a !re is a high bir?-rate l>gely comp5sat$ by a v high dea?-rate4 ,we also "k1 h[ev]1 t z ,l[es ,dick9son has lately rem9d$ u1 ! fundam5tal attitude ( ! ,*9ese t[>ds life is t ( ! mo/ mod]n ,we/1#e & we %all probably f9d t ) ! gr[? ( enlight5m5t ! ,*9ese w deal ) _! high bir?-rate 9 a f> m radical & ?or\gh mann] ?an we h ev] v5tur$ on4 ,"o la/ resort ! w\ld-be patriotic al>mi/ seeks :5 all o!rs fail4 ,he is good en\gh to admit t a g5]al decl9e 9 ! bir?-rate might be b5eficial4 ,b1 he po9ts out1 x affects social classes unequally4 ,x is initiat$1 n by ! deg5]ate & ! unfit1 :om we c\ld well disp5se )1 b by ! v be/ classes 9 ! community1 ! well-to-d & ! educat$4 ,"o is incl9$ to rem>k1 at once1 t a social *ange initiat$ by its be/ social classes is sc>cely likely to be p]nici\s4 ,:]e1 x may be ask$1 if n among ! mo/ educat$ classes1 is any process ( amelioration to be initiat$8 ,we _c make ! _w topsy-turvy to suit ! conv5i5ce ( topsy-turvy m9ds4 ,all social movem5ts t5d to beg9 at ! top & to p]meate d[nw>ds4 ,?is has be5 ! case ) ! decl9e 9 ! bir?-rate1 b x is already well m>k$ among ! work+ classes1 & has only fail$ to t\* ! l[e/ social /ratum ( all1 too weak-m9d$ & too reckless to be am5able to ord9>y social motives4 ,! rational me?od ( meet+ ?is situation is n a propag&a 9 fav\r ( procreation--a truly imbecile propag&a1 s9ce x is only c>ri$ out & only likely to be c>ri$ out1 by ! v class :i* we wi% to /]ilise--b by a wise policy ( regulative eug5ics4 ,we h to create ! motives1 & x is n an impossible task1 :i* w act ev5 ^u ! weak-m9d$ & reckless l[e/ social /ratum4 ,^! facts h a significance :i* _m ( u h fail$ to realise4 ,! ,great ,w> has br\ght home ! gravity ( t significance4 ,x has be5 ! p]petual refra9 ( ! ,pan-,g]mani/s = _m ye>s t ! va/ & sudd5 expansion ( ! ,g]man peoples makes necess>y a new movem5t ( ! ,g]man nations into ! _w & a new enl>gem5t ( fronti]s1 9 o!r words1 ,w>4 ,x is n only among ! ,g]mans1 ?\gh among !m x may h be5 m consci\s1 t a simil> cause has l$ to ! l result4 ,x has ev] be5 s4 ,! exp&+ nation has always be5 a m5ace to ! _w & to itself4 ,! arre/ ( ! fall+ bir?-rate1 x _c be too (t5 repeat$1 w\ld be ! arre/ ( all civilisation & ( all humanity4 #a ,ralph ,?icknesse1 ,a ,ye>'s ,j\rney ,?r\gh ,france & ,spa91 #aggg1 p4 #bih4 #b ,! la/ twelve words quot$ are by ,miss ,e!l ,eld]ton 9 an o!rwise sob] memoir 7,report on ! ,engli% ,bir?-rate1 #aiad1 p4 #bcg7 :i* %[s t ! bir? control movem5t has begun1 j :]e we %\ld expect x to beg91 among ! bett] in/ruct$ classes4 #c ,j4,l4 ,myres1 ,! ,causes ( ,rise & ,fall 9 ! ,population ( ! ,anci5t ,_w1 ,eug5ics ,review1 ,april1 #aiae4 #d ,ros*]1 ,grundlag5 d] ,nationalkonomie1 #bcrd ed41 #aijj1 ,bk4 ,,vi4 #e ,g4 ,l[es ,dick9son1 ,! ,civilisation ( ,india1 ,*9a1 & ,japan1 #aiad1 p4 #dg4 ,,vii ,,w> ,,& ,,democracy ,:5 we read our newspap]s to-day we are con/antly met by +5i\s plans = br++ to an end ! activities ( ,g]many aft] ! ,w>4 ,g]man milit>y activity1 x is univ]sally agre$1 mu/ be br\ght to an end2 ,g]many w h no fur!r ne$ ( a milit>y sy/em save on ! mo/ mode/ scale4 ,g]many mu/ also be depriv$ ( any colonial empire & %ut out f ea/w>d expansion4 ,t be+ ! case1 ,g]many no long] ne$s a fleet1 & mu/ be br\ght back to ,bism>ck's naval attitude4 ,moreov]1 ! indu/rial activities ( ,g]many mu/ also be de/roy$2 ! ,alli$ oppon5ts ( ,g]many w h5ce=? manufacture = !mselves or = "o ano!r ! goods !y h hi!rto be5 s fooli% z to obta9 f ,g]many1 & ?\gh ?is may mean cutt+ !mselves alo( f ! c\ntry :i* has hi!rto be5 _! own be/ cu/om]1 t is a sacrifice to be *e]fully borne = ! sake ( pr9ciple4 ,x is fur!r argu$ t ! _w has no ne$ ( ,g]man activities 9 sci5ce2 !y are1 x appe>s1 mu* less valuable ?an we _h be5 l$ to believe1 & 9 any case no self-respect+ p w\ld enc\rage a sci5ce ta9t$ by ,kultur4 ,! puzzl$ read] ( ^! argum5ts1 ov]look+ ! fallacies !y conta91 may p]haps sometimes be tempt$ to ask3 ,b :at are ,g]mans to be all[$ to d8 ,! impli$ answ] is cle>3 ,no?+4 ,! writ]s :o urge ^! argum5ts ) su* conviction may be suppos$ to h an elem5t>y k ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,g]mans4 ,we are conc]n$1 t is to say1 ) a p :i* has display$ an irrepressible en]gy1 9 "o field or ano!r1 ev] s9ce ! "t1 m ?an fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 x excit$ ! horror ( ! civilis$ _w by sack+ ,rome4 ,! same en]gy 0 manife/$1 a ?\s& ye>s lat]1 :5 ! ,g]mans aga9 knock$ at ! door ( ,rome & drew away half ! _w f its allegiance to ! ,*ur*4 ,/ill m rec5tly1 9 yet o!r fields ( indu/ry & comm]ce & colonisation1 ^! same ,g]mans h display$ _! en]gy by ent]+ into m or less successful competition ) t ,mod]n ,rome1 z "s h t]m$ x1 :i* has its seat 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,"h is a p1--/ill y\?ful z we c\nt age 9 our ,european _w1 = ev5 ! ,celts _h prec$$ !m by ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s1--:i* has successfully display$ its explosive or me?odical =ce 9 ! mo/ div]se fields1 milit>y1 religi\s1 economic4 ,f h5ce=? x is invit$1 by an alli$ army ( t]rifi$ j\rnali/s1 to exp5d ^! /up5d\s & irresi/ible en]gies on j ,no?+4 ,we "k1 ( c\rse1 :at w\ld happ5 7 x possible to subject ,g]many to any su* process ( attempt$ repression4 ,:5ev] an individual or a mass ( individuals is bidd5 to d no?+1 x m]ely comes ab\t t ! activities aim$ at1 f> f be+ suppress$1 are turn$ into precisely ! direction mo/ unpleasant = ! w\ld-be suppressors4 ,:5 9 #ahgj ! ,g]mans tri$ to cru% ,france1 ! result 0 ! rev]se ( t int5d$4 ,! effects ( cru%+ _h be5 ev5 m />t+ly rev]se1 on ! o!r side--& ?is may furni% u ) a prec$5t--:5 ,napoleon trampl$ d[n ,g]many4 ,two c5turies ago1 aft] ! brilliant victories ( ,m>lbor\gh1 x 0 propos$ to cru% p]man5tly ! ,milit>ism ( ,france4 ,b1 z ,swift wrote to ,ar*bi%op ,k+ j be=e ! ,peace ( ,utre*t1 limit+ ,france to a c]ta9 numb] ( %ips & troops 01 ,i d\bt1 n to be compass$4 ,9 spite ( ! exhau/ion ( ,france x 0 n ev5 attempt$4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 :5 ! w> is ov] x is probable t ,g]many w /ill hold suffici5tly great pl$ges to b>ga9 ) 9 safegu>d+ h] own vital int]e/s4 ,if x 7 n s1 if x 7 possible to inflict p]man5t injury on ,g]many1 t w\ld be ! greate/ mis=tune t c\ld happ5 to u2 = x is cle> t we %\ld !n be fac$ by a yet m unit$ & yet m aggressively milit>y ,g]many ?an ! _w has se54#a ,9 ,g]many itself !re is no d\bt on ?is po9t4 ,g]mans are well aw>e t ,g]man activities _c be br\ght to a sudd5 full /op1 & !y are also aw>e t ev5 among ,g]many's pres5t enemies !re are ^? :o aft] ! ,w> w be glad to become h] fri5ds4 ,any d\bt or anxiety 9 ! m9ds ( ?\ghtful ,g]mans is n conc]n+ ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ,g]man en]gy 9 ! _w1 b conc]n+ ! directions 9 :i* t en]gy w be ex]t$4 ,:at is ,g]many's greate/ dang]8 ,t is ! subject ( a pamphlet by ,rudolf ,golds*eid1 ( ,vi5na1 n[ publi%$ 9 ,switz]l&1 ) a preface by ,pr(essor ,=el1 z orig9ally writt5 a ye> e>li]1 because x is believ$ t 9 ! int]val its conclusions h be5 confirm$ by ev5ts4#b ,golds*eid is an indep5d5t & p5etrat+ ?9k] 9 ! economic field1 & ! au?or ( a book on ! pr9ciples ( ,social ,biology 7,hh]5twicklung und ,m5s*5konomie7 :i* has be5 describ$ by an ,engli% critic z ! able/ def5ce ( ,socialism yet writt54 ,by ! nature ( 8 /udies he is conc]n$ ) problems ( human r ?an m]ely national developm5t1 b he ard5tly desires ! welf>e ( ,g]many1 & is anxi\s t t welf>e %all be on ! s\nde/ & mo/ democratic basis4 ,aft] ! ,w>1 he says1 !re mu/ necess>ily be a t5d5cy to approximate betwe5 ! ,c5tral ,p[]s & "o or o!r ( _! pres5t foes4 ,x is cle> 7?\gh ?is po9t is n discuss$7 t ,italy1 ^: pres5ce 9 ! ,triple ,alliance 0 artificial1 w n return1 :ile ,fr5* res5tm5t at ,g]man deva/ation is f> too great to be appeas$ = a long p]iod to come4 ,!re rema91 !re=e1 ,russia & ,engl&4 ,aft] ! ,w> ,g]man int]e/s & ,g]man sympa?ies mu/ gravitate ei!r ea/w>ds t[>ds ,russia or we/w>ds t[>ds ,engl&4 ,:i* is x to be8 ,!re are _m reasons :y ,g]many %\ld gravitate t[>ds ,russia4 ,su* a movem5t 0 inde$ already 9 active progress be=e ! w>1 not)/&+ ,russia's alliance ) ,france1 & may easily become yet m active aft] ! w>1 :5 x is likely t ! bonds betwe5 ,russia & ,france may gr[ weak]1 & :5 x is possible t ! ,g]mans1 ) _! imm5se indu/ry1 economy & recup]ative p[]1 may prove to be 9 ! be/ position--unless ,am]ica cuts 9--to f9ance ,russia4 ,indu/rially ,russia (f]s a va/ field = ,g]man ent]prise :i* no o!r c\ntry c well snat* away1 & ,g]man is already to "s ext5t ! comm]cial language ( ,russia4#c ,politically1 moreov]1 a close und]/&+ betwe5 ! two supreme autocratic & anti-democratic p[]s ( ,europe is ( ! greate/ mutual b5efit1 = any democratic movem5t )9 ! bord]s ( ei!r ,p[] is highly inconv5i5t to ! o!r1 s t x is to ! advantage ( bo? to /imulate ea* o!r 9 ! task ( repression4#d ,x is ?is aspect ( ! approximation :i* ar\ses ,golds*eid's al>m4 ,x is ma9ly on ?is gr\nd t he advocates a c\nt]-balanc+ approximation betwe5 ,g]many & ,engl& :i* w\ld lay ,g]many op5 to ! ,we/ & s]ve to develop h] lat5t democratic t5d5cies4 ,he admits t at "s po9ts ! int]e/s ( ,g]many & ,engl& run c\nt] to ea* o!r1 b at yet a great] numb] ( po9ts _! int]e/s are common4 ,x is only by ! developm5t ( ^! common int]e/s1 & ! consequ5t p]meation ( ,g]many by democratic ,engli% ideas1 t ,golds*eid sees any salvation f ,cz>ism1 = t is ,g]many's greate/ dang]1 & at ! same "t ! greate/ dang] to ,europe4 ,t is ,golds*eid's po9t ( view4 ,our ,engli% po9t ( view is necess>ily some:at diff]5t4 ,) our politically democratic t5d5cies we see v little diff]5ce betwe5 ,russia & ,prussia4 ,z !y are at pres5t con/itut$1 we h no wi% to be 9 v close political intimacy ) ei!r4 ,x s happ5s1 inde$1 t1 = ! mom5t1 ! *ances ( fell[%ip 9 ,w> h br\ght u into a condition ( almo/ s5tim5tal sympa?y ) ! ,russian p1 su* z has nev] exi/$ among u be=e4 ,b ?is sympa?y1 amply ju/ifi$1 z all :o "k ,russia agree1 is exclusively ) ! ,russian p4 ,x leaves ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t1 ! ,russian bureaucracy1 ! ,russian political sy/em1 all t ,golds*eid conc5trates into ! t]m ,cz>ism1 sev]ely alone4 ,our ho/ility to ^! may be = ! mom5t lat5t1 b x is z pr(\nd z x ev] 04 ,cz>ism is ev5 m remote f our sympa?ies ?an ,kais]ism4 ,all t has happ5$ is t we *]i% ! pi\s hope t ,russia is becom+ conv]t$ to our own ideas on ^! po9ts1 al?\gh !re is n ! smalle/ item ( solid fact to support t hope4 ,o!rwise1 ,russian oppression ( ! ,f9ns is j z odi\s to u z ,prussian oppression ( ! ,poles1 & ,russian p]secution ( ,lib]als z ali5 z ,g]man p]secution ( ,w>-prison]s4#e ,our future policy1 9 ! op9ion ( _m1 %\ld1 h[ev]1 be to isolate ,g]many z completely z possible f ,engli% influ5ce & to cultivate clos] relations ) ,russia4#f ,su* a policy1 ,golds*eid argues1 w defeat its own ends4 ,! m /r+5tly ,engl& holds alo( f ,g]many ! m anxi\sly w ,g]many cultivate good relation%ips ) ,russia4 ,su* relation%ips1 z we "k1 are easy to cultivate1 because !y are mu* 9 ! int]e/s ( bo? c\ntries :i* possess s l>ge an ext5t ( common fronti] & s admirably supply ea* o!r's ne$s2 x may be add$ also t ! ,russian comm]cial _w is %[+ no ke5 desire to ent] into close relations ) ,engl&4 ,moreov]1 aft] ! ,w>1 we may expect a weak5+ ( ,fr5* influ5ce 9 ,russia1 = t influ5ce 0 l>gely bas$ on ,fr5* gold1 & a ,france no long] able or will+ to f9ance ,russia w\ld no long] possess a /rong hold ov] ,russia4 ,a ,russo-,g]man und]/&+1 difficult to prev5t 9 any case1 is inimical to ! int]e/s ( ,engl&1 b x w\ld be r5d]$ inevitable by an attempt on ! "p ( ,engl& to isolate ,g]many4#g ,su* an attempt c\ld n be c>ri$ out completely & w\ld break d[n on its weake/ side1 :i* is ! ,ea/4 ,s t ! way lies op5 to a ,league ( ! ,?ree ,kais]s1 ! ,dreikais]bndnis :i* w\ld =m a great isl& =tress ( milit>ism & reaction amid ! surr\nd+ sea ( democracy1 able to repress ^? imm5se possibilities ( progress )9 its own walls :i* w\ld h be5 lib]at$ by contact ) ! vital curr5ts outside4 ,s long z ! ,w> la/s x is ! int]e/ ( ,engl& to /rike ,g]many & to /rike h>d4 ,t is "h assum$ z c]ta94 ,b :5 ! ,w> is ov]1 x w no long] be 9 ! int]e/s ( ,engl&1 x w inde$ be directly contr>y to ^? int]e/s1 to cont9ue cultivat+ ho/ility1 provid$1 t is1 t no rankl+ w\nds are left4 ,! fatal mi/ake ( ,bism>ck 9 annex+ ,alsace-,lorra9e introduc$ a poison into ! ,european organism :i* is work+ /ill4 ,b ! ,russo-,japanese ,w> produc$ a m amicable und]/&+ ?an _h exi/$ be=e1 & ! ,bo] ,w> l$ to /ill m intimate relation%ips betwe5 ! bellig]5ts4 ,x may be ?\ght t ! impression 9 ,engl& ( ,g]man frightfulness1 & 9 ,g]many ( ,engli% trea*]y1 may prove ineffaceable4 ,b ! ,g]mans h be5 consid]$ atroci\s & ! ,engli% p]fidi\s = a long "t pa/1 yet t has n prev5t$ ,engli% & ,g]mans fight+ side by side at ,wat]loo & on _m ano!r field2 nor has x /ood 9 ! way ( ,g]man wor%ip ( ! qu9tess5tial ,engli%man1 ,%akespe>e1 nor ,engli% homage to ! qu9tess5tial ,g]man ,goe!4 ,! "q ( ! future relations ( ,engl& & ,g]many may1 inde$1 be said to lie on a high] plane ?an t ( int]e/ & policy1 vitally urg5t z _! claims may be4 ,x is ! m]it ( ,golds*eid's little book t--) fai? 9 a future ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,europe 9 :i* e c\ntry w\ld develop its own peculi> aptitudes freely & h>moni\sly--he is able to look at ! ,w> f t ,european /&po9t :i* is s r>ely atta9$ 9 ,engl&4 ,he sees t m is at /ake ?an a m]e "q ( national rivalries2 t democracy is at /ake1 & ! :ole future direction ( civilisation4 ,he looks beyond ! enmities ( ! mom5t1 & he kn[s t1 unless we look beyond !m1 we n only condemn ,europe to ! prospect ( un5d+ w>1 we d m3 we ensure ! triumph ( ,reaction & ! de/ruction ( ,democracy4 ,w> & ,reaction are bre?r52 on t po9t ,golds*eid is v sure1 & he =etells & lam5ts ! tempor>y demolition ( ,democracy 9 ,engl&4 ,we h only too mu* reason to believe 8 prophetic words1 = s9ce he wrote we h _h a ,coalition ,gov]nm5t :i* is pr$om9antly democratic1 ,lib]al & ,lab\r1 & yet has be5 fatally impell$ t[>ds reaction & autocracy4#h ,t ! impulse is really fatal & inevitable we _c d\bt1 = we see exactly ! same movem5t 9 ,france1 & ev5 9 ,russia1 :]e x might seem t reaction has s few triumphs to a*ieve4 ,! blood ( ! battlefield is ! /ream t drives ! mills ( ,reaction4 ,! elem5t>y & fundam5tal fact t 9 ,democracy ! (fic]s obey ! m51 :ile 9 ,milit>ism ! m5 obey ! (fic]s1 is ! key to ! :ole situation4 ,we see at once :y all reaction>ies are on ! side ( w> & a milit>y basis ( society4 ,! fate ( democracy 9 ,europe hangs on ?is "q ( adequate pacification4 ,democratisation & ,pacification m>* side by side4#i ,unless we realise t fact we are n compet5t to decide on a s\nd ,european policy4 ,= !re is an intimate connection betwe5 a c\ntry's ext]nal policy & its int]nal policy4 ,an int]nal reaction>y policy means an ext]nal aggressive policy4 ,to %ut out ,engli% influ5ce f ,g]many1 to =tify ,g]man ,junk]ism & ,milit>ism1 to drive ,g]many into ! arms ( a yet m reaction>y ,russia1 is to create a p]petual m5ace1 alike to peace & to democracy1 :i* involves ! arre/ ( civilisation4 ,h[ev] magnanim\s ! task may seem to "s1 x is n only ! int]e/ ( ,engl&1 b ,engl&'s duty to ,europe1 to take ! initiative 9 prep>+ ! gr\nd = a cle> & good und]/&+ ) ,g]many4 ,x is1 moreov]1 only ?r\gh ,engl& t ,france c be br\ght into h>moni\s relations ) ,g]many1 & :5 ,russia !n approa*es h] neighb\r x w be 9 sympa?y ) h] m progressive ,we/]n ,allies & n 9 reaction>y response to a reaction>y ,g]many4 ,x is along su* l9es z ^! t amid ! confusion ( ! pres5t we may cat* a glimpse ( ! ,europe ( ! future4 ,we h to rememb] t1 z ,golds*eid rem9ds u1 ?is ,w> is mak+ all ( u into citiz5s ( ! _w4 ,a _w-wide outlook c no long] be res]v$ m]ely = philosoph]s4 ,"s ( ! old bridges1 x is true1 h be5 wa%$ away1 b on e side walls are fall+1 & ! petty fe>s & rivalries ( ,european nations beg9 to look worse ?an trivial 9 ! face ( great] dang]s4 ,z our eyes beg9 to be op5$ we see ,europe ly+ betwe5 ! ne!r mill/one ( ,asia & ! upp] mill/one ( ,am]ica4 ,x is n by con/itut+ !mselves a ,mutual ,suicide ,club t ! nations ( ,europe w avoid t p]il4#aj ,a wise & f>-see+ _w-policy c alone avail1 & ! enemies ( to-day w see !mselves compell$1 ev5 by ! m]e logic ( ev5ts1 to jo9 h&s to-morr[ le/ a worse fate befall !m4 ,9 s do+ !y may n only escape possible de/ruction1 b !y w be tak+ ! greate/ /ep ev] tak5 9 ! organisation ( ! _w4 ,:i* nation is to assume ! initiative 9 su* comb9$ organisation8 ,t rema9s ! fateful "q = ,democracy4 #a ,treits*ke 9 8 ,hi/ory 7,bk4 ,i41 ,*4 ,,iii47 has well describ$ ! elem5tal hatr$ :i* =eign injury p\rs into ! ve9s ( our good-natur$ p1 = ev] pursu$ by ! "q3 ',art ?\ yet on ?y feet1 ,g]mania8 ,is ! day ( ?y rev5ge at h&6' #b ,rudolf ,golds*eid1 ,deuts*l&s ,grs/e ,gefahr1 ,in/itut ,orell ,fssli1 ,zri*1 #aiaf4 #c ,"o may rem>k t up to ! outbreak ( w> fifty p] c5t4 ( ! import trade ( ,russia has be5 ) ,g]many4 ,to suppose t t imm5se volume ( trade c sudd5ly be transf]r$ aft] ! w> f a neighb\r+ c\ntry :i* has intellig5tly & sy/ematically adapt$ itself to its requirem5ts to a remote c\ntry :i* has nev] %[n ! slighte/ aptitude to meet ^? requirem5ts argues a simplicity ( m9d :i* 9 itself may be *>m+1 b :5 translat$ into practical affairs x is /up5d\s folly4 #d ,sir ,val5t9e ,*irol rem>ks ( ,bism>ck1 9 an ,ox=d ,pamphlet on ,g]many & ! ,fe> ( ,russia3--,fri5d%ip ) ,russia 0 "o ( ! c>d9al pr9ciples ( 8 =eign policy1 & "o ?+ he always reli$ ^u to make ,russia am5able to ,g]man influ5ce 0 t %e %\ld nev] succe$ 9 heal+ ! ,poli% sore4 #e ,9 mak+ ^! obs]vations on ! ,russians & ! ,prussians1 ,i d n1 ( c\rse1 ov]look ! fact t all nations1 l individuals1 ,comp\nd = s9s !y are incl9$ to ,by damn+ ^? !y h no m9d to1 & ! ,engli% treatm5t ( ! consci5ti\s objector 9 ! ,great ,w> has be5 j z odi\s z ,russian treatm5t ( ! ,f9ns or ,prussian treatm5t ( w> prison]s1 & ev5 m fooli%1 s9ce x /rikes at our own mo/ *]i%$ pr9ciples4 #f ,!re is1 inde$1 ano!r s*ool :i* w\ld l to %ut (f all =eign c\ntries by a t>iff wall & make ! ,briti% ,empire mutually self-support+1 on ! economic basis adopt$ by ^? ?ree old ladies 9 decay$ circum/ances :o subsi/$ by tak+ tea 9 "o ano!r's h\ses4 #g ,ev5 if p>tially successful1 z has lately be5 po9t$ out1 ! great] ! f9ancial depression ( ,g]many ! great] w\ld be ! advantage to ,russia ( do+ bus9ess ) ,g]many4 #h ,x may be prop] to po9t out t ,i by no means wi% to imply t democracy is necess>ily ! ultimate & mo/ desirable =m ( political society1 b m]ely t x is a necess>y /age = ^? peoples t h n yet rea*$ x4 ,ev5 ,treits*ke 9 8 fam\s ,hi/ory1 :ile idealis+ ! ,prussian ,/ate1 always assumes t movem5t t[>ds democracy is b5eficial progress4 ,= ! l>g] "q ( ! comp>ative m]its ( ! diff]5t =ms ( political society1 see an admirable little book by ,c4 ,delisle ,burns1 ,political ,ideals 7#aiae74 ,& see also ! se>*+ /udy1 ,political ,p>ties 7,engli% translation1 #aiae71 by ,rob]t ,mi*els1 :o1 :ile accept+ democracy z ! highe/ political =m1 argues t practically x always works out z olig>*y4 #i ,pr(essor ,d4,s4 ,jordan has quot$ ! lett] ( a ,g]man (fic] to a fri5d 9 ,r\mania 7publi%$ 9 ! ,bu*>e/ ,adv]ul1 #ba ,aug41 #aiae73 ,h[ difficult x 0 to conv9ce our ,emp]or t ! mom5t _h arriv$ = lett+ loose ! w>1 o!rwise ,pacifism1 ,int]nationalism1 ,anti-,milit>ism1 & s _m o!r noxi\s we$s w\ld h infect$ our /upid p4 ,t w\ld h be5 ! end ( our dazzl+ nobility4 ,we h ev]y?+ to ga9 by ! w>1 & all ! *im]as & /upidities ( democracy w be *as$ f ! _w = an inf9ite "t4 #aj ,let u be pati5t1 a ,japanese is report$ to h said lately1 until ,europe has complet$ h] h>a-kiri4 ,,viii ,,fem9ism ,,& ,,mascul9ism ,dur+ m ?an a c5tury we h se5 ! sl[ b /eady gr[? ( ! great ,wom5's movem5t1 ( ! movem5t ( ,fem9ism 9 ! wide s5se ( t t]m4 ,! conque/s ( ?is movem5t h sometimes be5 describ$ by rhetorical fem9i/s z triumphs ov] ,man4 ,t is sc>cely true4 ,! *ampions ( ,fem9ism h ne>ly z (t5 be5 m5 z wom51 & ! =ces ( ,anti-fem9ism h be5 ! vague massive in]t =ces ( an ord] :i* _h inde$ made ! _w 9 an undue degree a man's _w1 b unconsci\sly & involunt>ily1 & by an in/rum5tation :i* 0 fem99e z well z mascul9e4 ,! advocates ( ,woman's ,rights h seldom be5 met by ! *>ge t !y 7 unju/ly encroa*+ on ! ,rights ( ,man4 ,fem9ism has nev] enc\nt]$ an aggressive & self-consci\s ,mascul9ism4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 :5 ! claims ( ,fem9ism are becom+ practically recognis$ 9 our social life1 & "s ( its l>ge/ dem&s are be+ grant$1 x is int]e/+ to obs]ve ! appe>ance ( a new attitude4 ,we are1 = ! fir/ "t1 beg9n+ to he> ( ,mascul9ism4 ,j z ,fem9ism repres5ts ! affirmation ( neglect$ rights & functions ( ,womanhood1 s ,mascul9ism repres5ts ! ass]tion ( ! rights & functions ( ,manhood :i*1 x is suppos$1 ! ris+ tide ( ,fem9ism ?reat5s to subm]ge4 ,^? :o proclaim ! necessity ( an ass]tion ( ! rights ( ,mascul9ism usually hold up ,am]ica z an awful example ( ! triumph ( ,fem9ism4 ,?us ,fritz ,voe*t+ 9 a book publi%$ 9 ,g]many1 ,on ! ,am]ican ,cult ( ,woman1 is appall$ by :at he sees 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to him x is ! ,am]ican dang]1 & he ?9ks x may be trac$ p>tly to ! influ5ce ( ! matri>*al sy/em ( ! ,am]ican ,indians on ! e>ly ,european invad]s & p>tly to ! effects ( co-education 9 und]m9+ ! fundam5tal conceptions ( fem99e subord9ation4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s is s t]rible to ! ,g]man m9d1 :i* has a con/itutional bias to mascul9ism1 t to ,h]r ,voe*t+ ,am]ica seems a l& :]e all ! privileges h be5 captur$ by ,woman & no?+ is left to ,man1 b1 l a good little boy1 to be se5 & n he>d4 ,t is a slight exagg]ation1 z o!r ,g]mans1 ev5 s9ce ! ,w>1 h po9t$ out 9 ,g]man p]iodicals4 ,ev5 if x 7 true1 h[ev]1 z a ,g]man ,fem9i/ has rem>k$1 x w\ld /ill be a pleasant v>iation f a rule we are s famili> ) 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,t x %\ld be put =w>d at all indicates ! gr[+ p]ception ( a cleavage betwe5 ! claims ( ,mascul9ism & ! claims ( ,fem9ism4 ,x is n altoge!r easy at pres5t to asc]ta9 :om we are to recognise z ! *ampions & repres5tatives ( ,mascul9ism4 ,v>i\s notable figures are m5tion$1 f ,nietzs*e to ,mr4 ,!odore ,dreis]4 ,nietzs*e1 h[ev]1 c sc>cely be reg>d$ z 9 all respects an oppon5t to ,fem9ism1 & "s prom95t fem9i/s ev5 c\nt !mselves 8 disciples4 ,"o may also feel d\btful :e!r ,mr4 ,dreis] feels himself call$ ^u to put on ! arm\r ( mascul9ism & play ! "p assign$ to him4 ,ano!r di/+ui%$ noveli/1 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,h]rick1 ^: "n has be5 m5tion$ 9 ?is connection1 is probably too well-balanc$1 too compreh5sive 9 8 outlook1 to be fairly claim$ z a bann]-be>] ( mascul9ism4 ,! "n ( ,/r9db]g is mo/ (t5 m5tion$1 b surely v un=tunately4 ,h[ev] great ,/r9db]g's g5ius1 & h[ev] acute & virul5t 8 analysis ( woman1 ,/r9db]g ) 8 pron\nc$ morbidity & s5sitive fragility seems a v unhappy figure to put =w>d z ! ideal repres5tative ( ! virtues ( mascul9ity4 ,mu* ! same may be said ( ,we9+]4 ,! "n ( ,mr4 ,bel=t ,bax1 once associat$ ) ,william ,morris 9 ! ,sociali/ic campaign1 may fairly be m5tion$ z a pione] 9 ?is field4 ,= _m ye>s he has prote/$ vigor\sly aga9/ ! encroa*m5t ( ,fem9ism1 & po9t$ out ! v>i\s privileges1 social & legal1 :i* are possess$ by wom5 to ! disadvantage ( m54 ,b al?\gh he is a di/+ui%$ /ud5t ( philosophy1 x c sc>cely be said t ,mr4 ,bax has cle>ly pres5t$ 9 any wide philosophic mann] ! dem&s ( ! mascul9i/ic _s or def9itely grasp$ ! conte/ betwe5 ,fem9ism & ,mascul9ism4 ,! "n ( ,william ,morris w\ld be an inspir+ battle-cry if x c\ld be fairly rais$ on ! side ( ,mascul9ism4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! mascul9e figures sc>cely seem eag] to put on ! arm\r ( ,mascul9ism4 ,!y are f> too s5sitive to ! *>m ( ,womanhood ev] to rank !mselves actively 9 any anti-fem9i/ic p>ty4 ,at ! mo/ !y rema9 neutral4 ,?us x is t ! new movem5t _c yet be reg>d$ z organis$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a temptation = ^? among u :o h all _! lives be5 work+ 9 ! cause ( ,fem9ism to belittle ! future possibilities ( ,mascul9ism4 ,!re c be no d\bt t all civilisation is n[1 & always has be5 to "s ext5t1 on ! side ( ,fem9ism4 ,:]ev] a great developm5t ( civilisation has occurr$--:e!r 9 anci5t ,egypt1 or 9 lat] ,rome1 or 9 eighte5?-c5tury ,france--!re ! influ5ce ( woman has prevail$1 :ile laws & social in/itutions h tak5 on a "* fav\rable to wom54 ,! :ole curr5t ( civilisation t5ds to deprive m5 ( ! privileges :i* belong to brute =ce1 & to conf] on !m ! qualities :i* 9 rud] societies are especially associat$ ) wom54 ,:5ev]1 z 9 ! pres5t great ,european ,w>1 brute =ce becomes tempor>ily pr$om9ant1 ! causes associat$ ) ,fem9ism are r\ghly pu%$ into ! backgr\nd4 ,x is1 inde$1 ! ,w> :i* gives a new actuality to ?is "q4 ,w> has always be5 reg>d$ z ! special & peculi> prov9ce ( ,man1 inde$1 ! sacr$ refuge ( ! mascul9e _s & ! ultimate appeal 9 human affairs4 ,t is n ! view ( ,fem9ism1 nor yet ! /&po9t ( ,eug5ics4 ,yet1 to-day1 9 spite ( all our homage to ,fem9ism & ,eug5ics1 we witness ! greate/ w> ( ! _w4 ,x is an in/ructive spectacle f our pres5t po9t ( view4 ,we realise1 = "o ?+1 h[ futile x is = ,fem9ism to adopt ! g>b ( mascul9e militancy4 ,! militancy ( ! ,suffragettes1 :i* look$ s brave & impos+ 9 times ( peace1 disappe>$ l *ild's play at ! fir/ t\* ( real militancy4 ,t 0 patriotic ( ! ,suffragettes1 no d\bt2 b x 0 also a necess>y measure ( self-pres]vation1 = non-combatants :o c>ry bombs ab\t 9 "t ( w>1 :5 arm$ s5tries are sw>m+ ev]y:]e1 are n likely to h mu* "t = hung]-/rik+4 ,we witness ano!r feature ( w> :i* has a be>+ on ,eug5ics4 ,x is sometimes said t w> is necess>y = ! pres]vation ( h]oic & virile qualities :i*1 )\t w> & ! cultivation ( milit>y ideals1 w\ld be lo/ to ! race1 & t s ! race w\ld deg5]ate4 ,to-day ,france1 :i* is ! *ief seat ( anti-,milit>ism1 & ,belgium1 a l& ( peaceful indu/rialism :i* _h no milit>y s]vice until a few ye>s ago1 & ,engl&1 :i* has always be5 cont5t to possess a contemptible little army1 & ,russia ^: popul> ideals are humane & my/ical1 h s5t to ! front sw>ms ( pr(essional m5 & cl]ks & artisans & peasants :o _h nev] occupi$ !mselves ) w> at all4 ,yet ^! m5 h prov$ z h]oic & ev5 z skilful 9 ! game ( w> z ! m5 ( ,g]many1 :]e w> is idolis$ & :]e ! practice ( milit>y virtues & milit>y ex]cises is reg>d$ z ! highe/ function alike ( ! individual & ( ! ,/ate4 ,we see t we ne$ n any long] worry ov] ! possible ext9ction ( ^! h]oic qualities4 ,:at we may m pr(itably worry ov] is ! "q :e!r !re is n "s high] & nobl] way ( employ+ !m ?an 9 ! de/ruction ( ! f9e/ fruits ( civilisation & ! slaught] ( ^? v /ocks on :i* ,eug5ics ma9ly relies = its mat]ials4 ,we c also realise to-day t w> is n only an opportunity = ! ex]cise ( virtues4 ,x is also an opportunity = ! ex]cise ( vices4 ,w> is ,hell said ,%]man1 & t is ! op9ion ( mo/ great reflective soldi]s4 ,we see t !re is no?+ too brutal1 too cruel1 too c[>dly1 too mean1 & too fil?y = "s1 at all ev5ts1 ( mod]n civilis$ troops to commit1 :e!r by1 or aga9/1 ! ord]s ( _! (fic]s4 ,9 ,france1 a few mon?s be=e ! pres5t ,w>1 ,i f\nd myself 9 a railway tra9 at ,laon ) two or ?ree soldi]s2 a "y woman came to ! c>riage door1 b1 see+ ! soldi]s1 %e pass$ on2 !y 7 dec5t1 well-behav$ m51 & "o ( !m rem>k$1 ) a smile1 on ! suspicion :i* ! milit>y co/ume ar\ses 9 wom54 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 x is a suspicion t is firmly bas$ on anci5t traditions4 ,!re is ! fatally seamy side ( be-prais$ ,milit>ism1 & !re ,fem9ism has a triumphant argum5t4 ,9 ?is connection ,i may allude 9 pass+ to a little conflict betwe5 ,mascul9ism & ,fem9ism :i* has lately tak5 place 9 ,g]many4 ,g]many1 z we "k1 is ! c\ntry :]e ! claims ( ,mascul9ism are mo/ l\dly ass]t$1 & ^? ( ,fem9ism treat$ ) mo/ contempt4 ,x is ! c\ntry :]e ! ideals ( m5 & ( wom5 are 9 %>pe/ conflict4 ,!re has be5 a great outcry among m5 9 ,g]many aga9/ ! trea*]y & unwor?9ess ( ,g]man wom5 9 be/[+ *ocolates & fl[]s on ! prison]s1 z well z do+ o!r little s]vices = !m4 ,! attitude t[>ds prison]s approv$ by ! m5--"o tru/s x is n to be reg>d$ z a *>act]i/ic outcome ( ,mascul9ism--is t ( petty insults1 ( spiteful cruelty1 & mean deprivations4 ,dr4 ,hel5e ,/ck]1 a prom95t lead] ( ! m advanc$ b& ( ,g]man ,fem9i/s1 has lately publi%$ a prote/ aga9/ ?is treatm5t ( enemies :o are helpless1 un>m$1 & (t5 w\nd$--bas$1 n on s5tim5t1 b on ! highe/ & mo/ rational gr\nds--:i* is an hon\r to ,g]man wom5 & to _! ,fem9i/ lead]s4#a ,tak5 altoge!r1 x seems probable t :5 ?is mo/ /up5d\s ( w>s is end$1 x w be felt--n only f ! side ( ,fem9ism1 b ev5 ( ,mascul9ism1--t ,w> is m]ely an eruption ( anci5t b>b>ism :i* 9 its pres5t virul5t =ms w\ld n h be5 tol]at$ ev5 by savages4 ,su* me?ods are hopelessly out ( date 9 days :5 w>s may be eng9e]$ by a small clique ( ambiti\s politicians & self-int]e/$ capitali/s1 :ile :ole nations fight1 ) or )\t en?usiasm1 m]ely because !y h no *oice 9 ! matt]4 ,all ! p[]s ( civilisation are work+ t[>ds ! elim9ation ( w>s4 ,9 ! future1 x seems evid5t1 milit>ism w n furni% ! basis = ! mascul9i/ic _s4 ,x mu/ seek o!r supports4 ,t is :at w probably happ54 ,we mu/ expect t ! increas+ p[] ( wom5 & ( ! fem99e influ5ce w be met by a m emphatic & a m rational ass]tion ( ! qualities ( m5 & ! mascul9e _s 9 life4 ,x 0 unju/ & unreasonable to subject wom5 to conditions t 7 prim>ily made by m5 & = m54 ,x w\ld be equally unju/ & unreasonable to expect m5 to conf9e _! activities )9 limits :i* are m & m becom+ adju/$ to fem99e pref]5ces & fem99e capacities4 ,we are n[ le>n+ to realise t ! t]ti>y physical1 & psy*ic sexual diff]5ces--^? di/9ctions :i* are only f\nd on ! av]age1 b on ! av]age are con/ant#b--;are v pr(\nd & v subtle4 ,a man is a man ?r\gh\t1 a woman is a woman ?r\gh\t1 & t diff]5ce is manife/ 9 all ! en]gies ( body & s\l4 ,! mod]n doctr9e ( ! int]nal secretions--! hormones :i* are ! intimate /imulants to physical & psy*ic activity 9 ! organism--makes cle> to u "o ( ! deepe/ & mo/ all-p]vad+ s\rces ( ?is diff]5ce betwe5 m5 & wom54 ,! hormonic balance 9 m5 & wom5 is unlike2 ! g5]ative f]m5ts ( ! ductless gl&s "w to diff]5t ends4#c ,mascul9e qualities & fem99e qualities are fundam5tally & et]nally di/9ct & incomm5surate4 ,en]gy1 /ruggle1 d>+1 initiative1 orig9ality1 & indep5d5ce1 ev5 ?\gh sometimes comb9$ ) ra%ness1 extravagance1 & defect1 seem likely to rema9 qualities 9 :i* m5--on ! av]age1 x mu/ be rememb]$--w be m conspicu\s ?an wom54 ,_! manife/ation w resi/ ! ef=ts put =? to con/ra9 !m by ! fem9is+ influ5ces ( life4 ,su* consid]ations h a real be>+ on ! problem ( ,eug5ics4 ,z ,i view t problem1 x is fir/ ( all conc]n$1 9 "p ) ! acquisition ( sci5tific k conc]n+ h]$ity & ! influ5ces :i* affect h]$ity2 9 "p ) ! e/abli%m5t ( s\nd ideals ( ! types :i* ! society ( ! future dem&s = its great tasks2 & 9 "p--p]haps ev5 9 *ief "p--) ! acquisition ( a s5se ( p]sonal responsibility4 ,eug5ic legislation is a second>y matt] :i* _c come at ! beg9n+4 ,x _c come be=e our k is firmly bas$ & widely diffus$2 x _c come until we are cle> z to ! ideals :i* we wi% to see embodi$ 9 human "* & human action2 x _c come until ! s5se ( p]sonal responsibility t[>ds ! race is s widely spread ?r\gh\t ! community t its abs5ce is univ]sally felt to be ei!r a crime or a disease4 ,i fe> t po9t ( view is n always accept$ 9 ,engl& & /ill less 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is widely held ?r\gh\t ! _w t ,am]ica is n only ! l& ( ,fem9ism1 b ! l& 9 :i* laws are pass$ on e possible subject1 & ) consid]able indiff]5ce z to :e!r !y are c>ri$ out1 or ev5 :e!r !y c\ld be c>ri$ out4 ,?is t5d5cy is c]ta9ly well illu/rat$ by eug5ic legislation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! s+le po9t ( /]ilisation = eug5ic ends--& ,i select a po9t :i* is admirable 9 itself & = :i* legislation is p]haps desirable--at lea/ twelve ,/ates h pass$ laws4 ,yet mo/ ( ^! laws are a dead lett]2 e "o ( !m is by ! be/ exp]ts consid]$ at "s po9t unwise2 & ! rem>kable fact rema9s t ! total numb] ( eug5ical /]ilis+ op]ations p]=m$ 9 ! ,/ates )\t any law at all is great] ?an ! total ( ^? p]=m$ "u ! laws4 ,s t ! laws really seem to h !mselves a /]ilis+ effect on a mo/ useful eug5ic op]ation4#d ,i refra9 f m5tion+ ! muddles & undesign$ evils produc$ by o!r legislation ( a mu* less admirable nature4#e ,b ,i may p]haps be all[$ to m5tion t x has seem$ to "s obs]v]s t !re is a connection betwe5 ! ,fem9ism ( ,am]ica & ! ,am]ican mania = ha/y laws :i* w n1 & (t5 _c1 be c>ri$ out 9 practice4 ,c]ta9ly !re is no reason to suppose t wom5 are firmly antagoni/ic to su* legislation4 ,nice1 pretty1 virtu\s little laws1 complete 9 e detail1 seem to appeal irresi/ibly to ! fem99e m9d4 7,&1 ( c\rse1 _m m5 h fem99e m9ds47 ,x is true t su* laws are only meant = %[4 ,b !n wom5 are s accu/om$ to ?+s t are only meant = %[1 & are well aw>e t if "o attempt$ to use su* ?+s !y w\ld fall to pieces at once4 ,h[ev] t may be1 we %all probably f9d at la/ t we mu/ fall back on ! anci5t tru? t no ext]nal regulation1 h[ev] pretty & plausible1 w suffice to lead m5 & wom5 to ! goal ( any high] social end4 ,we mu/ realise t !re c be no sure guide to f9e liv+ save t :i* comes f )91 & is support$ by ! firmly cultivat$ s5se ( p]sonal responsibility4 ,our pray] mu/ /ill be ! simple1 old-fa%ion$ pray] ( ! ,psalmi/3 ,create 9 me a clean he>t1 ,o ,god--& to ,hell ) y\r laws6 ,9 o!r words1 our aim mu/ be to evolve a social ord] 9 :i* ! s5se ( fre$om & ! s5se ( responsibility are bo? c>ri$ to ! highe/ po9t1 & t is impossible by ! aid ( measures :i* are only b5eficial = ! *ildr5 ( ,p]dition4 ,t !re are su* be+s1 incapable alike ei!r ( fre$om or ( responsibility1 we h to recognise4 ,x is our bus9ess to c>e = !m--until ) ! help ( eug5ics we c 9 "s degree ext+ui% _! /ocks--9 su* refuges & re=matories z may be f\nd desirable4 ,b x is n our bus9ess to treat ! :ole _w z a refuge & a re=matory4 ,t is fatal to human fre$om & fatal to human responsibility4 ,by all means provide ! halt & ! lame ) crut*es4 ,b d n insi/ t ! s\nd & ! robu/ %all nev] /ir abroad )\t crut*es4 ,! result w only be t we %all all become m or less halt & lame4 ,x is only by su* a me?od z ?is--by segregat+ ! hopelessly feeble memb]s ( society & by all[+ ! o!rs to take all ! risks ( _! fre$om & responsibility ev5 ?\gh we /rongly disapprove--t we c look = ! com+ ( a bett] _w4 ,x is only by su* a me?od z ?is t we c af=d to give scope to all ^? v>y+ & ev]-contradictory activities :i* g to ! mak+ ( any _w wor? liv+ 94 ,= ,conflict1 ev5 ! conflict ( ideals1 is a "p ( all vital progress1 & ea* p>ty to ! conflict ne$s free play if t conflict is to yield u any pr(it4 ,t is :y ,mascul9i/s h no "r to imp$e ! play ( ,fem9ism1 & ,fem9i/s no "r to imp$e ! play ( ,mascul9ism4 ,! fundam5tal qualities ( ,man1 equally ) ! fundam5tal qualities ( ,woman1 are = ev] ne$$ 9 any h>moni\s civilisation4 ,!re is a place = ,mascul9ism z well z a place = ,fem9ism4 ,f ! highe/ /&po9t !re is n really any conflict at all4 ,!y alike s]ve ! l>ge cause ( ,humanity1 :i* equally includes !m bo?4 #a ,wrdelose ,weib]1 ,die ,neue ,g5]ation1 ,aug4-,sept41 #aiad4 #b ,havelock ,ellis1 ,man & ,woman1 fif? ed41 #aiad1 p4 #ba4 #c ,! conception ( sexuality z dep5d5t on ! comb9$ op]ation ( v>i\s int]nal ductless gl&s1 & n on ! sexual gl&s prop] alone1 has be5 especially work$ out by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,blair ,bell1 ,! ,sex ,complex1 #aiaf4 #d ,h4,h4 ,laughl91 ,! ,legal1 ,legislative1 & ,adm9i/rative ,aspects ( ,/]ilisation1 ,eug5ics ,record ,(fice ,bullet91 ,no4 #a1 ,,ob1 #aiad4 #e ,i h discuss$ ^! already 9 a *apt] ( my book1 ,! ,task ( ,social ,hygi5e4 ,,ix ,,! ,,m5tal ,,diff]5ces ,,( ,,m5 ,,& ,,wom5 ,! ,great ,w>1 :i* has *ang$ s _m ?+s1 has n[h]e effect$ a great] *ange ?an 9 ! sph]e ( wom5's activities4 ,9 all ! bellig]5t c\ntries wom5 h be5 call$ ^u to und]take "w :i* !y _h nev] be5 (f]$ be=e4 ,europe has ?us become a great exp]im5tal laboratory = te/+ ! aptitudes ( wom54 ,! results ( ^! te/s1 z !y are sl[ly realis$1 _c fail to h p]man5t effects on ! sexual division ( lab\r4 ,x is /ill too e>ly to speak confid5tly z to :at ^? effects w be4 ,b we may be c]ta9 t1 :atev] !y are1 !y c only spr+ f deep-ly+ natural di/9ctions4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! m9ds ( m5 & ! m9ds ( wom5 are1 inde$1 pres5t$ to all ( u e day4 ,x %\ld1 !re=e1 we might imag9e1 be "o ( ! easie/ ( tasks to asc]ta9 :at !y are4 ,& yet !re are few matt]s on :i* su* contradictory & (t5 extravagant op9ions are ma9ta9$4 ,= _m p ! "q has n aris52 !re are no m5tal diff]5ces1 !y seem to take = grant$1 betwe5 m5 & wom54 ,= o!rs ! m5tal sup]iority ( man at e po9t is an unque/ionable article ( fai?1 ?\gh !y may n always g s f> z to agree ) ! ,g]man doctor1 ,mobius1 :o boldly wrote a book on ,! ,physiological ,weak-m9d$ness ( ,wom54 ,= o!rs1 aga91 ! pr$om9ance ( m5 is an accid5t1 due to ! influ5ces ( brute =ce2 let ! intellig5ce ( wom5 h fre] play & ! _w g5]ally w be /raight5$ out4 ,9 ^! conflict+ attitudes we may trace n only ! confid5ce we are all apt to feel 9 our intimate k ( a famili> subject we h nev] /udi$1 b also ! inevitable influ5ce ( sexual bias4 ,( su* bias !re is m ?an "o k9d4 ,!re is ! egoi/ic bias by :i* we are l$ to reg>d our own sex z naturally bett] ?an any o!r c\ld be1 & !re is ! altrui/ic bias by :i* we are l$ to f9d a *>m+ & my/]i\s sup]iority 9 ! opposite sex4 ,^! diff]5t k9ds ( sexual bias act ) v>y+ =ce 9 p>ticul> cases2 x is usually necess>y to all[ = !m4 ,not)/&+ ! fanta/ic div]g5cies ( op9ion on ?is matt]1 x seems n impossible to place ! "q on a fairly s\nd & rational base4 ,9 s complex a "q !re mu/ always be room = "s v>iations ( individual op9ion1 = no two p]sons c approa* ! consid]ation ( x ) q ! same prepossessions1 or ) q ! same exp]i5ce4 ,at ! outset !re is "o great fundam5tal fact always to be borne 9 m9d3 ! diff]5ce ( ! sexes 9 physical organisation4 ,t we may t]m ! biological factor 9 det]m9+ ! sexual m5tal diff]5ces4 ,a /rong body does n involve a /rong bra9 nor a weak body a weak bra92 b !re is /ill an intimate connection betwe5 ! organisation ( ! body g5]ally & ! organisation ( ! bra91 :i* may be reg>d$ z an executive assemblage ( delegates f all p>ts ( ! body4 ,fundam5tal diff]5ces 9 ! organisation ( ! body _c fail to involve diff]5ces 9 ! n]v\s sy/em g5]ally1 & especially 9 t supreme collection ( n]v\s ganglia :i* we t]m ! bra94 ,9 ?is way ! special adaptation ( woman's body to ! ex]cise ( mat]nity1 ) ! pres5ce ( special organs & gl&s subs]vi5t to t object1 & )\t any important equival5ts 9 man's body1 _c fail to affect ! bra94 ,we n[ "k t ! organism is l>gely "u ! control ( a numb] ( int]nal secretions or hormones1 :i* "w toge!r h>moni\sly 9 normal p]sons1 influ5c+ body & m9d1 b are liable to di/urbance1 & are diff]5tly balanc$ & ) a diff]5t action 9 ! two sexes4#a ,x is n1 we mu/ rememb]1 by any means altoge!r ! ex]cise ( ! mat]nal function :i* causes ! diff]5ce2 ! organs & aptitudes are equally pres5t ev5 if ! function is n ex]cis$1 s t a woman _c make h]self a man by refra9+ f *ildbe>+4 ,9 ano!r way ?is biological factor makes itself felt1 & t is 9 ! diff]5ces 9 ! muscul> sy/ems ( m5 & wom54 ,^! we mu/ also consid] fundam5tal4 ,al?\gh ! extreme muscul> weakness ( av]age civilis$ wom5 z comp>$ to civilis$ m5 is c]ta9ly artificial & easily possible to remove by tra9+1 yet ev5 9 savages1 among :om ! wom5 d mo/ ( ! muscul> "w1 !y seldom equal or exce$ ! m5 9 /r5g?2 any sup]iority1 :5 x exi/s1 be+ ma9ly %[n 9 su* passive =ms ( ex]tion z be>+ burd5s4 ,9 civilisation1 ev5 "u ! influ5ce ( c>eful a?letic tra9+1 wom5 are unable to compete muscul>ly ) m52 & x is a significant fact t on ! v>iety /age !re are v few /rong wom54 ,x w\ld seem t ! difficulty 9 develop+ great muscul> /r5g? 9 wom5 is connect$ ) ! special adaptation ( woman's =m & organisation to ! mat]nal function4 ,b :atev] ! cause may be1 ! result+ diff]5ce is "o :i* has a v real be>+ on ! m5tal di/9ctions ( m5 & wom54 ,x is well asc]ta9$ t :at we call m5tal fatigue expresses itself physiologically 9 ! same bodily manife/ation z muscul> fatigue4 ,! avocations :i* we commonly consid] m5tal are at ! same "t muscul>2 & ev5 ! s5sory organs1 l ! eye1 are l>gely muscul>4 ,x is commonly f\nd 9 v>i\s great bus9ess dep>tm5ts :]e m5 & wom5 may be said to "w m or less side by side t ! "w ( wom5 is less valuable1 l>gely because !y are n able to be> additional /ra92 "u pressure ( extra "w !y give 9 be=e m5 d4 ,x is notewor?y t ! claims = sick b5efit made by wom5 "u ! ,national ,insurance ,sy/em 9 ,engl& h prov$ mu* great] 7ev5 ?ree times great]7 ?an ! actu>ies anticipat$ be=eh&2 :ile ! ,sick ,insurance ,societies ( ,g]many1 ,france1 ,au/ria1 & ,switz]l& also report t wom5 are ill (t5] & = long] p]iods ?an m54 ,l>gely1 no d\bt1 t is due to ! special /ra9 & ! rigid monotony ( our mod]n indu/rial sy/em1 b n entirely4 ,ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s ago 79 #agbi7 ,swift wrote ( wom5 to ,bol+broke3 ,i prote/ ,i nev] knew a v des]v+ p]son ( t sex :o _h n too mu* reason to compla9 ( ill-heal?4 ,! regulations ( ! _w h be5 ma9ly made by m5 on ! in/9ctive basis ( _! own ne$s1 & until wom5 h a l>ge "p 9 mak+ !m on ! basis ( _! ne$s1 wom5 are n likely to be s heal?y z m54 ,?is by no means necess>ily implies any m5tal inf]iority2 x is mu* m ! result ( muscul> inf]iority4 ,ev5 9 ! arts muscul> qualities c\nt = mu* & are (t5 ess5tial1 s9ce a solid muscul> sy/em is ne$$ ev5 = v delicate actions2 ! arts ( design dem& muscul> qualities2 to play ! viol9 is a muscul> /ra91 & only a robu/ woman c become a fam\s s+]4 ,! great] precocity ( girls is ano!r aspect ( ! biological factor 9 sexual m5tal diff]5ces4 ,x is a psy*ic z well z a physical fact4 ,?is has be5 %[n conclusively by c>eful inve/igation 9 _m p>ts ( ! civilis$ _w & notably 9 ,am]ica1 :]e ! s*ool sy/em r5d]s su* sexual comp>ison easy & reliable at all ages4 ,!re c n[ be no d\bt t a girl at1 let u say1 ! age ( f\rte5 is on ! av]age tall] & heavi] ?an a boy at ! same age1 ?\gh ! degrees ( ?is diff]5ce & ! precise age at :i* x occurs v>y ) ! individual & ! race4 ,correspond+ to ?is is a m5tal diff]5ce2 9 _m bran*es ( /udy1 ?\gh n all1 ! girl ( f\rte5 is sup]ior to ! boy1 quick]1 m intellig5t1 gift$ ) a bett] memory4 ,precocity1 h[ev]1 is a quality ( dubi\s virtue4 ,x is frequ5tly f\nd1 inde$1 9 m5 ( ! highe/ g5ius2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is f\nd among animals & among savages1 & is "h ( no good augury4 ,_m obs]v]s ( ! l[] races h not$ h[ ! *ild is highly intellig5t & well dispos$1 b seems to deg5]ate z he gr[s old]2 ,9 ! comp>ison ( girls & boys1 bo? z reg>ds physical & m5tal qualities1 x is con/antly f\nd t :ile ! girls hold _! own1 & 9 _m respects m ?an hold _! own1 ) boys up to ! age ( fifte5 or sixte51 aft] t ! girls rema9 almo/ or q /ation>y1 :ile 9 ! boys ! curve ( progress is cont9u$ )\t int]ruption4 ,"s p h argu$1 hypo!tically1 t ! great] precocity ( girls is an artificial product ( civilisation1 due to ! conf9$ life ( girls1 produc$1 z x 71 by ! artificial ov]heat+ ( ! sy/em 9 ! ho?\se ( ! home4 ,?is is a mi/ake4 ,! same precocity ( girls appe>s to exi/ ev5 among ! uncivilis$1 & indep5d5tly ( ! special circum/ances ( life4 ,x is ev5 f\nd among animals also1 & is said to be notably obvi\s 9 giraffes4 ,x w h>dly be argu$ t ! female giraffe leads a m conf9$ & dome/ic life ?an h] bro!r4 ,yet ano!r aspect ( ! biological factor is to be f\nd 9 ! be>+ ( h]$ity on ?is "q4 ,to judge by ! /atem5ts t "o sometimes sees1 m5 & wom5 might be two di/9ct species1 sep>ately propagat$4 ,! conviction ( "s m5 t wom5 are n fitt$ to ex]cise v>i\s social & political duties1 & ! conviction ( "s wom5 t m5 are a morally inf]ior sex1 are bo? alike absurd1 = !y bo? re/ on ! assumption t wom5 d n inh]it f _! fa!rs1 nor m5 f _! mo!rs4 ,no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t--:51 ( c\rse1 we put aside ! sexual *>act]s & ! special qualities associat$ ) ^? *>act]s--m5 & wom51 on ! av]age1 inh]it equally f bo? ( _! p>5ts1 all[+ = ! fact t t h]$ity is controll$ & modifi$ by ! special organisation ( ea* sex4 ,!re are1 inde$1 v>i\s laws ( h]$ity :i* qualify ?is /atem5t1 & notably ! t5d5cy :]eby extremes ( v>iation are m common 9 ! male sex--s t g5ius & idiocy are alike m preval5t 9 m54 ,b1 on ! :ole1 !re c be no d\bt t ! qualities ( a man or ( a woman are a m or less v>i$ mixture ( ^? ( bo? p>5ts2 &1 ev5 :5 !re is no bl5d+1 bo? p>5ts are almo/ equally likely to be influ5tial 9 h]$ity4 ,! good qualities ( ! "o p>5t w !re=e b5efit ! *ild ( ! opposite sex1 & ! bad qualities w equally be transmitt$ to ! (fspr+ ( opposite sex4 ,!re is ano!r elem5t 9 ! settlem5t ( ?is "q :i* may also be fairly call$ objective1 & t is ! hi/orical factor4 ,we are prone to believe t ! p>ticul> /atus ( ! sexes t prevails among ourselves corresponds to a univ]sal & un*angeable ord] ( ?+s4 ,9 reality ?is is f> f be+ ! case4 ,x may1 inde$1 be truly said t !re is no k9d ( social position1 no sort ( avocation1 public or dome/ic1 among ourselves exclusively app]ta9+ to "o sex1 :i* has n at "s "t or 9 "s "p ( ! _w belong$ to ! opposite sex1 & ) ! mo/ excell5t results4 ,we reg>d x z alone "r & prop] = a man to take ! initiative 9 c\rt%ip1 yet among ! ,papuans ( ,new ,gu9ea a man w\ld ?9k x indecor\s & ridicul\s to c\rt a girl2 x 0 ! girl's privilege to take ! initiative 9 ?is matt]1 & %e ex]cis$ x ) delicacy & skill & ! be/ moral results1 until ! %ock$ mission>ies upset ! native sy/em & un9t5tionally introduc$ loos] ways4 ,!re is1 aga91 no implem5t :i* we reg>d z s peculi>ly & exclusively fem99e z ! ne$le4 ,yet 9 "s p>ts ( ,africa a woman nev] t\*es a ne$le2 t is man's "w1 & a wife :o c %[ a neglect$ r5t 9 h] petticoat is ev5 consid]$ to h a fair claim = a divorce4 ,innum]able simil> examples appe> :5 we consid] ! human species 9 "t & space4 ,! hi/orical aspect ( ?is matt] may ?us be said 9 "s degree to c\nt]balance ! biological aspect4 ,if ! fundam5tal con/itution ( ! sexes r5d]s _! m5tal *>act]s necess>ily diff]5t1 ! diff]5ce is /ill n s pron\nc$ z to prev5t "o sex sometimes play+ effectively ! p>ts :i* are g5]ally play$ by ! o!r sex4 ,x is n necess>y to g outside ! :ite ,european race to f9d evid5ces ( ! reality ( ?is hi/orical factor ( ! "q be=e u4 ,x w\ld appe> t at ! dawn ( ,european civilisation wom5 7 tak+ a lead+ "p 9 ! evolution ( human progress4 ,v>i\s survivals :i* are en%r9$ 9 ! my?s & leg5ds ( classic antiquity %[ u ! mo/ anci5t deities z goddesses2 &1 moreov]1 we enc\nt] ! significant fact t at ! orig9 ne>ly all ! arts & indu/ries 7 presid$ ov] by female1 n by male1 deities4 ,9 ,greece1 z well z 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,india1 & ,egypt1 z ,paul ,laf>gue has po9t$ out1 woman seems to h tak5 div9e rank be=e m52 all ! fir/ inv5tions ( ! m useful arts & crafts1 except 9 metals1 are ascrib$ to goddesses2 ! ,muses presid$ ov] poetry & music long be=e ,apollo2 ,isis 0 ! lady ( bread1 & ,demet] taught m5 to s[ b>ley & corn in/ead ( eat+ ea* o!r4 ,?us ev5 among our own =efa!rs we may cat* a glimpse ( a /ate ( ?+s :i*1 z v>i\s an?ropologi/s h %[n 7notably ,otis ,mason 9 8 ,woman's ,%>e 9 ,primitive ,culture71 we may witness 9 ! mo/ widely sep>at$ p>ts ( ! _w4 ,?us among ! ,xosa ,kaffirs1 z well z o!r ,a-bantu /ocks1 ,frits* /ates t ! man claims = himself w>1 hunt+1 occupation ) cattle2 all h\sehold c>es1 ev5 ! build+ ( ! h\se1 z well z ! cultivation ( ! gr\nd1 are woman's affair2 h>dly 9 ! mo/ labori\s "w w a man l5d a h&4#b ,s t :5 to-day we see wom5 ent]+ ! mo/ v>i\s avocations1 t is n a dang]\s innovation1 b p]haps m]ely a return to anci5t & natural conditions4 ,x is n until specialisation becomes necess>y & until m5 are reliev$ f ! con/ant burd5 ( battle & ! *ase t ! frequ5t sup]iority ( woman is lo/4 ,! mod]n indu/rial activities are dang]\s1 :5 !y are dang]\s1 n because ! "w is too h>d--= ! "w ( primitive wom5 is h>d]--b because x is an unnaturally & artificially dre>y & monoton\s "w :i* /ifles ! m9d1 depresses ! spirits1 & injures ! body1 s t1 x is said1 #dj p] c5t4 ( m>ri$ wom5 :o h be5 factory girls are treat$ = pelvic disord]s be=e !y are ?irty4 ,x is ! conditions ( wom5's "w :i* ne$ *ang+ 9 ord] t !y may become1 l ^? ( primitive wom51 s v>i\s t !y develop ! m9d & =tify ! body4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an evil :i* w be right$ by ! developm5t ( ! me*anical side ( indu/ry1 = ma*9es t5d con/antly to become l>g]1 heavi]1 spe$i]1 m num]\s & m automatic1 requir+ few] work]s to t5d !m1 & ^! m frequ5tly m54#c ,x may be add$ t ! e>ly pr$om9ance ( woman 9 ! "w ( civilisation is altoge!r indep5d5t ( t conception ( a primitive matri>*ate1 or gov]nm5t ( wom51 :i* 0 set =? "s fifty ye>s ago by ,ba*(51 & has s9ce caus$ s mu* controv]sy4 ,desc5t 9 ! female l9e1 n uncommonly f\nd among primitive peoples1 und\bt$ly t5d$ to place wom5 9 a position ( great influ5ce2 b x by no means necess>ily involv$ any gynecocracy1 or rule ( wom51 & su* rule is m]ely a hypo!sis :i* by "s en?usia/s has be5 c>ri$ to absurd l5g?s4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t :5 we are approa*+ ! "q ( ! m5tal diff]5ces ( ! sexes among ourselves to-day1 x is n impossible to f9d c]ta9 guid+ clues :i* w save u f runn+ into extravagance 9 ei!r direction4 ,)\t d\bt ! only way 9 :i* we c obta9 a satisfactory answ] to ! num]\s problems :i* meet u :5 we approa* ! "q is by exp]im5t4 ,i h1 inde$1 insi/$ on ! importance ( ^! prelim9>y biological & hi/orical consid]ations ma9ly because !y indicate ) :at safety & fre$om f risk we may tru/ to exp]im5t4 ,! sexes are f> too securely pois$ by organic con/itution & anci5t tradition = any p]man5tly injuri\s results to occur f ! attempt to atta9 a bett] social readju/m5t 9 ?is matt]4 ,:5 ! exp]im5t fails1 individuals may to "s ext5t suff]1 b social equilibrium swiftly & automatically rights itself4 ,practically1 h[ev]1 ne>ly e social exp]im5t ( ?is k9d means t c]ta9 re/rictions limit+ ! duties or privileges ( wom5 are remov$1 & :5 artificial co]cions are ?us tak5 away x c m]ely happ51 z ,m>y ,woll/onecraft long ago put x1 t by ! common law ( gravity ! sexes fall into _! prop] places4 ,t1 we may be sure1 w be ! f9al result ( ! int]e/+ exp]im5ts = :i* ! laboratory to-day is furni%$ by all ! bellig]5t c\ntries4 ,def9itely =mulat$ /ati/ical data ( ^! results are sc>cely yet available4 ,b we may /udy ! action ( ?is natural process on "o great practical exp]im5t 9 m5tal sexual diff]5ces :i* has be5 go+ on = "s "t pa/4 ,at "o "t 9 ! v>i\s adm9i/rations ( ! ,int]national ,po/al ,union !re 0 a sudd5 resolve to introduce female lab\r to a v l>ge ext5t2 x 0 ?\ght t ?is w\ld be *eap] ?an male lab\r & equally effici5t4 ,!re 0 consequ5tly a great outcry at ! ou/+ ( male lab\r1 ! introduction ( ! ?9 end ( a w$ge :i* w\ld break up society4 ,we c n[ see t t outcry 0 fooli%4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s ne>ly all ! c\ntries :i* previ\sly introduc$ wom5 freely into _! po/al & telegraph s]vices are n[ do+ s only "u c]ta9 conditions1 & "s are ceas+ to admit !m at all4 ,?is great practical exp]im5t1 c>ri$ out on an imm5se scale 9 ?irty-five diff]5t c\ntries1 has1 on ! :ole1 %[n t :ile wom5 are n inf]ior to m51 at all ev5ts )9 ! ord9>y range ( "w1 ! sub/itution ( a female = a male /aff always means a consid]able increase ( numb]s1 t wom5 are less rapid ?an m51 less able to und]take ! high] grade "w1 less able to ex]t au?ority ov] o!rs1 m lack+ bo? 9 initiative & 9 endurance1 :ile !y require m sick leave & lose int]e/ & en]gy on m>riage4 ,! advantages ( female lab\r are ?us to "s ext5t neutralis$1 & 9 ! op9ions ( ! adm9i/rations ( "s c\ntries m ?an neutralis$1 by c]ta9 disadvantages4 ,! g5]al result is t m5 are f\nd m fitt$ = "s bran*es ( "w & wom5 m fitt$ = o!r bran*es2 ! result is comp5sation )\t any t5d5cy = "o sex to ou/ ! o!r4 ,x may1 inde$1 be object$ t 9 practical life no p]fectly satisfactory exp]im5ts exi/ z to ! respective m5tal qualities ( m5 & wom51 s9ce m5 & wom5 are nev] f\nd work+ "u conditions t are exactly ! same = bo? sexes4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we turn to ! psy*ological laboratory1 :]e x is possible to c>ry on exp]im5ts "u precisely id5tical conditions1 ! results are /ill ! same4 ,!re are ne>ly always diff]5ces betwe5 m5 & wom51 b ^! diff]5ces are complex & manifold2 !y d n always agree2 !y nev] %[ any g5]al pil+ up ( ! advantages on ! side ( "o sex or ( ! o!r4 ,9 reaction-"t1 9 delicacy ( s5sory p]ception1 9 accuracy ( e/imation & precision ( movem5t1 !re are ne>ly always sexual diff]5ces1 a few t are fairly con/ant1 _m t diff] at diff]5t ages1 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 or ev5 9 diff]5t gr\ps ( individuals4 ,we _c usually expla9 ^! diff]5ces or atta* any precise significance to !m1 any m ?an we c say :y x is t 7at all ev5ts 9 ,am]ica7 blue is mo/ (t5 ! fav\rite col\r ( m5 & r$ ( wom54 ,we may be sure t ^! ?+s h a mean+1 & (t5 a really fundam5tal significance1 b at pres5t1 = ! mo/ "p1 !y rema9 my/]i\s to u4 ,:5 we attempt to survey & sum up all ! v>iegat$ facts :i* sci5ce & practical life are sl[ly accumulat+ ) ref]5ce to ! m5tal diff]5ces betwe5 m5 & wom5#d we rea* two ma9 conclusions4 ,on ! "o h& !re is a fundam5tal equality ( ! sexes4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly appe> t wom5 v>y )9 a n>r[] range ?an m5--t is to say1 t ! two extremes ( g5ius & ( idiocy are bo? m likely to %[ !mselves 9 m54 ,?is implies t ! pione]s 9 progress are mo/ likely to be m54 ,t1 inde$1 may be said to be a biological fact4 ,9 all t conc]ns ! evolution ( ornam5tal *>act]s ! male leads2 9 him we see ! tr5d :i* evolution is tak+2 ! female & "y af=d u ! measure ( _! advance along ! new l9e :i* has to be tak54#e ,9 ! human sph]e ( ! arts & sci5ces1 simil>ly1 m51 n wom51 take ! lead4 ,t m5 7 ! fir/ decorative arti/s1 r ?an wom51 is indicat$ by ! fact t ! natural objects design$ by e>ly pre-hi/oric arti/s 7 ma9ly wom5 & wild bea/s1 t is to say1 !y 7 ! "w ( mascul9e hunt]s1 execut$ 9 idle int]vals ( ! *ase4 ,b )9 ! range 9 :i* ne>ly all ( u move1 !re are always _m m5 :o 9 m5tal respects c d :at mo/ wom5 c d1 _m wom5 :o c d :at mo/ m5 c d4 ,we are n ju/ifi$ 9 exclud+ a :ole sex absolutely f any field4 ,9 s do+ we %\ld c]ta9ly be depriv+ ! _w ( "s portion ( its executive ability4 ,! sexes may always safely be left to f9d _! own levels4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m5tal div]sity ( m5 & wom5 is equally fundam5tal4 ,x is root$ 9 organisation4 ,! well-int5tion$ ef=ts ( _m pione]s 9 wom5's movem5ts to treat m5 & wom5 z id5tical1 &1 z x 71 to =ce wom5 into mascul9e m\lds1 7 bo? mis*iev\s & useless4 ,wom5 w always be diff]5t f m51 m5tally z well z physically4 ,x is well = bo? sexes t x %\ld be s4 ,x is ow+ to ^! diff]5ces t ea* sex c br+ to ! _w's "w v>i\s aptitudes t ! o!r lacks4 ,x is ow+ to ^! diff]5ces also t m5 & wom5 h _! undy+ *>m = ea* o!r4 ,we _c *ange !m1 & we ne$ n wi% to4 #a ,see1 = in/ance1 ,blair ,bell's ,! ,sex ,complex1 #aiaf1 ?\gh ! d$uctions drawn 9 ?is book mu/ n always be accept$ )\t qualifications4 #b ,g4 ,frits*1 ,die ,e+ebor5e ,sd-,afrikas1 #ahib1 p4 #gi4 #c #a ,d4,r4 ,malcolm ,keir1 ,wom5 9 ,indu/ry1 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,octob]1 #aiac4 #d ,see1 = _m ( ! *ief ( ^!1 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,man & ,woman1 #e? ,edition1 #aiad4 #e ,w4,p4 ,pycraft1 ,! ,c\rt%ip ( ,animal1 p4 #i4 ,x ,,! ,,:ite ,,slave ,,crusade ,dur+ rec5t ye>s we h witness$ a rem>kable attempt--m popul> & m int]national 9 "* ?an any be=e--to deal ) t anci5t sexual evil :i* has = "s "t be5 picturesquely describ$ z ! ,:ite ,slave ,traffic4 ,less ?an =ty ye>s ago ,pr(essor ,%eldon ,amos wrote t ?is subject c sc>cely be t\*$ ^u by j\rnali/s1 & c nev] =m a topic ( common conv]sation4 ,n[adays ,*ur*es1 societies1 j\rnali/s1 legislators h all jo9$ ! ranks ( ! agitators4 ,n only has !re be5 no voice on ! opposite side1 :i* 0 sc>cely to be expect$--= !re has nev] be5 any anxiety to cry al\d ! def5ce ( ,:ite ,slav]y f ! h\se-tops--b !re has be5 a new & notewor?y conque/ ov] indiff]5ce & ov] t sacr$ sil5ce :i* 0 suppos$ to encompass all sexual topics ) suitable d>kness4 ,! bani%m5t ( t sil5ce 9 ! cause ( social hygi5e is1 inde$1 n ! lea/ significant feature ( ?is agitation4 ,x is inevitable1 h[ev]1 t ^! p]iodical fits ( virtu\s indignation by :i* ,society is ov]tak5 %\ld spe$ily be sp5t4 ,! victim ( ! moral fev] f9ds himself exhau/$ by ! /ruggle1 sc>cely able to cope ) ! complications ( ! disease1 &1 at ! be/1 only too anxi\s to =get :at he has pass$ ?r\gh4 ,he has an uneasy feel+ t 9 ! c\rse ( 8 delirium he has said & done _m fooli% ?+s :i* x w\ld n[ be unpleasant to recall too precisely4 ,!re is no use 9 attempt+ to disguise ! fact t ?is is :at happ5$ 9 ! ,:ite ,slave ,traffic agitation4 ,x became cle> t we _h be5 l>gely misl$ 9 reg>d to ! evils to be combat$1 & t we 7 s$uc$ into sanction+ v>i\s rem$ies = ^! evils :i* 9 cold blood x is impossible to approve (1 ev5 if we c\ld believe !m to be effective4 ,x is n ev5 cle> t all ^? :o h talk$ ab\t ! ,:ite ,slave ,traffic h be5 q sure :at !y meant by ! t]m4 ,"s p1 inde$1 h seem$ to ?9k t x meant pro/itution 9 g5]al4 ,t is1 ( c\rse1 an absurd misappreh5sion4 ,we are conc]n$ ) a trade :i* fl\ri%es on pro/itution1 b t trade is n itself ! trade or 7z "s pref] to call x7 ! pr(ession ( pro/itutes4 ,inde$1 ! pro/itute1 "u ord9>y conditions & unh>ass$ by p]secution1 is 9 _m respects any?+ b a slave4 ,%e is mu* less a slave ?an ! ord9>y m>ri$ woman4 ,%e is n fett]$ 9 humble dep5d5ce on ! w ( a husb& f :om x is ! mo/ difficult ?+ 9 ! _w to escape2 %e is b\nd to no man & free to make h] own t]ms 9 life2 :ile if %e %\ld h a *ild1 t *ild is absolutely h] own1 & %e is n liable to h x torn f h] arms by ! h&s ( ! law4 ,ap>t f arbitr>y & accid5tal circum/ances1 due to ! condition ( social feel+1 ! pro/itute enjoys a position ( indep5d5ce :i* ! m>ri$ woman is /ill /ruggl+ to obta94 ,! ,:ite ,slave ,traffic1 !re=e1 is n pro/itution2 x is ! comm]cialis$ exploitation ( pro/itutes4 ,! indep5d5t pro/itute1 liv+ alone1 sc>cely l5ds h]self to ! ,:ite ,slave trad]4 ,x is on h\ses ( pro/itution1 :]e ! less indep5d5t & usually weak]-m9d$ pro/itutes are segregat$1 t ! traffic is bas$4 ,su* h\ses _c ev5 exi/ )\t su* traffic4 ,!re is little inducem5t = a girl to ent] su* a h\se1 9 full k ( :at x involves1 on h] own initiative4 ,! proprietors ( su* h\ses mu/ !re=e give ord]s = ! goods !y desire1 & x is ! bus9ess ( procur]s1 by p]suasion1 misrepres5tation1 deceit1 intoxication1 to supply !m4 ,! ,:ite ,slave ,traffic1 z ,kneel& /ates1 is ?us n only a hide\s reality1 b a reality almo/ :olly dep5d5t on ! exi/5ce ( h\ses ( pro/itution1 & z ! au?ors ( ,! ,social ,evil /ate1 x is ! mo/ %ameful species ( bus9ess ent]prise 9 mod]n times4#a ,9 ?is intimate dep5d5ce ( ! ,:ite ,slave ,traffic on h\ses ( pro/itution1 !re lies1 x may be po9t$ out1 a hope = ! future4 ,we are conc]n$1 = ! mo/ "p1 ) ! m co>se-gra9$ "p ( ! mascul9e population & ) ! m ignorant1 degrad$1 & weak-m9d$ "p ( ! army ( pro/itutes4 ,al?\gh mu* has be5 said ( ! enorm\s ext5sion ( ! ,:ite ,slave ,traffic dur+ rec5t ye>s1 x is important to rememb] t t ext5sion is *iefly m>k$ 9 connection ) ! great new c5tres ( population 9 ! y\ng] c\ntries4 ,x is fo/]$ by ! conditions prevail+ 9 crude1 y\?ful1 prosp]\s1 b incompletely bl5d$1 communities1 :i* h too swiftly atta9$ luxury1 b h n yet atta9$ ! m humane & ref9$ developm5ts ( civilisation1 & among :om wom5 are (t5 sc>ce4#b ,al?\gh !re are n yet any v cle> signs ( ! decay ( pro/itution 9 civilisation1 !re c h>dly be a d\bt t civilisation is unfav\rable to h\ses ( pro/itution4 ,!y (f] no inducem5ts to ! m intellig5t & indep5d5t pro/itutes1 & _! inmates usually pres5t little attraction to any m5 save ^? ^: dem&s are ( ! humble/ "*4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a t5d5cy to ! natural & spontane\s decay ( organis$ h\ses ( pro/itution "u mod]n civilis$ conditions2 ! pro/itute & h] cli5ts alike %un su* h\ses4 ,along ?is l9e we may =esee ! disappe>ance ( ! ,:ite ,slave ,traffic1 ap>t altoge!r f any social or legal attempts at its direct suppression4#c ,x is sometimes said t ! relation ( ! isolat$ pro/itute to h] s\t5eur con/itutes a =m ( :ite slav]y4 ,und\bt$ly t may sometimes be ! case4 ,we are "h 9 a confus$ field :]e ! facts are complicat$ by a numb] ( consid]ations1 & :]e circum/ances may v widely diff]1 = ! fancy boy--select$ f affection by ! pro/itute h]self--may easily become ! s\t5eur1 or cadet z he is t]m$ 9 ,new ,york1 :o s$uces & tra9s to pro/itution a l>ge numb] ( girls4 ,! pro/itute is s (t5 a little weak 9 "* & a little defective 9 intellig5ce2 %e is s (t5 reg>d$ z a legitimate prey by ! _w 9 :i* %e moves1 & a legitimate object ( contempt & oppression by ! social _w above h] & its legal (fic]s1 t %e easily becomes abjectly dep5d5t on ! man :o 9 "s degree protects h] f ?is extortion1 contempt1 & oppression1 ev5 ?\gh he sometimes tra9s h] to 8 own ends & exploits h] pr(essional activities = 8 own advantage4 ,^! circum/ances s (t5 occur t "s inve/igators consid] t !y repres5t ! g5]al rule4 ,no d\bt !y are ! mo/ conspicu\s cases4 ,b !y c sc>cely be reg>d$ z repres5t+ ! normal relations ( ! pro/itute to ! man %e is attract$ to4 ,%e is e>n+ h] own liv+1 & if %e possesses a little modicum ( "* & intellig5ce1 %e kn[s t %e c *oose h] own lov] & dismiss him :5 %e s pleases4 ,he may beat h] occasionally1 b all ov] ! _w ?is is n always displeas+ to ! primitively fem99e woman4 ,x is inde$ true1 z ,kneel& rem>ks1 t _m pro/itutes d n believe _! lov]s c>e = !m unless !y 'beat !m up' occasionally4 ,! woman 9 ?is position is n m ( a :ite slave ?an _m wives1 & "s husb&s1 :o submit to ! :ims & tyrannies ( _! conjugal p>tn]s1 )1 inde$1 ! additional h>d%ip & mis=tune t !y are legally b\nd to !m4 ,& ! s\t5eur1 al?\gh f ! respectable po9t ( view he has put himself into a l[-d[n moral position1 is1 aft] all1 n s v unlike ^? p>asitic wives :o1 on a high] social level1 live lazily on _! husb&s' pr(essional e>n+s1 & sometimes give mu* less ?an ! s\t5eur 9 return4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we put aside ! complicat$ "q ( ! pro/itute's relation%ip to ! man :o is h] lov]1 protector1 & bully1 we h to recognise t !re really is a ,:ite ,slave ,traffic1 c>ri$ on 9 a ru?lessly bus9ess-l mann] & on an int]national scale1 ) wat*ful ag5ts1 m5 & wom51 ev] ready to detect & lure ! victims4 ,b ev5 ?is too amply demon/rat$ fact 0 n f\nd suffici5tly highly spic$ by ! ,:ite ,slave ,traffic agitators4 ,x 0 necess>y to excite ! public m9d by s5sational incid5ts4 ,ev]yone 0 told /ories1 z ( incid5ts t _h lately occurr$ 9 ! next /reet1 ( innoc5t1 ref9$1 & well-br$ girls :o 7 snat*$ away by infam\s brig&s b5ea? ! eyes ( _! fri5ds1 to be immur$ 9 dungeons ( vice & nev] m he>d (4 ,su* incid5ts1 if !y ev] occurr$1 w\ld be too biz>re to be ju/ifiably tak5 into acc\nt 9 great social movem5ts4 ,b x is ev5 d\btful :e!r !y ev] occur4 ,! ,:ite ,slave trad]s are n h]oes ( romance1 ev5 ( infam\s romance2 less s1 inde$1 ?an _m m ord9>y crim9als2 !y are engag$ 9 a v def9ite & v pr(itable bus9ess4 ,!y h no ne$ to run s]i\s risks4 ,! _w is full ( girls :o are ov]-work$1 ill-paid1 ignorant1 weak1 va91 gre$y1 lazy1 or ev5 only afflict$ ) a little innoc5t love ( adv5ture1 & x is among ^! t ,:ite ,slave trad]s may easily f9d :at _! bus9ess dem&s1 :ile exp]i5ce enables !m to detect ! mo/ likely subjects4 ,c>eful inquiry1 ev5 among ^? :o h made x _! special bus9ess to collect all ! evid5ce t c be br\ght toge!r to prove ! infam\s "* ( ! ,:ite ,slave ,traffic1 has app>5tly fail$ to furni% any reliable evid5ce ( ^! s5sational /ories4 ,x is easy to f9d pro/itutes :o are (t5 dissatisfi$ ) ! life 79 :at occupation is x n easy871 b x is n easy to f9d pro/itutes :o _c escape f t life :5 !y suffici5tly wi% to d s1 & are will+ to face ! difficulty ( f9d+ "s o!r occupation4 ,! v fact t ! :ole object ( _! exploitation is to br+ !m 9 contact ) m5 belong+ to ! outside _w is itself a gu>antee t !y are kept 9 t\* ) t _w4 ,mrs4 ,bill+ton-,grieg1 a well-kn[n pione] 9 social movem5ts1 has c>efully inve/igat$ ! alleg$ cases ( =cible abduction :i* 7 s freely talk$ ab\t :5 ! ,:ite ,slave ,bill 0 pass$ into law 9 ,engl&1 b ev5 ! ,vigilance ,societies actively engag$ 9 advocat+ ! bill c\ld n enable h] to discov] a s+le case 9 :i* a girl _h be5 entrapp$ aga9/ h] w4#d ,no o!r result c\ld reasonably h be5 expect$4 ,:5 s _m girls are will+1 & ev5 eag]1 to be p]suad$1 !re is little ne$ = ! risky adv5ture ( captur+ ! unwill+4 ,! uneasy realisation ( ^! facts _c fail to leave _m hone/ ,vice-,crusad]s ) unpleasant memories ( _! pa/4 ,x is n only 9 reg>d to alleg$ facts1 b also 9 reg>d to propos$ rem$ies1 t ! ,:ite ,slave ,agitation may prop]ly be criticis$4 ,9 ,engl& x di/+ui%$ itself by ! f]ocity ) :i* ! la% 0 advocat$1 & f9ally legalis$4 ,b5evol5t bi%ops jo9$ ) g5teel old maids 9 call+ l\dly = :ips1 & ev5 9 desir+ to lay !m p]sonally on ! backs ( ! (f5d]s1 not)/&+ t ^! ,crusad]s 7 nom9ally ,*ri/ians1 ! foll[]s ( a ,ma/] :o conspicu\sly res]v$ ,8 indignation1 n = s9n]s & law-break]s1 b = self-satisfi$ sa9ts & scrupul\s law-keep]s--j ! same k9d ( excell5t p1 9 fact1 :o are mo/ prone to become ,vice-,crusad]s4 ,"h aga91 x is probable1 _m unpleasant memories h be5 /or$ up4 ,x is well recognis$ by crim9ologi/s t ! la% is bo? a b>b>\s & an ineffective me?od ( puni%m5t4 ,! hi/ory ( flagellation1 z ,collas /ates 9 8 great "w on ?is subject1 is ! hi/ory ( a moral bankruptcy4#e ,! survival ( b>b>\s puni%m5ts f b>b>\s days1 :5 f]oci\s puni%m5ts 7 a matt] ( c\rse & ! dea? p5alty 0 inflict$ = horse-/eal+ )\t 9 ! lea/ dim9i%+ t (f5ce1 may be intelligible4 ,b ! re-enactm5t ( su* measures 9 s-call$ civilis$ days is an ev]la/+ discr$it to ^? :o advocate x1 & a disgrace to ! community :i* p]mits x4 ,?is 0 po9t$ out at ! "t by a l>ge body ( social re=m]s1 & w no d\bt be realis$ at leisure by ! p]sons conc]n$ 9 ! agitation4 ,ap>t altoge!r f its b>b>ity1 ! la% is peculi>ly unsuit$ = use 9 ! ,:ite ,slave trade1 because x w nev] desc5d on ! back ( ! real trad]4 ,! :ip has no t]rors = ^? engag$ 9 illegitimate f9ancial transactions1 = 9 su* transactions ! pr9cipal c always af=d to arrange t x %all fall on a subord9ate :o f9ds x wor? :ile to run ! risks4 ,?is me?od has long be5 practis$ by ^? :o exploit pro/itution = pr(it4 ,to increase ! risks m]ely means t ! subord9ate mu/ be m heavily paid4 ,t means t ! :ole bus9ess mu/ be c>ri$ on m actively to cov] ! increas$ risks & exp5ses4 ,x is a v anci5t fact t moral legislation increases ! evil x is design$ to combat4#f ,x is necess>y to po9t out "s ( ! unhappy features ( ?is agitation1 n 9 ord] to m9imise ! evils x 0 direct$ aga9/1 nor to ins9uate t !y _c be less5$1 b z a w>n+ aga9/ ! reaction :i* foll[s su* ill-consid]$ ef=ts4 ,! fi]y zealot 9 a fury ( bl9d rage /rikes wildly at ! evil he has j discov]$1 & !n fl+s d[n 8 weapon1 glad to =get all ab\t 8 mom5t>y rage & ! errors x l$ him into4 ,x is n s t anci5t evils are de/roy$1 evils1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 t d]ive _! vitality 9 "p f human nature & 9 "p f ! /ructure ( our society4 ,by ensur+ t our work]s1 & especially our wom5 work]s1 are dec5tly paid1 s t !y c live com=tably on _! wages1 we %all n inde$ h aboli%$ pro/itution1 :i* is m ?an an economic ph5om5on1#g b we %all m effectually *eck ! ,:ite ,slave trad] ?an by ! mo/ draconic legislation ! mo/ imag9ative ,vice-,crusad] ev] devis$4 ,& :5 we ensure t ^! same work]s h ample "t & opportunity = free & joy\s recreation1 we %all h done m to kill ! fasc9ation ( ! ,:ite ,slave ,traffic ?an by endless police regulations = ! moral sup]vision ( ! "y4 ,no d\bt ! elem5t ( human nature 9 ! manife/ations we are conc]n$ ) w /ill be at "w1 an obscure in/9ct (t5 act+ diff]5tly 9 ea* sex1 b t5d+ to drive bo? into ! same risks4 ,"h we ne$ ev5 m fundam5tal social *anges4 ,x is %e] fooli%ness to suppose t :5 we raise our little dams 9 ! pa? ( a great /ream ( human impulse t /ream w =?) fl[ calmly back to its s\rce4 ,we mu/ make our new *annels concurr5tly ) our dams4 ,if we wi% to influ5ce pro/itution we mu/ re-make our m>riage laws & modify our :ole conception ( ! sexual relation%ips4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 we c at lea/ beg9 to-day a task ( education :i* mu/ sl[ly ?\gh surely und]m9e ! ,:ite ,slave trad]'s /ronghold4 ,su* an education ne$s to be n m]ely in/ruction 9 ! facts ( sex & wise guidance conc]n+ all ! dang]s & risks ( ! sexual life2 x mu/ also involve a tra9+ ( ! w1 a developm5t ( ! s5se ( responsibility1 su* z c nev] be secur$ by %utt+ our "y p up 9 a hot-h\se1 %elt]$ f e =tify+ brea? ( ! outside _w4 ,c]ta9ly !re are _m among u--& precisely ! mo/ hopeless p]sons f our pres5t po9t ( view--:o c nev] gr[ into really responsible p]sons4#h ,nei!r %\ld !y ev] h be5 born4 ,x is our bus9ess to see t !y are n born2 & t1 if !y are1 !y are at lea/ plac$ "u due social gu>dian%ip1 s t we may n be tempt$ to make laws = society 9 g5]al :i* are only ne$$ by ?is feeble & infirm folk4 ,?us x is t :5 we seek to deal ) ! ,:ite ,slave ,trad] & 8 victims & 8 patrons we h to realise t !y are all v mu*1 z we h made !m1 m\ld$ by _! p>5ts be=e bir?1 n\ri%$ on _! mo!rs' knees4 ,! task ( mak+ !m ov] aga9 next "t1 & mak+ !m bett]1 is a revolution>y task1 b x beg9s at home1 & !re is no home 9 :i* "s "p ( ! task _c be c>ri$ out4 ,x is possible t at "s p]iod 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 n only w ! ,:ite ,slave ,traffic disappe>1 b ev5 pro/itution itself1 & x is = u to "w t[>ds t day4 ,b we may be q sure t ! social /ate :i* sees ! la/ ( ! social evil w be a social /ate v unlike ours4 #a ,! nature ( pro/itution & ( ! ,:ite ,slave ,traffic & _! relation to ea* o!r may cle>ly be /udi$ 9 su* valuable fir/-h& inve/igations ( ! subject z ,! ,social ,evil3 ,) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,conditions ,exi/+ 9 ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 #bnd edition1 edit$ by ,e4,r4,a4 ,seligman1 ,putnam's1 #aiab2 ,comm]cialis$ ,pro/itution 9 ,new ,york ,city1 by ,g4,j4 ,kneel&1 ,new ,york ,c5tury ,co41 #aiac2 ,pro/itution 9 ,europe1 by ,abraham ,flexn]1 ,new ,york ,c5tury ,co41 #aiad2 ,! ,social ,evil 9 ,*icago1 by ! ,vice-,commission ( ,*icago1 #aiaa4 ,z reg>ds pro/itution 9 ,engl& & its causes ,i %\ld l to call att5tion to an admirable little book1 ,d[nw>d ,pa?s1 publi%$ by ,bell ,sons1 #aiaf4 ,! lit]ature ( ! subject is1 h[ev]1 ext5sive1 & a useful bibliography w be f\nd 9 ! fir/-nam$ volume4 #b ,?is is especially true ( _m regions 9 ,am]ica1 bo? ,nor? & ,s\?1 :]e a hide\s mixture ( disp>ate nationalities furni%es conditions peculi>ly fav\rable to ! ,:ite ,slave ,traffic1 :5 prosp]ity increases4 ,see1 = in/ance1 ! well-in=m$ & temp]ately writt5 book by ,miss ,jane ,addams1 ,a ,new ,consci5ce & an ,anci5t ,evil1 #aiab4 #c ,see ,havelock ,ellis3 ,sex 9 ,relation to ,society 7,/udies 9 ! ,psy*ology ( ,sex71 ,vol4 ,,vi41 ,*4 ,,vii4 #d ,! ,:ite ,slave ,traffic1 ,engli% ,review1 ,june1 #aiac4 ,x is j j ! same 9 ,am]ica4 ,mr4 ,br&-,:itlock1 :5 ,mayor ( ,tol$o1 ?or\ghly inve/igat$ a s5sational /ory ( ?is k9d br\ght to him 9 great detail by a social work] & f\nd t x possess$ n ! slighte/ basis ( tru?4 ,x 01 he rem>ks 9 an able pap] on ,! ,:ite ,slave 7,=um1 ,feb41 #aiad71 simply ano!r v>iant ( ! /ory t _h gone ! r\nds ( ! cont95ts1 a /ory :i* _h be5 someh[ psy*ologically tim$ to meet ! hy/]ia :i* ! pulpit1 ! ,press1 & ! legislature _h display$4 #e ,g4,f4 ,collas1 ,ges*i*te des ,flagellantismus1 #aiac1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #af4 #f ,i h br\ght toge!r "s ( ! evid5ce on ?is po9t 9 ! *apt] on ,immorality & ! ,law 9 my book1 ,! ,task ( ,social ,hygi5e4 #g ,! idea is *]i%$ by _m1 especially among sociali/s1 t pro/itution is ma9ly an economic "q1 & t to raise wages is to dry up ! /ream ( pro/itution4 ,t is c]ta9ly a fallacy1 unsupport$ by c>eful inve/igators1 ?\gh all are agre$ t ! economic condition ( ! wage-e>n] is "o factor 9 ! problem4 ,?us ,commission] ,adelaide ,cox1 at ! head ( ! ,wom5's ,social ,w+ ( ! ,salvation ,army1 speak+ f a v long & ext5sive acqua9tance ) pro/itutes1 :ile n d5y+ t wom5 are (t5 wick$ly und]paid1 f9ds t ! cause ( pro/itution is ess5tially a moral "o1 & _c be successfully f\ght by o!r ?an moral weapons4--7,we/m9/] ,gazette1 ,dec4 #bnd1 #aiab74 ,9 a yet wid] s5se1 x may be said t ! "q ( ! causes ( pro/itution is ess5tially social4 #h ,?is is a v important clue inde$ 9 deal+ ) ! problem ( pro/itution4 ,x is ! weak-m9d$1 un9tellig5t girl1 ,godd>d /ates 9 8 valuable "w on ,feeblem9d$ness1 :o makes ! ,:ite ,slave ,traffic possible4 ,dr4 ,hickson f\nd t ov] #he p] c5t4 ( ! wom5 br\ght be=e ! ,morals ,c\rt 9 ,*icago 7 di/9ctly feeble-m9d$1 & ,dr4 ,olga ,bridgeman /ates t among ! girls committ$ = sexual del9qu5cy to ! ,tra9+ ,s*ool ( ,g5eva1 ,ill9ois1 #ig p] c5t4 7 feeble-m9d$ by ! ,b9et te/s1 & to be reg>d$ z helpless victims4 7,walt] ,cl>ke1 ,social ,hygi5e1 ,june1 #aiae1 & ,j\rnal ( ,m5tal ,sci5ce1 ,jan41 #aiaf1 p4 #bbb47 ,!re are fallacies 9 ^! figures1 b x w\ld appe> t ab\t half ( ! pro/itutes 9 in/itutions are to be reg>d$ z m5tally defective4 ,,xi ,,! ,,conque/ ,,( ,,v5]eal ,,disease ,! f9al ,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ,v5]eal ,diseases has br\ght to an end an important & labori\s inve/igation at :at _m may reg>d z an unfav\rable mom5t4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! mom5t is n s unfav\rable z x seems4 ,!re is no p]iod :5 v5]eal diseases fl\ri% s exub]antly z 9 w> "t1 & we %all h a sad h>ve/ to ga!r "h :5 ! ,w> is ov]4#a ,moreov]1 ! ,w> is tea*+ u to face ! real facts ( life m frankly & m c\rage\sly ?an ev] be=e1 & !re is no field1 sc>cely ev5 a battlefield1 :]e a tra9+ 9 frankness & c\rage is s necess>y z 9 ?is ( ,v5]eal ,disease4 ,x is difficult ev5 to say t !re is any l>g] field1 = x has be5 f\nd possible to d\bt :e!r ! great ,w> ( to-day1 :5 all is summ$ up1 w h produc$ m dea?1 disease1 & mis]y ?an is produc$ 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ev5ts1 dur+ a s+le g5]ation1 by v5]eal disease4 ,!re are1 z e man & woman ought to "k1 two ma9 & q di/9ct diseases 7any o!r be+ unimportant7 poetically t]m$ ,v5]eal because *iefly1 ?\gh n by any means only1 propagat$ 9 ! int]c\rse ov] :i* ! ,roman goddess ,v5us once presid$4 ,^! two diseases are syphilis & gonorrhoea4 ,bo? ^! diseases are v s]i\s1 (t5 t]rible1 9 _! effects on ! individual attack$1 & bo? liable to be poison\s to ! race4 ,!re has long be5 a popul> notion t1 :ile syphilis is inde$ an awful disease1 gonorrhoea may be accept$ ) a light he>t4 ,t1 we n[ "k1 is a grave mi/ake4 ,gonorrhoea may seem trivial at ! outset1 b its results1 especially = a woman & h] *ildr5 7:5 x all[s h] to h any71 are any?+ b trivial2 :ile its great] frequ5cy1 & ! indiff]5ce ) :i* x is reg>d$1 /ill fur!r increase its dang]s4 ,ab\t ! s]i\s nature ( syphilis !re is no d\bt4 ,x is a comp>atively mod]n disease1 n cle>ly kn[n 9 ,europe be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & by "s au?orities#b to-day suppos$ to h be5 import$ f ,am]ica4 ,b x soon ravag$ ! :ole ( our _w1 & has cont9u$ to d s ev] s9ce4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s x has p]haps %[n a slight t5d5cy to decrease1 ?\gh no?+ to :at c\ld be a*iev$ by sy/ematic me?ods2 b its evils are /ill suffici5tly al>m+4 ,exactly h[ common x is _c be asc]ta9$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,at lea/ #aj p] c5t41 probably m1 ( ! population 9 our l>ge cities h be5 infect$ by syphilis1 "s be=e bir?4 ,9 #aiab = an av]age /r5g? ( #abj1jjj m5 9 ! ,engli% ,navy1 ne>ly #cjj1jjj days 7 lo/ z a result ( v5]eal disease1 :ile among #ajj1jjj soldi]s 9 ! ,home ,army = ! same ye>1 an av]age ( ne>ly #fjj m5 7 con/antly sick f ! same cause4 ,we may e/imate f ?is small example h[ va/ mu/ be ! total loss ( work+ p[] due to v5]eal disease4 ,moreov]1 9 ,sir ,william ,osl]'s words1 ( ! kill+ diseases syphilis comes ?ird or f\r?4 ,its preval5ce v>ies 9 diff]5t regions & diff]5t social classes4 ,! mortality rate f syphilis = males above fifte5 is highe/ = unskill$ lab\r1 !n = ! gr\p int]m$iate betwe5 unskill$ & skill$ lab\r1 !n = ! upp] & middle class1 foll[$ by ! gr\p int]m$iate betwe5 ?is class & skill$ lab\r1 :ile skill$ lab\r1 textile work]s1 & m9]s foll[1 & agricultural lab\r]s come out mo/ fav\rably ( all4 ,^! diff]5ces d n repres5t any asc5d+ grade 9 virtue or sexual ab/95ce1 b are dep5d5t ^u diff]5ces 9 social condition2 ?us syphilis is comp>atively r>e among agricultural lab\r]s because !y associate only ) wom5 !y "k & are n expos$ to ! temptation ( /range wom51 :ile x is high among ! upp] class because !y are %ut out f sexual intimacy ) wom5 ( _! own class & s resort to pro/itutes4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 x w be se51 ! poison ( syphilis is fairly diffus$ among all classes4 ,?is poison may "w ?r\gh _m ye>s or ev5 ! :ole ( life1 & its e>ly manife/ations are ! lea/ important4 ,x may beg9 be=e bir?3 ?us1 "o rec5t inve/igation %[s t 9 #aej syphilitic families !re 7 only #cij seem+ly heal?y *ildr5 to #dja infant dea?s1 /illbir?s1 & misc>riages 7z aga9/ #agb 9 #ahj heal?y families71 ! great majority ( ^! failures be+ infant dea?s & ?us repres5t+ a l>ge am\nt ( wa/$ en]gy & exp5se4#c ,syphilis is1 aga91 ! mo/ s]i\s s+le cause ( ! mo/ sev]e =ms ( bra9 disease & insanity1 ?is (t5 com+ on _m ye>s aft] ! infection1 & :5 ! e>ly symptoms 7 b slight4 ,bl9dness & deafness f ! beg9n+ ( life are 9 a l>ge proportion ( cases due to syphilis4 ,!re is1 inde$1 no organ ( ! body :i* is n liable to break d[n1 (t5 ) fatal results1 ?r\gh syphilis1 s t x has be5 well said t a doctor :o kn[s syphilis ?or\ghly is famili> ) e bran* ( 8 pr(ession4 ,gonorrhoea is a /ill common] disease ?an syphilis2 h[ common x is v difficult to say4 ,x is also an old] disease1 = ! anci5t ,egyptians knew x1 & ! ,biblical ,k+ ,es>haddon ( ,assyria1 z ! records ( 8 c\rt %[1 once caught x4 ,x seems to "s p no m s]i\s ?an a common cold1 yet x is able to inflict mu* prolong$ mis]y on its victims1 :ile on ! race its influ5ce 9 ! long run is ev5 m deadly ?an t ( syphilis1 = gonorrhoea is ! *ief cause ( /]ility 9 wom51 t is to say1 9 f #cj to #ej p] c5t4 ( su* cases1 :ile ( cases ( /]ility 9 m5 7:i* =m a qu>t] to a ?ird ( ! :ole7 gonorrhoea is ! cause 9 f #gj to #ij p] c5t4 ,! inflammation ( ! eyes ( ! new-born lead+ to bl9dness is also 9 #gj p] c5t4 cases due to gonorrhoea 9 ! "m1 & ?is occurs 9 ov] six p] #a1jjj bir?s4 ,?ree ye>s ago a ,royal ,commission 0 appo9t$ to inve/igate ! be/ me?ods ( controll+ v5]eal disease1 z small-pox1 typhus1 & to a l>ge ext5t typhoid1 h already be5 controll$4 ,! ,commission 0 well compos$1 n m]ely ( (ficials & doctors1 b ( exp]i5c$ m5 & wom5 9 v>i\s fields1 & ! f9al ,report is sign$ by all ! memb]s1 any diff]5ce ( op9ion be+ conf9$ to m9or po9ts 7:i* x is unnecess>y to t\* on "h7 & to two memb]s only4 ,! recomm5dations are conceiv$ 9 ! mo/ practical & broad-m9d$ _s4 ,!y are nei!r faddy nor goody-goody4 ,"s inde$ may wi% t !y _h gone fur!r4 ,! ,commission leave ov] = lat] consid]ation ! "q ( notify+ v5]eal disease z o!r infecti\s diseases are notifi$1 & !re is no recomm5dation = ! provision ( prev5tive me?ods aga9/ infection = use be=e int]c\rse1 su* z are (ficially fav\r$ 9 ,g]many4 ,b at bo? ^! po9ts ! ,commission]s h be5 wise1 = !y are po9ts to :i* sections ( public op9ion are /ill /rongly ho/ile4#d ,z !y /&1 ! recomm5dations %\ld c>ry conviction to all s]i\s & reasonable p]sons4 ,already1 inde$1 ! ,gov]nm5t1 )\t opposition1 has express$ its will+ness to und]take ! f9ancial burd5 :i* ! ,commission w\ld impose on x4 ,! ma9 ,recomm5dations made by ! ,commission1 if we put aside ! sugge/ions = obta9+ a m exact /ati/ical k1 may be plac$ "u ! heads ( ,treatm5t & ,prev5tion4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/1 x is insi/$ t measures %\ld be tak5 to r5d] ! be/ mod]n treatm5t1 :i* %\ld be free to all1 readily available = ! :ole community1 9 su* a way t ^? affect$ w h no hesitation 9 tak+ advantage ( ! facilities ?us (f]$4 ,! means ( treatm5t %\ld be organis$ by ,c\nty ,c\ncils & ,bor\ghs1 "u ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 :i* %\ld h p[] to make indep5d5t arrangem5ts :5 ! local au?orities fail 9 _! duties4 ,in/itutional treatm5t %\ld be provid$ at all g5]al hospitals1 special arrangem5ts made = ! treatm5t ( out-pati5ts 9 ! ev5+s1 & no objection (f]$ to pati5ts seek+ treatm5t outside _! own neighb\rhoods4 ,! exp5diture %\ld be assi/$ by grants f ,imp]ial ,funds to ! ext5t ( #ge p] c5t4 ,x may be add$ t1 h[ev] heavy su* exp5diture may be1 an economy c sc>cely fail to be effect$4 ,! f9ancial co/ ( v5]eal disease to-day is s va/ z to be beyond calculation4 ,x ent]s into e field ( life4 ,x is en\gh m]ely to consid] ! significant little fact t ! co/ ( educat+ a deaf *ild is t5 times z great z t ( educat+ an ord9>y *ild4 ,"u ! head ( ,prev5tion we may place su* a sugge/ion z t ! exi/5ce ( infective v5]eal disease %\ld con/itute legal incapacity = m>riage1 ev5 :5 unkn[n1 & be a suffici5t cause = annull+ ! m>riage at ! discretion ( ! c\rt4 ,b by f> ! *ief importance "u ?is head is assign$ by ! ,commission to education & in/ruction4 ,we see "h ! v9dication ( ^? :o = ye>s h be5 tea*+ t ! fir/ ess5tial 9 deal+ ) v5]eal disease is popul> enlight5m5t4 ,!re mu/ be m c>eful in/ruction--?r\gh all types & grades ( education--on ! sexual relations 9 reg>d to conduct1 :ile fur!r in/ruction %\ld be provid$ 9 ev5+ cont9uation s*ools1 z well z factories & works1 ) ! aid ( prop]ly con/itut$ volunt>y associations4 ,^! are s\nd & practical recomm5dations :i*1 z ! ,gov]nm5t has realis$1 c be put 9 action at once4 ,a few ye>s ago any attempt to control v5]eal disease 0 consid]$ by _m to be almo/ impi\s4 ,su* disease 0 held to be ! j visitation ( ,god ^u s9 & to int]f]e w\ld be wick$4 ,we "k bett] n[4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ^? :o are mo/ sev]ely /ruck by v5]eal disease are new-born *ildr5 & tru/ful wives1 :ile a simple kiss or ! use ( t[els & cups 9 common has con/antly s]v$ to spread v5]eal disease 9 a family4 ,ev5 :5 we turn to ! commone/ me?od ( infection1 we h /ill to rememb] t we are deal+ l>gely ) inexp]i5c$ y\?s1 ) lov+ & tru/ful girls1 :o h yield$ to ! deepe/ & mo/ volcanic impulse ( _! natures1 & h n yet le>nt t t impulse is a ?+ to be held sacr$ = _! own sakes & ! sake ( ! race4 ,9 s f> z !re is s91 x is s9 :i* mu/ be %>$ by ^? :o h fail$ to tra9 & enlight5 ! "y4 ,a ,ph>isaic attitude is n only highly mis*iev\s 9 its results1 b is "h altoge!r out ( place4 ,mu* h>m has be5 done 9 ! pa/ by ! action ( ,b5efit ,societies 9 )hold+ recognition & treatm5t f v5]eal disease4 ,x is evid5t t ?is ?\ght 0 at ! back ( ! m9ds ( ^? :o fram$ ^! wise recomm5dations4 ,we _c expect to d away all at once ) ! feel+ t v5]eal disease is %ameful4 ,x may n ev5 be desirable4 ,b we c at lea/ make cle> t1 9 s f> z !re is any %ame1 x mu/ be a "q betwe5 ! individual & 8 own consci5ce4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( sci5ce1 syphilis & gonorrhoea are j diseases1 l canc] & consumption1 ! only diseases ) :i* !y c be comp>$ 9 ! magnitude & ext5t ( _! results1 & !re=e x is be/ to speak ( !m by _! sci5tific names1 in/ead ( try+ to inv5t vague & awkw>d circumlocutions4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( society1 any attitude ( %ame is un=tunate1 because x is absolutely ess5tial t ^! diseases %\ld be met 9 ! op5 & grappl$ ) me?odically & ?or\ghly4 ,o!rwise1 z ! ,commission recognises1 ! suff]] is apt to become ! prey ( ignorant quacks ^: ineffici5t treatm5t is l>gely responsible = ! developm5t ( ! late/ & wor/ afflictions ^! diseases produce :5 n effectually nipp$ 9 ! bud4 ,t !y c be ?us cut %ort--f> m easily ?an consumption1 to say no?+ ( canc]--is ! fact :i* makes x possible to hope = a conque/ ov] v5]eal disease4 ,x is a conque/ t w\ld make ! :ole _w m beautiful & deliv] love f its uglie/ %ad[4 ,b ! victory _c be won by sci5ce alone1 n ev5 9 alliance ) (ficialdom4 ,x c only be won ?r\gh ! enlight5$ co-op]ation ( ! :ole nation4 #a ,! increase ( v5]eal disease dur+ ! ,great ,w> has be5 not$ alike 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,engl&4 ,?us1 z reg>ds ,france1 ,gau*] has /at$ at ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,m$ic9e 7,j\rnal de ,m$ic9e1 ,may #aj?1 #aiaf7 t s9ce mobilisation syphilis _h increas$ by ne>ly "o half1 alike among soldi]s & civilians2 x _h mu* increas$ 9 q "y p & 9 eld]ly m54 ,9 ,g]many1 ,neiss]1 a lead+ au?ority1 /ates 7,deuts*e ,m$iz9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 #ad? ,jan41 #aiae7 t ! preval5ce ( v5]eal disease is mu* great] ?an 9 ! w> ( #ahgj1 & t e day _m ?\s&s1 n to say t5s ( ?\s&s1 ( o!rwise able-bodi$ m5 are )drawn f ! s]vice on ?is acc\nt4 #b ,! *ief is ,iwan ,blo* :o1 9 8 elaborate "w1 ,d] ,ursprung d] ,syphilis 7#b vols41 #aija1 #aiaa71 has fully inve/igat$ ! evid5ce4 #c ,n4 ,bi%op ,h>man1 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,syphilis on ! ,*ances ( ,prog5y1 ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,feb4 #e?1 #aiaf4 #d ,x is true t 9 my book1 ,sex 9 ,relation to ,society 7,*4 ,,viii47 ,i h /at$ my belief t notification1 z 9 ! case ( o!r s]i\s infecti\s diseases1 is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! conque/ ( v5]eal disease4 ,i /ill ?9k x ought to be s4 ,b a yet m prelim9>y /ep is popul> enlight5m5t z to ! ne$ = su* notification4 ,! recomm5dations seem to me to g z f> z x is possible to g at ! mom5t 9 ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries )\t produc+ friction & opposition4 ,9 s f> z !y are c>ri$ out ! recomm5dations w ensure ! necess>y popul> enlight5m5t4 ,,xii ,,! ,,nationalisation ,,( ,,heal? ,x 0 inevitable t we %\ld "s day h to face ! problem ( m$ical reorganisation on a social basis4 ,along _m l9es social progress has l$ to ! initiation ( movem5ts = ! improvem5t ( public heal?4 ,b !y are /ill incomplete & imp]fectly co-ord9at$4 ,we h nev] realis$ t ! great que/ions ( heal? _c safely be left to municipal t9k]+ & ! patronage ( ,bumbl$om4 ,! result is *aos & a t]rible wa/e1 n only ( :at we call h>d ca%1 b also ( s5sitive fle% & blood4 ,heal?1 !re _c be ! slighte/ d\bt1 is a va/ly m fundam5tal & important matt] ?an education1 to say no?+ ( su* m9or matt]s z ! po/ (fice or ! telephone sy/em4 ,yet we h nationalis$ ^! be=e ev5 giv+ a ?\ght to ! ,nationalisation ( ,heal?4 ,at ! pres5t day m$ic9e is ma9ly 9 ! h&s1 z x 0 two ?\s& ye>s ago1 ( ! private practition]4 ,8 m5tal /atus has1 inde$1 *ang$4 ,to-day he is submitt$ to a long & ardu\s tra9+ 9 magnific5tly equipp$ in/itutions2 all ! labori\sly acquir$ processes & results ( mod]n m$ic9e & hygi5e are br\ght )9 ! /ud5t's rea*4 ,& :5 he leaves ! hospital1 (t5 ) ! l>ge/ & noble/ conception ( ! physician's place 9 life1 :at d we d ) him8 ,he becomes a private practition]1 :i* means1 z ,duclaux1 ! late di/+ui%$ ,director ( ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute1 put x1 t we place him on ! level ( a retail groc] :o mu/ pati5tly /& beh9d 8 c\nt] 7)\t ! privilege ( adv]tis+ himself7 until ! public are pleas$ to come & buy advice or drugs :i* are usually appli$ = too late to be ( mu* use1 & may be ?r[n away at ! buy]'s good pleasure1 )\t ! possibility ( any prote/ by ! sell]4 ,x is little wond] t 9 _m cases ! doctor's "w & aims suff] "u su* conditions2 8 nature is subdu$ to :at x works 92 he cl+s convulsively to 8 c\nt] & its retail me?ods4 ,! fact is--& x is a fact t is sl[ly becom+ app>5t to all--t ! private practice ( m$ic9e is out ( date4 ,x fails to answ] ! ne$s ( our "t4 ,!re are v>i\s reasons :y ?is %\ld be ! case1 b two are fundam5tal4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 m$ic9e has outgr[n ! capacity ( any individual doctor2 ! only adequate private practition] mu/ h a s\nd g5]al k ( m$ic9e ) an exp]t k ( a doz5 specialties2 t is to say1 he mu/ give place to a /aff ( doctors act+ co-ord9ately1 = ! pres5t sy/em1 or lack ( sy/em1 by :i* a pati5t w&]s at r&om f private practition] to speciali/1 f speciali/ to speciali/ ad inf9itum1 is altoge!r mis*iev\s4 ,moreov]1 n only is x impossible = ! private practition] to possess ! k requir$ to treat 8 pati5ts adequately3 he _c possess ! sci5tific me*anical equipm5t n[adays requir$ alike = diagnosis & treatm5t1 & e day becom+ m elaborate1 m exp5sive1 m difficult to manipulate4 ,x is in/all$ 9 our great hospitals = ! b5efit ( ! poore/ pati5t2 x c\ld1 p]haps1 be set up 9 a millionaire's palace1 b x is hopelessly beyond ! private practition]1 ?\gh )\t x 8 "w mu/ rema9 unsatisfactory & inadequate4#a ,9 ! second place1 ! :ole direction ( mod]n m$ic9e is be+ *ang$ & to an end away f private practice2 our ?\ghts are n n[ ma9ly b5t on ! cure ( disease b on its prev5tion4 ,m$ic9e is becom+ m & m trans=m$ into hygi5e1 & 9 ?is trans=mation1 ?\gh ! tasks pres5t$ are l>g] & m sy/ematic1 !y are also easi] & m economical4 ,^! two fundam5tal t5d5cies ( mod]n m$ic9e--great] complexity ( its me?ods & ! pr$om9antly prev5tive "* ( its aims--alone suffice to r5d] ! position ( ! private practition] unt5able4 ,he _c cope ) ! complexity ( mod]n m$ic9e2 he has no au?ority to en=ce its hygi5e4 ,! m$ical sy/em ( ! future mu/ be a national sy/em co-ord9at+ all ! conditions ( heal?4 ,at ! c5tre we %\ld expect to f9d a ,m9i/] ( ,heal?1 & e doctor ( ! ,/ate w\ld give 8 :ole "t to 8 "w & be paid by sal>y :i* 9 ! case ( ! high] po/s w\ld be equal to t n[ fix$ = ! high] legal (fices1 = ! *ief doctor 9 ! ,/ate ought to be at lea/ z important an (ficial z ! ,"l ,*ancellor4 ,hospitals & infirm>ies w\ld be alike nationalis$1 &1 9 place ( ! pres5t antagonism betwe5 hospitals & ! bulk ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 e doctor w\ld be 9 t\* ) a hospital1 ?us hav+ beh9d him a fully equipp$ & /aff$ in/itution = all purposes ( diagnosis1 consultation1 treatm5t1 & rese>*1 also s]v+ = a c5tre ( notification1 regi/ration1 prev5tive & hygi5ic measures4 ,9 e di/rict ! citiz5 w\ld h a c]ta9 am\nt ( *oice z reg>ds ! m$ical man to :om he may g = advice1 b no "o w\ld be all[$ to escape ! m$ical sup]vision & regi/ration ( 8 di/rict1 = x is ess5tial t ! c5tral ,heal? ,au?ority ( e di/rict %\ld "k ! heal? conditions ( all ! inhabitants ( ! di/rict4 ,only by "s su* organis$ & co-ord9at$ sy/em z ?is c ! prim>y conditions ( ,heal?1 & prev5tive measures aga9/ disease1 be g5u9ely socialis$4 ,^! views 7 put =w>d by ! pres5t writ] tw5ty ye>s ago 9 a little book on ,! ,nationalisation ( ,heal?1 :i*1 ?\gh x met ) wide approval1 0 probably reg>d$ by mo/ p z ,utopian4 ,s9ce !n ! times h mov$1 a new g5]ation has sprung up1 & ideas :i*1 tw5ty ye>s ago1 7 brood$ ov] by isolat$ ?9k]s are n[ se5 to be 9 ! direct l9e ( progress2 !y h become ! prop]ty ( p>ties & matt]s ( active propag&a4 ,ev5 be=e ! introduction ( ,/ate ,insurance ,pr(essor ,b5jam9 ,moore1 9 8 able book1 ,! ,dawn ( ! ,heal? ,age1 anticipat+ ! actual m>* ( ev5ts1 =mulat$ a ,/ate ,insurance ,s*eme :i* w\ld lead on1 z he po9t$ out1 to a g5u9ely ,national ,m$ical ,s]vice1 & lat]1 ,dr4 ,macilwa9e1 9 a little book entitl$ ,m$ical ,revolution1 aga9 advocat$ ! same *anges3 ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,m9i/ry ( ,heal?1 a m$ical s]vice on a prev5tive basis1 & ! re=m ( ! hospitals :i* mu/ con/itute ! nucleus ( su* a s]vice4 ,x may be said t = m$ical m5 no long] engag$ 9 private practice x is easy to view ! disappe>ance ( private practice ) s]5ity2 b x mu/ be add$ t x is precisely t dis9t]e/$ s]5ity :i* makes possible also a cle> insight into ! problems & a wid] view ( ! new horizons ( m$ic9e4 ,?us x is t to-day ! dream]s ( ye/]day are ju/ifi$4 ,! great s*eme ( ,/ate ,insurance 0 c]ta9ly an important /ep t[>ds ! socialisation ( m$ic9e4 ,x came %ort1 inde$1 ( ! complete ,nationalisation ( ,heal? z an affair ( ,/ate4 ,b t c\ld n possibly be introduc$ at "o move4 ,ap>t ev5 f ! difficulty ( complete reorganisation1 ! two great ve/$ int]e/s ( private m$ical practice on ! "o h& & ,fri5dly ,societies on ! o!r w\ld /& 9 ! way4 ,a complicat$ transitional p]iod is necess>y1 dur+ :i* ^? two int]e/s are conciliat$ & gradually absorb$4 ,x is ?is transitional p]iod :i* ,/ate ,insurance has inaugurat$4 ,to comp>e small ?+s to great--z we may1 = ! same laws run all ?r\gh ,nature & ,society--?is s*eme corresponds to ! anci5t ,ptolomaean sy/em ( a/ronomy1 ) its pa9fully elaborate epicycles1 :i* prec$$ & l$ on to ! sublime simplicity ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,we ne$ n anticipate t ! transitional /age ( national insurance w endure z long z ! anci5t a/ronomy4 ,pr(essor ,moore e/imat$ t x w\ld lead to a completely national m$ical s]vice 9 tw5ty-five ye>s1 & s9ce ! introduction ( t me?od he has1 too optimi/ically1 r$uc$ ! p]iod to t5 ye>s4 ,we _c rea* simplicity at a b\nd2 we mu/ fir/ attempt to sy/ematise ! recognis$ & e/abli%$ activities & adju/ !m h>moni\sly4 ,! organis$ refusal ( ! m$ical pr(ession at ! outset to c>ry on1 "u ! conditions (f]$1 ! "p assign$ to x 9 ! great ,national ,insurance s*eme op5$ out prospects n cle>ly realis$ by ! organis]s4 ,no d\bt its imm$iate aspects 7 un=tunate4 ,x n only ?reat5$ to imp$e ! work+ ( a v complex ma*9e1 b x dismay$ _m :o 7 n prep>$ to see doctors app>5tly tak+ up ! position ( ! syndicali/s1 & argu+ t a pr(ession :i* is ess5tial to ! national welf>e ne$ n be c>ri$ out on national l9es1 b c be run exclusively by itself 9 its own int]e/s4 ,su* an attitude1 h[ev]1 usefully s]v$ to make cle> h[ necess>y x is becom+ t ! ext5sion ( m$ic9e & hygi5e 9 ! national life %\ld be accompani$ by a correspond+ ext5sion 9 ! national gov]nm5t4 ,if we _h _h a ,c\ncil ( ,national ,heal?1 z well z ( ,national ,def5ce1 or a ,bo>d ( ,heal? z well z a ,bo>d ( ,trade1 a ,m9i/] ( ,heal? ) a seat 9 ! ,cab9et1 any s*eme ( ,insurance w\ld h be5 fram$ f ! outset 9 close consultation ) ! pr(ession :i* w\ld h ! duty ( c>ry+ x out4 ,no subsequ5t friction w\ld h be5 possible4 ,_h ! ,insurance s*eme be5 s fram$1 x is p]haps d\btful :e!r x w\ld h be5 s l>gely bas$ on ! old contract sy/em4 ,club m$ical practice has long be5 9 discr$it1 alike f ! po9t ( view ( pati5t & doctor4 ,x furni%es ! lea/ satisfactory =m ( m$ical relief = ! pati5t1 less adequate ?an t he c\ld obta9 ei!r z a private pati5t or z a hospital pati5t4 ,! doctor1 on 8 side1 ?\gh he may f9d x a v welcome addition to 8 income1 reg>ds ,club practice z semi-*>itable1 &1 moreov]1 a =m ( *>ity 9 :i* he is (t5 impos$ on2 he seldom views 8 club pati5ts ) mu* satisfaction1 & unless he is a self-sacrific+ en?usia/1 x is n to !m t 8 be/ att5tion1 8 be/ "t1 8 mo/ exp5sive drugs1 are devot$4 ,to p]petuate & enl>ge ! club sy/em ( practice & to glorify x by affix+ to x a national seal ( approval1 01 !re=e1 a some:at risky exp]im5t1 n wisely to be attempt$ )\t c>eful consultation ) ^? mo/ conc]n$4 ,ano!r po9t might !n also h become cle>3 ! :ole t5d5cy ( m$ic9e is t[>ds a recognition ( ! pr$om9ance ( ,hygi5e4 ,! mod]n aim is to prev5t disease4 ,! :ole national sy/em ( m$ic9e is be+ sl[ly ?\gh /eadily built up 9 recognition ( ! great fact t ! int]e/s ( ,heal? come be=e ! int]e/s ( ,disease4 ,x has be5 an un=tunate flaw 9 ! magnific5t s*eme ( ,insurance t ?is vital fact 0 n all[$ =1 t ! old-fa%ion$ notion t treatm5t r ?an prev5tion is ! object ( m$ic9e 0 /ill p]petuat$1 & t no?+ 0 done to co-ord9ate ! ,insurance s*eme ) ! exi/+ ,heal? ,s]vices4 ,x seems probable t 9 a ,s]vice ( ,/ate m$ical (fic]s ! solution may ultimately be f\nd4 ,su* a solution w\ld1 inde$1 imm5sely increase ! value ( ! ,insurance s*eme1 &1 9 ! end1 conf] f> great] b5efits ?an at pres5t on ! millions ( p :o w\ld come "u its op]ation4 ,= !re c be no d\bt ! ,club sy/em is n only unsci5tific2 x is also undemocratic4 ,x p]petuates :at 0 orig9ally a semi-*>itable & second-rate me?od ( treatm5t ( ! poor] classes4 ,a ,/ate m$ical (fic]1 devot+ 8 :ole "t & att5tion to 8 ,/ate pati5ts1 has no occasion to make invidi\s di/9ctions betwe5 public & private pati5ts4 ,a fur!r advantage ( a ,/ate ,m$ical ,s]vice is t x w facilitate ! inevitable task ( nationalis+ ! hospitals1 :e!r *>itable or ,poor-law4 ,! ,insurance ,act1 z x /&s1 op5s no def9ite pa? 9 ?is direction4 ,b n[adays1 s va/ & complicat$ has m$ic9e become1 ev5 ! mo/ skilful doctor _c adequately treat 8 pati5t unless he has a great hospital at 8 back1 ) a va/ army ( speciali/s & rese>*-work]s1 & a manifold in/rum5tal in/alm5t4 ,a ?ird1 & ev5 m fundam5tal1 advantage ( a ,/ate ,m$ical ,s]vice is t x w\ld help to br+ ,treatm5t into t\* ) ,prev5tion4 ,! private practition]1 z su*1 inside or outside ! ,insurance s*eme1 _c conv5i5tly g beh9d 8 pati5t's illness4 ,b ! ,/ate doctor w\ld be entitl$ to ask3 ,:y has ?is man brok5 d[n8 ,! ,/ate's gu>dian%ip ( ! heal? ( its citiz5s n[ beg9s at bir? 7is t5d+ to be c>ri$ back be=e bir?7 & cov]s ! s*ool life4 ,if a man falls ill1 x is1 n[adays1 legitimate to inquire :]e ! responsibility lies4 ,x is all v well to pat* up ! diseas$ man ) drugs or :at n4 ,b at be/ t is a make%ift me?od4 ,! ,consumptive ,sanatoriums h ar\s$ en?usiasm1 & !y also are all v well4 ,b ! ,*>ity ,organisation ,society has %[n t only ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ( ^? :o pass ?r\gh su* in/itutions become fit = "w4 ,x is n m treatm5t ( disease t we want1 x is less ne$ = treatm5t4 ,& a ,/ate ,m$ical ,s]vice is ! only me?od by :i* ,m$ic9e c be br\ght into close t\* ) ,hygi5e4 ,! pres5t attitude ( ! m$ical pr(ession sometimes /rikes p z n>r[1 unpatriotic1 & m]ely self-int]e/$4 ,b ! ,insurance ,act has br\ght a p[]ful f]m5t ( intellectual activity into ! m$ical pr(ession :i* 9 ! end w "w to f9] issues4 ,a significant sign ( ! times is ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,/ate ,m$ical ,s]vice ,association1 hav+ = its aim ! organisation ( ! m$ical pr(ession z a ,/ate ,s]vice1 ! nationalisation ( hospitals1 & ! unification ( prev5tive & curative m$ic9e4 ,to _m 9 ! m$ical pr(ession su* s*emes /ill seem ,utopian2 !y are bl9d to a process :i* has be5 9 ev] increas+ action = m ?an half a c5tury & :i* !y are !mselves tak+ "p 9 e day4 #a ,! result sometimes is t ! ambiti\s doctor seeks to become a speciali/ 9 at lea/ "o subject1 & in/als a s+le exp5sive me?od ( treatm5t to :i* he en?usia/ically subjects all 8 pati5ts4 ,?is w\ld be comic if x 7 n sometimes r tragic4 ,,xiii ,,eug5ics ,,& ,,g5ius ,! cry is (t5 he>d to-day f ^? :o wat* ) disapproval ! ef=ts made to disc\rage ! reckless procreation ( ! deg5]ate & ! unfit3 ,y are /amp+ out ! g]ms ( g5ius6 ,x is widely held t g5ius is a k9d ( fl[]1 unkn[n to ! horticulturi/1 :i* only spr+s f diseas$ roots2 make ! plant heal?ily s\nd & y\r hope ( blossoms is gone1 y w see no?+ b leaves4 ,or1 accord+ to ! happi] metaphor ( ,lombroso1 ! "w ( g5ius is an exquisite pe>l1 & pe>ls are ! product ( an obscure disease4 ,to ! m$ical m9d1 especially1 x has sometimes be51 naturally & prop]ly no d\bt1 a s\rce ( satisfaction to imag9e t ! lovelie/ creations ( human intellect may p]haps be employ$ to %$ radiance on ! %elves ( ! pa?ological museum4 ,?us we f9d em95t physicians w>n+ u aga9/ any ef=t to decrease ! vig\r ( pa?ological processes1 & influ5tial m$ical j\rnals mak+ solemn /atem5ts 9 ! same s5se4 ,already1 ,i read 9 a rec5t able & int]e/+ editorial article 9 ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 eug5i/s 9 _! k9d en?usiasm are ?reat5+ to /amp out ! g]ms ( possible g5ius4 ,n[ x is q easy to ma9ta9 t ! heal?1 happ9ess1 & sanity ( ! :ole community are m preci\s ev5 ?an g5ius4 ,x is s easy1 inde$1 t if ! "q ( eug5ics 7 submitt$ to ! ,ref]5dum on ?is sole gr\nd !re c be little d\bt :at ! result w\ld be4 ,!re are n _m p1 ev5 9 ! mo/ highly educat$ communities1 :o value ! possibility ( a new poem1 symphony1 or ma!matical law s highly t !y w\ld sacrifice _! own heal?1 happ9ess1 & sanity to reta9 t possibility = _! (fspr+4 ,( c\rse we may decl>e t a majority :i* made su* a decision mu/ be compos$ ( v l[-m9d$ uncultur$ p1 altoge!r lack+ 9 appreciation ( pa?ology1 & reflect+ no cr$it on ! eug5ic cause !y support$2 b !re c be little d\bt t we %\ld h to admit _! exi/5ce4 ,we ne$ n ha/51 h[ev]1 to place ! "q on ?is gr\nd4 ,x is fir/ necess>y to asc]ta9 :at reason !re is to suppose t a reg>d = eug5ic consid]ations 9 mat+ w\ld t5d to /amp out ! g]ms ( g5ius4 ,is !re any reason at all8 ,t is ! "q ,i am "h conc]n$ )4 ,! anti-eug5ic argum5t on ?is po9t1 :5ev] any argum5t is br\ght =w>d1 consi/s 9 po9t+ to all sorts ( m5 ( g5ius & ( tal5t :o1 x is alleg$1 7 poor citiz5s1 physical deg5]ates ! prey ( all mann] ( con/itutional diseases1 sometimes c&idates = ! lunatic asylum :i* !y occasionally rea*$4 ,! miscellane\s data :i* may ?us be pil$ up are seldom critically sift$1 & (t5 v que/ionable1 = x is difficult en\gh to obta9 any positive biological k conc]n+ great m5 :o di$ ye/]day1 & practically impossible 9 mo/ cases to rea* an unque/ionable conclusion z reg>ds ^? :o di$ a c5tury or m ago4 ,_m ( ! mo/ positive /atem5ts commonly made conc]n+ ! diseases ev5 ( mod]n g5ius are )\t any sure basis4 ,! case ( ,nietzs*e1 :o 0 se5 by "s ( ! *ief speciali/s ( ! day1 is /ill really q obscure4 ,s is t ( ,guy de ,maupassant4 ,r\sseau wrote ! fulle/ & franke/ acc\nt ( 8 ailm5ts1 & ! doctors made a po/-mortem exam9ation4 ,yet ne>ly all ! m$ical exp]ts--& !y are _m--:o h inve/igat$ ,r\sseau's case rea* diff]5t conclusions4 ,x w\ld be easy to multiply indef9itely ! in/ances ( great m5 ( ! pa/ conc]n+ ^: condition ( heal? or disease we are 9 hopeless p]plexity4 ,?is fact is1 h[ev]1 "o t1 z an argum5t1 works bo? ways1 & ! important po9t is to make cle> t x _c conc]n u4 ,no eug5ic consid]ations c annihilate ! man ( g5ius :5 he is once born & br$4 ,if eug5ics is to /amp out ! man ( g5ius x mu/ d s be=e he is born1 by act+ on 8 p>5ts4 ,nor is x possible to assume t if ! man ( g5ius1 ap>t f 8 g5ius1 is an unfit p]son to procreate ! race1 !re=e 8 p>5ts1 n possess+ any g5ius1 7 likewise unfit to propagate4 ,x is easy to f9d p]sons ( high ability :o 9 o!r respects are unfit = ! ends ( life1 ill-balanc$ 9 m5tal or physical developm5t1 neura/h5ic1 valetud9>ian1 ! victims 9 v>y+ degrees ( all sorts ( diseases4 ,yet _! p>5ts1 )\t any high ability1 71 to all appe>ance1 robu/1 heal?y1 h>d-work+1 commonplace p :o w\ld easily pass any ord9>y eug5ic te/s4 ,we "k no?+ z to ! action ( two seem+ly ord9>y p]sons on ea* o!r 9 con/itut+ h]$ity1 h[ hyp]trophi$ intellectual aptitude comes ab\t1 :at accid5ts1 normal or pa?ological1 may occur to ! g]m be=e bir?1 nor ev5 h[ /r5u\s intellectual activity may affect ! organism g5]ally4 ,we _c argue t s9ce ^! p]sons1 ap>t f _! g5ius1 7 n seem+ly ! be/ p to c>ry on ! race1 !re=e a l judgm5t %\ld be pass$ on _! p>5ts & ! g]ms ( g5ius ?us be /amp$ out4 ,we only arrive at ! crucial "q :5 we ask3 ,h ! *>act]s ( ! p>5ts ( m5 ( g5ius be5 ( su* an obvi\sly unfav\rable k9d t eug5ically !y w\ld n[adays be dissuad$ f propagation1 or "u a sev]e rgime ( compulsory c]tificates 7! desirability ( :i* ,i am f> inde$ f assum+7 be =bidd5 to m>ry8 ,h ! p>5ts ( g5ius belong$ to ! unfit8 ,t is a "q :i* mu/ be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative if ?is objection to eug5ics has any weight4 ,yet s f> z ,i "k1 none ( ^? :o h br\ght =w>d ! objection h support$ x by any evid5ce ( ! k9d :atev]4 ,?irty ye>s ago ,dr4 ,maudsley dogmatically wrote3 ,!re is h>dly ev] a man ( g5ius :o has n insanity or n]v\s disord] ( "s =m 9 8 family4 ,b he nev] br\ght =w>d any evid5ce 9 support ( t pron\ncem5t4 ,nor has anyone else1 if we put aside ! ef=ts ( m or less compet5t writ]s--l ,lombroso 9 8 ,man ( ,g5ius & ,nisbet 9 8 ,insanity ( ,g5ius--to rake 9 /atem5ts f all qu>t]s reg>d+ ! morbidities ( g5ius1 (t5 )\t any attempt to au!nticate1 criticise1 or sift !m1 & nev] ) any ef=t to place !m 9 due p]spective4#a ,x s happ5s t1 "s ye>s ago1 ) no relation to eug5ic consid]ations1 ,i devot$ a consid]able am\nt ( att5tion to ! biological *>act]s ( ,briti% m5 ( g5ius1 consid]$1 s f> z possible1 on an objective & imp>tial basis4#b ,! selection1 t is to say1 0 made1 s f> z possible1 )\t reg>d to p]sonal pr$ilections1 9 accordance ) c]ta9 rules1 f ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography4 ,9 ?is way "o ?\s& & ?irty names 7 obta9$ ( m5 & wom5 :o repres5t ! fl[] ( ,briti% g5ius dur+ hi/orical times1 only exclud+ ^? p]sons :o 7 alive at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,:at proportion ( ^! 7 ! (fspr+ ( p>5ts :o 7 insane or m5tally defective to a s]i\s ext5t8 ,if ! view ( ,maudsley--t !re is h>dly ev] a man ( g5ius :o is n ! product ( an insane or n]v\sly-disord]$ /ock--_h a basis ( tru?1 we %\ld expect t 9 "o or o!r p>5ts ( ! man ( g5ius actual insanity _h occurr$ 9 a v l>ge proportion ( cases2 #be p] c5t4 w\ld be a mod]ate e/imate4 ,b :at d we f9d8 ,9 n #a p] c5t4 c def9ite insanity be trac$ among ! p>5ts ( ,briti% m5 & wom5 ( g5ius4 ,no d\bt ?is result is bel[ ! tru?2 ! insanity ( ! p>5ts mu/ sometimes h escap$ ! biograph]'s notice4 ,b ev5 if we d\ble ! p]c5tage to escape ?is s\rce ( error1 ! proportion /ill rema9s insignificant4 ,!re is m to be said4 ,if ! insanity ( ! p>5t occurr$ e>ly 9 life1 we %\ld expect x to attract att5tion m easily ?an if x occurr$ late 9 life4 ,^? p>5ts ( m5 ( g5ius fall+ into insanity late 9 life1 ! critic may argue1 escape notice4 ,b x is precisely to ?is gr\p to :i* all ! asc]ta9ably insane p>5ts ( ,briti% m5 ( g5ius belong4 ,!re is n a s+le record$ in/ance1 s f> z ,i h be5 able to asc]ta91 9 :i* ! p>5t _h be5 def9itely & recognisably insane be=e ! bir? ( ! di/+ui%$ *ild2 s t any prohibition ( ! m>riage ( p]sons :o _h previ\sly be5 insane w\ld h left ,briti% g5ius unt\*$4 ,9 all cases ! insanity came on late 9 life1 & x 0 usually1 )\t d\bt1 ( ! k9d kn[n z s5ile dem5tia4 ,?is 0 s 9 ! case ( ! "m ( ,bacon1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ p]son 9 ! li/ ( ^? ) an insane p>5t4 ,*>les ,lamb's fa!r1 we are told1 ev5tually became imbecile4 ,turn]'s "m became insane4 ,! same is record$ ( ,ar*bi%op ,tillotson's "m & ( ,ar*bi%op ,leighton's fa!r4 ,?is brief li/ includes all ! p>5ts ( ,briti% m5 ( g5ius :o are record$ 7& n !n always v def9itely7 z hav+ f9ally di$ insane4 ,9 ! description giv5 ( o!rs ( ! p>5ts ( our m5 ( g5ius x is n1 h[ev]1 difficult to detect t1 ?\gh !y 7 n recognis$ z insane1 _! m5tal condition 0 s highly abnormal z to be n f> remov$ f insanity4 ,?is 0 ! case ) ,gray's fa!r & ) ! mo!rs ( ,ar?ur ,"y & ,&rew ,bell4 ,ev5 :5 we all[ = all ! d\btful cases1 ! proportion ( p]sons ( g5ius ) an insane p>5t rema9s v l[1 less ?an #b p] c5t4 ,s5ile dem5tia1 ?\gh x is "o ( ! lea/ important & significant ( ! =ms ( insanity1 & is entirely compatible ) a long & useful life1 mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be reg>d$1 :5 pres5t 9 a m>k$ degree1 z ! m]e result ( old age4 ,entirely normal p ( s\nd h]$ity d n t5d to manife/ signs ( pron\nc$ m5tal weakness or abnormality ev5 9 extreme old age4 ,we are ju/ifi$ 9 suspect+ a neurotic /ra91 ?\gh x may n be ( sev]e degree4 ,?is is1 inde$1 illu/rat$ by our records ( ,briti% g5ius4 ,"s ( ! em95t m5 ( g5ius on my li/ 7at lea/ twelve7 suff]$ be=e dea? f insanity :i* may probably be describ$ z s5ile dem5tia4 ,b sev]al ( ^! 7 some:at abnormal dur+ e>li] life 7l ,swift7 or _h a *ild :o became insane 7l ,bi%op ,m>%74 ,9 ^! & 9 o!r cases !re has d\btless be5 "s h]$it>y neurotic /ra94 ,x is cle>ly1 h[ev]1 n due to any int5sity ( ?is /ra9 t we f9d ! incid5ce ( insanity 9 m5 ( g5ius1 z illu/rat$1 = example1 by s5ile dem5tia1 s mu* m m>k$ ?an its incid5ce on _! p>5ts4 ,!re is ano!r factor to be invok$ "h3 conv]g5t morbid h]$ity4 ,if a man & a woman1 ea* ) a slight t5d5cy to n]v\s abnormality1 m>ry ea* o!r1 !re is a mu* great] *ance ( ! (fspr+ manife/+ a sev]e degree ( n]v\s abnormality ?an if !y _h m>ri$ entirely s\nd p>tn]s4 ,n[ bo? among normal & abnormal p !re is a t5d5cy = l to mate ) l4 ,! attraction ( ! unlike = ea* o!r1 :i* 0 once suppos$ to prevail1 is n pr$om9ant1 except )9 ! sph]e ( ! second>y sexual *>act]s1 :]e x cle>ly prevails1 s t ! ultra-mascul9e man is attract$ to ! ultra-fem99e woman1 & ! fem99e man to ! boyi% or manni% woman4 ,ap>t f ?is1 p t5d to m>ry ^? :o are bo? psy*ically & physically ( ! same type z !mselves4 ,x ?us happ5s t n]v\sly abnormal p become mat$ to ! n]v\sly abnormal4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ by ! ,briti% m5 ( g5ius !mselves4 ,al?\gh insanity is m preval5t among !m ?an among _! p>5ts1 ! same c sc>cely be said ( !m 9 reg>d to _! wives4 ,x is notable t ! insane wives ( ^! m5 ( g5ius are almo/ z num]\s z ! insane m5 ( g5ius1 ?\gh x r>ely happ5s 7z 9 ! case ( ,s\!y7 t bo? husb& & wife g out ( _! m9ds4 ,b 9 all ^! cases !re has probably be5 a mutual attraction ( m5tally abnormal p4 ,x is to ?is t5d5cy 9 ! p>5ts ( m5 ( g5ius1 lead+ to a conv]g5t h]$ity1 t we mu/ probably attribute ! undue t5d5cy ( ! m5 ( g5ius !mselves to manife/ insanity4 ,ea* ( ! p>5ts sep>ately may h display$ b a m9or degree ( neuropa?ic abnormality1 b ! two /ra9s 7 =tifi$ by union & ! t5d5cy to insanity became m manife/4 ,?is 01 = in/ance1 ! case z reg>ds ,*>les ,lamb4 ,! n]v\s abnormality ( ! p>5ts 9 ?is case 0 less pr(\nd ?an t ( ! *ildr51 b x 0 pres5t 9 bo?4 ,"u su* circum/ances :at is call$ ! law ( anticipation comes into play2 ! neurotic t5d5cy ( ! p>5ts1 increas$ by union1 is also ant$at$1 s t def9ite insanity occurs e>li] 9 ! life ( ! *ild ?an1 if x _h appe>$ at all1 x occurr$ 9 ! life ( ! p>5t4 ,lamb's fa!r only became weak-m9d$ 9 old age1 b s9ce ! "m also _h a m5tally abnormal /ra91 ,lamb himself _h an attack ( insanity e>ly 9 life1 & 8 si/] 0 liable to recurr5t insanity dur+ a great "p ( h] life4 ,not)/&+1 h[ev]1 ! influ5ce ( ?is conv]g5t h]$ity1 x is f\nd t ! total insanity ( ,briti% m5 & wom5 ( g5ius is n m1 s f> z c be asc]ta9$--ev5 :5 slight & dubi\s cases are includ$--?an #d4b p] c5t4 ,t asc]ta9able proportion mu/ be some:at bel[ ! real proportion1 b 9 any case x sc>cely sugge/s t insanity is an ess5tial factor ( g5ius4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 g beyond ! limits ( ,briti% g5ius1 & consid] ! evid5ce m freely4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 ,tasso1 :o 0 und\bt$ly insane = a good "p ( 8 life1 & has be5 mu* /udi$ by ! pa?ologi/s4 ,de-,gaud5zi1 :o has writt5 "o ( ! be/ psy*opa?ological /udies ( ,tasso1 %[s cle>ly t 8 fa!r1 ,b]n>do1 0 a man ( high intellig5ce1 ( great emotional s5sibility1 ) a t5d5cy to melan*oly z well z a my/ical idealism1 ( some:at weak "*1 & prone to invoke ,div9e aid 9 ! slighte/ difficulty4 ,x 0 a temp]am5t t might be consid]$ a little morbid1 outside a mona/]y1 b x 0 n insane1 nor is !re any kn[n insanity among 8 ne> relations4 ,?is man's wife1 ,porzia1 ,tasso's "m1 ar\ses ! en?usiasm ( all :o ev] m5tion h]1 z a creature ( angelic p]fection4 ,no insanity "h ei!r1 b some?+ ( ! same undue s5sitiv5ess & melan*oly z 9 ! fa!r1 ! same abs5ce ( ! co>s] & m robu/ virtues4 ,moreov]1 %e belong$ to a family by no means s angelic z h]self1 n insane1 b abnormal--malevol5t1 cruel1 av>ici\s1 almo/ crim9al4 ,! mo/ scrupul\s mod]n ali5i/ w\ld hesitate to deprive ei!r ,b]n>do or ,porzia ( ! "r to p>5?ood4 ,yet1 z we "k1 ! son born ( ?is union 0 n only a _w-fam\s poet1 b an exce$+ly unhappy1 abnormal1 & insane man4 ,let u take ! case ( ano!r /ill great] & m fam\s man1 ,r\sseau4 ,x _c reasonably be d\bt$ t1 at "s mom5ts 9 8 life at all ev5ts1 & p]haps dur+ a consid]able p]iod1 ,r\sseau 0 def9itely insane4 ,we are intimately acqua9t$ ) ! details ( ! life & "* ( 8 relations & ( 8 ance/ry4 ,we n only possess ! full acc\nt he set =? at ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,confessions1 b we "k v mu* m ?an ,r\sseau knew4 ,g5eva 0 pat]nal--pat]nal 9 ! mo/ sev]e s5se--9 scrut9is+ e unusual act ( its *ildr51 & ca/igat+ e slighte/ deviation f ! /raight pa?4 ,! :ole life ( ! citiz5s ( old ,g5eva may be read 9 ,g5evan ar*ives1 & n a scrap ( in=mation conc]n+ ! conduct ( ,r\sseau's ance/ors & relatives z set d[n 9 ^! ar*ives b has be5 br\ght to ! light ( day4 ,if !re is any great man ( g5ius :om ! activities ( ^! fanatical eug5i/s w\ld h r5d]$ impossible1 x mu/ surely h be5 ,r\sseau4 ,let u briefly exam9e 8 p>5tage4 ,r\sseau's fa!r 0 ! outcome ( a f9e /ock :i* = two g5]ations _h be5 los+ some?+ ( its f9e qualities1 ?\gh )\t s9k+ any:]e ne> insanity1 crim9ality1 or paup]ism4 ,! ,r\sseaus /ill ex]cis$ _! craft ) success2 !y 7 on ! :ole e/eem$2 ,jean-,jacques's fa!r 0 g5]ally lik$1 b he 0 some:at un/able1 romantic1 ) no /rong s5se ( duty1 hot-temp]$1 easily tak+ (f5ce4 ,! "m1 f a mod]n /&po9t1 0 an attractive1 highly accompli%$1 & admirable woman4 ,9 h] neighb\rs' eyes %e 0 n q ,puritanical en\gh1 high-spirit$1 indep5d5t1 adv5tur\s1 fond ( innoc5t gaiety1 b a devot$ wife :51 at la/1 at ! age ( ?irty1 %e m>ri$4 ,m ?an once be=e m>riage %e 0 =mally c5sur$ by ! ecclesia/ical au?orities = h] little insubord9ations1 & ^! may be se5 to h a c]ta9 significance :5 we turn to h] fa!r2 he 0 a ?or\gh mauvais sujet1 ) an incorrigible love ( pleasure1 & con/antly fall+ into well-des]v$ tr\ble = "s escapade ) ! "y wom5 ( ,g5eva4 ,?us on bo? sides !re 0 a c]ta9 n]v\s in/ability1 an uncontrollable wayw>d emotionality4 ,b ( actual insanity1 ( n]v\s disord]1 ( any decid$ abnormality or d[nright unfitness 9 ei!r fa!r or "m1 n a sign4 ,isaac ,r\sseau & ,susanne ,b]n>d w\ld h be5 pass$ by ! mo/ f]oci\s eug5i/4 ,x is aga9 a case 9 :i* ! *ances ( conv]g5t h]$ity h produc$ a result :i* 9 its magnitude1 9 its heights & 9 its dep?s1 none c\ld =esee4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ fam\s & mo/ accurately kn[n examples ( insane g5ius 9 hi/ory1 & we see :at am\nt ( support x (f]s to ! pond]\s dictum conc]n+ ! insane h]$ity ( g5ius4 ,let u turn f insanity to grave n]v\s disease4 ,epilepsy at once comes be=e u1 all ! m significantly s9ce x has be5 consid]$1 m especially by ,lombroso1 to be ! special disease ?r\gh :i* g5ius peculi>ly manife/s itself4 ,x is true t mu* importance "h is atta*$ to ^? m9or =ms ( epilepsy :i* involve no gross & obvi\s convulsive fit4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! m9or attacks is1 9 ! case ( m5 ( g5ius1 usually difficult to disprove & equally difficult to prove4 ,x c]ta9ly %\ld n be s z reg>ds ! major =m ( epilepsy4 ,yet among ! ?\s& & ?irty p]sons ( ,briti% g5ius ,i 0 only able to f9d epilepsy m5tion$ twice1 & 9 bo? cases incorrectly1 = ! ,national ,biograph] _h attribut$ x to ,"l ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury ?r\gh misread+ a passage 9 ,h]b]t's ,autobiography1 :ile ! epileptic fits ( ,sir ,w4,r4 ,hamilton 9 old age 7 mo/ c]ta9ly n true epilepsy4 ,)\t d\bt1 no eug5i/ c\ld recomm5d an epileptic to become a p>5t4 ,b if epilepsy has no exi/5ce 9 ,briti% m5 ( g5ius x is improbable t x has (t5 occurr$ among _! p>5ts4 ,! loss to ,briti% g5ius ?r\gh eug5ic activity 9 ?is sph]e w\ld probably1 !re=e1 h be5 nil4 ,putt+ aside ,briti% g5ius1 h[ev]1 "o f9ds t x has be5 almo/ a commonplace ( ali5i/s & neurologi/s1 ev5 up to ! pres5t day1 to pres5t glibly a =midable li/ ( mighty m5 ( g5ius z victims ( epilepsy4 ,?us ,i f9d a well-kn[n ,am]ican ali5i/ lately mak+ ! unqualifi$ & positive /atem5t t ,mahomet1 ,napoleon1 ,molire1 ,h&el1 ,pagan9i1 ,moz>t1 ,s*ill]1 ,ri*elieu1 ,newton & ,flaub]t 7 epileptics1 :ile /ill m rec5tly a di/+ui%$ ,engli% neurologi/1 decl>+ t ! _w's hi/ory has be5 made by m5 :o 7 ei!r epileptics1 insane1 or ( neuropa?ic /ock1 br+s =w>d a simil> & /ill l>g] li/ to illu/rate t /atem5t1 ) ,alex&] ! ,great1 ,julius ,caes>1 ! ,apo/le ,paul1 ,lu!r1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great & _m o!rs ?r[n 91 ?\gh un=tunately he fails to tell u :i* memb]s ( ! gr\p he desires u to reg>d z epileptic4 ,julius ,caes> 0 c]ta9ly "o ( !m1 b ! /atem5t ( ,suetonius 7n an unimpea*able au?ority 9 any case7 t ,caes> _h epileptic fits t[>ds ! close ( 8 life is dispro( r ?an pro( ( true epilepsy4 ,( ,mahomet1 & ,/4 ,paul also1 epilepsy is alleg$4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/1 ! mo/ compet5t au?orities reg>d ! convulsive seizures attribut$ to ! ,prophet z p]haps m]ely a leg5d>y attempt to increase ! awe he inspir$ by unmi/akable evid5ce ( div9e au?ority4 ,! n>rative ( ,/4 ,paul's exp]i5ce on ! road to ,damascus is v unsatisfactory evid5ce on :i* to base a m$ical diagnosis1 & x may be m5tion$ t1 9 ! c\rse ( a discussion 9 ! columns ( ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal dur+ #aiaj1 z _m z six diff]5t views 7 put =w>d z to ! nature ( ! ,apo/le's ?orn 9 ! fle%4 ,! evid5ce on :i* ,ri*elieu1 :o 0 und\bt$ly a man ( v fragile con/itution is decl>$ to be epileptic1 is ( ! v sl5d]e/ "*4 ,= ! /atem5t t ,newton 0 epileptic !re is absolutely no reliable evid5ce at all1 & ,i am q ignorant ( ! gr\nds on :i* ,moz>t1 ,h&el & ,s*ill] are decl>$ epileptics4 ,! evid5ce = epilepsy 9 ,napoleon may seem to c>ry slightly m weight1 = !re is t 9 ! moral "* ( ,napoleon :i* we might v well associate ) ! epileptic temp]am5t4 ,x seems cle> t ,napoleon really _h at times convulsive seizures :i* 7 at lea/ epileptoid4 ,?us ,talleyr& describes h[ "o day1 j aft] d9n] 7x may be recall$ t ,napoleon 0 a copi\s & exce$+ly rapid eat]71 pass+ = a few m9utes into ,joseph9e's room1 ! ,emp]or came out1 took ,talleyr& into 8 own room1 ord]$ ! door to be clos$1 & !n fell d[n 9 a fit4 ,b\rri5ne1 h[ev]1 :o 0 ,napoleon's private secret>y = elev5 ye>s1 knew no?+ ab\t any fits4 ,x is n usual1 9 a true epileptic fit1 to be able to control ! circum/ances ( ! seizure to ?is ext5t1 & if ,napoleon1 :o liv$ s public a life1 furni%$ s little evid5ce ( epilepsy to 8 environm5t1 x may be reg>d$ z v d\btful :e!r any true epilepsy exi/$1 & on o!r gr\nds x seems highly improbable4#c ,( all ^! di/+ui%$ p]sons 9 ! li/ ( alleg$ epileptics1 x is naturally mo/ pr(itable to inve/igate ! case ( ! late/1 ,flaub]t1 = "h x is easie/ to get at ! facts4 ,maxime du ,camp1 a fri5d 9 e>ly life1 ?\gh lat] incompatibility ( temp]am5t l$ to e/rangem5t1 ann\nc$ to ! _w 9 8 ,s\v5irs t ,flaub]t 0 an epileptic1 & ,gonc\rt m5tions 9 8 ,j\rnal t he 0 9 ! habit ( tak+ mu* bromide4 ,b ! fits nev] began until ! age ( tw5ty-eight1 :i* alone %\ld sugge/ to a neurologi/ t !y are n likely to h be5 epileptic2 !y nev] occurr$ 9 public2 he c\ld feel ! fit com+ on & w\ld g & lie d[n2 he nev] lo/ consci\sness2 8 intellect & moral "* rema9$ intact until dea?4 ,x is q cle> t !re 0 no true epilepsy "h1 nor any?+ l x4#d ,flaub]t 0 ( fairly s\nd n]v\s h]$ity on bo? sides1 & 8 fa!r1 a di/+ui%$ surgeon1 0 a man ( ke5 intellect & high "*4 ,! noveli/1 :o 0 ( robu/ physical & m5tal con/itution1 devot$ himself /r5u\sly & exclusively to intellectual "w2 x is n surpris+ t he 0 some:at neura/h5ic1 if n hy/]ical1 & ,dumesnil1 :o discusses ?is "q 9 8 book on ,flaub]t1 concludes t ! fits may be call$ hy/]ical attacks ( epileptoid =m4 ,x may well be t we h 9 ,flaub]t's case a clue to ! epilepsy ( ! o!r great m5 :o 9 ?is matt] are c\pl$ ) him4 ,!y 7 ne>ly all p]sons ( imm5se intellectual =ce1 highly *>g$ ) n]v\s en]gy2 !y passionately conc5trat$ _! en]gy on ! a*ievem5t ( life tasks ( enorm\s magnitude1 involv+ ! highe/ t5sion ( ! organism4 ,"u su* conditions1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( all bad h]$ity or ( actual disease1 convulsive dis*>ges may occur4 ,we may see ev5 9 heal?y & s\nd wom5 t occasionally "s physiological & unreliev$ ov]*>g+ ( ! organism ) n]v\s en]gy may result 9 :at is closely l a hy/]ical fit1 :ile ev5 a viol5t fit ( cry+ is a m9or manife/ation ( ! same t5d5cy4 ,! fem99e elem5t 9 g5ius has (t5 be5 emphasis$1 & x may well be t "u ! conditions ( ! g5ius-life :5 work+ at high pressure we h some:at simil> /ates ( n]v\s ov]*>g+1 & t f "t to "t ! t5sion is reliev$1 naturally & spontane\sly1 by a convulsive dis*>ge4 ,?is1 at all ev5ts1 seems a possible explanation4 ,x is r /range t 9 ^! recklessly confid5t li/s ( em95t epileptics we fail to f9d ! "o man ( di/+ui%$ g5ius :om p]haps we are ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ z a true epileptic4 ,do/oievsky appe>s to h be5 an epileptic f an e>ly age2 he rema9$ liable to epileptic fits ?r\gh\t life1 & !y plung$ him into m5tal dejection & confusion4 ,9 _m ( 8 novels we f9d pictures ( ! epileptic temp]am5t1 evid5tly bas$ on p]sonal exp]i5ce1 %[+ ! mo/ exact k & insight into all ! phases ( ! disease4 ,moreov]1 ,do/oievsky 9 8 own p]son appe>s to h display$ ! p]v]sions & ! t5d5cy to m5tal det]ioration :i* we %\ld expect to f9d 9 a true epileptic4 ,s f> z our k goes1 he really seems to /& alone z a manife/ation ( supreme g5ius comb9$ ) epilepsy4 ,yet1 z ,dr4 ,loygue rem>ks 9 8 m$ico-psy*ological /udy ( ! great ,russian noveli/1 epilepsy only acc\nts = half ( ! man1 & leaves unexpla9$ 8 passion = "w2 ! dualism ( epilepsy & g5ius is irr$ucible4 ,!re is "o o!r /ill m rec5t man ( true g5ius1 ?\gh n ( ! highe/ rank1 :o may possibly be c\nt$ z epileptic3 ,v9c5t van ,gogh1 ! pa9t]4#e ,a brilliant & highly orig9al arti/1 he 0 a def9itely abnormal man :o _c be said to h escap$ m5tal det]ioration4 ,simple & humble & suff]+1 recklessly sacrific+ himself to help o!rs1 always 9 tr\ble1 van ,gogh _h _m po9ts ( resemblance to ,do/oievsky4 ,he has1 inde$1 be5 comp>$ to ! ,idiot immortalis$ by ,do/oievsky1 9 "s aspects an imbecile1 9 "s aspects a sa9t4 ,yet epilepsy no m expla9s ! g5ius ( van ,gogh ?an x expla9s ! g5ius ( ,do/oievsky4 ,?us ! impression we ga9 :51 lay+ aside prejudice1 we take a fairly wide & imp>tial survey ( ! facts1 or ev5 :5 we inve/igate 9 detail ! isolat$ facts to :i* significance is mo/ (t5 atta*$1 by no means supports ! notion t g5ius spr+s entirely1 or ev5 ma9ly1 f insane & deg5]ate /ocks4 ,9 "s cases1 und\bt$ly1 x is f\nd 9 su* /ocks1 b ! ability display$ 9 ^! cases is r>ely1 p]haps nev]1 ( any degree ne> ! highe/4 ,x is q easy to po9t to p]sons ( a c]ta9 significance1 especially 9 lit]ature & art1 :o1 ?\gh !mselves sane1 possess _m ne> relatives :o are highly neurotic & sometimes insane4 ,su* cases1 h[ev]1 are f> f ju/ify+ any confid5t g5]alisations conc]n+ ! intimate dep5d5ce ( g5ius on insanity4 ,we see1 moreov]1 t to conclude t m5 ( g5ius are r>ely or nev] ! (fspr+ ( a radically insane p>5tage is n to assume t ! p>5ts ( m5 ( g5ius are usually ( av]age normal con/itution4 ,t w\ld 9 any case be improbable4 ,ap>t f ! t5d5cy to conv]g5t h]$ity already emphasis$1 !re is a wid] t5d5cy to slight abnormality1 a m9or degree ( inaptness = ord9>y life 9 ! p>5tage ( g5ius4 ,i f\nd t 9 #e p] c5t4 cases 7c]ta9ly mu* bel[ ! real m>k7 ( ! ,briti% p ( g5ius1 "o p>5t1 g5]ally ! fa!r1 _h %[n abnormality f a social or p>5tal po9t ( view4 ,he _h be5 idle1 or extravagant1 or re/less1 or cruel1 or intemp]ate1 or unbus9esslike1 9 ! great majority ( ^! cases unsuccessful4 ,! fa!r ( ,dick5s 7repres5t$ by 8 son 9 ,micawb]71 :o 0 always va9ly expect+ some?+ to turn up1 is a good type ( ^! fa!rs ( g5ius4 ,%akespe>e's fa!r may h be5 ( mu* ! same sort4 ,george ,m]$i?'s fa!r1 aga91 :o 0 too sup]ior a p]son = ! outfitt+ bus9ess he inh]it$1 b nev] succe$$ 9 be+ any?+ else1 is ano!r example ( ?is gr\p ( fa!rs ( g5ius4 ,! fa!r 9 ^! cases is a l9k ( transition betwe5 ! normal /ock & its brilliantly abnormal (f%oot4 ,9 ?is transitional /age we see1 z x 71 ! /ock recul] p\r mieux saut]1 b x is 9 ! son t ! great leap is made manife/4 ,?is peculi>ity w s]ve to indicate t 9 a l>ge proportion ( cases ! p>5tage ( g5ius is n entirely s\nd & normal4 ,we mu/ dismiss absolutely ! notion t ! p>5ts ( p]sons ( g5ius t5d to exhibit traits ( a grossly insane or n]v\sly deg5]ate "*4 ,! evid5ce = su* a view is conf9$ to a m9ute proportion ( cases1 & ev5 !n is usually d\btful4 ,b x is ano!r matt] to assume t ! p>5tage ( g5ius is absolutely normal1 & /ill less c we ass]t t g5ius always spr+s f entirely s\nd /ocks4 ,! /atem5t is sometimes made t all families conta9 an insane elem5t4 ,t /atem5t _c be accept$4 ,!re are _m p1 includ+ p ( a high degree ( ability1 :o c trace no gross m5tal or n]v\s disease 9 _! families1 unless remote bran*es are tak5 into acc\nt4 ,n _m /ati/ics be>+ on ?is po9t are yet available4 ,b ,j5ny ,roll]1 9 a v ?or\gh inve/igation1 f\nd at ,zuri* 9 #ahie t heal?y p _h 9 #bh p] c5t4 cases directly1 & 9 #ei p] c5t4 cases indirectly & altoge!r1 a neuropa?ic h]$ity1 :ile ,otto ,diem 9 #aije f\nd t ! correspond+ p]c5tages 7 /ill high]--#cc & #fi4 ,x %\ld n1 !re=e1 be matt] = surprise if c>eful inve/igation reveal$ a traceable neuropa?ic elem5t at lea/ z frequ5t z ?is 9 ! families :i* produce a man ( g5ius4 ,x may fur!r1 ,i believe1 be argu$ t ! pres5ce ( a neuropa?ic elem5t ( ?is k9d 9 ! ance/ry ( g5ius is frequ5tly n )\t a real significance4 ,ari/otle said 9 8 ,poetics t poetry dem&$ a man ) a t\* ( madness1 ?\gh ! anci5ts1 :o frequ5tly made a simil> /atem5t to ?is1 _h n our mod]n ideas ( neuropa?ic h]$ity 9 _! m9ds1 b m]ely meant t inspiration simulat$ insanity4 ,yet a t\* ( madness1 a slight morbid /ra91 usually neurotic or g\ty1 9 a prepond]antly robu/ & en]getic /ock1 seems to be (t5 ( "s significance 9 ! evolution ( g5ius2 x appe>s to act1 "o is incl9$ to ?9k1 z a k9d ( f]m5t1 lead+ to a process out ( all relation to its own magnitude4 ,9 ! sph]e ( lit]>y g5ius1 ,milton1 ,flaub]t1 & ,william ,morris may help to illu/rate ?is preci\s f]m5tative influ5ce ( a m9or morbid elem5t 9 vitally p[]ful /ocks4 ,)\t "s su* f]m5t z ?is ! en]gy ( ! /ock1 "o may well suppose1 might h be5 conf9$ )9 normal limits2 ! r>e & exquisite fl[] ( g5ius1 we "k1 requir$ an abnormal /imulation2 only 9 ?is s5se is !re any tru? at all 9 ,lombroso's /atem5t t ! pe>l ( g5ius develops ar\nd a g]m ( disease4 ,b ?is is ! utmo/ l5g? to :i* ! facts all[ u to g 9 assum+ ! pres5ce ( a morbid elem5t z a frequ5t con/itu5t ( g5ius4 ,ev5 !n we only h "o ( ! factors ( g5ius1 to :i*1 moreov]1 undue importance _c be atta*$ :5 we rememb] h[ (t5 ?is f]m5t is pres5t )\t any resultant process ( g5ius4 ,& we are 9 any case f> remov$ f any ( ^? gross n]v\s lesions :i* all c>eful gu>dian%ip ( ! race mu/ t5d to elim9ate4 ,?us we are br\ght back to ! po9t f :i* we />t$4 ,w\ld eug5ics /amp out g5ius8 ,!re is no ne$ to m9imise ! fact t a c]ta9 small proportion ( m5 ( g5ius h display$ highly morbid *>act]s1 nor to d5y t 9 a l>ge proportion ( cases a slightly morbid /ra9 may ) c>e be detect$ 9 ! ance/ry ( g5ius4 ,b ! influ5ce ( eug5ic consid]ations c prop]ly be br\ght to be> only 9 ! case ( grossly deg5]ate /ocks4 ,"h1 s f> z our k ext5ds1 ! p>5tage ( g5ius ne>ly always escapes4 ,! de/ruction ( g5ius & its creation alike elude ! eug5i/4 ,if !re is a t5d5cy 9 mod]n civilisation t[>ds a dim9ution 9 ! manife/ations ( g5ius--:i* may admit ( "q---x c sc>cely be due to any ?reat5$ elim9ation ( corrupt /ocks4 ,x may p]haps m reasonably be s\ght 9 ! ha/e & sup]ficiality :i* our pres5t phase ( urbanisation fo/]s1 & only ! mo/ robu/ g5ius c adequately )/&4 #a ,a ,dani% ali5i/1 ,lange1 has1 h[ev]1 made an attempt on a /ati/ical basis to %[ a connection betwe5 m5tal ability & m5tal deg5]acy4 7,f4 ,lange1 ,deg5]ation 9 ,families1 translat$ f ! ,dani%1 #aijg74 ,he deals ) #dd families :i* h provid$ #dbh insane or neuropa?ic p]sons )9 a few g5]ations1 & dur+ ! same p]iod a l>ge numb] also ( highly di/+ui%$ memb]s1 ,cab9et m9i/]s1 bi%ops1 arti/s1 poets1 etc4 ,b ,lange admits t ! =ms ( insanity f\nd 9 ^! families are ( a slight & n sev]e "*1 :ile x is cle> t ! =ms ( ability are also 9 mo/ cases equally slight2 !y are mo/ly old families1 su* z naturally produce highly-tra9$ & highly plac$ individuals4 ,moreov]1 ,lange's me?ods & /yle ( writ+ are n sci5tifically exact1 & he fails to def9e precisely :at he means by a family4 ,8 inve/igation indicates t !re is a frequ5t t5d5cy = m5 ( ability to belong to families :i* are n entirely s\nd1 & t is a conclusion :i* is n s]i\sly disput$4 #b ,havelock ,ellis1 ,a ,/udy ( ,briti% ,g5ius1 #aijd4 #c ,dr4 ,cabans 7,indiscrtions de l',hi/oire1 #crd s]ies7 simil>ly concludes t1 :ile 9 temp]am5t ,napoleon may be said to belong to ! epileptic class1 he 0 by no means an epileptic 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 ,kanngiess] 7,prag] ,m$iz9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 #aiab1 ,no4 #bg7 sugge/s t f 8 sl[ pulse 7#dj to #fj7 ,napoleon's attacks may h orig9at$ 9 ! he>t & vessels4 #d ,g5u9e epilepsy usually comes on be=e ! age ( tw5ty-five2 x v r>ely beg9s aft] tw5ty-five1 & nev] aft] ?irty4 7,l4,w4 ,web]1 ,mn*5] ,m$iz9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 ,july #cj? & ,aug4 #f?1 #aiab47 ,9 g5u9e epilepsy1 also1 loss ( consci\sness accompanies ! fits2 ! exceptions to ?is rule are r>e1 ?\gh ,aud59o1 a pupil ( ,lombroso1 :o s\ght to ext5d ! sph]e ( epilepsy1 believes t ! exceptions are n s r>e z is commonly suppos$ 7,ar*ivio di ,psi*iatria1 fasc4 ,,vi41 #aijf74 ,moreov]1 true epilepsy is accompani$ by a progressive m5tal det]ioration :i* t]m9ates 9 dem5tia2 9 ! ,craig ,colony = ,epileptics ( ,new ,york1 among #c1jjj epileptics ?is progressive det]ioration is v r>ely abs5t 7,lancet1 ,m>* #a/1 #aiac72 b x is n f\nd 9 ! di/+ui%$ m5 ( g5ius :o are alleg$ to be epileptic4 ,epileptic det]ioration has be5 elaborately /udi$ by ,mac,curdy1 ,psy*iatric ,bullet91 ,new ,york1 ,april1 #aiaf4 #e ,see1 e4g41 ,elizabe? du ,quesne van ,gogh1 ,p]sonal ,recollections ( ,v9c5t van ,gogh1 p4 #df4 ,^! epileptic attacks are1 h[ev]1 b vaguely m5tion$1 & x w\ld seem t !y only appe>$ dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! arti/'s life4 ,,xiv ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,ability ,! gr[+ int]e/ 9 eug5ics1 & ! _w-wide decl9e 9 ! bir?-rate1 h drawn att5tion to ! /udy ( ! factors :i* det]m9e ! production ( g5ius 9 p>ticul> & high ability 9 g5]al4 ,! int]e/ 9 ?is "q1 ?us fre%ly reviv$ & made m acute by ! results ( ! ,great ,w>1 is n inde$ new4 ,x is ne>ly half a c5tury s9ce ,galton wrote 8 fam\s book on ! h]$ity ( g5ius1 or1 z he might bett] h describ$ ! object ( 8 inve/igation1 ! h]$ity ( ability4 ,at a lat] date my own ,/udy ( ,briti% ,g5ius collectively summ>is$ all ! biological data available conc]n+ ! p>5tage & bir? ( ! mo/ notable p]sons born 9 ,engl&1 :ile num]\s o!r /udies might also be nam$4 ,su* inve/igations are to-day acquir+ a fre% importance1 because1 :ile x is becom+ realis$ t we are ga9+ a new control ov] ! conditions ( bir?1 ! production ( *ildr5 has itself ga9$ 9 importance4 ,! _w is no long] bomb>d$ by an exub]ant /ream ( babies1 good1 bad1 & indiff]5t 9 quality1 ) ,mank9d to look on calmly at ! /ruggle = exi/5ce among !m4 ,:e!r we l x or n1 ! quantity is relatively dim9i%+1 & ! "q ( quality is beg9n+ to assume a supreme significance4 ,:at are ! conditions :i* assure ! f9e/ quality 9 our *ildr58 ,a ,g]man sci5ti/1 ,dr4 ,va]t+1 ( ,b]l91 publi%$ on ! eve ( ! ,w> a little book on ! mo/ fav\rable age 9 p>5ts = ! production ( *ildr5 ( ability 7,das gn/ig/e elt]li*e ,zeugungsalt]74#a ,he approa*es ! "q entirely 9 ?is new _s1 n z a m]ely academic topic ( discussion1 b z a practical matt] ( vital importance to ! welf>e ( society4 ,he />ts ) ! ass]tion t our c5tury has be5 call$ ! c5tury ( ! *ild1#b & = ! *ild all mann] ( rights are n[ be+ claim$4 ,b ! prime "r ( all1 ! "r ( ! *ild to ! be/ ability t 8 p>5ts are able to transmit to him1 is nev] ev5 s mu* z consid]$4 ,yet ?is "r is ! root ( all *ildr5's rights4 ,& :5 ! my/]ies ( procreation h be5 s f> reveal$ z to enable ?is "r to be won1 we %all1 at ! same "t1 ,dr4 ,va]t+ adds1 r5ew ! spiritual aspect ( ! nations4 ,! mo/ easily asc]ta9able & measurable factor 9 ! production ( ability1 & c]ta9ly a factor :i* _c be )\t significance1 is ! age ( ! p>5ts at ! *ild's bir?4 ,x is ?is factor ) :i* ,va]t+ is ma9ly conc]n$1 z illu/rat$ by ov] "o hundr$ ,g]man m5 ( g5ius conc]n+ :om he has be5 able to obta9 ! requir$ data4 ,lat] on1 he proposes to ext5d ! inquiry to o!r nations4 ,va]t+ f9ds--& ?is is probably ! mo/ orig9al1 ?\gh1 z we %all see1 n ! mo/ unque/ionable ( 8 f9d+s--t ! fa!rs :o are !mselves ( no notable intellectual di/9ction h a decid$ly m prolong$ p[] ( procreat+ di/+ui%$ *ildr5 ?an is possess$ by di/+ui%$ fa!rs4 ,! =m]1 t is to say1 may become ! fa!rs ( em95t *ildr5 f ! p]iod ( sexual maturity up to ! age ( =ty-?ree or beyond4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! fa!r is himself ( high intellectual di/9ction1 ,va]t+ f9ds t he 0 ne>ly always "u ?irty1 & usually "u tw5ty-five ye>s ( age at 8 di/+ui%$ son's bir?1 al?\gh ! proportion ( y\?ful fa!rs 9 ! g5]al population is relatively small4 ,! elev5 y\nge/ fa!rs on ,va]t+'s li/1 f tw5ty-"o to tw5ty-five ye>s ( age1 7 7) "o exception7 !mselves m or less di/+ui%$1 :ile ! fifte5 olde/1 f ?irty-n9e to sixty ye>s ( age1 7 all )\t exception undi/+ui%$4 ,among ^! sons are to be f\nd mu* great] names 7,goe!1 ,ba*1 ,kant1 ,bism>ck1 ,wagn]1 etc47 ?an are to be f\nd among ! sons ( "y & m di/+ui%$ fa!rs1 = "h !re is only "o "n 7,fr$]ick ! ,great7 ( ! same calibre4 ,! eld]ly fa!rs belong$ to l>ge cities & 7 mo/ly m>ri$ to wives v mu* y\ng] ?an !mselves4 ,va]t+ notes t ! mo/ em95t g5iuses h mo/ frequ5tly be5 ! sons ( fa!rs :o 7 n engag$ 9 intellectual avocations at all1 b e>n$ _! liv+s z simple craftsm54 ,he draws ! conclusion f ^! data t /r5u\s intellectual en]gy is mu* m unfav\rable ?an h>d physical lab\r to ! production ( ability 9 ! (fspr+4 ,intellectual work]s1 !re=e1 he argues1 mu/ h _! *ildr5 :5 "y1 & we mu/ s modify our social ideals & economic conditions z to r5d] ?is possible4 ,t ! "m %\ld be equally "y is n1 he holds1 necess>y2 he f9ds "s sup]iority1 inde$1 provid$ ! fa!r is "y1 9 some:at eld]ly mo!rs1 & !re 7 no mo!rs "u tw5ty-?ree4 ,! r>ity ( g5ius among ! (fspr+ ( di/+ui%$ p>5ts is attribut$ to ! un=tunate t5d5cy to m>ry too late1 & ,va]t+ f9ds t ! di/+ui%$ m5 :o m>ry late r>ely h any *ildr5 at all4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 & ap>t f ! production ( g5ius1 he holds t wom5 h *ildr5 too e>ly1 be=e _! psy*ic developm5t is complet$1 :ile m5 h *ildr5 too late1 :5 !y h already 9 ! ye>s ( _! highe/ psy*ic g5]ative fitness plant$ _! mo/ preci\s se$ 9 ! mud ( ! /reet4 ,! elde/ *ild 0 f\nd to h by f> ! be/ *ance ( turn+ out di/+ui%$1 & 9 ?is fact ,va]t+ f9ds fur!r pro( ( 8 argum5t4 ,! ?ird son has ! next be/ *ance1 & !n ! second1 ! comp>atively bad position ( ! second be+ attribut$ to ! too brief int]val :i* (t5 foll[s ! bir? ( ! fir/ *ild4 ,he also notes t ( all ! pr(essions ! cl]gy come beyond comp>ison fir/ z ! p>5ts ( di/+ui%$ sons 7:o are1 h[ev]1 r>ely ( ! highe/ degree ( em95ce71 lawy]s foll[+1 :ile (fic]s 9 ! army & physicians sc>cely figure at all4 ,va]t+ is incl9$ to see 9 ?is ord]1 especially 9 ! pr$om9ance ( ! cl]gy1 ! fav\rable influ5ce ( an unexhau/$ res]ve ( en]gy & a habit ( *a/ity on intellectual procreativ5ess4 ,?is is "o ( 8 ma9 conclusions4 ,x s happ5s t 9 my own ,/udy ( ,briti% ,g5ius1 ) :i* ,dr4 ,va]t+ 0 unacqua9t$ :5 he made 8 fir/ inve/igation1 ,i dealt on a l>g] scale1 & p]haps ) some:at m precise me?od1 ) _m ( ^! same que/ions z !y are illu/rat$ by ,engli% g5ius4 ,va]t+'s results h induc$ me to re-exam9e & to "s ext5t to manipulate afre% ! ,engli% data4 ,my results1 l ,dr4 ,va]t+'s1 %[$ a special t5d5cy = g5ius to appe> 9 ! elde/ *ild1 ?\gh !re 0 no indication ( notably e>ly m>riage 9 ! p>5ts4#c ,i also f\nd a simil> pr$om9ance ( ! cl]gy among ! fa!rs & a simil> defici5cy ( army (fic]s & physicians4 ,! mo/ frequ5t age ( ! fa!r 0 ?irty-two ye>s1 b ! av]age age ( ! fa!r at ! di/+ui%$ *ild's bir? 0 #cf4f ye>s1 & :5 ! fa!rs 7 !mselves di/+ui%$ _! age 0 n1 z ,va]t+ f\nd 9 ,g]many1 notably l[ at ! bir? ( _! di/+ui%$ sons1 b high] ?an ! g5]al av]age1 be+ #cg4e ye>s4 ,!re h be5 fifte5 di/+ui%$ ,engli% sons ( di/+ui%$ fa!rs1 b in/ead ( be+ ne>ly always "u ?irty & usually "u tw5ty-five1 z ,va]t+ f\nd 9 ,g]many1 ! ,engli% di/+ui%$ fa!r has only five times be5 "u ?irty & among ^! five only twice "u tw5ty-five4 ,moreov]1 precisely ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! sons 7,francis ,bacon & ,william ,pitt7 _h ! olde/ fa!rs & ! lea/ di/+ui%$ sons ! y\nge/ fa!rs4 ,i made "s attempt to asc]ta9 :e!r diff]5t k9ds ( g5ius t5d to be produc$ by fa!rs :o 7 at diff]5t p]iods ( life4 ,i refra9$ f publi%+ ! results z ,i d\bt$ :e!r ! numb]s dealt ) 7 suffici5tly l>ge to c>ry any weight4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be wor? :ile to record !m1 z possibly !y are significant4 ,i made f\r classes ( m5 ( g5ius3 7#a7 ,m5 ( ,religion1 7#b7 ,poets1 7#c7 ,practical ,m51 & 7#d7 ,sci5tific ,m5 & ,sceptics4 7,x mu/ n1 ( c\rse1 be suppos$ t 9 ?is la/ gr\p all ! sci5tific m5 7 sceptics1 or all ! sceptics sci5tific47 ,! av]age age ( ! fa!rs at ! di/+ui%$ son's bir? 01 9 ! fir/ gr\p1 #ce ye>s1 9 ! second & ?ird gr\ps #cg ye>s1 & 9 ! la/ gr\p #dj ye>s4 7,x may be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! y\nge/ fa!r ( all 9 ! hi/ory ( ,briti% g5ius1 ag$ sixte51 produc$ ,napi]1 :o introduc$ log>i?ms47 ,x is difficult n to believe t z reg>ds1 at all ev5ts1 ! two mo/ discrepant gr\ps1 ! fir/ & la/1 we "h come on a significant indication4 ,x is n unreasonable to suppose t 9 ! production ( m5 ( religion1 9 ^: activity emotion is s pot5t a factor1 ! y\?ful age ( ! fa!r %\ld prove fav\rable1 :ile = ! production ( g5ius ( a m coldly intellectual & analytic type m eld]ly fa!rs are dem&$4 ,if t %\ld prove to be s1 x w\ld become a s\rce ( happ9ess to religi\s p>5ts to h _! *ildr5 e>ly1 :ile irreligi\s p]sons %\ld be advis$ to delay p>5tage4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to rem>k t ! age ( ! mo!rs is probably q z influ5tial z t ( ! fa!rs4 ,conc]n+ ! mo!rs1 h[ev]1 we always h less precise in=mation4 ,my records1 s f> z !y g1 agree ) ,va]t+'s = ,g]man g5ius1 9 indicat+ t an eld]ly "m is m likely to produce a *ild ( g5ius ?an a v y\?ful "m4 ,!re 7 only fifte5 mo!rs record$ "u tw5ty-five ye>s ( age1 :ile ?irte5 7 ov] ?irty-n9e ye>s2 ! mo/ frequ5t age ( ! mo!rs 0 tw5ty-sev54 ,on all ^! po9ts we c]ta9ly ne$ controll+ evid5ce f o!r c\ntries4 ,?us1 be=e we insi/ ) ,va]t+ t an eld]ly "m is a factor 9 ! production ( g5ius1 we may recall t ev5 9 ,g]many ! mo!rs ( ,goe! & ,nietzs*e 7 bo? eighte5 at _! di/+ui%$ sons' bir?4 ,a rule :i* p]mits ( su* trem5d\s exceptions sc>cely seems to be> ! /ra9 ( emphasis4 ,x mu/ always be rememb]$ t :ile ! /udy ( g5ius is highly int]e/+1 & ev51 x is probable1 n )\t significance = ! g5]al laws ( h]$ity1 we mu/ n too ha/ily draw conclusions f x to be> on practical que/ions ( eug5ics4 ,g5ius is r>e & abnormal2 laws meant to apply to ! g5]al population mu/ be bas$ on a /udy ( ! g5]al population4 ,va]t+1 :o is alive to ! practical "* :i* su* problems are to-day assum+1 realises h[ inadequate x is to conf9e our /udy to g5ius4 ,m>ro1 9 8 valuable book on pub]ty1 "s ye>s ago br\ght =w>d int]e/+ data %[+ ! result ( ! age ( ! p>5ts on ! moral & intellectual *>act]s ( s*ool-*ildr5 9 ,nor? ,italy4 ,he f\nd t *ildr5 ) fa!rs bel[ tw5ty-six at _! bir? %[$ ! maximum ( bad conduct & ! m9imum ( good2 !y also yield$ ! greate/ proportion ( *ildr5 ( irregul>1 tr\blesome1 or lazy "*1 b n ( really p]v]se *ildr5 :o 7 equally di/ribut$ among fa!rs ( all ages4 ,! l>ge/ numb] ( *e]ful *ildr5 belong$ to "y fa!rs1 :ile ! *ildr5 t5d$ to become m melan*oly ) asc5d+ age ( ! fa!rs4 ,"y fa!rs produc$ ! l>ge/ proportion ( intellig5t1 z well z ( tr\blesome *ildr51 b :5 ! v exceptionally intellig5t *ildr5 7 consid]$ sep>ately !y 7 f\nd to be m usually ! (fspr+ ( eld]ly fa!rs4 ,z reg>ds ! mo!rs1 ,m>ro f\nd t ! *ildr5 ( "y mo!rs 7"u tw5ty-"o7 are sup]ior1 bo? z reg>ds conduct & intellig5ce1 ?\gh ! m exceptionally intellig5t *ildr5 t5d$ to belong to m mature mo!rs4 ,:5 ! p>5ts 7 bo? 9 ! same age-gr\p ! immature & ! eld]ly gr\ps t5d$ to produce m *ildr5 :o 7 unsatisfactory1 bo? z reg>ds conduct & intellig5ce1 ?an ! int]m$iate gr\p4#d ,b we ne$ to h su* inquiries made on a m :olesale & sy/ematic scale4 ,!y are no long] ( a m]ely speculative "*4 ,we no long] reg>d *ildr5 z ! gifts ( ,god1 flung into our helpless h&s2 we are beg9n+ to realise t ! responsibility is ours to see t !y come into ! _w "u ! be/ conditions1 & at ! mom5ts :5 _! p>5ts are be/ fitt$ to produce !m4 ,va]t+ proposes t x %\ld be ! bus9ess ( all s*ool au?orities to regi/] ! ages ( ! pupils' p>5ts4 ,?is is sc>cely a provision to :i* ev5 ! mo/ susceptible p>5t c\ld reasonably object1 ?\gh !re is no cause to make ! decl>ation compulsory :]e a consci5ti\s objection exi/$1 & 9 any case ! decl>ation w\ld n be public4 ,x w\ld be an advantage--?\gh ?is might be m difficult to obta9--to h ! date ( ! p>5ts' m>riage1 & ( ! bir? ( previ\s *ildr51 z well z "s record ( ! fa!r's /&+ 9 8 occupation4 ,b ev5 ! ages ( ! p>5ts alone w\ld tea* u mu* :5 correlat$ ) ! s*ool position ( ! pupil 9 intellig5ce & 9 conduct4 ,x is q true t !re are unavoidable fallacies4 ,we are n1 z 9 ! case ( g5ius1 deal+ ) p ^: life-"w is complete & op5 to ! :ole _w's exam9ation4 ,! good & clev] *ild is n necess>ily ! =]unn] ( ! fir/-class man or woman2 & _m capable & successful m5 h be5 c>eless 9 att5dance at lectures & rebelli\s to discipl9e4 ,moreov]1 ! prejudice & limitations ( ! tea*]s h also to be recognis$4 ,yet :5 we are deal+ ) millions mo/ ( ^! fallacies w\ld be smoo!d out4 ,we %\ld be1 once = all1 9 a position to det]m9e au?oritatively ! exact be>+ ( "o ( ! simple/ & mo/ vital factors ( ! bett]m5t ( ! race4 ,we %\ld be 9 possession ( a new clue to guide u 9 ! creation ( ! man ( ! com+ _w4 ,:y n beg9 to-day8 #a ,he has fur!r discuss$ ! subject 9 ,die ,neue ,g5]ation1 ,aug4-,nov41 #aiad1 & 9 a m rec5t 7#aiaf7 pamphlet :i* ,i h n se54 #b ,! ref]5ce is to ,! ,c5tury ( ! ,*ild1 by ,ell5 ,key1 :o writes 7,engli% translation1 p4 #b73 ,my conviction is t ! trans=mation ( human nature w take place1 n :5 ! :ole ( humanity becomes ,*ri/ian1 b :5 ! :ole ( humanity awak5s to ! consci\sness ( ! 'hol9ess ( g5]ation4' ,?is consci\sness w make ! c5tral "w ( ,society ! new race1 its orig91 its managem5t1 & its education2 ab\t ^! all morals1 all laws1 all social arrangem5ts w be gr\p$4 #c ,x is n only ability1 b idiocy1 crim9ality & _m o!r abnormalities :i* specially t5d to appe> 9 ! fir/-born4 ,! elde/-born repres5ts ! po9t ( greate/ v>iation 9 ! family1 & ! v>iation ?us yield$ may be 9 ei!r direction1 useful or useless1 good or bad4 ,see1 e4g41 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,a ,/udy ( ,briti% ,g5ius1 pp4 #aag-abj4 ,sr5 ,hans51 ,! ,inf]ior ,quality ( ! ,fir/-born ,*ildr51 ,eug5ics ,review1 ,oct41 #aiac4 #d ,m>ro1 ,la ,pub]t 7,fr5* translation ,la ,pub]t71 ,*4 ,,xi4 ,,xv ,,m>riage ,,& ,,divorce ,we contemplate our m>riage sy/em ) satisfaction4 ,we rememb] ! _m unque/ionable evid5ces 9 fav\r ( x1 & we m>vel t x s (t5 proves a failure4 ,= :ile we rememb] ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( x1 we =get ! evid5ce aga9/ x1 & we ov]look ! important fact t our fav\rable evid5ce is l>gely bas$ on ! vision ( an ab/ract or idealis$ monogamy :i* fails to correspond to ! detail$ & ev] v>y+ sy/em :i* 9 practice we *]i%4 ,we po9t to ! fact t monogamic m>riage has probably fl\ri%$ ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 t x exi/s among savages1 ev5 among animals1 b we fail to obs]ve h[ f> t monogamy diff]s f ours1 ev5 assum+ t our monogamy is a real monogamy & n a disguis$ polygamy1 especially 9 ! fact t x is a free union & only subject to ! inh]5t p5alties t foll[ its infraction1 n to ext]nal p5alties4 ,ours is n free2 our fai? 9 its natural virtues is n q s firm z we ass]t2 we are always m$dl+ ) x & worry+ ov] its heal? & anxi\sly try+ to bol/] x up4 ,we are n by any means will+ to let x re/ on ! sanction ( its own natural or div9e laws4 ,our feel+ is1 z ,james ,h9ton us$ ironically to express x3 ,poor ,god ) no "o to help ,him6 ,! fact is t :5 we comp>e our civilis$ m>riage sy/em ) m>riage z x exi/s 9 ,nature1 we fail to realise a fundam5tal di/9ction4 ,our m>riage sy/em is made up ( two absolutely diff]5t elem5ts :i* _c bl5d4 ,on ! "o h&1 x is ! manife/ation ( our deepe/ & mo/ volcanic impulses4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is an elaborate web ( regulations--legal1 ecclesia/ical1 economic--:i* is to-day q out ( relation to our impulses4 ,on ! "o h&1 x is a =ce :i* spr+s f )92 on ! o!r h&1 x is a =ce :i* presses on u f )\t4#a ,"o says broadly t ^! two elem5ts ( m>riage1 z we und]/& x1 are out ( relation to ea* o!r4 ,b !re is an important sav+ qualification to be made4 ,! inn] impulse is n )\t law1 & ! ext]nal pressure is n )\t an ultimate basis ( nature4 ,t is to say1 t "u free & natural conditions ! inn] impulse t5ds to develop itself1 n lic5ti\sly b ) its own ord] & re/ra9ts1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 our inh]it$ regulations are l>gely ! tradition ( anci5t attempts to fix & regi/] t natural ord] & re/ra9t4 ,! di%>mony comes 9 ) ! fact t our regulations are traditional & anci5t1 n our own attempts to fix & regi/] ! natural ord] b inextricably mix$ up ) elem5ts t are entirely ali5 to our civilis$ habits ( life4 ,:atev] our attitude t[>ds m$iaeval ,canon ,law may be--:e!r rev]5ce or indiff]5ce or disgu/--x yet holds u & is +ra9$ into our m>riage sy/em to-day4 ,canon ,law 0 a good & vital ?+ "u ! conditions :i* produc$ x4 ,! survival ( ,canon ,law to-day1 ) ! antiquat$ & ascetic conception ( ! subord9ation ( wom5 associat$ ) x1 is ! *ief reason :y we 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury h n yet progress$ s f> t[>ds a reasonable sy/em ( m>riage z ! ,romans _h rea*$ on ! basis ( _! law1 ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s ago4#b ,m>riage is condition$ bo? by inn] impulse & outw>d pressure4 ,b a heal?y impulse be>s )9 x an ord] & re/ra9t ( its own1 :ile a truly moral outw>d pressure is bas$1 n on ! dem&s ( m$iaeval days1 b on ! dem&s ( our own day4 ,h[ f> ?is is f be+ ! case yet we f9d well illu/rat$ by our divorce me?ods4 ,all our mod]n culture fav\r a s5se ( ! sacr$ness ( ! sexual relations2 we *]i% a delicate res]ve conc]n+ all ! intimacies ( p]sonal relation%ip4 ,b :5 ! magic ^w ,divorce is utt]$ we fl+ all our civilisation to ! w9ds1 & 9 ! desecrat$ "n ( ,law we proce$ to an inquisition :i* sc>cely diff]s at all f ^? public te/s ( m$iaeval law-c\rts :i* n[ we d>e n v5ture ev5 to put into words4 ,x is true t we are n b\nd to be consi/5t :5 x is an advantage to be inconsi/5t4 ,& if !re 7 a me?od 9 our madness x w\ld be ju/ifi$4 ,b !re is no me?od4 ,f fir/ to la/ ! hi/ory ( divorce 7read x1 = in/ance1 9 ,h[>d's ,matrimonial ,in/itutions7 is an ev] %ift+ record ( cruel blund]s & ridicul\s absurdities4 ,divorce began 9 mod]n times 9 flagrant inju/ice to "o ( ! two p>tn]s1 ! wife1 & x has end$--if we may hope t ! end is approa*+--9 imbecilities t to future ages w be incr$ible4 ,= no legal j>gon has ev] be5 inv5t$ t w express ! sympa?ies & ! antipa?ies ( human relation%ip2 !y ev5 escape ! subtle/ expression4 ,law-mak]s h tortur$ _! bra9s to devise =mulas :i* w cov] ! legitimate gr\nds = divorce4 ,h[ va9 _! ef=ts are is suffici5tly %[n by ! fact t by no *ance c !y ev] agree on _! =mulas1 & t !y are *ang+ !m con/antly ) fev]i% ha/e1 dimly realis+ t !y are b ! antiquat$ repres5tatives ( m$iaevalism1 & t soon _! occupation w be gone = ev]4 ,! reasons = ! mak+ or ! break+ ( human relation%ips c nev] be =mulat$4 ,! only result ( su* legal =mulas is t !y br+ law into contempt because !y h to be +5i\sly & me?odically *eat$ 9 ord] to adapt !m 9 any degree to civilis$ human ne$s4 ,?us su* laws n only degrade ! "n ( ,law1 b !y degrade ! :ole community :i* tol]ates !m4 ,!re is only "o ultimate reason = ei!r m>riage or divorce1 & t is t ! two p]sons conc]n$ cons5t to ! m>riage or cons5t to ! divorce4 ,:y !y cons5t is no conc]n ( any ?ird p>ty1 &1 maybe1 !y _c ev5 put x into words4 ,at ! same "t1 let u n =get1 m>riage & divorce are a v real conc]n ( ! ,/ate1 & law _c ignore ei!r4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! ,/ate to see to x t no int]e/s are injur$4 ,! contract ( m>riage & ! contract ( divorce are private matt]s1 b x is necess>y to gu>d t no injury is !reby done to ei!r ( ! contract+ p]sons1 or to ?ird p>ties1 or to ! community z a :ole4 ,! ,/ate may h a "r to say :at p]sons are unfit = m>riage1 or at all ev5ts = procreation2 ! ,/ate mu/ take c>e t ! weak] p>ty is n injur$2 ! ,/ate is especially b\nd to wat* ov] ! int]e/s ( *ildr51 & ?is involves1 9 ! be/ issue1 t ea* *ild %all h two effective p>5ts1 :e!r or n ^? p>5ts are liv+ toge!r4 ,a l>ge scope--we are beg9n+ to recognise--mu/ be left alike to fre$om ( m>riage & fre$om ( divorce1 b ! ,/ate mu/ m>k out ! limits )9 :i* t fre$om is ex]cis$4 ,! loos5+ hold ( ! ,/ate on m>riage is by no means connect$ ) any gr[+ s5se ( ! value ( divorce4 ,at ! be/1 x is probable t divorce is m]ely a necess>y evil4 ,"o ( ! *ief reasons :y we %\ld seek to promote education 9 relation to sexual relation%ips & to inculcate ! responsibilities ( su* relation%ips1 s mak+ ! approa* to m>riage m circumspect1 is 9 ord] to obviate ! ne$ = divorce4 ,= divorce is always a confession ( failure4 ,v (t51 inde$1 x involves n only a confession ( failure 9 "o p>ticul> m>riage b ( failure = m>riage g5]ally4 ,"o notes h[ (t5 ! p :o fail 9 a fir/ m>riage fail ev5 m hopelessly 9 ! second4 ,!y h *os5 ! wrong p>tn]s2 b "o suspects t = !m all p>tn]s w prove ! wrong p>tn]s4 ,"o sometimes he>s n[adays t a succession ( m>riage relation%ips is desirable 9 ord] to develop "*4 ,b t dep5ds on _m ?+s4 ,x v mu* dep5ds on :at "* !re is to develop4 ,a man may h relation%ips ) a hundr$ wom5 & develop mu* less "* out ( 8 exp]i5ce1 & ev5 acquire a mu* less intimate k ( wom51 ?an ! man :o has sp5t 8 life 9 an endless s]ies ( adv5tures ) "o woman4 ,x dep5ds a good deal on ! man & n a little on ! woman4 ,?us ! "w ( m>riage 9 ! _w mu/ dep5d entirely on ! nature ( t _w4 ,a f9e m>riage sy/em c only be produc$ by a f9e civilisation ( :i* x is ! exquisite fl[]4 ,laws _c bett] m>riage2 ev5 education1 by itself1 is p[]less1 necess>y z x is 9 conjunction ) o!r influ5ces4 ,! love-relation%ips ( m5 & wom5 mu/ develop freely1 & ) due all[ance = ! v>iations :i* ! complexities ( civilisation dem&4 ,b ^! relation%ips t\* ! :ole ( life at s inf9ite a numb] ( po9ts t !y _c ev5 develop at all save 9 a society t is itself develop+ graci\sly & h>moni\sly4 ,d n expect to pluck figs f ?i/les4 ,z a society is1 s w its m>riages be4 #a ,x is ?is artificial & ext]nal pressure :i* (t5 produces a revolt aga9/ m>riage4 ,! au?or ( a rem>kable pap] entitl$1 ,our ,ince/u\s ,m>riage1 9 ! ,=um 7,dec41 #aiae71 advocates a re=m ( social m>riage cu/oms 9 con=mance ) ! fre$om-lov+ mod]n nature1 & ! introduction ( a fre% atmosph]e = m>ri$ life 9 :i* p]sonality c be made to appe> s sacr$ & free t m>riage w be und]tak5 & borne z lightly & gracefully z a secret s94 #b ,see ,sir ,james ,donaldson1 ,woman3 ,h] ,position & ,influ5ce 9 ,anci5t ,greece & ,rome1 #aijg2 also ,s4,b4 ,kit*9's excell5t ,hi/ory ( ,divorce1 #aiab2 ?is au?or believes t ! t5d5cy 9 mod]n civilisation is to return to ! simple pr9ciples ( ,roman law involv+ divorce by cons5t4 ,see also ,havelock ,ellis1 ,sex 9 ,relation to ,society1 ,*4 ,x4 ,,xvi ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,! ,,bir?-,,rate ,! hi/ory ( educat$ op9ion conc]n+ ! bir?-rate & its int]pretation dur+ ! pa/ sev5ty ye>s is full ( int]e/4 ,! actual op]ative factors--natural1 pa?ological1 economic1 social1 & educational--9 rais+ or l[]+ ! bir?-rate1 are num]\s & complicat$1 & x is difficult to det]m9e exactly h[ l>ge a "p ea* factor plays4 ,b )\t det]m9+ t at all1 x is /ill v in/ructive to obs]ve ! evolution ( popul> intellig5t op9ion conc]n+ ! significance ( a high & a l[ bir?-rate4 ,popul> op9ion on ?is matt] may be said to h pass$ ?r\gh ?ree /ages4 ,i am ref]r+ to ,we/]n ,europe & m p>ticul>ly to ,engl& & ,g]many1 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 9 ?is matt]1 ,engl& & ,g]many are runn+ a p>allel c\rse4 ,engl& happ5s to be1 on ! :ole1 a little ahead1 hav+ rea*$ its p]iod ( full expansion at a some:at e>li] p]iod ?an ,g]many1 b ea* p is pursu+ ! same c\rse4 ,9 ! fir/ /age--let u say ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury & ! succe$+ ?irty ye>s--! popul> attitude 0 "o ( jubilant satisfaction 9 a high & ris+ bir?-rate4 ,!re _h be5 an imm5se expansion ( indu/ry4 ,! :ole _w seem$ no?+ b a great field = ! en]getic & indu/rial nations to exploit4 ,work]s 7 ne$$ to keep up ) ! expansion & to keep d[n wages to a rate :i* w\ld make indu/rial expansion easy2 soldi]s & armam5ts 7 ne$$ to protect ! movem5ts ( expansion4 ,x seem$ to ! m exub]ant spirits t a va/ ,briti% ,empire1 or a mighty ,pan-,g]many1 might be expect$ to cov] ! :ole _w4 ,france1 ) its l[ & fall+ bir?-rate1 0 look$ d[n at ) contempt z a decad5t c\ntry inhabit$ by a deg5]ate population4 ,no attempts to analyse ! bir?-rate1 to asc]ta9 :at are really ! biological1 social1 & economic accompanim5ts ( a high bir?-rate1 made any impression on ! popul> m9d4 ,!y 7 dr[n$ 9 ! g5]al %\t ( exultation4 ,t era ( optimism 0 foll[$ by a swift reaction4 ,t[>ds #ahhj ! upw>d movem5t ( ! bir?-rate began to be arre/$2 x soon began /eadily to fall1 z x is cont9u+ to d to-day4 ,9 ,france x is fall+ sl[ly1 9 ,italy m rapidly1 9 ,engl& & ,prussia /ill m rapidly4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! fall began e>lie/ 9 ,france1 ! bir?-rate is l[] !re ?an 9 ! o!r c\ntries nam$2 = ! same reason x is l[] 9 ,engl& ?an 9 ,prussia1 al?\gh ,engl& /&s 9 ?is respect at almo/ exactly ! same di/ance f ,prussia to-day z ?irty ye>s ago1 ! fall hav+ occurr$ at ! same rate 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,x is q possible t 9 ! future x may become m rapid 9 ,prussia ?an 9 ,engl&1 = ! bir?-rate ( ,b]l9 is l[] ?an ! bir?-rate ( ,london1 & urbanisation is proce$+ at a m rapid rate 9 ,g]many ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,! realisation ( su* facts z ^! produc$ a p]iod ( pessimism :i* m>ks ! second /age 9 ?is evolution4 ,! great movem5t ( expansion1 :i* seem$ to promise s mu* to ambiti\s nations anxi\s = _w-p[]1 0 be+ arre/$4 ,moreov]1 x began to be realis$ t ! rapid gr[? ( a community 0 accompani$ by ph5om5a :i* _h n be5 =ese5 by ! en?usia/s ( ! fir/ p]iod ( optimism4 ,!y _h argu$--n inde$ v]bally b 9 effect--t ! high] ! bir?-rate ! *eap] lab\r & lives w\ld become1 & ! *eap] lab\r & lives 71 ! easi] x w\ld be = a nation ) its indu/rial armies & its milit>y armies to get ahead ( o!r rival nations4 ,b !y _h n realis$ t1 ) ! gr[? ( popul> education 9 mod]n democratic /ates1 *eap lab\r is no long] will+ to play )\t prote/ ?is humble & suff]+ "p 9 national progress4 ,! work]s ( ! nations began to decl>e1 cle>ly or obscurely1 z !y 7 able1 t !y no long] int5d$ to sell _! lab\r & _! lives s *eaply4 ,! ris+ bir?-rate ( ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury co9cid$ )1 & to a l>ge ext5t d\btless produc$1 ! organisation ( lab\r1 trades unions1 ! political activity ( ! work+ classes1 ,socialism1 z well z ! extreme =ms ( ,an>*ism & ,syndicalism4 ,x 0 :5 ^! movem5ts began to atta9 a high degree ( organisation & p[] t ! bir?-rate began to decl9e4 ,?us ! pessimi/s ( ! second p]iod 7 fac$ by horrors on bo? sides4 ,on ! "o h&1 !y saw t ! ev]-increas+ rate ( human production :i* seem$ to !m ! ess5tial condition ( national1 social1 ev5 moral progress1 _h n only /opp$ b 0 /eadily dim9i%+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y saw t1 ev5 9 s f> z x 0 ma9ta9$1 x involv$1 "u mod]n conditions1 no?+ b social commotion & economic di/urbance4 ,!re are /ill _m pessimi/s ( ?is second p]iod alive among u1 & actively proclaim+ _! gospel ( despair1 alike 9 ,engl& & 9 ,g]many4 ,b a new g5]ation is gr[+ up1 & ?is "q is n[ ent]+ a ?ird p]iod4 ,! new g5]ation rejects alike ! passive optimism ( ! fir/ p]iod & ! passive pessimism ( ! second p]iod4 ,its attitude is hopeful b x realises t m]e hope is va9 unless !re is cle> intellectual vision & unless !re is individual & social action 9 accordance ) t vision4 ,x is to-day beg9n+ to be se5 t ! old notion ( progress by means ( reckless multiplication is va94 ,x c only be effect$ at a ru9\s co/ ( dea?1 disease1 pov]ty1 & mis]y4 ,we see ?is 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ,we/]n ,europe1 z we /ill see x 9 ! hi/ory ( ,russia4 ,any progress effect$ along t l9e--if progress x c be call$--is n[ b>r$1 = x is absolutely oppos$ to ^? democratic conceptions :i* are ev] ga9+ great] influ5ce among u4 ,moreov]1 we are n[ bett] able to analyse demographic ph5om5a & we are no long] satisfi$ ) any crude /atem5ts reg>d+ ! bir?-rate4 ,we realise t !y ne$ int]pretation4 ,!y h to be consid]$ 9 relation to ! sex-con/itution & ! age-con/itution ( ! population1 &1 above all1 !y mu/ be view$ 9 relation to ! infant mortality-rate4 ,! bad aspect ( ! ,fr5* bir?-rate is n s mu* its l[ness z t x is accompani$ by a high infantile mortality4 ,! fact t ! ,g]man bir?-rate is high] ?an ! ,engli% ceases to be a matt] ( satisfaction :5 x is realis$ t ,g]man infantile mortality is va/ly great] ?an ,engli%4 ,a high bir?-rate is no sign ( a high civilisation4 ,b we are beg9n+ to feel t a high infantile dea?-rate is a sign ( a v inf]ior civilisation4 ,a l[ bir?-rate ) a l[ infant dea?-rate n only produces ! same increase 9 ! population z a high bir?-rate ) ! high dea?-rate1 :i* always accompanies x 7= !re are no examples (1 a high bir?-rate ) a l[ dea?-rate71 b x produces x 9 a way :i* is f> m wor?y ( our admiration 9 ?is matt] ?an ! way ( ,russia & ,*9a :]e opposite conditions prevail4#a ,x us$ to be ?\ght t small families 7 immoral4 ,we n[ beg9 to see t x 0 ! l>ge families ( old :i* 7 immoral4 ,! excessive bir?-rate ( ! e>ly indu/rial p]iod 0 directly /imulat$ by selfi%ness4 ,!re 7 no laws aga9/ *ild-lab\r2 *ildr5 7 produc$ t !y might be s5t out1 :5 little m ?an babies1 to ! factories & ! m9es to increase _! p>5ts' incomes4 ,! dim9i%$ bir?-rate has accompani$ high] moral trans=mation4 ,x has introduc$ a f9] economy into life1 dim9i%$ dea?1 disease1 & mis]y4 ,x is indirectly1 & ev5 directly1 improv+ ! quality ( ! race4 ,! v fact t *ildr5 are born at long] int]vals is n only b5eficial to ! "m's heal?1 & !re=e to ! *ildr5's g5]al welf>e1 b x has be5 prov$ to h a m>k$ & prolong$ influ5ce on ! physical developm5t ( *ildr54 ,social progress1 & a high] civilisation1 we ?us see1 involve a r$uc$ bir?-rate & a r$uc$ dea?-rate2 ! few] ! *ildr5 born1 ! few] ! risks ( dea?1 disease1 & mis]y to ! *ildr5 t are born4 ,! fact t civilisation involves small families is cle>ly %[n by ! t5d5cy ( ! educat$ & upp] social classes to h small families4 ,z ! prolet>iat class becomes educat$ & elevat$1 discipl9$ to ref9em5t & to =esight--z x 7 ari/ocratis$--x also has small families4 ,civilisational progress is "h 9 a l9e ) biological progress4 ,! l[] organisms spawn _! prog5y 9 ?\s&s1 ! high] mammals produce b "o or two at a "t4 ,! high] ! race ! few] ! (fspr+4 ,?us dim9ution 9 quantity is ?r\gh\t associat$ ) augm5tation 9 quality4 ,quality r ?an quantity is ! racial ideal n[ set be=e u1 & x is an ideal :i*1 z we are beg9n+ to le>n1 x is possible to cultivate1 bo? individually & socially4 ,! day is com+1 z ,engel rem>ks 9 8 useful book on ,! ,elem5ts ( ,*ild ,protection1 :5 fa!rhood & mo!rhood w only be p]mitt$ to ! /rong4 ,t is :y ! new sci5ce ( eug5ics or racial hygi5e is acquir+ s imm5se an importance4 ,9 ! pa/ racial selection has be5 c>ri$ out crudely by ! de/ructive1 wa/eful1 & exp5sive me?od ( elim9ation1 ?r\gh dea?4 ,9 ! future x w be c>ri$ out f> m effectively by consci\s & delib]ate selection1 ex]cis$ n m]ely be=e bir?1 b be=e conception & ev5 be=e mat+4 ,x is idle to suppose t su* a *ange c be ex]t$ by m]e legislation1 = :i*1 besides1 our sci5tific k is /ill inadequate4 ,we _c1 inde$1 desire any compulsory elim9ation ( ! unfit or any regulat$ bre$+ ( ! fit4 ,su* notions are idle4 ,man c only be br$ f )91 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 8 intellig5ce & w1 work+ toge!r "u ! control ( a high s5se ( responsibility4 ,galton1 :o recognis$ ! futility ( m]e legislation to elevate ! race1 believ$ t ! hope ( ! future lay 9 eug5ics becom+ a "p ( religion4 ,! good ( ! race lies1 n 9 ! production ( a sup]-man1 b ( a sup]-humanity4 ,?is c only be atta9$ ?r\gh p]sonal individual developm5t1 ! increase ( k1 ! s5se ( responsibility t[>ds ! race1 enabl+ m5 to act 9 accordance ) responsibility4 ,! lead]%ip 9 civilisation belongs n to ! nation ) ! highe/ bir?-rate b to ! nation :i* has ?us le>nt to produce ! f9e/ m5 & wom54 #a ,= a m detail$ discussion ( ^! po9ts see ! au?or's ,task ( ,social ,hygi5e4 ,,xvii ,,civilisation ,,& ,,! ,,bir?-,,rate ,x 0 inevitable t ! ,great ,w> ( to-day %\ld lead to an outcry1 9 all ! c\ntries engag$1 = m *ildr5 & l>g] families4 ,9 ,g]many & 9 ,au/ria1 9 ,france & 9 ,engl&1 panic-/rick5 fanatics are f\nd :o prea* to ! p t ! bir?-rate is fall+ & ! nation is decay+4 ,no s*eme is too wild = ! suppos$ b5efit ( ! c\ntry 9 a fi]ce com+ fight = comm]cial supremacy1 z well z ) due reg>d to ! requirem5ts 9 cannon fodd] ( ano!r ,great ,w> tw5ty ye>s h5ce4 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 to pause be=e we li/5 to ^! ,quixotic plans4#a ,we may !n f9d reason to ?9k1 n only t any attempt to arre/ ! fall+ bir?-rate is sc>cely likely to be effective 9 view ( ! fact t x affects n "o c\ntry only b all ! c\ntries t c\nt1 b t ev5 if x c\ld be successful x w\ld be mis*iev\s4 ,:atev] ! results ( ! ,w> may be1 "o result is fairly c]ta9 & t is t1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 e c\ntry w em]ge lad5 ) mis]y & debt2 :atev] prosp]ity may foll[1 liv+ w be exp5sive = a long "t to come & ! incomes ( all classes heavily burd5$4 ,a ,b\nty on ,babies w\ld h>dly make up = ^! difficulties4 ,! happy family1 "u ! conditions t seem to be imm$iately ahead ( u1 is likely to be ! small family4 ,! l>ge family--z inde$ has be5 ! case 9 ! pa/--is likely to be visit$ by disease & dea?4 ,b !re is m to be said ?an ?is4 ,we mu/ dismiss altoge!r ! /atem5t s (t5 made t a fall+ bir?-rate means an old & dy+ community4 ,! ,g]mans h = ye>s be5 mak+ ?is rem>k contemptu\sly reg>d+ ! ,fr5*4 ,b to-day !y h to recognise a vitality 9 ! ,fr5* :i* !y _h n expect$1 :ile 9 rec5t ye>s1 also1 _! own bir?-rate has be5 fall+ m rapidly ?an t ( ,france4 ,nor is x true t a fall+ bir?-rate means a fall+ population2 ! ,fr5* bir?-rate has long be5 /eadily fall+1 yet ! ,fr5* population has be5 /eadily increas+ all ! "t1 ?\gh less rapidly ?an x w\ld _h n ! dea?-rate be5 abnormally high4 ,x is n ! numb] ( babies born t c\nts1 b ! net result 9 surviv+ *ildr54 ,an enorm\s numb] ( babies are born 9 ,*9a2 b an enorm\s numb] die :ile /ill babies4 ,s t x is bett] to h a few babies ( good quality ?an a l>ge numb] ( indiff]5t quality1 = ! fall+ bir?-rate is m ?an comp5sat$ by ! fall+ dea?-rate4 ,t is :at we are atta9+ 9 ,engl&1 &1 z we "k1 our /eadily fall+ bir?-rate results 9 a /eadily gr[+ population4 ,!re is /ill m to be said4 ,small families & a fall+ bir?-rate are n m]ely no evil1 !y are a positive good4 ,!y are a ga9 = humanity4 ,!y repres5t an evolution>y rise 9 ,nature & a high] /age 9 civilisation4 ,we are "h 9 ! pres5ce ( great fundam5tal pr9ciples ( progress :i* h be5 work+ ?r\gh life f ! beg9n+4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( life on ! e>? reproduction ran riot4 ,( "o m9ute organism x is e/imat$ t1 if its reproduction 7 n *eck$ by dea? or de/ruction1 9 ?irty days x w\ld =m a mass a million times l>g] ?an ! sun4 ,! cong]-eel lays fifte5 million eggs1 & if !y all grew up1 & reproduc$ !mselves on ! same scale1 9 two ye>s ! :ole sea w\ld become a wriggl+ mass ( fi%4 ,z we approa* ! high] =ms ( life reproduction gradually dies d[n4 ,! animals ne>e/ to man produce few (fspr+1 b !y surr\nd !m ) p>5tal c>e1 until !y are able to lead indep5d5t lives ) a fair *ance ( surviv+4 ,! :ole process may be reg>d$ z a me*anism = sl[ly subord9at+ quantity to quality1 & s promot+ ! evolution ( life to ev] high] /ages4 ,?is process1 :i* is pla9 to see on ! l>ge/ scale ?r\gh\t liv+ nature1 may be m m9utely /udi$1 z x acts )9 a n>r[] range1 9 ! human species4 ,"h we /ati/ically =mulate x 9 ! t]ms ( bir?-rate & dea?-rate2 by ! mutual relation%ip ( ! two c\rses ( ! bir?-rate & ! dea?-rate we are able to e/imate ! evolution>y rank ( a nation1 & ! degree 9 :i* x has succe$$ 9 subord9at+ ! primitive /&>d ( quantity to ! high] & lat] /&>d ( quality4 ,x is especially 9 ,europe t we c inve/igate ?is relation%ip by ! help ( /ati/ics :i* 9 "s cases ext5d = ne>ly a c5tury back4 ,we c trace ! v>i\s phases ?r\gh :i* ea* nation passes1 ! effects ( prosp]ity1 ! influ5ce ( education & sanit>y improvem5t1 ! g5]al complex developm5t ( civilisation1 9 ea* case mov+ =w>d1 ?\gh n regul>ly & /eadily1 to high] /ages by means ( a fall+ bir?-rate1 :i* is to "s ext5t comp5sat$ by a fall+ dea?-rate1 ! two rates ne>ly always runn+ p>allel1 s t a tempor>y rise 9 ! bir?-rate is usually accompani$ by a rise 9 ! dea?-rate1 by a return1 t is to say1 t[>ds ! conditions :i* we f9d at ! beg9n+ ( animal life1 & a /eady fall 9 ! bir?-rate is always accompani$ by a fall 9 ! dea?-rate4 ,! mod]n phase ( ?is movem5t1 soon aft] :i* our precise k beg9s1 may be said to date f ! indu/rial expansion1 due to ! introduction ( ma*9]y1 :i* ,pr(essor ,m>%all places 9 ,engl& ab\t ! ye> #agfj4 ,t repres5ts ! beg9n+ ( an era 9 :i* all civilis$ & semi-civilis$ c\ntries are /ill liv+4 ,= ! e>li] c5turies we lack precise data1 b we are able to =m c]ta9 probable conclusions4 ,! population ( a c\ntry 9 ^? ages seems to h gr[n v sl[ly & sometimes ev5 to h retrograd$4 ,at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! population ( ,engl& & ,wales is e/imat$ at five millions & at ! end ( ! sev5te5? at six millions--only #bj p] c5t4 increase dur+ ! c5tury--al?\gh dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury ! population ne>ly quadrupl$4 ,?is v gradual increase ( ! population seems to h be5 by no means due to a v l[ bir?-rate1 b to a v high dea?-rate4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages a succession ( virul5t plagues & pe/il5ces deva/at$ ,europe4 ,small-pox1 :i* may be consid]$ ! late/ ( ^!1 us$ to sweep (f l>ge masses ( ! y\?ful population 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! result 0 a c]ta9 /ability & a c]ta9 well-be+ 9 ! population z a :ole1 ^! conditions be+1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9$ 9 a mann] t 0 t]ribly wa/eful & di/ress+4 ,! indu/rial revolution introduc$ a new era :i* began to %[ its features cle>ly 9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury4 ,on ! "o h&1 a new motive _h aris5 to fav\r a m rapid increase ( population4 ,small *ildr5 c\ld t5d ma*9]y & !reby e>n wages to increase ! family tak+s4 ,?is l$ to an imm$iate result 9 increas$ population & increas$ prosp]ity4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! rapid increase ( population always t5d$ to outrun ! rapid increase ( prosp]ity1 & ! m s s9ce ! rise ( sanit>y sci5ce began to drive back ! invasions ( ! gross] & m de/ructive infecti\s diseases :i* _h hi!rto kept ! population d[n4 ,! result 0 t new =ms ( disease1 di/ress1 & de/itution arose2 ! old /ability 0 lo/1 & ! new prosp]ity produc$ unre/ 9 place ( well-be+4 ,! social consci\sness 0 /ill too immature to deal collectively ) ! difficulties & frictions :i* ! indu/rial era introduc$1 & ! individualism :i* "u =m] conditions _h op]at$ :olesomely n[ act$ p]nici\sly to cru% ! s\ls & bodies ( ! work]s1 :e!r m51 wom51 or *ildr54 ,z we "k1 ! increase ( k & ! gr[? ( ! social consci\sness h sl[ly act$ :olesomely dur+ ! pa/ c5tury to rem$y ! fir/ evil results ( ! indu/rial revolution4 ,! artificial & abnormal increase ( ! population has be5 *eck$ because x is no long] p]missible 9 mo/ c\ntries to /unt ! m9ds & bodies ( small *ildr5 by plac+ !m 9 factories4 ,an elaborate sy/em ( factory legislation 0 devis$1 & is /ill ev] draw+ fre% gr\ps ( work]s )9 its protective me%es4 ,sanit>y sci5ce began to develop & to ex]t an enorm\s influ5ce on ! heal? ( nations4 ,at ! same "t ! supreme importance ( popul> education 0 realis$4 ,! total result 0 t ! nature ( prosp]ity began to be trans=m$2 in/ead ( be+1 z x _h be5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! indu/rial era1 a direct appeal to ! gratification ( gross appetites & reckless lu/s1 x became an indirect /imulus to high] gratifications & m remote aspirations4 ,=esight became a dom9at+ motive ev5 9 ! g5]al population1 & a man's anxiety = ! welf>e ( 8 family 0 no long] =gott5 9 ! pleasure ( ! mom5t4 ,! social /ate aga9 became m /able1 & m]e prosp]ity 0 trans=m$ into civilisation4 ,?is is ! /ate ( ?+s n[ 9 progress 9 all indu/rial c\ntries1 ?\gh x has rea*$ v>y+ levels ( developm5t among diff]5t peoples4 ,x is ?us cle> t ! bir?-rate comb9$ ) ! dea?-rate con/itutes a delicate in/rum5t = ! measurem5t ( civilisation1 & t ! record ( _! comb9$ curves regi/]s ! upw>d or d[nw>d c\rse ( e nation4 ,! curves1 z we "k1 t5d to be p>allel1 & :5 !y are n p>allel we are 9 ! pres5ce ( a r>e & abnormal /ate ( ?+s :i* is usually tempor>y or transitional4 ,x is in/ructive f ?is po9t ( view to /udy ! v>i\s nations ( ,europe1 = "h we f9d a l>ge numb] ( small nations1 ea* ) its own /ati/ical sy/em1 conf9$ )9 a small space & liv+ "u fairly uni=m conditions4 ,let u take ! late/ (ficial figures 7:i* are usually = #aiac7 & attempt to measure ! civilisation ( ,european c\ntries on ?is basis4 ,beg9n+ ) ! l[e/ bir?-rate1 & !re=e 9 gradually desc5d+ rank ( sup]iority1 we f9d t ! ,european c\ntries /& 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,france1 ,belgium1 ,irel&1 ,sw$51 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ,switz]l&1 ,norway1 ,scotl&1 ,d5m>k1 ,holl&1 ! ,g]man ,empire1 ,prussia1 ,f9l&1 ,spa91 ,au/ria1 ,italy1 ,hung>y1 ,s]bia1 ,bulg>ia1 ,r\mania1 ,russia4 ,if we take ! dea?-rate simil>ly1 beg9n+ ) ! l[e/ rate & gradually proce$+ to ! highe/1 we f9d ! foll[+ ord]3 ,holl&1 ,d5m>k1 ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,switz]l&1 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ,belgium1 ,scotl&1 ,prussia1 ! ,g]man ,empire1 ,f9l&1 ,irel&1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,au/ria1 ,s]bia1 ,spa91 ,bulg>ia1 ,hung>y1 ,r\mania1 ,russia4 ,n[ we _c accept ! bir?-rates & dea?-rates ( ! v>i\s c\ntries exactly at _! face value4 ,tempor>y conditions1 z well z ! special composition ( a population1 n to m5tion peculi>ities ( regi/ration1 ex]t a di/urb+ effect4 ,r\ghly & on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! figures are acceptable4 ,x is in/ructive to f9d h[ closely ! two rates agree4 ,! agreem5t is1 inde$1 great] at ! bottom ?an at ! top2 ! eight c\ntries :i* con/itute ! l[e/ gr\p z reg>ds bir?-rate are ! id5tical eight c\ntries :i* furni% ! heavie/ dea?-rates4 ,t 0 to be expect$2 a v high bir?-rate seems fatally to involve a v high dea?-rate4 ,b a v l[ bir?-rate 7z we see 9 ! cases ( ,france & ,irel&7 is n inv>iably associat$ ) a v l[ dea?-rate1 ?\gh x is nev] associat$ ) a high dea?-rate4 ,?is seems to indicate t ^? qualities 9 a highly civilis$ nation :i* re/ra9 ! production ( (fspr+ d n always or at once produce ! eug5ic racial qualities possess$ by h>di] peoples liv+ "u simpl] conditions4 ,b ) ^! res]vations x is n difficult to comb9e ! two li/s 9 a fairly concordant ord] ( desc5d+ rank4 ,mo/ read]s w agree1 t tak+ ! ,european populations 9 bulk1 )\t reg>d to ! production ( g5ius 7= m5 ( g5ius are always a v m9ute fraction ( a nation71 ! ,european populations :i* !y are accu/om$ to reg>d z /&+ at ! head 9 ! g5]al diffusion ( "*1 intellig5ce1 education1 & well-be+1 are all includ$ 9 ! fir/ twelve or ?irte5 nations1 :i* are ! same 9 bo? li/s ?\gh !y d n foll[ ! same ord]4 ,^! peoples1 z peoples--t is1 )\t reg>d to _! size1 _! political importance1 or _! production ( g5ius--repres5t ! highe/ level ( democratic civilisation 9 ,europe4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to add t v>i\s c\ntries outside ,europe equal or excel !m2 ! dea?-rate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 s f> z /ati/ics %[1 is ! same z t ( ,sw$52 t ( ,ont>io1 /ill bett]1 is ! same z ,d5m>k2 :ile ! dea?-rate ( ! ,au/ralian ,commonweal?1 ) a m$ium bir?-rate1 is l[] ?an t ( any ,european c\ntry1 & ,new ,zeal& holds ! _w's *ampion%ip 9 ?is field ) ! l[e/ dea?-rate ( all4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s extra-,european c\ntries comp>e less fav\rably ) ,europe2 ,japan1 ) a r high bir?-rate1 has ! same high dea?-rate z ,spa91 & ,*ile1 ) a /ill high] bir?-rate1 has a high] dea?-rate ?an ,russia4 ,s x is t among human peoples we f9d ! same laws prevail+ z among animals1 & ! high] nations ( ! _w diff] f ^? :i* are less highly evolv$ precisely z ! elephant diff]s f ! h]r+1 ?\gh )9 a n>r[] range1 t is to say1 by produc+ few] (fspr+ & tak+ bett] c>e ( !m4 ,! :ole ( ?is evolution>y process1 we h to rememb]1 is a natural process4 ,x has be5 go+ on f ! beg9n+ ( ! liv+ _w4 ,b at a c]ta9 /age 9 ! high] developm5t ( man1 )\t ceas+ to be natural1 x becomes consci\s & delib]ate4 ,x is !n t we h :at may prop]ly be t]m$ ,bir? ,control4 ,t is to say1 t a process :i* _h be=e be5 work+ sl[ly ?r\gh ! ages1 atta9+ e new =w>d /ep ) wa/e & pa91 is h5ce=? c>ri$ out volunt>ily1 9 ! light ( ! high human qualities ( reason & =esight & self-re/ra9t4 ,! rise ( bir? control may be said to correspond ) ! rise ( social & sanit>y sci5ce 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & to be inde$ an ess5tial "p ( t movem5t4 ,x is firmly e/abli%$ 9 all ! mo/ progressive & enlight5$ c\ntries ( ,europe1 notably 9 ,france & 9 ,engl&2 9 ,g]many1 :]e =m]ly ! bir?-rate 0 v high1 bir? control has develop$ ) extraord9>y rapidity dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,9 ,holl& its pr9ciple & practice are freely taught by physicians & nurses to ! mo!rs ( ! p1 ) ! result t !re is 9 ,holl& no long] any necessity = unwant$ babies1 & ?is small c\ntry possesses ! pr\d privilege ( ! l[e/ dea?-rate 9 ,europe4 ,9 ! free & enlight5$ democratic communities on ! o!r side ( ! globe1 9 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&1 ! same pr9ciples & practice are g5]ally accept$1 ) ! same b5efic5t results4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! m backw>d & ignorant c\ntries ( ,europe1 bir? control is /ill little kn[n1 & dea? & disease fl\ri%4 ,?is is ! case 9 ^? eight c\ntries :i* come at ! bottom ( bo? our li/s4 ,ev5 9 ! m progressive c\ntries1 h[ev]1 bir? control has n be5 e/abli%$ )\t a /ruggle1 :i* has frequ5tly end$ 9 a hypocritical compromise1 its pr9ciples be+ publicly ignor$ or d5i$ & its practice privately accept$4 ,=1 at ! great & vitally important po9t 9 human progress :i* bir? control repres5ts1 we really see ! conflict ( two moralities4 ,! morality ( ! anci5t _w is "h confront$ by ! morality ( ! new _w4 ,! old morality1 kn[+ no?+ ( sci5ce & ! process ( ,nature z work$ out 9 ! evolution ( life1 bas$ itself on ! e>ly *apt]s ( ,g5esis1 9 :i* ! *ildr5 ( ,noah are repres5t$ z ent]+ an empty e>? :i* x is _! bus9ess to populate dilig5tly4 ,s x came ab\t t = ?is morality1 /ill innoc5t ( eug5ics1 recklessness 0 almo/ a virtue4 ,*ildr5 7 giv5 by ,god2 if !y di$ or 7 afflict$ by cong5ital disease1 x 0 ! disp5sation ( ,god1 &1 :atev] imprud5ce ! p>5ts might commit1 ! pa!tic fai? /ill rul$ t ,god w provide4 ,b 9 ! new morality x is realis$ t 9 ^! matt]s ,div9e action c only be made manife/ 9 human action1 t is to say ?r\gh ! op]ation ( our own enlight5$ reason & resolv$ w4 ,prud5ce1 =esight1 self-re/ra9t--virtues :i* ! old morality look$ d[n on ) b5evol5t contempt--assume a position ( ! fir/ importance4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! new morality ! ideal woman is no long] ! meek drudge condemn$ to endless & (t5 ineffectual *ild-be>+1 b ! free & in/ruct$ woman1 able to look be=e & aft]1 tra9$ 9 a s5se ( responsibility alike to h]self & to ! race1 & det]m9$ to h no *ildr5 b ! be/4 ,su* 7 ! two moralities :i* came into conflict dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!y 7 irreconcilable & ea* firmly root$1 "o 9 anci5t religion & tradition1 ! o!r 9 progressive sci5ce & reason4 ,no?+ 0 possible 9 su* a cla% ( oppos+ ideas b a feeble & confus$ compromise su* z we /ill f9d prevail+ 9 v>i\s c\ntries ( ,old ,europe4 ,x 0 n a satisfactory solution1 h[ev] inevitable1 & especially unsatisfactory by ! consequ5t obscurantism :i* plac$ difficulties 9 ! way ( spread+ a k ( ! me?ods ( bir? control among ! masses ( ! population4 ,= ! result has be5 t :ile ! m enlight5$ & educat$ h ex]cis$ a control ov] ! size ( _! families1 ! poor] & m ignorant--:o %\ld h be5 (f]$ e facility & enc\ragem5t to foll[ 9 ! same pa?--h be5 left1 ?r\gh a conspiracy ( secrecy1 to c>ry on helplessly ! bad cu/oms ( _! =efa!rs4 ,?is social neglect has _h ! result t ! sup]ior family /ocks h be5 hamp]$ by ! recklessness ( ! inf]ior /ocks4 ,we may see ^! two moralities 9 conflict to-day 9 ,am]ica4 ,up till rec5tly ,am]ica _h meekly accept$ at ,old ,europe's h&s ! traditional prescription ( our ,m$it]ranean book ( ,g5esis1 ) its fasc9at+ old-_w fragrance ( ,m\nt ,ar>at4 ,on ! surface1 ! anci5t morality _h be5 complac5tly1 almo/ unque/ionably1 accept$ 9 ,am]ica1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( p]mitt+ a va/ ext5sion ( abortion--a crim9al practice :i* ev] fl\ri%es :]e bir?-control is neglect$4 ,b to-day we sudd5ly see a new movem5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 a fla%1 ,am]ica has awak5$ to ! true significance ( ! issue4 ,) t direct vision ( h]s1 t swift practicality ( action1 &1 above all1 t s5se ( ! democratic nature ( all social progress1 we see h] resolutely beg9n+ to face ?is great problem4 ,9 h] own vigor\s native tongue we he> h] dem&+3 ,:at 9 ! ?und] is all ! secrecy ab\t1 anyh[8 ,& we _c d\bt t ,am]ica's own answ] to t dem& w be ( imm5se significance to ! :ole _w4 ,?us x is t z we get to ! root ( ! matt] ! :ole "q becomes cle>4 ,we see t !re is really no /&+ gr\nd 9 any c\ntry = ! panic-mong] :o bemoans ! fall ( ! bir?-rate & /orms aga9/ small families4 ,! fall+ bir?-rate is a _w-wide ph5om5on 9 all c\ntries t are /riv+ t[>d a high] civilisation along l9es :i* ,nature laid d[n f ! beg9n+4 ,we _c /op x if we w\ld1 & if we c\ld we %\ld m]ely be imp$+ civilisation4 ,x is a movem5t t rights itself & t5ds to rea* a j balance4 ,x has n yet rea*$ t balance ) u 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,t may be se5 by anyone :o has read ! lett]s f mo!rs lately publi%$ "u ! title ( ,mat]nity by ! ,wom5's ,co-op]ative ,guild2 !re is /ill f> m mis]y caus$ by hav+ too _m babies ?an by hav+ too few2 a bonus on babies w\ld be a mis=tune1 alike = ! p>5ts & ! ,/ate--:e!r be/[$ at bir? z propos$ 9 ,new ,zeal&1 or at ! age ( twelve mon?s z propos$ 9 ,france1 or f\rte5 ye>s z propos$ 9 ,engl&--unless x 7 conf9$ to *ildr5 :o 7 n m]ely alive at ! appo9t$ age1 b able to pass exam9ation z hav+ rea*$ a def9itely high /&>d4 ,! fall+ bir?-rate1 :i*1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is affect+ all civilis$ c\ntries1 %\ld be a matt] = joy r ?an = grief4 ,b we ne$ n !re=e fold our h&s & d no?+4 ,!re is /ill mu* to be effect$ = ! protection ( ,mo!rhood & ! bett] c>e ( *ildr54 ,we _c1 & %\ld n1 attempt to increase ! numb] ( *ildr54 ,b we may well attempt to "w = _! bett] quality4 ,!re we %all be on v safe gr\nd4 ,m k is necess>y s t all w\ld-be p>5ts may "k h[ !y may be/ become p>5ts & h[ !y may1 if necess>y1 be/ avoid x4 ,procreation by ! unfit %\ld be1 if n prohibit$ by law1 at all ev5ts s disc\rag$ by public op9ion t to attempt x w\ld be c\nt$ disgraceful4 ,mu* great] public provision is necess>y = ! c>e ( mo!rs dur+ ! mon?s be=e1 z well z dur+ ! p]iod aft]1 ! *ild's bir?4 ,! sy/em ( ,s*ools = ,mo!rs ne$s to be univ]salis$ & sy/ematically c>ri$ out4 ,along su* l9es z ^! we may hope to increase ! happ9ess ( ! p & ! /r5g? ( ! ,/ate4 ,we ne$ n worry ov] ! fall+ bir?-rate4 #a ,^? :o wi% to /udy ! late/ re/atem5ts ( op9ions 9 ,engl& may be recomm5d$ to read ! ,report ( ! ,commission ( ,inquiry into ,great ,brita9's fall+ bir?-rate1 appo9t$ 9 #aiac by ! ,national ,c\ncil ( ,public ,morals1 "u ! title ( ,! ,decl9+ ,bir?-rate3 ,its ,causes & ,effects1 #aiaf4 ,,xviii ,,bir? ,,control ,i4 ,,reproduction ,,& ,,! ,,bir?-,,rate ,! /udy ( ! que/ions relat+ to sex1 s actively c>ri$ on dur+ rec5t ye>s1 has become m & m conc5trat$ on to ! practical problems ( m>riage & ! family4 ,t 0 inevitable4 ,x is only reasonable t1 ) our gr[+ sci5tific k ( ! my/]ies ( sex1 we %\ld seek to apply t k to ^? que/ions ( life :i* we mu/ ev] reg>d z c5tral4 ,h[ c we add to ! /ability or to ! flexibility ( m>riage8 ,h[ c we mo/ judici\sly regulate ! size ( our families8 ,at ! outset1 h[ev]1 we _c too deeply impress ^u our m9ds ! fact t ^! que/ions are n new 9 ! _w4 ,if we try to f9d an answ] to !m by conf9+ our att5tion to ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by our own species1 at our own p>ticul> mom5t ( civilisation1 x is v likely inde$ t we may fall into crude1 sup]ficial1 ev5 mis*iev\s conclusions4 ,! fact is t ^! que/ions1 :i* are agitat+ u to-day1 h agitat$ ! _w ev] s9ce x has be5 a _w ( life at all4 ,! diff]5ce is t :]eas we seek to deal ) !m consci\sly1 volunt>ily1 & delib]ately1 ?r\gh\t by f> ! great] "p ( ! _w's life !y h be5 dealt ) unconsci\sly1 by me?ods ( trial & error1 ( p]petual exp]im5t1 :i* has (t5 prov$ co/ly1 b has all ! m cle>ly br\ght out ! real c\rse ( natural progress4 ,we _c solve problems s anci5t & deeply root$ z ^? ( sex by m]ely rational me?ods :i* are only ( ye/]day4 ,to be ( value our rational me?ods mu/ be ! revelation 9 delib]ate consci\sness ( unconsci\s me?ods :i* g f> back into ! remote pa/4 ,our consci\s1 delib]ate1 & purposive me?ods1 c>ri$ out on ! plane ( reason1 w n be s\nd unless !y are a cont9uation ( ^? me?ods :i* h already1 9 ! sl[ evolution ( life1 be5 f\nd s\nd & progressive on ! plane ( in/9ct4 ,?is mu/ be borne 9 m9d by ^? p--always to be f\nd among u1 ?\gh n always on ! side ( social advance--:o desire _! own l9e ( conduct 9 matt]s ( sex to be s closely 9 accord ) natural & ,div9e law t to "q x w\ld be impi\s4 ,a m$ical fri5d ( my own1 :5 once 9 ! d5ti/'s *air "u ! influ5ce ( nitr\s oxide anae/hesia 7a condition1 z ,william ,james %[$1 :i* frequ5tly leads u to believe we are solv+ ! problems ( ! univ]se71 imag9$ himself fac+ ! ,almighty & insi/5tly dem&+ ! real object ( ! exi/5ce ( ! _w4 ,& ! ,almighty's answ] came 9 "o ^w3 ,reproduction4 ,my fri5d is a man ( philosophic m9d1 & ! solution ( ! my/]y ( ! _w's purpose ?us pres5t$ to him 9 vision may p]haps s]ve z a simple & ultimate /atem5t ( ! object ( life4 ,f ! v outset ! great object ( ,nature to our human eyes seems to be prim>ily reproduction1 9 ! long run1 inde$1 an ef=t aft] economy ( me?od 9 ! atta9m5t ( an ev] great] p]fection1 b prim>ily reproduction4 ,?is t5d5cy to reproduction is inde$ s fundam5tal1 x is impress$ on vital organisation ) s great a viol5ce ( emphasis1 t we may reg>d ! c\rse ( evolution z mu* m an ef=t to sl[ d[n reproduction ?an to furni% x ) any new facilities4 ,we mu/ rememb] t reproduction appe>s 9 ! hi/ory ( life be=e sex appe>s4 ,! l[] =ms ( animal & plant life (t5 reproduce !mselves )\t ! aid ( sex1 & x has ev5 be5 argu$ t reproduction & sex are directly antagoni/ic1 t active propagation is always *eck$ :5 sexual diff]5tiation is e/abli%$4 ,! impression "o ga9s ( sexuality1 rem>ks ,pr(essor ,c\lt]1 =emo/ ( ,am]ican botani/s1 is t x repres5ts reproduction "u peculi> difficulties4#a ,bact]ia among primitive plants & protozoa among primitive animals are patt]ns ( rapid & prolific reproduction1 ?\gh sex beg9s to appe> 9 a rudim5t>y =m 9 v l[ly =ms ( life1 ev5 among ! protozoa1 & is at fir/ compatible ) a high degree ( reproduction4 ,a s+le infusorian becomes 9 a week ! ance/or ( millions1 t is to say1 ( f> m individuals ?an c\ld proce$ "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions f a pair ( elephants 9 five c5turies1 :ile ,huxley calculat$ t ! prog5y ( a s+le p>!nog5etic aphis1 "u fav\r+ circum/ances1 w\ld 9 a few mon?s outweigh ! :ole population ( ,*9a4#b ,t proviso--"u fav\r+ conditions--is ( great importance1 = x reveals ! weak po9t 9 ?is e>ly me?od ( ,nature's = conduct+ evolution by enorm\sly rapid multiplication4 ,creatures s easily produc$ c\ld be1 & 71 easily de/roy$2 no "t _h be5 sp5t on imp>t+ to !m ! qualities t w\ld enable !m to lead1 :at we %\ld call 9 our own case1 long & useful lives4 ,yet ! me?od ( rapid multiplication 0 n readily or spe$ily ab&on$ by ,nature4 ,/ill speak+ 9 our human way1 we may say t %e tri$ to give x e *ance4 ,among insects t h advanc$ s f> z ! :ite ants1 we f9d t ! que5 lays eggs at an enorm\s rate dur+ ! :ole ( h] active life1 accord+ to "s e/imates at ! rate ( #hj1jjj a day4 ,ev5 9 ! m primitive memb]s ( ! great v]tebrate gr\p1 to :i* we ourselves belong1 reproduction is sometimes /ill on almo/ z va/ a scale z among l[] organisms4 ,?us1 among h]r+s1 ne>ly #gj1jjj eggs h be5 f\nd 9 a s+le female2 b ! h]r+1 nev]!less1 does n t5d to increase 9 ! seas1 = x is ev]y:]e prey$ ^u by :ales & seals & %>ks & birds1 &1 n lea/1 by man4 ,?us e>ly we see ! connection betwe5 a high dea?-rate & a high bir?-rate4 ,! evid5ce aga9/ reckless reproduction at la/1 h[ev]1 prov$ ov]:elm+4 ,) :atev] hesitation1 ,nature f9ally decid$1 once & = all1 t x 0 bett]1 f e po9t ( view1 to produce a few sup]ior be+s ?an a va/ numb] ( inf]ior be+s4 ,= :ile ! prim>y end ( ,nature may be said to be reproduction1 !re is a second>y end ( sc>cely less equal urg5cy1 & t is evolution4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile ,nature seems to our human eyes to be seek+ aft] quantity1 %e is also seek+1 & ) ev] great] eag]ness1 aft] quality4 ,n[ ! me?od ( rapid & easy reproduction1 x _h become cle>1 n only fail$ ( its own end1 = ! inf]ior creatures ?us produc$ 7 unable to ma9ta9 _! position 9 life1 b x 0 di/9ctly unfav\rable to any advance 9 quality4 ,! me?od ( sexual reproduction1 :i* _h exi/$ 9 a g]m9al =m m or less f ! beg9n+1 ass]t$ itself ev] m emphatically1 & a me?od l t ( p>!nog5esis1 or reproduction by ! female unaid$ by ! male 7illu/rat$ by ! aphis71 :i* _h l+]$ on ev5 beside sexual reproduction1 absolutely di$ out 9 high] evolution4 ,n[ ! f]tilisation involv$ by ! exi/5ce ( two sexes is1 z ,weismann insi/$1 simply an arrangem5t :i* r5d]s possible ! int]m+l+ ( two diff]5t h]$it>y t5d5cies4 ,! object ( sex1 t is to say1 is by no means to aid reproduction1 b r to subord9ate & *eck reproduction 9 ord] to evolve high] & m complex be+s4 ,"h we come to ! great pr9ciple1 :i* ,h]b]t ,sp5c] develop$ at l5g? 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 t1 z he put x1 ,individuation & ,g5esis v>y inv]sely1 :5ce x foll[$ t advanc+ evolution mu/ be accompani$ by decl9+ f]tility4 ,individuation1 :i* means complexity ( /ructure1 has advanc$1 z ,g5esis1 ! unre/rict$ t5d5cy to m]e multiplication1 has rec$$4 ,?is involves a dim9i%$ numb] ( (fspr+1 b an increas$ am\nt ( "t & c>e 9 ! creation & bre$+ ( ea*2 x involves also t ! reproductive life ( ! organism is %ort5$ & m or less conf9$ to special p]iods2 x beg9s mu* lat]1 x usually ends e>li]1 & ev5 9 its p]iod ( activity x t5ds to fall into cycles4 ,nature1 we see1 :o1 at ! outset1 _h end[$ h] *ildr5 s lavi%ly ) ! aptitude = multiplication1 gr[n wis] n[1 exp5ds h] f]tile imag9ation 9 devis+ prev5tive *ecks on reproduction = h] *ildr5's use4 ,! result is t1 ?\gh reproduction is greatly slack5$1 evolution is greatly accel]at$4 ,! significance ( sex1 z ,c\lt] puts x1 lies 9 ! fact t x makes organic evolution m rapid & f> m v>i$4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to emphasise t a highly important1 &1 inde$1 ess5tial aspect ( ?is great] individuation is a high] survival value4 ,! m complex & bett] equipp$ creature c meet & subdue difficulties & dang]s to :i* ! m l[ly organis$ creature t came be=e--produc$ :olesale 9 a way :i* ,nature seems n[ to look back on z *eap & na/y--succumb$ helplessly )\t an ef=t4 ,! idea ( economy beg9s to ass]t itself 9 ! _w4 ,x became cle> 9 ! c\rse ( evolution t x is bett] to produce really good & highly effici5t organisms1 at :atev] co/1 ?an to be cont5t ) *eap production on a :olesale scale4 ,!y all[$ great] developm5tal progress to be made1 & !y la/$ bett]4 ,ev5 be=e man began x 0 prov$ 9 ! animal _w t ! dea?-rate falls z ! bir?-rate falls4 ,if we wi% to realise ! va/ progress 9 me?od :i* has be5 made1 ev5 )9 ! limits ( ! v]tebrates to :i* we ourselves belong1 we h b to comp>e ) ! l[ly h]r+1 already cit$1 ! highly evolv$ elephant4 ,! h]r+ multiplies ) enorm\s rapidity & on a va/ scale1 & x possesses a v small bra91 & is almo/ totally unequipp$ to grapple ) ! special difficulties ( its life1 to :i* x succumbs on a :olesale scale4 ,a s+le elephant is c>ri$ = ab\t two ye>s 9 8 "m's womb1 & is c>efully gu>d$ by h] = _m ye>s aft] bir?2 he possesses a l>ge bra92 8 muscul> sy/em is z rem>kable = its delicacy z = its p[] & is guid$ by ! mo/ s5sitive p]ceptions4 ,he is fully equipp$ = all ! dang]s ( 8 life1 save = ^? :i* h be5 introduc$ by ! subtle devilry ( mod]n man1 & ?\gh a s+le pair ( elephants produces s few (fspr+1 yet _! high co/ is ju/ifi$1 = ea* ( !m has a reasonable *ance ( surviv+ to old age4 ,! contra/ f ! po9t ( view ( reproduction ( ! h]r+ & ! elephant1 ! l[ v]tebrate & ! high v]tebrate1 well illu/rates ! t5d5cy ( evolution4 ,x cle>ly br+s be=e u ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,nature's e>li] & lat] me?ods1 ! ev] gr[+ pref]5ce = quality ( (fspr+ ov] quantity4 ,x has be5 necess>y to t\* on ! wid] aspects ( reproduction 9 ,nature1 ev5 :5 our ma9 conc]n is ) p>ticul> aspects ( reproduction 9 man1 = unless we und]/& ! progressive t5d5cy ( reproduction 9 ,nature1 we %all probably fail to und]/& x 9 man4 ,) ^! prelim9>y obs]vations1 we may n[ take up ! "q z x affects man4 ,x is n easy to asc]ta9 ! exact t5d5cies ( reproduction 9 our own hi/orical pa/ or among ! l[] races ( to-day4 ,on ! :ole1 x seems fairly cle> t1 "u ord9>y savage & b>b>\s conditions1 r m *ildr5 are produc$ & r m *ildr5 die ?an among ourselves2 !re is1 9 o!r words1 a high] bir?-rate & a high] infantile dea?-rate4#c ,a high bir?-rate ) a l[ dea?-rate seems to h be5 ev5 m exceptional ?an among ourselves1 = "u inela/ic social conditions ! community _c adju/ itself to ! rapid expansion t w\ld ?us be r5d]$ necess>y4 ,! community contracts1 z x 71 on ?is exp&+ portion & l>gely cru%es x out ( life by ! =ces ( neglect1 pov]ty1 & disease4#d ,! only "p ( ,europe 9 :i* we c to-day see h[ ?is works out on a l>ge scale is ,russia1 = "h we f9d 9 an exagg]at$ =m conditions1 :i* once t5d$ to rule all ov] ,europe1 side by side ) ! beg9n+s ( bett] ?+s1 ) sci5tific progress & /ati/ical obs]vation4 ,yet 9 ,russia1 up till rec5tly1 if n ev5 /ill1 !re has only be5 ab\t "o doctor to e twelve ?\s& inhabitants1 & ! wit*-doctor has fl\ri%$4 ,small-pox1 sc>let fev]1 diph!ria1 typhoid1 & syphilis also fl\ri%1 & n only fl\ri%1 b %[ an enorm\sly high] mortality ?an 9 o!r ,european c\ntries4 ,m significant /ill1 fam9e & typhus1 ! special disease ( fil? & ov]cr[d+ & mis]y--bo? ( !m bani%$1 save 9 ! mo/ abnormal times1 f ! re/ ( ,europe--h 9 mod]n times ravag$ ,russia on a va/ scale4 ,ignorance1 sup]/ition1 insanitation1 fil?1 bad food1 impure wat]1 lead to a va/ mortality among *ildr5 :i* has sometimes de/roy$ m ?an half ( !m be=e !y rea* ! age ( five2 s t1 enorm\sly high z ! ,russian bir?-rate is1 ! dea?-rate has sometimes exce$$ x4#e ,nor is x f\nd1 z "s w\ld-be sagaci\s p]sons confid5tly ass]t1 t ! high bir?-rate is ju/ifi$ by ! bett] quality ( ! survivors4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is a v l>ge proportion ( *ronic & incurable diseases among ! survivors2 bl9dness & o!r defects ab\nd2 & ?\gh !re are _m v l>ge & f9e p 9 ,russia1 ! av]age /ature ( ! ,russians is l[] ?an t ( mo/ ,european peoples4#f ,russia is 9 ! era ( exp&+ indu/rialism--a fateful p]iod = any p1 z we %all see directly--& ! results resemble ^? :i* foll[$1 & to "s ext5t exi/ /ill1 fur!r we/4 ,! work]s1 ^: h\rs (t5 ext5d$ to twelve or f\rte51 frequ5tly _h no homes b slept 9 ! factory itself1 9 ! mid/ ( ! ma*9]y1 or 9 a sort ( dormitory above x1 ) a m9imum ( space & fre% air1 m5 & wom5 promiscu\sly1 on wood5 %elves1 "o above ! o!r1 "u ! eye ( ,gov]nm5t inspectors ^: prote/s 7 p[]less to effect any *ange4 ,?is is1 always & ev]y:]e1 ev5 among s humane a p z ! ,russians1 ! natural & inevitable result ( a high bir?-rate 9 an era ( exp&+ indu/rialism4 ,"h is ! goal ( unre/rict$ reproduction1 ! same among m5 z among h]r+s4 ,?is is ! ideal ( ^? p]sons1 :e!r !y "k x or n1 :o 9 _! crim9al ra%ness w\ld d>e to arre/ t fall 9 ! bir?-rate :i* is n[ beg9n+ to spread its b5efic5t influ5ce 9 e civilis$ l&4 ,we h no means ( asc]ta9+ precisely ! bir?-rate 9 ,we/]n ,europe be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b ! e/imates ( ! population :i* h be5 made by ! help ( v>i\s data indicate t ! increase dur+ a c5tury 0 v mod]ate4 ,9 ,engl&1 = in/ance1 families sc>cely seem to h be5 v l>ge1 &1 ev5 ap>t f w>s1 _m plagues & pe/il5ces1 dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury m especially small-pox1 con/antly deva/at$ ! population1 s t1 ) ^! *ecks on ! results ( reproduction1 ! population 0 able to adju/ itself to its v gradual expansion4 ,! mortality fell heavily on "y *ildr51 z we obs]ve 9 old family records1 :]e we frequ5tly f9d two or ev5 ?ree *ildr5 ( ! same ,*ri/ian "n1 ! fir/ *ild hav+ di$ & its "n be5 giv5 to a successor4 ,dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 a new phase ( social life1 pr(\ndly affect+ ! reproductive habits ( ! community1 made its appe>ance 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 at fir/ 9 ,engl&4 ,?is 0 ! new indu/rial era1 due to ! introduction ( ma*9]y4 ,all ! social me?ods ( gradual ?\gh awkw>d adaptation to a sl[ expansion 7 dislocat$4 ,easy expansion ( population became a possibility1 = factories 7 con/antly spr++ up1 & h&s 7 always 9 dem&4 ,moreov]1 ^! h&s c\ld be *ildr5 = x 0 possible to t5d ma*9]y at a v e>ly age4 ,! ri*e/ family 0 ! family ) mo/ *ildr54 ,! population began to exp& rapidly4 ,x 0 an era ( prosp]ity4 ,b :5 x began to be realis$ :at ?is meant x 0 se5 t su* prosp]ity 0 f> f an enviable condition4 ,a community _c sudd5ly adju/ itself to a sudd5 expansion1 /ill less c x adju/ itself to a cont9u\s rapid expansion4 ,disease1 mis]y1 & pov]ty fl\ri%$ 9 ?is prosp]\s new indu/rial era4 ,fil? & insanitation1 immorality & crime1 7 fo/]$ by ov]cr[d+ 9 ill-built urban areas4 ,ignorance & /upidity ab\nd$1 = ! *ild1 plac$ 9 ! monoton\s r\t9e ( ! factory :5 little m ?an an infant1 0 depriv$ alike ( ! education ( ! s*ool & ( ! _w4 ,high] wages br\ght no high] ref9em5t & 7 squ&]$ on food & dr9k1 on ! l[e/ vulg> ta/es4 ,su* prosp]ity 0 m]ely a brutalis+ influ5ce2 x meant no?+ = ! gr[? ( civilisation & humanity4 ,!n a :olesome movem5t ( reaction set 94 ,! bett]m5t ( ! environm5t--t 0 ! great task t social pione]s & re=m]s saw be=e !m4 ,!y c\rage\sly set ab\t ! h]culean task ( cleans+ ?is ,augean /able ( ,prosp]ity4 ,! era ( sanitation began4 ,! endless & highly b5efic5t c\rse ( factory legislature 0 inaugurat$4#g ,t is ! era :i*1 9 e progressive c\ntry ( ! _w1 we are liv+ 9 /ill4 ,! f9al t5d5cy ( x1 h[ev]1 0 n =ese5 by its great pione]s1 or ev5 its humble day-lab\r]s ( ! pres5t "t4 ,= !y 7 n attack+ reproduction2 !y 7 fight+ aga9/ bad conditions1 & may ev5 h ?\ght t !y 7 enabl+ reproduction to exp& m freely4 ,!y _h n realis$ t to improve ! environm5t is to *eck reproduction1 be+ inde$ ! "o & only way 9 :i* undue reproduction c be *eck$4 ,t may be said to be an aspect ( ! opposition betwe5 ,g5esis & ,individuation1 on :i* ,h]b]t ,sp5c] insi/$1 = by improv+ ! environm5t we necess>ily improve ! individual :o is root$ 9 t environm5t4 ,x is n1 we mu/ rememb]1 a matt] ( consci\s & volunt>y action4 ,t is cle>ly manife/ by ! fact t x occurs ev5 among ! mo/ primitive micro-organisms2 :5 plac$ "u unfav\rable conditions z to food & environm5t !y t5d to pass into a reproductive phase & by sporulation or o!rwise beg9 to produce new individuals rapidly4 ,x is ! same 9 ,man4 ,improve ! environm5t & reproduction is *eck$4#h ,t is1 z ,pr(essor ,b5jam9 ,moore has said1 ! simple biological reply to good economic conditions4 ,x is only among ! poor1 ! ignorant1 & ! wret*$ t reproduction fl\ri%es4 ,! t5d5cy ( civilisation1 z ,l]oy-,beaulieu concludes1 is to r$uce ! bir?-rate4 ,^? :o desire a high bir?-rate are desir+1 :e!r !y "k x or n1 ! increase ( pov]ty1 ignorance1 & wret*$ness4 ,s f> we h be5 deal+ ) fundam5tal laws & t5d5cies1 :i* 7 e/abli%$ long be=e ,man appe>$ on ! e>?1 al?\gh ,man has (t5 illu/rat$1 & /ill illu/rates1 _! inevitable "*4 ,we h n be5 br\ght 9 contact ) ! influ5ce ( consci\s design & delib]ate int5tion4 ,at ?is po9t we rea* a totally new aspect ( reproduction4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,results ,,( ,,bir? ,,control ,9 trac+ ! c\rse ( reproduction we h s f> be5 conc]n$ ) :at are commonly consid]$ ! bl9d op]ations ( ,nature 9 ! abs5ce ( consci\s & delib]ate volition4 ,we h se5 t :ile at ! outset ,nature seems to h impress$ an imm5se reproductive impetus on h] creatures1 all h] en]gy s9ce has be5 direct$ to ! imposition ( prev5tive *ecks on t reproductive impetus4 ,! end atta9$ by ^! *ecks has be5 an extreme dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( (fspr+1 a prolongation ( ! "t devot$ to ! bre$+ & c>e ( ea* new memb] ( ! family1 9 h>mony ) its greatly prolong$ life1 a spac+ out ( ! int]vals betwe5 ! (fspr+1 &1 z a result1 a va/ly great] developm5t ( ea* individual & an ev] bett] equipm5t = ! task ( liv+4 ,all ?is 0 sl[ly atta9$ automatically1 )\t any consci\s volition on ! "p ( ! individuals1 ev5 :5 !y 7 human be+s1 :o 7 ! ag5ts4 ,n[ occurr$ a *ange :i* we may reg>d z1 9 "s respects1 ! mo/ mom5t\s sudd5 advance 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( reproduction3 ! process ( reproductive progress became consci\s & delib]ately volitional4 ,we (t5 fancy t :5 natural progress becomes manife/$ 9 ! m9d & w ( man x is someh[ unnatural4 ,x is "o ( ! wise/ ( ,%akespe>e's utt]ances 9 "o ( ! mo/ mature ( 8 plays t ,nature is made bett] by no mean ,b ,nature makes t mean 444 ,?is is an art ,:i* does m5d ,nature1 *ange x r1 b ,! art itself is ,nature4 ,bir? control1 :5 x ceases to be automatic & becomes consci\s1 is an art4 ,b x is an art direct$ precisely to ! atta9m5t ( ends :i* ,nature has be5 /ruggl+ aft] = millions ( ye>s1 &1 be+ consci\sly & delib]ately an art1 x is enabl$ to avoid _m ( ! pitfalls :i* ! unconsci\s me?od falls into4 ,x is an art1 b ,! art itself is ,nature4 ,x is always possible = ! n>r[-ey$ fanatic to object to ! employm5t ( bir? control1 precisely z he might object to ! use ( clo!s1 z unnatural4 ,b1 if we look m deeply into ! matt]1 we see t ev5 clo!s are n truly unnatural4 ,a va/ numb] ( creatures may be said to be born 9 clo!s1 clo!s s naturally su* t1 :5 /ripp$ f ! animals !y belong to1 we are pr\d to we> !m ourselves4 ,ev5 our own ance/ors 7 born 9 clo!s1 :i* !y lo/ by ! comb9$ or sep>ate action ( natural selection1 sexual selection1 & ! environm5t1 :i* action1 h[ev]1 has n suffic$ to aboli% ! desirability ( clo!s4#i ,s t ! impulse by :i* we make = ourselves clo!s is m]ely a consci\s & volitional =m ( an impulse :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( consci\sness & w1 _h act$ automatically4 ,x is j ! same ) ! control & limitation ( reproductive activity4 ,x is an attempt by op5-ey$ intellig5ce & =esight to atta9 ^? ends :i* ,nature ?r\gh untold g5]ations has be5 pa9fully yet tirelessly /ruggl+ =4 ,! delib]ate co-op]ation ( ,man 9 ! natural task ( bir?-control repres5ts an id5tification ( ! human w ) :at we may1 if we *oose1 reg>d z ! div9ely appo9t$ law ( ! _w4 ,we c well believe t ! great pione]s :o1 a c5tury ago1 act$ 9 ! _s ( ?is fai? may h e*o$ ! ?\ght ( ,kepl] :51 on discov]+ 8 great planet>y law1 he exclaim$ 9 rapture3 ,o ,god6 ,i ?9k ,?y ?\ghts aft] ,!e4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 x 0 9 no su* _s ( ec/asy t ! pione]s ( ! movem5t = bir? control act$4 ,! ,div9e comm& is less likely to be he>d 9 ! :irlw9d ?an 9 ! /ill small voice4 ,^! great pione]s 7 ?\ghtful1 cauti\s1 h>d-head$ m51 :o spoke sc>cely above a :isp]1 & 7 f> too mode/ to realise t a great =w>d movem5t 9 natural evolution _h 9 !m begun to be manife/$4 ,e>ly man c\ld n h tak5 ?is /ep because x is ev5 d\btful :e!r he knew t ! conjunction ( ! sexes _h any?+ to d ) ! production ( (fspr+1 :i* he 0 incl9$ to attribute to magical causes4 ,lat]1 al?\gh intellig5ce grew1 ! uncontroll$ rule ( ! sexual impulse obta9$ s firm a grip on m5 t !y laugh$ at ! idea t x 0 possible to ex]cise =e?\ght & prud5ce 9 ?is sph]e2 at ! same "t religion & sup]/ition came into action to pres]ve ! e/abli%$ tradition & to p]suade p t x w\ld be wick$ to d any?+ diff]5t f :at !y _h always done4 ,b a san] feel+ 0 awak5+ "h & !re1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,at la/1 "u ! /ress ( ! deva/ation & mis]y caus$ by ! reproductive relapse ( ! indu/rial era1 ?is feel+1 voic$ by a few di/+ui%$ m51 began to take %ape 9 action4 ,! pione]s 7 ,engli%4 ,among !m ,mal?us occupies ! fir/ place4 ,t di/+ui%$ man1 9 8 great & influ5tial "w1 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,population1 9 #agih1 emphasis$ ! imm5se importance ( =esight & self-control 9 procreation1 & ! pr(\nd significance ( bir? limitation = human welf>e4 ,mal?us reli$1 h[ev]1 on ascetic self-re/ra9t1 a me?od :i* c\ld only appeal to ! few2 he _h no?+ to say = ! prev5tion ( conception 9 int]c\rse4 ,t 0 sugge/$1 tw5ty ye>s lat]1 v cauti\sly by ,james ,mill1 ! fa!r ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 9 ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica4 ,f\r ye>s aft]w>ds1 ,mill's fri5d1 ! ,radical re=m]1 ,francis ,place1 advocat$ ?is me?od m cle>ly4 ,f9ally1 9 #ahca1 ,rob]t ,dale ,ow51 ! son ( ! great ,rob]t ,ow51 publi%$ 8 ,moral ,physiology1 9 :i* he set =? ! ways ( prev5t+ conception2 :ile a little lat] ! ,drysdale bro!rs1 ard5t & unwe>y+ philan?ropi/s1 devot$ _! en]gies to a propag&a :i* has be5 spread+ ev] s9ce & has n[ conqu]$ ! :ole civilis$ _w4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 9 ,engl& b 9 ,france1 s (t5 at ! head ( an advance 9 civilisation1 t bir? control fir/ became firmly e/abli%$1 & t ! extravagantly high bir?-rate ( e>li] times began to fall2 ?is happ5$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :e!r or n x 0 ma9ly due to volunt>y control4#aj ,9 ,engl& ! movem5t came lat]1 & ! /eady decl9e 9 ! ,engli% bir?-rate1 :i* is /ill proce$+1 began 9 #ahgg4 ,9 ! previ\s ye> !re _h be5 a fam\s prosecution ( ,bradlaugh & ,mrs4 ,besant = dissem9at+ pamphlets describ+ ! me?ods ( prev5t+ conception2 ! *>ge 0 describ$ by ! ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice1 :o tri$ ! case1 z "o ( ! mo/ ill-advis$ & injudici\s ev] made 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice4 ,b x s]v$ an undesign$ end by giv+ enorm\s publicity to ! subject & adv]tis+ ! me?ods x s\ght to suppress4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ev5 ap>t f ?is trial ! movem5t w\ld h proce$$ on ! same l9es4 ,! times 7 ripe1 ! great indu/rial expansion _h pass$ its fir/ fev]i% phase1 social conditions 7 improv+1 education 0 spread+4 ,! inevitable "* ( ! movem5t is indicat$ by ! fact t at ! v same "t x began to be manife/$ all ov] ,europe1 inde$ 9 e civilis$ c\ntry ( ! _w4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! bir?-rate 7z well z usually ! dea?-rate7 is fall+ 9 e c\ntry ( ! _w suffici5tly civilis$ to possess /ati/ics ( its own vital movem5t4 ,! fall v>ies 9 rapidity4 ,x has be5 consid]able 9 ! m progressive c\ntries2 x has l+]$ 9 ! m backw>d c\ntries4 ,if we exam9e ! late/ /ati/ics = ,europe 7usually ^? = #aiac7 we f9d t e c\ntry1 )\t exception1 ) a progressive & educat$ population1 & a fairly high /ate ( social well-be+1 pres5ts a bir?-rate bel[ #cj p] #a1jjj4 ,we also f9d t e c\ntry 9 ,europe 9 :i* ! mass ( ! p are primitive1 ignorant1 or 9 a socially unsatisfactory condition 7ev5 al?\gh ! gov]n+ classes may be progressive or ambiti\s7 %[s a bir?-rate above #cj p] #a1jjj4 ,france1 ,great ,brita91 ,belgium1 ,holl&1 ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries & ,switz]l& are 9 ! fir/ gr\p4 ,russia1 ,au/ro-,hung>y1 ,italy1 ,spa9 & ! ,balkan c\ntries are 9 ! second gr\p4 ,! ,g]man ,empire 0 =m]ly 9 ?is second gr\p b n[ comes )9 ! fir/ gr\p1 & has c>ri$ on ! movem5t s en]getically t ! bir?-rate ( ,b]l9 is already bel[ t ( ,london1 & t at ! pres5t rate ( decl9e ! bir?-rate ( ! ,g]man ,empire w be=e long s9k to t ( ,france4 ,outside ,europe1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates j z mu* z 9 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&1 ! same great progressive movem5t is proce$+ ) equal activity4 ,! wide survey ( ! "q ( bir? limitation "h tak5 may seem to "s read]s unnecess>y4 ,:y n get at once to matt]s ( practical detail8 ,b1 if we ?9k ( x1 our wide survey has be5 ( ! greate/ practical help to u4 ,x has1 = in/ance1 settl$ ! "q ( ! desirability ( ! adoption ( me?ods ( prev5t+ conception & f9ally sil5c$ ^? :o w\ld wa/e our "t ) _! fe>s le/ x is n "r to control conception4 ,we "k n[ on ^: side are ! laws ( ,god & ,nature4 ,we realise t 9 ex]cis+ control ov] ! entrance gate ( life we are n only p]=m+1 consci\sly & delib]ately1 a great human duty1 b c>ry+ on rationally a b5eficial process :i* has1 m bl9dly & wa/efully1 be5 c>ri$ on s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,!re are /ill a few p]sons ignorant en\gh or fooli% en\gh to fight aga9/ ! advance ( civilisation 9 ?is matt]2 we c well af=d to leave !m sev]ely alone1 kn[+ t 9 a few ye>s all ( !m w h pass$ away4 ,x is n our bus9ess to def5d ! control ( bir?1 b simply to discuss h[ we may mo/ wisely ex]cise t control4 ,_m ways ( prev5t+ conception h be5 devis$ s9ce ! me?od :i* is /ill ! commone/ 0 fir/ introduc$1 s f> z our c]ta9ly imp]fect k ext5ds1 by a clev] ,jew1 ,onan 7,g5esis1 ,*ap4 ,,xxxviii71 ^: "n has s9ce be5 wrongly atta*$ to ano!r practice ) :i* ! ,mosaic record 9 no way associates him4 ,!re are n[ _m contraceptive me?ods1 "s dep5d5t on precautions adopt$ by ! man1 o!rs dep5d5t on ! woman1 o!rs aga9 :i* take ! =m ( an op]ation p]man5tly prev5t+ conception1 &1 !re=e1 n to be adopt$ save by c\ples :o already h z _m *ildr5 z !y desire1 or else :o ought nev] to h *ildr5 at all & ?us wisely adopt a me?od ( /]ilisation4 ,x is unnecess>y "h1 ev5 if x 7 o!rwise desirable1 to discuss ^! v>i\s me?ods 9 detail4 ,x is ev5 useless to d s1 = we mu/ be> 9 m9d t no me?od c be absolutely approv$ or absolutely condemn$4 ,ea* may be suitable "u c]ta9 conditions & = c]ta9 c\ples1 & x is n easy to recomm5d any me?od indiscrim9ately4 ,we ne$ to "k ! intimate circum/ances ( individual cases4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 exp]i5ce is ! f9al te/4 ,=el comp>$ ! use ( contraceptive devices to ! use ( eyeglasses1 & x is obvi\s t1 )\t exp]t advice1 ! results 9 ei!r case may sometimes be mis*iev\s or at all ev5ts ineffective4 ,p]sonal advice & in/ruction are always desirable4 ,9 ,holl& nurses are m$ically tra9$ 9 a practical k ( contraceptive me?ods1 & are ?us enabl$ to enlight5 ! wom5 ( ! community4 ,?is is an admirable plan4 ,consid]+ t ! use ( contraceptive measures is n[ almo/ univ]sal1 x is a/oni%+ t !re are yet s _m s-call$ civilis$ c\ntries 9 :i* ?is me?od ( enlight5m5t is n ev]y:]e adopt$4 ,until x is adopt$1 & a necess>y k ( ! mo/ fundam5tal facts ( ! sexual life br\ght into e home1 ! physician mu/ be reg>d$ z ! prop] advis]4 ,x is true t until rec5tly he 0 g5]ally 9 ^! matt]s a bl9d lead] ( ! bl9d4 ,n[adays x is beg9n+ to be recognis$ t ! physician has no m s]i\s & responsible duty ?an t ( giv+ help 9 ! difficult pa? ( ! sexual life4 ,v frequ5tly1 inde$1 ev5 yet1 he has n ris5 to a s5se ( 8 responsibilities 9 ?is matt]4 ,x is z well to rememb]1 h[ev]1 t a physician :o is unable or unwill+ to give frank & s\nd advice 9 ?is mo/ important dep>tm5t ( life1 is unlikely to be reliable 9 any o!r dep>tm5t4 ,if he is n up to date "h he is probably n up to date any:]e4 ,:atev] ! me?od adopt$1 !re are c]ta9 conditions :i* x mu/ fulfil1 ev5 ap>t f its effectiv5ess z a contraceptive1 9 ord] to be satisfactory4 ,mo/ ( ^! conditions may be summ$ up 9 "o3 ! mo/ satisfactory me?od is t :i* lea/ int]f]es ) ! normal process ( ! act ( int]c\rse4 ,e sexual act is1 or %\ld be1 a m9iature c\rt%ip1 h[ev] long m>riage may h la/$4#aa ,no outside m5tal t5sion or n]v\s appreh5sion mu/ be all[$ to intrude4 ,any contraceptive proce$+ :i* ha/ily ent]s ! atmosph]e ( love imm$iately be=e or imm$iately aft] ! mom5t ( union is unsatisfactory & may be injuri\s4 ,x ev5 risks ! total loss ( ! contraceptive result1 = at su* mom5ts ! int5d$ me?od may be ineffectively c>ri$ out1 or neglect$ altoge!r4 ,no me?od c be reg>d$ z desirable :i* int]f]es ) ! s5se ( satisfaction & relief :i* %\ld foll[ ! supreme act ( lov+ union4 ,no me?od :i* produces a n]v\s j> 9 "o ( ! p>ties1 ev5 ?\gh x may be satisfactory to ! o!r1 %\ld be tol]at$4 ,su* consid]ations mu/ = "s c\ples rule out c]ta9 me?ods4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 lay d[n absolute rules1 because me?ods :i* "s c\ples may f9d satisfactory prove unsatisfactory 9 o!r cases4 ,exp]i5ce1 aid$ by exp]t advice1 is ! only f9al crit]ion4 ,:5 a contraceptive me?od is adopt$ "u satisfactory conditions1 ) a due reg>d to ! requirem5ts ( ! individual c\ple1 !re is little room to fe> t any injuri\s results w be occasion$4 ,x is q true t _m physicians speak emphatically conc]n+ ! injuri\s results to husb& or to wife ( contraceptive devices4 ,al?\gh !re has be5 exagg]ation1 & prejudice has (t5 be5 import$ into ?is "q1 & al?\gh mo/ ( ! injuri\s results c\ld h be5 avoid$ _h tra9$ m$ical help be5 at h& to advise bett] me?ods1 !re c be no d\bt t mu* t has be5 said "u ?is head is true4 ,consid]+ h[ widespread is ! use ( ^! me?ods1 & h[ ignorantly !y h (t5 be5 c>ri$ out1 x w\ld be surpris+ inde$ if x 7 n true4 ,b ev5 suppos+ t ! n]v\sly injuri\s effects :i* h be5 trac$ to contraceptive practices 7 a ?\s&fold great] ?an !y h be5 report$ to be--in/ead (1 z we are ju/ifi$ 9 believ+1 consid]ably less ?an !y are report$--%all we !re=e condemn contraceptive me?ods8 ,to d s w\ld be to ignore all ! va/ly great] evils :i* h foll[$ 9 ! pa/ f un*eck$ reproduction4 ,x w\ld be a condemnation :i*1 if we ex]cis$ x consi/5tly1 w\ld de/roy ! :ole ( civilisation & place u back 9 savag]y4 ,= :at device ( man1 s9ce man _h any hi/ory at all1 has n prov$ sometimes injuri\s8 ,e "o ( ev5 ! mo/ useful & b5efic5t ( human inv5tions has ei!r ex]cis$ subtle injuries or produc$ appall+ cata/rophes4 ,?is is n only true ( man's devices1 x is true ( ,nature's 9 g5]al4 ,let u take1 = in/ance1 ! elevation ( man's ance/ors f ! quadrup$al to ! bip$al position4 ,! exp]im5t ( mak+ a s]ies ( f\r-foot$ animals walk on _! h9d-legs 0 v revolution>y & risky2 x 0 f>1 f> m beset by dang]s ?an is ! introduction ( contraceptives2 we are /ill suff]+ all sorts ( s]i\s evils 9 consequ5ce ( ,nature's action 9 plac+ our remote ance/ors 9 ! erect position4 ,yet we feel t x 0 wor? :ile2 ev5 ^? physicians :o mo/ emphasise ! evil results ( ! erect position d n advise t we %\ld g on all-f\rs4 ,x is j ! same ) a great human device1 ! introduction ( clo!s4 ,!y h l$ to all sorts ( new susceptibilities to disease & ev5 t5d5cies to direct injury ( _m k9ds4 ,yet no "o advocates ! complete disuse ( all clo?+ on ! gr\nd t corsets h sometimes prov$ h>mful4 ,x w\ld be j z absurd to advocate ! complete ab&onm5t ( contraceptives on ! gr\nd t "s ( !m h sometimes be5 misus$4 ,if x 7 n1 inde$1 t we are famili> ) ! l5g?s to :i* ignorance & prejudice may g we %\ld "q ! sanity ( anyone :o put =w>d s fooli% a proposition4 ,e great /ep :i* ,nature & man h tak5 9 ! pa? ( progress has be5 beset by dang]s :i* are gladly risk$ because ( ! advantages involv$4 ,we h /ill to enum]ate "s ( ! imm5se advantages :i* ,man has ga9$ 9 acquir+ a consci\s & delib]ate control ( reproduction4 ,,iii4 ,,bir? ,,control ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,morality ,,& ,,eug5ics ,anyone :o has foll[$ ?is discussion s f> w n easily believe t a t5d5cy s deeply root$ 9 ,nature z ,bir? ,control c ev] be 9 opposition to ,morality4 ,x c only seem to be s :5 we confuse ! et]nal pr9ciples ( ,morality1 :atev] !y may be1 ) _! tempor>y applications1 :i* are always becom+ modifi$ 9 adaptation to *ang+ circum/ances4 ,we are (t5 9 dang] ( do+ inju/ice to ! morality ( ! pa/1 & x is important1 ev5 9 ord] to und]/& ! morality ( ! pres5t1 t we %\ld be able to put ourselves 9 ! place ( ^? = :om bir? control 0 immoral4 ,to speak ( bir? control z hav+ be5 immoral 9 ! pa/ is1 inde$1 to und]e/imate ! case2 x 0 n only immoral1 x 0 unnatural1 x 0 ev5 irreligi\s1 x 0 almo/ crim9al4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ?r\gh\t ! ,*ri/ian _w ! ,div9e ,comm&1 ,increase & ,multiply1 has seem$ to e*o d[n ! ages f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,x 0 ! au?oritative comm& ( a tribal ,god :o 01 accord+ to ! scriptural n>rative1 address+ a _w inhabit$ by eight p4 ,f su* a po9t ( view a _w's population ( sev]al ?\s& p]sons w\ld h seem$ inconceivably va/1 ?\gh to-day by ev5 ! mo/ au/]e advocate ( bir? limitation x w\ld be all[$ ) a smile4 ,b ! old religi\s comm& has become a tradition :i* has surviv$ amid conditions totally unlike ^? "u :i* x arose4 ,9 comp>atively mod]n times x has be5 re9=c$ f unexpect$ qu>t]s1 on ! "o h& by all ! =ces t are oppos$ to democracy & on ! o!r by all ! =ces ( w\ld-be patriotic milit>ism1 bo? alike clam\r+ = pl5tiful & *eap m54 ,ev5 sci5ce1 "u primitive conditions1 0 oppos$ to ,bir? ,control4 ,creation 0 reg>d$ z a direct process 9 :i* man's w _h no "p1 & k ( nature 0 /ill too imp]fect = ! recognition ( ! fact t ! :ole c\rse ( ! _w's natural hi/ory has be5 an erection ( b>ri]s aga9/ :olesale & indiscrim9ate reproduction4 ,?us x came ab\t t "u ! old disp5sation1 :i* is n[ = ev] pass+ away1 to h z _m *ildr5 z possible & to h !m z (t5 z possible--provid$ c]ta9 ritual prescriptions 7 fulfill$--seem$ to be a religi\s1 moral1 natural1 sci5tific1 & patriotic duty4 ,to-day ! conditions h altoge!r alt]$1 & ev5 our own feel+s h alt]$4 ,we no long] feel ) ! anci5t ,hebrew :o has bequea!d 8 ideals ?\gh n 8 practices to ,*ri/5dom1 t to h z _m wives & concub9es & z l>ge a family z possible is bo? natural & virtu\s1 z well z pr(itable4 ,we realise1 moreov]1 t ! ,div9e ,comm&s1 s f> z we recognise any su* comm&s1 are n ext]nal to u1 b are manife/$ 9 our own delib]ate reason & w4 ,we "k t to primitive m51 :o lack$ =esight & liv$ ma9ly 9 ! pres5t1 only t ,div9e ,comm& c\ld be recognisable :i* sanctifi$ ! impulse ( ! mom5t1 :ile to u1 :o live l>gely 9 ! future1 & h le>nt =esight1 ! ,div9e ,comm& involves re/ra9t on ! impulse ( ! mom5t4 ,we no long] believe t we are div9ely ord]$ to be reckless or t ,god comm&s u to h *ildr5 :o1 z we ourselves "k1 are fatally condemn$ to disease or premature dea?4 ,provid5ce1 :i* 0 once reg>d$ z ! attribute ( ,god1 we reg>d z ! attribute ( m52 provid5ce1 prud5ce1 self-re/ra9t--^! are to u ! *>act]i/ics ( moral m51 & ^? p]sons :o lack ^! *>act]i/ics are condemn$ by our social ord] to be reckon$ among ! dregs ( mank9d4 ,x is a social ord] :i* 9 ! sph]e ( procreation c\ld n be rea*$ or ma9ta9$ except by ! sy/ematic control ( (fspr+4 ,we may realise ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! morality ( to-day & ! morality ( ! pa/ :5 we come to details4 ,we may consid]1 = in/ance1 ! "q ( ! *a/ity ( wom54 ,accord+ to ! ideas ( ! old morality1 :i* plac$ ! :ole "q ( procreation "u ! au?ority 7aft] ,god7 ( m51 wom5 7 9 subjection to m51 & _h no "r to fre$om1 no "r to responsibility1 no "r to k1 =1 x 0 believ$1 if entru/$ ) any ( ^! !y w\ld abuse !m at once4 ,t view prevails ev5 to-day 9 "s civilis$ c\ntries1 & middle-class ,italian p>5ts1 = in/ance1 w n all[ _! daught] to be conduct$ by a man ev5 to ,mass1 = !y believe t z soon z %e is out ( _! sight %e w be un*a/e4 ,t is _! morality4 ,our morality to-day1 h[ev]1 is inspir$ by diff]5t ideas1 & aims at a diff]5t practice4 ,we are by no means dispos$ to rate highly ! morality ( a girl :o is only *a/e s long z %e is "u h] p>5ts' eyes2 = u1 inde$1 t is mu* m l immorality ?an morality4 ,we are to-day vigor\sly pursu+ a totally diff]5t l9e ( action4 ,we wi% wom5 to be reasonably free1 we wi% !m to be tra9$ 9 ! s5se ( responsibility = _! own actions1 we wi% !m to possess k1 m especially 9 t sph]e ( sex1 once !oretically clos$ to !m1 :i* we n[ recognise z peculi>ly _! own doma94 ,n[adays1 moreov]1 we are suffici5tly well acqua9t$ ) human nature to "k1 n only t at be/ ! *a/ity m]ely due to compulsion or to ignorance is a poor ?+1 b t at wor/ x is really ! mo/ degrad$ & injuri\s =m ( un*a/ity4 ,= !re are _m ways ( avoid+ pregnancy besides ! use ( contraceptives1 & su* ways c (t5 only be call$ vici\s1 de/ructive to purity1 & h>mful to heal?4 ,our ideal woman to-day is n %e :o is depriv$ ( fre$om & k 9 ! cloi/]1 ev5 ?\gh only ! cloi/] ( h] home1 b ! woman :o1 be+ in/ruct$ f e>ly life 9 ! facts ( sexual physiology & sexual hygi5e1 is also tra9$ 9 ! ex]cise ( fre$om & self-responsibility1 & able to be tru/$ to *oose & to foll[ ! pa? :i* seems to h] "r4 ,t is ! only k9d ( morality :i* seems to u real & wor? :ile4 ,&1 9 any case1 we h n[ gr[n wise en\gh to "k t no degree ( compulsion & no dep? ( ignorance w suffice to make a girl good if %e doesn't want to be good4 ,s t1 ev5 z a matt] ( policy1 x is bett] to put h] 9 a position to "k :at is good & to act 9 accordance ) t k4 ,! relation ( bir? control to morality is1 h[ev]1 by no means a "q :i* conc]ns wom5 alone4 ,x equally conc]ns m54 ,"h we h to recognise1 n only t ! ex]cise ( control ov] procreation enables a man to =m a union ( fai?ful devotion ) ! woman ( 8 *oice at an e>li] age ?an w\ld o!rwise be possible1 b x fur!r enables him1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( m>ri$ life1 to cont9ue su* relation%ip "u circum/ances :i* might o!rwise r5d] !m injuri\s or else undesirable to 8 wife4 ,t ! influ5ce ?us ex]t$ by prev5tive me?ods w\ld suffice to aboli% pro/itution x w\ld be fooli% to ma9ta91 = pro/itution has o!r gr\nds ( support4 ,b ev5 )9 ! sph]e ( m]ely pro/itutional relation%ips ! use ( contraceptives1 & ! precautions & cleanl9ess !y involve1 h an influ5ce ( _! own 9 dim9i%+ ! risks ( v5]eal disease1 & :ile ! int]e/s ( ^? :o engage 9 pro/itution are by "s p]sons reg>d$ z negligible1 we mu/ always rememb] t v5]eal disease spreads f> beyond ! patrons ( pro/itution & is a p]petual m5ace to o!rs :o may become altoge!r innoc5t victims4 ,s t any influ5ce :i* t5ds to dim9i% v5]eal disease increases ! well-be+ ( ! :ole community4 ,ap>t f ! relation%ip to morality1 al?\gh ! two are intimately comb9$1 we are ?us l$ to ! relation%ip ( bir? control to eug5ics1 or to ! s\nd bre$+ ( ! race4 ,"h we t\* ! highe/ gr\nd1 & are conc]n$ ) our be/ hopes = ! future ( ! _w4 ,= !re c be no d\bt t bir? control is n only a preci\s b an indisp5sable in/rum5t 9 m\ld+ ! com+ man to ! measure ( our develop+ ideals4 ,)\t x we are p[]less 9 ! face ( ! awful evils :i* fl[ f r&om & reckless reproduction4 ,) x we possess a p[] s great t "s p]sons h pr(ess$ to see 9 x a m5ace to ! propagation ( ! race1 amus+ !mselves ) ! idea t if p possess ! means to prev5t ! conception ( *ildr5 !y w nev] h *ildr5 at all4 ,x is n necess>y to discuss su* a grotesque notion s]i\sly4 ,! desire = *ildr5 is f> too deeply implant$ 9 mank9d & womank9d alike ev] to be root$ out4 ,if !re are to-day _m p>5ts ^: lives are r5d]$ wret*$ by l>ge families & ! mis]ies ( excessive *ild-be>+1 !re are an equal numb] ^: lives are wret*$ because !y h no *ildr5 at all1 & :o snat* eag]ly at any /raw :i* (f]s ! smalle/ promise ( relief to ?is crav+4 ,c]ta9ly !re are p :o desire m>riage1 b--"s = v s\nd & e/imable reasons & o!rs = reasons :i* may less well be> exam9ation--d n desire any *ildr5 at all4 ,s f> z ^! are conc]n$1 contraceptive me?ods1 f> f be+ a social evil1 are a social bless+4 ,= no?+ is s c]ta9 z t x is an unmix$ evil = a community to possess unwill+1 undesirable1 or incompet5t p>5ts4 ,bir? control w\ld be an unmix$ bless+ if x m]ely enabl$ u to exclude su* p]sons f ! ranks ( p>5?ood4 ,we desire no p>5ts :o are n bo? compet5t & will+ p>5ts4 ,only su* p>5ts are fit to fa!r & to "m a future race wor?y to rule ! _w4 ,x is sometimes said t ! control ( conception1 s9ce x is frequ5tly c>ri$ out imm$iately on m>riage1 w t5d to delay p>5?ood until an unduly late age4 ,bir? control has1 h[ev]1 no necess>y result ( ?is k9d1 & might ev5 act 9 ! rev]se direction4 ,a *ief cause ( delay 9 m>riage is ! prospect ( ! burd5 & exp5se ( an unre/rict$ fl[ ( *ildr5 into ! family1 & 9 ,great ,brita91 s9ce #aiaa1 ) ! ext5sion ( ! use ( contraceptives1 !re has be5 a slight b regul> increase n only 9 ! g5]al m>riage rate b 9 ! proportion ( e>ly m>riages1 al?\gh ! g5]al mean age at m>riage has increas$4 ,! ability to control ! numb] ( *ildr5 n only enables m>riage to take place at an e>ly age b also makes x possible = ! c\ple to h at lea/ "o *ild soon aft] m>riage4 ,! total numb] ( *ildr5 are ?us spac$ out1 in/ead ( foll[+ 9 rapid succession4 ,x is only ( rec5t ye>s t ! eug5ic importance ( a consid]able int]val betwe5 bir?s has be5 fully recognis$1 z reg>ds n only ! "m--?is has long be5 realis$--b also ! *ildr54 ,! v high mortality ( l>ge families has long be5 kn[n1 & _! association ) deg5]ate conditions & ) crim9ality4 ,! *ildr5 ( small families 9 ,toronto1 ,canada1 are tall] ?an ^? ( l>g] families1 z is also ! case 9 ,oakl&1 ,cali=nia1 :]e ! av]age size ( ! family is small] ?an 9 ,toronto4#ab ,( rec5t ye>s1 moreov]1 evid5ce has be5 obta9$ t families 9 :i* ! *ildr5 are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by int]vals ( m ?an two ye>s are bo? m5tally & physically sup]ior to ^? 9 :i* ! int]val is %ort]4 ,?us ,ew>t f\nd 9 a nor!rn ,engli% manufactur+ t[n t *ildr5 born at an int]val ( less ?an two ye>s aft] ! bir? ( ! previ\s *ild rema9 notably defective1 ev5 at ! age ( six1 bo? z reg>ds intellig5ce & physical developm5t4 ,:5 comp>$ ) *ildr5 born at a long] int]val & ) fir/-born *ildr51 !y are1 on ! av]age1 ?ree in*es %ort] & ?ree p\nds light] ?an fir/-born *ildr54#ac ,su* obs]vations ne$ to be repeat$ 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 b if confirm$ x is obvi\s t !y repres5t a fact ( ! mo/ vital significance4 ,?us :5 we calmly survey1 9 h[ev] summ>y a mann]1 ! great field ( life affect$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( volunt>y human control ov] ! production ( ! race1 we c see no cause = any?+ b hope4 ,x is satisfactory t x %\ld be s1 = !re c be no d\bt t we are "h fac+ a great & p]man5t fact 9 civilis$ life4 ,) e rise 9 civilisation1 inde$ ) all evolution>y progress :atev]1 !re is :at seems to be an automatic fall 9 ! bir?-rate4 ,t fall is always normally accompani$ by a fall 9 ! dea?-rate1 s t a l[ bir?-rate frequ5tly means a high rate ( natural increase1 s9ce mo/ ( ! *ildr5 born survive4#ad ,?us 9 ! civilis$ _w ( to-day1 not)/&+ ! l[ bir?-rate :i* prevails z comp>$ ) e>li] times1 ! rate ( increase 9 ! population is /ill1 z ,l]oy-,beaulieu po9ts out1 appall+1 ne>ly half a million a ye> 9 ,great ,brita91 ov] half a million 9 ,au/ro-,hung>y1 & ?ree-qu>t]s ( a million 9 ,g]many4 ,:5 we exam9e ?is excess ( bir?s 9 detail we f9d among !m a l>ge proportion ( undesir$ & undesirable *ildr54 ,!re are two oppos$ alt]native me?ods work+ to dim9i% ?is proportion3 ! me?od ( prev5t+ conception1 ) :i* we h "h be5 conc]n$1 & ! me?od ( prev5t+ live bir? by produc+ abortion4 ,!re c be no d\bt ab\t ! enorm\s ext5sion ( ?is latt] practice 9 all civilis$ c\ntries1 ev5 al?\gh "s ( ! e/imates ( its frequ5cy 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e x seems especially to fl\ri%1 may be extravagant4 ,! burd5 ( excessive *ildr5 on ! ov]work$ und]f$ mo!rs ( ! work+ classes becomes at la/ s intol]able t any?+ seems bett] ?an ano!r *ild4 ,i'd r swall[ ! druggi/'s %op & ! man 9 x ?an h ano!r kid1 z1 ,miss ,eld]ton reports1 a woman 9 ,york%ire said4#ae ,n[ !re has ( late ye>s aris5 a movem5t1 especially among ,g]man wom51 = br++ abortion into hon\r & repute1 s t x may be c>ri$ out op5ly & ) ! aid ( ! be/ physicians4 ,?is movem5t has be5 support$ by lawy]s & social re=m]s ( high position4 ,x may be admitt$ t wom5 h an ab/ract "r to abortion & t 9 exceptional cases t "r %\ld be ex]t$4 ,yet !re c be v little d\bt to mo/ p t abortion is a wa/eful1 injuri\s1 & almo/ degrad+ me?od ( deal+ ) ! bir?-rate1 a feeble apology = recklessness & improvid5ce4 ,a society 9 :i* abortion fl\ri%es _c be reg>d$ z a heal?y society4 ,!re=e1 a community :i* takes ^u itself to enc\rage abortion is incurr+ a heavy responsibility4 ,i am ref]r+ m especially to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ?is condition ( ?+s is mo/ m>k$4 ,=1 !re _c be any d\bt ab\t x1 j z all ^? :o "w = bir? control are dim9i%+ ! frequ5cy ( abortion1 s e attempt to disc\rage bir? control promotes abortion4 ,we h to approa* ?is problem calmly1 9 ! light ( ,nature & reason4 ,we h ea* ( u to decide on :i* side we %all range ourselves4 ,= x is a vital social problem conc]n+ :i* we _c af=d to be indiff]5t4 ,!re is "h no desire to exagg]ate ! importance ( bir? control4 ,x is n a royal road to ! mill5nium1 &1 z ,i h already po9t$ out1 l all o!r measures :i* ! c\rse ( progress =ces u to adopt1 x has its disadvantages4 ,yet at ! pres5t mom5t its real & vital significance is acutely br\ght home to u4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 discuss+ ^? great migrations due to ! unre/rict$ expansion ( b>b>\s races :i* h deva/at$ ,europe f ! dawn ( hi/ory1 rem>ks3 ,we deal lightly & coldly ) ! ab/ract facts1 b !y repres5t ! mo/ t]rible trag$ies ( all humanity--! wreck ( ! :ole sy/em ( civilisation1 protract$ />vation1 :olesale massacre4 ,c x be avoid$8 ,t is ! "q1 be=e all o!rs1 to ! /atesman :o looks beyond ! pres5t "t4#af ,s9ce ,petrie wrote1 only t5 ye>s ago1 we h _h occasion to realise t ! va/ expansions :i* he describ$ are n conf9$ to ! remote pa/1 b are at "w & produc+ ! same awful results1 ev5 at ! v pres5t h\r4 ,! great & only legitimate apology :i* has be5 put =w>d = ! aggressive attitude ( ,g]many 9 ! pres5t w> has be5 t x 0 ! inevitable expansive outcome ( ! abnormally high bir?-rate ( ,g]many 9 rec5t times2 z ,dr4 ,d]nburg1 n long ago1 put x3 ,! expansion ( ! ,g]man nation has be5 s extraord9>y dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s t ! conditions exi/+ be=e ! w> _h become insupportable4 ,9 o!r words1 !re 0 no outlet b a deva/at+ w>4 ,s we are call$ ^u to repeat1 ) fre% emphasis1 ,petrie's "q3 ,c x be avoid$8 ,all humanity1 all civilisation1 call ^u u to take up our /& on ?is vital "q ( bir? control4 ,9 s do+ we %all ea* ( u be contribut+1 h[ev] humbly1 to "o f>-(f div9e ev5t1 ,to :i* ! :ole creation moves4 #a ,j4,m4 ,c\lt]1 ,! ,evolution ( ,sex 9 ,plants1 #aiae2 ,ge(frey ,smi?1 ,! ,biology ( ,sex1 ,eug5ics ,review1 ,april1 #aiad4 #b ,see1 e4g41 ,g$des & ,?omson1 ,! ,evolution ( ,sex1 ,*4 ,,xx42 & ,t4,h4 ,morgan1 ,h]$ity & ,sex1 ,*4 ,i4 #c ,to quote "o ( ! mo/ c>eful inve/igators ( ?is po9t1 ,nor?cote ,?omas1 among ! ,edo-speak+ p ( ,nig]ia1 f\nd t ! av]age numb] ( liv+ *ildr5 p] husb& 0 #b4g2 includ+ all *ildr51 alive & dead1 ! av]age numb] 0 p] husb& #d4e1 & p] wife #b4g4 ,infant mortality is heavy 7,nor?cote ,?omas1 ,an?ropological ,report ( ,edo-speak+ ,p ( ,nig]ia1 #aiaj1 ,"p ,i41 pp4 #ae1 #fc74 #d ,! same end has be5 r m m]cifully a*iev$ 9 e>li] p]iods by infanticide 7see ,we/]m>ck1 ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas1 ,vol4 ,i41 ,*4 #ag74 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t infanticide 0 oppos$ to t5d]ness to *ildr54 ,?us ! ,au/ralian ,diey]ie1 :o practis$ infanticide1 7 k9d to *ildr51 & a "m f\nd beat+ h] *ild 0 h]self beat5 by h] husb&4 #e ,see ,havelock ,ellis1 ,! ,nationalisation ( ,heal?4 #f ,simil> results appe> to foll[ 9 ,*9a :]e also ! bir?-rate is v high & ! mortality v great4 ,x is /at$ t physical developm5t is mu* inf]ior & pa?ological defects m num]\s among ,*9ese z comp>$ ) ,am]ican /ud5ts4 7,new ,york ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,nov4 #ad?1 #aiad1 p4 #igh47 ,! bad conditions :i* produce dea? 9 ! weake/ produce det]ioration 9 ! survivors4 #g ,! law is ?us laid d[n by ,p4 ,l]oy-,beaulieu 7,la ,"q de la ,population1 #aiac1 p4 #bcc73 ,! fir/ degree ( prosp]ity 9 a rude population ) few ne$s develops prolificness2 a lat] degree ( prosp]ity1 accompani$ by all ! feel+s & ideas /imulat$ by ! developm5t ( education & a democratic environm5t1 leads to a gradual r$uction ( prolificness4 #h ,?is is too (t5 =gott54 ,bir? control is a natural process1 & ?\gh 9 civilis$ m51 end[$ ) high intellig5ce1 x necess>ily works 9 "s measure volunt>ily & delib]ately1 x is probable t x /ill also works1 z 9 ! evolution ( ! l[] animals1 to "s ext5t automatically4 ,sir ,%irley ,murphy 7,lancet1 ,aug4 #aj?1 #aiab71 :ile admitt+ t int5tional re/riction has be5 op]ative1 rem>ks3 ,x does n appe> to me t !re is any m reason = ignor+ ! likelihood t ,nature has be5 l>gely conc]n$ 9 ! r$uction ( bir?s ?an = ignor+ ! effects ( ,nature 9 r$uc+ ! dea?-rate4 ,! decl9e 9 bo? has po9ts ( resemblance4 ,bo? h be5 widely manife/ ov] ,europe1 bo? h 9 ! ma9 decl9$ 9 ! p]iod ( #ahga-ahhj1 & inde$ bo? appe> to be behav+ 9 l mann]4 #i ,i d n ov]look ! fact t ! artificial clo?+ ( primitive man is 9 its orig9 ma9ly ornam5t1 hav+ myself insi/$ on t fact 9 discuss+ ?is po9t 9 ,! ,evolution ( ,mode/y 7,/udies 9 ! ,psy*ology ( ,sex1 ,vol4 ,i474 ,x is to be rememb]$ t1 9 animals--& v conspicu\sly1 = in/ance1 9 birds--natural clo?+ is also l>gely ornam5t ( second>y sexual significance4 #aj ,at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury !re 7 9 ,france f\r *ildr5 on ! av]age to a family2 a movem5t ( rapid increase 9 ! population rea*$ its climax 9 #ahdf2 by #ahfj ! av]age numb] ( *ildr5 to a family _h sl[ly fall5 to b little ov] ?ree4 ,broca1 writ+ 9 #ahfg 7,sur la ,prt5due ,dgnresc5ce de la ,population ,francaise71 m5tion$ t ! sl[ fall 9 ! bir?-rate 0 only slightly due to prud5t calculation & ma9ly to m g5]al causes su* z delay 9 m>riage4 #aa ,havelock ,ellis1 ,/udies 9 ! ,psy*ology ( ,sex1 ,vol4 ,,vi41 ,sex 9 ,relation to ,society1 ,*4 ,,xi41 ,! ,art ( ,love4 #ab ,! exact results are pres5t$ by ,f4 ,boas 7ab/ract ( ,report on ,*anges 9 ,bodily ,=m ( ,desc5dants ( ,immigrants1 ,wa%+ton1 #aiaa1 p4 #eg71 :o concludes t ! physical developm5t ( *ildr51 z measur$ by /ature1 is ! bett] ! small] ! family4 #ac ,r4,j4 ,ew>t1 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,p>5tal ,age on ,(fspr+1 ,eug5ics ,review1 ,oct41 #aiaa4 #ad ,9 ,new ,zeal& ! bir?-rate is v l[2 b ! dea?-rate ( *ildr5 9 ! fir/ ye> is only #eh p] ?\s& z aga9/ #acj 9 ,engl&4 #ae ,e4,m4 ,eld]ton1 ,report on ! ,engli% ,bir?-rate1 ,"p ,i41 #aiad4 ,see also ! collection ( n>ratives ( _! exp]i5ces by work+-class mo!rs1 publi%$ "u ! title ( ,mat]nity 7,wom5's ,co-op]ative ,guild1 #aiae74 #af ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 #aijf1 p4 #bbj4