,v]4#jd4bi4ic99;,,end99 ,scann$ by ,*>les ,kell] ) ,omni,page ,pr(essional ,,ocr ,,note3 degrees ,a 7,absolute87 is ! same z ! curr5t degrees ,k 7,kelv974 ,,! ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly ,,volume ,,lxxxvi ,,july ,,to ,,septemb]1 #aiae ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,mon?ly ,,volume ,i ,,octob] ,,to ,,decemb]1 #aiae ,,edit$ ,,by ,j4 ,mc,k,e,e,n ,,cattell ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,mon?ly ------ ,,octob]1 #aiae ------------- ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,/>s ,,& ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,,ii ,,by ,,dr4 ,,william ,,wallace ,,campbell ,,director ,,( ,,! ,,lick ,,obs]vatory1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cali=nia ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,spectroscopy ,,?us f> our description ( ! /ell> univ]se has be5 conf9$ to its geometrical prop]ties4 ,a s]i\s /udy ( ! evolution ( ! />s mu/ seek to det]m9e1 fir/ ( all1 :at ! />s really are1 :at _! *emical con/itutions & physical conditions are2 & h[ !y are relat$ to ea* o!r z to _! physical prop]ties4 ,! application ( ! spectroscope has advanc$ our k ( ! subject by leaps & b\nds4 ,?is wond]ful in/rum5t1 assi/$ by ! photographic plate1 enables e visible cele/ial body to write its own record ( ! conditions exi/+ 9 itself1 )9 limits set pr9cipally by ! brightness ( ! body4 ,su* records physici/s h succe$$ to "s ext5t 9 duplicat+ 9 _! laboratories2 & ! kn[n conditions "u :i* ! laboratory exp]im5ts h be5 conduct$ are ! ,rosetta ,/ones :i* are enabl+ u to int]pret1 ) m or less success1 ! records writt5 by ! />s4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ord9>y image ( a />1 :e!r =m$ by ! eye alone1 or by ! a*romatic telescope & ! eye comb9$1 conta9s light ( an inf9ite v>iety ( colors correspond+1 speak+ accord+ to ! me*anical !ory ( light1 to waves ( en]gy ( an inf9ite v>iety ( l5g?s :i* h travel$ to u f ! />4 ,9 ! po9t image ( a />1 ^! radiations fall 9 a confus$ heap4 & ! obs]v] is unable to say t radiations correspond+ to any giv5 wave-l5g?s are pres5t or abs5t4 ,:5 ! />'s light has be5 pass$ ?r\gh ! prism1 or diffract$ f ! grat+ ( a spectroscope1 ^! rays are sep>at$ "o f ano!r & arrang$ side by side 9 p]fect ord]1 ready = ! obs]v] to survey !m & to det]m9e :i* ones are pres5t 9 sup]abundance & :i* o!r ones are lack+ :olly or 9 "p4 ,! foll[+ comp>ison is a fair "o3 ! ord9>y po9t image ( a /> is z if all ! books 9 ! univ]sity libr>y 7 ?r[n toge!r 9 a disord]ly b compact pile 9 ! c5t] ( ! read+ room3 we c\ld say little conc]n+ ! cont5ts & *>act]i/ics ( t libr>y2 :e!r x is /rong 9 c]ta9 fields ( human endeavor1 or weak 9 o!r fields4 ,! spectrum ( a /> is z ! same libr>y :5 ! books are arrang$ on ! %elves 9 complete p]fection & simplicity1 s t he :o looks may appraise its cont5ts at any or all po9ts4 ,let u consid] ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( spectroscopy4 #a4 ,:5 a solid body1 a liquid1 or a highly-cond5s$ gas is heat$ to inc&esc5ce1 its light :5 pass$ ?r\gh a spectroscope =ms a cont9u\s spectrum3 t is1 a b& ( light1 r$ at "o end & violet at ! o!r1 un9t]rupt$ by ei!r d>k or bright l9es4 #b4 ,! light f ! inc&esc5t gas or vapor ( a *emical elem5t1 pass$ ?r\gh a spectroscope1 =ms a bright-l9e spectrum2 t is1 "o consi/+ entirely ( isolat$ bright l9es1 di/ribut$ diff]5tly ?r\gh\t ! spectrum = ! diff]5t elem5ts1 or ( bright l9es sup]impos$ ^u a relatively fa9t cont9u\s spectrum4 #c4 ,if radiations f a cont9u\s-spectrum s\rce pass ?r\gh cool] gases or vapors be=e ent]+ ! spectroscope1 a d>k-l9e spectrum results3 t is1 ! positions :i* ! bright l9es 9 ! spectra ( ! vapors & gases w\ld h are occupi$ by d>k or absorption l9es4 ,^! are frequ5tly spok5 ( z ,fraunh(] l9es4 ,to illu/rate3 ! gases & vapors =m+ ! out] /rata ( ! ,sun's atmosph]e w\ld 9 !mselves produce bright-l9e spectra ( ! elem5ts involv$4 ,if ^! gases & vapors c\ld 9 effect be remov$1 )\t *ang+ und]ly+ conditions1 ! rema9+ cond5s$ body ( ! ,sun %\ld h a cont9u\s spectrum4 ,! cool] ov]ly+ gases & vapors absorb ^? radiations f ! deep] & hott] s\rces :i* ! gases & vapors w\ld !mselves emit1 & ?us =m ! d>k-l9e spectrum ( ! ,sun4 ,! /ret*es ( spectrum betwe5 ! d>k l9es are ( c\rse cont9u\s-spectrum radiations4 ,^! pr9ciples are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! ess5tial p>ts ( a spectroscope are ! slit--an op5+ p]haps #a_/ajj? ( an in* wide & #a_/aj? ( an in* long--to admit ! light prop]ly2 a l5s to r5d] ! light rays p>allel be=e !y fall ^u ! prism or grat+2 a prism or grat+2 a l5s to receive ! rays aft] !y h be5 disp]s$ by ! prism or grat+ & to =m an image ( ! spectrum a %ort di/ance 9 front ( ! eye1 :]e ! eye w see ! spectrum or a s5sitive dry-plate w photograph x4 ,if we place an alcohol lamp imm$iately 9 front ( ! slit & spr9kle "s common salt 9 ! flame ! two orange bright l9es ( sodium w be se5 9 ! eyepiece1 close toge!r1 z 9 ! upp] ( ! two spectra 9 ! illu/ration4 ,if we spr9kle ?allium salt 9 ! flame ! gre5 l9e ( t elem5t w be visible 9 ! spectrum4 ,if we take ! lamp away & place a lime light or a piece ( :ite-hot iron 9 front ( ! slit we %all get a brilliant cont9u\s spectrum n cross$ by any l9es1 ei!r bright or d>k4 ,ins]t n[ ! alcohol-sodium-?allium lamp betwe5 ! lime light & ! slit1 & ! obs]v] w see ! two sodium l9es & "o ?allium l9e 9 ! same places z be=e1 b z d>k l9es on a backgr\nd ( bright cont9u\s spectrum1 z3 illu/rat$ 9 ! l[] ( ! two spectra4 ,let u ins]t a scre5 betwe5 ! lamp & ! lime light s z to cut out ! latt]1 & we %all see ! bright l9es ( sodium & ?allium reappe> z 9 ! upp] ( ! two spectra4 ,^! simple facts illu/rate ,kir*h(f's immortal discov]y ( c]ta9 fundam5tal pr9ciples ( spectroscopy1 9 #ahei4 ,! gases & vapors 9 ! lamp flame are at a l[] temp]ature ?an ! lime s\rce4 ,! cool] vapors ( sodium & ?allium h ! p[] ( absorb+ exactly ^? rays f ! hott] lime or o!r simil> s\rce :i* ! vapors by !mselves w\ld emit to =m bright l9es4 ,:5 we apply ! spectroscope to cele/ial objects we f9d app>5tly an endless v>iety ( spectra4 ,we %all illu/rate "s ( ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ^! spectra z 9 ,figs4 #ac to #ah1 inclusive1 & ,figs4 #ba1 #bb1 #bc & #bd4 ,! spectra ( "s nebulae consi/ almo/ exclusively ( isolat$ bright l9es1 indicat+ t ^! bodies consi/ ( lum9\s gases1 z ,hugg9s det]m9$ 9 #ahfd2 b a v fa9t cont9u\s b& ( light frequ5tly =ms a backgr\nd = ! brilliant bright l9es4 ,_m ( ! nebul> l9es are due to hydrog51 o!rs are due to helium2 b ! majority1 includ+ ! two on ! extreme "r 9 ,fig4 #ac1 :i* we attribute to ! hypo!tical elem5t nebulium1 & ! close pair on ! extreme left1 h n be5 mat*$ 9 our laboratories &1 !re=e1 are ( unkn[n orig94 ,mo/ ( ! irregul> nebulae ^: spectra h be5 obs]v$1 ! r+ nebulae1 ! planet>y & /ell> nebulae1 h v simil> spectra1 ?\gh ) _m diff]5ces 9 ! details4#a #a ,my colleague1 ,wright1 :o has be5 mak+ a /udy ( ! nebul> spectra1 has det]m9$ ! accurate positions ( ab\t #fg bright nebul> l9es4 ,! great spiral nebula 9 ,&rom$a has a cont9u\s spectrum cross$ by a multitude ( absorption l9es4 ,! spectrum is a v close approa* to ! spectrum ( our ,sun4 ,x is cle> t ?is spiral nebula is widely diff]5t f ! bright-l9e or gase\s nebulae 9 physical condition4 ,! spiral may be a great clu/] ( />s :i* are approximate duplicates ( our ,sun1 or !re is a *ance t x consi/s1 z ,sliph] has sugge/$1 ( a great c5tral sun1 or gr\p ( suns1 & ( a multitude ( small bodies or p>ticles1 su* z meteoric matt]1 revolv+ ar\nd ! nucleus2 ?is f9ely divid$ matt] be+ visible by reflect$ light :i* orig9ates 9 ! c5t] ( ! sy/em4 ,!re is an occasional />1 l *i ,c>9ae1 ^: spectrum consi/s almo/ :olly ( bright l9es1 9 g5]al be>+ no app>5t relation%ip to ! bright l9es 9 ! spectra ( ! gase\s nebulae except t ! hydrog5 l9es are !re1 z !y are almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,!re is reason to believe t su* a spectrum indicates ! exi/5ce ( a v ext5sive & v hot atmosph]e surr\nd+ ! ma9 body1 or core1 ( ! /> 9 "q4 ,?is p>ticul> /> is rem>kable 9 t x has und]gone great *anges 9 brilliancy & is locat$ ^u a backgr\nd ( nebulosity4 ,! *ances are /rong t ! /> has ru%$ ?r\gh ! nebulosity ) high rate ( spe$ & t ! result+ bomb>dm5t ( ! /> has exp&$ & int5sely heat$ its atmosph]e4 ,!re are ! ,wolf-,rayet />s1 nam$ f ! ,fr5* a/ronom]s :o discov]$ ! fir/ ?ree ( ?is class1 ^: spectra %[ a great v>iety ( comb9ations ( cont9u\s spectrum & bright b&s4 ,we believe t ! cont9u\s spectrum 9 su* a /> comes f ! m cond5s$ c5tral "p1 or core1 & t ! bright-l9e light proce$s f a hot atmosph]e ext5d+ f> out f ! core4 ,! great majority ( ! />s h spectra :i* are cont9u\s1 except = ! pres5ce ( d>k or absorption l9es3 a few l9es 9 ! v blue />s1 & an increas+ numb] ( l9es z we pass f ! blue ?r\gh ! yell[ & r$ />s to ^? :i* are extremely r$4 ,sec*i 9 ! late #fj's classifi$ ! spectra ( ! bright] />s1 accord+ to ! absorption l9es 9 _! spectra1 into ,types ,i1 ,,ii ,,iii & ,,iv1 :i* correspond3 ,type ,i1 to ! v blue />s1 su* z ,spica & ,sirius2 ,type ,,ii1 to ! yell[ />s simil> to our ,sun2 ,type ,,iii1 to ! r$ />s su* z ,aldeb>an2 & ,type ,,iv1 to ! extremely r$ />s1 ( :i* ! brighte/ repres5tatives are ne> ! limit ( nak$-eye vision4 ,sec*i knew little or no?+ conc]n+ />s ^: spectra conta9 bright l9es1 except z to ! isolat$ bright-l9e spectra ( a few nebulae1 & z to ! bright hydrog5 l9es 9 gamma ,cassiopeia1 & 8 sy/em did n include ^!4 ,"o ( ! mo/ compreh5sive inve/igations ev] und]tak5 by a s+le in/itution 0 t ( classify+ ! />s z to _! spectra1 ov] ! entire sky1 sub/antially d[n to & includ+ ! />s ( eigh? magnitude1 by ! ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory1 z a memorial to ! lam5t$ ,h5ry ,drap]4 ,pr(essor ,pick]+ & 8 associates h =mulat$ a classification sy/em :i* is n[ 9 univ]sal use4 ,x />ts ) ! bright-l9e nebulae1 passes to ! bright-l9e />s1 & !n to ! />s 9 :i* ! helium absorption l9es are prom95t4 ,! latt] are call$ ! helium />s1 or te*nically ! ,class ,b />s4 ,! next ma9 division includes ! />s 9 :i* hydrog5 absorption is prom95t1 call$ ,class ,a4 ,classes ,b & ,a are blue />s4 ,!n foll[s 9 succession ,class ,f1 compos$ ( blui%-yell[ />s1 :i* is 9 a s5se a transition class betwe5 ! hydrog5 />s & ^? resembl+ our ,sun1 ! latt] call$ ,class ,g4 ,! ,class ,g />s are yell[4 ,class ,k />s are ! yell[i%-r$2 ,class ,m1 ! r$2 & ,class ,n1 ! extremely r$4 ,ea* ( ^! classes has sev]al subdivisions :i* make ! transition f "o ma9 class to ! next ma9 class fairly gradual1 & n p] saltum2 ?\gh x %\ld be said t ! relation%ip ( ,class ,n to ,class ,m spectra is n cle>4 ,! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #ag1 br+s out ! pr9cipal features ( ! spectra ( ,classes ,b to ,m4 ,! spectrum becomes m complicat$ z we pass f ,class ,b to ! ,class ,m1 & ! color *anges f blue to extreme r$1 because ! violet & blue radiations become rapidly weak] z we pass ?r\gh ! v>i\s classes4 ,,g5]al ,,c\rse ,,( ,,evolution>y ,,process ,! g5]al c\rse ( ! evolution>y processes z appli$ to ! pr9cipal classes ( cele/ial bodies is ?\ght to be fairly well kn[n4 ,) v few exceptions a/ronom]s are agre$ z to ! ma9 tr5d ( ?is ord]1 b ?is mu/ n be int]pret$ to mean t !re are no out/&+ diff]5ces ( op9ion4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 "s items ( k :i* seem to run c\nt] to e ord] ( evolution t has be5 propos$4 ,! l>ge irregul> nebulae1 su* z ! great nebula 9 ,orion1 ! ,trifid nebula1 & ! backgr\nd ( nebulosity :i* embraces a l>ge "p ( ! con/ellation ( ,orion1 are ?\ght to repres5t ! e>lie/ =m ( inorganic life kn[n to u4 ,! mat]ial appe>s to be 9 a *aotic /ate4 ,!re is no sugge/ion ( ord] or sy/em4 ,! spectroscope %[s t 9 _m cases ! sub/ance consi/s ( gl[+ gases or vapors2 b :e!r !y are gl[+ f ! inc&esc5ce result+ f high temp]ature1 or electrical condition1 or o!rwise1 is unkn[n1 ?\gh heat orig9 ( _! light is ! simple/ hypo!sis n[ available4 ,:e!r su* nebulae are orig9ally hot or cold1 we mu/ believe t !y are end[$ ) gravitational p[]1 & t _! molecules or p>ticles are1 or w ultimately be1 9 motion4 ,x w happ5 t !re are regions ( great] d5sity1 or nuclei1 "h & !re ?r\gh\t ! /ructure :i* w act z c5t]s ( cond5sation1 draw+ surr\nd+ mat]ials into comb9ation ) !m4 ,! processes ( gr[? f nuclei orig9ally small to volumes & masses ultimately /up5d\s mu/ be sl[ at fir/1 relatively m rapid aft] ! masses h gr[n to mod]ate dim5sions & ! supplies ( outly+ mat]ials are /ill pl5tiful1 & aga9 sl[ aft] ! supplies %all h be5 l>gely exhau/$4 ,by virtue ( motions prevail+ )9 ! orig9al nebul> /ructure1 or because ( inru%+ mat]ials :i* /rike ! c5tral masses1 n c5trally b obliquely1 l[ rotations ( ! cond5s$ nebul\s masses w occur4 ,/up5d\s quantities ( heat w be g5]at$ 9 ! build+-up process4 ,?is heat w radiate rapidly into space because ! gase\s masses are highly r>efi$ & _! radiat+ surfaces are l>ge 9 proportion to ! masses4 ,) loss ( heat ! nebul\s masses w contract 9 volume & gradually assume =ms m & m sph]ical4 ,:5 ! =ms become approximately sph]ical1 ! fir/ /age ( /ell> life may be said to h be5 rea*$4 ,x 0 ,h]s*el's belief t by processes ( cond5sation1 foll[+ ! loss ( heat by radiation into surr\nd+ space1 =mless nebulae gravitat$ into nebula ( small] & small] volumes until f9ally ! planet>y =m 0 rea*$1 & t planet>ies 7 ! ance/ors ( />s 9 g5]al4 ,t ! planet>ies d develop into />s1 we h e reason to believe2 b t all nebulae1 or relatively _m nebulae1 pass ?r\gh ! planet>y /age1 or t _m ( our />s h develop$ f planet>ies1 we %all lat] f9d good reason = d\bt+4 ,! probabilities are imm5sely /rong] t ! />s 9 g5]al h be5 =m$ directly f ! irregul> nebulae1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! planet>ies4 ,! planet>y nebula seem to be exceptional cases1 b to ?is po9t we %all return lat]4 ,x is q possible1 & ev5 probable1 t gase\s masses h n 9 all cases pass$ directly to ! /ell> /ate4 ,! mat]ials 9 a gase\s nebula may be s highly att5uat$1 or be di/ribut$ s irregul>ly ?r\gh\t a va/ volume ( space1 t !y w cond5se into solids1 small meteoric p>ticles = example1 be=e !y comb9e to =m />s4 ,su* masses or cl\ds ( non-%9+ or invisible matt] are ?\ght to exi/ 9 consid]able pr(usion )9 ! /ell> sy/em4 ,! nebulosity connect$ m or less closely ) ! bright] ,pleiades />s may be a case 9 illu/ration4 ,sliph] has rec5tly f\nd t ! spectra ( two small regions obs]v$ 9 ?is nebula are cont9u\s1 ) absorption l9es ( hydrog5 & helium4 ,?is spectrum is app>5tly ! same z t ( ! bright ,pleiades />s4 ,sliph]'s int]pretation is t ! nebula is n %9+ by its own light1 b is reflect+ to u ! light ( ! ,pleiades />s4 ,t ?is mat]ial w ev5tually be drawn into ! />s already exi/+ 9 ! neighborhood1 or be cond5s$ into new c5t]s & =m o!r />s1 we c sc>cely d\bt4 ,! cond5sation ( su* mat]ials to =m />s l>ge en\gh to be se5 f ! great di/ance ( ! ,pleiades clu/] mu/ g5]ate heat 9 ! process1 & cause ^! />s 9 _! e>lie/ y\? to be sub/antially z hot z o!r />s =m$ directly f gase\s mat]ials4 ,x is possible1 also1 t ! spiral nebulae w develop into />s1 p]haps ea* su* object into _m1 or "s ( ! l>g] ones into multitudes1 ( />s4 ,let u attempt to visualize ! conditions :i* we ?9k exi/ 9 a newly-=m$ /> ( av]age mass4 ,x %\ld be ess5tially sph]ical1 ) surface fairly %>ply def9$4 ,our ,sun has av]age specific gravity ( #a4d1 z comp>$ ) t ( wat]4 ,! av]age d5sity ( ! v "y /> mu/ c]ta9ly be va/ly l[]2 p]haps no great] ?an ! d5sity ( our atmosph]e at ! ,e>?'s surface2 x may ev5 be consid]ably l[] ?an ?is e/imate4 ,! diamet] ( our ,sun is #a1djj1jjj kilomet]s4 ,! diamet] ( ! av]age "y /> may be t5 or tw5ty or =ty times z great4 ,! c5tral volume or core ( ! /> is und\bt$ly a great deal d5s] ?an ! surface /rata1 on acc\nt ( pressure due to ! />'s own gravitational =ces4 ,! conditions 9 ! out] /rata %\ld be> "s resemblance to ^? exi/+ 9 ! gase\s nebula4 ,! /> may or may n h a corona closely or remotely simil> to our ,sun's corona4 ,! deep int]ior ( ! /> mu/ be v hot1 ?\gh n ne>ly s hot z ! int]iors ( old] />s2 b ! surface /rata ( ! "y /> %\ld be rem>kably hot2 =1 be+ compos$ ( highly att5uat$ gases1 any l[]+ ( ! temp]ature by radiation into surr\nd+ space w be comp5sat$ promptly ?r\gh ! m$ium ( highly-heat$ convection curr5ts :i* c travel m rapidly f ! int]ior to ! surface ?an 9 ! case ( />s 9 middle or old age4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! />1 z obs]v$ 9 our mo/ p[]ful telescopes1 is a po9t ( light1 )\t app>5t diamet]1 its out] /rata %\ld supply "s bright l9es 9 ! spectrum1 because ^! /rata project out beyond :at we may call ! core ( ! /> & !mselves act z s\rces ( light4 ,! spectrum %\ld1 !re=e1 consi/ ( "s ( ! bright l9es :i* 7 obs]v$ 9 ! nebul> spectrum1 ^! proce$+ f ! out] /rata ( ! />2 & ( a cont9u\s spectrum made up ( radiations proce$+ f ! deep] /rata or core ( ! />1 9 :i* a few d>k l9es may be introduc$ by ! absorption f ^? p>ts ( ! out] gase\s /rata :i* lie betwe5 u & ! core4 ,a few hundr$ /ell> spectra resembl+ ?is description are well kn[n1 discov]$ mo/ly at ! ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory4 ,_! details diff] greatly1 b !y h c]ta9 features 9 common4 ,! bright l9es ( helium are extremely r>e 9 />s1 b !y h be5 obs]v$ 9 a few /ell> spectra4 ,! bright l9es ( nebulium h nev] be5 obs]v$ 9 a true />3 !y & ! radiations 9 ! ultra-violet kn[n z at #cgbf;,a1 seem to be conf9$ to ! nebul> /ate2 & ! absorption l9es ( nebulium h nev] be5 obs]v$ 9 any spectrum4 ,z soon z ! /ell> /ate is rea*$ nebulium is no long] 9 evid5ce4 ,/ell> spectra conta9+ bright l9es seem always to include hydrog5 bright l9es4 ,?is is z we %\ld expect2 hydrog5 is ! lighte/ kn[n gas1 & x is probably ! sub/ance :i* c be/ exi/ 9 ! out] /rata ( />s 9 g5]al4 ,! ext5sive out] /rata ( v "y />s seem to be compos$ l>gely ( hydrog51 ?\gh o!r elem5ts are 9 "s cases pres5t1 z indicat$ by ! weak] bright l9es 9 a few cases4 ,?is pref]5ce ( hydrog5 = ! out]mo/ /rata is illu/rat$ by sev]al v int]e/+ obs]vations ( ! nebulae4 ,! nebulium l9es are relatively /rong 9 ! c5tral d5s] p>ts ( ! ,orion & ,trifid nebulae1 b ! hydrog5 bright-l9es are relatively v /rong 9 ! fa9t outly+ p>ts ( ^! nebulae4 ,! planet>y nebula ,b4,d4--#ab degrees4#aagb is se5 9 ! ord9>y telescope to consi/ ( a circul> disc 7probably a sph]e or sph]oid7 ( light & a fa9t /> 9 its c5t]4 ,:5 ?is nebula is obs]v$ ) a slitless spectrograph ! hydrog5 & nebulium compon5ts are se5 z circul> discs1 b ! hydrog5 discs are l>g] ?an ! nebulium discs4 ,9 o!r words1 ! hydrog5 =ms an atmosph]e ab\t ! c5tral /> :i* ext5ds out into space 9 all directions a great deal f>!r ?an ! nebulium discs ext5d4 ,! ,wolf-,rayet />-planet>y nebula ,d4 ,m4 #cj degrees4#cfci looks hazy 9 a p[]ful telescope1 & :5 exam9$ 9 a spectroscope ! haz9ess is se5 to be due to a %>ply def9$ globe ( hydrog5 #e seconds ( arc 9 diamet] surr\nd+ ! /> 9 its c5t]4 ,wolf & ,burns h %[n t 9 ! ,r+ ,nebula 9 ,lyra ! #cgbf;,a & ! hydrog5 images are l>g] z to out] diamet] ?an ! nebulium images1 b t ! latt] are ! m cond5s$ on ! inn] edge ( ! r+4 ,wright has 9 ! pres5t ye> exam9$ ^! & o!r nebulae ) special ref]5ce to ! di/ribution ( ! pr9cipal +r$i5ts4 ,he f9ds 9 g5]al t ! radiations at #dcfc;,a & #dfhf;,a1 ( unkn[n or possibly helium orig91 are mo/ closely compress$ ar\nd ! c5tral nuclei ( nebulae2 t ! matt] def9itely kn[n to be helium is m ext5d$ 9 size2 t ! nebulium /ructure is /ill l>g]2 & t ! hydrog5 uni=mly ext5ds out f>!r ?an ! nebulium2 & t ! ultra violet radiation at #cgbf;,a seems to proce$ f ! l>ge/ volume ( all4 ,! #cggbf;,a l9e1 l ! nebulium l9e1 is unkn[n 9 /ell> spectra2 x seems also to be conf9$ to true nebulosity4 ,neglect+ ! elem5ts :i* h nev] be5 obs]v$ 9 true />s1 we may say t all ^! obs]vations are 9 h>mony ) ! view t hydrog5 %\ld be & is ! pr9cipal elem5t 9 ! out] /ratum ( ! v "y />4 ,a few ( ! />s ^: spectra conta9 bright hydrog5 l9es h also a numb] ( bright l9es ^: *emical orig9 is n kn[n4 ,!y appe> to exi/ exactly at ?is /ate ( /ell> life3 sev]al ( !m h n be5 f\nd 9 ! spectra ( ! gase\s nebulae1 & !y are n repres5t$ 9 ! lat] types ( /ell> spectra4 ,! /rata :i* produce ^! bright l9es are ?\ght to be a little deep] 9 ! />s ?an ! out] hydrog5 /ratum4 ,a slightly old] /age ( /ell> exi/5ce is indicat$ by ! type ( spectrum 9 :i* "s ( ! l9es ( hydrog51 always ^? at ! violet end1 are d>k1 & ! rema9+ hydrog5 l9es1 always ^? t[>d ! r$ end1 are bright4 ,! brighte/ /> 9 ! ,pleiades gr\p1 ,alcyone1 pres5ts app>5tly ! la/ ( ?is s]ies1 = all ( ! hydrog5 l9es are d>k except ,h alpha1 9 ! r$4 ,9 "s ( ! bright-l9e />s :i* we h describ$1 te*nically kn[n z ,oe#e1 ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory f\nd t ! d>k helium & hydrog5 l9es exi/1 & app>5tly increase 9 int5sity1 on ! av]age1 z ! bright l9es become fa9t]4 ,wright has obs]v$ ! absorption l9es ( helium & hydrog5 9 ! spectra ( ! nuclei ( "s planet>y nebulae1 al?\gh ! helium & hydrog5 l9es are bright 9 ! nebulosity surr\nd+ ! nuclei4 ,we may say t :5 all ( ! bright l9es h disappe>$ f ! spectra ( />s1 ! helium l9es1 & likewise ! hydrog5 l9es1 h 9 g5]al become fairly conspicu\s4 ,^! />s are kn[n z ! helium />s1 or />s ( ,class ,b4 ,proce$+ ?r\gh ! subdivisions ( ,class ,b1 ! helium l9es increase to a maximum ( int5sity & !n decrease4 ,! d>k hydrog5 l9es are m & m 9 evid5ce1 ) int5sities increas+ sl[ly4 ,9 ! middle & lat] subdivisions ( ! helium />s silicon1 oxyg5 & nitrog5 are usually repres5t$ by a few absorption l9es4 ,j z ! gase\s nebulae radiate heat into space & cond5se1 s mu/ ! />s1 ) ?is diff]5ce3 ! nebulae are highly r>ifi$ bodies1 ) surfaces enorm\sly l>ge 9 proportion to ! heat cont5ts2 & ! radiation f !m mu/ be relatively rapid4 ,9 fact1 "s ( ! nebulae seem to be s highly r>ifi$ t radiation may take place f _! int]iors almo/ z well z f _! surfaces4 ,! radiation f a /> j =m$ mu/ occur at a mu* sl[] rate4 ,! cont9u$ cond5sation ( ! />1 foll[+ ! loss ( heat1 mu/ lead to a *ange ( physical condition1 :i* w be app>5t 9 ! spectrum4 ,x %\ld pass f ! s-call$ helium gr\p1 to ! hydrog51 or ,class ,a gr\p1 n sudd5ly b by ins5sible gradations ( spectrum4 ,9 ! ,class ,a />s ! hydrog5 l9es are ! mo/ prom95t features4 ,! helium l9es h disappe>$1 except 9 a few />s :]e fa9t helium remnants are 9 evid5ce4 ,! magnesium l9es h become prom95t & ! calcium l9es are gr[+ rapidly 9 /r5g?4 ,! s-call$ metallic l9es1 usually beg9n+ ) iron & titanium l9es1 :i* h a few extremely fa9t repres5tatives 9 ! la/ ( ! helium />s1 become visible "h & !re 9 ! ,class ,a spectra1 b !y are n conspicu\s4 ,9 ! next ma9 division1 ! ,class ,f spectra1 ! metallic l9es increase rapidly 9 prom95ce1 & ! hydrog5 l9es decrease slightly 9 /r5g?4 ,^! />s are n s blue z ! helium & hydrog5 />s4 ,!y are int]m$iate betwe5 ! blue />s & ! yell[ />s1 :i* beg9 ) ! next class1 ,g1 ( :i* our ,sun is a repres5tative4 ,! metallic l9es are 9 ,class ,g spectra 9 great numb] & int5sity1 & ! hydrog5 l9es are greatly r$uc$ 9 prom95ce4 ,! calcium b&s are v wide & int5se4 ,ano!r /ep br+s u to ! v yell[ & ! slightly-r$di% />s1 kn[n z ,class ,k4 ,^! />s are weak 9 violet light1 ! hydrog5 l9es are sub/antially ( ! same int5sity z ! mo/ prom95t metallic l9es1 & ! metallic l9es are m & m 9 evid5ce4 ,/>s 9 ! la/ subdivisions ( ! ,class ,k & all ( ! ,class ,m />s are decid$ly r$4 ,9 ^! ! hydrog5 l9es are /ill fur!r weak5$ & ! metallic l9es are ev5 m prom95t4 ,_! spectra are fur!r m>k$ by absorption b&s ( titanium oxide1 :i* rea* _! maximum /r5g? 9 ! lat] subdivisions ( ,class ,m4 ,! extremely r$ />s compose ,class ,n on ! ,h>v>d scale4 ,_! spectra are almo/ totally lack+ 9 violet light1 ! metallic absorption is v /rong1 & !re are conspicu\s absorption b&s ( c>bon4 ,deep absorb+ /rata ( titanium & c>bon oxides seem to exi/ 9 ! atmosph]es ( ! ,class ,m & ,n />s1 respectively4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! oxides indicates a relatively l[ temp]ature1 & ?is is :at we %\ld expect f />s s f> advanc$ 9 life4 ,! p]iod ( exi/5ce succe$+ ! v r$ />s has illu/rations ne> at h&1 we ?9k1 9 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus & ,neptune1 & 9 ! ,e>? & ! o!r small planets & ! ,moon3 bodies :i* /ill conta9 mu* heat1 b :i* are invisible save by means ( reflect$ light4 ,! progression ( /ell> developm5t1 :i* we h describ$1 has be5 bas$ ^u ! radiation ( heat4 ,?is is necess>ily gradual1 & ! correspond+ *anges ( spectrum %\ld likewise be gradual & cont9u\s4 ,x is n int5d$ to give ! impression t only a few types ( spectra are 9 evid5ce3 ! v>iety is v great4 ,! labels1 ,class ,b1 ,class ,a1 & s on to ,class ,n1 are int5d$ to m>k ! miles 9 ! evolution>y j\rney4 ,! ,h>v>d exp]ts h put up o!r labels to m>k ! t5?s ( miles1 s to speak1 & "s day we %all expect to see ! hundr$?s label$4 ,fur!r1 x is n "h propos$ t heat radiation is ! only vital factor 9 ! processes ( evolution4 ,! mass ( a /> may be an important item1 & ! electrical conditions may be conc]n$4 ,a v small /> & a v massive /> may develop diff]5tly1 & x is conceivable t !re may be actual diff]5ces ( composition4 ,b heat-radiation is d\btless ! mo/ important factor4 ,! evolution>y processes mu/ proce$ ) extreme delib]ation4 ,! radiation ( ! heat actually pres5t at any mom5t 9 a l>ge helium /> w\ld probably n require _m t5s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 b ?is quantity ( heat is negligible 9 comp>ison ) ! quantity g5]at$ )9 ! /> dur+ & by ! processes ( cond5sation f ! helium age d[n to ! ,class ,m /ate4 ,we "k t ! compression ( any body aga9/ resi/ance g5]ates or releases heat4 ,n[ a gase\s /> at any in/ant is 9 a /ate ( equilibrium4 ,its int]nal heat & ! c5trifugal =ce due to its rotation ab\t an axis are try+ to exp& x4 ,its own gravitational p[] is try+ to draw all ( its mat]ials to ! c5t]4 ,until !re is a loss ( heat no contraction c occur2 b j z soon z !re is su* a loss gravity proce$s to dim9i% ! /ell> volume4 ,contraction w proce$ m sl[ly ?an we %\ld at fir/ ?\ght expect1 because 9 ! process ( contraction additional heat is g5]at$ & ?is becomes a factor 9 resi/+ fur!r compression4 ,contraction is resi/$ va/ly m by ! heat g5]at$ 9 ! process ( contraction ?an x is by ! /ore ( heat already 9 evid5ce4 ,! quantity ( heat 9 our ,sun1 n[ exi/+ z heat1 w\ld suffice to ma9ta9 its pres5t rate ( outfl[ only a few ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,! heat g5]at$ 9 ! process ( ! ,sun's %r9kage "u gravity1 h[ev]1 is s ext5sive z to ma9ta9 ! supply dur+ millions ( ye>s to come4 ,helmholtz has %[n t ! r$uction ( ! ,sun's radius at ! rate ( #de met]s p] ye> w\ld g5]ate z mu* heat )9 ! ,sun z is n[ radiat$4 ,?is rate ( %r9kage is s sl[ t our mo/ ref9$ in/rum5ts c\ld n detect a *ange 9 ! sol> diamet] until aft] ! lapse ( #d1jjj or #e1jjj ye>s4 ,aga91 !re are reasons = suspect+ t ! processes ( evolution 9 our ,sun1 & 9 o!r />s z well1 may be enorm\sly prolong$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( en]gy )9 ! atoms or molecules ( matt] compos+ !m4 ,! subatomic =ces resid+ 9 ! radioactive elem5ts repres5t ! mo/ cond5s$ =m ( en]gy ( :i* we h any conception4 ,x is believ$ t ! subatomic en]gy 9 a mass ( radium is at lea/ a million-fold great] ?an ! en]gy repres5t$ 9 ! combu/ion or o!r *emical trans=mation ( any ord9>y sub/ance hav+ ! same mass4 ,^! radioactive =ces are releas$ ) extreme sl[ness1 9 ! =m ( heat or ! equival5t2 & if ^! sub/ances exi/ mod]ately 9 ! ,sun & />s1 z !y d 9 ! ,e>?1 !y may well be important factors 9 prolong+ ! lives ( ^! bodies4 ,speak+ some:at loosely1 ,i ?9k we may say t ! processes ( evolution f an ext5d$ nebula to a cond5s$ nebula & f ! latt] to a sph]ical />1 are comp>atively rapid1 p]haps normally conf9$ to a few t5s ( millions ( ye>s2 b t ! fur!r we proce$ 9 ! developm5t process1 f ! blue /> to ! yell[1 & possibly b n c]ta9ly on to ! r$ />1 ! sl[] is ! progress made1 = ! radiat+ surface ?r\gh :i* all ! en]gy f ! int]ior mu/ pass becomes small] & small] 9 proportion to ! mass1 & ! convection curr5ts :i* c>ry heat f ! int]ior to ! surface mu/ sl[ d[n 9 spe$4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,fiji4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,alfr$ ,,goldsbor\gh ,,may] ,,iv ,,! ,fijians _h a well-organiz$ social sy/em :i* recogniz$ six classes ( society4 7#a7 ,k+s & que5s 7,tuis & ,&is74 7#b7 ,*iefs ( di/ricts 7,rokos74 7#c7 ,*iefs ( villages1 prie/s 7,betes71 & l& own]s 7,mata-ni-vanuas74 7#d7 ,di/+ui%$ w>riors ( l[ bir?1 *iefs ( ! c>p5t] ca/e 7,rokolas71 & *iefs ( ! turtle fi%]m54 7#e7 ,common p 7,kai-si74 7#f7 ,slaves tak5 9 battle4 ,! high *iefs /ill inspire great respect1 & inde$ x has be5 ! policy ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t to ma9ta9 a l>ge measure ( _! =m] au?ority4 ,?us ( ! #ag prov9ces into :i* ! gr\p 0 divid$1 #aa are gov]n$ by high *iefs entitl$ ,roko ,tui1 & !re are ab\t #agf inf]ior *iefs :o are ! head m5 ( di/ricts1 & #ca native magi/rates4 ,9 s f> z may be consi/5t ) ord] & civilization ^! *iefs are p]mitt$ to gov]n 9 ! old pat]nal mann]1 & !y are v]itably patri>*s ( _! p4 ,! di/rict *iefs are /ill elect$ by ! l& own]s1 mata-ni-vanuas1 by a %[+ ( h&s z ( old4 ,indep5d5t ( respect paid to ^? 9 au?ority1 rank is /ill rev]5c$ 9 ,fiji4 ,once act+ "u ! k9d p]mission & advice ( our g5]\s fri5d ,mr4 ,all>dyce1 ! colonial secret>y1 & accompani$ by my %ip-mates ,drs4 ,*>les ,h4 ,t[ns5d1 & ,h4 ,f4 ,moore1 ,i w5t ^u a j\rney ( "s days into ! int]ior ( ,viti ,levu1 our guide & companion be+ ,ratu ,pope ,s5iloli1 a gr&son ( k+ ,?akombau1 & "o ( ! high *iefs ( ,mbau4 ,^u meet+ ,ratu ,pope e native dropp$ 8 burd5s1 /epp$ to ! side ( ! wood-pa? & cr\*$ d[n1 s(tly *ant+ ! words ( ! tame1 muduo6 wo6 ,no "o ev] /epp$ ^u 8 %ad[1 & if desir\s ( cross+ 8 pa? !y pass$ 9 front1 nev] beh9d him4 ,clubs 7 l[]$ 9 8 pres5ce1 & no man /ood fully erect :5 he 0 ne>4 ,! v language address$ to high *iefs is diff]5t f t us$ 9 conv]sation betwe5 ord9>y m51 ^! cu/oms be+ su* t ! inf]ior places himself 9 a def5celess position ) respect to 8 sup]ior4 ,x is a *ief's privilege to dem& s]vice f 8 subjects2 :i* 0 =tunate = u1 = :5 we />t$ d[n ! ,waid9a ,riv] f ,nabukaluka our canoes 7 s small & ov]load$ t ! ripples 7 con/antly lapp+ 9 ov] ! gunwale1 ?reat5+ mom5t>ily to swamp u4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 we came ^u a p>ty ( natives 9 a f9e l>ge canoe1 & aft] receiv+ _! tama ,ratu ,pope dem&$3 ,:]e are y go+8 ,! m51 :o seem$ some:at awe/rick51 answ]$ t x _h be5 _! int5tion to travel up ! riv]4 ,:]eupon ,ratu ,pope told !m t ?is !y might d1 b we w\ld take _! canoe & p]mit !m to cont9ue 9 ours4 ,to ?is !y acc$$ ) ! utmo/ *e]fulness1 al?\gh our noble guide w\ld nei!r he$ our prote/s nor p]mit u to rew>d !m = _! s]vice1 say+ simply1 ,i am a *ief4 ,y may if y *oose pay me4 ,9 ?is mann] we cont9u$ to improve our situation by ex*ang+ ) e canoe we met :i* happ5$ to be bett] ?an our own1 until f9ally our pr9cely fri5d ord]$ a gay p>ty ( m]ry-mak]s out ( a f9e l>ge skiff1 :i* !y *e]fully ex*ang$ = our leaky canoes & dep>t$ s++ happily1 feel+ honor$ inde$ t ?is opportunity _h come to !m to s]ve ! great *ief ,ratu ,pope ,s5iloli2 & ?us suff]+ qualms ( consci5ce1 we sail$ to our de/9ation leav+ a wake ( confusion beh9d u4 ,moreov] ,i =got to m5tion t _m natives _h by ,ratu ,pope's ord]s be5 div]t$ f _! int5d$ pa?s & s5t =w>d to ann\nce ! com+ ( himself & ! ,am]ican *iefs4 ,?us does "o ( ! ,royal h\se ( ,mbau proce$ ?r\gh ,fiji4 ,at fir/ sight su* behavior mu/ appe> autocratic1 to say ! lea/1 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t a high *ief has x 9 8 p[] fully to recomp5se ^? ab\t him1 & ?is )\t ! paym5t ( a p5ny4 ,inde$1 _m intellig5t natives /ill regret ! introduction ( money into _! l&1 say+ t all ! :ite man's selfi%ness _h be5 develop$ ?r\gh its omnipot5ce4 ,9 ,fiji to-day !re are no poor1 = su* w\ld be f$ & giv5 a h\se by ^? :o liv$ beside !m4 ,! :ite man's call\s brutality 9 ignor+ ! appeal ( mis]y is incompreh5sible to ! natives ( ,fiji4 ,progress !y h n 9 ! s5se t "o man possesses va/ weal? & _m ar\nd him /ruggle helplessly1 doom$ to life-long pov]ty2 nor h !y ambition to toil beyond t occasional employm5t requir$ to satisfy imm$iate wants4 ,yet if life be happy 9 proportion z ! summation ( its mom5ts be cont5t$1 ! ,fijians are f> happi] ?an we4 ,old m5 & wom5 re/ b5ea? ! %ade ( cocoa-palms & s+ ) ! y\?s & maid5s1 & ! c>e-worn faces & b5t bodies ( civilization are /ill unkn[n 9 ,fiji4 ,!y /ill h some?+ we h lo/ & nev] c rega94 ,x is impossible to draw a l9e betwe5 p]sonal s]vice su* z 0 r5d]$ to ,ratu ,pope & a regul> tax 7lala7 = ! b5efit ( ! entire community or ! support ( ! communal gov]nm5t2 & ! recognition ( ?is fact actuat$ ! ,engli% to pres]ve mu* ( ! old sy/em & to comm& ! paym5t ( taxes 9 produce1 r ?an 9 money4 ,l& t5ure 9 ,fiji is a subject s complex t heavy volumes might be writt5 ^u x4 ,9 g5]al x may be said t ! *ief c sell no l& )\t ! cons5t ( 8 tribe4 ,cultivat$ l& belong$ to ! man :o orig9ally f>m$ x1 & is pass$ undivid$ to all 8 heirs4 ,wa/e l& is held 9 common4 ,native settl]s :o h be5 tak5 into ! tribes f "t to "t h be5 p]mitt$ to f>m "s ( ! wa/e l&1 & = ?is privilege !y & _! heirs mu/ pay a ye>ly tribute to ! *ief ei!r 9 produce or 9 s]vice4 ,?us ?is =m ( p]sonal lala is simply r5t4 ,! :ole subject ( l&-own]%ip has giv5 ! poor ,engli% a _w ( tr\ble1 z "o may see :o c>es to read ! (ficial reports ( ! num]\s intricate cases t h come be=e ! c\rts4 ,= example1 "o p>ty bas$ _! claims to l& on ! hi/oric fact t _! ance/ors _h eat5 ! *ief ( ! orig9al own]s1 & ! solemn ,briti% c\rt all[$ ! claim4 ,basil ,?omson 9 8 int]e/+ "w ^u ,! ,fijians2 a ,/udy ( ! ,decl9e ( ,cu/om1 has giv5 an au?oritative summ>y ( ! pres5t /atus ( taxation & l& t5ure1 l& be+ regi/]$ "u a modification ( ! ,au/ralian ,torr5s sy/em4 ,9 ord] to protect ^! *ild-l p f ! av>ice ( our own race !y are n p]mitt$ to sell _! l&s1 & ! great] portion ( ! area ( ,fiji is /ill held by ! natives4 ,! ,hawaiian ,isl&s n[ "u our own rule furni% a sad contra/1 = "h ! natives are r$uc$ by pov]ty to a degrad$ /ate b little above t ( peonage4 ,! ,fijians4 on ! o!r h&1 may n sell1 b may ) ! cons5t ( ! commission] ( native affairs lease _! l&s = a p]iod ( n m ?an tw5ty ye>s4 ,! ,fijians appe> nev] to h be5 :olly )\t a m$ium ( ex*ange1 = sp]m-:ale's tee? h always _h a recogniz$ pur*as+ p[]1 b are m especially reg>d$ z a means ( express+ good w & hone/y ( purpose4 ,a :ale's too? is z effective to secure compliance ) ! t]ms ( a b>ga9 z an elaborately engrav$ bond w\ld be ) u4 ,m commonly1 h[ev]1 ex*anges are direct1 ea* man br++ to ! village gre5 8 t>o1 yaqona1 yams or fi% & ex*ang+ ) 8 neighbors2 ! r>e disputes be+ settl$ by ! village *ief4 ,9 travel+ y w discov] no hotels1 b w be ent]ta9$ 9 ! /rang]'s h\ses1 & 9 return = y\r ho/'s hospitality y %\ld make pres5ts to ! *ief4 ,inde$ to j\rney 9 good fa%ion y %\ld be accompani$ by a tra9 ( be>]s c>ry+ heavy bags full ( purpos$ gifts1 & n[h]e 9 ! _w is ! rate p] mile high] ?an 9 ,polynesia4 ,z 9 all communities1 includ+ our own _w ( f9ance1 a man's weal? consi/s n only 9 :at he possesses b ev5 m s 9 ! numb] ( p f :om he c beg or borr[4 ,wilkes records an int]e/+ example ( ?is1 = he f\nd t ! rifle & o!r co/ly pres5ts he _h pres5t$ to ,k+ ,tanoa 7 be+ seiz$ ^u by 8 7,tanoa's7 nephew :o z 8 vasu _h a "r to take :atev] he might select f ! k+'s possessions4 ,inde$1 9 ord] to keep 8 prop]ty 9 sight1 ,tanoa 0 =c$ to give x to 8 own sons1 ?us escap+ ! rapacity ( 8 nephew4 ,! con/ruction ( ! ,briti% law is su* t a vasu :o ?us appropriates prop]ty to himself c\ld be su$ & =c$ to re/ore x1 b n a s+le ,fijian has yet be5 s mean z to br+ su* a matt] into c\rt4 ,an individual z su* c h>dly be said to own prop]ty1 = ne>ly all ?+s belong to 8 family or clan1 & are %>$ among c\s9s4 ,?is condition is responsible = t abs5ce ( p]sonal ambition & t fatal cont5tm5t ) exi/+ conditions1 :i* /rikes ! :ite man z s illogical1 b :i* is nev]!less ! dom9ant feature ( ! social fabric ( ! ,polynesians1 & :i* has hi!rto prev5t$ ! introduction ( ideals ( mod]n progress4 ,! natives are happy2 :y "w :5 e reasonable want is already suppli$8 ,none are ri* 9 mat]ial ?+s1 b none are begg>s except+ 9 ! s5se t all are su*4 ,no "o c be a mis]1 a capitali/1 a bank]1 or a promot] 9 su* a community1 & ?ieves are almo/ unkn[n4 ,inde$1 ! hone/y ( ! ,fijians is "o ( ^? virtues :i* has excit$ ! comm5t ( travel]s4 ,wilkes1 :o loa!d !m z condor-ey$ savages1 admits t ! only ?+ :i* any native attempt$ to /eal f ! ,peacock 0 a hat*et1 & ^u be+ detect$ ! *ief reque/$ ! privilege ( tak+ ! man a%ore 9 ord] t he might be roa/$ & eat54 ,!ft 0 always sev]ely puni%$ by ! *ief2 ,maafu beat+ a ?ief ) ! /\t /alk ( a cocoanut leaf until ! culprit's life 0 despair$ (1 & ,tui ,?akau wrapp+ "o 9 a tightly w\nd rope s t n a muscle c\ld move :ile ! wret* rema9$ expos$ = an entire day to ! heat ( ! sun4 ,dur+ ,pr(essor ,alex&] ,agassiz's cruises 9 :i* he visit$ ne>ly e isl& ( ! ,fijis1 & ! natives came on bo>d by hundr$s1 n a s+le object 0 /ol51 al?\gh ?+s almo/ priceless 9 native e/imation lay loosely ^u ! deck4 ,once1 inde$1 :5 ! deck 0 des]t$ by bo? (fic]s & crew & fully a hundr$ natives 7 on bo>d1 we f\nd a man :o _h be5 gaz+ wi/fully = half an h\r at a bottle :i* lay ^u ! laboratory table4 ,someh[ he _h manag$ to acquire a %ill+1 a l>ge co9 9 ,fiji1 & ?is he (f]$ 9 ex*ange = ! covet$ bottle4 ,"o c nev] =get 8 %\t ( joy & ! radiance ( 8 hone/ face z he leap$ into 8 canoe aft] hav+ receiv$ x z a gift4 ,ev5 ! great *ief ,ratu ,epele ( ,mbau beam$ ) joy :5 pres5t$ ) a screw-capp$ glass tobacco j>1 & ,tui ,?akau ( ,somo somo _h a v]itable weakness = bottles & possess$ a l>ge collection ( ^! treasures4 ,intellig5t & well-educat$ natives :o "k :]e( !y speak h told me t !y desire n ! :ite man's sy/em1 entail+ z x does untold privation & he>t-burn+s to ! _m t ! few may enjoy a surfeit ( m]e mat]ial ?+s4 ,z ! natives say1 ,! :ite man possesses m ?an we1 b 8 life is full ( toil & sorr[1 :ile our days are happy z !y pass4 ,?us 9 ! ,pacific life is ( to-day2 ! pa/ is dead1 & ! future :5 x comes w pass z to-day is pass+4 ,life is a dream1 an evanesc5t ?+1 all b mean+less1 & real only z is ! murmur ( ! surf :5 ! sea-breeze comes 9 ! morn+1 & man awak5s f ! oblivion ( night4 ,ho>d$ weal? inspires no respect 9 ! ,pacific1 & inde$1 7 x discov]$1 its possession w\ld ju/ify imm$iate confiscation4 ,yet man mu/ raise idols to satisfy 8 in/9ct to wor%ip ?+s above 8 acquisition1 & ?us rank is ! m rev]5c$ because respect = prop]ty is l[4 ,ev5 to-day !re is some?+ god-l 9 ! pres5ce ( ! high *iefs1 & none w cross ! %ad[ ( ! k+'s h\se4 ,ev5 9 w> did a common man kill a *ief he himself 0 kill$ by m5 ( 8 own tribe4 ,z x is ) prop]ty s ) relation%ips4 ,! family ties seem loos5$2 e *ild has two sets ( p>5ts1 ! adopt$ & ! real1 & relation%ips f\nd$ ^u adoption are m respect$ ?an ! real4 ,rank desc5ds ma9ly ?r\gh ! "m4 ,! son ( a high *ief by a common woman is a l[ *ief1 or ev5 a common]1 b ! son ( a *iefta9ess by a common man is a *ief4 ,curi\sly1 !re are no words 9 ,fijian :i* are ! exact equival5t ( wid[ & wid[]4 ,9 ! ,m>%all gr\p ! *ief is actually ! husb& ( all ! wom5 ( 8 tribe1 & z ,lorim] ,fison has said 9 8 ,tales f ,old ,fiji1 _! designation & und]/&+ ( relation%ips sugge/s t !re 0 once a "t :5 all ! wom5 7 ! wives ( e man1 & all ! m5 7 ! husb&s ( e woman1 z inde$ 0 almo/ ! case 9 ,tahiti at ! "t ( ,capta9 ,cook's visit to ?is isl&4 ,! social cu/oms ( ,fiji are r>ely peculi> to ,fiji itself1 b commonly %[ _! relation%ip or id5tity ) ^? ( ! ,polynesians or ,papuans4 ,curi\sly inde$1 :ile ! orig9al /ock ( ! ,fijians 0 probably pure ,papuan1 _! social & economic sy/ems are n[ dom9at$ by ,polynesian ideas1 & only among ! m\nta9 tribes d we f9d a cle> expression ( ! crude ,papuan sy/ems ( life & ?\ght4 ,?is 9 itself %[s t "u /imulation ! ,fijians are capable ( advancem5t 9 cultural ideals4 ,?is sup]position ( a ,polynesian admixture ^u a b>b>\s negroid /ock may acc\nt = ! anomal\s "* ( ! ,fijians1 = 9 ! arts !y equall$ or 9 "s ?+s excell$ ! o!r isl& peoples ( ! ,pacific1 & "s ( _! cu/oms approa*$ closely to ! cultural level ( ! ,polynesians1 b 9 c]ta9 fundam5tal ?+s !y rema9$ ! mo/ fi5di% savages ^u e>?4 ,inde$ we %\ld expect t contact ) a some:at high culture w\ld introduce new wants1 & ?us affect _! arts m pr(\ndly ?an _! cu/oms4 ,9 common ) all primitive peoples1 _! names ( m5 & wom5 are descriptive ( "s peculi>ity or circum/ance associat$ ) ! p]son nam$4 ,inde$1 names 7 (t5 *ang$ aft] important ev5ts 9 a p]son's life1 ?us our old fri5d ,?akombau began life z ,s]u1 !n aft] ! c\p d'etat 9 :i* he slaught]$ 8 fa!r's enemies & ree/abli%$ ,tanoa's rule 9 ,mbau he 0 call$ ,?akombau 7evil to ,mbau74 ,at ! "t he also receiv$ ano!r "n ,?ik9ovu 7c5tip$e7 9 allusion to 8 /eal?9ess 9 approa*+ to bite 8 enemy1 b ?is designation1 toge!r ) 8 mission>y "n ,eb5ez]1 did n survive ! te/ ( usage4 ,miss ,gordon ,cumm+ gives an int]e/+ li/ ( ,fijian names translat$ into ,engli%4 ,= wom5 !y 7 su* z ,spray ( ! ,coral ,reef1 ,que5 ( ,p>rot's ,l&1 ,que5 ( ,/rang]s1 ,smoo? ,wat]1 ,wife ( ! ,morn+ ,/>1 ,"m ( ,h] ,gr&*ildr51 ,t5 ,:ale's ,tee?1 ,"m ( ,cockroa*es1 ,lady ,nettle1 ,dr9k] ( ,blood1 ,wait$ ,=1 ,rose ( ,rewa1 ,lady ,?akombau1 ,lady ,flag1 etc4 ,! m5's names 7 su* z ,! ,/one 7et]nal7 ,god1 ,great ,%>k1 ,bad ,e>?1 ,bad ,/rang]1 ,new ,*ild1 ,m ,dead ,man's ,fle%1 ,abode ( ,trea*]y1 ,n ,q ,cook$1 ,die ,out ( ,doors1 ,empty ,fire1 ,fire 9 ! ,bu%1 ,eats ,l a ,god1 ,k+ ( ,gluttony1 ,ill ,cook$1 ,dead ,man1 ,rev5ge1 etc4 ,9 ! religion ( a p we h ! mo/ reliable clue to ! hi/ory ( _! progress 9 culture & intellig5ce1 = religions ev5 :5 unwritt5 are pot5t to cons]ve old conceptions1 & ?us _! foll[]s advance beyond !m1 z does ! intellig5ce ( ! tw5tie? c5tury look pity+ly ^u ! conception ( ! cruel & jeal\s ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ^: praises are nev]!less /ill sung 9 e ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,?us 9 ,tahiti ! p 7 n cannibals1 b ! gods /ill appe>$ 9 ! =ms ( birds t f$ ^u ! bodies ( ! sacrific$4 ,! eye ( ! victim 01 inde$1 (f]$ to ! *ief1 :o rais$ x to 8 lips b did n eat x4 ,9 ,samoa also :]e ! practice ( cannabalism 0 v r>e & indulg$ 9 only "u great provocation1 "s ( ! gods rema9$ cannibals1 & ! sure/ way ( appeas+ any god 0 to be laid ^u ! /ones ( a cold ov54 ,9 ,tahiti & ,samoa1 :ile mo/ ( ! gods 7 malevol5t1 a few 7 k9dly dispos$ t[>ds mortals2 9 ,fiji1 h[ev]1 !y 7 all dread$ z ! mo/ p[]ful1 sordid1 cruel & vici\s cannibal gho/s t h ev] be5 conjur$ into be+ 9 ! realm ( ?\ght4 ,all ov] ! ,pacific f ,new ,zeal& to ,japan1 & f ,new ,gu9ea to ,hawaii1 ance/or-wor%ip =ms ! backbone ( e religion z cle>ly z x did 9 ,greece or ,rome4 ,!re are ev]y:]e "o or m v anci5t gods :o may always h exi/$ & f :om all o!rs are desc5d$4 ,next 9 ord] ( rev]5ce1 al?\gh n always 9 p[]1 come _! *ildr51 & f9ally ! mu* m num]\s gr&*ildr5 & remote desc5dants ( ^! olde/ & highe/ gods4 ,f9ally1 aft] _m g5]ations1 m5 ( *iefta9's rank 7 born to ! gods4 ,?us a common man c\ld nev] atta9 ! rank ( a high *ief1 = su* 7 ! desc5dants ( ! gods1 :ile common]s 7 creat$ out ( o!r clay & design$ to be s]vants to ! *iefs4 ,b ! process ( god-mak+ did n end ) ! appe>ance ( m51 = great *iefs & w>riors aft] dea? became kal\ yalo1 or spirits1 & (t5 rema9$ ^u e>? a m5ace to ! unw>y :o might (f5d !m4 ,curi\sly1 ^! deifi$ mortals might suff] a second dea? :i* w\ld result 9 _! utt] annihilation1 & :ile 9 ,fiji we he>d a tale ( an old *ief :o _h met ) ! gho/ ( 8 dead enemy & _h kill$ him = ! second & la/ "t2 ! club :i* s]v$ 9 ?is miracul\s victory hav+ be5 hung up 9 ! ,mbure z an object ( v5]ation4 ,( a /ill l[] ord] 7 ! gho/s ( common m5 or ( animals1 & mo/ dread$ ( all 0 ! v5geful _s ( ! man :o _h be5 dev\r$4 ,! gho/s ( savage ,fiji appe> all to h be5 malevol5t & fe>ful be+s1 :]eas ^? ( ! m cultur$ ,polynesians 7 "s ( !m b5evol5t4 ,z ,ellis says ( ! ,tahitian my?ology3 ,ea* lovely isl& 0 made a sort ( fairyl& & ! spells ( en*antm5t 7 ?r[n ov] its v>i$ sc5es4 ,! s5tim5t ( ! poet t ,millions ( spiritual creatures walk ! e>?1 ,unse51 bo? :5 we wake1 & :5 we sleep 0 "o famili> to _! m9ds1 & x is impossible n to feel int]e/$ 9 a p :o 7 accu/om$ to consid] !mselves surr\nd$ by invisible intellig5ces1 anti :o recogniz$ 9 ! ris+ sun1 ! mild & silv] moon1 ! %oot+ />1 ! meteor's transi5t flame1 ! ocean's ro>1 ! tempe/'s bla/1 or ! ev5+ breeze ! movem5ts ( mighty spirits4 ,! gods & gho/s ( ,fiji (t5 ent]$ into ! bodies ( animals or m51 especially idiots4 ,?us :5 ! ,c>negie ,in/itution ,exp$ition arriv$ at ! ,murray ,isl&s 9 ,torres ,/raits1 ! sci5tific /aff 7 mu* pleas$ at ! decid$ evid5ces ( respect %[n by ! natives until x came out t ! ,isl&]s consid]$ _! :ite gue/s to be semi-idiots1 & h5ce p[]ful sorc]]s to be placat$4 ,fijian religion _h develop$ into ! oracul> /age1 & ! prie/ aft] receiv+ pray]s & (f]+s w\ld on occasions be ent]$ into by ! god4 ,tremors w\ld ov]spread 8 body1 ! fle% ( :i* w\ld creep horribly4 ,8 ve9s w\ld swell1 8 eyeballs protrude ) excitem5t & 8 voice1 becom+ quav]+ & unnatural1 w\ld :9e out /range words1 words spok5 by ! god himself & unkn[n to ! prie/ :o z 8 unconsci\s ag5t 0 ov]come by viol5t convulsions4 ,sl[ly ! contortions grew less & ) a />t ! prie/ w\ld awak51 da% 8 club ^u ! gr\nd & ! god w\ld leave him4 ,x may well be imag9$ t ! prie/s 7 ! mo/ p[]ful ag5ts ( ! *iefs 9 =w>d+ ! int]e/s ( _! ma/]s1 =1 z 9 anci5t ,greece or ,rome1 no?+ ( importance 0 und]tak5 )\t fir/ consult+ ! oracle4 ,surr\nd$ by multitudes ( demons1 gho/s1 & g5ii :o 7 p]sonifi$ 9 ev]y?+ ab\t him1 religion 0 ! mo/ p[]ful factor 9 controll+ ,fijian life & politics4 ,9 fact1 x ent]$ deeply into e act ! native p]=m$4 ,! gods 7 m mon/r\s 9 e way ?an man1 b 9 all attributes only ! exagg]at$ c\nt]p>ts ( ,fijian *iefs4 ,w> 0 con/antly occurr+ among ^! gods & spirits1 & ev5 high gods c\ld die by accid5t or be kill$ by ^? ( equal rank s t at lea/ "o god1 ,samu1 0 ?us dropp$ out ( ! my?ology 9 #ahdg4 ,nd5gei 0 ! olde/ & greate/1 b n ! mo/ univ]sally rev]5c$ god4 ,he liv$ 9 a cav]n 9 ! nor!a/]n end ( ,viti ,levu1 & usually appe>$ z a snake1 or z a snake's head ) a body ( /one symboliz+ et]nal life4 ,among ! sons & gr&sons ( ,nd5gei 7 ,roko ,mbati-ndua1 ! "o-too!d "l2 a fi5d ) a huge too? project+ f 8 l[] jaw & curv+ ov] ! top ( 8 head4 ,he _h bat's w+s arm$ ) claws & 0 usually reg>d$ z a h>b+] ( pe/il5ce4 ,! me*anic's god 0 eight-h&$1 gluttony _h eighty /oma*s1 wisdom possess$ eight eyes4 ,o!r gods 7 ! adult]]1 ! abductor ( wom5 ( rank & beauty1 ! riot]1 ! bra9-eat]1 ! kill] ( m51 ! slaught] god1 ! god ( leprosy1 ! giant1 ! spitt] ( miracles1 ! gods ( fi%]m5 & ( c>p5t]s1 etc4 ,"o god hat$ mosquitoes & drove !m away f ! place :]e he liv$4 ,! names & /ations ( ! gods are describ$ by ,?omas ,williams1 :o has giv5 ! mo/ detail$ acc\nt ( ! old religion4 ,z ) all peoples ^: religion is b>b>\s1 !re 7 ways ( obta9+ sanctu>y & _m a man has sav$ 8 life by tak+ advantage ( ! tabus :i* secur$ _! op]ation4 ,no matt] h[ desir\s y\r ho/ might be ( murd]+ y1 z long z y rema9$ a gue/ "u 8 ro( y 7 safe1 al?\gh 7 y only a few y>ds away f 8 door he w\ld eag]ly attack y4 ,b n only did ! ,fijians live 9 a _w peopl$ by wit*es1 wiz>ds1 prophets1 se]s & =tune-tell]s1 b !re 0 a p]fect army ( fairies :i* ov]ran ! :ole l&1 & ! my?s conc]n+ :i* w\ld h fill$ volumes c\ld !y ev] h be5 ga!r$4 ,! gnome-l spirits ( ! m\nta9s _h peak$ heads1 & 7 ( a vici\s1 impi% disposition1 b 7 p[]less to injure any "o :o c>ri$ a f]n leaf 9 8 h&4 ,sacr$ relics su* z fam\s clubs1 /ones possess+ miracul\s p[]s1 etc41 7 sometimes kept 9 ,fijian temples1 b !re 7 no idols su* z 7 pray$ to by ! ,polynesians4 ,! fe>ful alt]natives ( heav5 & hell 7 unkn[n to ! ,fijians4 ,!y believ$ 9 an et]nal exi/5ce = m51 animals1 & ev5 canoes & o!r inanimate ?+s1 b ! future life held =? no prospect ei!r ( rew>d = virtues or puni%m5t = evil acts committ$ :ile alive4 ,s c]ta9 7 !y ( a future life t !y always ref]r$ to ! dead z ! abs5t ones1 & _! l& ( %ades 7,mbulu7 0 n ess5tially diff]5t f ! _w !y liv$ 94 ,inde$1 _! *ief idea ( dea? 0 t ( re/1 = z ,william's /ates1 !y h an adage3 ,dea? is easy3 ,( :at use is life8 ,to die is re/4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 c]ta9 precautions ! ,fijian felt x advisable to take be=e ent]+ ! _w to come4 ,if he _h be5 s un=tunate z n to h kill$ a man1 woman or *ild1 8 duty w\ld be ! dismal "o ( p\nd+ fil? ?r\gh\t et]nity1 & disgraceful c>e]s await$ ^? ^: e>s 7 n bor$ or wom5 :o 7 n tatoo$ ^u p>ts cov]$ by ! liku4 ,moreov]1 %\ld a wife n accompany him 7be /rangl$ at ! "t ( 8 dea?7 8 condition w\ld be ! dismal "o ( a _s )\t a cook4 ,?irdly1 z "o 0 at ! "t ( dea? s w\ld ! _s be 9 ! next _w4 ,x 0 !re=e an advantage to die "y1 & p (t5 pref]r$ to be buri$ alive1 or /rangl$1 ?an to survive into old age4 ,la/ly & mo/ important1 "o mu/ n die a ba*elor1 = su* are inv>iably da%$ to pieces by ,nangganangga1 ev5 if !y %\ld succe$ 9 elud- + ! grasp ( ! ,great ,woman1 ,lewa-levu1 :o flaunts ! pa? ( ! dep>t$ spirits & se>*es = ! gho/s ( good-look+ m54 ,let u imag9e1 h[ev]1 t our %ade dep>ts ?is life 9 ! be/ ( =m1 "y1 m>ri$1 ) ! lobes ( 8 e>s pi]c$1 n dang]\sly h&some & a slay] ( at lea/ "o human be+4 ,he />ts ^u ! long j\rney to ! ,valhalla ( ,fiji4 ,soon he comes to a spiritual ,p&anus at :i* he mu/ ?r[ ! gho/ ( ! :ale's too? :i* 0 plac$ 9 8 h& at "t ( burial4 ,if he succe$s 9 hitt+ ! ,p&anus1 he may !n wait until ! _s ( 8 /rangl$ wife comes to jo9 him1 aft] :i* he bo>ds ! canoe ( ! ,fijian ,*>on & proce$s to ,nambanggatai1 :]e until #ahdg !re dwelt ! god ,samu1 & aft] 8 dea? ,samuyalo ! kill] ( s\ls4 ,?is god rema9s 9 ambu% 9 "s spiritual mangrove bu%es & ?ru/s a re$ )9 ! gr\nd ^u ! pa? ( ! gho/ z a w>n+ n to pass ! spot4 ,%\ld ! gho/ be brave he raises 8 club 9 defiance1 :]eupon ,samuyalo appe>s1 club 9 h&1 & gives battle4 ,if kill$ 9 ?is combat1 ! gho/ is cook$ & eat5 by ! s\l kill]1 & if w\nd$ he mu/ w&] =ev] among ! m\nta9s1 b if ! gho/ be victori\s ov] ! god he may pass on to be que/ion$ by ,nd5gei1 :o may consign him ei!r to ,mburotu1 ! highe/ heav51 or drop him ov] a precipice into a some:at inf]ior b /ill tol]able abode1 ,murimuria4 ,?is ,nd5gei does 9 accordance ) ! caprice ( ! mom5t & )\t ref]5ce ei!r to ! virtues or ! faults ( ! deceas$4 ,?us ( ^? :o die only a few c ent] ! high] heav5 = ! ,great ,woman & ! ,s\l de/roy] ov]come ! great] numb] ( ^? :o d>e to face !m4 ,z = ! victims ( cannibal fea/s1 _! s\ls are dev\r$ by ! gods :5 _! bodies are eat5 by man4 ,9 temp]am5t & ambitions ! spirits ( ! dead rema9$ z !y 7 ^u e>?1 b ( m mon/r\s gr[? 9 all respects1 resembl+ giants great] & m vici\s ?an man4 ,w> & cannibalism /ill prevail$ 9 heav51 & ! "* ( ! inhabitants seems to h be5 fi5di% or contemptible z on e>?2 = ! spirits ( wom5 :o 7 n tattoo$ 7 unceas+ly pursu$ by _! m =tunate si/]s1 :o tore _! bodies ) %>p %ells1 (t5 mak+ m9ce-meat ( !m = ! gods to eat4 ,also ! %ade ( any "o ^: e>s _h n be5 pi]c$ 0 condemn$ to c>ry a masi log ov] 8 %\ld] & submit to ! et]nal ridicule ( 8 fell[ spirits4 ,altoge!r1 ?is religion seems to h be5 z sordid1 brutal & vici\s z 0 ! ance/ral negroid /ock ( ! ,fijians4 ,connect$ ) x !re 01 h[ev]1 a rude my?ology1 clumsy b romantic1 too mu* ( :i* has be5 lo/2 = ! natives ( to-day h l>gely =gott5 its /ories or are a%am$ to repeat x to ! :ites4 ,9 rec5t times ! natives h t5d$ to make _! folk-lore con=m to ,biblical /ories1 or to adapt !m to conditions ( ! pres5t day4 ,! int]e/+ subject ( ! l+]+ influ5ce ( old beliefs ^u ! life ( ! natives ( to-day has engag$ ! att5tion ( ,basil ,?omson 9 ,! ,fijians1 a ,/udy ( ! ,decay ( ,cu/om4 ,z 9 e ,briti% colony1 ! p are taught to respect ! law4 ,s5t5ces ( imprisonm5t are met$ out to natives = p]sonal (f5ces :i* if committ$ by :ite m5 w\ld be puni%$ by small f9es1 b ! reason = ?is is t 9 ! old native days su* acts 7 av5g$ by murd]1 & x is to prev5t crime t a prison t]m has be5 orda9$4 ,! natives take _! imprisonm5t precisely z boys 9 bo>d+ s*ool reg>d a flogg+1 ! victim commonly becom+ q a h]o & los+ no ca/e among 8 fell[s4 ,inde$ x is a common sight to see b&s ( f f\r to eight /alw>t convicts a mile or m f ! prison m>*+ ungu>d$ ?r\gh ! woods z !y s+ m]rily on _! way home to ! jail4 ,once ,i recall see+ two hundr$ prison]s1 all arm$ ) long knives1 engag$ 9 cutt+ we$s along ! roadside1 *ant+ happily z !y sla%$1 :ile a solit>y native dress$ only 9 a wai/-clo? & arm$ only ) a club /ood gu>d at "o end ( ! l9e1 & ?is n ne> ! prison1 b 9 a lonely wood fully a mile f ! ne>e/ h\se4 ,9 #ahgd1 ! ,briti% und]took ! unique task ( civiliz+ )\t exploit+ a b>b>\s & degrad$ race :i* 0 drift+ hopelessly into ru94 ,!y began ! solution ( ?is complex problem by arre/+ ! entire race & immur+ !m )9 ! protect+ walls ( a sy/em :i* recogniz$ z its c>d9al pr9ciple t ! natives 7 unfit to ?9k or act = !mselves4 ,= a g5]ation ! ,fijians h be5 9 a prison :]e9 !y h become ! happie/ & be/ behav$ captives ^u e>?4 ,dur+ ?is "t !y h become reconcil$ to a life ( peace1 & h =gott5 ! ta/e ( human fle%2 & :ile !y *]i% no love = ! :ite man1 !y feel ! might ( 8 law & "k t 8 decrees are z f9alities ( fate4 ,all are s]v+ life s5t5ces to ! :ite man's w1 & ! fire ( _! old ambition has cool$ into ! dull emb]s ( resignation & !n di$ into ! apa?y ( cont5tm5t ) ?+s t are4 ,worse /ill1 !y h gr[n fond ( _! prison _w1 & ! mo/ pessimi/ic feature 9 ! ,fijian situation ( to-day is ! evid5t fact t !re is almo/ no discont5t among ! natives4 ,old ?+s h )]$ & decay$1 b new ambition has n be5 born4 ,x is 9 no _s ( criticism ( ,briti% policy t ,i h writt5 ! above p>agraph = x 0 absolutely necess>y t ! race %\ld calm d[n = a g5]ation at lea/ be=e x c\ld be tru/$ to arise4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 !re are no m old *iefs ^: memories h>k back to days ( savag]y1 & n[ = ! fir/ & only "t has come ! critical p]iod 9 ! unique gov]nm5tal exp]im5t ! ,briti% h und]tak5 to p]=m1 = n[ is ! "t :5 ! *ild mu/ le>n to walk alone & ! support ( gu>dian arms mu/ 9 k9dness be )drawn1 else !re mu/ be nurtur$ b a cripple1 n a man4 ,among ! g5]ation ( to-day ! light ( a new ambition mu/ appe> 9 ,fiji or ! race %all dw9dle to its dea?4 ,no real progress has be5 made by ! ,fijians2 !y h receiv$ mu* f _! tea*]s1 b h giv5 no?+ 9 return4 ,!y are 9 ! position ( a y\? ^: s*ool+ has j be5 f9i%$1 life & action lie be=e him2 w he awak5 to 8 responsibility1 develop 8 lat5t tal5t1 "* & p[]1 & recomp5se 8 tea*]s by a*ievem5t1 or w he s9k into ! apa?y ( a vile cont5t8 ,! situation 9 ,fiji is "o ( peculi> delicacy = ! desire = bett] ?+s mu/ arise among ! ,fijians !mselves1 & %\ld x once appe>1 ! pat]nalism ( ! pres5t gov]nm5t mu/ be wisely )drawn to p]mit ( m & m fre$om 9 proportion z ! natives may become compet5t to ?9k & act rightly = !mselves4 ,a c>d9al difficulty is ! un=tunate fact t ! natives ,,desire no *ange1 & ev5 if individually discont5t$ & ambiti\s1 !y "k ( no pr(ession1 arts or trades to :i* !y might turn ) hope ( =tune4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( manual tra9+ s*ools :]e9 money-mak+ trades %\ld be taught1 if possible ,,by ,,native tea*]s1 is sorely ne$$ 9 ,fiji4 ,at pres5t !re is too little fre$om ( ?\ght 9 ,fiji2 fe> ( ! *ief & ( ,samuyalo's club has be5 replac$ by fe> ( ! ,european & 8 hell4 ,free1 fe>less ?\ght is ! fa!r ( high action1 & :ile _! m9ds rema9 /eep$ 9 an apa?y ( dread !re c be no soil 9 :i* ! se$ ( indep5d5ce c g]m9ate4 ,yet x is /ill possible t ! ,fijians may atta9 civilization4 ,( all ! ar*ipelagoes ( ,polynesia1 ,fiji alone may /ill be call$ ! ,isles ( ,hope4 ,z "o :o has kn[n & gr[n to love ^! hone/1 hospitable1 simple p1 ,i c only hope t ! day is n f> di/ant :5 a lead] may arise among !m :o w turn _! faces t[>d ! light ( a bright] sky1 & _! h&s to a wor?i] task ?an has ev] yet be5 p]=m$ 9 ,polynesia4 ,yet :y civilize !m8 ,(t5 does "o ask oneself ?is "q1 b ! answ] comes z ! voice ( fate1 !y mu/ atta9 civilization or !y mu/ die4 ,%\ld ! population cont9ue to decl9e at its pres5t rate1 ! "t is imm95t :5 ! d>k-sk9n$ m5 ( ,fiji w be n ! natives1 b ! sw>m+ prog5y ( ! coolies ( ,calcutta4 ,n[h]e ov] all ! wide ,pacific h ! natives be5 m wisely or unselfi%ly rul$ ?an 9 ,fiji1 yet ev5 "h native life seems to be gr[+ less & less purposeful ye> by ye>4 ,9 "t x is hop$ a reaction may set 9 & t ) ! decl9e ( communism new ambitions may replace ! old1 b !n w come ! problem ( ! ri* & ! poor--a ?+ unkn[n 9 ,fijian life to-day4 ,h>dly ! fir/ lessons 9 civilization h be5 taught 9 ,polynesia1 yet :o c pr$ict ! noon day1 %\ld ev5 ! fa9te/ gl[ appe> 9 native hope4 ,9 =m] ages ! ,japanese 7 a b>b>\s insul> p1 & z 9 our own civilization ! traditions & habits ( rude ,aryan ance/ors /ill color our fundam5tal ?\ghts s 9 ,japan we f9d evid5ces ( a culture ess5tially simil> to t ( ! ,pacific ,isl&s ( to-day4 ,! anci5t ance/or wor%ip ( ,japan is /rangely l t ( ! tropical ,pacific ) its gods1 ! gho/s ( long dep>t$ *iefs1 & its high *ief a liv+ god to-day4 ,moreov] 9 ! ,pacific ,isl&s ! h\se consi/s ( b a s+le room1 & su* to-day is ess5tially ! case 9 ,japan1 save only t delicate pap] scre5s divide its orig9ally unit>y floor-space into tempor>y comp>tm5ts4 ,z 9 ! ,s\? ,seas1 matt+ /ill cov]s ! floor ( ! ,japanese h\se1 its ro( is ?at*$1 & is con/ruct$ be=e ! sides are made1 !re is no *imney1 ! fire-place is an e>!n space ^u ! floor or is su/a9$ )9 an arti/ically mold$ bronze brazi]1 ! ref9$ desc5dant ( ! crud] he>?4 ,9 ,polynesia z 9 ,japan "o seats oneself any:]e 9 tailor-fa%ion ^u ! floor1 & ^u ?is floor ! meals are s]v$1 & "h "o sleeps at night1 nor w ! wom5 p>take ( food 9 ! pres5ce ( ! m54 ,9 ess5tial fundam5tal ?+s ( life ! ,japanese %[ _! k9%ip 9 cu/om & tradition to ! insul> peoples ( ,asiatic orig9 n[ occupy+ ! ,pacific1 & if ,japan has atta9$ to s great a height 9 culture & civilization1 :y may we n hope = bett] days = ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s8 ,,w> ,,selection ,,9 ,,! ,,anci5t ,,_w ,,by ,,*ancellor ,,david ,,/>r ,,jordan ,,lel& ,,/an=d ,,junior ,,univ]sity ,! human h>ve/ 0 bad6 ,?us ! hi/orian sums up ! conditions 9 ,rome 9 ! days ( ! good emp]or1 ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,by ?is he meant t :ile population & weal? 7 increas+1 manhood _h fail$4 ,!re 7 m5 en\gh 9 ! /reets1 m5 en\gh 9 ! camps1 m5ial labor]s en\gh & idl]s en\gh1 b ( good soldi]s !re 7 too few4 ,= ! bus9ess ( ! /ate1 :i* 9 ^? days 0 ma9ly w>1 its m5 7 inadequate4 ,9 recognition ( ?is condition we t\* aga9 ! ov]%ad[+ fact 9 ! hi/ory ( ,europe1 ! effect ( milit>y selection on ! human bre$4 ,9 rapid survey ( ! evid5ce br\ght f hi/ory "o mu/ pa9t ! picture1 su* z x is1 ) a broad bru%1 n attempt+ to treat exceptions & qualifications1 = :i* ?is article has no space & conc]n+ :i* records yield no data4 ,su* exceptions1 if fully und]/ood1 w\ld only prove ! rule4 ,! evil effects ( milit>y selection & its associat$ influ5ces h long be5 recogniz$ 9 !ory by c]ta9 /ud5ts ( social evolution4 ,b ! ideas d]iv$ f ! sane application ( our k ( ,d>w9ism to hi/ory are ev5 n[ j beg9n+ to p5etrate ! curr5t lit]ature ( w> & peace4 ,9 public affairs mo/ nations h foll[$ ! pr9ciple ( opportunism1 /rik+ :ile ! iron is hot1 )\t reg>d to future results1 :e!r ( f9ancial exhau/ion or ( race impov]i%m5t4 ,! record$ hi/ory ( ,rome beg9s ) small & vigor\s tribes inhabit+ ! flanks ( ! ,ap5n9es & ! valleys d[n to ! sea1 & bl5d+ toge!r to =m ! ,roman republic4 ,!y 7 m5 ( c\rage & m5 ( action1 virile1 au/]e1 sev]e & dom9ant4#a ,!y 7 m5 :o look$ on none z _! sup]ior & none z _! inf]ior4 ,= ?is reason1 ,rome 0 long a republic4 ,free-born m5 control _! own de/9ies4 ,! fault1 says ,cassius1 is n 9 our />s1 b 9 ourselves t we are und]l+s4 ,?us 9 fre$om1 :5 ,rome 0 small )\t glory1 )\t ri*es1 )\t colonies & )\t slaves1 %e laid ! f\ndations ( greatness4 #a ,virilis1 au/]us1 sev]us1 dom9\s1 good old words appli$ by ,romans to !mselves4 ,b little by little ! _s ( fre$om gave way to t ( dom9ation4 ,consci\s ( p[]1 m5 s\ght to ex]cise x1 n on !mselves b on "o ano!r4 ,little by little ?is meant aggression1 suppression1 plund]1 /ruggle1 glory & all t goes ) ! pomp & circum/ance ( w>4 ,s ! individuality 9 ! mass 0 lo/ 9 ! aggr&izem5t ( ! few4 ,indep5d5ce 0 swall[$ up 9 ambition & patriotism came to h a new mean+1 be+ transf]r$ f he>? & home to ! camp & ! army4 ,9 ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,rome1 we h n[ to consid] only a s+le factor1 ! rev]sal ( selection4 ,9 ,rome's conque/s1 ,vir1 ! real man1 w5t =? to battle & =eign invasion2 ,homo1 ! human be+1 rema9$ on ! f>m & 9 ! work%op & begat ! new g5]ations4 ,vir gave place to ,homo1 says ! ,lat9 au?or4 ,m5 ( good /ock 7 replac$ by ! sons ( slaves & camp-foll[]s1 ! riff-raff ( ^? ! army suck$ 9 b c\ld n use4 ,! ,fall ( ,rome 0 due n to luxury1 effem9acy or corruption1 n to ,n]o's or ,caligula's wick$ness1 nor to ! futility ( ,con/ant9e's desc5dants4 ,x began at ,philippi1 :]e ! _s ( dom9ation ov]came ! _s ( fre$om4 ,x 0 =eca/ /ill e>li] 9 ! rise ( consuls & triumvirs incid5t to ! ?9n+ out ( ! /urdy & self-suffici5t /ra9s :o brook$ no arbitr>y rule4 ,:ile ! be/ m5 7 fall+ 9 w>1 civil or =eign1 or rema9$ beh9d 9 f>away colonies1 ! /ock at home w5t on repeat+ its weakl+ p>5tage4 ,a condition significant 9 ,roman hi/ory is m>k$ by ! gradual swell+ ( ! mob1 ) ! rise 9 au?ority ( ! ,emp]or :o 0 ! mob's expon5t4 ,increase ( arbitr>y p[] w5t ) ! gr[+ weakness ( ! ,romans !mselves4 ,always ! ,emp]or s]ves z a sort ( hi/orical b>omet] by :i* to measure ! abasem5t ( ! p4 ,! conc5trat$ p[] ( ,julius ,caes>1 re/+ on 8 own trem5d\s p]sonality1 %[$ t ! days ( ,c9c9natus & ( ,junius ,brutus 7 pa/4 ,! /r5g? ( ,augu/us re/$ likewise 9 p]sonality4 ,! ris+ au?ority ( lat] emp]ors _h its roots 9 ! ineffectiv5ess ( ! mob1 until x came to pass t ! little f+] ( ,con/ant9e 0 ?ick] ?an ! lo9s ( ,augu/us4 ,?is 0 due n to ,con/ant9e's =ce1 b to ! cont9u$ rev]sal ( selection among ! p ov] :om he rul$4 ,! emp]or1 no long] ! /rong man hold+ 9 *eck all less] m5 & organizations1 became ! creature ( ! mob2 & ! mob1 intoxicat$ ) its own "w1 wor%ipp$ him z div9e4 ,d\btless ! la/ emp]or1 ,augu/ulus ,romulus1 be=e ! ,go?s ?rew him into ! scrap-heap ( hi/ory1 0 reg>d$ by ! mob & himself z ! mo/ god-l ( ! :ole succession4 ,! ,romans ( ! ,republic might p]haps h made a hi/ory v diff]5t4 ,_h !y held alo( f _w-conqu]+ s*emes ,rome might h rema9$ a republic1 endur+ ev5 d[n to our day4 ,! se$s ( ,rome's fall lay n 9 race nor 9 =m ( gov]nm5t1 nor 9 weal? nor 9 s5ility1 b 9 ! influ5ces by :i* ! be/ m5 7 cut (f f p>5?ood1 leav+ its own weak] /ra9s & /ra9s ( l[] races to be fa!rs ( com+ g5]ations4 ,! ,roman ,empire1 says ,pr(essor ,seely1 p]i%$ = want ( m54 ,ev5 ,julius ,caes> notes ! dire sc>city ( m51 :ile at ! same "t !re 7 p en\gh4 ,! population /eadily grew2 ,rome 0 fill+ up l an ov]fl[+ m>%4 ,m5 ( a c]ta9 type 7 pl5ty1 b self-reliant f>m]s1 ! h>dy dwell]s on ! flanks ( ! ,ap5n9es1 m5 ( ! e>ly ,roman days1 ^! 7 fa/ go+1 & ) ! *ange 9 type ( population came ! turn 9 ,roman hi/ory4 ,! ma9spr+ ( ! ,roman army = c5turies has be5 ! pati5t /r5g? & c\rage1 capacity = endur+ h>d%ips1 in/9ctive submission to milit>y discipl9e ( ! population t l9$ ! ,ap5n9es4 ,! effect ( ! w>s 0 t ! ranks ( ! small f>m]s 7 decimat$1 :ile ! numb] ( slaves :o did n s]ve 9 ! army multipli$1 says ,pr(essor ,bury4 ,?us ,vir gave place to ,homo1 ?us ! mob fill$ ,rome & ! mob-h]o rose to ! imp]ial ?rone4 ,no wond] t ,con/ant9e seem$ great] ?an ,augu/us4 ,no wond] t if ,tib]ius *a/is$ 8 subjects ) :ips1 ,val5t9ian *a/is$ !m ) scorpions4#b #b ,! po9t ( ?is is t ! cruel ,tib]ius 0 less sev]e on ! ,romans ( 8 day ?an 0 ! relatively b5evol5t ,val5t9ian on 8 decad5t p4 ,) ,m>cus ,aurelius & ! ,anton9es came a p]iod ( /]ility & b>r5ness 9 human be+s4 ,b\nties 7 (f]$ = m>riage4 ,p5alties 7 devis$ aga9/ race-suicide4 ,m>riage1 says ,metellus1 is a duty :i*1 h[ev] pa9ful1 e citiz5 ought manfully to dis*>ge4 ,w>s 7 conduct$ 9 ! face ( a decl9+ bir?-rate1 & ! decl9e 9 quality & quantity 9 ! human bre$ engag$ v e>ly ! att5tion ( ,roman /atesm54 ,defici5cies ( numb]s 7 made up by immigration1 will+ or en=c$4 ,failure 9 quality 0 beyond rem$y4 ,says ,pr(essor ,zumpt3 ',gov]nm5t hav+ assum$ godhead1 took at ! same "t ! appurt5ances ( x4 ,(ficials multipli$4 ,subjects lo/ _! rights4 ,abject fe> p>alyz$ ! p & ^? t rul$ 7 intoxicat$ ) insol5ce & cruelty4444 ,! wor/ gov]nm5t is t :i* is mo/ wor%ipp$ z div9e4 4 4 4 ,! emp]or possess$ 9 ! army an ov]:elm+ =ce ov] :i* citiz5s _h no influ5ce1 :i* 0 totally deaf to reason or eloqu5ce1 :i* _h no patriotism because x _h no c\ntry1 :i* _h no humanity because x _h no dome/ic ties4 4 4 4 ,!re runs ?r\gh ,roman lit]ature a brig&'s & b>b>ian's contempt = hone/ indu/ry4 4 4 4 ,roman civilization 0 n a creative k9d1 x 0 milit>y1 t is1 de/ructive4' ,:at 0 ! end ( x all8 ,! nation br$ ,romans no m4 ,to cultivate ! ,roman fields :ole tribes 7 borr[$4 ,! man ) quick eye & /rong arm gave place to ! slave1 ! scullion1 ! p>iah1 ^: lot is fix$ because 9 him !re lies no p[] to alt] x4 ,s at la/ ! ,roman _w1 devoid ( p[] to resi/1 0 ov]:elm$ by ! sw>m+ ,o/rogo?s4 ,! b>b>ian settl$ & peopl$ ! empire r ?an conqu]$ x4 ,x 0 ! weakness ( w>-worn ,rome t gave ! ,g]manic races _! fir/ opportunity4 ,! nation is l a bee1 wisely obs]ves ,b]n>d ,%aw1 z x /+s x dies4 ,9 8 monum5tal hi/ory ( ! ,d[nfall ( ! ,anci5t ,_w 7,d] ,unt]gang d] ,antik5welt7 ,dr4 ,otto ,seeck ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mun/] 9 ,we/phalia1 treats 9 detail ! causes ( su* decl9e4 ,he fir/ calls att5tion to ! intellectual /agnation :i* came ov] ! ,roman ,empire ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era4 ,?is manife/$ itself 9 all fields ( intellectual activity4 ,no new idea ( any importance 0 advanc$ 9 sci5ce nor 9 te*nical & political /udies4 ,9 ! realm ( lit]ature & art also "o f9ds a complete lack ( orig9ality & a t5d5cy to imitate old] models4 ,all ?is ,seeck ass]ts1 0 br\ght ab\t by ! cont9u\s root+ out 7,ausrottung7 ( ! be/#c ?r\gh w>4 #c ,die ,ausrottung d] ,be/51 die j55 s*wa*]5 ,volk5 die ,v]ni*tung bra*te1 hat die />k5 ,g]man5 er/ befahigt1 auf d5 ,trumm]n d] antik5 ,welt neue dau]5de ,geme9s*aft5 zu erri*t54 ,seeck4 ,su* ext]m9ation :i* took place 9 ,greece z well z 9 ,rome1 0 due to p]si/5t int]nal conflicts1 ! con/ant murd]\s /ruggle go+ on betwe5 political p>ties1 9 :i*1 9 rapid succession1 fir/ "o & !n ! o!r 0 victori\s4 ,! cu/om ( ! victors be+ to kill & bani% ! lead]s & all prom95t m5 9 ! defeat$ p>ty1 (t5 de/roy+ _! *ildr5 z well1 x is evid5t t 9 "t e /ra9 di/+ui%$ = moral c\rage1 initiative or intellectual /r5g? 0 ext]m9at$4 ,by su* a sy/ematic kill+ (f ( m5 ( initiative & bra9s1 ! intellectual level ( a nation mu/ necess>ily be l[]$ m & m4 ,9 ,rome z 9 ,greece obs]ves ,seeck3 ',a weal? ( =ce ( _s w5t d[n 9 ! suicidal w>s4 4 4 4 ,9 ,rome1 ,m>ius & ,c9na slew ! ari/ocrats by hundr$s & ?\s&s4 ,sulla de/roy$ ! democrats1 & n less ?or\ghly4 ,:atev] ( /rong blood surviv$1 fell z an (f]+ to ! proscription ( ! ,triumvirate4 4 4 4 ,! ,romans _h less ( spontane\s =ce to lose ?an ! ,greeks4 ,?us desolation came soon] to !m4 ,:oev] 0 bold en\gh to rise politically 9 ,rome 0 almo/ )\t exception ?r[n to ! gr\nd4 ,,only ,,c[>ds ,,rema9$1 ,,& ,,f ,,_! ,,blood ,,came ,,=w>d ,,! ,,new ,,g5]ations4#d ,c[>dice %[$ itself 9 lack ( orig9ality & 9 slavi% foll[+ ( ma/]s & traditions4' #d ,au?or's italics4 ,c]ta9 au?ors1 foll[+ ,v>ro1 h ma9ta9$ t ,rome di$ a natural dea?1 ! normal result ( old age4 ,x is m]e fancy to suppose t nations h _! bir?1 _! maturity & _! decl9e "u an inexorable law l t :i* det]m9es ! life hi/ory ( ! individual4 ,a nation is a body ( liv+ m54 ,x may be brok5 up if wrongly l$ or attack$ by a sup]ior =ce4 ,:5 its proportion ( m5 ( initiative or "* is r$uc$1 its future w necess>ily be a resultant ( ! =ces t are left4 ,dr4 ,seeck speaks ) especial scorn ( ! idea t ,rome di$ ( old age4 ,he also repudiates ! !ory t h] fall 0 due to ! corruption ( luxury1 neglect ( milit>y tactics or ov]-diffusion ( culture4 ',x is inconceivable t ! mass ( ,romans suff]$ f ov]-culture4#e ,9 condemn+ ! s9ful luxury ( weal?y ,romans we =get t ! trade-lords ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies 7 sc>cely inf]ior 9 ?is reg>d to ,lucullus & ,apicius1 _! wa/e & luxury n con/itut+ ! slighte/ *eck to ! advance ( ! nations to :i* ^! m5 belong$4 ,! p :o liv$ 9 luxury 9 ,rome 7 scatt]$ m ?9ly ?an 9 any mod]n /ate ( ,europe4 ,! masses liv$ at all times m poorly & frugally because !y c\ld d no?+ else4 ,c we conceive t a w> =ce ( untold millions ( p is r5d]$ effem9ate by ! luxury ( a few hundr$s8 4 4 4 ,too long h hi/orians look$ on ! ri* & noble z m>k+ ! fate ( ! _w4 ,half ! ,roman ,empire 0 made up ( r\gh b>b>ians unt\*$ by ,greek or ,roman culture4 ,:atev] ! remote & ultimate cause may h be51 ! imm$iate cause to :i* ! fall ( ! empire c be trac$ is a physical1 n a moral decay4 ,9 valor1 discipl9e & sci5ce ! ,roman armies rema9$ :at !y _h always be51 & ! peasant emp]ors ( ,illyricum 7 wor?y successors ( ,c9c9natus & ,calus ,m>ius4 ,b ! problem 01 h[ to repl5i% ^? armies4 ,m5 7 want+4 ,! empire p]i%$ = want ( m54' #e ,damitspre*5d hat man das ,wort ,ueb]kultur' ub]haupt erfund51 als w5n e9 zu grosses ,maass von ,kultur ub]haupt d5kb> w>e4 ,9 a volume entitl$ ,race or ,mongrel publi%$ z ,i write ^! pages1 ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,p4 ,s*ultz ( ,new ,york1 au?or ( ,! ,end ( ,d>w9ism1 takes ess5tially ! same s]ies ( facts z to ! fall ( ,rome & draws f !m a some:at diff]5t conclusion4 ,9 8 judgm5t ! cause 0 due to ba/>dy1 to ! mix+ ( ,roman blood ) t ( neighbor+ & subjective races4 ,to my m9d1 ba/>dy 0 ! result & n ! cause ( ,rome's decl9e1 inf]ior & subject races hav+ be5 suck$ into ,rome to fill ! vacuum left z ! ,romans !mselves p]i%$ 9 w>4 ,! cont9u\s kill+ ( ! be/ left room = ! po/-,roman h]d1 :o once sold ! imp]ial ?rone at auction to ! highe/ bidd]4 ,z ! ,romans vani%$ ?r\gh w>f>e at home & abroad1 came an inru% ( =eign blood f all regions r\ndab\t4 ,z ,s*ultz graphically /ates3 ',! deg5]ation & depravity ( ! mongrels 0 s great t !y deifi$ ! emp]ors4 ,& _m ( ! emp]ors 7 ( a "* s vile t _! deification proves t ! po/-,roman s\l mu/ h be5 m deprav$ ?an t ( ! ,egyptian mongrel1 :o deifi$ no?+ l[] ?an dogs1 cats1 crocodiles1 bugs & vegetables4' ,x mu/ n be ov]look$1 h[ev]1 t ! ,roman race 0 nev] a pure race4 ,x 0 a union ( /rong elem5ts ( fronti] democratic peoples1 ,sab9es1 ,umbrians1 ,sicilians1 ,etruscans1 ,greeks1 be+ bl5d$ 9 republican ,rome4 ,:atev] ! orig9s1 ! wor/ outliv$ ! be/1 m+l+ at la/ ) ! odds & ends ( ,imp]ial slav]y1 ! ,sewage ( ,races 7cloaca g5tium7 left at ! ,fall4 ,gibbon says3 ',?is dim9utive /ature ( mank9d 0 daily s9k+ bel[ ! old /&>d & ! ,roman _w 0 inde$ peopl$ by a race ( pygmies :5 ! fi]ce giants ( ! nor? broke 9 & m5d$ ! puny bre$4 ,!y re/or$ ! manly _s ( fre$om & aft] ! revolutions ( t5 c5turies1 fre$om became ! p>5t ( ta/e & sci5ce4' ,b aga91 ! r$eem$ ,italian 0 ( no pur] blood ?an ! po/-,roman-,o/rogo? ance/ry f :i* he sprang4 ,! puny ,roman ( ! days ( ,!odoric ow$ 8 inh]itance to ! cross ( ,roman weakl+s ) ,roman slaves4 ,he 0 n weak because he 0 mongrel b because he sprang f bad /ock on bo? sides4 ,! ,o/rogo? & ! ,lomb>d :o tyranniz$ ov] him br\ght 9 a great /ra9 ( /]n] /uff1 foll[$ by crosses ) captive & slave su* z always accompany conque/4 ,to und]/& ! fall ( ,rome "o mu/ consid] ! disa/r\s effects ( cross+s ( ?is sort4 ,nei!r c "o ov]look ! wa/e ( w> :i* made !m inevitable ?r\gh ! :olesale influx ( inf]ior tribes4 ,nei!r c "o speak ( ! ,roman1 ! ,italian1 ! ,spani>d1 ! ,fr5*1 ! ,r\manian1 nor ( any ( ! s-call$ ,lat9 peoples z repres5t+ a simple pure /ock1 or z be+1 except 9 language1 direct desc5dants ( ^? anci5t ,lat9s :o con/itut$ ! ,roman ,republic4 ,! failure ( ,rome arose n f hybridization1 b f ! wret*$ quality on bo? sides ( its mongrel /ock1 desc5dants ( ,romans unfit = w> & ( base immigrants t _h fill$ ! vacancies4 ,greece4--,once ,greece l$ ! _w 9 intellectual pursuits1 9 art1 9 poetry1 9 philosophy4 ,a l>ge & vital "p ( ,european culture is root$ directly 9 ! language & ?\ght ( ,a!ns4 ,! mo/ beautiful edifice 9 ! _w 0 ! ,peace ,palace ( ! ,p>!non1 erect$ by ,p]icles1 to celebrate ! end ( ,greece's suicidal w>s4 ,?is endur$ #b1ahg ye>s1 to be wreck$ at la/ 7#afhg7 9 ,turki% h&s by ! ,*ri/ian bombs ( ! ,v5etian ,republic4 ,b ! glory ( ,greece _h pass$ away long be=e ! fall ( ! ,p>!non4 ,its cause 0 ! "o cause ( all su* d[nfalls--! ext9ction ( /rong m5 by w>4 ,at ! be/1 ! civilization ( ,greece 0 built on slav]y1 "o freeman to t5 slaves4 ,& :5 ! freem5 7 de/roy$1 ! slaves1 an orig9al ,m$it]ranean /ock1 ov]spread ! t]ritory ( ,hellas along ) ! ,bulg>ians1 ,albanians & ,vla*s1 b>b>ians cr[d+ d[n f ! nor?4 ,! ,grecian language /ill lives1 ! tongue ( a spirit$ & ris+ mod]n p4 ,b ! ,greeks ( ! classic p]iod--! ,hell5es ( lit]ature1 art & philosophy--w nev] be kn[n aga94 ,says ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,irel&3 ',mo/ ( ! old ,greek race has be5 swept away1 & ! c\ntry is n[ inhabit$ by p]sons ( ,slavonic desc5t4 ,inde$1 !re is a /rong gr\nd = ! /atem5t t !re 0 m ( ! old h]oic blood ( ,hellas 9 ! ,turki% army ( ,edhem ,pa%a ?an 9 ! soldi]s ( ,k+ ,george4' ,! mod]n ,greek has be5 call$ a ,byzant9iz$ ,slav4 ,k+ ,george himself & ,con/ant9e 8 son are only ali5s plac$ on ! ,grecian ?rone to suit ! conv5i5ce ( out] p[]s1 be+ 9 fact desc5dants ( tribes :i* to ! anci5t ,greeks 7 m]ely b>b>ians4 ,x is ma9ta9$ t ! mod]n ,greeks are 9 ! ma9 ! desc5dants ( ! population t inhabit$ ,greece 9 ! e>li] c5turies ( ,byzant9e rule4 ,ow+ to ! op]ation ( v>i\s causes1 hi/orical1 social & economic1 t population 0 compos$ ( _m het]og5e\s elem5ts & repres5t$ 9 v limit$ degree ! race :i* repuls$ ! ,p]sians & built ! ,p>!non4 ,! int]nec9e conflicts ( ! ,greek communities1 w>s ) =eign p[]s1 & ! deadly /ruggles ( factions 9 ! v>i\s cities _h to a l>ge ext5t oblit]at$ ! old race ( free citiz5s by ! beg9n+ ( ,roman p]iod4 ,! ext]m9ation ( ! ,plataeans by ! ,sp>tans & ( ! ,melians by ! ,a!nians dur+ ! ,peloponnesian w>1 ! proscription ( ! ,a!nian citiz5s aft] ! w>1 ! massacre ( ! ,coreyrean olig>*s by ! democratic p>ty1 ! slaught] ( ! ,!bans by ,alex&] & ( ! ,cor9?ians by ,mummius are among ! m famili> in/ances ( ! cata/rophes :i* ov]took ! civic elem5t 9 ! ,greek cities4 ,! void c only h be5 fill$ f ! ranks ( ! metics or resid5t ali5s & ( ! desc5dants ( ! f> m num]\s slave population4 ,9 ! classic p]iod f\r fif?s ( ! population ( ,attica 7 slaves2 ( ! rema9d]1 half 7 meties ,9 ,a4,d4 #ajj only ?ree ?\s& free arm-be>+ m5 7 9 ,greece4 7,james ,d4 ,b\r*i]47 ,! con/ant little /ruggles ( ! ,greeks among !mselves made no great %[+ z to numb]s comp>$ to o!r w>s1 b !y wip$ out ! mo/ valuable p1 ! be/ blood1 ! mo/ promis+ h]$ity on e>?4 ,?is co/ ! _w m ?an ! kill+ ( millions ( b>b>ians4 ,9 two c5turies !re 7 born "u ! %ad[ ( ! ,p>!non m m5 ( g5ius ?an ! ,roman ,empire _h 9 its :ole exi/5ce4 ,yet ?is empire includ$ all ! civiliz$ _w1 ev5 ,greece h]self4 7,la ,p\ge47 ,! d[nfall ( ,greece1#f l t ( ,rome1 has be5 ascrib$ by ,s*ultz to ! cross+ ( ! ,greeks ) ! b>b>ic races :i* flock$ into ,hellas f e side4 ,^! resid5t ali5s1 or metics1 /eadily increas$ 9 numb] z ! free ,greeks disappe>$4 ,select$ slaves or helots 7 !n made free 9 ord] to furni% fight+ m51 & aga9 z ^! fell _! places 7 tak5 by immigrants4 #f ,c]ta9 rec5t writ]s :o f9d 9 environm5t ! causes ( ! rise & fall ( nations1 ascribe ! failure ( ,greece to ! introduction 9 ,a!ns & ,sp>ta ( ! mal>ia-be>+ mosquito4 ,z to ! facts 9 "q1 we h little evid5ce4 ,b :ile ! preval5ce ( mal>ia may h affect$ ! g5]al activity ( ! p1 x c\ld 9 no way h oblit]at$ ! m5tal lead]%ip :i* made ! /r5g? ( classic ,hellas1 nor c\ld x h inject$ its poison into ! /ream ( ,greek h]$ity4 ,x is d\btless true at ?is day t no race inhabits ,greece1 & ! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ,greeks & o!r ,balkan peoples is t1 inhabit+ ! m\nta9s & valleys ( ,hellas1 !y speak 9 dialects ( ! anci5t tongue4 ,environm5t1 except ?r\gh selection & segregation1 c n alt] race inh]itance & ! mod]n ,greeks h n be5 *ang$ by x4 ,s*ultz obs]ves3 ',we are told t ! ,hell5es ow$ _! greatness l>gely to ! c\ntry x 0 _! =tune to dwell 94 ,to t same c\ntry1 ) ! same wond]ful coa/ l9e & h>bors1 m\nta9s & brooks1 & ! same sun ( ,hom]1 ! mod]n ,greeks owe _! no?+ness4' ,9 o!r words1 x is q true t ! ,greece ( ,p]icles ow$ its /r5g? to ,greek blood1 n to ,hell5ic sc5]y4 ,:5 all ! good ,greek blood 0 sp5t 9 suicidal w>s1 only slaves & =eign-born 7 left4 ',tis ,greece1 b liv+ ,greece no m4#g #g ,9 contra/+ a new race ) ! old--z ! mod]n ,greeks ) ! incomp>able ,hell5es--we mu/ n be unju/ to ! m5 ( to-day ^: limitations are evid5t1 contra/$ ) a race we "k ma9ly by its f9e/ examples4 ,9 spite ( pov]ty1 t\*9ess & vanity *>act]i/ic ( ! mod]n ,greek1 !re is good /uff 9 him4 ,he is frank1 hopeful1 en?usia/ic4 ,! m\nta9 ,greek1 at lea/1 kn[s ! value ( fre$om1 & has m ?an once put up a brave fight = x4 ,! valleys bre$ subs]vi5cy1 & ! ,greeks ( ,!ssaly are said to be less indep5d5t ?an ! m\nta9-born4 ,fur!rmore1 we d n "k t ev5 ! fir/ ,hell5es ( ,myc5ae 7 an unmix$ race1 or t any unmix$ races ev] rose to su* prom95ce z to comm& ! _w's att5tion4 ,we d "k t :5 w> depletes a nation slaves & =eign]s come 9 to fill ! vacuum1 & t ! decl9e ( a great race 9 hi/ory has always be5 accompani$ by a debas+ ( its blood4 ,yet out ( ?is decad5ce natural selection may 9 "t br+ =w>d bett] /ra9s1 & ) normal conditions ( security & peace nature may beg9 aga9 h] "w ( recup]ation4 ,9 ! fall ( ,greece we h ano!r c\nt aga9/ w>1 sc>cely realiz$ until ! facts ( ,l\va9 & ,mal9es1 ( ,rheims & ,ypres1 h br\ght x aga9 s vividly be=e u4 ,w> respects no?+1 :ile ! human s\l increas+ly dem&s v5]ation = its own noble & beautiful a*ievem5ts4 ,z ,i write ?is1 !re rise be=e me ! pa9t+s 9 ! ,neue ,p9ako!k at ,muni*1 repres5t+ ! tw5ty-"o ,cities ( ,anci5t ,greece1 f ,sp>ta to ,salamis1 f ,eleusis to ,cor9?1 n z !y 71 9 ! glory :i* 0 ,greece1 n z !y are n[1 l>gely fi%+ hamlets by ! blue ,aegean ,sea1 b z ru9$ ar*es & brok5 columns half hid 9 ! a%es ( w>1 w>s :i* blott$ out ,greece f _w hi/ory4 ,,anti-,,suffragi/s ,,& ,,w> ,,by ,,elsie ,,clews ,,p>sons ,,new ,,york ,,city ,,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s ( ^? mis/atem5ts ( fact & confusions ( ?\ght ! cons]vative seems ev5 m prone to make ?an ! radical has to d ) a c]ta9 suppositi\sly hi/orical relation betwe5 wom5 & w>4 ,x is assum$#a t e>ly society is ev] militant & t because ( its milit>ism x excludes wom51 wom5 n be+ fight]s1 n only f its gov]nm5t1 b f all its privileges1 ev5 mak+ ( !m its drudges & its bea/s ( burd54 ,& s1 argues ! cons]vative1 wom5 are = ! same reasons disfran*is$1 & prop]ly disfran*is$1 to-day4 ,:e!r m or less militant ?an x 01 society is /ill f\nd$ on =ce1 & because wom5 are n z /rong z m51 m5 w n give !m ! vote4 ,besides x is only "r1 s9ce !y c n fight1 !y %\ld n vote4 ,x has always be5 s1 & s x %\ld cont9ue to be1 at any rate until w> becomes a ?+ ( ! pa/1 & t w nev] be1 y c't *ange human nature1 etc41 etc4 #a ,&1 let u admit1 n m]ely by ! cons]vative anti-fem9i/4 ,z radical & disc]n+ a fem9i/ z ,?omas ,w5twor? ,higg9son1 aft] ass]t+ t physical /r5g? 0 once sole rul]1 cites 9 agreem5t ,walt] ,bagehot's ref]5ce to ! contempt = physical weakness & = wom5 :i* m>ks e>ly society4 7,wom5 & ! ,alphabet1 p4 #di4 ,bo/on & ,new ,york1 #aijj47 ,!re are ( c\rse v>i\s answ]s to ?is milit>i/ anti-suffrage argum5t1 answ]s :i* 9 spite ( ! logic ( curr5t ev5ts are /ill likely to be satisfactory or n accord+ to previ\s convictions1 b ! only po9t ,i wi% to *all5ge is ! appeal 9 ?is connection to ! pa/4 ,let ! milit>i/ anti-suffragi/ ass]t 8 belief 9 gov]nm5t by =ce if he likes1 b let him n try to ju/ify x by ! prec$5ts ( primitive life4 ,nor may he--or %e--expla9 ! exclusion ( wom5 to-day z a survival ( _! subjection 9 primitive society to brute =ce4 ,! gov]nm5t ( primitive society is n bas$ on physical pr[ess1 & al?\gh mod]n woman is exclud$ f m5's activities = ! same reason z primitive woman 0 exclud$1 ! reason is n muscul> inf]iority4 ,x is a pity 9 ! fem9i/ controv]sies ( ! la/ hundr$ ye>s or s t ! exclusion ( wom5 did n become a m popul> phrase ?an ! subjection ( wom54 ,t t]m gave a fallaci\s twi/ bo? to obs]vation & analysis4 ,primitive & mod]n m5 alike commonly ,,exclude wom51 !y seldom subject !m4 ,simil>ly1 9 "s societies1 *ildr5 & "y p1 all 9 fact b ! eld]ly1 are treat$ to me?ods ( exclusion r ?an ( subjection4 ,e>ly society is dom9at$ by ! eld]s2 its practices & cu/oms h be5 det]m9$ by !m &1 9 ! mo/ primitive society1 gov]nm5t is no?+ b a g]ontocracy1 a gov]nm5t ( old m54 ,ev5 ) *iefta9cy ! c\ncil ( ! eld]s is weighty & ! heads ( h\seholds h consid]able influ5ce4 ,are ! eld]s ! fight]s or raid]s ( ! tribe8 ,no1 !y are its judges1 its legislators &1 mo/ important ( all1 its magicians4 ,nor is ! *ief or k+ ! fight] p> excell5ce ( ! tribe4 ,b he too may be & (t5 is ! tribal magician4 ,?r\gh _! p[]s ( magic eld]s & *iefs are responsible = ! wea!r1 = ! reproduction ( plants & animals1 = ! success ( ! crops1 ( hunts & cat*es1 = ! heal? & g5]al welf>e ( ! p4 ,& 9 w>8 ,9 w> !y are ! mo/ important p]sonages too4 ,because !y fight8 ,no1 because 9 w> too !y make magic2 !y *>m ! approa*es to ! village1 !y doctor ! trails or ! weapons or ! canoes1 !y make w> m$ic9e1 !y invoke & propitiate ! w> gods4 ,! w>riors are ! y\ng] m51 m5 ^: ef=ts w\ld be va9 )\t ! back+ ( _! magic-work+ s5iors or *iefs4 ,! eld]s make peace & decl>e w>4 ,& x is at _! dictate t ! "y m5 take to head-hunt+ or to raid+ or ev5 to /eal+ wom54 ,z to ! subjection ( wom51 :at exi/s ( x ! eld]s are responsible =4 ,x is !y :o sc>e a girl or %ame h] into be+ docile4 ,x is !y :o m>ry h] (f aga9/ h] w1 x is !y :o set h] un5d+ tasks or %ut h] up 9 idl5ess4 ,x is !y :o make h] und]go ! discom=ts or mis]ies ( :at we call conv5tional life or bully h] into exile or dea?4 ,) ?is control ( girls or wom5 ! w>riors1 ! /&+ army1 h little or no?+ to d1 ev5 less 9 primitive life ?an 9 mod]n4 ,x is ! old p1 ! old wom5 at times z well z ! old m54 ,aga9 x is ! old m5 :o are lead]s 9 ! exclusion ( ! wom54 ,9 control ( ! initiation ( ! y\?s1 !y sep>ate !m f _! mo!rs or si/]s & (t5 decree = ! initiates a c]emonial avoidance ( all wom5 = a set "t4 ,! p5alties !y ?reat5--sickness1 decrepitude1 effem9acy--are too dire to pass unhe$$4 ,?is avoidance has be5 expla9$ z due to ! monopoli/ic _s ( ! eld]s4 ,) _! wom5 !y want no int]f]5ce by ! y\?s4 ,b a f> m plausible explanation1 ,i ?9k1 takes ! avoidance z a conc5tration rite1 s to speak1 a symbol1 if y l1 ( ! life ahead1 ! life 9 :i* ! boys1 made m51 are go+ to h little to d 9 public ) wom54 ,= ev5 aft] ! special avoidance ( ! initiation p]iod ends1 ! segregation ( ! sexes cont9ues4 ,m5 keep toge!r & away f wom5 9 _! club-h\ses1 & 9 all ! places ( assembly :i* are diff]5tiat$ f ! primitive club-h\se--! *ur*1 ! c\ncil1 ! work%op1 ! gymnasium1 ! univ]sity1 ! play-h\se4 ,& f all ! int]e/s :i* c5t] 9 ^! places m5 h f "t to "t exclud$ wom51 !y h exclud$ !m f magic & religion1 f arts & lett]s1 f games1 f politics &1 let me add1 f w>4 ,:y are m5 s exclusive8 ,because--! reason w seem almo/ too simple1 ,i fe>1 = acceptance--because n[ & always m5 d n want to be bo!r$ by wom54 ,wom5 get 9 our way1 !y say1 wom5 are a nuisance4 ,almo/ any:]e away f home wom5 are a nuisance--9 *ur* organization1 9 ! univ]sity1 9 bus9ess1 etc4 ,( c\rse if wom5 c be kept ap>t f u 9 ^! activities & w /ay 9 _! place1 if !y jo9 an ord] ( nuns or deaconesses1 if !y g to a sep>ate college 9 ! univ]sity1 if !y w become good /5ograph]s1 we don't m9d hav+ _! coop]ation1 we welcome x4 ,wom5 may ev5 g to w>--z an absolutely sep>ate division ( ! army1 said ! m5 ( ,dahomi1 z non-combatant pahia wom5 or work]s ( magic1 said ! ,roro-speak+ tribesm5 ( ,new ,gu9ea1 or z ,r$ 7dross nurses1 say ! m5 ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,if we m5 c be sure wom5 w n int]f]e ) u1 we really d n m9d4 ,wom5 h only to give u t assurance ( non-int]f]5ce to make u d\bt ! ass]tion we sometimes make t 9 go+ to w> !y are int]f]+ ) ! ord] ( nature4 ,,an ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,slavophilism ,,by ,,ar?ur ,d4 ,,rees ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 ,,!re are good reasons = believ+ t ! ,russians are practically ! greate/ peace p 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,!y are ! lea/ comm]cial 9 ! competitive s5se1 ! lea/ capitali/ic also1 & z a p1 ! lea/ combative 9 ,europe1 despite ! wrecks ( w>r+ dyna/ies t t5 c5turies h left ^u _! pla9s & ! miscellane\s /rifes & calamities ( all k9ds t h beset !m4 ,always exp&+ along l9es ( lea/ resi/ance2 absorb+ by comp>atively petty conque/s1 decay+ or scanty peoples2 rea*+ ,kam*atka 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ ) m ease ?an %e rea*$ ! %ores ( ! ,baltic2 nev] fl++ h] legions f> & wide victori\sly z did ,rome1 ,spa91 ,france or ,great ,brita9--,russia rema9s to-day1 = ! mo/ "p1 humble1 &1 9 reality1 a conqu]$ p1 liv+1 dream+ & prea*+ a morality born bo? ( ?is humility & ( ! physical environm5t t has help$ to fo/] x4 ,all ,muscovy c n be judg$ by ^? few :o live 9 ! saddle--! ,cossack population1 m5 & wom51 numb]s only ab\t two million--nor by ! pitiable pageant ( despotism ! obs]v] beholds 9 _! l&3 pogroms1 pov]ty1 disease1 di/ress1 milit>ism1 or?odoxy & ,pan-,slavism4 ,russia has a s\l 9 spite ( ^!2 a g5tle & beautiful s\l1 only half reveal$1 & too mu* conceal$ by h] dilapidation & h] dilemma2 a peaceful s\l1 abnormally humble & dev\t1 & 9 respect to ^! qualities unequall$ 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,s9ce ! age ( ,vladimir ! ,holy1 ,! ,beautiful ,sun ( ,kief1 9 ! t5? c5tury1 ,russia has _h ! tradition ( int]national peace4 ,vladimir w&]$ ov] ! c\ntry1 sword & battle ax 9 h&1 l a re9c>nation ( ,?or1 arm$ ) 8 mighty & wondr\s hamm]4 ,!n came 8 ye>n+ = a new religion--some?+ to inspire 8 life bett] ?an ,p]un--,russia's old god ( ?und]--& ! o!r idols1 & a little lat]1 ! picturesque inve/igation ( 8 p]ipatetic commission]s hav+ be5 complet$1 he became a ,*ri/ian ( ! ,greek *ur*1 0 baptiz$ ) _m f9e & gr& c]emonies1 compell$ 8 docile p to d likewise1 &1 l a true ,nor?man t he 0--! great gr&son ( ,rurik ( ! ,baltic wilds--he s impress$ 8 fr[sy hordes1 half ,scy?ian & half ,slav1 t n[ 9 ! he>ts ( _! desc5dants1 9 _! popul> songs & leg5ds1 9 ^? conc]n+ ,kief especially--a beautiful & pa!tic /ra9 ( music eight c5turies old--he1 ,vladimir1 is /ill ! c5tral h]oic figure2 once a man1 b n[ a k9d ( god1 s5t f ,heav5 to rule1 enlight5 & br+ peace to 8 p & be kn[n 9 /ory & song z ,vladimir ! ,holy1 ! ,beautiful ,sun ( ,kief4 ,an old *ronicle describes = u h[ 8 hordes drank _! cup ( trembl+ at 8 h&s4 ,!re1 ar\nd ab\t ! l[ hills ( ! s\!rn ,dniep] ,riv]1 probably on ! crumbl+ s&/one cliffs ( ,kief--! city1 /udd$ ) jewel-l leg5ds & fam$ = its gold5 palaces1 /ood 8 c&idates = baptism2 ne> by 7 prie/s f ,con/ant9ople1 gorge\sly array$1 *ant+1 9 /ra9s unkn[n to ! populace1 ! ,greek *ur* baptismal s]vice4 ,!n ! democratic imm]sion6--ri* man1 poor man & all1 at ,vladimir's comm&1 wade into ! baptismal wat]s1 "s up to _! knees1 "s to _! wai/s1 "s to _! necks1 &1 ?us f9d+ a new fai? f ,heav51 !y cross$ !mselves = ! fir/ "t z ! ?und] roll$ on high6 ,"h is ,russia rememb]+ h] ,creator 9 ! days ( h] y\?--& =gett+ ,him ev] s9ce2 f !n on1 ,holy ,russia6 ,possibly ,holy ,vladimir1 at any rate1 = becom+1 ) t c]emony1 peaceable1 except = self-def5ce1 he gave up all ( 8 idols & 8 aggressive sword4 ,! =m] he sc\rg$ & ca/ into ! riv]1 ! latt] he %ea!d 9 its scabb>d4 ,& all ?is ab\t #ihh--! fir/ peace movem5t ( ,holy ,russia4 ,! fai? ( x1 & its vision & dream came e>ly 9 h] hi/ory & h n yet gone out or be5 ext+ui%$4 ,be=e ! next su* movem5t1 "t en\gh pass$ by to give ! seasons & ! w9ds & ra9s full opportunity to :ittle d[n old ,kief's /ori$ s&/one hills4 ,9 #ahae1 ! mu*-exp&$ realm ( ,muscovy1 !n a p>tn] 9 ! holy alliance1 proclaim$ "u ,alex&] ! ,fir/1 ! ideal ( peace4 ,?is ,cz> decl>$ he w\ld rule z a fa!r ov] 8 *ildr5 & 9 ! int]e/ ( ju/ice1 *>ity & peace1 &1 9 s do+1 creat$ ! lead+ prec$5t = ! peace program ( ,nicolas ! ,second4 ,alex&]1 :o 9 ! fir/ half ( 8 reign rul$ lib]ally = ! days ( ,napoleonic supremacy1 no d\bt 0 s9c]e 9 8 desire to gov]n 9 ! _s ( bro!rhood1 b 9 ! latt] ye>s ( 8 p[]1 he fell sadly %ort ( ?is /&>d4 ,alex&] ! ,second1 ! emancipator ( =ty-six million s]fs1 may h _h "s _w peace ideal 9 m9d :5 he 9 #ahgd promot$ a conf]5ce 9 ,brussels to codify ! usages ( w>1 b ! reaction f 8 e>li] lib]alism 0 sett+ 9 ab\t ?is "t &1 gr[+ worse1 l$ to 8 assass9ation 9 #ahha4 ,! next move 9 ! direction ( peace came1 z ! _w r well kn[s1 ?r\gh ! pres5t ,cz>1 ,nicolas ! ,second1 :o on asc5d+ ! ?rone 9 #ahid1 proclaim$ t ,russia w\ld rule 9 ! int]e/s ( peace & w\ld cultivate ! arts ( x4 ,9 #ahih foll[$ ! fir/ call = a ,_w ,peace ,conf]5ce1 & 9 #ahii came ano!r circul> ) a simil> object4 ,b x is out ( ! k9d he>t ( ,muscovy1 & f ! tr\bl$1 humble & p5it5t s\l ( ,russia t ! real peace movem5t ( h] l& has aris54 ,= _m c5turies calamities h be5 p\r+ ^u h] pla9s1 pr(usely p\r+--dr\ght1 fam9e & invasions )\t numb]2 n[ ,rurik & 8 ,nor?m5 to />t ! empire out ( its prehi/oric le?>gy2 _! dyna/y ( conqu]+ blood /ill %>+ 9 ! rul]%ip ( ! l& to-day2 n[ ! ,t>t>s1 remnants ( :om ) _! high *eek bones are /ill visible 9 ! ,baltic prov9ces2 p>ticul>ly & always & ev] pov]ty beyond description2 pov]ty1 disa/] & conque/1 l triple demons to humiliate ! s\l ( ,russia & keep h] dumb = _m c5turies1 except = ! beauty ( h] un5d+ song4 ,& out ( ^! conditions ( life has gr[n ! peace morality t is native to ! ,russian p2 out ( _! sorr[s & _! conqu]$ pla9s1 out ( _! brok5 he>ts too1 al?\gh ! economic g5esis ( x all is v app>5t4 ,! ,russian p's ,russia has ev] be5 "u ! ov]lords heel1 d[ntrodd5 ye>s )\t numb]1 & yet x is a l& :i* has nev] produc$ a sy/em ( milit>y tactics & tra9+--=ev] dep5d5t = ^! creations ^u h] neighbors2 a l& :i* has produc$ sc>cely "o great naval or milit>y comm&] :o to-day holds a place 9 hi/ory z d ^? ( o!r nations2 a l& ^: p h be5 usually l$ to slaught] l %eep by ,nor?man or ,teutonic or ,poli% g5]als2 ^: armies h nev] be5 not$ = _! great campaigns1 & always h be5 poorly drill$1 manag$ & f$1 & nev] yet successful 9 any =eign w>s4 ,surely f su* a l& z ?is1 no widespread w>-morality or _w-conqu]+ legions c\ld come4 ,9 fact ! v rev]se has come to pass3 ! philosophy ( ,slavophilism has aris5 9 ,muscovy1 yet n s mu* aris5 z x has develop$ ) ! ,russian s\l1 n z a ?+ ap>t1 b z a quality !re(1 blossom+ someh[ ) all o!r ,russian ?+s1 out ( ! primitive ,scy?ian d>kness4 ,! rebelli\s _s hav+ be5 cru%$ out ( ! g5]ations s9ce1 :at is left b non-resi/ance8 ,yet 9 ^! latt] ye>s a resi/+ _s1 nurs$ & suckl$ l>gely 9 we/]n ,europe1 has falsely made x appe> t all ,russia 0 9 arms1 /orm+ ) *aotic unity at ! *ur*1 ! /ate & ! army1 delug+ _! anci5t cu/oms ) ! de/ructive & re-creative might ( radicalism4 ,f> & wide ( ! tru? is ?is6 ,let no "o ?9k ! va/ he>t ( ,russia has *ang$6 ,only ! few h ca/ away ! anci5t quiet2 only ! few h ! mod]n consci\sness in/ead ( ! m$ieval1 !ocratic "o2 only ! few are n at he>t ,slavophiles 9 feel+ & 9 morality4 ,?is philosophy exi/$ long 9 ! national or social m9d be=e x 0 cry/alliz$ into public doctr9es1 & exi/s ev5 yet l>gely 9 its m primitive unword$ or in/9ctive =m1 al?\gh x 0 ,pet] ! ,great :o unconsci\sly awoke ! lat5t & !n unexpress$ ,slavophilic feel+s & moralities :5 he1 l a civiliz+ ,pi$ ,pip]1 *>m$ ! *iefta9s ( indu/ry ( ,we/]n ,europe to foll[ 8 trail into ,muscovy1 8 ,empire ( ,little ,villages1 & !re reg5]ate !m4 ,!re=e at ab\t ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 9 ,russia1 ! dumb sil5t c5turies gradually became articulate 9 express+ _! opposition to all ?+s we/]n4 ,?is is ! he>t ( ,slavophilism1 & no "o c truly fa?om ! ,russian s\l be=e und]/&+ its philosophy4 ,x is ! ,muscovite !ory ( ! simple life1 /ill cry+ out aga9/ ! ,great ,pet]'s "w & recall+ ! devotees ( we/]n culture to its idealization ( m$ieval1 !ocratic1 autocratic ,russia4 ,despite ?is reaction1 h[ev]1 x has a great mean+1 a t5d] beauty1 & a message ( dep? & p[] = our we/]n _w4 ,prim>ily ,russia is a peasant & an agricultural l&1 & !re is a colorless monotony 9 h] va/ pla9s4 ,inde$ l& & p are alike2 z 9 ! av]age peasant !re is pati5ce1 resignation & submission1 s !re is 9 ! v l& itself4 ,op5 & pro/rate x lies b5ea? ! torrid sun ( ! s\?1 & ! arctic w9ds ( ! nor?2 subdu$ & d[ntrodd5 = c5turies1 x & its p h always be5 at ! m]cy ( ru?less m5 & ra9less w9ds4 ,?us passive endurance has become "o ( ! sav+ qualities ( ! ,russian's s\l4 ,! peasant's nature is "o t has few wants & little rebelli\s p[]4 ,! ,greek *ur* ( ! simple gospel is 8 & a gov]nm5t ( ! ,cz>'s w4 ,8 p[] ( self r5unciation is "o :i* 9 ,slavophilic ?\ght gives him true lib]ty4 ,!re=e ask ! foll[]s ( ?is doctr9e1 :at ne$ is !re ( ! con/itutional lib]ties ( ! we/1 or its republics or limit$ mon>*ies1 or its diff]5ces 9 ecclesia/ical fai? & /ructure8 ,slavophilism decl>es t ,russia has ! only true fre$om1 fai? & bro!rhood1 :i* o!r l&s sadly lack4 ,9 addition %e has ! anci5t & spl5did h]itage ( ! communal l& sy/em1 :]e9 ! inh]5t ju/ice ( ! ,russian peasant's he>t is %[n by 8 volunt>y division & re-division ( ! l& among 8 bro!rs at /at$ times4 ,:at ne$ !re=e1 ,slavophilism asks1 = ! deg5]ate ju/ice ( ! we/8 ,none6 ,away ) ,europe !n6--! ,europe ( competition & gruesome factories6 ,! ,europe ( de/ructive =ces1 ( gre$y l& grabb]s1 ( capital & labor w>s1 :]e society is held toge!r1 n z 9 ,russia by ! ties ( affection1 bro!rhood & communal int]e/1 b only by money & gre$1 & :]e free ?9k]s1 a!i/s & mat]iali/s ab\nd1 ^: lives & ?\ghts w\ld unsettle ! holy1 or?odox feel+s ( ,russia1 di/urb h] anci5t consci5ce & poison h] humility ) murmur+s ( discont5t & rebellion4 ,away ) ! books ( ! we/1 too6 ,& its agricultural implem5ts6 ,wood5 pl\ghs in/ead ( *ill$ /eel6 ,outdoor "w & n indoor prisons call$ factories6 ,peasants work+ = c5turies b5ea? ! uncanopi$ sun1 & on ! floors )\t walls1 w n let doors & brickwork ?umbscrew _! s\ls 9 conf9em5t ?us6 ,indoors a:ile 9 w9t] w !y labor1 b spr+ airs %att] ! moralities ( ! "t-clock & away to ! fields !y ru%2 9 ! spr+ to s[ & s+1 9 ! summ] to s+ aga9 & at ! h>ve/ "t too1 & !n to plait ! be>d$ /alks into wrea?s & cr[n ! maid5s ) %ea?s ( corn2 ! hymns = ! dea? ( w9t] & ! bir? ( spr+1 m>riage songs & fun]al dirges & *ants ( old5 times well int]m+l$ ) ! labor ( _! h&s4 ,h]e9 ! poetry ( agricultural1 peaceable ,russia cla%es ) ! prosaic effici5cy ( ! we/1 ! effici5cy ( comm]cial w>s1 /rikes & class /ruggles :i* peasant ,muscovy has kn[n s little4 ,& aga91 ,slavophilism1 ) its !ory ( successive civilizations1 cull$ p]haps f ! philosophy ( ,hegel1 ea* civilization sup]ior to its =]unn]1 comes to %[ u a vision3 ! gradual displacem5t ( "o type ( society by ano!r1 b cont9u+ :at is be/ 9 ! prec$+ until no?+ except :at is good rema9s & univ]sal peace results1 ?us portray+ ! displacem5t ( national civilizations by univ]sal ones1 f :i* ultimately an ideali/ic _w policy w result1 & ! f$]ation & peace ( m54 ,"s ,slavophiles saw ev5 9 ,pet]'s "w a process ( progress+ f nationality to univ]sality4 ,9 8 "t !re 0 ! same ye>n+ t[>d its peaceful ideal4 ,! ,old ,russia p>ty want$ ,pet] to r5\nce w> & conque/4 ,alexis1 8 own murd]$ son1 work$ ) ?is elem5t :i* 0 v l>gely repres5tative ( ! nation4 ,to !m1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 !n a new & gr[+ capitol1 0 typical ( *ange1 unre/ & falsity2 ,mosc[ 0 9 _! he>ts ! only capital1 typical ( ,russia's old com=t & quiet4 ,_m nobles antagoniz$ ,pet]1 b he swept !m aside1 imprison+ !m or s5d+ !m to ! gall[s4 ,l ,russia's slight resi/ance to ,rurik & o!rs1 & to ! ,t>t>s1 s 0 h] feebl5ess be=e ,pet] ! ,great1 :o 0 himself1 h[ev]1 by no means an accompli%$ milit>y lead]1 b an enlight5$ b>b>ian1 deal+ ) a p :om writ]s & obs]v]s decl>e to be end[$ ) conspicu\s traits ( humility1 sc>cely f\nd 9 ! ,*ri/ian nations ( ! we/]n _w4 ,russian fiction repres5ts its p 9 ! same way4 ,unaggressive *>act]s1 :o talk & ?9k b d n act1 fill its novels2 !y dream ( ! great age ( ! ,univ]sal ,idea t %all come = all & reg5]ate ! rott5 we/1 :]e rationalism is ! orig9al s92 ! typical we/ t ,slavophilism condemns--! we/ ( ! /ruggles betwe5 ! rul]s & ! rul$2 betwe5 ,scripture & tradition & ! upp] & l[] classes4 ,! ,slavophile idea1 9 !ory at lea/1 leaves no room = ?is4 ,*ri/ian love & humility & peasant communes1 :]e rationalism1 /rife & rebellion are unkn[n1 mu/ be in/itut$ 9 ! we/2 !n ! ,univ]sal ,idea ( ,russia w create ,mill5nial times4 ,?is 0 ! ,messianic hope ( ,slavophilism1 & p]haps is yet to a great degree de/9$ 9 ! m9ds ( its devotees to give ! la/ feature to ! developm5t ( ! _w1 s t ! love & feel+ ( ! ea/ w\ld appease ! discord ( ! we/1 dilut+ its discipl9e & its logic ) true religi\s intuition & humility1 & ev5tually ! idealiz$ relation%ip ( autocracy = ! ,cz> & self-gov]nm5t = ! p--! old sy/em s rudely /ra9$ by ,pet] ! ,great--w\ld p]meate ! rul$ & rul]s ( ! _w4 ,"h !n is ,slavophilism6 ,& pacific ,russia--! he>t & s\l ( h]1 claim+ ?is to be ! true e?ical & spiritual ideal = h] p1 & c5sor+ h] upp] class1 ) its =eign culture1 mat]ialism1 & infidelity1 z be+ ! only real traitor to ?is sav+ morality ( ! anci5t regime4 ,among ! prom95t advocates ( ?is philosophy might be m5tion$1 fir/1 ,con/ant9e ,aksak(f1 ,russia's ,r\sseau1 :o 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 0 a virtu\s propag&i/ ( ! doctr9e4 ,he e>ne/ly1 ev5 religi\sly1 prea*$ ! return ( ,russia f ! allurem5ts ( we/]n ,europe1 unto h] own !ory ( national salvation1 decl>+ t ! social ord] ( ! we/ is on a false f\ndation & t ,slavophilism w\ld (fset its deg5]acy1 if only ,russia w\ld free h]self f ! false class lead]%ip = ^: orig9 ! ,great ,pet] /&s ! convict$ sponsor6 ,?us ,slavophilism1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,aksak(f1 in/ead ( lead+ =w>d ) ! great lib]al movem5t t came aft] ! ,crimean ,w>1 result+ f9ally 9 ! emancipation ( ! s]fs1 w\ld lead backw>d to ! /agnant h\rs ( m$ieval ,russia4 ,!n !re 7 no ,g]man words to disfigure ! ,russian language6 ,!n !re 7 no ,g]man divisions ( rank among ! (ficials to /rangle life by _! =mality4 ,no1 none ( ^!1 nor ! di/urb+ importations ( ,pet]2 9 ,aksak(f's v>iation ( ! gospel1 ! ,russians are ! beyond m5 & ne$ !m n4 ,?us be=e ,pet]'s reign all 0 ,slavophilic6--a religion ( ! simple ,*ri/ian gospel1 a *ur* consid]+ itself ! only true ecclesia1 a gov]nm5t ( ! ,cz>'s w1 a life ( passive humility2 creat+ fre$om ( consci5ce & spee* = ! peasants1 & fre$om ( activity & legislation = ! rul]s1 unkn[n 9 mod]n corrupt$ ,russia6 ,& ?us 0 old peaceable-he>t$ ,muscovy ( ! pa/ c5turies pictur$ z ! metropolis ( true political & individual morality4 ,h]z51 too1 an able pamphlete] 9 revolution>y ?+s1 prea*$ some?+ simil>1 cry+ f 8 pulpit at home or 9 exile1 t ,russia w\ld solve all h] problems & lead ! human race by ! simplicity ( ! ,slavophile ideal4 ,8 e>ly & rabid we/]nism 0 greatly temp]$ on contact ) ! we/4 ,disillusion & disgu/ ov]came him4 ,! m]cantilism ( ! b\rgeoisie !re drove him into ,aksak(f's fold1 & he too !reaft] f\nd fai? alone 9 ! reg5]ative p[] ( ,russia1 & h] sy/em ( ! mir1 ! c5tral sun ( ! ,slavophilic /ate1 ! village commune1 self-gov]n+ & self-conta9$4 ,& !n f t1 ?is 0 to ensue3 ! :ole _w made ( village communes z 9 ,russia1 p]haps ev5 _! log cab9s too1 & fre% mud to g ) !m on _! walls6 ,b ?is did n det] ! vision ( ^! evangeli/s4 ,! commune 0 to be indef9itely ext5d$2 national & int]national ones 7 to be organiz$1 all self- gov]n+1 & !n w\ld foll[ z ! night ! day1 univ]sal peace :]ev] ^! communes 7 f\nd4 ,?is is ! ,utopia ,russia has giv5 to ! _w to /& beside ,plato's1 or ,sir ,?omas ,m's or ,morris's or ,bellamy's4 ,?is 0 ! dream ( pacific ,pan-,slavism4 ,do/oievsky himself is ( x1 & is lum9\s n ) a m]e facet fla% ( its philosophy b ) ! :ole orb ( x4 ,to him ! ,russians are m ?an human1 !y are pan-human4 ,c\nt ,tol/oi too mu/ be li/$ ) ^! prea*]s4 ,he1 mak+ 8 own %oes & cutt+ 8 own & ! peasants' gra91 liv$ x1 %[+ h[ he ?\ght ! _w's "w ought to be done4 ,:at 7 factories or ! culture ( ! we/ to him 9 lat] ye>s--,%akespe>e or no ,%akespe>e8 ,de/ructive ideals ( life4 ,competition1 money & l& gre$1 self-ass]tion--all ?+s t are ! an?i!ses ( ,slavophilism--he %unn$2 mock+ ! palsi$ he>t & poison$ ideals ( ! we/1 & inde$ ( ! upp] class section ( 8 own l& z no o!r ,slavophile did4 ,& foll[+ its tea*+1 he j\rney$ ?r\gh self-r5unciation to fre$om & communal life1 aft] rep5tance = 8 w&]+s1 expiation & reg5]ation4 ,do/oievsky1 on ! o!r h&1 rea*$ ?is philosophy l>gely by be+ born to x among ! humble p :o liv$ x4 ,melan*oly-m9d$ by nature--a sort ( a ,russian ,dante b liv+ 9 actual inf]nos & purgatorios1 ,sib]ia & prison cells1 he came at la/ to wor%ip 8 fell[ c\ntrym5 & _! ideals z almo/ no?+ else 9 heav5 or e>?1 & b[$ d[n be=e !m z ! only remnant left ( ,*ri/ian humility1 de/9$ by ,provid5ce to reg5]ate ! _w4 ,"h is ,slavophilism 9 a f]vid extreme4 ,! ,d[n-trodd5 & ,(f5d$1 ,memoirs ( a ,dead ,h\se1 ,crime & ,puni%m5t1 ,poor ,p1--^!1 ! titles ( 8 novels1 %[ ! pr$ilections ( 8 own s\l4 ,he di$ 9 ! my/ic fr5zy ( ?is en?usiasm4 ,"h !n1 9 ?is philosophy & 9 ! lives ( ^! m51 is some?+ ( ! s\l ( ,russia1 beautiful 9 its humility1 yet n s humble t x is n ambiti\s to embrace ! _w 9 ! fold+ arms ( its peace1 its communal gov]nm5t & its morality4 ,pan-,slavism ( ?is nature is ! only k9d t 9 tru? c ev] come f ,russia4 ,pan-,slavism ( ! milit>y sort1 ) musketry1 brib]y & all o!r diabolic black arts1 miscall$ gov]nm5t1 re/s on su* a slim f\ndation t x ne$ be b little appreh5d$4 ,x 0 ?is bro!rly humble s\l ( ,russia t greatly help$ to put an end to ! ,russo-,japanese w>3 n m]ely fail+ f9ances & lack ( transportation4 ,! feel+ ( a k9dly p = _! own & a neighbor+ race caus$ widespread mismanagem5t1 opposition & :olesale des]tions f ! army1 among bo? ! (fic]s & ! m54 ,! ,roman(f family & (ficial ,russia caus$ ! conflict1 b human ,russia1 humble & poor1 0 a great factor 9 its conclusion4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t a c]ta9 numb] ( ,slavophiles are addict$ to ! milit>y mania1 & ?is =m ( _! belief is m dang]\sly reaction>y ?an its ord9>y phase4 ,_m ( ^! belong to ! bureaucratic ca/e4 ,(ficial ,russia holds al(t ! eagle2 human ,russia ! dove4 ,(ficial ,russia leads ! anti-,jewi% massacres2 human ,russia is v little responsible = pogroms4 ,ignatieff1 ,fa!r ( ,lies1 a bureaucrat ( ! milit>y ,pan-,slavic bre$1 ab\t #ahhb1 began ! wor/ p]secutions aga9/ ! ,jews 9 ! la/ g5]ation1 & possibly ,pobi$ono/eff1 ! late procurator ( ! ,holy ,synod1 0 ! wor/ (f5d] 9 ?is "o4 ,! peaceful feel+s ( ! masses ( ! p1 h[ev]1 d n sanction ^! outbreaks1 & ,slavophilism ( su* a sort is n ! philosophy ( ! ,russian he>t1 no matt] h[ _m pogroms may be enum]at$4 ,x is !re=e to human ,russia t "o mu/ look = ! true feel+s ( ! p2 to _! fai? & de$s1 to ! humility ( _! devotions1 & pro/rations be=e _! numb]less %r9es & ikons1 to _! religi\s c]emonies 9 ! op5 fields = huge deta*m5ts ( ! army1 to ! ?\s&s ( _! ye>ly pilgrims to ,j]usalem1 to _! sup]/itions1 _! pov]ty & long-suff]+1 all ( :i* atte/ innate passive endurance & non-resi/ance1 & %[ _! k9d ( ,slavophilism1 :i* all 9 all1 is mu* m ?an m]e rev]5ce = b>b>ism4 ,! w>-"t excitem5t 9 _! cities seem$ *>act]i/ic ( ?is national s\l3 ,russia is ! ,"m ( ,s]via 0 ! /reet cry ( ! m>*+ ?rongs4 ,x might be add$ t ! ^w "m1 matu%ka1 is a preval5t "o 9 express+ _! feel+s4 ,!y call _! greate/ riv] ! ,"m ,volga4 ,conqu]+ ,rome said ,fa!r ,tib] & ! native w>riors ( ?is cont95t call$ ! ,mississippi ! ,fa!r ( ,wat]s4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ^! appellations %[s ! t5d] quality ( ! ,russian s\l1 ^: ard5t sympa?ies 9 ,july1 #aiad1 7 greatly ar\s$ by ! spectacle ( a l>ge nation attack+ a small "o1 not)/&+ :atev] may be said to ju/ify t de$4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 let x be add$1 t ! "o ?+ t w recreate ,russia 9 ! image ( ! we/1 is capital4 ,once let ! va/ sums t h invad$ ,muscovy be put1 n to ! autocratic purpose ( ! (ficial rul]s1 b into factories1 m9es1 city subways & transportation ( all k9ds1 irrigation1 canals1 agricultural implem5ts & to o!r productive uses1 !n capitali/ic ,russia w /& =? %orn ( ! ,slavophilic simplicities ( non-resi/ance & humility4 ,labor w>s1 practically unkn[n hi!rto1 yet n[ beg9n+1 w occur 9 mu* great] numb] & ! peasant class1 /ill unifi$1 w be torn asund] by diff]5ces 9 weal? & int]e/s2 ! middle class1 n[ v small1 w gr[ to l>ge proportions1 & _m de/ructive =ces w come ^u ! l& :i* has hi!rto mock$ we/]n ,europe because ( _! pres5ce !re4 ,! _m c5turies ( peasant unity1 ) its beauty ( bro!rhood1 affection & communal int]e/s1 w come to an end "u su* a new regime4 ,already competitive =ces are dissolv+ communism 9 l&1 & _m ( ! old beauties ( ,russia are disappe>+4 ,capitalism w br+ ) x mu* turmoil & /rife1 unhapp9ess & dea?1 b also ! dawn ( bright] h\rs2 new] & bett] cities1 clean] wat]1 bett] food1 h\ses & clo!s1 & aft] ! /ress ( its fir/ attack is ov]1 & ,russia has evolv$ laws & means to control & socialize ! invad]1 x may be t ! old simplicities & beauties ( life w return1 & a great] & holi] ,russia w arise1 /ill able to tea* & aid 9 ! reg5]ation ( ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,,physical ,,tra9+ ,,z ,,m5tal ,,tra9+ ,,by ,,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,b,r,i,d,e ,,pasad5a1 ,,cali=nia ,,! fir/ duty ( a p is to provide = ! heal? ( its *ildr54 ,! possible human value ( any c\ntry fifty ye>s ahead dep5ds *iefly ^u :at is done by & = its *ildr54 ,!y are ! future 9 ! mak+4 ,hi/ory seems to ju/ify ! /atem5t ( ,pr(essor ,tyl]#a t conqu]+ races h be5 physically /rong races1 & t nations h fail$ :5 !y became deg5]ate4 #a ,gr[? & ,education1 ,j4 ,m4 ,tyl]4 ,dionysius1 speak+ ( ! advantage ( virility 9 a nation1 said1 ,x is a law ( ,nature common to all mank9d1 :i* no "t %all annul or de/roy1 t ^? :o h m /r5g? & excell5ce %all be> rule ov] ^? :o h less4 ,?is law applies equally to individuals4 ,skill1 cunn+ & reason play _! "p1 b ! animal quality ( endurance is always back ( ^! & is (t5 decisive 9 a conte/4 ,d>w9 said he _h difficulty 9 apply+ ! law ( ! survival ( ! fitte/ to ! facts ( ! de/ruction ( ,greece until x occurr$ to him t 9 ?is in/ance ! /ronge/ 0 ! fitte/4 ,civiliz$ p's h be5 de/roy$ by rud] races t 7 physically sup]ior4 ,! *ildr5 t are n[ 9 our s*ools w take to adult life su* f\ndation z h]$ity has furni%$1 ) ! equipm5t t society may c>e to add4 ,we ( ?is day h no great] obligation ?an to prep>e ^! *ildr5 m5tally & physically = ! duties t maturity may br+4 ,man did n escape ! physical necessities ( ! body :5 he became civiliz$2 ! advantages ( heal? are z great to-day z :5 our =ebe>s liv$ 9 t5ts4 ,v few ( ! primitive man's activities are left2 :at he did regul>ly & f necessity we d incid5tally1 & usually = sport1 & yet ! dem&s ^u ! en]gies ( man h n be5 less5$1 !y h only be5 *ang$ 9 =m4 ,our educational au?orities1 ?\gh 9 _m in/ances int]e/$ 9 physical developm5t ( ! "y1 h n giv5 ! subject ! important place 9 _! program t x des]ves4 ,?is is n :olly due to indiff]5ce1 b l>gely to _! ideals t 7 d]iv$ f classical-ascetic /&>ds4 ,9 ! m$ieval ideal ! human body 0 animal & s9ful1 to be despis$ & repress$4 ,! m9d 0 said to be ! spiritual elem5t 9 man1 repres5t+ ! immortal "p ( 8 nature1 & !re=e 0 ! only "p wor?y ( att5tion 9 an educational sy/em4 ,f ! fall ( ! ,roman empire to ! lat] n9ete5? c5tury ?is ideal dom9at$ education4 ,! m$ieval univ]sities1 includ+ ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 provid$ only = m5tal tra9+4 ,_! education 0 int5d$ = ^? :o 7 to foll[ ! pr(essions or to become s*ol>s or g5tlem5 ( leisure4 ,education 0 n int5d$ to prep>e ! great mass ( m5 = ! e-day "w ( life4 ,:ile only indirectly relat$ to my subject1 x is int]e/+ to recall t !re 0 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury mu* opposition to ! e/abli%m5t ( common s*ools = ! masses4 ,x 0 claim$ t ^? :o belong$ to ! work+ classes did n ne$ to be educat$4 ,our own colleges & univ]sities 7 orig9ally f\nd$ on ! old classical-ascetic model1 s t ! _s ( ! m$ieval p]iod surviv$ 9 ! educational plan ( ?is c\ntry4 ,x is only 9 rec5t decades t ^! in/itutions h begun to dep>t f ! old]1 =mal1 classical me?ods t made education a privilege ( ! few1 ! av]age man be+ depriv$ ( ! advantages ( ! tra9+ t he ne$$4 ,because ( ?is ! humble millions ( m5 & wom5 :o wove & spun1 & f$ & h\s$ ! _w 7 left out ( ! educational s*eme4 ,"s ye>s ago a ,london weekly pap]1 :i* speaks = ! cons]vative class ( ,engl&1 9 discuss+ c]ta9 sugge/$ innovations 9 ,engli% high] education1 said t ! great m]it ( education at ,ox=d & ,cambridge 0 t x 0 absolutely useless4 ,by ?is x 0 probably meant t ! education 0 = a *os5 few1 0 n int5d$ to prep>e m5 = ! practical "w ( life & 0 ess5tially & only an intellectual & cultural tra9+4 ,! *ange ( attitude t is se5 9 our day is due *iefly to two great discov]ies3 ! re-discov]y ( ! human body & its relation to our m5tality & ! discov]y ( ! m9d ( ! *ild & y\?4 ,we h f\nd t man is an animal :o graduat$ f caves & dug\ts & to :om ev5 b>b>ism 0 a lade & great a*ievem5t4 ,t ! human body 0 made by ! exp]i5ces ( t rude life1 & t s9ce !n we h made no *ange 9 x except to /& on two feet4 ,nei!r h we add$ "o n]ve cell or fib] to our bra9s s9ce ! day :5 ! cave 0 home & uncook$ food ! daily diet4 ,! conception ( man z an animal has l$ to a /udy ( him z su*4 ,educators z a class n[ conc$e t ! physical man mu/ be consid]$ z an ess5tial "p ( _! s*eme1 t ! bra9 is an organ ( ! body among o!r organs1 & is subject to ! same laws & influ5c$ by simil> conditions4 ,! influ5ce ( ! m9d ^u ! body is a commonplace ( psy*ology1 b ! influ5ce ( ! body ^u ! m9d is ( equal importance1 ?\gh less frequ5tly emphasiz$4 ,:atev] "o's !ory ( ! nature ( m9d1 x mu/ be consid]$ 9 relation to ! bra9 z ! organ ( its expression4 ,! m9d has1 too1 a broad] base ?an ! bra91 = e organ ( ! body has "s %>e 9 ! m5tal functions4 ,e physician kn[s t physical disease l[]s ! quality ( ! ?9k+ &1 ) ! exception ( a few g5iuses l ,d>w9 & ,leop>di1 x makes impossible intellectual "w ( a high ord]4 ,disord]s ( ! int]nal organs rob ! bra9 ( n\ri%m5t & weak5 x1 & by obtrud+ _! morbidness ^u x !y batt] d[n its resi/ances & l[] ! ?9k+ p[]4 ,?\gh we c nev] "k ! hi/ory ( man's orig91 ! lives ( ! *ild & ( ! wild man help u to und]/& some?+ ( ! ord] ( racial developm5t4 ,all ! high] m5tal faculties gr[ 9 ! *ild z !y grew 9 ! race--out ( impulse1 in/9ct1 feel+2 & f infancy to maturity we recapitulate m5tally & physically ! e>ly human-mak+ /ages1 %ort circuit+ 9 tw5ty ye>s ! race-process4 ,! life ( physical activity t ! *ild leads develops & coord9ates ! bra9 & ! muscul> sy/em4 ,9 ?is way ! great motor functions are organiz$ 9 ! bra9 & become "p ( ! physical basis ( m9d4 ,! old] education t tra9$ ! intellect exclusively1 )\t ref]5ce to ! practical dem&s ( life or ! ne$s ( ! body1 0 inadequate 9 t x ignor$ ! law ( ?9k+ & do+4 ,x is true t !re is mu* to its cr$it1 z _m f9e spirits h te/ifi$4 ,!y at lea/ surviv$ x4 ,/anley ,hall says we ?9k 9 t]ms ( muscul> movem5t1 & ?is expresses ! mo/ important s+le fact 9 ! mature m5tality4 ,t ! m9d is l>gely con/itut$ ( memories ( muscul> movem5ts is basic 9 developm5t4 ,! muscles are ! special organs ( volition1 ! "o "p ( ! body t ! m9d c directly comm& & act on4 ,! muscles are preem95tly ! m9d's in/rum5ts1 ! visible & mov+ "p ( its ma*9]y4 ,!y are ?\ght c>ri]s1 & dur+ ! gr[? p]iod _! functional activities are organiz$ into ! m5tal life4 ,?is is :y we ?9k 9 t]ms ( muscul> movem5t1 & :y muscul> tra9+ supplies a natural ne$ ( ! develop+ m9d4 ,! normal boy says little or no?+ ( :at he ?9ks1 b mu* ( :at he is do+ or int5ds to d4 ,he has ! motor m9d1 ! in/9ct = do+ ?+s by :i* he builds ! bra9 & body4 ,x is nature's way ( lay+ ! f\ndation 9 ! individual z by ! m t$i\s process ( evolution %e laid x 9 ! race4 ,! m5tal developm5t ( ! normal infant is indicat$ by ! increas+ accuracy & delicacy ( muscul> coord9ation4 ,! feeble-m9d$ *ild v e>ly %[s its m5tal defect 9 ! clumsy use ( its muscles4 ,because ( ! functional relation ( ! volunt>y muscles & ! m5tality1 physical tra9+ is 9 a l>ge degree m5tal tra9+4 ,:5 by su* tra9+ we give dext]ity to muscles ( ! gr[+ p]son we are mak+ possible bett] m5tal developm5t2 t is1 because ( ?is relation ( ! m9d to action !re is a direct m5tal discipl9e 9 ! ?\ght-out processes ( physical activity4 ,if1 !n1 we make physical developm5t a "p ( our educational process1 we are tak+ advantage ( race t5d5cies1 we are />t+ ! individual z nature />t$ ! race2 we are lay+ ! f\ndation 9 ! individual z x 0 orig9ally laid 9 ! race2 we are build+ z ! race built4 ,exclusively intellectual tra9+ may be suffici5t = ! g5ius or = ! few :o h great initiative & intellectual self-confid5ce1 b = ! great mass ( boys & girls ?is tra9+ is n suffici5t4 ,x does n prep>e ! "y = ! k9d ( "w t ?ree f\r?s ( !m w h to d4 ,we are n[ beg9n+ to recognize ?is & ?r\gh manual tra9+1 vocational guidance1 etc41 we are tea*+ boys & girls h[ to d ?+s1 & ?is1 too1 has ! additional m]it ( be+1 9 a measure1 physical tra9+4 ,educators1 until rec5tly1 h1 9 emphasiz+ ! p>am\nt importance ( m5tal tra9+1 lo/ sight ( ! ne$s ( ! body4 ,_! classical ideals & =mal me?ods made dead languages1 ma!matics1 philosophy etc41 ! s*ool diet ( boys ^: normal hung] 0 = action1 & = le>n+ by do+4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 :o wrote fairy tales 9 metaphysics = a g5]ation ( ,scot*m51 plac$ ^! l9es ov] ! doorway ( 8 lecture room4 ,9 e>? !re 's no?+ great b ,man2 ,9 ,man !re 's no?+ great b ,m9d4 ,?is s\nds well1 b x is poor philosophy4 ,!re is mu* 9 e>? t is great besides man & mu* 9 man t is great besides 8 m9d4 ,! old] type ( metaphysician ) 8 /agg]+ vocabul>y & 8 bag ( categories has n[ *iefly a hi/oric int]e/4 ,9 ! mod]n view ! int]dep5d5ce ( m9d & body is a fundam5tal fact ( life4 ,z sci5ce reveals ! physiologic m>vels ( ! once despis$ body1 ! latt] gr[s 9 our respect1 = we f9d t its seem+ humble functions are intimately relat$ to our highe/ p[]s4 ,sir ,william's c\plet gives a h9t ( ! dom9ance ( ! classical me?od ( 8 day4 ,x ov]emphasiz$ ! importance ( reason & too (t5 conv]t$ ! y\?ful m9d into a rag bag ( useless in=mation4 ,! educators ( t "t & s9ce h ?\ght m highly ( human reason ?an exp]i5ce ju/ifies4 ,) _! m$ieval bias = a _w ( w & reason1 !y drove ! "y ) ! :ip & spur ( emulation t[>d :at to !m seem$ ! "o possible goal1 intellectual a*ievem5t4 ,we exagg]ate ! %>e t reason has 9 conduct4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! race1 :i* is epitomiz$ 9 ! life ( e individual1 reason 0 a late outgr[? ( feel+1 passion1 impulse1 in/9ct4 ,x 0 ^! old] faculties t rul$ ! life ( ! primitive man :o made ! race1 & x 0 ?r\gh !m t ! race gradually rose to reason by :at ,em]son w\ld call ! spiral /airway ( developm5t4 ,^! functions ( impulse & in/9ct dom9ate ! life ( ! *ild & !y are only a little less pot5t 9 ! conduct ( u gr[nups4 ,mu* ( :at we call reason is feel+1 & mu* ( our life activities are due to desire1 s5tim5t1 in/9ct & habit1 :i*1 "u ! illusion ( reason1 det]m9e our decisions & conduct4 ,"s "o has said t reason is ! light t nature has plac$ at ! tip ( in/9ct1 & x is c]ta9ly true t )\t ^! e>li]1 basal faculties reason w\ld be a feeble light4 ,dur+ ! gr[+ p]iod ^! are specially /rong1 & ! important ?+ is t !y be guid$ & organiz$ 9 relation to ! ne$s ( maturity4 ,9 comb9+ m5tal & physical tra9+ we are 9 "s measure furni%+ ?is guidance1 do+ int5tionally :at nature did orig9ally )\t design4 ,9 ! unciviliz$ /ate ! /ress ( life 0 *iefly physical4 ,! civiliz$ man has to a l>ge degree rev]s$ ?is old ord]1 9 t ! use ( ! body is incid5tal 9 8 "w1 ! /ress be+ plac$ ^u ! bra94 ,he piles 8 life high ) complexities & 9 place ( life be+ = necessities1 & !y few & simple1 x is l>gely = com=ts :i* we call necessities1 & ,pr(essor ,huxley has said t ! /ruggle = com=ts is m cruel ?an ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,?is /ress :i* is put ^u consci\s ef=t 9 civilization places a new & sev]e tax ^u ! bra94 ,x int5sifies & n>r[s ! range ( man's activities2 x causes him to specialize & localize ! /ra9 to a degree t may be dang]\s4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t e man has 8 break+ /ra91 & !re is no?+ t w raise ! limit ( endurance l a /rong & well-develop$ body4 ,! ,italian physiologi/1 ,mosso1 %[$ by an +5i\s device t :5 a p]son ly+ q /ill 0 requir$ to add a column ( figures1 blood left ! extremities & fl[$ t[>d ! bra94 ,any emotional /ate or ef=t ( ?\ght produces ! same result4 ,?is demon/ration t we ?9k to our f+]s' ends sugge/s ! importance ( a /rong body z a prompt support 9 m5tal "w4 ,all our "w1 m5tal z well z physical1 is a te/ ( endurance1 n a te/ t is spiritual & non-mat]ial1 b ev5 9 ! sph]e ( ! m9d x is pla9ly animal & physical4 ,?9k+ is prim>ily a physical process & draws ^u ! vital /ores ( e organ4 ,! en]gy t makes cle> ?9k+ possible dep5ds l>gely ^u ! vigor ( ! body1 & to ! ext5t t ?is fails1 ! bra9 functions suff]4 ,!re=e1 any "w1 m5tal or physical1 w be bett] done & m easily done if ! body is /rong4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! intellectual "w ( ! /rong man w be bett] done ?an simil> "w by "o ( equal tal5t1 b :o is n /rong4 ,big muscles are n necess>y 9 physical developm5t4 ,_m p are n design$ = big muscles1 & any attempt by !m to produce a heavy1 massive developm5t may d h>m4 ,:at is want$ is vigor1 skill1 muscul> read9ess & a reawak5+ ( ! old associations ( ?\ght & action4 ,su* tra9+ goes fur!r ?an ?\ght & action1 = x rea*es all ! organs & adds imm5sely to ! vital capacity & work+ p[] ( ! individual4 ,! play in/9ct ( ! *ild is z old z ! race1 or old]1 & is a vitally important factor1 n only 9 physical developm5t1 b also 9 m5tal developm5t4 ,9 its de/ructive & disord]ly activities ! *ild %[s ! lat] adult =ces 9 ! =mative /age4 ,old in/9cts & movem5ts t 7 once self-pres]vative & ( s]i\s mean+ to a wild ance/or reappe> 9 ! play ( *ildr51 &1 utiliz$ wisely1 may "u new =m become a valuable possession ( ! adult4 ,!re is a great big man1 9 fact1 sev]al possible m51 inside e boy4 ,?r\gh 8 runn+1 jump+1 fight+1 swimm+1 ?r\gh impulse1 in/9cts & emotions he is seek+ ! man t is 9 him1 & x is by ?is turbul5t & exp]im5tal c\rse t he f9ally comes to ! ord] ( maturity4 ,e boy is a vitally coil$ up set ( spr+s press+ to be releas$4 ,race-old en]gies are /ruggl+ 9 him = expression1 & play is ! normal way to satisfy ! great dem&4 ,! *ild may miss "s important ?+s & yet get on1 b x c n1 )\t sev]e & la/+ h>m miss ! in/9ctive activities ( play4 ,9 play & games ! "y are re-enact+ ^! old muscul> coord9ations & develop+ m9d & body on ! old f\ndation4 ,! boy's love ( outdoor sports & ! adv5tures ( hunt+ are significant4 ,^? ance/ors ( ours :o hunt$ & fi%$ & %ap$ ) c>e _! arr[ heads 7 develop+ a manual skill & ?9k+ p[] t we inh]it4 ,we use our muscles = m v>i$ & possibly m f9i%$ purposes1 b x is ?r\gh ! pati5ce & practise ( _! rude lives t we possess ! delicate uses ( ! h&s & ! f9] dext]ities ( ! m9d4 ,! boy :o goes :i/l+ to ! fields1 or hunts1 or fi%es1 or swims1 is unconsci\sly rea*+ out t[>d lat] life & is prep>+ = s]i\s & bigg] ?+s4 ,! gr[+ =mative p]iod ( life is ! "t = good physical developm5t4 ,:atev] is ga9$ & fix$ !n is p]man5t1 z x becomes a "p ( ! physiological habits ( ! individual4 ,! ye>s be=e tw5ty decide ! future en]gy /ores1 & ! capacity to endure4 ,e function enl>g$1 e ga9 ( p[]1 is additional /orage room = en]gy1 to be drawn ^u 9 ! com+ days ( adult /ress4 ,good physical developm5t n only gives /r5g? & skill 9 ! use ( ! body1 b develops a physiological habit ( surplus p[] t may be call$ quantity ( en]gy4 ,life is n alone 9 quality1 9 delicacy ( adju/m5t1 9 accuracy1 9 f95ess ( feel+2 x is also 9 quantity4 ,! poet :o1 ) frail physique & feeble pulse1 sits 9 8 quiet retreat & puts 8 f9e fancies into ! rhy?ms ( v]se has quality4 ,b 9 ! /ress & rivalry ( life t awaits ! majority ( m51 !re is a ne$ = quantity ( en]gy1 su* z enabl$ a ,wa%+ton or a ,caes> or a ,napoleon or a ,well+ton to %\ld] 8 way ?r\gh difficulties4 ,^! m5 comb9$ quality ) quantity & ?is comb9ation may make1 & (t5 does make1 ! life ( ma/]ful a*ievem5t4 ,! quantity ( en]gy 9 u av]age m5 may make ! diff]5ce betwe5 success & failure4 ,_m m5 fail 9 life = lack ( /ay+ p[]1 = lack ( t k9d ( endurance t is furni%$ by hav+ p[] 9 res]ve4 ,! /rong1 confid5t p]son :o has /r5g? to sp>e1 res]ves ( en]gy1 does 8 "w easily & )\t friction4 ,half ! timidities & indecisions ( m5 are *>geable less to lack ( ability ?an to lack ( ! physical vigor1 ! ,,quantity ( en]gy1 :i* is ! driv+ p[] ( "*4 ,9 all ! conte/s ( life an important elem5t 9 success is ! ability to endure prolong$ /ress1 to h ! res]ve en]gy t c be drawn ^u & utiliz$ z a driv+ =ce4 ,?is p[] is n alone necess>y 9 ! em]g5cies1 ! %ort hauls ( life1 b also 9 ! long hauls t spread ! /ra9 ?r\gh great] p]iods4 ,_m ( ! failures ( life are due z mu* to lack ( ability to meet prolong$ /ress z to lack ( exp]i5ce or intellig5ce4 ,m5 ( mod]ate ability b ) great p[]s ( endurance (t5 succe$1 :ile m5 ( great] tal5t fail = lack ( ! ability to endure /ra94 ,! man ) a weak body & )\t ! self-confid5ce t surplus en]gy gives is liable to be ( unc]ta9 judgm5t4 ,su* a man 9 ! pres5ce ( a problem requir+ quick decision1 d\bts & hesitates & /&s %iv]+ on ! br9k ( action :ile ha/5+ opportunities pass him by4 ,mu* ( ! loose ?9k+ ( our "t is und\bt$ly due to poor educational drill4 ,9 fact ! failure ( ! s*ools to tea* pupils h[ to apply ! m9d & h[ to ?9k is "o ( _! common reproa*es4 ,inability to use ! m9d effectively is also frequ5tly due to a lack ( vigor & physical /am9a4 ,a p]son ) poor dige/ion1 or "u-develop$ body1 or weak circulation has ( necessity a badly n\ri%$ bra94 ,su* a bra91 unless x belongs to a g5ius1 w d poor ?9k+4 ,! m5tally tra9$ p]son :o is also physically /rong has ! comb9ation t puts 8 p[]s at easy comm&4 ,he c be joy\sly busy do+ ! impossible because ! do+ ( x has be5 made easy by tra9+4 ,h[ mu* native p[] !re is 9 all ( u t = want ( prop] tra9+ or sympa!tic enc\ragem5t nev] comes to maturity6 ,h[ _m ( ! f9] qualities ( "* t1 = want ( a k9dli] climate ( *e]ful companion%ip & wise direction1 fail$ to mature & n[ lie dead 9 u6 ,v _m p are only p>tly alive4 ,a l>ge "p1 & 9 "s1 ! be/ "p1 is dead4 ,! capacity !y %[ is probably only a small %>e ( a f9e inh]itance :i*1 n kn[+ h[ to use1 !y all[$ to die4 ,we h an in/9ctive lik+ = p :o are /rong & heal?y4 ,!y appeal to u by _! robu/ness & _! confid5t display ( en]gy4 ,we d n n[ ne$ ! big muscles t 7 once necess>y 9 wield+ spe> & battle-axe4 ,we ne$1 h[ev]1 z mu* z ! race ev] ne$$ well-develop$ bodies & habits ( heal?4 ,x is n difficult = u to see t sports & games & play help to physical developm5t1 b x is n s pla9 t !y may be made to develop ! be/ qualities ( "*4 ,x is a fact1 h[ev]1 t all ! important elem5ts ( "* are tri$ out 9 games & sports4 ,en?usiasm1 self-confid5ce1 ! adv5tur\s _s1 al]tness1 promptness1 unselfi%ness1 coop]ation1 quick judgm5t--all ^! h _! tra9+ & discipl9e on ! game field4 ,!y comprise ^? fundam5tal native qualities t h gone to make humanity :at x is4 ,! "y %\ld h ?is tra9+1 &1 if ( ! "r k9d1 x may be made to contribute to ! mak+ ( ! be/ k9d ( "*4 ,! same quickness & accuracy ( judgm5t t enable a boy to w9 a po9t 9 football may 9 lat] life be us$ to w9 a battle or save a bus9ess v5ture4 ,beyond ?is1 !re is ( c\rse ga9$ ! /rong body t makes "w easy & /ress less difficult to be>4 ,hall calls att5tion to ! fact t two g5]ations ago1 ,jahn1 ! great build] ( ,g]man physique1 r\s$ ! !n despair+ ,g]man nation by prea*+ ! gospel ( /rong bodies4 ,he creat$ a new _s 9 ,g]many1 & ! :ole nation 0 ar\s$ & seiz$ ) an en?usiasm = outdoor games & sports1 & !re arose a new cult = ! body4 ,8 pupils sang ( a unit$ fa!rl& & ( a /rong] race4 ,! ,g]mans are 9 ! habit ( rem9d+ u t x 0 ab\t "o g5]ation aft] ,jahn t ! ,g]man ,empire 0 f\nd$ & ,g]many became a _w p[]4 ,e argum5t = ! physical tra9+ ( boys applies ) equal =ce to girls4 ,wom5 ne$ to be physically z /rong z m54 ,no race w rema9 virile & progressive unless bo? ! fa!rs & mo!rs h ! physical /am9a t produces heal?y1 vigor\s (fspr+4 ,9 ?is age1 :5 wom5 are go+ out into ! _w to compete ) m5 x is highly important t !y be physically /rong if !y are to /& ! /ress successfully4 ,x 0 f r\gh b>b>ians1 ! rude w>-lov+ ,teutonic m5 & wom5 describ$ by ,tacitus1 t ! ,anglo-,saxon race inh]it$ ^? spl5did qualities ( m9d & body t h made _! desc5dants ma/]s ( seas & cont95ts4 ,x has be5 object$ t gymna/ics & field sports make girls co>se & manni%4 ,! exact opposite has be5 f\nd to be ! case4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ 9 colleges t :5 "y wom5 are prop]ly l$1 _! sports1 9 place ( mak+ !m manni%1 h a m>k$ ref9+ influ5ce4 ,!y c>e m = correct po/ure because ?is is made "o ( _! te/s 9 a?letic sports4 ,!y develop bett] mann]s & a new s5se ( pride 9 _! appe>ance4 ,!y soon le>n to avoid slang1 l\d talk+ & boi/]\s behavior4 ,9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago :]e !y h excell5t tra9+1 _m ( ! girls h said t !y came to h a new s5se ( dignity & to c>e m = _! p]sonal appe>ance4 ,!y also develop ! f9] elem5ts ( "*1 a coop]ative _s1 ob$i5ce to comm&s1 pati5ce1 self-confid5ce1 a _s ( comrade%ip1 a democratic attitude & an appreciation ( good qualities 9 o!rs :]ev] f\nd4 ,all ( ^! e/hetic1 social & moral qualities1 wov5 into ! texture ( ! gr[+ "*1 & ) ! vigor\s heal? t ! physical tra9+ br+s1 are ! be/ contribution to ! mak+ ( ! mo/ effective type ( ! womanly woman4 ,all games & sports & a?letics = ! "y %\ld !re=e make = ref9em5t & e/hetic developm5t4 ,! /ate ne$s n[1 & w always ne$1 m5 & wom5 :o h s\nd bodies & ab\nd+ en]gy4 ,! h>%] phases ( ! human /ruggle may pass & w>s may cease1 b ! old conte/s ( races1 nations & individuals w cont9ue "u o!r =ms4 ,z ! race gr[s old] life w become m l>gely m5tal4 ,! increas+ complexity ( human relations & ! m delicate adju/m5ts t ^! relations require w br+ a new & f9] social ord] t w make high] dem&s ^u reason4 ,:ile !re is no evid5ce t exp]i5ce or "t or tra9+ w ev] *ange ! /ructure ( ! bra91 x is probable t we h z yet b imp]fectly utiliz$ our m5tal possibilities4 ,/ratton says3 ,out ( ! dep?s ( ! m9d new p[]s are always em]g+4#b #b ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology & ,culture1 ,george ,m4 ,/ratton4 ,back ( ! m5tal life1 & mak+ x possible1 are ! en]gies ( ! body1 ! function+ ( ! animal 9 man1 :i* 9 ! bra9 are *ang$ to ! high] uses ( ! m9d4 ,! ability to execute1 to act effectively1 to d & keep do+1 to d ! "w ( ! pr(essional man1 ! bank]1 or ! sci5ti/1 all ?is is prim>ily physical1 & f top to bottom ( man's activities ! physical te/ is appli$4 ,) ! m5tal & emotional /ra9 ( civiliz$ life goes ! physical /ra9 :i* is ! o!r half ( ! /ruggle1 & :i* n[ & always is bo? m5tal & physical4 ,! ,greeks recogniz$ ?is unity ( m9d & body tw5ty-five hundr$ ye>s ago & _! results rema9 unmat*$ by any race4 ,!y saw t ! ?\ght-out movem5ts ( physical tra9+ result$ 9 m5tal tra9+ & ?is law ( m5tal developm5t ?r\gh physical tra9+ 0 a fundam5tal pr9ciple 9 _! educational plan4 ,! nation t w aga9 make ?is an ideal w produce a f9] race ( m51 & o!r ?+s equal1 w excel 9 all t makes a p great4 ,,edw>d ,,j5n] ,,& ,,vacc9ation ,,by ,,pr(essor ,d4 ,,fras] ,,h>ris1 ,m4,d41 ,d4,sc4 ,,dalh\sie ,,univ]sity1 ,,halifax1 ,n4 ,s4 ,,we are s exce$+ly apt to take our bless+s z a matt] ( c\rse t at ! pres5t "t a l>ge numb] ( u h q =gott51 & "s ( u h nev] kn[n1 :at a t]rible disease smallpox is & f h[ mu* suff]+ national vacc9ation has sav$ u4 ,b ev5 _m ( u1 :o may n be includ$ among/ ^? :o "k no?+ ( smallpox1 d come )9 ! gr\p ( ^? :o "k next to no?+ ( ! life & "w ( ,dr4 ,edw>d ,j5n]4 ,a numb] ( p]sons ?9k he 0 ,sir ,william ,j5n]1 physician to ,que5 ,victoria4 ,an infecti\s or communicable disease is "o caus$ by ! admission ( "s =m ( liv+ matt] into ! body ( a human be+ or ( a l[] animal4 ,all diseases are cle>ly n communicable 9 ! s5se t !y are due to ! pres5ce ( liv+ ?+s4 ,indige/ion1 = in/ance1 ,i c n communicate to my neighbor1 h[ev] s]i\s my dietetic indiscretions4 ,n[1 :ile ! actual microorganisms caus+ _m ( ! infecti\s diseases h be5 discov]$ 9 ^! rec5t days ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! microscope--"o ( sci5ce's mo/ valuable gifts to suff]+ humanity--a few diseases und\bt$ly infecti\s h1 ev5 up to ! pres5t "t1 n _h _! microorganic causes discov]$4 ,smallpox or v>iola is "o ( ^!4 ,! t]m v>iola is f ! ,lat9 v>us1 a pimple4 ,! "n ,small ,pox1 :i* fir/ occurs 9 ,hol9%ead's ,*ronicle 7#aega71 0 giv5 to ?is disease to di/+ui% x f ! ,great ,pox or syphilis1 ! ,fr5* disease1 or ,morbus ,gallicus :i* atta9$ ! proportions ( an epidemic 9 ,europe ab\t #adid4 ,! expression ,! ,pox 9 ! old] m$ical lit]ature always ref]s to ! ,lues ,v5]eal ,! ^w pox is ! plural =m ( pock2 ! spell+ pox is phonetic2 pocks is ! correct =m4#a #a ,?us ! foll[+ expression 9 ,galt's ,annals ( ! ,p>i% is ju/ifi$--,my son ,gilb]t 0 seiz$ ) ! smallpox & 0 bl9d$ by ,,!m = sev5te5 days4 ,smallpox is unque/ionably a highly infecti\s or communicable disease1 & 9 ! language ( a pa/ day1 !re is a virus or poison :i* c pass f ! sick to ! unaffect$2 :5 ?is transf]5ce occurs on a l>ge scale we speak ( an epidemic ( smallpox4 ,z ,sir ,william ,osl] truly says1 ,x is n a little rem>kable t 9 a disease1 :i* is rightly reg>d$ z ! type ( all infecti\s maladies1 ! specific virus /ill rema9s unkn[n4 ,! same1 h[ev]1 is true ( ! common diseases ( sc>lat9a1 measles & *ick5pox4 ,( "s diseases1 ! virus is a bacillus or coccus1 excessively m9ute fungi recognizable only "u ! microscope2 b ! bact]iologi/s are n[ beg9n+ to speak ( viruses s impalpable t !y1 unlike ord9>y bact]ia1 c g ?r\gh ! pores ( a clay filt]1 are filt]-pass]s1 t is are ( ultra-microscopic dim5sions4 ,"s au?orities conjecture t ! virus ( v>iola belongs to ! gr\p ( filt]-pass]s4 ,! virus ( smallpox1 h[ev]1 is v resi/ant & c be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! air = consid]able di/ances2 x cl+s = long p]iods to clo!s1 books1 furniture1 etc4 ,i %all n n[ digress to give ! cl9ical details ( a case ( smallpox2 ! eruption may be slight or x may be v ext5sive4 ,x occurs 9 ?ree =ms1 discrete1 conflu5t & hemorrhagic4 ,! mo/ dang]\s =m ( smallpox is ! conflu5t1 9 :i* ! face & arms p>ticul>ly are cov]$ ) l>ge pu/ul> areas ( a mo/ disfigur+ appe>ance4 ,! disease call$ *ick5pox1 or v>icella1 has no relation%ip to smallpox & does n protect f x1 nor does smallpox protect f *ick5pox4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,smallpox ,!re seems v little d\bt t ! home ( smallpox 0 some:]e on ! cont95t ( ,africa1 al?\gh x is true t !re are traditions po9t+ to its exi/5ce 9 ,h9du/an at lea/ #ajjj ,b4,c4 ,"o ,h9du acc\nt alludes to an o9tm5t = remov+ ! cicatrices ( eruption4 ,africa has c]ta9ly = long be5 a prolific s\rce ( x3 e "t a fre% bat* ( slaves 0 br\ght ov] to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica !re 0 a fre% outbreak ( smallpox4#b ,x seems t ! fir/ outbreak 9 ,europe 9 ! ,*ri/ian era 0 9 ! latt] half ( ! six? c5tury1 :5 x travel$ f ,arabia1 visit+ ,egypt on ! way4 ,! e>lie/ def9ite /atem5ts ab\t x come f ,arabia & are conta9$ 9 an ,arabic manuscript n[ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,leyd51 :i* ref]s to ! ye>s ,a4,d4 #egj & #ega4 ,!re is a good deal ( evid5ce t ! ,arabs introduc$ smallpox into ,egypt at ! sack+ ( ,alex&ria 9 ,a4,d4 #fdj4 ,pilgrims & m]*ants di/ribut$ x ?r\gh\t ,syria & ,pale/9e & along ! nor? ( ,africa2 !n1 cross+ ! ,m$it]ranean1 !y took x ov] to ,italy4 ,! ,moors introduc$ x into ,spa9 :5ce1 via ,portugal1 ,nav>re1 ,langu$oc & ,gui5ne x 0 c>ri$ into we/]n & nor!rn ,europe4 ,! e>lie/ physician to describe smallpox is ,ahrun1 a ,*ri/ian ,egyptian1 :o wrote 9 ,greek4 ,he liv$ 9 ,alex&ria f ,a4,d4 #faj to #fda4 ,! fir/ indep5d5t treatise on ! disease 0 by ! fam\s ,arabian physician1 ,rhazes1 :o wrote 9 ,syriac 9 #ibj ,a4,d41 b 8 book has be5 translat$ into bo? ,greek & ,lat94 ,! fir/ allusion to smallpox 9 ,engli% is 9 an ,anglo-,saxon manuscript ( ! e>ly "p ( ! t5? c5tury2 ! passage is int]e/+--,aga9/ pockes3 v mu* %all "o let blood & dr9k a b[l full ( melt$ butt]2 if !y pu/ules /rike out1 "o %\ld dig ea* ) a ?orn & !n drop "o-ye> ald] dr9k 91 !n !y w n be se51 ?is 0 evid5tly to prev5t ! pitt+ dread$ ev5 at s e>ly a date4 ,smallpox 0 fir/ describ$ 9 ,g]many 9 #adic1 & appe>$ 9 ,sw$5 fir/ 9 #aegh4 #b ,osl] ?9ks ! pe/a magna ( ,gal5 0 smallpox2 ,m>cus ,aurelius di$ ( x4 ,! contributions ( ,syd5ham1 ! ,engli% ,hippocrates1 to ! k ( smallpox1 are classical4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 ow+ to ! v cr[d$ & unsanit>y /ate ( ! cities ( ,europe1 smallpox 0 "o ( ! v>i\s plagues f :i* ! inhabitants 7 nev] free = any l5g? ( "t4#c ,leprosy1 influ5za1 smallpox1 *ol]a1 typhus fev] & bubonic plague con/itut$ ! dreadful gr\p4 ,9 mo/ c\ntries1 includ+ ,engl&1 smallpox 0 practically endemic2 an attack ( x 0 accept$ z a ?+ inevitable1 9 *ildr5 ev5 m inevitable ?an :oop+-c\gh1 measles1 mumps or *ick5pox is reg>d$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,!re 0 a common say+--,few escape love or smallpox4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury s _m faces 7 pitt$ f sev]e smallpox t x is said any woman :o _h no smallpox m>ks 0 /raightway acc\nt$ beautiful4 ,v few p]sons escap$ x 9 ei!r ! mild or ! sev]e =m 9 *ildhood or 9 lat] life4 #c ,engl& 0 by no means exempt1 b x 0 n infection 9 ! mod]n s5se t ,%akespe>e meant :5 he wrote-- ,?is ,engl&1 ,?is =tress1 built by ,nature = h]self ,aga9/ infection & ! h& ( w>4 ,n[ x is *>act]i/ic ( a microorganic disease t a p]son :o has recov]$ f an attack ( x is immune f t disease = a long] or %ort] "t1 9 "s cases = ! rema9d] ( life4 ,?is is1 luckily1 z true ( smallpox z ( any ( ! o!r acute infections4 ,we d n n[ ne$ to enquire into ! !ory ( h[ ?is comes ab\t2 x is a well-recogniz$ natural ph5om5on4 ,! mod]n explanation is 9 t]ms ( antig5s & anti-bodies & is fa/ pass+ f ! /age ( pure bio*emical hypo!sis into t ( concrete realization4 ,p]sons :o h recov]$ f smallpox r>ely take x a second "t2 ! few :o d1 h x 9 a mild =m4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t if smallpox is purposely inoculat$ into a human be+ he w = a long "t be resi/ant to ! subsequ5t infection ( smallpox4 ,! fact ( smallpox protect+ f smallpox is by no means )\t analogy 9 o!r diseases4 ,?us 9 ,switz]l&1 9 ,africa1 9 ,s5egambia1 x has be5 ! cu/om = a long "t1 9 ord] to protect ! cattle f pleuro-pneumonia1 to inoculate !m ) ! fluid f ! lung ( an animal rec5tly dead ( pleuro-pneumonia4 ,( c\rse s9ce ! "t ( ,pa/eur we h be5 q famili> ) ! inoculation ( att5uat$ virus to protect f ! natural diseases 9 _! fully virul5t =m1 = in/ance1 an?rax1 rabies1 plague & typhoid fev]4 ,z x 01 !n1 kn[n to mank9d f a v e>ly p]iod t a p]son c\ld be protect$ f smallpox by be+ inoculat$ ) x1 inoculation grew up z a practice 9 widely di/ant p>ts ( ! globe4 ,! purpose ( int5tional inoculation 0 to g ?r\gh a mild attack ( ! disease 9 ord] to acquire protection f ! mu* m s]i\s natural =m ( ! disease--to h _h x s z n to h x4 ,a v high antiquity is claim$ = ?is smallpox inoculation1 "s ev5 ass]t+ t ! e>lie/ kn[n ,h9du physician 7,dhanwant>i7 suppos$ to h liv$ ab\t #aejj ,b4,c41 0 ! fir/ to practice x4 ,bruce 9 8 ,voyages to ! ,s\rces ( ! ,nile 7#agij7 tells u t he f\nd ,nubian & ,arabian wom5 inoculat+ _! *ildr5 aga9/ smallpox1 & t ! cu/om _h be5 obs]v$ f "t immemorial4 ,records ( x inde$ are f\nd all ov] ! _w2 9 ,a%antee1 among/ ! ,arabs ( ,nor? ,africa1 9 ,tripoli1 ,tunis & ,alg]ia1 9 ,s5egal1 9 ,*9a1 9 ,p]sia1 9 ,?ibet1 9 ,b5gal1 9 ,siam1 9 ,t>t>y & 9 ,turkey4 ,9 ,siam ! me?od ( inoculation is v curi\s2 mat]ial f a dri$ pu/ule is bl[n up into ! no/rils2 b 9 mo/ o!r p>ts ( ! _w ! inoculation is by ! ord9>y me?od ( sup]ficial incision or :at is call$ sc>ification4 ,by ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury inoculation = smallpox 0 an e/abli%$ practise 9 sev]al ,european c\ntries into :i* x _h travel$ by ! coa/s ( ! ,bosphorus1 via ,con/ant9ople4 ,9 #agja a m$ical man1 ,timoni1 describ$ ! process z he saw x 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,mat]ial 0 tak5 f ! pu/ules ( a case on ! twelf? or ?irte5? day ( ! illness4 ,z e>ly z #afgc ! practice 0 a common "o 9 ,d5m>k1 ,b>?ol9us tells u4 ,9 ,france inoculation _h be5 widely practic$2 on ,june #ah1 #aggd1 ! "y k+ ,l\is ,,xvi41 0 inoculat$ = smallpox1 & ! fa%ionable ladies ( ! day wore 9 _! hair a m9iature ris+ sun & olive tree entw9$ by a s]p5t support+ a club1 ! p\f a l'inoculation ( ,mademoiselle ,rose ,b]t91 ! c\rt mill9] to ,m>ie ,anto9ette4 ,9 ,g]many inoculation 0 9 vogue all ?r\gh ! sev5te5? c5tury1 z also 9 ,holl&1 ,switz]l&1 ,italy & ,circassia4 ,9 ,engl& ! well-kn[n ,dr4 ,mead1 honor$1 by ! way1 ) a grave 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 0 a firm believ] 9 inoculation1 z 0 also ,dr4 ,dimsdale1 :o 0 s5t = by ! ,empress ,ca!r9e ,,ii4 to introduce x into ,russia4 ,dr4 ,dimsdale inoculat$ a numb] ( p]sons 9 ,petrograd1 & f9ally ! ,gr& ,duke & ! ,empress h]self4 ,! lymph he took f ! arm ( a *ild ill ( natural smallpox4 ,= 8 s]vices to ! ,russian c\rt ,dr4 ,dimsdale 0 made a ,b>on ( ! ,russian ,empire1 a c\ncillor ( /ate & physician to ! ,empress4 ,he 0 pres5t$ ) ! sum ( #a1jjj p\nds & vot$ an annuity ( #ejj p\nds a ye>4 ,at ! reque/ ( ,ca!r9e1 ,dr4 ,dimsdale w5t to ,mosc[1 :]e ?\s&s 7 clamor+ = inoculation4 ,! mortality f smallpox 9 ,russia seems to h be5 /ill high] ?an 9 ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,! annual av]age dea? rate on ! ,cont95t at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 #baj p] #a1jjj dea?s f all causes1 :ile 9 ,russia 9 "o ye> two million p]sons p]i%$ f smallpox alone4 ,9 ,engl& 9 #agif1 ! dea?s f smallpox 7 #ah4f p] c5t4 ( dea?s f all causes4 ,a great impetus 0 giv5 to inoculation 9 ,engl& by ! lett]s ( ,lady ,m>y ,wortley ,montague1 ! wife ( our ambassador to ,turkey1 ,edw>d ,wortley ,montague1 & daught] ( ! ,duke ( ,k+/on4 ,9 #agag ,lady ,m>y wrote a lett] to h] fri5d ,miss ,*iswell1 9 :i* %e expla9$ ! process & promis$ to introduce x to ! notice ( ! ,engli% physicians4 ,s conv9c$ 0 ,lady ,m>y ( ! safety ( smallpox inoculation & its efficacy 9 pres]v+ f subsequ5t smallpox1 t 9 ,m>*1 #agag1 %e _h h] little boy inoculat$ at ! ,engli% embassy by an old ,greek woman 9 ! pres5ce ( ,dr4 ,maitl&1 surgeon to ! embassy4 ,9 #agbb "s crim9als "u s5t5ce ( dea? 9 ,newgate 7 (f]$ a full p>don if !y w\ld und]go inoculation4 ,six m5 agre$ to ?is1 & none ( !m suff]$ at all sev]ely f ! inoculat$ smallpox4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! same ye> two *ildr5 ( ! ,pr9cess ( ,wales 7 successfully inoculat$2 & 9 #agdf an ,inoculation ,hospital 0 actually op5$ 9 ,london1 b n )\t mu* opposition4 ,z e>ly z #agba ! ,rev4 ,cotton ,ma!r1 ( ,bo/on 7,u4 ,s4 ,a471 introduc$ inoculation to ! notice ( ! ,am]ican physicians1 & 9 #agbb ,dr4 ,boyl/on1 ( ,brooklyn1 inoculat$ #bdg p]sons1 ( :om ab\t #b p] c5t4 di$ ( ! acquir$ smallpox z comp>$ ) #ad p] c5t4 ( dea?s among/ #f1jjj un9oculat$ p]sons :o caught ! natural smallpox4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 great popul> opposition to ! practice ( inoculation1 & ,dr4 ,boyl/on on "o occasion 0 ne>ly lyn*$4 ,:ile successful inoculation und\bt$ly protect$ ! p]son f smallpox1 sometimes ! inoculat$ =m ( ! disease 0 virul5t1 & c]ta9ly all cases ( inoculat$ v>iola 7 z infecti\s z ! natural v>iety4 ,inoculat$ p]sons 7 !re=e a dang] to ! community2 & !re is no d\bt t su* p]sons _h occasionally introduc$ smallpox into t[ns :i* _h be5 free f ! natural disease4 ,at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 j ab\t ! "t ( ,j5n]'s discov]y1 public op9ion 0 /rongly aga9/ ! cont9uance ( ! practice ( inoculation1 & z natural smallpox _h n at all abat$ its epidemic "*1 ! times 7 ripe = "s new ?+4 ,n[ !re is a disease ( c[s "k z c[pox or vacc9ia 7f ! ,lat9 vacca1 a c[7 :i* is communicable to human be+s4 ,x is ?\ght to be due to ! same virus :i* 9 pigs is call$ sw9epox & 9 horses grease4 ,j5n] believ$ vacc9ia to be ! same pa?ological entity z human smallpox1 modifi$1 h[ev]1 by its transmission ?r\gh ! c[4 ,= a long "t ?is view 0 /\tly resi/$1 b x has n[ be5 accept$ z probably repres5t+ ! tru?4 ,! id5tity ( vacc9ia & grease is c]ta9ly mu* m d\btful4 ,to _m ( ,j5n]'s contempor>ies ! view t vacc9ia _h at "o "t be5 a disease ( human be+s seem$ unlikely2 b we are n[ 9 a f> bett] position to admit its probability ?an 7 ^? ( ,j5n]'s "t4 ,we h s9ce !n le>n$ t man %>es _m diseases ) ! l[] animals1 tub]culosis1 plague1 rabies1 diph!ria & pleuro-pneumonia1 to m5tion only a few4 ,we h also le>n$ t c]ta9 l[] animals1 insects = in/ance1 are int]m$i>y ho/s 9 ! life-cycle ( _m m9ute p>asites :i* cause s]i\s diseases 9 ! human be+1 among/ :i* mal>ia1 yell[ fev] & ! sleep+ sickness are ! mo/ famili>4 ,x appe>s to h be5 und]/ood be=e ,j5n]'s "t t p]sons :o _h acquir$ c[pox by h&l+ cattle1 b especially by milk+ c[s1 7 immune f smallpox4 ,9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii4 x is well kn[n t ! c\rt beauties envi$ ! dairy-maids because hav+ _h c[pox1 !y c\ld n take smallpox :i* all wom5 s dread$4 ,dr4 ,corlett tells u t ! ,du*ess ( ,clevel&1 "o ( ! ,k+'s mi/resses1 on be+ told t %e might lose h] place 9 ! royal favor if %e 7 disfigur$ by smallpox1 repli$ t %e _h no?+ to fe> z %e _h _h c[pox4 ,9 #agfi a ,g]man1 ,bose1 wrote on ! subject ( c[pox protect+ f smallpox4 ,9 ! ye> #aggd a cattle deal]1 ,b5jam9 ,je/y1 at ,yetm9/]1 9 ,dorset1 inoculat$ 8 wife & ?ree *ildr5 ) c[pox4 ,none ( !m ev] took smallpox dur+ ! re/ ( _! lives al?\gh frequ5tly expos$ to its infection4 ,je/y di$ 9 #ahaf1 & x is record$ on 8 tomb/one t he 0 ! fir/ p]son :o inoculat$ c[pox to protect f smallpox4 ,c[pox1 or vacc9ia1 ?\gh infecti\s = c[s1 is n transmissible among human be+s1 9 o!r words1 z a disease ( man x is n infecti\s4 ,edw>d ,j5n]1 ! ,engli%man ( ,b]keley 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 0 ! fir/ p]son to ?9k sci5tifically on ! fact t c[pox protect$ f smallpox4 ,john ,hunt] _h said to him1 ,j5n]1 don't ?9k1 try4 ,luckily1 h[ev]1 he did bo?4 ,?9k+ alone avails little1 exp]im5tation alone avails n mu*1 b ! "o along ) ! o!r has remov$ m\nta9s4 ,j z ,newton ?\ght sci5tifically ab\t t fall+ apple & r$uc$ our conceptions ( ! univ]se to ord]1 j z ,watt ?\ght sci5tifically ab\t t kettle-lid lift$ by ! /eam & s introduc$ ! mod]n era ( me*anical p[] br\ght "u man's control1 s ,j5n] ?\ght ab\t & exp]im5t$ ) c[pox until he _h satisfi$ himself t he _h discov]$ some?+ :i* w\ld rid ! human race =ev] ( ! incubus ( an intol]able pe/il5ce4 ,x 0 9 #aghj t ,j5n] set himself to /udy c[pox 9 a way t _h nev] be=e be5 attempt$1 = he 0 conv9c$ t 9 ! hav+ _h an attack ( ! disease lay ! secret ( ! conque/ ( t _w-sc\rge4 ,he confid$ 9 8 fri$ ,edw>d ,g>dn] ab\t a mo/ important matt] 4 4 4 :i* ,i firmly believe w prove ( ess5tial b5efit to ! human race 4 4 4 %\ld any?+ unt[>d turn up 9 my exp]im5ts1 ,i %\ld be made1 p>ticul>ly by my m$ical bre?r51 ! subject ( ridicule4 ,luckily he 0 q prep>$ = bo? ridicule & opposition2 = has n ev]y?+ new be5 ridicul$ & oppos$8 ,galileo 0 oppos$1 ,bruno 0 oppos$1 ,cop]nicus 0 oppos$1 ,h>vey 0 oppos$1 ,george ,/ev5son 0 oppos$1 ,pa/eur 0 ridicul$ & oppos$1 & s 7 ,d>w91 ,simpson & ev5 ,li/]4 ,! physiological in]tia ev5 ( ! educat$ has too (t5 block$ ! pa? ( advancem5t3 b ,j5n] is 9 illu/ri\s company1 a pr9ce among/ ! hi]>*y ( ! misund]/ood4 ,! facts or surmises be=e ,j5n] at ?is date1 !n1 7--7a7 ,c[pox produces an eruption extremely l t ( mild smallpox1 x is1 !re=e1 probably a =m ( smallpox modifi$ by transmission ?r\gh ! c[2 7b7 ,& an attack ( c[pox protects f smallpox4 ,to te/ ^! ?+s exp]im5tally "s "o mu/ fir/ be inoculat$ ) c[pox1 &1 hav+ recov]$ f ! vacc9ia1 t same p]son mu/1 secondly1 be inoculat$ ) ! virus ( smallpox or be expos$ to ! infection1 &1 ?irdly1 ?is p]son ought n to take ! disease4 ,9 #aghh ,j5n] _h a c>eful draw+ made ( ! h& ( a milkmaid suff]+ f c[pox to demon/rate to ,sir ,ev]>d ,home h[ exce$+ly simil> 7 vacc9ia & v>iola4 ,home agre$ x 0 int]e/+ & curi\s1 & ! subject began to attract "s att5tion 9 m$ical circles4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aghi1 ,dr4 ,j5n] inoculat$ 8 elde/ *ild ,edw>d1 ag$ #ah mon?s1 ) "s sw9epox virus1 & z no?+ unt[>d happ5$1 he inoculat$ him aga9 ) sw9epox on ,april #g1 #agia4 ,! *ild _h a slight illness1 v l vacc9ia1 f :i* he rapidly recov]$4 ,! mom5t = ! crucial exp]im5t 0 n yet2 x came 9 due "t1 b ,j5n] _h to wait five ye>s = x1 & five ye>s are a long "t to a man :o is ye>n+ to p]=m 8 crucial exp]im5t4 ,happily = suff]+ humanity1 9 ! e>ly summ] ( #agif ! opportunity came2 ! h\r & ! man 7 !re toge!r4 ,c[pox _h brok5 out on a f>m ne> ,b]keley & a dairy maid call$ ,s>ah ,neames contract$ ! disease4 ,on ,may #ad1 #agif1 ,dr4 ,j5n] took "s fluid f a sore on ?is woman's h& & inoculat$ x by slight scrat*+ into ! arm ( a heal?y boy eight ye>s old1 by "n ,james ,phipps4 ,! boy _h ! usual reaction or attack ( vacc9ia1 a disord] indi/+ui%able f ! milde/ =m ( smallpox4 ,aft] an int]val ( six weeks1 on ,july #a1 ,j5n] made ! mo/ mom5t\s b ju/ifiable exp]im5t1 = he inoculat$ ,james ,phipps ) smallpox by lymph tak5 f a sore on a case ( g5u9e1 well-m>k$1 human smallpox1 ,,& ,,! ,,boy ,,did ,,n ,,take ,,! ,,disease ,,at ,,all4 ,j5n] wait$ till ! n9ete5? ( ! mon?1 & f9d+ t ! boy _h /ill n develop$ v>iola1 he c\ld h>dly write = joy4 ,li/51 he wrote to ,g>dn]1 to ! mo/ delightful "p ( my /ory4 ,! boy has s9ce be5 inoculat$ = ! smallpox :i*1 a,s ,i ,,v]ntur$ ,,to ,,pr$ict1 produc$ no effect4 ,i %all n[ pursue my exp]im5ts ) r$\bl$ ardor4 ,"h we are beh9d ! sc5es at a great discov]y2 z ,i v5tur$ to pr$ict2 pr$iction is "p ( sci5tific !oriz+2 !re is a place = legitimate pr$iction z !re is = exp]im5tation4 ,all discov]]s h made pr$ictions2 ,h>vey pr$ict$ ! exi/5ce ( ! capill>ies1 ,halley pr$ict$ ! return ( 8 comet1 ,adams pr$ict$ ! place ( ! planet ,neptune1 ! miss+ l9k 9 ! evolution>y s]ies ( ! fossil horses _h be5 pr$ict$ long be=e x 0 actually f\nd by ,pr(essor ,m>%4 ,pa/eur pr$ict$ t ! %eep inoculat$ ) ! weak an?rax virus w\ld be alive 9 ! an?rax-infect$ field1 :ile ^? n s protect$ w\ld all be dead4 ,a pr$iction v]ifi$ is a conclusion corroborat$1 an inve/igator enc\rag$4 ,e>ly 9 #agig1 ?r\gh ano!r outbreak ( c[pox1 ,j5n] 0 able to inoculate ?ree p]sons ) v>iola1 only to f9d z be=e t !y 7 immune f smallpox4 ,he n[ felt himself ju/ifi$ 9 prep>+ a pap] = ! ,royal ,society1 ! highe/ sci5tific tribunal 9 ,engl&4 ,! c\ncil1 h[ev]1 return$ him 8 pap] ) ! rem>k t 9 _! op9ion ! am\nt ( evid5ce 0 n /rong en\gh to w>rant its publication 9 ! ,transactions4 ,j5n] 0 wise en\gh n to be disc\rag$1 & s 9 ,june1 #agih1 he publi%$ ! pap] himself "u ! title1 ,inquiry into ! causes & effects ( ! ,v>iolae-,vacc9iae1 a disease discov]$ 9 "s ( ! we/]n c\nties ( ,engl&1 p>ticul>ly ,gl\ce/]%ire1 & kn[n by ! "n ( c[pox4 ,?is hi/oric pamphlet1 :i* ranks ) ! great classics ( m$ic9e1 0 d$icat$ to ,dr4 ,o4 ,h4 ,p>ry1 ( ,ba?4 ,lat] on ! ,royal ,society 0 sagaci\s en\gh to elect ! v man ^: pap] x _h previ\sly refus$4 ,:ile 9 ,london att5d+ to ! publication ( 8 pamphlet1 ,dr4 ,j5n] call$ on ! great surgeon ,mr4 ,cl9e1 & left "s c[pox virus ) him = trial4 ,cl9e inoculat$ a "y tub]cul> pati5t ) vacc9ia & lat] ) smallpox 9 no less ?an ?ree places4 ,9 due "t ?is pati5t did n %[ a sign ( smallpox4 ,s impress$ 0 ,cl9e ) ?is rem>kable result t he wrote to ,j5n] ?us3 ,i ?9k ! sub/itution ( c[pox poison = smallpox "o ( ! greate/ improvem5ts t has ev] be5 made 9 m$ic9e4 ,! m ,i ?9k on ! subject1 ! m ,i am impress$ ) its importance4 ,! ^w vacc9ation 0 co9$ by ! ,fr5*1 s rem>kable = ! aptness ( _! descriptive t]ms1 & x has ev] s9ce rema9$ ) u z a conv5i5t expression = ! inoculation ( vacc9ia z protect+ f v>iola4#d #d ,x is c]ta9ly n necess>y to po9t out t ! pr9ciple ( vacc9ation has be5 "o ( wide application 9 mod]n m$ic9e4 ,our ^w vacc9e te/ifies to ?is4 ,a vacc9e is a liquid1 ! result ( bact]ial gr[?1 inject$ into a pati5t 9 ord] to r5d] him immune f t p>ticul> disease :i* is caus$ by suffici5t infection ) ! microorganisms 9 "q1 e4 g41 ( typhoid fev] or ( plague4 ,dr4 ,j5n]'s views 7 n[ becom+ kn[n1 & ! critics & ! d\bt]s _h appe>$3 ,/4 ,?omas has always _h a l>ge foll[+4 ,! mo/ =midable ( ! e>ly objectors 0 ,dr4 ,ig5h\z1 :o _h come to ,london to /udy inoculation = v>iola1 & _h already inoculat$1 among o!r notable p]sons1 ! ,ar*du*ess ,!resa ,elizabe? ( ,vi5na4 ,! c>eless vacc9ations ( ,doctors ,pe>son & ,woodville at ! ,london ,smallpox ,hospital br\ght mu* app>5t discr$it on ,j5n]'s "w4 ,9 all 8 e>ly "w ,j5n] us$ lymph obta9$ directly f papules on ! c[ or calf1 b ,woodville 9 #agii %[$ t excell5t results c\ld be got f arm-to-arm vacc9ation4 ,z ?is latt] me?od is a v conv5i5t "o1 ! te*nique 0 widely adopt$4 ,we h to rememb] t we are speak+ ( a p]iod ab\t sixty ye>s be=e ,li/] gave to suff]+ humanity t o!r great gift1 antisepsis3 & s _m arms w5t wrong1 n because ( be+ vacc9at$1 b because ! scrat*es 7 aft]w>ds infect$ by ! microorganisms ( dirt4 ,j5n] knew well ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! reaction ( clean vacc9ation & t ( an infect$ arm1 b a great _m m$ical m5 ( 8 "t did n1 & s he 0 con/antly plagu$ ) reports ( vacc9ations go+ wrong :5 x 0 septic infection ( uncleans$ sk9 t _h occurr$4 ,! explanation ( ^! ?+s by lett] consum$ a v great deal ( 8 valuable "t4 ,by ! end ( #agii a l>ge numb] ( p]sons _h1 h[ev]1 be5 successfully vacc9at$4 ,z "o ,pe>son prov$ tr\blesome by />t+ an in/itution = public vacc9ation on pr9ciples :i* ,j5n] knew to be wrong1 & z ,j5n] f\nd himself virtually supplant$ & misrepres5t$1 he came up to ,london 9 #ahjj to v9dicate 8 position4 ,! ,k+1 ! ,que5 & ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 to :om he 0 pres5t$1 mat]ially help$ on ! cause by c\nt5anc+ ! practice ( vacc9ation4 ,"l ,b]keley1 8 ,"l ( ! ,manor1 0 9 ?is z 9 all ?+s a k9d & wise patron4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica vacc9ation made rapid progress1 hav+ be5 introduc$ !re "u ! good auspices ( ,dr4 ,wat]h\se1 pr(essor ( m$ic9e at ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,! discov]y 0 ann\nc$ ) true ,am]ican in=mality z ,some?+ curi\s 9 ! m$ical l9e1 on ,m>* #ab1 #agii4 ,?+s w5t ev5 bett] on ! cont95t ( ,europe2 de,carro1 ( ,vi5na1 inaugurat$ vacc9ation ) su* zeal & discrim9ation t x spread to ,switz]l&1 ,france1 ,italy & ,spa94 ,f ,spa9 x pass$ ov] to ,lat9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ,sicily & ,naples1 ! bless$ vacc9e 0 receiv$ by religi\s processions4 ,sacco1 ( ,milan1 comm5c$ vacc9at+ 9 #ahja1 & 9 a few ye>s _h vacc9at$ #bj1jjj4 ,9 ,p>is1 a ,vacc9e ,in/itute 0 e/abli%$2 & ,napoleon ord]$ all 8 soldi]s :o _h n _h smallpox to be vacc9at$4 ,on ,j5n]'s application1 ! ,emp]or lib]at$ sev]al ,engli% prison]s rem>k+--,:at t man asks is n to be refus$4 ,napoleon vot$ #ajj1jjj francs = ! propagation ( vacc9ation4 ,"l ,elg9 introduc$ x into ,turkey & ,greece4 ,! ,empress ( ,russia1 ,ca!r9e ,,ii41 0 "o ( ! greate/ support]s ( ,j5n]ian vacc9ation4 ,%e decre$ t ! fir/ *ild vacc9at$ 9 ,russia %\ld be call$ ,vacc9(f1 %\ld be convey$ to ,petrograd 9 an imp]ial coa*1 educat$ at ! exp5se ( ! /ate & receive a p5sion = life4 ,! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria & ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 releas$ ,engli% prison]s at ,j5n]'s reque/4 ,!re 7 /atues ( ,j5n] erect$ abroad1 at ,b\logne & at ,brunn1 9 ,moravia1 be=e any 9 ,engl&4 ,?us ! ,european c\ntries %[$ _! gratitude to ! ,engli%man ^: pati5ce1 g5ius & abs5ce ( self-seek+ _h rid !m ( ! dete/able _w-plague ( smallpox4 ,vacc9ation 0 made compulsory by law 9 no less ?an five ,european c\ntries be=e x 0 s 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 #ahec4 ,9 eight c\ntries vacc9ation is provid$ free at ! exp5se ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! cl]gy ( ,g5eva & ( ,holl& f _! pulpits recomm5d$ _! p to be vacc9at$4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,j5n]'s bir?day 7,may #ag7 0 celebrat$ z a holiday4 ,)9 six ye>s1 ,j5n]'s gift to humanity _h be5 accept$ ) t read9ess ) :i* ! dr[n+ clut* at /raws4 ,! mo/ div]se climes1 races1 tongues & religions 7 unit$ 9 bless+ vacc9ation & its discov]]4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians =w>d$ to ,dr4 ,j5n] a qua9tly word$ address full ( ! deepe/ gratitude = :at he _h sav$ !m f3 ,we %all n fail1 said ^! simple p1 to tea* our *ildr5 to speak ! "n ( ,j5n]1 & to ?ank ! ,great ,_s = be/[+ ^u him s mu* wisdom & s mu* b5evol5ce4 ,!re are two allusions to smallpox 9 ,don ,juan1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahai1 %[+ to :at an ext5t ,j5n]ian tea*+s 7 9 ! air4 ,! fir/ is3 ,! doctor paid (f an old pox ,by borr[+ a new "o f an ox4 7,canto ,i41 /anza #abi47 ,! second is3 ,i said ! smallpox has gone out ( late1 ,p]haps x may be foll[$ by ! great4 7,/anza #acj47 ,be=e #ahab1 ,j5n] _h be5 made an honor>y memb] ( ne>ly e sci5tific society 9 ,europe1 & _h receiv$ ! fre$om ( ! cities ( ,london1 ,ed9burgh1 ,dubl9 & ,glasg[4 ,! ,m$ical ,society ( ,london pres5t$ him ) a gold m$al /ruck 9 8 honor2 9 ,b]l9 9 #ahab !re 0 a ,j5n]ian fe/ival on ! anniv]s>y ( ,phipps's vacc9ation4 ,addresses & diplomas 7 %[]$ on him1 & 9 #ahac ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d conf]r$ on him ! degree ( ,m4,d4 honoris causa4 ,z he refus$ po9t blank to pass ! exam9ation 9 ,lat9 & ,greek requir$ by ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians ( ,london1 ,j5n] nev] obta9$ admission into t le>n$ body4 ,:5 "s "o recomm5d$ him to revise 8 classics s t he might become an ,f4,r4,c4,p4 he repli$1 ,i w\ld n d x = a diadem2 & !n1 ?9k+ ( a f> bett] rew>d1 add$3 ,i w\ld n d x = ,john ,hunt]'s museum4 ,b :ile ! pure 9 he>t 7 ?us receiv+ ! bless+ (f]$ !m by ! b5ovel5t man ( sci5ce1 ! pe/s ( society1 ^? discont5t$ & jaundic$ ones :o are always to be f\nd 9 ! d>k recesses ( ! cave ( ,adullam1 7 n idle4 ,_m ( 8 m$ical colleagues did inde$ sne]1 z "s are always apt to d at any new ?+ h[ev] good4 ,to all ^! ,j5n] repli$1 & a v great deal ( 8 valuable "t 0 consum$ 9 argu+ ) !m4 ,b ! sect ( ! anti-vacc9ators _h aris51 & 0 to "s ext5t organiz$4 ,c>icatures1 lampoons1 scurrilities1 vulg>ities & misrepres5tations1 ! mean1 7 scatt]$ on all sides4 ,no?+ 0 too absurd to be /at$ or believ$--t vacc9at$ p]sons _h _! faces gr[ l ox51 t !y c\gh$ l c[s1 bell[$ l bulls & became hairy on ! body4 ,"o omnisci5t objector decl>$ t1 vacc9ation 0 ! mo/ degrad+ relapse ( philosophy t _h ev] disgrac$ ! civiliz$ _w4 ,a ,dr4 ,r[ley1 evid5tly imag9+ himself honor$ by a special p>ticipation 9 ! ,div9e c\nsels1 decl>$ t smallpox is a visitation f ,god1 b c[pox is produc$ by presumptu\s man4 ,! =m] 0 :at ,heav5 _h orda9$1 ! latt] is a d>+ violation ( our holy religion4 ,x 0 r h>d to blame ,dr4 ,j5n] = ! orig9 ( c[pox4 ,x took mu* =be>ance to endure ?is sort ( ?+2 b ,j5n]'s 0 a fir/-class m9d & he evid5tly dealt l5i5tly ev5 ) fools4 ,x 0 n = ! fir/ "t 9 ! _w's hi/ory t a lov] ( mank9d _h be5 spurn$ ) ! words--,he ha? a devil & is mad4 ,besides endur+ all ^! m5tal & physical worries1 & ! annoyance t ! ,royal ,j5n]ian ,society e/abli%$ 9 #ahjb 0 s mismanag$ t x collaps$ 9 #ahjh1 ,j5n] _h sp5t a v l>ge sum ( private money on ! introduction ( vacc9ation4 ,he _h be51 z he himself express$ x1 ,vacc9e cl]k to ! :ole _w4 ,p>liam5t1 x is true1 9 #ahja1 vot$ him a sum ( #aj1jjj p\nds :i* 0 n paid = ?ree ye>s aft]w>ds & 0 dim9i%$ by #a1jjj p\nds d$uct$ = fees1 s t x b>ely recomp5s$ him = 8 outlays4 ,by #ahjf1 ! imm5sity ( ! b5efit conf]r$ ^u 8 diseas$ fell[-creatures hav+ be5 recogniz$ m p]fectly 9 e o!r c\ntry ?an 8 own1 ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t woke up1 & vot$ him a sum ( #bj1jjj p\nds1 only "o memb] repres5t+ ! anti-vacc9ators oppos+ ! grant4 ,p>liam5t1 :i* _h previ\sly receiv$ f ! ,colleges ( ,physicians ( ,london1 ,ed9burgh & ,dubl9 ! mo/ favorable reports ( ! efficacy ( vacc9ation1 decid$ to ree/abli% ! ,royal ,j5n]ian ,in/itute4 ,a subscription ( #g1chc p\nds f grateful ,india rea*$ ,j5n] 9 #ahab4 ,9 #ahad he 0 9 ,london = ! la/ "t1 :5 he 0 pres5t$ to ! ,emp]or ( ,russia1 ,alex&] ,i41 :o told him t he _h v ne>ly subdu$ smallpox ?r\gh\t t va/ ,empire4 ,j5n] refus$ a ,russian ord] on ! gr\nd t he 0 n a man ( indep5d5t means4 ,! managem5t ( ! ,in/itute caus$ him mu* conc]n 9 8 lat] ye>s2 he disapprov$ ( ! p]sonnel & ( _m ( ! details ( its work+4 ,"o ( ! la/ worries ( 8 life 0 an article 9 ! ,novemb] numb] = #ahbb ( ! fam\s ,ed9burgh ,review4 ,al?\gh x conta9$ a good deal ( praise1 x 0 n favorable to ,j5n]1 :o said ( x1 ,i put x d[n at #ajj1jjj dea?s at lea/4 ,i h asc]ta9$ t ?is article 0 n writt5 by ! celebrat$ ,francis ,jeffrey1 al?\gh he 0 editor ( ! ,review until #ahbi4 ,j5n]'s life1 ap>t f 8 great discov]y & 8 develop+ ! practice ( vacc9ation1 has n mu* incid5t 9 x4 ,he 0 born on ,may #ag1 #agdi1 ! son ( ! ,rev4 ,/eph5 ,j5n]1 vic> ( ,b]keley1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 ,engl&1 ! same ,b]keley 9 ^: ca/le1 ,edw>d ,,ii41 ! vanqui%$ at ,banockburn1 0 murd]$ 9 #acbg4 ,j5n]'s "m's "n 0 ,head4 ,edw>d w5t to s*ool at ,wotton-"u-,edge & at ,cir5ce/]1 & began to /udy m$ic9e ) a ,mr4 ,ludl[1 a surgeon at ,sodbury ne> ,bri/ol4 ,9 8 tw5ty-fir/ ye>1 ,j5n] w5t to ,london z a pupil ( ! great ,john ,hunt]1 9 ^: h\se1 he liv$ two ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t he 0 ent]$ z a m$ical /ud5t at ,/4 ,george's ,hospital4 ,x is int]e/+ to "k t :ile /ill a /ud5t he 0 ask$ by ,sir ,joseph ,banks to arrange & catalogue ! zoological specim5s br\ght home by ! circumnavigator ,capta9 ,cook 9 8 fir/ voyage ( #agga4 ,j5n] devot$ consid]able att5tion to natural hi/ory1 to geology & to ! /udy ( fossils1 on :i* topics he kept up correspond5ce ) ,hunt] long aft] he left ,london4 ,9 ! ye> #aghh he m>ri$ a ,miss ,k+scote1 & settl$ d[n to practice 9 8 native place4 ,mrs4 ,j5n] di$ 9 #ahae1 aft] :i* date ,j5n] nev] left ,b]keley aga94 ,curi\sly en\gh1 x 0 n until #agib t ,j5n] obta9$ ! degree ( ,m4,d41 & x 0 n f an ,engli% univ]sity at all1 b f ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,&rews 9 ,scotl&4 ,?is univ]sity1 ! smalle/ al?\gh ! olde/ ( ! ,scotti% univ]sities1 has !re=e ! honor ( be+ ! ,alma ,mat] to ! epo*-mak+ ,engli%man4 ,i h se5 ! entry ( ! "n 9 ! li/ ( graduates = ! ye> #agib2 x has evid5tly be5 misspell$1 = ! "n is correct$4 ,! fir/ =eign univ]sity to recognize ,j5n]'s em95ce 0 ,gott+54 ,9 #agid ,j5n] _h an attack ( typhus fev]4 ,j5n] nev] c>$ = ,london or a city life1 & al?\gh 9 #ahjh he 0 p]suad$ to take a h\se 9 t[n1 he soon gave x up & w5t back to 8 beautiful ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,= _m ye>s he practic$ dur+ ! season 9 ! pleasant heal?-resort ( ,*elt5ham4 ,he lov$ ! c\ntry1 he /udi$ lov+ly ! liv+ ?+s ar\nd him !re3 _m are famili> ) a piece ( v]se he wrote on ,! signs ( ra94 ,! ye> #ahaj 0 a sad "o = ,j5n]3 8 elde/ son di$1 & t noticeably depress$ 8 heal?4 ,9 #ahbc he pres5t$ a pap] to ! ,royal ,society on ! migration ( birds1 a subject n ev5 yet fully cle>$ up4 ,on ,janu>y #bf1 9 ! same ye>1 he 0 /rick5 ) p>alysis on ! "r side & di$ )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,8 body 0 buri$ 9 ! *ancel ( ! p>i% *ur* ( ,b]keley1 :]e !re is a memorial w9d[ plac$ by public subscription4 ,9 p]son1 ,edw>d ,j5n] 0 %ort & r heavily built2 8 expression ( face 0 pleasant ) a t\* ( sadness4 ,all reports agree t 9 dress he 0 conspicu\sly neat1 look+ m l a g5tleman-f>m] ?an a physician1 ) 8 blue coat1 yell[ buttons1 r$ wai/coat1 buff bree*es & top-boots4#e #e ,he 0 pa9t$ by ,sir ,?omas ,lawr5ce1 by ,nor?cote & by ,vign]on4 ,!re is no disguis+ ! fact t dur+ 8 lifetime ,dr4 ,j5n] 0 mu* m appreciat$ 9 =eign c\ntries ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,! m$ico-social club ( ,alv]ton1 ne> :]e he liv$1 w\ld n li/5 to him :5 he address$ !m on vacc9ation4 ,! ef=t to collect en\gh money f ! m$ical m5 ( ,engl& 9 ord] to place a m>ble /atue to ,j5n] 9 ! nave ( ,gl\ce/] ,ca!dral1 0 successful only aft] a long delay4 ,an attempt to erect a /atue 9 ,london di$ ( apa?y2 b 9 #aheh1 #cb ye>s aft] he di$1 a /atue 0 erect$ 9 ,trafalg> ,squ>e4 ,9 #ahfb x 0 remov$ to a quiet corn] ( ,k5s+ton g>d5s2 & p]haps its surr\nd+s1 ! trees1 ! fl[]s & ! birds he lov$ are m suitable ?an ! effigies ( ^? national h]oes :o s]v$ _! c\ntry by tak+1 n by sav+ life4 ,no1 ,nelson ! h]o is h>dly ! suitable companion = ,j5n] ! h]o4 ,!re is no d\bt t ,j5n]'s m$ical contempor>ies1 at lea/ 9 ,engl&1 fail$ to appreciate ! magnitude ( ! gift _! colleague _h pres5t$ n m]ely to 8 own c\ntry1 b to ! _w at l>ge4 ,! discov]y _h1 ( c\rse1 be5 l$ up to by sev]al diff]5t l9es ( indication1 b ?is 9 no way detracts f ! g5ius ( ,j5n] 9 draw+ 8 memorable inductions f ! few facts :i* o!rs _h kn[n be=e 8 "t4 ,! fame ( ,newton is no :it dim9i%$ because ,cop]nicus1 ,kepl] & ,galileo liv$ & work$ be=e him1 ! cr$it due to ,h>vey is none ! less because _m be=e 8 "t _h work$ on ! problem ( ! he>t & vessels1 & because "s ( !m1 notably ,cesalp9us1 came )9 a v little ( ! discov]y ( ! circulation2 ! a*ievem5ts ( ,d>w9 are n to be belittl$ because ,lam>ck1 ,mal?us or ,monboddo _h notions 9 accordance ) ! t5or ( 8 great g5]alization ( evolution among liv+ be+s4 ,c]ta9ly ,j5n] _h precursors2 b x 0 8 g5ius & 8 g5ius alone :i*1 putt+ toge!r ! v>i\s fragm5ts ( k already possess$1 gave u ! gr& b simple induction bas$ on 8 own exp]im5ts t vacc9ia prev5ts f v>iola4 ,x 0 too simple & too new to be appreciat$ 9 all its be>+s ei!r by ! m$ical m5 or ! laity ( 8 own day4 ,its impressiv5ess is n inh]5t 9 x1 z x is 9 ! ma!matical demon/ration ( univ]sal gravitation1 z x is 9 ! atomic !ory or 9 t ( ! survival ( ! fitte/ ?r\gh natural selection4 ,! ,engli% c\ntry doctor m]ely said 9 ess5ce--let me give y c[pox & y w n get smallpox4 ,unless ! fact ( ?is immunity is reg>d$ z possess$ by all ! nations ( ! _w = ev] m !re is no?+ p>ticul>ly impressive 9 x2 & s x fail$ to impress 8 contempor>ies4 ,x is only :5 we contra/ ! loa?som5ess & dang] ( smallpox ) ! mildness & safety ( vacc9ia & v>ioloid t we grasp ! greatness ( ! "w :i* ,j5n] did = mank9d4 ,! v simplicity ( vacc9ation detracts f its impressiv5ess unless its results are view$ ?r\gh ! vi/a ( ! c5turies4 ,we ne$ ! prop] hi/orical p]spective 9 ?is z 9 all else4 ,?us view$1 h[ev]1 ! simplicity ( ! proc$ure & ! univ]sality ( its application are mo/ impos+4 ,vacc9ation does n1 inde$1 dazzle ! sci5tific imag9ation l "s ( ! o!r g5]alizations ( biology1 b x is "o t has be5 glori\sly v9dicat$ by ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! _w's hygi5e4 ,j5n] knew himself to be a b5efactor ( ! human race2 he w\ld h be5 ins9c]e if he _h pret5d$ o!rwise2 he f9i%$ 8 fir/ pap] ) ^! words3 ,i %all endeavor /ill f>!r to prosecute ?is enquiry1 an enquiry1 ,i tru/1 n m]ely speculative1 b ( suffici5t mom5t to inspire ! pleas+ hope ( its becom+ ess5tially useful to mank9d2 & on 8 dea?-b$ he said1 ,i d n m>vel t m5 are n grateful to me1 b ,i am surpris$ t !y d n feel grateful to ,god = mak+ me a m$ium ( good4 ,9 private life ,dr4 ,j5n] 0 amiable & k9d-he>t$4 ,dibd5 said ( him3 ,i nev] knew a man ( simpl] m9d or ( w>m] he>t4 ,he 0 p>ticul>ly k9d to ! poor4 ,dr4 ,mat!w ,baillie said ( him3 ,j5n] might h be5 imm5sely ri* if he _h n publi%$ 8 discov]y4 ,we may 9 conclusion exam9e "s ( ! objections to & criticisms ( vacc9ation4 ,! objections c be classifi$ z ^? ent]ta9$ 7a7 by m$ical m5 & 7b7 ^? by ! public g5]ally4 ,! objections rais$ by m$ical m5 are n[ a matt] ( anci5t hi/ory4 ,ea* g5]ation ( m$ical m5 has refus$ at fir/ to admit any new tea*+ promulgat$ 9 its "t2 physiological in]tia is n at once ov]come4 ,! mo/ enlight5$ ( ,j5n]'s critics did really believe t he 0 draw+ too ext5sive an induction f insuffici5t data2 ?is 0 ! position ( ! ,royal ,society 9 #aghh2 b ! ,ed9burgh review] ( #ahbb %\ld h kn[n bett]4 ,! purely te*nical criticisms ( ,j5n]'s "w h by ?is "t be5 fully assess$ & repli$ to4 ,x is true t at "o "t x 0 n cle> :at 7 ! relation%ips ( *ick5pox & smallpox1 ( vacc9ia & v>iola1 ( vacc9ia & v>ioloid1 ( ! v>i\s =ms ( pox 9 animals--c[pox1 sw9epox1 horsepox or grease--ei!r int] se or to human smallpox4 ,b ,i d n suppose t 9 ?is ye> ( grace #aiad !re c be f\nd "o prop]ly tra9$ m$ical man1 acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ,j5n]ian vacc9ation1 famili> ) ! ravages ( smallpox & ) ! protective p[] ( vacc9ia1 :o c\ld be induc$1 by no matt] h[ l>ge a bribe1 to say t he disapprov$ ( vacc9ation or t he believ$ x did n protect f smallpox4 ,!re are cranks 9 all walks ( life1 b ! m$ical crank :o is also an anti-vacc9ationi/ is happily ! r>e/ ( !m all4 ,! lay objectors--! pr(ess$ anti-vacc9ators--are ) u yet 9 spite ( "s v s]i\s lessons :i* h be5 taught !m4 ,we may pass by ! objectors ( ! class :o believe t vacc9at$ p]sons c\gh l c[s & bell[ l bulls2 ^! objections g into ! limbo ( old wives' fables or into ! category ( wilful misrepres5tation4 ,un=tunately !re is a l>ge class ( p]sons :o c believe ! absurde/ nons5se ab\t any subject :i* is p>ticul>ly di/a/eful to !m4#f ,ano!r class ( objection is ! s5tim5tal repugnance to ! idea ( be+ giv5 "o ( ! diseases ( ! l[] animals4 ,n[ ! fact is t already we %>e a great _m diseases ) ! l[] animals1 a few ( !m be+ tub]culosis1 an?rax1 rabies1 tetanus1 canc]1 pleuro-pneumonia1 c]ta9 insect-borne diseases1 "s p>asitic worm diseases & "s sk9 diseases l favus4 ,z ! k ( ! l[ly orig9 ( _m ( our diseases is m widespread1 ?is sort ( objection w die out4 #f ,antivacc9ators con/antly allude to calf-lymph z fil?2 if lymph is fil?1 !n ,i am able to assure !m t ea* "o ( !m has ab\t ?ree lit]s ( x 9 8 own body4 ,an objection :i* is wor?y ( m consid]ation is t 9 be+ vacc9at$ a *ild is apt to contract "s infecti\s disease su* z tub]culosis or syphilis :i* are ! two mo/ dread$4 ,n[ s long z arm-to-arm vacc9ation 0 ! r\t9e practice1 !re 0 a remote probability t ?is sort ( accid5t might occur4 ,x appe>s to be true t a few accid5ts ( ?is k9d h occurr$1 j z a few arms h become septic or _h erysipelas develop 9 !m4 ,b :5 ! few su* cases are comp>$ ) ! millions & millions ( uncomplicat$ vacc9ations1 _! importance becomes v insignificant4 ,n[ t arm-to-arm vacc9ation is no long] practic$1 b fre% calf-lymph us$ = ea* *ild1 ^! accid5tal inoculations are a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,! ignorance ( cause & effect is responsible = a great deal ( ! mo/ *ildi% objections to vacc9ation z to mu* else4 ,"o woman lately told me t %e c\ld n h h] *ild vacc9at$ because a *ild 9 ! same /reet 0 made a cripple = life by be+ vacc9at$4 ,c\ld we h a bett] example ( ! po/ hoc s$ non propt] hoc4#g #g ,n[ & aga91 h[ev]1 we h ! sad spectacle ( "s "o really well educat$ b app>5tly ei!r ignorant ( logic or desir\s ( wilfully misrepres5t+ facts4 ,! ,hon4 ,/eph5 ,col]idge has an article 9 ! ,june 7#aiad7 numb] ( ! ,contempor>y ,review :i* is1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 highly immoral 9 e?ics & /ati/ics4 ,i %all exam9e only t "p ( x be>+ on vacc9ation4 ,! /atem5ts are t 9 ! la/ five record$ ye>s1 #eh p]sons di$ f smallpox vacc9ation 7he means vacc9ation aga9/ smallpox71 :]eas 9 ! same five ye>s1 #he p]sons di$ f smallpox itself4 ,! inf]5ce we are int5d$ to draw f ^! figures is t to be vacc9at$ is ne>ly z fatal z to h smallpox itself4 ,n[ ?is k9d ( argum5t is a v common "o ) /ati/ically immoral p]sons1 & is kn[n z ! suppression ( ! ratio4 ,be=e we c appreciate ! fact t 9 five ye>s #eh p]sons di$ aft] be+ vacc9at$1 we at lea/ ne$ to "k ! total numb] ( p]sons :o 7 vacc9at$4 ,if only #eh p]sons 7 vacc9at$ & !y all di$1 !n ! mortality 0 #ajj p] c5t41 b if1 z 0 practically ! case1 ?\s&s ( infants 9 ,great ,brita9 7 vacc9at$ 9 five ye>s1 !n if only #eh di$ aft] vacc9ation 7al?\gh n necess>ily 9 consequ5ce ( x7 ! mortality falls "s ?\s&s ( a p] c5t4 ,! suppression ( ! ratio1 i4 e41 #eh_/_m ?\s&s is ! deceit t is practic$4 ,fifty-eight p] ye> = five ye>s1 is #aa4f dea?s p] ye> ( p]sons vacc9at$3 presumably ^! 7 infants3 tak+ ! bir?-rate 9 ,engl& z #cj p] #a1jjj liv+1 we may say t #ijj1jjj infants 7 born2 d$uct #ajj1jjj z n vacc9at$1 we h #hjj1jjj infants vacc9at$1 ( ^! #aa4f di$ aft] be+ vacc9at$1 :i* is #j4jjad p] c5t4 ,?is is n mu* ( a mortality f any cause2 b us+ ,mr4 ,col]idge's own figures1 x is a spl5did demon/ration ( ! safety ( infant-vacc9ation1 ! opposite ( :at he pret5ds x %[s4 ,mr4 ,col]idge proce$s to tell u t 9 five ye>s #he p]sons di$ ( smallpox 9 ,great ,brita91 i4 e41 an av]age ( #ag p]sons p] ye>4 ,9 o!r words #ag p]sons di$ ( smallpox 9 a c\ntry ) #cj million inhabitants1 or #j4jjjjef p] c5t4 ( p]sons liv+1 n a high mortality4 ,& we /rongly suspect1 may we hope1 t ^? #ag 7 p]sons :o _h n be5 vacc9at$4 ,b 9 ,pre-,j5n]ian days1 #ag p]sons di$ ( smallpox out ( e #ajj p]sons dy+ f all causes4 ,mr4 ,col]idge's figures1 prop]ly & hone/ly int]pret$1 te/ify l\dly to conclusions exactly ! opposite ( :at he desires to ins9uate2 he has no d\bt tak5 ! /ati/ics ( ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al1 b he has pro/itut$ !m4 ,mr4 ,col]idge's pap] c\ld n be a bett] example ( ! art ( conceal+ ! causes ( ph5om5a4 ,he exhibits ! foll[+ table3 ,dea?s f smallpox p] annum p] a million liv+3 #ahfb-ahgj 444444444444444444444444444444444 #agb4b #ahga-ahhj 444444444444444444444444444444444 #bdd4f #ahha-ahij 444444444444444444444444444444444 #de4h #ahia-aijj 444444444444444444444444444444444 #ac4c #aija-aiaj 444444444444444444444444444444444 #ab4h ,s t ! table %[s t s9ce #ahhj 9 ,great ,brita9 ! dea?s f smallpox p] million p] ye> h decl9$ until !y are only ab\t #a_/ad? ( _! orig9al numb]4 ,! natural inf]5ce f ^! figures1 view$ 9 ! light ( ! hi/ory ( smallpox 9 ,great ,brita91 is t compulsory vacc9ation has be5 /eadily eradicat+ ! disease2 b ?is is n ,mr4 ,col]idge's conclusion3 ,he says x is due to ! l>ge numb] ( p]sons :o h refus$ to be vacc9at$6 ,?is w\ld be laughable if x 7 n really s]i\s2 x is sad & s]i\s t a man ( ,mr4 ,col]idge's education & social position %\ld s consi/5tly mislead ! uncritical read]s ( ! ,contempor>y ,review to ^: pages he has un=tunately v free access4 ,if ,mr4 ,col]idge really believes ^! ?+s he is ei!r v /upid or v ignorant2 if he kn[s !m to be o!rwise1 b wilfully deceives ! public1 he is immoral4 ,he suff]s f ! wor/ =m ( bias1 ! anti-sci5tific4 ! end ( long footnote ,!re is /ill t gr\p ( p]sons :o object to ev]y?+--anti-vivisection1 anti-meat eat+1 anti-breakfa/1 anti-hats & ( c\rse also anti-vacc9ation4 ,!y are anti ! usual & ! normal t are q good en\gh = ! mo/ ( p4 ,!y g5]ally also believe t ! e>? is flat2 !y are pa/ pray+ =1 all we c d ) !m is to look !m1 l ! difficulty ( ,jonah & ! :ale1 full 9 ! face & pass on4 ,_m p at ! pres5t "t all[ !mselves to be p]suad$ into be+ anti-vacc9ators because nei!r !y nor _! delud]s h ev] kn[n :at an epidemic ( smallpox is1 h nev] se5 ) _! own eyes ! awful spectacle ( a p]son suff]+ f smallpox 9 any ( its =ms--discrete1 conflu5t or hemorrhagic4 ,?anks to ?is v ,j5n]1 ! _w has n[ = #ajj ye>s be5 almo/ free f epidemic1 virul5t smallpox & mo/ p]fectly s 9 ! vacc9at$ c\ntries1 s t millions1 ! majority1 ( ,engli%m51 h nev] se5 a case ( smallpox at all4 ,n kn[+ ! awful dang] !y h escap$1 ?r\gh ,great ,brita9 hav+ _h compulsory vacc9ation s9ce #ahec1 !y h become lax 9 _! belief 9 ! necessity = ! cont9uance ( t precaution4 ,!y je/ at sc>s t nev] felt a w\nd4 ,t[ns su* z ,gl\ce/] 9 ,engl&1 9 :i* a l>ge numb] ( *ildr5 h be5 all[$ to gr[ up unvacc9at$1 h always be5 visit$ soon] or lat] by a s]i\s outbreak ( smallpox4 ,x mu/ be s2 ! laws ( natural ph5om5a c n be *ang$ to suit ! ta/e ( ^? p]sons :o are m5tally incapable ( und]/&+ !m4 ,!y c n be evad$2 ignorance ( ! law is no m an excuse 9 ! realm ( natural ?an ( man-made law4 ,we n[ come to t undesirable product ( pres5t-day1 gr&mo!rly legislation1 ! consci5ti\s objector4 ,z ,i am n a politician1 ,i %all n say any?+ = or aga9/ ! policy ( ins]t+ 9 a bill :i* makes vacc9ation compulsory a clause giv+ to ! consci5ti\s objector ! p[] or "r to refuse to h 8 *ild vacc9at$1 b z a m$ical man :o kn[s a little ( ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e1 ,i c only describe x z gratuit\s folly4 ,i am "o ( ^? :o believe t ! laity %\ld h no say 9 ! matt] ( :e!r any giv5 proc$ure is or is n advantage\s = ! public heal?4 ,! efficacy ( univ]sal inoculation ( vacc9ia z a prophylactic aga9/ v>iola is a "q ( sci5tific m$ic9e to be decid$ on te*nical gr\nds & ought n to be a matt] op5 to debate by ! public at all4 ,x is p]fectly mon/r\s to suppose t ! ord9>y p]son1 q untra9$ to weigh evid5ce = or aga9/ ! advisability ( ! c>ry+ out ( a p>ticul> =m ( national immunization aga9/ a horrid disease1 is qualifi$ to =m any op9ion4 ,he might z well be consult$ on ! advisability ( mak+ ! *annel tunnel or on ! safe/ type ( a]oplane or on any o!r subject involv+ ! te*nical tra9+ ( ! eng9e]4 ,to p]mit ! s-call$ man 9 ! /reet to say :e!r he %all or %all n p]mit ! c>ry+ out ( "s important piece ( civic hygi5e is to introduce a pr9ciple subv]sive ( all sy/em & ob/ructive ( all progress 9 ! sci5ce ( public heal?4 ,x is absurd t 9 a case l ?is ! pron\ncem5ts ( ! judges are to be submitt$ to ! criticisms ( ! jury4 ,engl& has already _h "o or two pretty sev]e lessons ?r\gh all[+ su* places z ,gl\ce/] & ,leice/] to ex]cise _! "r ( private judgm5t on ! "q ( vacc9ation4 ,9 ,gl\ce/] :]e !re 0 at "o "t a vigor\s anti-vacc9ation movem5t1 a s]i\s epidemic ov]took ! city a few ye>s ago 7#ahif74 ,:at sci5ce pron\nces to be b5eficial1 ! layman mu/ submit to4 ,:at we want 9 ^! days is less sup]/ition & m fai?--9 sci5ce4 ,i am in=m$ t !re are m ?an #b1jjj unvacc9at$ *ildr5 9 ! s*ools ( ?is city at ! pres5t mom5t1 & all because a piece ( legislation all[s any un9tellig5t1 prejudic$ or cr$ul\s p>5t to decide on ! mom5t\s "q ( ! vacc9ation ( 8 *ildr54 ,our qu>ant9e regulations are extremely /rict1 & rightly s1 on ! subject ( smallpox2 b is x n a f>ce to take s mu* tr\ble ab\t ! heal? ( our immigrants :5 inside ! city we are all ! "t enc\rag+ a high degree ( receptivity t[>ds ?is v disease8 ,i %\ld call ?is a v cle> case ( /ra9+ at ! int]national gnat & swall[+ ! municipal camel4 ,! community at pres5t is at ! m]cy ( its lea/ in/ruct$ memb]s4 ,a mo/ s5sible sugge/ion is t if an outbreak ( smallpox occurs 9 ,halifax1 ! co/ ( x %\ld be borne by ! unvacc9at$ & by ! anti-vacc9ators4 ,! fact is we h =gott5 :at smallpox is l4 ,9 #agif be=e ,j5n]ian vacc9ation1 ! dea?-rate f smallpox 9 ,engl& 0 #ah4e p] c5t4 ( dea?s f all causes2 9 ,london betwe5 #ahch & #ahfi x 0 #a4d p] c5t41 :ile 9 #ahga--! wor/ ye> = smallpox s9ce vacc9ation became compulsory--! dea?s f smallpox 7 b>ely #d4e p] c5t4 ( dea?s f all causes1 a proportion :i* 0 exce$$ #ic times 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t ! dea?s f smallpox 9 ,london con/itute a little "u #j4bd p] c5t4 ( dea?s f all causes1 or #gg times less ?an 9 pre-,j5n]ian times4 ,accord+ to ,mac,vail1 9 ! pre-vacc9ation p]iod smallpox 0 n9e times z fatal z measles & sev5 & "o half times z fatal z :oop+ c\gh4 ,to-day 9 ! vacc9at$ community its fatality is negligable1 9 ! unvacc9at$ x is z high z x 0 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ! city ( ,b]l91 :]e vacc9ation is absolutely compulsory1 !re is no smallpox hospital at all2 ! cases ( smallpox 9 t city be+ only a few unvacc9at$ =eign]s4 ,9 #aiab ! dea?s 9 ,new ,york ,city 7 z foll[3 #fga f measles1 #fad f sc>lat9a1 #ejj f typhoid fev]1 #ahg f :oop+ c\gh & #b f smallpox4 ,9 ,london !re 7 9 #dh ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury no less ?an #aj epidemics ( smallpox2 9 ! :ole ( ! eighte5?1 #ai2 & 9 ! n9ete5? no epidemic at all dur+ :i* smallpox 0 responsible = m ?an "o t5? ( ! dea?s f all causes 9 any "o ye>4 ,9 ,sw$51 ! highe/ dea?-rate be=e vacc9ation 0 #g4bc p] #a1jjj p]sons1 ! l[e/ #j4cj2 "u p]missive vacc9ation ! highe/ 0 #b4eg1 ! l[e/ #j4ab2 "u compulsory vacc9ation ! highe/ 0 #j4id1 ! l[e/ #j4jjje4 ,x is s frequ5tly said t ! disappe>ance ( smallpox is due n to vacc9ation1 b to improv$ g5]al hygi5e1 t we mu/ look into ?is criticism ) "s c>e4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a l>ge dim9ution 9 ! mortality f smallpox occurr$ be=e !re 0 any great *ange 9 ! unsanit>y conditions ( ! ,engli% t[ns1 be=e !re 0 any en=c+ ( ! isolation ( pati5ts ei!r 9 hospitals or 9 _! own homes4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( vacc9ation1 measles & :oop+ c\gh /ill rema9 9 ! /atus quo ante1 :ile smallpox has be5 ext]m9at$ 9 all fully vacc9at$ communities1 ^! two diseases ( *ildr5 are z preval5t z ev] 9 ,engl& ev5 al?\gh ! g5]al sanit>y conditions h be5 imm5sely improv$ 9 t c\ntry4 ,( c\rse ! effects ( vacc9ation we> out 9 "t1 & t is :y x is well to be revacc9at$ once or twice4 ,n[ !re has be5 a rem>kable progressive *ange 9 ! age-incid5ce ( smallpox :i* c only be expla9$1 says ,dr4 ,new%olme1 on ! assumption t vacc9ation protects *ildr5 f smallpox & t ! protection dim9i%es1 ?\gh x nev] entirely disappe>s1 z age advances4 ,! consci5ce clause %\ld be imm$iately remov$ f ! act 9 :i* x 0 ins]t$ on ! gr\nds t x is weak & reaction>y 9 pr9ciple1 n 9 ! int]e/s ( ! developm5t ( ! legislative aspect ( ! sci5ce ( public heal?1 & t x p]mits 9 c]ta9 un9tellig5t communities q a consid]able numb] ( unvacc9at$ *ildr5 to gr[ up z a p]man5t m5ace to _! t[n & di/rict4 ,:5 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e becomes m widely kn[n1 :5 ! pr9ciples ( prophylactic inoculation are m g5]ally und]/ood1 :5 respect = sci5ce is ! rule r ?an ! exception1 :5 great a*ievem5ts 9 ! sav+ r ?an ! de/roy+ ( life are objects ( national v5]ation1 !n we may hope to see ! day :5 x w be unhesitat+ly admitt$ t ! discov]y by ,dr4 ,edw>d ,j5n]1 ! ,engli%man1 0 "o ( ! mo/ mom5t\s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race1 & t 8 life 0 "o ( ! noble/1 mo/ unselfi% &1 9 its f>-rea*+ effects1 mo/ important t has ev] be5 liv$ on ?is planet4 ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,rese>* ,,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,hamor ,,mellon ,,in/itute ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,rese>*1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,pittsburgh ,,! aim ( all indu/rial op]ations is t[>d p]fection1 bo? 9 process & me*anical equipm5t1 & e developm5t 9 manufactur+ creates new problems4 ,x is only to be expect$1 !re=e1 t ! indu/rial rese>*] is becom+ less & less reg>d$ z a burd5 unw>rant$ by returns4 ,indu/riali/s h1 9 fact1 le>n$ to recognize *emi/ry z ! intellig5ce dep>tm5t ( indu/ry1 & manufactur+ is accord+ly becom+ m & m a sy/em ( sci5tific processes4 ,! accruem5t ( te*nical improvem5ts 9 p>ticul>ly ! great *emical indu/ry is prim>ily dep5d5t ^u sy/ematic indu/rial rese>*1 & ?is is be+ increas+ly fo/]$ by ,am]ican manufactur]s4 ,t5 ?\s& ,am]ican *emi/s are at pres5t engag$ 9 pursuits :i* affect ov] #a1jjj1jjj wage-e>n]s & produce ov] #e1jjj1jjj1jjj wor? ( manufactur$ products ea* ye>4 ,^! tra9$ m5 h actively & effectively collaborat$ 9 br++ ab\t /up5d\s results 9 ,am]ican indu/ry4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 at lea/ n9ete5 ,am]ican indu/ries 9 :i* ! *emi/ has be5 ( great assi/ance1 ei!r 9 f\nd+ ! indu/ry1 9 develop+ x1 or 9 ref9+ ! me?ods ( control or ( manufacture1 ?us ensur+ pr(its1 l[] co/s & uni=m outputs4 ,at ! rec5t symposium on ! contributions ( ! *emi/ to ,am]ican indu/ries1 at ! fiftie? meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society 9 ,new ,orleans1 ! indu/rial a*ievem5ts ( t sci5tific sc\t1 ! *emi/1 7 br\ght out cle>ly4#a #a ,9 ?is connection1 see ,hesse1 ,j4 ,ind4 ,eng4 ,*em41 #g 7#aiae71 #bic4 ,! *emi/ has made ! w9e indu/ry reasonably indep5d5t ( climatic conditions2 he has enabl$ x to produce sub/antially ! same w9e1 ye> 9 & ye> out1 no matt] :at ! wea!r2 he has r$uc$ ! spoilage f #be p] c5t4 to #j4df p] c5t4 ( ! total2 he has increas$ ! %ipp+ radius ( ! goods & has made pres]vatives unnecess>y4 ,9 ! copp] indu/ry he has le>n$ & has taught h[ to make op]ations s con/ant & s cont9u\s t 9 ! manufacture ( bli/] copp] valuations are less ?an #a4jj ap>t on e #aj1jjj wor? ( product & 9 ref9$ copp] ! valuations ( ! product d n diff] by m ?an #a4jj 9 e #ej1jjj wor? ( product4 ,! quality ( output is ma9ta9$ con/ant )9 microscopic diff]5ces4 ,)\t ! *emi/ ! corn-products indu/ry w\ld nev] h aris5 & 9 #aiad ?is indu/ry consum$ z mu* corn z 0 gr[n 9 t ye> by ! n9e /ates ( ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,v]mont1 ,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey & ,delaw>e comb9$2 ?is am\nt is equal to ! entire production ( ! /ate ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ( ! production ( ea* ( ! /ates ( ,georgia1 ,mi*igan & ,wiscons92 ! *emi/ has produc$ ov] #ajj useful comm]cial products f corn1 :i*1 )\t him1 w\ld nev] h be5 produc$4 ,9 ! asphalt indu/ry ! *emi/ has taught h[ to lay a road surface t w always be good1 & he has le>n$ & taught h[ to con/ruct a suitable road surface = diff]5t conditions ( s]vice4 ,9 ! cottonse$ oil indu/ry1 ! *emi/ /&>diz$ me?ods ( production1 r$uc$ losses1 increas$ yields1 made new use ( wa/es & by-products1 & has add$ some:]e betwe5 #aj & #ab to ! value ( ea* bale ( cotton gr[n4 ,9 ! cem5t indu/ry1 ! *emi/ has asc]ta9$ new +r$i5ts1 has utiliz$ !ret(ore wa/e products = ?is purpose1 has r$uc$ ! wa/e heaps ( _m indu/ries & made !m 8 />t+ mat]ial2 he has /&>diz$ me?ods ( manufacture1 introduc$ me?ods ( *emical control & has insur$ con/ancy & p]man5cy ( quality & quantity ( output4 ,9 ! sug> indu/ry1 ! *emi/ has be5 active = s long a "t t ! memory ( man runne? n to ! contr>y4 ,! sug> indu/ry )\t ! *emi/ is un?9kable4 ,! ,welsba* mantle is di/9ctly a *emi/'s inv5tion & its successful & economical manufacture dep5ds l>gely ^u *emical me?ods4 ,x w\ld be difficult to give a j e/imate ( ! economic effect ( ?is device ^u illum9ation1 s great & valuable is x4 ,9 ! textile indu/ry1 he has sub/itut$ uni=m1 rational1 well-?\ght out & simple me?ods ( treatm5t ( all ! v>i\s textile fabrics & fib]s :]e my/]y1 empiricism1 rule-(-?umb & _! accompany+ unc]ta9ties reign$4 ,9 ! f]tiliz] indu/ry1 x 0 ! *emi/ :o le>n$ & :o taught h[ to make our imm5se b$s ( phosphate rock useful & s]viceable to man 9 ! enri*m5t ( ! soil2 he has taught h[ to make wa/e products ( o!r indu/ries useful & available = f]tilization & he has %[n h[ to make ! gas works contribute to ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,9 ! soda indu/ry1 ! *emi/ c successfully claim t he has f\nd$ x1 develop$ x & br\ght x to its pres5t /ate ( p]fection & utility1 b n )\t ! help ( o!r te*nical m52 ! fundam5tal ideas 7 & are *emical4 ,9 ! lea!r indu/ry1 ! *emi/ has giv5 u all ( ! mod]n me?ods ( m9]al tann+1 & )\t !m ! mod]n lea!r indu/ry is un?9kable4 ,9 ! case ( vegetable-tann$ lea!r he has also /epp$ 91 /&>diz$ ! quality ( incom+ mat]ial & ( outgo+ product4 ,9 ! fl\r indu/ry ! *emi/ has le>n$ & taught h[ to select ! prop] gra9 = specific purposes1 to /&>dize ! product1 & h[ to make fl\r available = c]ta9 specific cul9>y & food purposes4 ,9 ! brew+ indu/ry1 ! *emi/ has /&>diz$ ! me?ods ( det]m9+ ! quality ( incom+ mat]ial & ( outgo+ products1 & has assi/$ 9 ! developm5t ( a product ( a quality f> beyond t obta9+ prior to 8 entry into t indu/ry4 ,9 ! pres]vation ( foods1 ! *emi/ made ! fundam5tal discov]ies2 up to tw5ty ye>s ago1 h[ev]1 he took little or no "p 9 ! comm]cial op]ations1 b n[ is almo/ indisp5sable to comm]cial success4 ,9 ! wat] supply ( cities1 ! *emi/ has put c]ta9ty 9 ! place ( unc]ta9ty2 he has le>n$ & has %[n h[1 by *emical me?ods ( treatm5t & control1 raw wat] ( v>y+ quality c be made to yield potable wat] ( sub/antially uni=m composition & quality4 ,! celluloid indu/ry & ! nitro-cellulose indu/ry owe _! v exi/5ce & mu* ( _! developm5t to ! *emi/4 ,9 ! glass indu/ry ! *emi/ has le>n$ & taught h[ to prep>e glasses suitable = ! wide/ ranges ( uses & to control ! quality & quantity ( ! output4 ,9 ! pulp & pap] indu/ry1 ! *emi/ made ! fundam5tal obs]vations1 inv5tions & op]ations & to-day he is 9 control ( all ! op]ations ( ! plant itself2 to ! *emi/ also is due ! *eap production ( _m ( ! mat]ials ent]+ into ?is indu/ry1 z well z ! increas$ & exp&+ m>ket = ! product itself4 ,suffici5t has be5 pres5t$ to %[ t c]ta9 indu/ries ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h be5 elevat$ by an infusion ( sci5tific _s ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! *emi/1 & t manufactur+1 at "o "t entirely a matt] ( empirical judgm5t & individual skill1 is m & m becom+ a sy/em ( sci5tific processes4 ,! result is t ,am]ican manufactur]s are gr[+ increas+ly appreciative ( sci5tific rese>*1 & are dep5d+ ^u indu/rial rese>*]s--^? :o catalyze raw mat]ials by bra9s--z _! pa?f9d]s4 ,x is n[ appropriate to consid] j h[ indu/riali/s are tak+ advantage ( ! univ]sities & ! products ( ^!4 ,,! ,,me?ods ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,! ,,attack ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,problems#b #b ,see also ,bacon1 ,sci5ce1 ,n4 ,s41 #dj 7#aiad71 #hga4 ,:5 an indu/ry has problems requir+ solution1 ^! problems c be attack$ ei!r inside or outside ( ! plant4 ,if ! policy ( ! indu/riali/ is t all problems are to be inve/igat$ only )9 ! e/abli%m5t1 a rese>* laboratory mu/ be provid$ = ! plant or = ! company4 ,at pres5t1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 probably n m ?an "o hundr$ *emical manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts h rese>* laboratories or employ rese>* *emi/s1 al?\gh at lea/ five companies are sp5d+ ov] #ajj1jjj p] ye> 9 rese>*4 ,9 ,g]many1 & p]haps also 9 ,engl&1 su* rese>* laboratories 9 connection ) *emical indu/ries h be5 mu* m common4 ,! great laboratories ( ! ,badis*e ,anil9 und ,soda ,fabrik & ( ! ,elb]feld ,company are /rik+ examples ( ! importance atta*$ to su* rese>* "w 9 ,g]many1 & x w\ld be difficult to adduce any /rong] argum5t 9 support ( its value ?an ! m>vel\s a*ievem5ts ( ^! great firms4 ,a frequ5t difficulty enc\nt]$ 9 ! employm5t ( rese>*]s or 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a rese>* laboratory1 is t _m manufactur]s h be5 unable to grasp ! importance ( su* "w1 or "k h[ to treat ! m5 9 *>ge s z to secure ! be/ results4 ,! indu/riali/ may n ev5 fully und]/& j :at is ! cause ( 8 manufactur+ losses or to :om to turn = aid4 ,if he ev5tually engages a rese>*]1 he is sometimes likely to reg>d him z a sort ( ma/] ( my/]ies :o %\ld be able to accompli% wond]s1 &1 if he c n see def9ite results 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s1 is occasionally apt to consid] ! inve/m5t a bad "o & to reg>d rese>*]s1 z a class1 z a useless lot4 ,x has n be5 unusual = ! *emi/ to be told to rema9 9 8 laboratory1 & n to g 9 or ab\t ! works1 & he mu/ also face ! natural opposition ( workm5 to any innovations1 & reckon ) ! jeal\sies ( =em5 & ( v>i\s (ficials4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! manufactur]1 "o decid$ advantage ( ! policy ( hav+ all problems work$ out )9 ! plant is t ! results secur$ are n divulg$1 b are /or$ away 9 ! laboratory ar*ives & become "p ( ! assets & work+ capital ( ! corporation :i* has paid = !m2 & x is usually n until pat5t applications are fil$ t ?is k1 g5]ally only p>tially & imp]fectly1 becomes publicly kn[n4 ,:5 x is n deem$ necess>y to take out pat5ts1 su* k is (t5 p]man5tly buri$4 ,9 ?is matt] ( ! dissem9ation ( k conc]n+ indu/rial practice1 x mu/ be evid5t to all t !re is b little coop]ation betwe5 manufactur]s & ! univ]sities4 ,manufactur]s1 & especially *emical manufactur]s1 h be5 q naturally oppos$ to publi%+ any discov]ies made 9 _! plants1 s9ce k is p[] 9 manufactur+ z else:]e1 & new k ga9$ 9 ! laboratories ( a company may (t5 v prop]ly be reg>d$ z among ! mo/ valuable assets ( ! conc]n4 ,! univ]sities & ! sci5tific societies1 on ! o!r h&1 exi/ = ! diffusion ( k1 & f _! /&po9t ! great disadvantage ( ! above policy is ?is concealm5t ( k1 = x results 9 a s]i\s ret>dation ( ! g5]al gr[? & developm5t ( sci5ce 9 its broad] aspects1 & r5d]s x mu* m difficult = ! univ]sities to tra9 m5 prop]ly = su* indu/ries1 s9ce all ! text-books & g5]al k available w\ld 9 all probability be f> beh9d ! actual manufactur+ practice4 ,=tunately1 ! policy ( indu/rial secrecy is becom+ m g5]ally reg>d$ 9 ! light ( reason1 & !re is a gr[+ incl9ation among manufactur]s to disclose ! details ( inve/igations1 :i*1 accord+ to tradition1 w\ld be c>efully gu>d$4 ,^! manufactur]s appreciate ! facts t public int]e/ 9 *emical a*ievem5ts is /imulat+ to fur!r fruitful rese>*1 t helpful sugge/ions & in=mation may come f o!r inve/igators ^u ! publication ( any results1 & t ! ex*ange ( k prev5ts _m co/ly repetitions4 ,,indu/rial ,,fell[%ips ,if ! manufactur] elects to ref] 8 problem to ! univ]sity or te*nical s*ool--& because ( ! facilities = rese>* to be _h 9 c]ta9 in/itutions1 indu/riali/s are foll[+ ?is plan 9 con/antly increas+ numb]s--su* ref]5ce may take ! =m ( an indu/rial fell[%ip & mu* has be5 said & may be said 9 favor ( ^! fell[%ips4 ,!y all[ ! donor to keep secret = ?ree ye>s ! results secur$1 aft] :i* !y may be publi%$ ) ! donor's p]mission4 ,!y also secure to him pat5t rights4 ,!y give highly specializ$ tra9+ to prop]ly qualifi$ m51 & (t5 secure = !m p]man5t positions & %>es 9 ! pr(its ( _! discov]ies4 ,x %\ld be obvi\s at ! outset t a fell[%ip ( ?is "* c be successful only :5 !re are close confid5tial relations obta9+ betwe5 ! manufactur] & ! (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! rese>*2 = no su* coop]ation c be really effective unless bas$ ^u a ?or\gh mutual famili>ity ) ! conditions & an abid+ fai? 9 ! integrity & s9c]ity ( purpose ( ea* o!r4 ,x is likely to prove a poor inve/m5t = a manufactur] to seek ! aid ( an inve/igator if he is unwill+ to take su* exp]t into 8 confid5ce & to famili>ize him ) all ! local & o!r factors :i* ent] into ! problem f a manufactur+ /&po9t4 ,,! ,,mellon ,,in/itute ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,rese>*#c #c ,= a detail$ description ( ! ,mellon ,in/itute & its "w1 see ,bacon & ,hamor1 ,j4 ,ind4 ,eng4 ,*em41 #g 7#aiae71 #cbf-dh4 ,accord+ to ! sy/em ( indu/rial rese>* 9 op]ation at ! ,mellon ,in/itute ( ,indu/rial ,rese>* ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,pittsburgh1 :i* is n1 9 any s5se ( ! ^w1 a comm]cial in/itution1 a manufactur] hav+ a problem requir+ solution may become ! donor ( a fell[%ip2 ! said manufactur] provides ! sal>y ( ! rese>*] select$ to conduct ! inve/igation desir$1 ! in/itute furni%+ su* facilities z are necess>y = ! conduct ( ! "w4 ,! money paid 9 to f\nd a fell[%ip is paid ov] by ! in/itute 9 sal>y to ! inve/igator do+ ! "w4 ,9 e case1 ?is rese>*] is mo/ c>efully select$ = ! problem 9 h&4 ,! in/itute supplies free laboratory space & ! use ( all ord9>y *emicals & equipm5t4 ,! *emi/ or eng9e] :o is /udy+ ! problem works "u ! imm$iate sup]vision ( m5 :o are ?or\ghly tra9$ & exp]i5c$ 9 conduct+ indu/rial rese>*4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! ,mellon ,in/itute1 :i*1 :ile an integral "p ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,pittsburgh1 has its own end[m5t1 is exp5d+ ov] #aej1jjj annually = sal>ies & ma9t5ance4 ,a manufactur] secures = a small exp5diture--j suffici5t to pay ! sal>y ( ! fell[1 z ! man engag$ on ! inve/igation is call$--all ! b5efits ( an organization ( ?is size1 & _m h avail$ !mselves ( ! advantages1 tw5ty-eight companies ma9ta9+ fell[%ips at ! pres5t "t4 ,ea* fell[ has ! b5efit ( ! in/itute's v excell5t app>atus1 *emical & libr>y equipm5t--facilities :i* are s ess5tial 9 mod]n rese>*2 & because ( ^! opportunities & t ( be+ able to pursue po/-graduate "w = high] degrees1 x has be5 demon/rat$ t a high] type ( rese>*] c be obta9$ by ! in/itute = a c]ta9 remun]ation ?an c be g5]ally secur$ by manufactur]s !mselves4 ,!re is a sc>city ( m5 gift$ ) ! g5ius = rese>*1 & x requires mu* exp]i5ce 9 select+ suitable m5 & 9 tra9+ !m to ! desirable degree ( effici5cy1 aft] hav+ det]m9$ ! special qualities requir$4 ,important qualifications 9 indu/rial rese>*]s are ke5ness1 inspiration & confid5ce2 ^! are (t5 unconsid]$ by manufactur]s1 :o 9 endeavor+ to select1 say1 a rese>* *emi/1 are likely to reg>d e *emi/ z a qualifi$ sci5tific sc\t4 ,all rese>*es conduct$ at ! ,mellon ,in/itute are surr\nd$ ) ! necess>y secrecy1 & any & all discov]ies made by ! fell[ dur+ ! t]m ( 8 fell[%ip become ! prop]ty ( ! donor4 ,:5 ! ,mellon ,in/itute mov$ into its #cej1jjj home 9 ,febru>y1 #aiae1 ! indu/rial fell[%ip sy/em 9 op]ation !re9 pass$ out ( its exp]im5tal /age4 ,dur+ ! ye>s ( its developm5t no inh]5t sign ( weakness on ! "p ( any "o ( its con/itu5t factors appe>$2 9 fact1 ! results ( ! fell[%ips h be5 uni=mly successful4 ,:ile problems h be5 pres5t$ by companies :i*1 ^u prelim9>y inve/igation1 h prov$ to be s difficult z to be practically impossible ( solution1 !re h be5 s _m o!r problems confront+ ^! companies t important ones 7 f\nd :i* l5t !mselves to solution2 & (t5 ! companies did n realize1 until aft] inve/igations 7 />t$1 j :at ! exact nature ( _! problems 0 & j :at improvem5ts & sav+s c\ld be made 9 _! manufactur+ processes4 ,fell[%ips at ! ,mellon ,in/itute are con/antly increas+ 9 ! am\nts subscrib$ by indu/riali/s = _! ma9t5ance &1 z well1 9 _! importance4 ,! r5ewal1 ye> aft] ye>1 ( su* fell[%ips1 z ^? on bak+1 petroleum & ores1 goes to %[ ! confid5ce :i* indu/riali/s h 9 ! ,mellon ,in/itute4 ,aga91 ! l>ge sums ( money :i* are be+ sp5t by companies 9 br++ small unit plants to develop ! processes :i* h be5 work$ out 9 ! laboratory1 demon/rate t practical results are be+ secur$4 ,:]e !re h be5 sympa?y & he>ty coop]ation betwe5 ! ,mellon ,in/itute & ! company conc]n$1 ! in/itute has be5 able to pu% ?r\gh to a successful conclusion l>ge scale exp]im5ts 9 ! factory ( ! company1 :i* 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fell[%ip seem$ almo/ impossible3 x may be said t ! results ( ! fell[%ips at ! ,mellon ,in/itute indicate t a =m ( s]vice to indu/ry has be5 e/abli%$1 ! possibilities ( :i* no man c say4 ,a ,,few ,,classic ,,unkn[ns ,,9 ,,ma!matics ,,by ,,pr(essor ,g4 ,a4 ,,mill] ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ill9ois ,,k+ ,,hi]o is said to h rem>k$1 9 view ( ! m>vel\s me*anical devices ( ,ar*im$es1 t he w\ld h5ce=? d\bt no?+ t _h be5 ass]t$ by ,ar*im$es4 ,?is _s ( unb\nd$ confid5ce 9 ^? :o h exhibit$ unusual ma!matical ability is /ill extant4 ,ev5 our l>ge city pap]s sometimes speak ( a ma!matical g5ius :o c\ld solve e ma!matical problem t 0 propos$ to him4 ,! num]\s unexpect$ & f>-rea*+ results conta9$ 9 ! elem5t>y ma!matical text-books1 & ! ease ) :i* ! skilful ma!matics tea*]s (t5 cle>$ away :at appe>$ to be great difficulties to ! /ud5ts h fill$ _m ) a k9d ( awe = unusual ma!matical ability4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! unb\nd$ confid5ce 9 ma!matical results has be5 some:at %ak5 by a wave ( ma!matical skepticism :i* ga9$ mom5tum ?r\gh "s ( ! popul> writ+s ( ,h4 ,po9c>e & ,b]tr& ,russell4 ,z in/ances ( expressions :i* might at fir/ t5d to dim9i% su* confid5ce we may ref] to ,po9c>e's cont5tion t geometrical axioms are conv5tions guid$ by exp]im5tal facts & limit$ by ! necessity to avoid all contradictions1 & to ,russell's /atem5t t ma!matics may be def9$ z ! subject 9 :i* we nev] "k :at we are talk+ ab\t nor :e!r :at we are say+ is true4 ,! ma!matical skepticism :i* su* /atem5ts may awak5 is usually mitigat$ by reflection1 s9ce x soon appe>s t philosophical difficulties ab\nd 9 all doma9s ( k1 & t ma!matical results cont9ue to inspire relatively ! highe/ degrees ( confid5ce4 ,! unkn[ns 9 ma!matics to :i* we aim to direct att5tion "h are n ( ?is philosophical type b relate to que/ions ( ! mo/ simple nature4 ,x is p]haps un=tunate t 9 ! tea*+ ( elem5t>y ma!matics ! unkn[ns receive s little att5tion4 ,9 fact1 x seems to be cu/om>y to direct no att5tion :atev] to ! unsolv$ ma!matical difficulties until ! /ud5ts beg9 to specialize 9 ma!matics 9 ! colleges or univ]sities4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ opportunities to impress on ! /ud5t ! fact t ma!matical k is v limit$ 9 c]ta9 directions pres5ts itself 9 connection ) ! /udy ( prime numb]s4 ,among ! small prime numb]s !re appe> _m :i* diff] only by #b4 ,= in/ance1 #c & #e1 #e & #g1 #aa & #ac1 #ag & #ai1 #bi & #ca1 con/itute su* pairs ( prime numb]s4 ,! "q arises :e!r !re is a limit to su* pairs ( primes1 or :e!r beyond ea* su* pair ( prime numb]s !re mu/ exi/ ano!r su* pair4 ,?is "q c be und]/ood by all & might at fir/ appe> to be easy to answ]1 yet no "o has succe$$ up to ! pres5t "t 9 f9d+ :i* ( ! two possible answ]s is correct4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t 9 #aiaa ,e4 ,po9c>e transmitt$ a note writt5 by ,m4 ,m]l9 to ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 :i* a !orem 0 ann\nc$ f :i* its au?or d$uc$ t !re actually is an inf9ite numb] ( su* prime numb] pairs1 b ?is result has n be5 accept$ because no def9ite pro( ( ! !orem 9 "q 0 produc$4 ,ano!r unansw]$ "q :i* c be und]/ood by all is :e!r e ev5 numb] is ! sum ( two prime numb]s4 ,x is v easy to v]ify t ea* "o ( ! small ev5 numb]s is ! sum ( a pair ( prime numb]s1 if we include unity among ! prime numb]s2 &1 9 #agdb1 ,c4 ,goldba* express$ ! !orem1 )\t pro(1 t e possible ev5 numb] is actually ! sum ( at lea/ "o pair ( prime numb]s4 ,h5ce ?is !orem is kn[n z ,goldba*'s !orem1 b no "o has z yet succe$$ 9 ei!r prov+ or disprov+ x4 ,al?\gh ! pro( or ! dispro( ( su* !orems may n appe> to be ( great consequ5ce1 yet ! int]dep5d5ce ( ma!matical !orems is mo/ m>vel\s1 & ! ma!matical inve/igator is attract$ by su* difficulties ( long /&+4 ,^! p>ticul> difficulties are m5tion$ "h ma9ly because !y seem to be among ! simple/ illu/rations ( ! fact t ma!matics is teem+ ) classic unkn[ns z well z ) kn[ns4 ,by classic unkn[ns we mean "h ^? ?+s :i* are n yet kn[n to any "o1 b :i* h be5 objects ( /udy on ! "p ( ma!maticians = "s "t4 ,z our elem5t>y ma!matical text-books usually conf9e !mselves to an exposition ( :at has be5 fully e/abli%$1 & h5ce is kn[n1 ! av]age educat$ man is l$ to believe too frequ5tly t mod]n ma!matical inve/igations relate entirely to ?+s :i* lie f> beyond 8 tra9+4 ,x seems v un=tunate t !re %\ld be1 on ! "p ( educat$ p1 a feel+ ( total isolation f ! inve/igations 9 any important field ( k4 ,! mod]n ma!matical inve/igator seems to be 9 special dang] ( isolation1 & ?is may be unavoidable 9 _m cases1 b x c be mat]ially less5$ by direct+ att5tion to "s ( ! unsolv$ ma!matical problems :i* c be mo/ easily und]/ood4 ,moreov]1 ^! unsolv$ problems %\ld h an educational value s9ce !y s]ve to exhibit b\nd>ies ( mod]n sci5tific a*ievem5ts1 & h5ce !y ?r[ "s light on ! ext5t ( ^! a*ievem5ts 9 c]ta9 directions4 ,bo? ( ! giv5 in/ances ( unansw]$ classic que/ions relate to prime numb]s4 ,z an in/ance ( "o :i* does n relate to prime numb]s we may ref] to ! "q :e!r !re exi/s an odd p]fect numb]4 ,a p]fect numb] is a natural numb] :i* is equal to ! sum ( its aliquot p>ts4 ,?us #f is p]fect because x is equal to #a #b #c1 & #bh is p]fect because x is equal to #a #b #d #g #ad4 ,euclid /at$ a =mula :i* gives all ! ev5 p]fect numb]s1 b no "o has ev] succe$$ 9 prov+ ei!r ! exi/5ce or ! non-exi/5ce ( an odd p]fect numb]4 ,a consid]able numb] ( prop]ties ( odd p]fect numb]s are kn[n 9 case su* numb]s exi/4 ,9 fact1 a v not$ pr(essor 9 ,b]l9 ,univ]sity develop$ a s]ies ( prop]ties ( odd p]fect numb]s 9 8 lectures on ! !ory ( numb]s1 & !n foll[$ ^! developm5ts ) ! /atem5t t x is n kn[n :e!r any su* numb]s exi/4 ,?is raises ! int]e/+ philosophical "q :e!r "o c "k ?+s ab\t :at is n kn[n to exi/2 b ! ma9 int]e/ f our pres5t po9t ( view relates to ! fact t ! mean+ ( odd p]fect numb] is s v elem5t>y t all c easily grasp x1 & yet no "o has ev] succe$$ 9 prov+ ei!r ! exi/5ce or ! non-exi/5ce ( su* numb]s4 ,x w\ld n be difficult to increase greatly ! numb] ( ! giv5 illu/rations ( unsolv$ que/ions relat+ directly to ! natural numb]s4 ,9 fact1 ! well-kn[n great] ,f]mat !orem is a "q ( ?is type1 :i* does n appe> m important intr9sically ?an _m o!rs b has receiv$ unusual att5tion 9 rec5t ye>s on acc\nt ( a v l>ge prize (f]$ = its solution4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ^? :o h become int]e/$ 9 ?is !orem (t5 exp]i5ce difficulty 9 f9d+ ! desir$ in=mation 9 any ,engli% publication1 we proce$ to give "s details ab\t ?is !orem & ! (f]$ prize4 ,! foll[+ is a free translation ( a "p ( ! ann\ncem5t made 9 reg>d to ?is prize by ! ,konigli*e ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft51 ,gott+51 ,g]many3 ,on ! basis ( ! beque/ left to u by ! deceas$ ,dr4 ,paul ,wolskehl1 ( ,d>m/adt1 a prize ( #ajj1jjj mk41 9 words1 "o hundr$ ?\s& m>ks1 is h]eby (f]$ to ! "o :o w fir/ succe$ to produce a pro( ( ! great ,f]mat !orem4 ,dr4 ,wolfskehl rem>ks 9 8 w t ,f]mat _h ma9ta9$ t ! equation x sup]script ,greek #a y sup]script ,greek #a z sup]script ,greek #a c\ld n be satisfi$ by integ]s :5ev] ,greek l is an odd prime numb]4 ,?is ,f]mat !orem is to be prov$ ei!r g5]ally 9 ! s5se ( ,f]mat1 or1 9 supplem5t+ ! inve/igations by ,kumm]1 publi%$ 9 ,crelle's ,j\rnal1 volume #dj1 x is to be prov$ = all values ( ,grrek #a = :i* x is actually true4 ,= fur!r lit]ature consult ,hib]t's report on ! !ory ( algebraic numb] realms1 publi%$ 9 volume #d ( ! ,jahre%]i*t d] ,deuts*5 ,ma!rnatik]-,v]e9igung1 & volume #a ( ! ,encyklopadie d] ma!matis*5 ,wiss5s*aft54 ,! prize is (f]$ "u ! foll[+ m p>ticul> conditions4 ,! ,konigli*e ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft5 9 ,gott+5 decides indep5d5tly on ! "q to :om ! prize %all be aw>d$4 ,manuscripts int5d$ to compete = ! prize w n be receiv$1 b1 9 aw>d+ ! prize only su* ma!matical pap]s w be consid]$ z h appe>$ ei!r 9 ! regul> p]iodicals or h be5 publi%$ 9 ! =m ( monographs or books :i* 7 = sale 9 ! book-/ores4 ,! ,gesells*aft leaves x to ! option ( ! au?or ( su* a pap] to s5d to x ab\t five pr9t$ copies4 ,among ! additional /ipulations x may be ( int]e/ to note t ! prize w n be aw>d$ be=e at lea/ two ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ! fir/ publication ( ! pap] :i* is adjudg$ z wor?y ( ! prize4 ,9 ! meantime ! ma!maticians ( v>i\s c\ntries are invit$ to express _! op9ion z reg>ds ! correctness ( ?is pap]4 ,! secret>y ( ! ,gesells*aft w write to ! p]son to :om ! prize is aw>d$ & w also publi% 9 v>i\s places ! fact t ! aw>d has be5 made4 ,if ! prize has n be5 aw>d$ be=e ,septemb] #ac1 #bjjg1 no fur!r applications w be consid]$4 ,:ile ?is prize is op5 to ! p ( all c\ntries x has become especially well kn[n 9 ,g]many1 & hundr$s ( ,g]mans f a v not$ univ]sity pr(essor ( ma!matics to eng9e]s1 pa/ors1 tea*]s1 /ud5ts1 bank]s1 (fic]s1 etc41 h publi%$ suppos$ pro(s4 ,^! publications are frequ5tly v brief1 cov]+ only a few pages1 & usually !y disclose ! fact t ! au?or _h no idea 9 reg>d to ! real nature ( ! problem or ! mean+ ( a ma!matical pro(4 ,9 a few cases ! au?ors 7 fully aw>e ( ! requirem5ts b 7 misl$ by errors 9 _! "w4 ,al?\gh ! prize 0 =mally ann\nc$ m ?an sev5 ye>s ago no pap] has z yet be5 adjudg$ z fulfill+ ! conditions4 ,x may be ( int]e/ to note 9 ?is connection t a ma!matical pro( implies a m>%all+ ( ma!matical results1 or accept$ assumptions1 9 su* a mann] t ! ?+ to be prov$ is a ,,necess>y consequ5ce4 ,! non-ma!matician is (t5 incl9$ to ?9k t if he makes /atem5ts :i* c n be successfully refut$ he has c>ri$ 8 po9t4 ,9 ma!matics su* /atem5ts h no real significance 9 an attempt$ pro(4 ,unkn[ns mu/ be label$ z su* & mu/ reta9 ^! labels until !y become kn[ns 9 view ( ! conditions :i* !y c be prov$ to satisfy4 ,! pure ma!matician accepts only necess>y conclusions ) ! exception t basal po/ulates h to be assum$ by common agreem5t4 ,! ma!matical subject 9 :i* ! /ud5t usually has to cont5d mo/ frequ5tly ) unkn[ns at ! beg9n+ ( 8 /udies is ! hi/ory ( ma!matics4 ,! anci5t ,greeks _h already attempt$ to trace ! developm5t ( e kn[n concept1 b ! "w along ?is l9e appe>s /ill 9 its infancy4 ,ev5 ! developm5t ( our common num]als is surr\nd$ ) _m p]plex+ que/ions1 z may be se5 by consult+ ! little volume entitl$ ,! ,h9du-,arabic ,num]als1 by ,d4 ,e4 ,smi? & ,l4 ,c4 ,k>p9ski4 ,! few ma!matical unkn[ns explicitly not$ above may suffice to illu/rate ! fact t ! pa? ( ! ma!matical /ud5t (t5 leads ar\nd difficulties :i* are left beh9d4 ,sometimes ! lat] developm5ts h enabl$ ! ma!maticians to ov]come "s ( ^! difficulties :i* _h /ood 9 ! way = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s4 ,?is 0 done1 = in/ance1 by ,gauss :5 he f\nd a necess>y & suffici5t condition t a regul> polygon ( a prime numb] ( sides c be con/ruct$ by elem5t>y me?ods4 ,x 0 also done by ,h]mite1 ,l9demann & o!rs by prov+ t epsilon & rho are transc5d5tal numb]s4 ,:ile su* ob/ructions are ?us be+ gradually remov$ "s ( ! mo/ anci5t ones /ill rema91 & new ones are ris+ rapidly 9 view ( mod]n developm5ts along ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,^! ob/ructions h diff]5t effects on diff]5t p4 ,"s fix _! att5tion almo/ :olly on !m & are ?us impress$ by ! lack ( progress 9 ma!matics1 :ile o!rs ov]look !m almo/ entirely & fix _! att5tion on ! r\tes into new fields :i* avoid ^! difficulties4 ,a correct view ( ma!matics seems to be ! "o :i* looks at bo?1 receiv+ inspiration f ! real advances b n =gett+ ! desirability ( mak+ ! developm5ts z cont9u\s z possible4 ,at any rate ! av]age educat$ man ought to "k t !re is no ma!matician :o is able to solve all ! ma!matical que/ions :i* c\ld be propos$ ev5 by ^? hav+ only slight atta9m5ts along ?is l9e4 ,,! ,,aborig9al ,,rock-,,/5cill+s ,,( ,,new ,,s\? ,,wales ,,by ,,dr4 ,,*as4 ,b4 ,,dav5port ,,cold ,,spr+ ,,h>bor1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,9 a numb] ( places 9 ea/]n ,au/ralia curi\s aborig9al m>k+s are f\nd on ! faces ( ! s&/one cliffs4 ,a good idea ( !m is giv5 by ! photographs4 ,^! came f ,wolgan ,gap ne> ,wall]ang 9 ! ,blue ,m\nta9 region ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,!y are f\nd on ov]hang+ rocks t h s]v$ z %elt]s or camp+ places = ! aborig9es & :i* d\btless h protect$ _! works ( art4 ,^! /5cill+s are made by a sort ( spatt] "w1 some?+ l t 9 vogue a g5]ation ago 9 ?is c\ntry1 us+ leaves1 etc41 z =ms4 ,! rocks at ,wolgan ,gap are a co>se s&/one /a9$ almo/ black by an iron oxide d]iv$ f includ$ b&s ( iron/one4 ,^! black surfaces 7 select$ by ! arti/s4 ,ne>by 9 ! rock is a b& ( %ale :i* _h dis9tegrat$ at its expos$ edge to a :ite p[d]4 ,! native arti/ put "s ( ?is :ite p[d] 9 8 m\?1 plac$ 8 h& or foot ^u ! rock1 & blew ! moi/5$ p[d] ^u & ar\nd 8 out/ret*$ f+]s or toes4 ,:5 he remov$ !m !y 7 outl9$ on ! rock4 ,s9ce ! s&/one is co>se & deeply pitt$1 ! moi/ p[d] 0 bl[n into m9ute cavities :]e x has rema9$ despite ! erosive activities ( "s g5]ations4 ,! pres5ce ( ! p[d] is %[n on ! photographs z a sort ( halo ar\nd ! object4 ,! h&s are ei!r "r or left1 &1 9 "s cases1 bo? h&s seem to h be5 /5cill$ at once4 ,sometimes ! :ole arm & h& are /5cill$ toge!r1 & 9 "o ( ! photographs a boom]ang is %[n4 ,! age ( ^! /5cils is n kn[n4 ,!y 7 fir/ discov]$ at ,wolgan ,gap ab\t sixty ye>s ago1 b o!rs h be5 kn[n = a long] "t1 = in/ance1 ^? at ,gre5wi*1 ,p>ametta ,riv]1 ne> ,sydney4 ,! significance ( ^! /5cill+s has be5 ! subject ( "s controv]sy4 ,! natives may h be5 induc$ to make !m z boys c>ve _! names on b5*es or ev5 rocks4 ,! mat]ials = mak+ ! /5cill+s 7 pres5t &1 ! example once hav+ be5 set1 o!rs w\ld emulate x4 ,x is int]e/+ t simil> /5cill+s ( ! h&s 7 made by cave m5 on ! walls ( "s ( ! ,european caves1 z1 = in/ance1 ^? ( ,aurignac 9 s\!rn ,france4 ,evid5tly spatt] "w is no mod]n pa/ime4 ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,sub/itutes ,,= ,,w> ,,?is w>1 beyond measure disa/r\s to civilization1 is a trial also ( our democracy4 ,we may hope t x is an old-_w w> & an old-m5's w>1 repugnant to ! g5ius ( our new] life4 ,! /atem5ts ( "s ( our public m5 & ! cont5ts ( "s ( our newspap]s c n be read )\t disc\ragem5t4 ,b x is also true t !re has p]haps n appe>$ a c>toon 9 any ,am]ican newspap] t5d+ to glorify w>1 & no legislation has s f> be5 enact$ 9 prep>ation = w>4 ,!re is good reason to believe t ! p h n be5 infect$ by ! contagion ( blood4 ,z ,pr(essor ,patrick argu$ 9 a rec5t issue ( ! ,mon?ly1 man is by g5etic inh]itance a fight+ & a play+ animal1 n an animal delight+ 9 /eady "w4 ,! ape & ! tig] w be ext]m9at$ else:]e 9 nature be=e !y w be suppress$ 9 man4 ,x is a sl[ process1 b surely proce$+4 ,! writ] ( ?is note has det]m9$ ! proportion ( ea* c5tury 9 :i* ! lead+ nations h be5 engag$ 9 w>4 ,! curve ?us f\nd has no great reliability2 = x does n take into acc\nt ! p]c5tages ( ! peoples conc]n$1 b its c\rse cle>ly indicates t ev5 "u circum/ances z !y h be51 w>s w come to an end4 ,& !re is good reason to believe t ! new] condition--univ]sal education & univ]sal suffrage1 democratic control1 improv$ economic conditions ( liv+ = ! p1 ! sci5tific attitude--w t5d to b5d ! curve m rapidly t[>d ! base l9e ( p]man5t peace on e>? & good w to m54 ,:ile man has inh]it$ in/9cts :i* exhibit !mselves 9 play+ & fight+1 ! same in/9cts may by social control be div]t$ to play+ ! games ( art or sci5ce1 to fight+ disease & vice4 ,x is r>ely wise or feasible to attempt to suppress in/9cts2 !y %\ld be direct$ s z to provide desirable conduct4 ,loyalty to family1 to gr\p1 to neighborhood & to nation c n be lightly ca/ away = an ab/ract cosmopolitanism4 ,b x c be express$ o!rwise ?an by seiz+ ev]y?+ 9 sight by cunn+ or by viol5ce4 ,william ,james1 ! great psy*ologi/1 9 "o ( 8 brilliant essays publi%$ 9 ,! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,octob]1 #aiaj1 tells u t hi/ory is a ba? ( blood2 we inh]it ! w>-l type2 our ance/ors h br$ pugnacity into our bone & m>r[2 %[+ ! irrationality & horror ( w> does n prev5t x2 b a moral equival5t c be f\nd by enli/+ an army to toil & suff] pa9 9 do+ ! h>d & r\t9e "w ( ! _w4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 if ! gild$ y\?s to :om ,james ref]s w\ld accept di%-wa%+1 clo!s-wa%+ & w9d[-wa%+1 road-build+ & tunnel-mak+1 f\ndries & /oke-holes1 z a sub/itute = w>1 & = ! great mass ( ! p !re is m ?an en\gh ( ^! ?+s4 ,x is to escape f !m t we seek excitem5t & adv5ture1 intoxication by drugs & w>4 ,pr(essor ,cannon1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 proposes int]national football & o!r a?letic conte/s z sub/itutes = w>4 ,! adr5al gl&s1 ^: secretions excite ! combative & m>tial emotions1 mu/ function1 & _! activity1 he argues1 c be direct$ 9 ?is way4 ,mr4 ,bryan has j n[ made ! proposal t we build six great national roads by :i* armies might be collect$ = def5ce2 ! secret>y ( ! navy has f\nd$ a ,naval ,inv5tions ,bo>d2 ! po/ma/] g5]al has sugge/$ t a]oplanes be us$ to deliv] mail 9 ord] t we may h an a]ial corps ready = s]vice4 ,!re may be an elem5t ( ! absurd 9 "s ( ^! proposals1 z !re w\ld be 9 us+ subm>9es to cat* cod fi%1 s t !re might be practise 9 build+ & manag+ su* crafts = peaceful pursuits4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 psy*ological ju/ification = aim+ to direct ! emotions s t _! dis*>ge is n de/ructive1 b ( b5efit to ! nation & to ! _w4 ,su* w\ld be ! developm5t ( our national res\rces1 ! con/ruction ( railways1 roads1 wat]works & ! l2 social & political re=ms2 progress 9 ! c>e ( public heal?1 9 education & 9 sci5tific rese>*4 ,x is propos$ t ! next congress %\ld sp5d half a billion doll>s on ! army & navy4 ,x is possible t on a plebiscite vote1 exactly "u exi/+ conditions1 a majority w\ld vote to make ! dep>tm5t ( w> a dep>tm5t ( public works1 milit>y def5ce be+ only "o ( its functions1 & to sp5d ! sum propos$ on public works useful 9 case ( w>1 b n an incitem5t to w>4 ,,national ,,weal? ,,& ,,public ,,indebt$ness ,,:ile ! lives & ! weal? ( ! ,european nations are be+ sacrific$ on a scale hi!rto unp>allel$1 x is well 9 ! int]e/s ( ^? nations1 z well z ( our own1 t we cons]ve ! lives & weal? ( our own p4 ,! greate/ weal? ( a nation is its *ildr51 its productive work]s1 its sci5tific m5 & o!r lead]s1 its accumulat$ k & social traditions4 ,^! are immeasurable1 b ! ,bureau ( ! ,c5sus has rec5tly prep>$ a report on ! mat]ial weal? & indebt$ness1 accord+ to :i* x is e/imat$ t ! total value ( all classes ( prop]ty 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 exclusive ( ,alaska & ! insul> possessions1 9 #aiab1 0 #ahg1gci1jjj1jjj1 or #a1ife p] capita4 ,?is e/imate is pres5t$ m]ely z ! be/ approximation :i* c be made f ! data available & z be+ fairly comp>able ) t publi%$ eight ye>s ago4 ,! increase betwe5 #aijd & #aiab 0 #ge p] c5t41 = ! total am\nt & #di p] c5t4 = ! p] capita4 ,real e/ate & improvem5ts1 includ+ public prop]ty1 alone con/itut$ #aaj1fgg1jjj1jjj1 or #ei p] c5t4 ( ! total1 9 #aiab4 ,! next greate/ item1 #af1adi1jjj1jjj1 0 contribut$ by ! railroads2 & ! ?ird1 #ad1fid1jjj1jjj1 repres5t$ ! value ( manufactur$ products1 o!r ?an clo?+ & p]sonal adornm5ts1 furniture1 vehicles & k9dr$ prop]ty4 ,! net public-indebt$ness 9 #aiac am\nt$ to #d1hej1dfa1jjj4 ,?is am\nt 0 made up z foll[s3 ,national debt1 #a1jbh1efd1jjj1 or #aj4ei p] capita2 /ate debt1 #cde1idb1jjj1 or #c4eg p] capita2 c\nty debt1 #cga1ebh1jjj1 or #d4cc p] capita2 & municipal debt1 #b1hhd1hhc1jjj1 or #ed4bg p] capita4 ,?us ! av]age urban citiz5's %>e ( ! net f$]al1 /ate1 c\nty & municipal debt comb9$ 0 #gb4gf2 & ! av]age rural citiz5's %>e ( ! net f$]al1 /ate & c\nty debt comb9$ 0 #ah4di4 ,! total f$]al debt 9 #aiaj 0 #b1iaf1bje1jjj1 ( :i* am\nt #ifg1cff1jjj 0 repres5t$ by bonds1 #cge1fhb1jjj by non-int]e/-be>+ debt 7pr9cipally ,unit$ ,/ates notes or gre5backs71 & #a1egc1aeg1jjj by c]tificates & notes issu$ on deposits ( co9 & bullion4 ,aga9/ ?is indebt$ness !re 0 9 ! treasury #a1hhg1fda1jjj 9 ca% available = paym5t ( debt1 leav+ ! net national indebt$ness at #a1jbh1efd1jjj1 or #aj4ei p] capita4 ,! increase 9 ! net indebt$ness betwe5 #aijb & #aiac am\nt$ to #f p] c5t41 b = ! p] capita figure !re 0 a decrease ( #ac p] c5t4 ,! burd5 due to ! national debt is ?us v light 9 comp>ison ) t impos$ by ! indebt$ness ( o!r great nations4 ,! /ate debt1 h[ev]1 re/s /ill m easily on ! %\ld]s ( ! av]age citiz51 be+ only "o ?ird z great z t ( ! nation4 ,! total /ate indebt$ness 9 #aiac 0 #dbb1gig1jjj1 & ! net debt--t is1 ! total debt less s9k+-fund assets--0 #cde1idb1jjj1 or #c4eg p] capita4 ,! net debt increas$ by #dd4e p] c5t4 betwe5 #aijb & #aiac1 & ! p] capita net debt by #ah p] c5t4 ,! total c\nty debt 9 #aiac am\nt$ to #cic1bjg1jjj1 ( :i* am\nt #cga1ebh1jjj1 or #d4cc p] capita1 0 net debt4 ,! net indebt$ness increas$ by #hi p] c5t4 betwe5 #aijb & #aiac1 & ! p] capita net indebt$ness by #ee p] c5t4 ,by f> ! greate/ item ( indebt$ness 9 ?is c\ntry is t ( municipalities4 ,?is am\nt$ 9 #aiac to an aggregate ( #c1dfj1jjj1jjj1 ( :i* #b1hhd1hhc1jjj1 or #ed4bg p] capita1 repres5t$ net indebt$ness4 ,! rate ( increase 9 net indebt$ness betwe5 #aijb & #aiac 0 #aad p] c5t4 ,:ile ! nations ( ,europe are involv+ !mselves 9 ! toils ( debts1 we %\ld use our va/ surplus weal? to pay ! national1 /ate & municipal debts1 ev5 ^? contract$ = public improvem5ts4 ,we save e ye> ab\t #ajj = ea* adult & *ild ( ! c\ntry & wa/e ab\t an equal sum4 ,x w\ld be well if ?is weal? c\ld be inve/$ = ! b5efit ( ea*1 & education & sci5tific rese>* are ! mo/ productive ( all inve/m5ts4 ,,sci5tific ,,items ,,we record ) regret ! dea? ( ,k>l ,eug5 ,gu!1 pr(essor ( physics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan & dean ( ! ,graduate ,s*ool1 9 ,hanov]1 ,g]many2 ( ,john ,h[>d ,van ,amr+e1 long dean ( ,columbia ,college & pr(essor ( ma!matics2 ( ,c>los ,j4 ,f9lay1 kn[n = 8 advocacy ( ! !ory t yell[ fev] is transmitt$ by mosquitoes2 ( ,a4 ,j4 ,h]b]tson1 ( ,wadham ,college1 ,ox=d1 pr(essor ( geography 9 ! univ]sity2 ( ,julius von ,pay]1 ! di/+ui%$ pol> explor] & arti/1 ( ,vi5na1 & ( ,guido ,goldsehmi$t1 pr(essor ( *emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,vi5na4 ,,dr4 ,,jacques ,,lore1 ( ! ,rockefell] ,in/itute = ,m$ical ,rese>*1 has be5 elect$ a =eign fell[ ( ! ,l9nean ,society1 ,london4--,dr4 ,david ,bancr(t ,johnson1 presid5t ( ,w9?rop ,normal & ,indu/rial ,college1 ( ,rockhill1 ,s4 ,c41 has be5 elect$ presid5t ( ! ,national ,education ,association1 9 succession to ,dr4 ,david ,/>r ,jordan1 *ancellor ( ,/an=d ,univ]sity4 ,a ,,memorial to ,johann ,c4 ,reil1 ! anatomi/1 has be5 erect$ 9 ,halle4 ,x /&s 9 front ( ! univ]sity cl9ic1 ! seat ( 8 labors until call$ to ,b]l9 9 #ahaj4 ,he di$ 9 #ahac1 ag$ fifty-five ye>s4--,a bronze bas-relief--! "w ( ,mr4 ,s4 ,n4 ,babb--is ab\t to be erect$ 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral 9 memory ( ,capta9 ,scott & 8 companions :o p]i%$ 9 ! ,ant>ctic4 ,at ! reque/ ( ! committee responsible = ! memorial an inscription has be5 writt5 by ,"l ,curzon1 :i* reads z foll[s3 ,9 memory ( ,capta9 ,rob]t ,falcon ,scott1 ,c4,v4,o41 ,r4,n41 ,dr4 ,edw>d ,adrian ,wilson1 ,capta9 ,lawr5ce ,e4 ,g4 ,oates1 ,lieut4 ,h5ry ,r4 ,b[]s & ,petty ,(fic] ,edg> ,evans1 :o di$ on _! return j\rney f ! ,s\? ,pole 9 ,febru>y & ,m>*1 #aiab4 ,inflexible ( purpose1 /eadfa/ 9 c\rage1 resolute 9 endurance 9 ! face ( unp>allel$ mis=tune4 ,_! bodies are lo/ 9 ! ,ant>ctic ice4 ,b ! memory ( _! de$s is an ev]la/+ monum5t4 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,mon?ly ,,novemb]1 #aiae ,,papua1 ,,:]e ,,! ,,/one-,,age ,,l+]s ,,by ,,dr4 ,,alfr$ ,,goldsbor\gh ,,may] ,,) _! undaunt$ _s = brav+ ! wilds1 ! ,engli% ent]$ ,new ,gu9ea 9 #ahhe4 ,= c5turies ! great isl& _h rema9$ a m]e outl9e ^u ! map ! fev]-haunt$ glades ( its va/ swamps & ! brok5 precipices ( its m\nta9 ranges hav+ defi$ exploration1 m ?an ! morose & savage "* ( its inhabitants4 ,ev5 9 ! summ] ( #aiac1 ,massy ,bak] ! explor]1 discov]$ a lake probably #ajj miles or m 9 %ore-l9e1 :i* _h rema9$ hidd5 9 ! mid/ ( ! d>k =e/s ( ! ,fly & ,/rickl& ,riv] regions1 & "h savages /ill 9 ! /one age1 :o _h nev] se5 a :ite man1 measur$ ! pot5cy ( _! weapons aga9/ ! mod]n rifle4 ,to-day !re are va/ areas ^u :i* ! foot ( ! :ite man has n yet trodd51 & ( all ! regions 9 ! tropical _w ,new ,gu9ea beckons ) mo/ allur+ fasc9ation to him to :om adv5ture is de>] ?an life4 ,f> back 9 ! dawn ( ,european exploration1 ! ,portuguese voyag] ,antonio de ,abreu1 may h se5 ! l[ %ores ( we/]n ,new ,gu9ea1 b x is q c]ta9 t sixte5 ye>s lat]1 9 #aebg1 ,don ,jorge de ,m5eses cruis$ along ! coa/ & obs]v$ ! wooly-head$ natives :om he call$ ,papuas4 ,! "n ,new ,gu9ea 0 be/[$ ^u ! isl& by ! ,spani% capta91 ,ynigo ,ortz de ,retes1 9 #aeae1 :5 he saw ! negroid natives ( its nor!rn %ores4 ,!n !re came & pass$ "s ( ! _w's greate/ navigators4 ,torres w&]+ f f> ,p]u1 to unkn[+ly discov] ! /rait :i* be>s 8 "n2 ,dampi]1 ! buccanc]-adv5tur]1 &1 9 #agfh1 ! cultur$1 e/hetic ,b\ga9ville1 :o 0 enraptur$ by ! beauty ( ! deep =e/-fr+$ fjords ( ! nor!a/]n coa/4 ,cook1 greate/ ( all geograph]s1 mapp$ ! pr9cipal isl&s & %oals ( ! intricate ,torres ,/rait 9 #aggj2 & a few ye>s lat] came ,capta9 ,bligh1 ! res\rceful lead] ( 8 fai?ful few1 cr\*+ 9 _! frail sail boat t _h surviv$ _m a tempe/2 s9ce ! mut9e]s ( ! ,b\nty _h ca/ !m adrift 9 ! mid-,pacific4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! sci5tifically direct$ ,a/rolabe arriv$1 "u ! comm& ( ,dumont ,d',urville1 &1 lat]1 ,capta9 ,ow5 ,/anley 9 ! ,rattlesnake1 ) ,huxley z 8 zoologi/1 ,!n1 9 #aheh1 came ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace1 ! codiscov]] ( ,d>w9ism1 :o1 by ! way1 is said to h be5 ! fir/ ,engli%man :o ev] actually resid$ 9 ,new ,gu9ea4 ,! d>+ explor]s & pa9/ak+ surveyors came & w5t1 b ! great isl& rema9$ a l& ( dread & my/]y1 gu>d$ by ! jagg$ reefs ( its ea/]n %ores1 & ! %all[ mud flats1 /ret*+ f> to sea-w>d beyond ! m\?s ( ! great riv]s ( its s\!rn coa/4 ,s inaccessible 0 ,papua t ev5 ! excell5t h>bor ( ,port ,moresby1 ! site3 ( ! pres5t capital1 0 n discov]$ until #ahgc4 ,"o has b to /ifle = a :ile 9 ! heavy air t fl[s lifeless & fetid ov] ! l[l&s z if f a /eam+ furnace1 or to sc5t ! rank odors ( ! d>k swamps1 :]e = c5turies mal>ia mu/ l+]1 to appreciate ! reason = ! long-delay$ ,european settlem5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,b ^? :o blaze ! pa? ( colonial progress are n to be det]r$ by temp]atures or smells2 let u rememb] t ,batavia1 ! :ite man's gravey>d1 is n[ "o ( ! _w's great comm]cial c5t]s2 & ,jamaica1 ! old fev] camp ( ! ,briti% army1 is n[ a heal? resort = t\ri/s4 ,papua1 ! l& ( ! tir$ eyes & ! e>ne/ face1 ( ! will+ _s & ! we>y body1 wan+ z /r5g? fails ye> by ye> 9 mal>ia & heat1 ! l& :]e9 ! he>t a*es = ! sev]$ ties ( wife & home2 its hi/ory has h>dly yet begun1 b ! rew>d ( g5]ations ( h]oism w be ! conque/ ( ano!r empire :]e ,engl&'s high /&>ds ( fre$om are to he rais$ anew4 ,a victory ( peace x is to be1 z noble z any yet a*iev$ 9 w>2 & great ?r\gh its dea? roll1 & =gott5 ?\gh ! work]s be1 ! fruits ( _! labors w bless t bett] _w ,great ,brita9 is prep>+ = ^? ( ages yet to come4 ,!re are great res\rces 9 ,papua ) its area ( #ij1ejj squ>e miles4 ,untrodd5 =e/s :]e ! d>k soil m\ld]s b5ea? ! ev]la/+ %ade2 swamps be>+ a h>ve/ ( ?\s&s ( sago & nipa palms1 & m\nta9s 9 a riot ( contort$ peaks ris+ to a height ( #ac1bjj feet 9 ! ,ow5 ,/anley range4 ,x is /ill a c\ntry ( surprises1 z :5 petroleum fields1 probably #a1jjj squ>e miles 9 area1 7 discov]$ only ab\t f\r ye>s ago along ! ,vailala ,riv]1 ! natives hav+ conceal$ _! k ( ! bubbl+ gas spr+s ?r\gh fe> ( (f5d+ ! evil spirits ( ! place4 ,x is evid5t t al?\gh ! c\ntry has be5 m]ely glanc$ ov]1 !re are bo? agricultural & m9]al res\rces ( a promis+ nature 9 ,papua4 ,x rema9s b = mod]n m$ic9e to ov]-come ! infections ( ! tropics = ! region to rise into prom95ce z "o ( ! self-support+ colonies ( ! ,briti% empire4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ,briti% occupation c5t]s ar\nd ! /rik+ p]sonality ( ,james ,*alm]s1 ! great-he>t$1 broad-m9d$1 mission>y1 "o ( ! mo/ c\rage\s :o ev] devot$ 8 life to ext5d+ ! bro!rhood ( ! :ite man's ideals4 ,*af+1 z a "y man1 "u ! petty limitations ( 8 mission 9 ! ,cook ,isl&s1 he s\ght ,new ,gu9ea1 z be+ ! wilde/ & mo/ dang]\s field 9 ! tropical ,pacific4 ,"h1 = tw5ty-five ye>s1 he devot$ 8 mighty s\l to ! "w ( introduc+ ! rudim5ts ( civilization & ,*ri/ianity to ! mo/ sull5 & dang]\s savages ^u e>?4 ,scores ( times 8 life hung 9 ! balance ( native caprice2 wives & fri5ds di$ by 8 side1 victims to ! malignant climate & to native spe>s1 :ile he seem$ to possess a *>m$ life2 until1 true to 8 pr$iction1 he 0 murd]$ by ! cannibals ( ,dop9a at ! m\? ( ! ,fly ,riv] 9 #aija4 ,hundr$s ( scatt]$ tribes _h le>n$ to rev]e _! great lead] ,tamate1 z !y call$ him1 :o br\ght peace & prosp]ity to 8 foll[]s4 ,yet a dang] to ,papua t he himself =esaw & did all 9 8 p[] to av]t came z a result ( ! introduction ( ! v civilization ( :i* he 0 ! *ampion1 = ) peace came new wants t ! mo/ unscrupul\s ( trad]s at once s\ght to supply at prices ru9\s to ! social & moral welf>e ( ! natives4 ,also1 ! proximity ( ,que5sl& ?reat5$ to become a m5ace2 = ,*alm]s himself 0 well aw>e ( ! d>k hi/ory ( ! blackbird trade :]e9 practical slav]y 0 =c$ ^u ! ind5tur$ labor]s1 lur$ f _! isl& homes to toil z hopeless debtors ^u ! ,au/ralian plantations4 ,a gov]nm5t ( ! natives = ! native int]e/s he desir$2 n "o adm9i/]$ f ! ,au/ralian ma9l& 9 ! int]e/ ( ali5 :ites4 ,! hopes ( ,*alm]s 7 only p>tially realiz$1 = ,papua is /ill only a t]ritory ( ,au/ralia4 ,9 mo/ respects ?is condition appe>s to be un=tunate4 ,! cry+ ne$s ( a new c\ntry are usually peculi>ly local & n likely to be appreciat$ by a di/ant rul+ p[]4 ,moreov]1 ,au/ralia is itself an undevelop$ l& & requires too l>ge a proportion ( its own capital = expansion at home to be a compet5t protector ( a colony across ! sea4 ,"o feels t ,papuan developm5t might h proce$$ ) great] smoo?ness _h ! colony be5 m directly "u ! ,briti% empire1 r %all an ,au/ralian dep5d5cy4 ,! /rategic necessity t ,au/ralia %\ld comm& bo? ! nor!rn & ! s\!rn %ores ( ,torres ,/raits might /ill h be5 secur$ )\t ! sacrifice ( any important initiative 9 matt]s ( gov]nm5t ^u ! "p ( ,papua4 ,! c>d9al evil t ,*alm]s fe>$ has1 h[ev]1 be5 av]t$4 ,! natives /ill own #ig #a_/b p] c5t4 ( ! entire l& area1 & wise laws gu>d !m 9 ?is preci\s possession1 & aim to protect !m f all mann] ( unju/ exploitation4 ,x is mu* to ! cr$it ( ! gov]nm5t t ! cleane/ native villages & ! mo/ heal?y1 ambiti\s & indu/ri\s tribes1 are ^? ne>e/ ! :ite settlem5ts4 ,contact betwe5 ! races has result$ 9 ! bett]m5t1 n 9 ! degradation1 ( ! ,papuan natives4 ,! t\* ( a ma/] h& is app>5t 9 a multitude ( details 9 manag+ ! natives ( ,papua2 & x is ( int]e/ to see t 9 broad ess5tials ! plan ( gov]nm5t is adapt$ f t :i* ! ,engli% h put to ! te/ ( practice 9 ,fiji2 ! modifications be+ ( a "* design$ to meet ! conditions peculi> to ,melanesia1 :]e9 ! *iefs are relatively unimportant 9 comp>ison ) _! role 9 ! social sy/ems ( ! ,polynesians & ,fijians4 ,=emo/ 9 ! %ap+ ( ! de/9y ( ,papua /&s ! comm&+ figure ( ,sir ,william ,macgregor1 adm9i/rator & lieut5ant gov]nor f #ahhh to #ahih4 ,z a "y man ,macgregor 0 gov]nm5t physician 9 ,fiji1 :]e he became prom95t n only z a compet5t gu>dian ( ! heal? ( ! natives1 b z a lead] 9 ! suppression ( ! la/ /ronghold ( cannibalism along ! ,s+atoka ,riv]4 ,9 ,papua 8 tireless _s f\nd a wide field = high endeavor1 & ^u e dep>tm5t ( ! gov]nm5t "o f9ds to-day ! /amp ( 8 p[]ful p]sonality4 ,nor did he rema9 closet$ 9 ,port ,moresby1 a /rang] to ! races ( 8 va/ doma9s1 = ov] ! highe/ m\nta9s & ?r\gh ! d5se/ swamps 8 exp$itions =c$ _! way2 ! ,great ,gov]nor always 9 ! van4 ,x 0 ?us t he conqu]$ ! fi]ce ,tug]i ( ! ,dut* bord]1 :o = g5]ations _h be5 ! t]ror ( ! coa/s2 & :]ev] 8 exp$itions pass$1 peace foll[$1 & ! law ( ! ,briti% magi/rate supplant$ ! caprice ( ! sorc]]4 ,b 8 h>de/ fight 0 n ) ! m\nta9 wilds or ! mal>i\s morasses4 ,x 0 to secure f ! p[]ful ones ( 8 own race ! privileges ( freem5 = ! natives ( ,papua4 ,9 8 y\? he _h se5 ! bless+s t came ) ! adv5t ( ,briti% rule 9 ,fiji2 & "h1 9 broad ,new ,gu9ea1 ^u a va/] scale1 he /rove to make fair play ! dom9ant note 9 ! :ite man's treatm5t ( a savage race4 ,array$ aga9/ ,*alm]s & ,macgregor 7 cons]vatism & suspicion f\nd$ 9 anci5t prec$5t1 & a comm]cial av>ice t saw 9 native exploitation ! readie/ means to conv]t ,new ,gu9ea into a :ite man's c\ntry4 ,av]sion !re 0 also 9 high places to emb>k+ ^u a possibly fruitless exp]im5t1 involv+ g5]ations ( labor & exp5se = a remote & unc]ta9 h>ve/4 ,*alm]s & ,macgregor1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh ! =ce ( _! high convictions & ! wisdom ( _! wide exp]i5ce1 won ! great fight = fairness2 = civilization's c>d9al victories are ^?1 n ( ! soldi]1 b ( ! civil s]vant :o d>es risk 8 reputation & 8 all = ^? ?+s he deems j & g5]\s2 & :5 ,papua comes to erect /atues to h] great lead]s1 ^? ( ^! two patriots mu/ surely occupy ! highe/ places1 z *ampions ( ! lib]ties ( ! weak4 ,! noble policy ( ,macgregor is /ill1 & let u hope x long may be1 ! keynote ( ! adm9i/ration 9 ,papua1 :i* to-day is be+ ably c>ri$ =w>d "u ! great gov]nor's disciple1 ! ,honorable ,john ,h4 ,p4 ,murray4 ,! proclamation giv5 by ,capta9 ,ersk9e 9 #ahhd decl>$ t a ,briti% ,protectorate _h become ess5tial = ! safegu>d+ ( ! lives & prop]ty ( ! natives ( ,new ,gu9ea & = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! occupation ( ! c\ntry by p]sons ^: proce$+s might lead to inju/ice1 /rife & blood%$1 or ^: illegitimate trade might endang] ! lib]ties & ali5ate ! l&s ( ! natives4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 "o ?+ = a gov]nm5t to decl>e its altrui/ic int5tions1 b (t5 q ano!r to c>ry !m into effect4 ,9 ,papua1 e ef=t has be5 made to prev5t robb]y ( ! natives by unscrupul\s :ites4 ,! natives are firmly secur$ 9 ! possession ( _! l&s1 :i* !y c nei!r sell1 lease nor dispose (1 except to ! gov]nm5t itself4 ,?us ! natives & ! gov]nm5t are ! only two l&lords 9 ! c\ntry4 ,to acquire l& 9 ,papua1 ! ,european settl] mu/ r5t x f ! gov]nm5t1 = he is n p]mitt$ to acquire fee simple rights4 ,! :ites are ?us t5ants ( ! gov]nm5t1 & are subject to su* rules & regulations z _! l&lord may decree4 ,! t5ant is1 h[ev]1 recogniz$ z ! creator & own] ( any improvem5ts he may erect ^u ! l&1 &1 at ! expiration ( 8 lease1 ! gov]nm5t und]takes to pay him a fair comp5sation = su* improvem5ts1 provid$ he has liv$ up to ! lett] ( regulations respect+ 8 t5ure4 ,= agricultural l& a m]ely nom9al r5tal is dem&$1 rang+ f no?+ = ! fir/ t5 ye>s to a f9al maximum ( six p5ce p] acre2 yet ?is sy/em has _h ! effect ( ret>d+ ,european settlem5t1 =1 al?\gh its area is twice t ( ,cuba1 ,papua _h b #a1jfd :ites 9 #aiab1 & only "o "o hundr$ & sev5ty-f\r? ( ! t]ritory is held "u lease4 ,m5 ( ! type :o c conqu] ! primeval =e/s & create indu/ries pref] to own _! l& outright1 & are apt to res5t ! re/rictions ( complex gov]nm5t regulations1 h[ev] wisely adm9i/]$4 ,socialism1 :ile x may 9 "s measure be desirable 9 old & settl$ communities1 s]ves b to dull t s5se ( p]sonal fre$om :i* above all spurs ! pione] onw>d to success 9 a wild & dang]\s region4 ,possibly 9 ! end1 ! gov]nm5t may f9d x advantage\s to p]mit c]ta9 l&s to be acquir$ by ,europeans1 9 fee simple2 = until ?is is done ! settlem5t ( ! c\ntry mu/ proce$ ) extreme sl[ness4 ,moreov]1 m]e t5ants own+ no?+ b _! improvem5ts1 & ev5 ^! be+ subject to gov]nm5t appraisem5t1 may be unduly tempt$ to dra91 r ?an to develop1 ! res\rces ( ! l& !y occupy4 ,b ! *ief aim ( ! ,papuan gov]nm5t is to introduce civilization among ! natives1 & a sl[ increase 9 ! ,european population is ( prim>y necessity to ! accompli%m5t ( ?is result4 ,at pres5t ! natives are n tax$1 ! *ief s\rces ( rev5ue be+ d]iv$ f ! cu/oms duties ^u imports1 ! bulk ( :i* are consum$ by ! ,europeans1 & ?is s\rce ( income is supplem5t$ by an annual grant ( ab\t #be1jjj p\nds f ! ,au/ralian ,commonweal?1 b1 due to ! duties ^u food & necessities1 ! co/ ( liv+ is high] ?an x %\ld be 9 a new c\ntry4 ,judg+1 h[ev]1 f ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,engli% 9 ,fiji & ( ! ,dut* 9 ,java1 ! natives w\ld be b5efit$ r ?an oppress$ by a mod]ate poll tax to be paid 9 produce1 ?us develop+ habits ( indu/ry1 & 9 "s measure (fsett+ ! evil effects ( t insidi\s apa?y :i* foll[s ^u ! sudd5 abolition ( native w>f>e4 ,e ef=t %\ld also he made to enc\rage & educate ! ,papuans 9 ! production & sale ( manufactur$ articles4 ,"o mu/ regret ! loss ( _m arts & crafts among ! primitive peoples ( ! ,pacific1 :i*1 if prop]ly fo/]$ "u ,european protection to insure a m>ket & an adequate paym5t = _! w>es1 w\ld h be5 a s\rce ( rev5ue & a factor ( immeasurable import 9 develop+ t self respect & confid5ce 9 !mselves :i* ! too sudd5 modification ( _! social & religi\s ,sy/ems is c]ta9 to de/roy4 ,! ord9>y mission s*ools are defici5t 9 ?is respect1 devot+ _! major en]gies to ! ?ree ,r's & to religi\s in/ruction1 &1 :ile x is pleas+ to obs]ve a boy ^: fa!r 0 a cannibal extract+ cube roots1 "o c n b conclude t ! acquisition ( "s money-mak+ trade w\ld be m conducive to 8 happ9ess 9 aft] life4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ! *ief problem 9 deal+ ) an er/:ile savage race is to ov]come ! univ]sal loss ( int]e/ & decl9e 9 en]gy :i* inevitably foll[s ^u ! developm5t ( t semblance ( civilization :i* is en=c$ ) ! adv5t ( ! :ite man4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( manual tra9+ s*ools :]e9 arts & crafts :i* may be pr(itably practic$ by ! natives z life-pr(essions1 is a fir/ ess5tial to ! salvation ( ! race4 ,^! s*ools %\ld & w\ld 9 no mann] int]f]e ) ! religi\s tea*+ receiv$ f mission>ies1 b w\ld inde$ be a mo/ pot5t factor 9 ! spread ( true ,*ri/ianity among ! natives4 ,:e!r ,*ri/ianity be true or false does n affect ! case1 = ! natives are de/9$ to be dom9at$ by ,*ri/ian peoples1 & x prim>ily ess5tial t !y %\ld und]/& at lea/ ! rudim5ts ( ,*ri/ian ideals & behavior4 ,! realization ( ! importance ( tra9+ !m to ! pursuit ( useful arts & trades1 :i* w\ld enable ! natives to become self-support+ 9 ! ,european s5se1 has be5 p]ceiv$ by c]ta9 ?9k]s among ! mission>ies !mselves1 & 9 c]ta9 regions ef=ts are be+ made ! success ( :i* %\ld revolutionize our :ole me?od ( deal+ ) ! problem ( introduc+ civilization among a primitive p4 ,keep _! m9ds active & _! h&s employ$ 9 self-support+ "w & _! morals & religion w safely fall into accord ) ,*ri/ian /&>ds4 ,up to ! pres5t native education has be5 left to ! devot$ ef=ts ( ! mission>ies1 :o h m ?an #aj1jjj pupils "u _! *>ge1 b ! "t is com+ :5 ! gov]nm5t %\ld coop]ate 9 e/abli%+ trade s*ools :]e9 crafts1 provid+ life-vocations to ! natives1 may be taught4 ,!re may be m ?an #bge1jjj natives 9 ,papua1 b1 due to lack ( k ( ! c\ntry1 ! actual numb] is unkn[n4 ,among ! m\nta9 fa/nesses1 def5d+ !mselves 9 tree-h\ses1 "o f9ds a frizzly-head$ black negrito-l race h>dly m ?an five feet 9 height4 ,^! are probably remnants ( ! pigmy pre-,dravidian or ,negrito-,papuan elem5t1 :i* con/itut$ ! mo/ anci5t inhabitants ( ! isl& & :o long ago 7 driv5 inl& f ! covet$ coa/4 ,! burly negroid ,papuans ( ! ,great ,riv] deltas ( we/]n ,papua diff] widely f ! li!1 active1 br[n-sk9n$1 mop-head$ natives ( ! ea/]n half ( ! s\!rn coa/2 & ,pr(essors ,haddon & ,seligmann h decid$ t 9 ea/]n ,new ,gu9ea _m ,proto-,polynesian1 ,melanesian & ,malayan immigrants h m+l$ _! blood ) t ( ! m primitive ,papuans4 ,?us !re are _m complexly associat$ e?nic elem5ts 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 & (t5 p liv+ less ?an a hundr$ miles ap>t c n und]/& "o ano!r2 9 fact1 ea* village has its peculi> dialect4 ,social cu/oms & cultural /&>ds 9 art & manufacture v>y greatly f ! same cause1 & ea* tribe has "s rem>kable individual *>act]i/ics4 ,9 ! ,fly-,riv] region1 ! village consi/s ( a few huge h\ses ) m]e /alls = ! families1 :i* cr[d = def5ce "u ! %elt] ( a s+le ro(4 ,along ! s\!rn side ( ! ea/]n end ( ! isl&1 h[ev]1 ea* family has its own little ?at*$ hut1 & ^! are (t5 built = def5se ^u pil+ ov] ! sea1 rem9d+ "o ( ! mann] ( life ( ! prehi/oric ,swiss-lake dwell]s4 ,ne>ly #ab1jjj natives are at pres5t employ$ by ! :ites z ind5tur$ labor]s 9 ,papua1 _! t]ms ( s]vice rang+ f ?ree ye>s1 ^u agricultural "w1 to n m ?an eighte5 mon?s 9 m9+4 ,_! wages range f ab\t #a4ej to #e4jj p] mon?1 & all paym5ts mu/ be made 9 ! pres5ce ( a magi/rate & 9 co9 or approv$ bank notes4 ,at e turn bo? employ] & employ$ are wisely safegu>d$2 ! native suff]+ imprisonm5t = des]tion1 & ! employ] be+ prohibit$ f gett+ ! blacks into debt1 or f treat+ !m h>%ly or unju/ly4 ,_! enli/m5t mu/ be volunt>y & execut$ 9 ! pres5ce ( a magi/rate1 &1 aft] _! t]m ( s]vice1 ! employ] is oblig$ to return !m to _! homes4 ,"o is impress$ ) ! _m manife/ations ( a fair degree ( effici5cy on ! "p ( ! native labor]s1 :o are really good plantation h&s & res\rceful sailors4 ,9 fact1 trade has always be5 practic$ to a consid]able ext5t by ! %ore tribes1 ! pott]y ( ! ea/]n end ( ! coa/ be+ annually ex*ang$ = ! sago produc$ by ! natives ( ! ,fly ,riv] ,delta4 ,x is a picturesque sight to see ! l>ge lakatois1 or trad+ canoes1 creep+ along 9 ! %ad[ ( ! palm-fr+$ %ores "u ! great wall ( ! m\nta9s1 ! lakatoi consi/+ ( a raft compos$ ( six or m canoes la%$ toge!r side by side1 & cov]$ by a plat=m :i* be>s a ?at*$ hut s]v+ to h\se ! sailors & _! w>es4 ,! craft is propell$ by graceful cresc5t-%ap$ late5 sails ( p&anus matt+ & /e]$ by sweeps f ! /]n4 ,trad+ voyages ( hundr$s ( miles are (t5 und]tak51 ! lakatois />t+ f ! ea/ at ! wan+ ( ! s\!a/ trade w9d 9 e>ly ,novemb] & return+ a mon? or two lat] 9 ! season ( ! nor?we/ monsoon4 ,! ,papuan is bo? +5i\s & indu/ri\s :5 work+ 9 8 own int]e/1 & ) tactful managem5t he becomes a fai?ful & fairly effici5t labor]4 ,p]haps ! mo/ s]i\s defect 9 ! pres5t sy/em ( employm5t 9 ,papua is ! usually long int]val betwe5 paym5ts4 ,! natives are n paid at int]vals ( less ?an "o mon? &1 (t51 n until ! expiration ( _! ?ree-ye> t]m ( s]vice4 ,) almo/ no k ( ari?metic & possess$ ( a fund :i* seems l>ge beyond ! dreams ( av>ice1 he is practically c]ta9 to be *eat$ by ! di%one/ tradesm5 :o flock vulture-l to c5t]s ( comm]cial activity4 ,?is evil might be 9 l>ge measure prev5t$ 7 ! natives to be paid at mon?ly int]vals1 = !y w\ld !n gradually become accu/om$ to ! h&l+ ( money & w\ld ga9 an appreciation ( its actual value4 ,g5]ations mu/ elapse be=e m ?an a mod]ate degree ( civilization is develop$ 9 ,papua1 b ! f\ndations are be+ surely & cons]vatively laid1 & already 9 ! civiliz$ c5t]s natives respect & loyally s]ve _! ,briti% fri5ds & ma/]s4 ,9 common ) _m ano!r ,briti% colony1 ! safegu>d ( ,papua lies n 9 ! rifles ( ! :ites1 b 9 ! loyal he>ts ( ! natives !mselves1 & 9 ,papua1 z 9 ,fiji1 ! native con/abul>y "u ! lead]%ip ( a m]e h&ful ( ,europeans may be tru/$ to ma9ta9 ord] 9 any em]g5cy4 ,z ,gov]nor ,murray truly /ates 9 8 int]e/+ book ,papua1 or ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 ! mo/ valuable asset ! colony possesses is n its all b unexplor$ m9]al weal? or ! pot5tial value ( its spl5did =e/s & ri* soil1 b x is ! ,papuans !mselves1 & let u add t "u ! lead]%ip ( ! high-m9d$1 self-sacrific+ & well-tra9$ civil s]vants ( ,great ,brita9 ! dawn ( ,papuan civilization is fa/ break+ into ! sunlight ( a happ9ess su* z has come to b few ( ! er/:ile savage races ( ! e>?4 ,)\t belittl+ ! nobility ( purpose or disreg>d+ ! self-sacrific+ devotion ( ! mission>y = 8 task1 let u also grant to ! civil s]vant 8 due %>e ( praise4 ,8 duty he also p]=ms 9 ! dang]\s wilds ( ! e>?2 beset ) insidi\s disease1 /ifl+ 9 un5d+ heat1 exil$ f home & fri5ds1 ) suspici\s savages ar\nd him1 he labors ) wan+ /r5g? 9 t /ruggle aga9/ climate :]e9 ! ultimate ru9 ( 8 body is assur$4 ,yet 9 8 he>t !re lives1 gr[+ z ye>s elapse1 ! ,engli% g5tleman's ideal ( s]vice1 & = him x is suffici5t t1 ?\gh he is to be invalid$ & =gott5 ev5 be=e he dies1 yet 8 w h be5 "o ( ^? r>e spirits :o h ext5d$ to ! out] _w 8 "m c\ntry's ideal ( ju/ice & fair play4 ,,contact ,,electrification ,,& ,,! ,,electric ,,curr5t ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,f]n&o ,,san=d ,,/an=d ,,univ]sity ,,9 a previ\s pap] 9 ?is j\rnal1 entitl$ ,! ,discov]y ( ,contact ,electrification 7,novemb]1 #aiac71 x 0 %[n t ! production ( electric *>ges by ! m]e contact ( two dissimil> metals 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,rev4 ,abraham ,b5nett1 9 #aghi1 & t x 0 v]ifi$ by a diff]5t me?od by ,tib]ius ,cavallo1 9 #agie4 ,meantime1 9 #agia1 ,dr4 ,galvani discov]$ ! twit*+ ( a frog's muscle1 due to electrical /imulus4 ,galvani's discov]y 0 describ$ by himself z foll[s3#a #a ,translation f ,mak]s ( ,electricity1 p #adc4 ',i _h dissect$ a frog & _h prep>$ x1 z 9 ,figure #b ( ! fif? plate1 & _h plac$ x ^u a table on :i* !re 0 an electric ma*9e1 :ile ,i set ab\t do+ c]ta9 o!r ?+s4 ,! frog 0 entirely sep>at$ f ! conductor ( ! ma*9e1 & inde$ 0 at no small di/ance away f x4 ,:ile "o ( ^? :o 7 assi/+ me t\*$ lightly & by *ance ! po9t ( 8 scalpel to ! int]nal crural n]ves ( ! frog1 sudd5ly all ! muscles ( its limbs 7 se5 to be s contract$ t !y seem$ to h fall5 into tonic convulsions4 ,ano!r ( my assi/ants1 :o 0 mak+ ready to take up c]ta9 exp]im5ts 9 electricity ) me1 seem$ to notice t ?is happ5$ only at ! mom5t :5 a sp>k came f ! conductor ( ! ma*9e4 ,he 0 /ruck by ! novelty ( ! ph5om5on1 & imm$iately spoke to me ab\t x1 = ,i 0 at ! mom5t occupi$ ) o!r ?+s & m5tally preoccupi$4 ,i 0 at once tempt$ to repeat ! exp]im5t1 s z to make cle> :atev] might be obscure 9 x4 ,= ?is purpose ,i took up ! scalpel & mov$ its po9t close to "o or ! o!r ( ! crural n]ves ( ! frog1 :ile at ! same "t "o ( my assi/ants elicit$ sp>ks f ! electric ma*9e4 ,! ph5om5on happ5$ exactly z be=e4 ,/rong contractions took place 9 e muscle ( ! limb1 & at ! v mom5t :5 ! sp>ks appe>$1 ! animal 0 seiz$ z x 7 ) tetanus4' ,foll[+ ?is orig9al obs]vation1 ,galvani made a great _m exp]im5ts on ! effect ( electric /imulus ^u ! n]ves ( frogs & o!r animals4 ,he f\nd t ! twit*+ ( ! frog's muscles c\ld be produc$ by atmosph]ic electricity1 bo? at ! "t ( lightn+ & at o!r times :5 no lightn+ 0 visible4 ,dur+ ^! inve/igations he obs]v$ t :5 ! legs ( ! frog 7 susp5d$ f an iron rail+ by a hook ?r\gh ! sp9al cord1 & :5 ?is hook 0 ( "s o!r metal ?an iron1 ! muscles w\ld twit* :5ev] ! feet t\*$ ! iron rail+4 ,he tri$ out a numb] ( pairs ( metals1 & f\nd t :5 ! n]ve 0 t\*$ by "o metal & ! muscle or ano!r po9t on ! n]ve 0 t\*$ by ano!r metal & ! two metals 7 !n br\ght into contact or 7 connect$ ?r\gh ano!r metal or ?r\gh ! human body1 ! muscles w\ld contract z !y w\ld :5 /imulat$ by electricity4 ,galvani conclud$ t ! contraction 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! e>li] exp]im5ts1 0 produc$ by an electric /imulation1 & s9ce ! metals seem$ to him to s]ve m]ely z ! conductors ( ! electric dis*>ge1 he conclud$ t ! s\rce ( ! electricity mu/ be 9 ! tissues ( ! animal body4 ,?is seem$ all ! m probable s9ce x 0 kn[n t c]ta9 fi%es & an electric eel 7 capable ( giv+ viol5t electric %ocks4 ,?is electricity ( ! eels & fi%es _h be5 nam$ animal electricity1 & ,galvani conclud$ t all animals 7 capable ( produc+ ?is electricity 9 ! tissues ( _! bodies4 ,he believ$ ?is electricity 0 to be f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 b t x 0 especially collect$ 9 ! n]ves & muscles4 ,! especial prop]ty ( ?is animal electricity seem$ to be t x dis*>g$ f ! n]ves into ! muscles1 or 9 ! contr>y direction1 & t to effect ?is dis*>ge x w\ld take ! pa? ( lea/ resi/ance ?r\gh ! metal conductor or ?r\gh ! human body4 ,s9ce dur+ ?is dis*>ge ! muscle 0 caus$ to contract1 ,galvani conclud$ t ! purpose ( ?is animal electricity 0 to produce muscul> contractions4 ,galvani seems to h conc]n$ himself pr9cipally ) ! physiological processes :i* he believ$ gave rise to ! electric *>ges1 b physici/s began imm$iately to seek = o!r s\rces ( ! electricity4 ,! "o obs]vation :i* seem$ to (f] a def9ite sugge/ion z to ! possible s\rce ( ! electrical *>ge 0 ! fact t1 9 g5]al two diff]5t metals mu/ be us$ to connect ! muscle & n]ve be=e a dis*>ge w\ld take place f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,?is made ,galvani's !ory t ! metals s]v$ m]ely z conductors seem improbable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 sometimes possible to get ! muscul> contractions by us+ a s+le b5t wire or rod to connect ! n]ve & muscle1 especially if ! two ends 7 ( diff]5t degrees ( poli%1 or if "o end 0 w>m] ?an ! o!r4 ,volta 0 app>5tly ! fir/ to sugge/ t ! electricity :i* seem$ to be g5]at$ 9 ,galvani's exp]im5ts might h its s\rce 9 ! contact ( ! two metals4 ,sev]al writ]s call$ att5tion to an app>5t relation betwe5 ,galvani's exp]im5ts & a ph5om5on ann\nc$ by ,j4 ,g4 ,sulz]1 9 #agfj4 ,sulz] f\nd t if pieces ( lead & silv] 7 plac$ ^u ! tongue sep>ately no m>k$ ta/e 0 produc$ by ei!r1 b t if :ile bo? 7 on ! tongue ! metals 7 br\ght into contact a /rong ta/e 0 produc$ :i* he comp>$ to ! ta/e ( iron vitriol4 ,"h 0 a case ( und\bt$ /imulation ( ! n]ves ( ta/e by ! contact ( two metals1 & x seem$ n improbable t o!r n]ves might be /imulat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 ! meantime ,mr4 ,john ,robison _h increas$ ! ,sulz] effect greatly by build+ up a pile ( pieces ( z9c ) silv] %ill+s & plac+ ^! 9 contact ) ! tongue & ! *eek4 ,x 0 ! "q z to ! possibility ( produc+ ! electric *>ge by m]e metallic contact :i* l$ ,cavallo to make 8 exp]im5ts ^u contact electrification4 ,?us ,cavallo says 9 ,volume ,,iii4 ( ,a ,complete ,treatise on ,electricity1 publi%$ 9 #agie3 ',! above m5tion$ s+ul> prop]ties1 toge!r ) "s o!r facts1 :i* w be m5tion$ 9 ! sequel induc$ ,mr4 ,volta1 to suspect t possibly 9 _m cases ! motions are occasion$ by a small quantity ( electricity produc$ by ! m]e contact ( two diff]5t metals2 ?\gh he ackn[l$ges t he by no means compreh5ds 9 :at mann] ?is c happ54 ,?is suspicion be+ ent]ta9$ by s em95t a philosoph] z ,mr4 ,volta1 induc$ ,dr4 ,l9d & myself to attempt "s exp]im5t :i* might v]ify x2 & ) ?is 9 view we connect$ toge!r a v>iety ( metallic sub/ances 9 div]se quantities1 & t by means ( insulat$ or n insulat$ communications2 we us$ ,mr ,volta's cond5s]1 & likewise a cond5s] ( a new sort2 ! electromet] employ$ 0 ( ! mo/ s5sible sort2 & v>i\s o!r contrivances 7 us$1 :i* x w be ne$less to describe 9 ?is place2 b we c\ld nev] obta9 ! smalle/ appe>ance ( electricity f ^? metallic comb9ations4 ,yet we c inf] to no o!r conclusion1 b t if ! m]e comb9ation1 or contact1 ( ! two metals produces any electricity1 ! quantity ( x 9 our exp]im5ts 0 too small to he manife/$ by our in/rum5ts4' ,lat]1 on page #aaa ( ! same volume1 he says3 ',aft] _m fruitless attempts1 & aft] hav+ s5t to ! press ! prec$+ "p ( ?is volume1 ,i at la/ hit ^u a me?od ( produc+ electricity by ! action ( metallic sub/ances ^u "o ano!r1 & app>5tly )\t ! int]f]5ce ( electric bodies4 ,i say app>5tly s1 because ! air seems to be 9 a great measure conc]n$ 9 ^? exp]im5ts1 & p]haps ! :ole effect may be produc$ by t surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,b1 ?\gh ! irregul>1 contradictory1 & unacc\ntable effects obs]v$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts d n z yet furni% any satisfactory !ory1 & ?\gh mu* is to be attribut$ to ! circumambi5t air1 yet ! metallic sub/ances !mselves seem to be end[$ ) prop]ties peculi> to ea* ( !m1 & x is pr9cipally 9 consequ5ce ( ^? prop]ties t ! produc$ electricity is sometimes positive1 at o!r times negative1 & v>i\s 9 its int5sity4' ,cavallo !n proce$s to describe ! exp]im5ts on contact electrification :i* 7 describ$ 9 ! previ\s pap] ref]r$ to at ! beg9n+ ( ! article4 ,cavallo's exp]im5ts 7 evid5tly made 9 #agie4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,volta ann\nc$ ! discov]y ( ! electrical curr5t4 ,9 a lett] writt5 to ,gr5's ,neues ,j\rnal d] ,physik1 ,augu/1 #agif1 ,volta says3 ',! contact ( diff]5t conductors1 p>ticul>ly ! metallic1 includ+ pyrites & o!r m9]als z well z *>coal1 :i* ,i call dry conductors1 or ( ! fir/ class ) moi/ conductors1 or conductors ( ! second class1 agitates or di/urbs ! electric fluid1 or gives x a c]ta9 impulse4 ,d n ask 9 :at mann]3 x is en\gh t x is a pr9ciple & a great pr9ciple4' ,x w be se5 t at ?is /age ( 8 discov]y ,volta 0 incl9$ to attribute ?o orig9 ( ! curr5t to ! contact betwe5 ! metals & 8 moi/ conductors ( ! second class1 ?\gh lat] 9 ! same article he says x is impossible to tell :e!r ! impulse :i* sets ! curr5t 9 motion is to be attribut$ to ! contact betwe5 ! metals !mselves or betwe5 ! two metals & ! moi/ conductor1 s9ce ei!r supposition w\ld lead to ! same results4 ,lat]1 z 0 %[n 9 ! previ\s pap] by ! pres5t writ] ,volta came to reg>d ! metallic contact z ! cause ( ! electromotive =ce4 ,9 a lett] writt5 to ,gr5 9 #agig & publi%$ z a po/script to 8 lett] ( ,augu/1 #agif1 ,volta says3 ',"s new facts1 lately discov]$1 seem to %[ t ! imm$iate cause :i* excites ! electric fluid1 & puts x 9 motion1 :e!r x be an attraction or a repulsive p[]1 is to be ascrib$ mu* r to ! mutual contact ( two diff]5t metals1 ?an to _! contact ) moi/ conductors4' ,! new facts1 lately discov]$1 to :i* ,volta attributes 8 *ange ( view 7 8 repetitions ( ,b5nett's exp]im5ts ( #aghi4 ,volta app>5tly ?\ght t ! curr5t 0 n only set up by ! contact ( ! two metals ( a pair1 b t x 0 kept up by ! mutual action ( ! metals on ea* o!r4 ,he accord+ly made no attempt to discov] :e!r any *anges took place 9 8 circuit :ile ! curr5t 0 be+ g5]at$4 ,! *emical action on 8 metals & ! dissociation 9 8 electrolyte seem to h entirely escap$ 8 att5tion4 ,at lea/1 he did n atta* en\gh importance to !m to m5tion !m any:]e 9 8 description ( 8 app>atus4 ,9 ! meantime a *emical explanation ( ! ph5om5a obs]v$ by ,galvani _h be5 propos$ 9 #agib by ,fabroni1 a physici/ ( ,flor5ce4 ,aft] discuss+ ! ,sulz] ph5om5on already m5tion$ 9 ?is pap]1 ,fabroni argues t ! peculi> ta/e caus$ by br++ ! two metals into contact :ile on ! tongue is due to a *emical1 r ?an to an electrical1 action4 ,he !n discusses ! diff]5t *emical behavior ( metals :5 tak5 s+ly & :5 plac$ 9 contact ) o!r metals4 ,he says3#b #b ,! foll[+ quotations f ,fabroni h be5 translat$ by ! pres5t writ] f ! ,g]man ( ,o/wald's ,elektro*emie1 pp4 #ajc1 ff4 ,i h already frequ5tly obs]v$ t fluid m]cury reta9s its beautiful metallic lu/] = a long "t :5 by itself2 b z soon z x is amalgamat$ ) any o!r metal x becomes rapidly dim or oxidiz$1 & 9 consequ5ce ( its cont9u\s oxidation increases 9 weight4 ,i h pres]v$ pure t9 = _m ye>s )\t its *ang+ its silv]y lu/]1 :ile diff]5t alloys ( ?is metal :i* ,i h prep>$ = te*nical purposes h behav$ q o!rwise4 ,i h se5 9 ! museum at ,cortonne ,etrusean inscriptions ^u plates ( pure lead :i* are p]fectly pres]v$ to ?is day' al?\gh !y date f v anci5t times2 on ! o!r h&1 ,i h f\nd ) a/oni%m5t 9 ! gall]y ( ,flor5ce t ! s-call$ piombi or lead5 m$allions ( diff]5t popes1 9 :i* t9 & possibly "s ars5ic h be5 mix$ to make !m h>d] & m beautiful1 h fall5 completely to :ite p[d]1 or h *ang$ to _! oxides1 ?\gh !y 7 wrapp$ 9 pap] & pres]v$ 9 draw]s4 ,9 ! same way ,i h obs]v$ t ! alloy :i* 0 us$ = sold]+ ! copp] plates ^u ! movable ro( ( ! obs]vatory at ,flor5ce has *ang$ rapidly & 9 places ( contact ) ! copp] plates has gone ov] into a :ite oxide4 ,i h he>d also 9 ,engl& t ! iron nails :i* 7 =m]ly us$ = fa/5+ ! copp] plates ( ! %ea?+ ( %ips 7 attack$ on acc\nt ( contact1 & t ! holes became enl>g$ until !y w\ld slip ov] ! heads ( ! nails :i* held !m 9 position4 ,x seems to me t ?is is suffici5t to %[ t ! metals 9 ^! cases ex]t a mutual influ5ce ^u ea* o!r1 & t to ?is mu/ be ascrib$ ! cause ( ! ph5om5a :i* !y %[ by _! comb9ation or contact4 ,aft] discuss+ "s ( ! exp]im5ts on n]ve /imulation :i* _h be5 made by ,galvani & o!rs1 ,fabroni argues t ^! are pr9cipally1 if n :olly1 due to *emical action1 & t ! und\bt$ electrical ph5om5a :i* sometimes accompany !m are n ! cause ( ! muscul> contractions4 ,9 discuss+ ! nature ( ! *emical *anges produc$ 9 two metals by _! mutual contact1 ,fabroni says3 ',s9ce ! metals h relation%ips ) ea* o!r1 ! molecules mu/ mutually attract ea* o!r z soon z !y come into contact4 ,"o c n det]m9e ! =ce ( ?is attraction1 b ,i believe x is suffici5t to weak5 _! cohesion s t !y become incl9$ to g into new comb9ations & to m easily yield to ! influ5ce ( ! weake/ solv5ts4' ,9 ord] to fur!r %[ ! weak5+ ( cohesion by ! contact ( two metals1 ,fabroni describes ! results ( "s exp]im5ts :i* he has made4 ,he says3 ',9 ord] to assure myself ( ! tru? ( my assumptions1 ,i put into diff]5t vessels fill$ ) wat]3 7#a7 ,sep>ate pieces1 = example1 ( gold 9 "o1 silv] 9 ano!r1 copp] 9 ! ?ird1 likewise t91 lead1 etc4 7#b7 ,9 o!r simil> vessels ,i put pieces ( ! same metals 9 pairs1 a m oxidizable & a less oxidizable metal 9 ea* pair' b sep>at$ f ea* o!r by /rips ( glass 7#c7 ,f9ally1 ,i put 9 o!r vessels pairs ( diff]5t metals :i* 7 plac$ 9 imm$iate contact ) ea* o!r4 ,! fir/ two s]ies suff]$ no m>k$ *ange1 :ile 9 ! latt] s]ies ! m oxidizable metal became visibly cov]$ ) oxide 9 a few in/ants aft] ! contact 0 made4' ,fabroni f\nd t "u ! above circum/ances 8 oxidizable metals dissolv$ 9 ! wat]1 & 9 "s cases salts 7 =m$ :i* cry/alliz$ out4 ,he !n comp>es ! metals 9 contact ) ea* o!r 9 wat] ) ! metals on ! tongue :5 br\ght into contact1 z 9 ,sulz]'s exp]im5t1 & ! two metals t\*+ ea* o!r by :i* diff]5t po9ts on a n]ve 7 t\*$ to produce ! muscul> twit*+s 9 ,galvani's exp]im5ts1 & concludes t ! *emical action ^u ! metals 0 ! same 9 ea* case1 & t ! o!r ph5om5a obs]v$ mu/ h result$ f ?is *emical action4 ,x is n /range t :5 ,volta %[$ lat] t an electric curr5t pass$ betwe5 ! metals 9 all ( ?o above cases ,fabroni %\ld reg>d ! *emical action :i* he _h previ\sly obs]v$ z ! cause ( ?is curr5t4 ,t5 ye>s aft] ! publication ( ,fabroni's orig9al pap]1 ,volta wrote a lett] to ,j4 ,c4 ,delame?rie :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ,vol4 ,i ( ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal4 ,?is lett] 0 writt5 aft] ! *emical *anges 9 ! voltaic cell _h receiv$ a great deal ( att5tion by _m exp]im5t]s1 ! mo/ prom95t ( :om 0 ,davy4 ,to %[ t ,volta's !ory z to ! s\rce ( ! curr5t 0 n affect$ by ^! inve/igations1 a quotation f ?is lett] is giv5 bel[4 ',y h reque/$ me to give y an acc\nt ( ! exp]im5ts by :i* ,i demon/rate1 9 a conv9c+ mann]1 :at ,i h always ma9ta9$1 namely1 t ! pret5d$ ag5t1 or ,,galvanic ,,fluid1 is no?+ b common electrical ,,fluid1 & t ?is fluid is incit$ & mov$ by ! simple ,,mutual ,,contact ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,conductors1 p>ticul>ly ! metallic2 /rew+ t two metals ( diff]5t k9ds1 connect$ toge!r1 produce already a small quantity ( true electricity1 ! =ce & k9d ( :i* ,i h det]m9$2 t ! effects ( my new app>atus 7:i* might be t]m$ electromotors71 :e!r consi/+ ( a pile1 or 9 a r[ ( glasses1 :i* h s mu* excit$ ! att5tion ( philosoph]s1 *emi/s1 & physicians2 t ^! s p[]ful & m>vel\s effects are absolutely no m ?an ! sum total ( ! effects ( a s]ies ( sev]al simil> metallic c\ples or pairs2 & t ! *emical ph5om5a !mselves1 :i* are obta9$ by !m1 ( ! decomposition ( wat] & o!r liquids1 ! oxidation ( metals1 c41 are second>y effects2 effects1 ,i mean1 ( ?is electricity1 ( ?is cont9ual curr5t ( electrical fluid1 :i* by ! above m5tion$ action ( ! connect$ metals1 e/abli%es itself z soon z we =m a communication betwe5 ! two extremities ( ! app>atus1 by means ( a conduct+ b[2 & :5 once e/abli%$1 ma9ta9s itself1 & cont9ues z long z ! circuit rema9s int]rupt$4'#c #c ,?is seems to be a mispr9t = un9t]rupt$4 ,fur!r along 9 ! same lett] ,volta reit]ates 8 conviction t ! contact ( ! two metals furni%es ! true motive p[] ( ! curr5t4 ,?us he says 7p4 #ach73 ',z to ! re/1 ! action :i* excites & gives motion to ! electric fluid does n ex]t itself1 z has be5 errone\sly ?\ght1 at ! contact ( ! wet sub/ance ) ! metal1 :]e x ex]ts s v small an action1 t x may be disreg>d$ 9 comp>ison ) t :i* takes place1 z all my exp]im5ts prove1 at ! place ( contact ( diff]5t metals ) ea* o!r4 ,consequ5tly ! true elem5t ( my electromotive app>atus1 ( ! pile1 ( cups1 & o!rs t may be con/ruct$ accord+ to ! same pr9ciples1 is ! simple metallic c\ple1 or pair1 compos$ ( two diff]5t metals1 & n a moi/ sub/ance appli$ to a metallic "o1 or inclos$ betwe5 two diff]5t metals1 z mo/ philosoph]s h pret5d$4 ,! humid /rata employ$ 9 ^! complicat$ app>atus are appli$ !re=e = no o!r purpose ?an to effect a mutual communication betwe5 all ! metallic pairs1 ea* to ea*1 rang$ 9 su* a mann] z to impel ! electric fluid 9 "o direction1 or 9 ord] to make !m communicate1 s t !re may be no action 9 a direction contr>y to ! o!rs4' ,at ! end ( ! above lett] z publi%$ 9 ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal1 ! editor1 ,william ,ni*olson1 comm5ts at l5g? on ,volta's !ory ( ! s\rce ( curr5t 9 ! cell & calls att5tion to ! fact t ,davy _h already made cells by ! use ( a s+le metal & two diff]5t liquids4 ,at ! conclusion ( 8 comm5ts he calls att5tion to ! fact t ,b5nett & ,cavallo _h p]=m$ exp]im5ts ) contact electrification prior to ,volta's exp]im5ts1 & says 9 conclusion1 aft] ref]r+ to ,b5nett1 ',?is la/ philosoph]1 z well z ,cavallo1 appe>s to ?9k t diff]5t bodies h diff]5t attractions or capacities = electricity2 b ! s+ul> hypo!sis ( electromotion1 or a p]petual curr5t ( electricity be+ produc$1 by ! contact ( two metals is1 ,i appreh5d1 peculi> to ,volta4' ,?is peculi> !ory ( ,volta's probably nev] ga9$ _m adh]5ts & 0 necess>ily ab&on$ z soon z ! en]gy relations ( ! curr5t 7 consid]$1 b ! controv]sy z to :e!r ! electrical curr5t or ! accompany+ *emical *anges 0 ! prim>y ph5om5on soon became transf]r$ to a q diff]5t field1 viz41 to ! orig9 ( ! electrical *>ges :i* ,b5nett _h %[n result$ f ! contact ( diff]5t metals4 ,b5nett attempt$ to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a :i* he _h obs]v$ on ! hypo!sis t diff]5t sub/ances h a great] or less aff9ity ) ! electric fluid1 & ,cavallo says3 ',i am incl9$ to suspect t diff]5t bodies h diff]5t capacities = hold+ ! electric fluid4' ,volta rea*es a simil> conclusion aft] repeat+ "s ( ,b5nett's exp]im5ts4 ,9 ref]r+ to ?is decision ( ,volta z to ! orig9 ( ! electric *>ge 9 contact electrification1 ,o/wald says3 ',we /& "h at a po9t :]e ! mo/ prolific error ( ,electro*emi/ry beg9s1 ! combat+ ( :i* has f t "t on occupi$ almo/ ! great] "p ( ! sci5tific "w 9 ?is field4' ,! error1 f ,o/wald's po9t ( view1 lies 9 ! assumption t ! transf]5ce ( electricity f ! "o metal to ! o!r is a prim>y ph5om5on ( metallic contact4 ,he1 ) _m o!rs1 includ+ "s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ physici/s & *emi/s ( ! pa/ c5tury1 reg>d ! electrical transf]5ce z a second>y ph5om5on result+ f ! previ\s oxidation ( "o ( ! metals4 ,?us ,lodge1 9 discuss+ ! opposite electrification ( plates ( z9c & copp] :5 br\ght into contact says3 ',! effective cause ( ! :ole ph5om5on 9 ei!r case is ! great] aff9ity ( oxyg5 = z9c r ?an copp]4' ,! app>5t conflict ( op9ion betwe5 ^? :o hold t ! diff]5t aff9ities ( ! metals = oxyg5 is ! cause ( ! re>rangem5t ( _! electrical *>ges :5 br\ght into contact & ^? :o hold ) ,b5nett & ,cavallo t ! metals 9 _! natural /ate h diff]5t aff9ities = ! electrical fluid mu/ disappe> :5 we recognize t all aff9ity1 & consequ5tly ! aff9ity = oxyg51 mu/ be an electrical attraction4 ,if z9c has an aff9ity = oxyg51 x mu/ be because ! z9c is ei!r electropositive or electronegative to oxyg54 ,if x has a great] aff9ity = oxyg5 ?an copp] has1 !n ! z9c mu/ be ei!r electropositive or electronegative to copp]4 ,?is be+ ! case1 & bo? be+ conductors1 x is n surpris+ t "s electricity w fl[ f "o to ! o!r :5 ! two metals are br\ght into contact4 ,^? writ]s :o attribute ! oxidation !ory ( contact electrification to ,fabroni app>5tly ov]look ! fact t n oxidation1 b ! weak5+ ( ! cohesion ( at lea/ "o ( ! metals due to _! contact1 0 ! prim>y ph5om5on 9 ,fabroni's !ory4 ,:5 ?is is rememb]$1 x is se5 t ! obs]vations ( ,b5nett & ,fabroni1 in/ead ( furni%+ argum5ts = two conflict+ !ories1 actually s]ve1 z all true sci5tific obs]vations mu/1 to supplem5t ea* o!r4 ,?us we n[ "k t cohesion or aff9ity is an electrical attraction betwe5 ! atoms or molecules ( a body4 ,! only kn[n me?ods ( *ang+ ! electrical attraction betwe5 two bodies ^: di/ances & directions f o!r bodies rema9 con/ant is by v>y+ ! magnitude ( _! *>ges or by *ang+ ! specific inductive capacity ( ! m$ium betwe5 !m4 ,b5nett obs]v$ t :5 two pieces ( diff]5t metal 9 _! normal electrical condition are plac$ 9 contact1 !re is a r$i/ribution ( ! *>ges ( _! surface atoms4 ,fabroni obs]v$ "u ! same conditions a *ange 9 ! surface cohesion ( ! two metals4 ,to ! pres5t writ] ?is seems ! actual sequ5ce ( ph5om5a1 viz41 a r$i/ribution ( ! *>ges ( ! surface atoms ( ! metals1 a consequ5t *ange 9 surface cohesion & a resultant oxidation ( "o ( ! metals4 ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,resemblances ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,e>? ,,& ,a ,,butt]nut ,,by ,,pr(essor ,a1 ,c4 ,,lane ,,tufts ,,college ,,! drama ( ! e>?'s hi/ory consi/s 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ! =ces ( uplift & ! =ces ( degradation4 ,! =ces ( uplift are ma9ly ! outw>d expression ( ! inn] en]gy & heat ( ! e>?1 :e!r !y be ! volcano bel*+ its a%es ?\s&s ( met]s into ! air1 or ! e>?quake1 ) ! att5dant crack or fault 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 lead+ to a sudd5 displacem5t1 & s5d+1 f> & wide1 a dea?-deal+ %ock1 or ^? m\nta9-build+ actions1 :i*1 ?\gh !y may be z g5tle & gradual z might be produc$ by ! brea?+ ( "m e>? & ! uplift+ ( h] bosom !reby1 nev]!less1 end 9 ! huge folds ( our m\nta9 ranges4 ,aga9/ ^!1 !re are always work+ ! =ces ( degradation--! sl[ rott+ ( wea!r+ caus$ by ! direct *emical action ( ! moi/ atmosph]e or ! alt]nation ( hot & cold :i* crumbles rocks f> above ! l9e :]e ra9 nev] falls4 ,once ! rock is rott5 & decay$1 x yields readily to ! =ces ( degradation1 :i* drag x d[n--! beat+ ( ! ra91 ! ru% ( ! avalan*e or ( ! l&slide1 ! tumult ( ! torr5t1 ! quiet] action ( ! muddy riv] 9 its l[] rea*es or ! mighty glaci] :i* transf]s f9e & co>se mat]ial alike t[>d ! sea4 ,^! actions are always go+ on4 ,are !y always equally balanc$1 or are !re p]iods :5 ! =ces ( elevation are m active1 ! =ces ( degradation n s p[]ful1 z aga9/ o!r times 9 :i* ! =ces ( degradation alone are at "w8 ,if !re is inequality 9 ! balance & /ruggle ( ^! cont5d+ =ces1 ! great p]iods or acts 9 ! geologic drama might ?us be m>k$ (f z ,*amb]l9 sugge/s4 ,newb]y1 ,s*u*]t & o!rs h po9t$ out t !re seem to h be5 great cycles ( s$im5tation :i* may be int]pret$ z due to ! alt]nate success1 fir/ ( ! factors ( elevation1 !n ( ^? ( degradation4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t !re has be5 an epo* ( elevation1 t m\nta9 *a9s h be5 lift$ f> into ! sky & volcanoes h s5t _! floods ( lava =?1 & fault-sc>p$ cliffs run across ! l&scape & t !n1 = a :ile1 ! =ces ( elevation cease _! "w4 ,little by little1 ! m\nta9s w be worn d[n to a surface ( less & less relief1 approa*+ a pla9 z a hyp]bola approa*es its asymptote--a surface :i* ,w4 ,m4 ,davis has call$ p5epla94 ,b :]e w ! mat]ial ?us worn g8 ,into ! sea4 ,go+ into ! ocean x w raise ! level ( ! sea sl[ly b surely4 ,at pres5t1 = e f\r feet ( elevation tak5 (f ! l&1 !re w be some?+ l "o foot rise ( ! ocean level1 & ?is rise may take only ?irty ?\s& ye>s--a long "t 9 human hi/ory1 b n s long 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,all ! "t1 !n1 t ! =ces ( ! atmosph]e are we>+ d[n ! surface ( ! e>? to ! sea level ! sea is ris+ & its waves are produc+ a pla9 ( m>9e d5udation :i* rises sl[ly to meet ! p5epla9 :i* is produc$ by degradation4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is cycle1 :]e ! =ces ( degradation h _! own way1 co>se mat]ial may be br\ght d[n by torr5ts f ! m\nta9s1 & ! glaci]s1 :i* f9d _! bre$+ place 9 ^! high elevations1 may drag d[n & deposit huge masses ( b\ld] clay4 ,b1 little by little z ! m\nta9s are l[]$1 ! s$im5ts d]iv$ f !m w become f9] & f9] & glaci]s w f9d few] & few] s\rces4 ,n only t1 b ! gr[? ( seas ext5d+ ov] ! cont95ts w t5d to *ange ! climate1 we %all h a moi/]1 m insul> climate1 we %all h a great] surface ( evaporation1 & ?us1 on ! :ole1 a m equable temp]ature ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,we "k t1 at pres5t1 ! extremes ( cold & hot are f\nd f> )9 ! int]ior ( ! cont95ts4 ,cont95tal climates are ! climates ( extremes1 & on ! :ole extremes are hurtful to life4 ,s !n z ! =ces ( degradation t5d to l[] ! cont95ts b5ea? ! sea level glaci]s & des]ts & des]t deposits alike mu/ also disappe>4 ,vegetation w clo! ! e>?1 & m>9e life sw>m 9 ! %all[ seas ( ! broad5+ cont95tal %elf4 ,"u ! mantle ( vegetation1 me*anical erosion w be less1 t is1 ! break+ up ( rocks into small pieces )\t any v great *ange1 b ! ri* soil w be *>g$ ) c>bon dioxide1 & *emical activity w /ill g on4 ,riv]s w /ill conta9 c>bonates1 ev5 ?\gh !y c>ry v little mud1 & 9 ! oceans ! corals & simil> liv+ =ms w deposit ! burd5 ( lime br\ght into ! sea by ! riv]s4 ,?us1 if =ces ( degradation h _! own way1 9 "t !re w be a gradual *ange 9 dom9ant "*1 f co>se s$im5ts to f9e1 f rocks :i* are simply crumbl$ debris to rocks t are ! product ( *emical decay & sort+1 s t we h ! lime deposit$ z lime/one 9 "o place & ! alum9a & silica1 9 ano!r4 ,we %all h a *ange f local deposits1 m>9e on ! edges ( l>ge cont95ts1 or l& deposits1 v (t5 co>se1 ) fossils few & f> betwe51 to rocks 9 :i* m>9e deposits w spread f> ov] ! pres5t l& 9 :i* w appe> m traces ( t life t cr[d$ 9 ! %all[ w>m seas :i* =m on ! flood$ cont95ts4 ,we %all h a transition f deposits :i* may be l>gely =m$ on ! surface ( ! cont95ts4 lakes1 riv]s1 salt b$s & gypsum b$s1 due to ! dry+ up ( su* lakes & ! w9d-bl[n deposits ( ! /eppes1 to deposits :i* are almo/ :olly m>9e4 ,n[1 ,i ne$ n say 7to ^? :o are famili> ) geology7 t we h indications ( j su* alt]nations 9 times pass$4 ,!re are lime/ones ab\nd+ 9 fossils1 ) a cosmopolitan life v wide spread to be recogniz$ 9 e cont95t1 su* z us$ to be kn[n z ! ,tr5ton lime/one1 ! m\nta9 lime/one1 ! *alk4 ,p]haps e prop] sy/em & p]iod %\ld be m>k$ by su* a lime/one 9 ! middle4 ,! "t class$ z late ,p]mian & ,triassic on ! o!r h& 0 "o ( uplift1 di/urbance1 volcanic action & extreme climates1 :i* gave u ! traps ( ,mt4 ,tom1 ! ,palisades ( ! ,hudson1 ! bold sc5]y ( ! ,bay ( ,fundy & ! gypsum & r$ b$s :i* are g5]ally suppos$ to be q l>gely =m$ b5ea? ! air & b$s ( tillite =m$ b5ea? glaci]s4 ,!n 9 ! times succe$+1 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 degrad+ =ces 7 m effective ?an uplift+ s t ! m\nta9s became l[]1 & ! seas ext5d$ f>!r ov] ! cont95ts4 ,!n ! preval5ce ( lime s$im5ts 0 s great t ! *alk 0 ?\ght to be *>act]i/ic ev]y:]e4 ,& ab\t ! "t ! *alk ! l& 0 r$uc$ to a p5epla94 ,a simil> cycle may be trac$ f ! ,kewe5awan rocks to ! gr\p ( lime/ones s widespread ov] ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t & s full ( fossils1 :i* to old] geologi/s & oil drill]s h be5 kn[n1 9 a broad way1 z ,tr5ton4 ,all ?is introduces a "q--to :i* ,i wi% to sugge/ an answ]--,h[ is x t ^! cycles came to be8 ,7 ! out] rock cru/ ( ! e>? p]fectly smoo? ! oceans w\ld cov] x to ! dep?s ( ?\s&s ( feet & x is only by ! wr9kl+ ( su* a cru/ t any "p ( x appe>s above ! ocean4 ,if ! e>? _h a cool ?9 cru/ ^u a hot fluid int]ior1 & t ?9 cru/ 7 able to su/a9 itself dur+ geologic ages s t ! %r9kage %\ld accumulate )91 until f9ally collapse came1 giv+ an era ( uplift1 x is obvi\s t we c\ld acc\nt = su* cycles4 ,!re is v cle> evid5ce t ! out]mo/ lay] ( ! e>?'s cru/ is b a ?9 %ell l ! out] %uck or exoc>p ( a butt]nut1 s ?9 t x is n at all possible t x c su/a9 itself = m ?an a hundr$ miles or s1 or = m ?an a v few ye>s at ! outside4 ,hay=d's#a inve/igations are ! late/ t %[ t ! cont95ts project because1 on ! :ole1 !y are light]1 !y float1 t is1 above ! level ( ! oceans because !re is a mass ( light] rock bel[1 l an iceb]g 9 ! sea4 ,"h ! lik5ess betwe5 nut & e>? fails & x w\ld be m l ! e>? if ! out] %uck 7 ?ick] 9 c]ta9 l>ge areas4 ,if ?is extra lightness or iso/atic comp5sation is equally di/ribut$1 ,hay=d f9ds#b t ! mo/ probable value ( ! limit+ dep? is #gj 7#aac km47 miles1 & practically c]ta9 t x is some:]e betwe5 #ej 7#hj km47 & #ajj 7#aej km47 miles2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is comp5sation is uni=mly di/ribut$ ?r\gh a /ratum #aj 7#af km47 miles ?ick at ! bottom ( ! cru/ s t !re is a bulg+ ( ! cru/ d[n into a heavi] lay] bel[ to balance ! projection ( ! m\nta9s above1 z ,i ?9k mu* m likely1 !n ! mo/ probable dep? = ! bottom ( ! out] lay] is #cg 7#fj km47 miles4 ,?is lay] is mu* ?9n] ?an ! out] lay] ( ! figure & is suppos$ to yield to weight plac$ z1 ?\gh m sl[ly ?an1 new ?9 ice b5ds b5ea? ! skat]4 #a ,! figure ( ! e>? & iso/asy f measurem5ts 9 ! ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ( ,comm]ce & ,labor1 #aiji1 p4 #age4 #b loc4 cit41 p4 #age4 ,!re are a numb] ( facts :i* support ?is s-call$ !ory ( iso/asy1 accord+ to :i* ! cru/ ( ! e>? is n capable ( su/a9+ any v great weight1 ?\gh x may be at ! outside rigid1 b is itself ess5tially l a flexible membrane re/+ on a lay] ( visc\s fluid4 ,h[ev] visc\s ?is fluid may be & rigid to transitory quickly %ift+ /ra9s l ^? produc$ by ! e>?'s rotation1 x does ,,n ,,rema9 ,,at ,,re/ 9 a /ate ( /ra9 7at any rate if ?is /ra9 passes limits :i* are relatively q l[74 ,n only are1 accord+ to ,hay=d's obs]vations1 ! inequalities ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t comp5sat$ = by light] mat]ial bel[1 s t ! plumb- bob deflections are only "o tw5tie? :at !y w\ld be if !y re/$ ^u a rigid sub/ratum ( uni=m d5sity1 b o!r facts t lead to ! same conclusion are ! app>5t t5d5cy ( areas ( s$im5tation to sl[ly settle "u _! load1 ! app>5t settl+ ( ! ,great ,lake region "u a load ( ice & spr++ up aga9 s9ce ! removal ( ! ice4 ,b if ! !ory ( iso/asy is true1 "o w\ld at fir/ say t !re c\ld be no great accumulation ?r\gh a geologic p]iod ( /resses :i* w\ld f9ally yield 9 ! %ape ( fold$ m\nta9 ranges4 ,x has1 9 fact1 be5 sugge/$ t m\nta9 ranges h be5 sl[ly fold$ & lift$ z ! /ress :i* produc$ !m accumulat$ & ?is w\ld seem to be true if "o consid]s only ! out] cru/1 b on ! o!r h&1 z we h po9t$ out1 !re are indications 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>? ( p]iods ( relative quiesc5ce foll[$ by p]iods ( relatively consid]able di/urbance4 ,h[ c ^! two !ories be reconcil$ 9 accordance ) :at we "k ( ! laws ( physics & *emi/ry & ^? ( ! e>?'s int]ior8 ,x seems to me !y c by mak+ suppositions :i* are p]fectly natural reg>d+ ! /ate ( ! e>?'s int]ior4 ,we are at lib]ty to suppose if ! facts po9t t way t !re are ! foll[+ lay]s 9 ! e>?'s masses3--,fir/1 ! ext]nal1 rigid & brittle lay]2 second1 a lay] "u su* temp]ature & pressure t x is above its pla/ic yield po9t & may be consid]$ z a visc\s fluid4 ,! pressure mu/ cont9ue to increase t[>d ! c5t]4 ,we d n "k :at is ! temp]ature1 b x is p]fectly possible t at a great] dep? ! e>? may become rigid once m if ! effect ( pressure 9 promot+ solidity & rigidity cont9ues1 z ,bridgman tells me he ?9ks probable4 ,we d n ev5 h to assume a *ange 9 ! *emical composition ( ! e>?'s sub/ance1 ?\gh x is p]fectly all[able4 ,?is1 !n1 w be a ?ird lay]1 once m rigid1 p]haps ext5d+ to ! c5t] & ( v consid]able ?ickness & capable ( accumulat+ /ra9 f long p]iods4 ,blanket$ z x w\ld be by ?\s&s ( met]s ( ! fir/ two lay]s1 any *ange mu/ be relatively sl[4 ,kelv9 9 8 computation ( ! age ( ! e>? f cool+ assum$ = ! int]ior ( ! e>? con/ant conditions4 ,x is n[ g5]ally accept$ t ?is is n probable1 & t :e!r x cool$ f a gas or coagulat$ f planetesimals1 x became solid fir/ at ! c5t] :i* !n w\ld be hotte/1 & bo? ,beck]#c & ,a4 ,holmes#d assume an initial temp]ature gradi5t4 ,if t gradi5t 7 great] ?an ! gradi5t ( /eady fl[ ! conditions ( /eady fl[ w\ld be approa*$ mo/ rapidly at ! ext]ior1 ! loss ( heat & en]gy w\ld be altoge!r f )9 & x is easy to arrange = conditions ma!matically 9 :i* almo/ all ! loss ( en]gy w\ld come f ! v int]ior1 ne> ! c5t]4 ,:at w be ! effect8 ,a p>adoxical "o1 if ! "p outside ! c5t] is rigid en\gh to be self-su/a9+4 ,! c5tral core w become a gas6 #c ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am41 ,vol4 #bf1 #aiae1 p4 #aig1 etc4 #d ,geological ,magaz9e1 ,m>* & ,april1 #aiac4 ,?is is s contr>y to our ord9>y exp]i5ce & ideas1 9 :i* loss ( heat t5ds to *ange f gas to fluid & solid1 t we mu/ look into x a little to make x s\nd reasonable4 ,! rec5t brilliant "w ( ,p4 ,w4 ,bridgman 7contr>y to ! e>li] speculations ( ,tammann7 indicates t ! effect ( increas$ pressure1 at high temp]ature1 makes a sub/ance solid & cry/all9e4 ,cr[d any atoms close en\gh toge!r1 & no matt] h[ fa/ !y exp& or contract "u ! influ5ce ( heat ! cry/all9e atomic =ces w get to "w :5 !y are cr[d$ )9 _! range1 & ! close/ pack+1 h5ce t :i* w yield mo/ to ! pressure1 h5ce t :i* is likely to take place1 is :5 !y are all regul>ly arrang$ fac+ ! same way4 ,su* an arrangem5t we call cry/all9e4 ,j s :5 !y want to pack ! mo/ p into ! c> ( an elevator !y ask !m to all face to ! front4 ,keep ?is metaphor a mom5t4 ,any "o :o %\ld try to p5etrate su* a cr[d w\ld f9d x a h>d job4 ,!y w\ld (f] a v effective rigidity4 ,n[ suppose !m to sweat 9 ^? conf9$ qu>t]s _! fat away1 _! phlogi/on1 _! caloric4 ,if ! walls ( ! c> rema9$ rigid :ile ! individuals !re9 %runk !y might aft] a :ile be able to turn ar\nd or ev5 move ar\nd 9 a c>4 ,su* is !n ! suppos$ condition ( ! atoms 9 ! ,,f\r?1 ! c5tral1 lay] ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,?is assumes t ! middle lay] is rigid & su/a9s itself1 l ! %ell ( a nut1 z 9 ! figure1 :ile )9 ! atoms are 9 a less rigid condition4 ,t su* a %ell might be self-su/a9+ is sugge/$ by an exp]im5t ( ,bridgman1 :o put a m>ble ) a gas bubble 9 x "u a pressure ( some?+ l #aej1jjj p\nds to ! squ>e in* )\t produc+ any p]ceptible *ange4 ,z loss ( en]gy f ! e>?'s int]ior w5t on ?is c5tral core ( gas w\ld enl>ge until ! middle %ell 0 h>dly self-support+4 ,!n1 probably at "s "t ( a/ronomic /ra9 :5 ! e>?'s1 orbit 0 extra elliptical1 x w\ld collapse1 9 collaps+ g5]ate heat1 & s /op ! process4 ,! collapse w\ld be transmitt$ to ! visc\s lay] :i* might be increas$1 motions set up 9 x1 & s a wr9kl+ ( ! out] ?9 cru/ on :i* we live4 ,!n !re w\ld be f\r lay]s to ! e>? l ! butt]nut ( ! figure4 ,fir/1 ! inn] k]nel ( gas2 second1 ! h>d %ell or endoc>p2 ?ird1 a visc\s lay] l ! s>coc>p or pulp1 & outside ( all ! wr9kl$ cru/ ( exoc>p4 ,if su* is ! /ructure ( ! e>? we may h 9 ! v /ructure ( ! e>? itself a reason :y f "t to "t !re are collapses ( ! middle lay] lead+ to elevations ( portions ( ! out] r9d1 & m>k+ (f ! *apt]s 9 geological hi/ory1 ! l9es betwe5 geological sy/ems4 ,!re are reasons 9 facts ( obs]vation = believ+ t su* is ! /ructure ( ! e>?1 ( :i* ,i h z yet said no?+4 ,we see ! int]ior ( a glass m>ble1 ,i saw ! bubble 9 ! int]ior ( ,bridgman's glass m>ble1 h[8 ,by waves1 vibrations1 :i* />t f ! sun or "s o!r s\rce1 & go+ ?r\gh x rea* my eye4 ,?\gh ! e>? is n p5etrat$ by sunlight x is p5etrat$ by ! waves & vibrations t />t f t j> produc$ by a crack :i* we call an e>?quake4 ,^! vibrations c be receiv$ by t eye ( ! geologi/ call$ a seismograph4 ,! seismologi/ tells u !re are ?ree k9ds ( waves s5t out 9 an e>?quake4 ,if y notice ! explosion ( a bla/ at a little too close di/ance y w notice t y see x fir/1 !n he> x1 & !n p]haps a little lat] a few *ips ( rock may come fly+ pa/ y\r e>s4 ,^! ?ree ?+s correspond some:at to ! ?ree k9ds ( waves :i* spread =? f an e>?quake4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! explosion we see ! bla/ fir/1 !n he> lat]4 ,! waves :i* produce ! s5sation ( sight are1 we "k1 lat]al di/urbances1 ! waves :i* produce ! s5sation ( s\nd are waves ( cond5sation1 ^: motion is 9 ! direction ( _! propagation & !y come lat]4 ,9 ! case ( ! j>s ( e>?1 ! rev]se is true4 ,! fir/ set ( waves to arrive are ! waves :i* are due to compression--vibrations 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! waves are produc$--& correspond to s\nd waves4 ,lat] come waves :i* are transv]se sidewise di/urbances ( ! solid mass ( ! e>?4 ,z we c easily see1 9 an e>?quake j> travel+ f ! opposite end ( ! e>?1 !re %\ld be no insurm\ntable difficulty 9 recogniz+ ! j>1 :i* is a direct up?r[ f "o :i* w\ld tilt x to ! "r or left4 ,n[ !re is a law ( ,laplace by :i* ! velocity ( spread ( s\nd waves ?r\gh gas may be calculat$4 ,t ?is law %\ld hold at temp]atures & pressures s high z ^? t mu/ exi/ 9 ! middle ( ! e>? is1 ( c\rse1 a "q1 b x w be int]e/+ to see h[ ne>ly ! actual velocity ( ab\t #aj kilomet]s a second comp>es ) ! velocity :i* su* waves %\ld h 9 gas ( a d5sity & "u a pressure su* z a gas ne> ! c5t] ( ! e>? mu/ h4 ,us+ ,oldham's figures 7& !y seem to be confirm$ by ! rec5t inve/igations ( ,e4 ,rudolph & ,s4 ,szirtes#ah71 we f9d t ! "t ( transmission ( ^! fir/ & fa/e/ prelim9>y compression tremors is ab\t twice ! velocity ( su* a j> accord+ to ,laplace's law 9 z d5se a mass ( gas1 provid$ ! ratio ( ! specific heat ( a gas at con/ant pressure to t ( a gas at con/ant volume rema9s #a4d1 :i* is = _m sub/ances4 ,b z x is #a4f = m]cury ! discrepancy is n m ?an ,i _h expect$4 #e ,g]l&s1 ,beitrage zur ,geophysik1 ,,xi41 ,b&1 #a ,heft1 #aiaa1 p4 #acb4 ,das kolumbianis*e ,erdbeb5 am #ca ,janu>y1 #aijf4 ,! second prelim9>y tremors arriv+ lat] are due to ! lat]al di/urbance4 ,_! propagation is mu* less rapid :5 ! po9t ( orig9 is ne>ly opposite ! po9t ( receival4 ,9 o!r words !re is a core )9 ! e>? ab\t #j4d ( ! radius 9 radius1 9 :i* accord+ to ,oldham1 ^! lat]al waves h mu* less velocity4 ,n[ 9 a gas !re is less resi/ance to lat]al displacem5t ?an 9 a solid1 & ! less ! resi/ance ! less ! velocity1 s t ?is fact fits 9 ) ! idea ( a gase\s core p]fectly4 ,if !re is su* n core1 moreov]1 ( less rigidity x w\ld h less refraction4 ,consequ5tly waves n /rik+ ! bord] above ! angle ( total reflection w\ld be totally reflect$1 & j z ar\nd a bubble !re is a d>k bord] :]e ! light does n get ?r\gh s at a c]ta9 di/ance f ! s\rce ( an e>?quake !re w\ld be a circle 7x is really ab\t #adj degrees ( arc away71 :]e no second tremors w\ld be felt4 ,"h aga91 ?\gh seismograph /ations are z yet few1 fact & !ory are app>5tly go+ to correspond4 ,! la/ type ( e>?quake waves foll[ ar\nd ! out] lay] ( ! cru/4 ,!re is "o f>!r l9e ( v]ification to :i* ,i _h address$ myself4 ,is x likely t ! loss ( heat & en]gy f ! c5tral nucleus1 at ! rate :i* we "k at ! surface f a c5tral nucleus ( any?+ l #j4d ! radius ( ! e>?1 w\ld give a %r9kage ( any?+ l ! am\nt indicat$ by ! m\nta9 ranges1 9 any?+ l ! "t :i* we are l$ to assign on o!r gr\nds to ! geologic p]iods8 ,rudski has also attempt$ to connect ! %r9kage & age ( ! e>?4 ,bo? ^! me?ods dep5d on h[ fa/ ! e>? is los+ heat1 t is on ! geo!rmal gradi5t4 ,s9ce at pres5t1 ow+ to ! app>5tly l>ge b unkn[n contribution ( radioactivity to t gradi5t we "k v little ab\t :at ! o!r portion is1 x seems unwise to give any figures1 especially z almo/ all ! num]ical data are l>gely guess "w4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be fair to say t v long times = ! age ( ! e>? seem to be indicat$1 ne>] millions ( millions ?an millions unless ! radius ( ! gase\s core 0 ma9ly small or its rate ( contraction ) loss ( temp]ature high4 ,,! ,,ca% ,,value ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,rese>* ,,by ,,pr(essor ,t4 ,,brails=d ,,rob]tson ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cali=nia ,,!re c be no d\bt t ! av]age man & woman 9 ,europe & ,am]ica to-day pr(esses a m or less nebul\s feel+ ( respect & admiration = ! sci5tific inve/igator4 ,?is feel+ is n logical1 = v few h ev] met or se5 a sci5ti/1 few] /ill h ev] se5 ! inside ( a sci5tific laboratory1 & h>dly any h ev] se5 sci5tific rese>* 9 ! mak+4 ,! av]age man 9 ! /reet or man ( affairs has no v cle> conception ( :at mann] ( man a sci5ti/ may be4 ,no especial significance atta*es 9 8 m9d to ! t]m4 ,no picture ( a p]sonality or 8 "w arises 9 ! imag9ation :5 ! ^w sci5ti/ is pron\nc$4 ,m or less indef9itely1 ,i suppose1 x is conc$$ by all t a sci5ti/ is a man ( va/ erudition 7an impression by ! way :i* is (t5 /rik+ly incorrect7 :o leads a dre>y life ) 8 head buri$ 9 a book or 8 eye glu$ to telescope or microscope1 or p]fum$ ) ^? disagreeable odors :i*1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 are insep>ably associat$ ) *emicals4 ,! purpose ( ?is life is n v cle>1 b d\btless a vague feel+ exi/s 9 ! m9ds ( mo/ ( u t p :o are will+ to pursue su* an unattractive c>e] mu/ be wor?y ( admiration1 = despite all ! triumphs ( comm]cialism1 humanity /ill loves idealism1 ev5 idealism :i* seems objectless because x is incompreh5sible4 ,f "t to "t ! exi/5ce ( ! sci5tific man is recall$ to ! popul> m9d by "s extravagant headl9es 9 ! daily press1 ann\nc+ "s utt]ly impossible discov]y or "s extravagantly nons5sical dictum made by an alleg$ sci5ti/4 ,! discov]y 0 nev] made1 ! dictum nev] utt]$1 b no matt]2 to-morr[ its place w be tak5 by ! late/ political or matrimonial sc&al1 & ! public1 ) excell5t good s5se1 w =get all ab\t x4 ,f "t to "t1 also1 !re creeps gradually into ! public consci\sness a s5se t ,,some?+ ,,has ,,happ5$4 ,brief notices appe> 9 ! press1 at fir/ infrequ5tly & !n m frequ5tly1 & an article or two 9 ! popul> mon?lies4 ,! public becomes languidly int]e/$ 9 a new possibility & ev5 discusses x1 sceptically4 ,!n ( a sudd5 we are awak5$ to ! realization ( a new p[] 9 be+4 ,! ,x-ray1 wireless telegraphy or ! a]oplane has become ! late/ m>vel ( sci5ce1 only to develop 9 a v brief p]iod into a commonplace ( exi/5ce4 ,_m inde$ are aw>e t we owe ^! m>vels to sci5tific rese>*1 b v few inde$1 to ! %ame ( our s*ools be x spok51 h atta9$ to ! fa9te/ realization ( ! indubitable fact t we owe almo/ ! entirety ( our mat]ial environm5t1 & no small proportion ( our social & spiritual environm5t1 to ! labors ( sci5ti/s or ( _! spiritual bre?r54 ,long ago1 9 ages s remote t no record ( !m survives save our h]itage ( labor well a*iev$1 "s pa/oral savage1 m reflective & less practical ?an 8 bre?r51 took to />-gaz+ & not+ 9 8 memory c]ta9 /range co9cid5ces4 ,d\btless he 0 *idd5 by 8 tribal lead]s :o 7 h>d-head$ m5 ( affairs1 skill$ 9 ! que/ionable art ( impos+ conv5tional behavior ^u unruly tribesm54 ,b he 0 an invet]ate dream]1 ?is prehi/oric ,newton & ! fasc9ation ( ! ?+ _h gripp$ 8 m9d4 ,9 due "t he 0 ga!r$ to 8 fa!rs1 b n be=e he _h pass$ on to a few *os5 ones ! peculi> co9cid5ces he _h obs]v$4 ,& ?us1 f age to age co9cid5ce 0 add$ to co9cid5ce & ! result ( all ?is unpractical labor 01 at long la/1 a cal5d>4 ,let :o w attempt to e/imate ! ca% value ( ?is discov]y2 ,i w n attempt ! impossible4 ,i w m]ely ask y to picture to y\rselves humanity 9 ! condition ( ! ,au/ralian ,aborig9al or ( ! ,s\? ,african ,bu%man2 devoid ( any means ( e/imat+ "t or season save by ! daily passage ( ! sun1 & ,i ask y1 suppos+ t ?r\gh "s va/ calamity1 a calamity great] ev5 ?an ! pres5t w>1 humanity c\ld at a /roke evolve a cal5d>1 w\ld x be wor? :ile8 ,i = "o ?9k x w\ld4 ,! evolution ( ! cal5d> is n an inapt illu/ration ( ! me?ods ( sci5ce1 & ( ! "p :i* x has play$ 9 %ap+ ! de/9y ( man4 ,out ( ! unreg>d$ labors ( ?\s&s ( =gott5 m51 & a few :om we n[ rememb]1 has sprung e detail ( t va/ complex ( ma*9]y1 me?od & measurem5t 9 :i* to-day we live & move & h our be+4 ,9 all ages sci5tific curiosity guid$ by ! sci5tific discipl9e ( ?\ght has =c$ man into new & m complex pa?s ( progress4 ,lack+ ! _s ( rese>*1 a nation or community is m]ely p>asitic1 liv+ ^u ! vital a*ievem5ts ( o!rs1 z ,rome bas$ h] civilization ^u ! civilization ( ! ,greeks4 ,only an indef9ite & /]ile ref9em5t ( ! exi/+ environm5t is possible "u su* circum/ances1 & humanity /ays /ation>y or s9ks back into ! semib>b>ism ( ! middle ages4 ,! few scatt]$ /ud5ts ( nature ( t day pick$ up ! clue to h] secrets exactly z x fell f ! h&s ( ! ,greeks a ?\s& ye>s be=e4 ,! f\ndations ( ma!matics 7 s well laid by !m t our *ildr5 le>n _! geometry f a book writt5 = ! s*ools ( ,alex&ria two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,mod]n a/ronomy is ! natural cont9uation & developm5t ( ! "w ( ,hipp>*us & ( ,ptolemy2 mod]n physics ( t ( ,democritus & ( ,ar*im$es2 x 0 long be=e biological sci5ce outgrew ! k bequea!d to u by ,ari/otle1 by ,!ophra/us & by ,gal54#a #a ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley1 ,sci5ce & ,culture4 ,if1 !re=e1 we ask ourselves :at has be5 ! value ( sci5ce to man1 ! answ] is t its value is practically ! value ( ! :ole _w 9 :i* we f9d ourselves to-day1 or1 at any rate1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! value ( our _w & t ( a _w inhabit$ by ,neoli?ic savages4 ,! sweep+ nature ( ?is d$uction may f its v compreh5siv5ess fail to c>ry conviction to ! read]4 ,b concrete illu/rations ( ! value :i* sci5tific rese>* may add to our environm5t are n f> to seek4 ,!y are af=d$ 9 abundance by ! dramatic a*ievem5ts ( ! pa/ c5tury ( human progress1 9 :i* sci5ce has begun pa9fully & halt+ly to creep into its true place & a*ieve its true function4 ,9 ! ye> #ahac _m important ev5ts occurr$4 ,! p[] ( ,napoleon 0 crumbl+ 9 t ye> & c\ntless hi/orians h writt5 c\ntless pages describ+ innum]able ev5ts1 great & small1 :i* accompani$ t colossal d[nfall4 ,b "o ev5t ( t ye>1 ( :i* we d n read 9 our hi/orical memoirs & s*ool books 0 ! discov]y by ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 9 ! humble p]son ( a bookb9d]'s appr5tice1 ( ! man :o w probably /& out =ev] 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce z ! ideal sci5tific man--,mi*ael ,f>aday4 ,! mann] ( ?is discov]y is reveal$ by ! foll[+ conv]sation betwe5 ,sir ,humphry ,davy & 8 fri5d ,pepys4 ,pepys1 :at am ,i to d1 "h is a lett] f a "y man nam$ ,f>aday2 he has be5 att5d+ my lectures1 & wants me to give him employm5t at ! ,royal ,in/itution--:at c ,i d8 ,d8 repli$ ,pepys1 put him to wa% bottles2 if he refuses he is good = no?+4 ,no1 no1 repli$ ,davy2 we mu/ try him ) some?+ bett] ?an t4 ,! result 01 t ,davy engag$ him to assi/ 9 ! laboratory at weekly wages4#b #b ,j4 ,tyndall1 ,f>aday z a ,discov]]4 ,davy made _m important discov]ies1 b none ( 8 discov]ies 0 m important ?an 8 discov]y ( ,f>aday1 & ( all ! ev5ts :i* occurr$ 9 ! ye> #ahac1 ! entry ( ,f>aday into ! ,royal ,in/itution 0 n ! lea/ significant = humanity4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,*ri/mas day1 #ahba1 ,f>aday call$ 8 wife into 8 laboratory to witness1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( man1 ! revolution ( a magnet ar\nd an electric curr5t4 ,! f\ndations ( electromagnetics 7 laid & ! edifice 0 built by ,f>aday ^u ?is f\ndation 9 ! f\rte5 succe$+ ye>s4 ,9 ^? ye>s & f ^? labors1 ! electro-motor1 ! motor g5]ator1 ! electrical utilization ( wat] p[]1 ! electric c>1 electric light+1 ! telephone & telegraph1 9 %ort all t is compris$ 9 mod]n electrical ma*9]y came actually or pot5tially into be+4 ,! little rotat+ magnet :i* ,f>aday %[$ 8 wife 01 9 fact1 ! fir/ electric motor4 ,:at 0 ! ca% value to humanity ( ^? f\rte5 ye>s ( labor 9 a laboratory8 ,accord+ to ! ?irte5? c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! value ( ! electrical ma*9]y1 app>atus & supplies produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry alone1 9 #aiji 0 #bba1jjj1jjj4 ,9 #aijg1 ! value ( ! electric light & p[] /ations 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 #a1jig1jjj1jjj1 ( ! telephones #hbj1jjj1jjj1 & ! comb9$ income f ^! two s\rces 0 #cfj1jjj1jjj4 ,nor does ?is repres5t a ti! ( ! values1 z yet b>ely realiz$1 :i* ^! rese>*es plac$ at our disposal4 ,?us 9 its wat]falls1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is e/imat$ to possess #aej1jjj1jjj available horse-p[]1 :i* c only be realiz$ ?r\gh ! employm5t ( ,f>aday's electro-motor4 ,?is corresponds1 at ! cons]vative figure ( #bj p] horse-p[] p] annum to a ye>ly income ( #c1jjj1jjj1jjj1 correspond+ at #d p] c5t4 int]e/ to a capital value ( #ge1jjj1jjj1jjjj4c #c ,m4 ,t4 ,bog]t1 ,! ,function ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,cons]vation ( our ,national ,res\rces1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,febru>y1 #aiji4 ,su* 0 ! ,*ri/mas gift :i* ,mi*ael ,f>aday pres5t$ to ! _w 9 #ahba4 ,f>aday di$ a poor man 9 #ahfg1 nei!r = lack ( opportunity nor = lack ( ability to grasp 8 opportunities1 b because z 8 pupil ,tyndall tells u1 he f\nd x necess>y to *oose betwe5 ! pursuit ( weal? & ! pursuit ( sci5ce1 & he delib]ately *ose ! latt]4 ,?is is n a bad ?+4 ,x is p]haps z x %\ld be1 & z x has be5 9 ! va/ majority ( cases4 ,b ano!r fact :i* c n be view$ ) l equanimity is t ( all ! inexhau/ible weal? :i* ,f>aday p\r$ into ! lap ( ! _w1 n "o million?1 n a disc]nible fraction1 has ev] be5 return$ to sci5ce = ! fur!rance ( its aims & its a*ievem5ts1 = ! cont9uance ( rese>*4 ,!re is no regul> ma*9]y = secur+ ! p]man5t end[m5t ( rese>*1 & x is always & ev]y:]e a b>ely tol]at$ intrud]4 ,9 ! univ]sities x cr\*es "u ! %ad[ ( p$agogy1 & snat*es its "t & its mat]ials f ! fragm5ts :i* are left ov] :5 ! all-important bus9ess ( tea*+ ! "y :at o!rs h accompli%$ has be5 done4 ,9 comm]cial in/itutions x occasionally pursues a /unt$ c>e]1 subject to all ! caprices ( mom5t>y comm]cial advantage & ! cramp$ outlook ( ! practical man4 ,! inve/igator 9 ! employ ( a comm]cial und]tak+ is enc\rag$ to be orig9al1 x is true1 b n to be too orig9al4 ,he mu/ nev] transc5d ! practical1 t is to say1 ! inf9itesimal re>rangem5t ( ! preexi/+4 ,! in/itutions exi/+ 9 ! _w :i* are devot$ to rese>* &1 rese>* alone c almo/ be c\nt$ on ! f+]s4 ,! ,solvay ,in/itute 9 ,brussels1 ! ,nobel ,in/itute 9 ,/ockholm1 ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute 9 ,france1 ! ,in/itute = ,exp]im5tal ,!rapy at ,frank=t1 ,! ,kais] ,wilhelm ,in/itutes at ,b]l91 ,! ,imp]ial ,in/itute = ,m$ical ,rese>* at ,petrograd1 ! ,biologis*es ,v]su*san/alt at ,vi5na1 ! ,biological ,/ation at ,naples1 ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ,london1 ! ,wellcome ,laboratories 9 ,engl& & at ,kh>t\m1 ! ,smi?sonian1 ,wi/>1 ,c>negie & ,rockefell] ,in/itutes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ! li/ ( rese>* in/itutes ( important dim5sions 7exclud+ a/ronomical obs]vatories7 is1 ,i believe1 practically exhau/$ by ! above enum]ation1 & _m ( !m are woefully und]mann$ & und]equipp$4 ,at lea/ two ( !m1 ! ,solvay ,in/itute :olly1 & ! ,frank=t ,in/itute = ,exp]im5tal ,!rapy 9 "p1 owe _! exi/5ce & cont9uance to sci5tific m51 ,solvay & ,ehrli*1 :o h contriv$ to comb9e ! pursuit ( weal? & ( sci5ce1 & h d$icat$ ! weal? ?us procur$ to ! sci5ce t gave x bir?4 ,9 #aijj ! value ( ! manufactur+ indu/ries 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* _h be5 develop$ f pat5t$ sci5tific inv5tions 0 no less ?an #cie1ffc1ieh p] annum1#d correspond+ to a capital value ( ab\t #aj1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,x is impossible to arrive at any accurate e/imate ( ! proportion ( ?is weal? :i* f9ds its way back to sci5ce to provide equipm5t & subsi/5ce = ! inve/igator1 :o is creat+ ! weal? ( ! future4 ,b ! capital end[m5t ( ! ,rockefell] & ,c>negie ,in/itutes1 ! two weal?ie/ in/itutes ( rese>* 9 ! _w is1 accord+ to ! #aiad issue ( ,m9]va1 only #bi1jjj1jjj4 ,! total income 7exclusive ( additions to end[m5ts7 ( all ! high] in/itutions ( le>n+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiac1 0 only #ij1jjj1jjj1 ( :i* a m9ute p]c5tage 0 exp5d$ 9 rese>*4 #d #ab? c5sus1 ,vol4 #aj1 ,"p #d4 ,if sci5ce produces s mu* weal?1 is !re no contrivance :]eby we c cause a small fraction ( ?is weal? to return automatically to sci5ce & to furni% munitions ( w> = fre% conque/s ( nature8 ,a v small inve/m5t 9 rese>* (t5 produces colossal returns4 ,9 #aiaa ! income ( ! ,kais] ,wilhelm ,in/itute = ,physical ,*emi/ry 0 only #ba1jjj4 ,9 #aiac ! income ( ! ,in/itute = ,exp]im5tal ,!rapy at ,frank=t1 :]e #fjf 0 discov]$1 0 only #bj1jjj2 t ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute = ,m$ical ,rese>* at ,petrograd 0 #ie1jjj1 & t ( ! ,national ,physical ,laboratory 9 ,engl& 7n exclusively devot$ to rese>*7 0 #dj1jjj4 ,yet ^! are among ! mo/ fam\s rese>* in/itutions 9 ! _w & h a*iev$ results ( _w-wide fame & ine/imable value bo? f a f9ancial /&po9t & f ! /&po9t ( ! physical1 moral & spiritual welf>e ( mank9d4 ,9 #ahef1 ,p]k91 an ,engli% *emi/1 discov]$ ! coal-t> 7anil97 dyes4 ,! co/ ( ?is inve/igation1 :i* 0 c>ri$ out 9 an improvis$1 private laboratory 0 negligible4 ,yet1 9 #aije1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates import$ #e1fce1afd wor? ( ^! dyes f ,europe1 & ,g]many export$ #bd1jfe1ejj wor? to all p>ts ( ! _w4#e ,to-day we read t great indu/ries 9 ?is c\ntry are p>alyz$ because ^! dyes tempor>ily c n be import$ f ,g]many4 ,all ( ^! va/ results sprang f a mode/ little laboratory1 a meag] equipm5t & ! g5ius & pati5ce ( "o man4 #e ,u4 ,s4 ,c5sus ,bureau ,bull4 #ib4 ,w4 ,r4 ,:itney1 director ( ! rese>* laboratory ( ! ,g5]al ,electric ,company1 po9ts out t ! collective improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( filam5ts = electric lamps1 f #aija to #aiaa1 h sav$ ! consum] & produc] no less ?an #bdj1jjj1jjj annually4 ,he adds ) app>5tly unconsci\s naivete t ! exp5ses ( ! rese>* laboratory 9 8 *>ge aggregate m ?an #ajj1jjj annually6#f ,a h&some inve/m5t1 ?is1 :i* br+s 9 "s two hundr$ million = an outlay ( "o hundr$ ?\s&4 #f ,te*nology & ,indu/rial ,effici5cy1 ,mc,graw-,hill ,book ,co41 #aiaa4 ,accord+ to ,huxley ! discov]y by ,pa/eur ( ! means ( prev5t+ or cur+ an?rax1 silkworm disease & *ick5 *ol]a1 a fraction ( t great man's life "w1 add$ annually to ! weal? ( ,france a sum equival5t to ! entire indemnity paid by ,france to ,g]many aft] ! w> ( #ahgj4 ,humanity has n f9i%$ its conque/ ( nature2 on ! contr>y1 x has b>ely begun4 ,! discipl9e ( ?\ght :i* has c>ri$ humanity s f> is de/9$ to c>ry x fur!r yet4 ,bus9ess ent]prise & politics1 ! all-absorb+ int]e/s ( ! majority ( mank9d1 "w 9 an endless circle4 ,sci5tific rese>* communicates a ?ru/ to ?is rotation :i* conv]ts ! circle into a spiral2 ! apex ( t spiral lies f> beyond our vision4 ,we h1 n decades1 n c5turies1 n ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e u2 b1 z a/ronomy assures u1 9 all probability1 humanity has millions ( ye>s ( e>?ly de/9y to realize4 ,b>ely ?ree ?\s& ye>s ( ,,purposeful sci5tific rese>* h br\ght ! utt]mo/ ends ( ! e>? to our doors2 h made civilization & exclud$ mu* ( ! mo/ brutal & brutaliz+ 9 life4 ,n m ?an two hundr$ ye>s ( rese>* h made u ma/]s :]e we 7 slaves2 ma/]s ( di/ance1 ( ! air1 ( ! wat]1 ( ! b[els ( ! e>?1 ( _m ( ! mo/ dread$ aspects ( disease & suff]+4 ,only = =ty ye>s h we practic$ antisepsis2 only = sixty ye>s h we _h ane/hetics2 yet life to-day is well-nigh inconceivable )\t !m4 ,& all ( ?is has be5 accompli%$ )\t any =e?\ght on ! "p ( ! ackn[l$g$ rul]s & lead]s ( mank9d or any save ! mo/ trump]y & unc]ta9 provision = rese>*4 ,:at w ! millions ( ye>s :i* /ret* 9 front ( u br+ ( p[] to mank9d8 ,we c b>ely =e%ad[ ?+s too va/ to grasp2 ?+s t w make ! imag9+s ( ,jules ,v]ne & ,h4 ,g4 ,wells seem puny by comp>ison4 ,! future1 ) ! uncanny control :i* x w br+ ov] ?+s t seem to u almo/ sacr$--ov] life & dea? & developm5t & ?\ght itself--might well seem to u a t]rify+ prospect 7 x n = "o great sav+ clause4 ,?r\gh all t may happ5 to man1 ( ?is we may be sure1 t he w rema9 human2 & because ( t we c face ! future unafraid & confid5t t because x w be great]1 x w also be bett] ?an ! pres5t4 ,:at c we d to accel]ate ! com+ ( ?is future8 ,n v mu*1 x is true1 b we c surely d some?+4 ,we c n create g5iuses1 (t5 we c n disc]n !m1 b hav+ disc]n$1 surely we c use !m to ! be/ advantage4 ,x is true t all sci5tific rese>* has dep5d$ & w dep5d ^u individuals2 ,simon ,newcomb expresses ! matt] ?us3 ',x is impressive to ?9k h[ few m5 we %\ld h to remove f ! e>? dur+ ! pa/ ?ree c5turies to h /opp$ ! advance ( our civilization4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury !re w\ld only h be5 ,galileo1 ,newton & a few o!r contempor>ies1 9 ! eighte5? !y c\ld almo/ h be5 c\nt$ on ! f+]s1 & !y h n cr[d$ ! n9ete5?4'#g #g ,inv5tors at ,"w1 ,iles1 ,d\bl$ay ,page1 #aijf4 ,! fir/ ?+ we h to d is to discov] su* m51 to le>n to "k !m or suspect !m :5 we meet !m or _! works4 ,! next is to give !m moral & f9ancial recognition1 & ! means ( do+ _! "w4 ,our proc$ure 9 ! pa/ has be5 ! rev]se ( ?is4 ,i quote f a lett] ( ,kepl] to 8 fri5d ,moe/l53 ',i supplicate y1 if !re is a situation vacant at ,tub+51 d :at y c to obta9 x = me1 & let me "k ! prices ( bread1 w9e & o!r necess>ies ( life1 = my wife is n accu/om$ to live on beans4' ,! f\nd] ( comp>ative psy*ology1 ,j4 ,h4 ,fabre1 t incomp>able obs]v] z ,d>w9 *>act]iz$ him1 is n[ ov] n9ety ye>s ( age1 & until v rec5tly 0 actually suff]+ f pov]ty4 ,all 8 life 8 "w 0 /unt$ & crippl$ by pov]ty1 & c\ntless rese>*es :i* he 0 ! "o human be+ qualifi$ by g5ius & exp]i5ce to und]take1 rema9 to ?is day unp]=m$ because he nev] c\ld comm& ! meag] necess>y equipm5t ( app>atus4 ,once aga91 :at c we d8 ,no small proportion ( ! population ( a mod]n community are alumni ( "s in/itution ( high] le>n+1 & "o ?+ t ^! c d is to see to x by e means 9 _! p[] t "s measure ( ! _s ( academic fre$om is pres]v$ 9 _! alma mat]4 ,t ! _s ( inquiry & rese>* is n m]ely tol]at$ !re9 b fo/]$ & sub/antially support$1 morally & f9ancially4 ,z memb]s ( ! body politic1 we c assi/ ! developm5t ( sci5ce 9 two ways4 ,fir/ly1 by do+ ea* our individual "p t[>ds ensur+ t end[m5t = ! univ]sity mu/ provide n only = tea*+ adolesc5ts ! rudim5ts ( ,greek & ,lat9 & erect+ impos+ build+s1 b also = ! fur!rance ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,! public readily appreciates a great educational mill = ! manufacture ( m$iocre le>n+1 & x always appreciates a %[y build+1 b x is sl[ to realize t t :i* urg5tly & at all times ne$s end[m5t is exp]im5tal rese>*4 ,secondly1 x is vital t public s5tim5t %\ld be educat$ to ! po9t ( provid+ ! legal ma*9]y :]eby "s proportion1 no matt] h[ small1 ( ! weal? :i* sci5ce p\rs into ! lap ( ! community1 %all return automatically to ! support & expansion ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,! collection ( a tax ^u ! pr(its accru+ f inv5tions 7:i* are all ultimately if indirectly results ( sci5tific advances7 & ! devotion ( ! proce$s f ?is tax to ! fur!rance ( rese>* w\ld n only be a policy ( wisdom 9 ! mo/ mat]ial s5se1 b x w\ld also be a policy ( b>e ju/ice4 ,,! ,,physical ,,mi*elangelo ,,by ,,james ,,fr$]ick ,,rog]s1 ,m4,d4 ,,new ,,hav51 ,,conn4 ,y w say t ,i am old & mad1 b ,i answ] t !re is no bett] way ( keep+ sane & free f anxiety ?an by be+ mad4 ,,_h ,mi*elangelo be5 less poetic & m explicit 9 8 language1 he might h said !re is no?+ s conducive to m5tal & physical :ol5ess z saturation ( body & m9d ) "w4 ,! great arti/ 0 s prone to ov]-anxiety & met 7:e!r ne$lessly or n7 ) s _m rebuffs & disappo9tm5ts1 t only con/ant absorption 9 manual labor prev5t$ _s f frett+ itself free f fle%4 ,he toil$ furi\sly 9 all 8 mighty und]tak+s & body & m9d rema9$ "o & 9 sup]ior h>mony--9 abundant heal?--= ne>ly f\r score & t5 ye>s4 ,?is ,titan got 8 />t 9 life 9 ! rugg$ c\ntry ?ree miles outside ,flor5ce3 a place ( qu>ries1 :]e /one cutt]s & sculptors liv$ & work$4 ,8 "m's heal? 0 fail+ & x 0 to ! wife ( "o ( ^! artisans t h] baby 0 giv5 to nurse4 ,half 9 je/1 half 9 e>ne/1 ,mi*elangelo said "o day to ,vas>i3 ',if ,i h any?+ good 9 me1 t comes f my bir? 9 ! pure air ( y\r c\ntry ( ,arezzo1 & p]haps also f ! feet t ) ! milk ( my nurse1 ,i suck$ 9 ! *isels & hamm]s :]e) ,i make my figures4' ,he began 8 s]i\s /udy ( art 7& ) x 8 c\rse 9 physical tra9+7 at f\rte51 :5 he became appr5tic$ to a pa9t]4 ,he 0 n vigor\s z a *ild1 b 8 bodily p[]s unfold$ & 7 int5sifi$ ?r\gh _! active expression ( 8 imag9ation4 ,8 life 0 devot$ ) passion to art4 ,he _h f ! />t no "t = frivolity4 ,art became 8 religion--& requir$ ( him ! sacrifice ( all t might keep him bel[ 8 highe/ level ( p[] = "w4 ,8 fa!r e>ly w>n$ him to h a c>e = 8 heal?1 =1 said he1 9 y\r pr(ession1 if once y 7 to fall ill y w\ld be a ru9$ man4 ,to "o s int5t on p]fection & s ke5ly alive to imp]fection su* advice mu/ h be5 ne>ly sup]flu\s1 = ! arti/ c\ld n b obs]ve ! effect ^u 8 "w ( any depression ( 8 bodily well-be+4 ,he 01 besides1 too ?rifty 9 all respects to ?9k ( laps+ into bodily neglect or abuse4 ,he 0 sev]ely temp]ate1 b n ascetic1 save 9 ^? times :5 devotion to "w caus$ him to sleep ) 8 clo!s on1 t he might n lose "t 9 seiz+ ! *isel :5 he awoke4 ,he ate to live & to labor1 & 0 pleas$ ) a pres5t ( fifte5 m>zol9o *eeses & f\rte5 p\nds ( sausage--! latt] v welcome1 z 0 also ! *eese4 ,ov] a gift ( *oice w9es he is n s en?usia/ic & ! bottles f\nd _! way mo/ly to ! tables ( 8 fri5ds & patrons4 ,:5 int5t on "s "w he usually conf9$ 8 diet to a piece ( bread :i* he ate 9 ! middle ( 8 labors4 ,few h\rs 7we h no accurate /atem5t 9 ! matt]7 7 devot$ to sleep4 ,he ate comp>atively little because he work$ bett]3 he slept less ?an _m m5 because he work$ bett] 9 consequ5ce4 ,p>tly = protection aga9/ cold1 p>tly p]haps = economy ( "t1 he sometimes left 8 high dog-sk9 boots on = s long t :5 he remov$ !m ! sc>f sk9 came away l ! sk9 ( a m\lt+ s]p5t4 ,he dress$ = com=t & n to mortify ! fle%4 ,^u ! receipt ( a pres5t ( "s %irts f 8 nephew he writes3 ',i am v mu* surpris$ ye %\ld h s5t !m to me1 = !y are s co>se t !re is n a f>m labor] "h :o w\ld n be a%am$ to we> !m4' ,he is mu* pleas$ ) a f9] lot select$ lat] by 8 nephew's new wife4 ,p]haps he did n come up to mod]n notions ( cleanl9ess 7he 0 e>ly advis$ by 8 fa!r nev] to ba! b to h 8 body rubb$ in/ead7 b he 0 clean inside1 :i* c n be said ( all :o make mu* ( a well-wa%$ sk94 ,8 int5sity ( purpose & fi]y en]gy express$ !mselves 9 8 features & =m4 ,8 face 0 r\nd1 8 br[ squ>e1 ample1 & deeply furr[$3 ! temples project$ mu* beyond ! e>s2 8 eyes 7 small r ?an l>ge1 ( a d>k 7"s said horn7 color & pe]$1 pi]c+ly1 f "u heavy br[s4 ,! flatt5$ nose 0 ! result ( a bl[ f a rival appr5tice4 ,he evid5tly look$ ! "p1 ?\gh = su* m5tal p[]s "o ( 8 colossal /atues w\ld seem a m fitt+ mold4 ,mi*elangelo exp]i5c$ "s illnesses1 all b two ( !m ( m9or mom5t4 ,9 #aeca he became al>m+ly ill1 & ! ,pope ord]$ him to quit mo/ ( 8 "w & to take bett] c>e ( 8 heal?4 ,t ! illness 0 a /orm m]ely ( ! surface is evid5c$ suffici5tly 9 t 8 fresco ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 probably ! mo/ fam\s s+le picture 9 ! _w1 0 begun ye>s lat] & complet$ 9 8 sixty-six? ye>4 ,9 ! "w ( ?is epo* !re is m ?an ev] ! evid5ce ( a p\r+ =? ( en]gy am\nt+ almo/ to :at ! critics call viol5ce--to t]ribl5ess ( action4 ,x 0 n until ! age ( sev5ty t an illness :i* seem$ to m>k any weak5+ ( 8 bodily p[]s came ^u him4 ,at sev5ty-five1 symptoms ( calculus 7a disease common 9 t day at fifty7 appe>$1 b1 ?\gh naturally pessimi/ic1 he writes1 ,9 all o!r respects ,i am pretty mu* z ,i 0 at ?irty ye>s4 ,he improv$ "u c>eful m$ical treatm5t1 b ! illness & 8 age 7 suffici5t to cause him to ?9k ( putt+ 8 spiritual & temporal affairs 9 bett] ord] ?an he _h hi!rto done4 ,he wield$ ! bru% & ! *isel ) consummate skill 9 8 sev5ty-fif? ye>4 ,) ! lat] loss ( cunn+ 8 en]gy f\nd v5t m 9 ! plann+ & sup]vis+ ( ar*itectural works1 culm9at+ 9 ! build+ ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 b ev5 9 ^! lat] ye>s he took up ! *isel z an outlet = sup]flu\s en]gy & to induce sleep4 ,?\gh ! product ( 8 h& 0 n good1 8 heal? 0 ! bett] = ?is mutual ex]cise ( m9d & body4 ,9 8 eighty-six? ye> he is said to h sat draw+ = ?ree consecutive h\rs until pa9s & cramps 9 8 limbs w>n$ him t he _h n ! endurance ( y\?4 ,= ex]cise1 :5 manual labor prov$ a disappo9tm5t1 he (t5 took horseback rides4 ,!re 0 no invalidism ab\t ?is great _s1 & x 0 n until ! day be=e 8 dea? t he w\ld cons5t to g to b$4 ,9 a poem ( 8 la/ ye>s he burlesques 8 infirmities 9 8 usual vigor\s mann]4 ',i live alone & wret*$1 conf9$ l ! pi? )9 ! b>k ( ! tree4444 ,my voice is l a wasp imprison$ )9 a sack ( sk9 & bone4 444 ,my tee? rattle l ! keys ( an old musical in/rum5t4444 ,my face is a sc>ecr[4444 ,!re is a ceaseless buzz+ 9 my e>s--9 "o a spid] sp9s 8 web1 9 ! o!r a cricket *irps all night4444 ,my cat>rh1 :i* causes a rattle 9 my ?roat1 w n all[ me to sleep4--,fatigue has q brok5 me1 & ! ho/l]y :i* awaits me is ,dea?4' ,few m5 at 8 age h _h less reason to f9d 9 !mselves o!r ?an ! *anges to be expect$ ) ! pass+ ( ye>s & 9 prose he ackn[l$g$ t he _h no m affections ( ! fle% ?an 7 to be expect$ at 8 age4 ,codiva pictures him 9 8 la/ ye>s z ( good complexion2 m muscul> & bony ?an fat or fle%y 9 8 p]son3 heal?y above all ?+s1 z well by reason ( 8 natural con/itution z ( ! ex]cise he takes1 & habitual cont95ce 9 food & sexual indulg5ce4 ,8 temp]ance & manual indu/ry & 8 extraord9>y blamelessness 9 life & 9 e action _h be5 8 s\rce ( pres]vation4 ,he 0 mis]ly1 suspici\s1 qu>relsome & pessimi/ic1 b ! effects ( ^! faults 7 balanc$ by 8 bett] habits ( ?\ght & action4 ,t he1 l mo/ great m51 felt ke5ly ! value ( heal?1 is evid5c$ n only by 8 own practice1 b by 8 (t repeat$ w>n+s to 8 nephew :5 *oos+ a wife to see t :atev] o!r qualities %e might h %e be heal?y4 ,! blemi% ( ne>sight he consid]$ a no small defect & suffici5t to r5d] a "y woman unwor?y ( entry into ! pr\d family ( ! ,buon>roti4 ,to 8 own fa!r he wrote3 ,look to y\r life & heal?1 = a man does n come back aga9 to pat* up ?+s ill done4 ,"o ( ^? :o look b5ea? unusual human ph5om5a = signs ( ! pa?ologic f9ds ,mi*elangelo affect$ by a degree ( neuropa?y bord]+ closely ^u hy/]ical disease4 ,:at a pity t m ( u d n suff] f su* degrees ( neuropa?y--& h[ mu* bett] = mo/ ( u if we _h su* en?usiasm = p]fection1 & su* mania = "w1 at lea/ ( t heal?-br++ sort 9 :i* !re is absorb+ colabor ( bra9 & h&4 ,true x is t !re is no bett] way ( keep+ sane & free f anxiety ?an by be+ mad4 ,,! ,,cons]vation ,,( ,,tal5t ,,?r\gh ,,utilization ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,john ,m4 ,,gillette ,,/ate ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,nor? ,,dakota ,,to raise ! "q ( h[ to cons]ve tal5t is n an idle inquiry4 ,we are 9 no imm$iate dang] ( fam9e4 ,yet !re is an enorm\s int]e/ be+ devot$ to :at is kn[n z ! cons]vation ( soil4 ,our =e/s conta9 an abundance ( timb] = ne> purposes1 & :5 !y are gone we %all probably f9d a bett] sub/itute 9 ! direction ( concrete4 ,/ill agitation & discussion proce$ relative to ! cons]vation ( our timb] supply4 ,we he> ( cons]vation ( *ildhood1 ( cons]vation ( heal?1 ( cons]vation ( natural sc5]y4 ,x is a p]iod ( agitation = cons]vation ( res\rces all along ! l9e4 ,?is is all good4 ,real intellig5t =esight is manife/+ itself4 ,civiliz$ man demon/rates 8 sup]iority ov] unciviliz$ man mo/ 9 ! ex]cise ( anticipation & presci5ce4 ,z comp>$ ) o!r natural res\rces1 g5ius & tal5t are relatively sc>ce articles4 ,?is is at lea/ ! popul> impression z to _! quantity4 ,ev5 sci5tific m51 = ! mo/ "p1 incl9e to ?is op9ion4 ,unless we are able to demon/rate t !y are q abundant ?is op9ion mu/ be accept$4 ,i %all seek to %[ t ! e/imate ( ! am\nt ( tal5t 9 exi/5ce :i* is usually accept$ is too small4 ,h[ev]1 we are 9 no p]il ( s inflat+ ! pot5tial supply ( tal5t & g5ius 9 ! c\rse ( our rem>ks t !y may be reg>d$ z univ]sal4 ,nor are we likely to discov] su* a ri* lode ( ?is commodity t ! _w may run riot 9 its consumption ( ! visible supply4 ,tal5t promises to rema9 s sc>ce t1 grant+ = ! mom5t t x is a useful ag5t1 its supply mu/ be cons]v$4 ,i %all use ! t]m tal5t s z to include g5ius4 ,bo? tal5t & g5ius are ( ! same k9d4 ,_! ess5tial diff]5ce consi/s 9 degree4 ,increase :at is commonly call$ tal5t 9 ! direction ( its manife/ation & x w\ld develop into g5ius4 ,g5ius is commonly ?\ght ( z some?+ abnormal1 9 ! s5se t x is ess5tially ecc5tric4 ,a g5ius is g5]ally spok5 ( z an ecc5tric1 erratic1 unbalanc$1 p]son4 ,! ecc5tricity is !n tak5 z con/itut+ ! sub/ance ( ! quality ( g5ius4 ,?is is und\bt$ly a mi/ake4 ,because "s g5iuses h be5 erratic1 ! popul> imag9ation has =m$ its picture ( all g5ius z unbalanc$4 ,! majority ( ! _w's m5 ( g5ius h be5 z balanc$ & normal 9 _! judgm5ts z ! av]age man4 ,we may ?9k ( a g5ius z l ! ord9>y man 9 8 con/itution4 ,he has ! same m5tal faculties1 ! same emotions1 ! same k9d ( det]m9iz+ ability4 ,:at makes him a g5ius is 8 p[] ( conc5tration 9 8 giv5 field ( "w4 ,! moral quality1 or zeal to accompli%1 or en]gy direct$ t[>d intellectual op]ations /&s enorm\sly above t ( ! av]age individual4 ,if we c\ld conf] ?is quality ( moral w on ! common normal man possibly we w\ld raise him to t degree :i* we t]m g5ius4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! wor? ( cons]v+ tal5t we mu/ e/imate its value z a commodity1 z a _w asset4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 turn my att5tion fir/ to discov]+ a me?od ( reckon+ ! value ( em95t m54 ,"o me?od op5 to u is :at may be call$ ! individuali/ic te/4 ,"u ?is me?od we ?9k ( ! individual z individual or ( 8 "w z a concrete case ( production4 ,"o phase ( ?is is ! individual's e/imate ( 8 own p[]s4 ,we may inquire :at is ! man's appreciation ( 8 own wor?4 ,?is is prec>i\s because ( two difficulties4 ,!re is an egoti/ical elem5t 9 individuals4 ,x is inh]5t z a hi/orical ag5t ( self-pres]vation4 ,mo/ ( u are l primitive gr\ps4 ,! e?nologi/ expects to f9d e tribe or horde ( savages claim+ to be ,,! ,,p4 ,!y ascribe sup]ior qualities to _! gr\p4 ,9 _! names = _! gr\p !y call !mselves ! p1 ! m51 & s on1 indicat+ _! po9t ( view4 ,aga91 an individual1 h[ev] hone/ly he might try1 c\ld n e/imate 8 own wor? accurately4 ,let any ( u attempt to see ourselves z o!rs see u & we %all discov] ! difficulty ( ! und]tak+4 ,we are n able to get ! p]spective because our p]sonal feel+s1 our necess>y selfi% self-appreciation1 puts our judgm5ts awry4 ,o!rs close to u may d little bett]4 ,!y are likely to ei!r und]rate u or to exagg]ate our qualities & p[]s4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates we are call$ on to evaluate ,mr4 ,taft & ,mr4 ,roosevelt4 ,is ei!r ( !m a great man8 ,has ei!r ( !m be5 a great presid5t8 ,op9ions diff]4 ,we are too close to !m4 ,we d n "k4 ,we give !m cr$it1 p]haps1 = do+ ?+s :i* ! age w\ld h work$ out 9 spite ( !m4 ,or we ?9k ?+s w\ld h come inevitably :i* _! p]sonal ef=ts1 x w be f\nd1 7 responsible = e/abli%+4 ,we h n yet be5 able to det]m9e accurately j h[ great ,abraham ,l9coln 04 ,x is almo/ half a c5tury s9ce he did 8 "w4 ,b we live 9 ! pres5ce ( ! p]sonal relative to him yet4 ,s5tim5t ent]s 9 & obfuscates judgm5t4 ,if we turn to ! product itself z m]e product we are at a loss4 ,unless we ask :at is ! import ( ! "w we confess we d n "k4 ,a man 9 ,connecticut has made a manik94 ,x walks1 talks1 does _m ( ! ?+s :i* human be+s d4 ,b x is n alive1 x is n s]viceable1 x c accompli% no?+4 ,suppose ! mak] passes 8 life 9 mak+ probably ! mo/ intricate & p]fect me*anism :i* has be5 made4 ,is he a g5ius8 ,we may admit t ! products manife/ great +5uity on ! "p ( _! creator1 yet we feel repell$ :5 we ?9k ( call+ ! mak] a g5ius4 ,! community me?od ( rat+ tal5t is f> m satisfactory4 ,! inv5tor is relat$ to 8 "t or to human society by means ( ! usefulness ( 8 inv5tion4 ,! /atesman is rat$ by means ( ! deep-seat$ influ5ce = improvem5t he has _h on 8 age4 ,! educator f9ds 8 evaluation 9 ! con/ructive _s & me?od he displays 9 br++ useful _s & me?ods to light4 ,! sci5ti/ is measur$ by ! uplift 8 discov]y gives to ! sum & sub/ance ( human welf>e4 ,if a product :i* "s individual creates c n be utiliz$ by society1 its creator is n reg>d$ z hav+ made a contribution to human progress4 ,z a consequ5ce he does n get a rat+ z g5ius4 ,to get ! appraisal ( mank9d ! product ( ! man ( tal5t mu/ get g5]ally accept$1 mu/ fill ! want ( society g5]ally or ( "s cli5tele4 ,if a man produces some?+ m]ely +5i\s1 some?+ :i* does n s]ve a consid]able portion ( humanity 9 ! way ( satisfy+ a want1 if 8 creation does n pass into use1 he does n /ep into ! curr5t ( ! _w's hi/ory z a fruitful factor1 he fails to atta9 to ! rank ( tal5t4 ,?is objective measure ( ! value ( ! produc] puts tal5t into direct relation to ! concept ( social evolution & progress4 ,society has be5 an evolution4 ,collective humanity has gone ?r\gh di/9ctive metamorphoses4 ,di/9ct /rides 9 advance h be5 made1 t5d5cies h manife/$ !mselves1 conditions h *ang$ s t l>g] satisfactions h ensu$1 democracy 9 ! ess5tial wants ( mank9d has be5 wr\ght out4 ,society is m complex 9 its quantitative aspect4 ,x is m s]viceable by reason ( its great] specialization4 ,s9ce progress /&s = improvem5t x has come to be reg>d$ z a desirable ?+4 ,9 ! sociological conception ( ?+s ! g5ius possesses a specific social function4 ,he is n a pass+ curiosity4 ,he is n produc$ = amusem5t4 ,he does n /& unrelat$4 ,he is ! product ( 8 age1 is articulat$ ) its life1 p]=ms an (fice :i* is ( consequ5ce to x4 ,he is ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! pa/ & ! future4 ,he takes :at 0 & s comb9es x anew z to produce :at is to be4 ,he is ! innovator1 ! initiator1 ! ag5t ( trans=mation1 ! creator ( a new ord]4 ,h5ce he is ! exceptional man4 ,! masses ( m5 are imitators4 ,!y make no?+ new1 add no?+ to ! me*anism ( social /ructure1 introduce no new functions1 produce no a*ievem5ts1 d no?+ :i* *anges ! ord] ( ?+s4 ,! common p are q z important = ! purposes ( society z are ! tal5t$4 ,society mu/ be cons]v$ mo/ ( ! "t or we %\ld all float d[n ! /ream ( *ange too rapidly = com=t4 ,h5ce ! function ( ! great mass ( individuals is to seize & use ! a*ievem5ts :i* ! creators1 ! tal5t$ h br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,we may conclude1 !re=e1 t if society is to be improv$ & if ! lives ( ! great body ( human be+s are to be end[$ ) m & m bless+s1 mat]ial & spiritual1 we mu/ look to ! m5 ( tal5t1 ! m5 ( a*ievem5t1 & to !m 'alone1 = ! initiation ( ^! results4 ,we may say1 !n1 t we h discov]$ n only ! me?od ( e/imat+ ! value ( tal5t1 b also 9 :at its value consi/s4 ,if progress is desirable1 tal5t by means ( :i* t progress is secur$ is likewise valuable4 ,&1 l o!r ?+s1 its value is measur$ by its sc>city4 ,x is n[ incumb5t on u to attempt to discov] ! ext5t ( ! supply ( ?is commodity1 bo? actual & possible4 ,i %all ref] to two e/imates ( ! am\nt ( tal5t 9 exi/5ce :i* h be5 made because !y diff] s mu* 9 _! conclusions z to ! ext5t ( tal5t1 & because !y exhibit q diff]5t view-po9ts & me?ods4 ,! great ,engli% sci5ti/ & b5efactor ( ! race1 ,sir ,francis ,galton1 9 8 "w entitl$ ,h]$it>y ,g5ius made a computation ( ! numb] ( m5 ( em95ce 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,?is e/imate 0 made ne>ly a half-c5tury ago & has g5]ally be5 accept$ z repres5t+ actual conditions4 ,"o means ( discov]+ ! numb] 0 by tak+ a catalogue ( ,m5 ( ,! ,times :i* conta9$ ab\t #b1ejj names1 "o half ( :i* 7 ,am]icans & ,europeans4 ,he f\nd t mo/ ( ! m5 7 pa/ fifty ye>s ( age4 ,relative to ?is he /ates3 ',x appe>s t 9 ! cases ( high 7b by no means 9 t ( ! highe/7 m]it1 a man mu/ outlive ! age ( fifty to be sure ( be+ widely appreciat$4 ,x takes "t = an able man1 born 9 ! humbl] ranks ( life1 to em]ge f !m & to take 8 natural position4'#a #a ,cattell's inve/igations ( ,am]ican m5 ( sci5ce disproves ?is /atem5t = ,am]icans4 ,he f9ds t only a few m5 ent] ! ranks ( t class ( m5 aft] ! age ( fifty1 & t none ( t age rea* ! highe/ place4 ,! fecund age is f #ce to #de2 7,am]ican ,m5 ( ,sci5ce1 p4 #ege47 ,aft] elim9at+ ! non-,briti% individuals he comp>$ ! numb] ( celebrities above fifty ) males ( ! same age = ! :ole ,briti% population4 ,he f\nd ab\t #hej :o 7 above fifty4 ,( ?is age !re 7 ab\t #b1jjj1jjj males 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,h5ce ! m]itori\s 7 z #dbe to #a1jjj1jjj1 & ! m select 7 z #bej to #a1jjj1jjj4 ,he /at$ :at he consid]$ ! qualifications ( ! m select z foll[s3 ',! qualifications = belong+ to :at ,i call ! m select "p are1 9 my m9d1 t a man %\ld h di/+ui%$ himself pretty frequ5tly ei!r by purely orig9al "w1 or z a lead] ( op9ion4 ,i :olly exclude notoriety obta9$ by a s+le act4 ,?is is a fairly well def9$ l9e1 because !re is n room = _m m5 to become em95t4' ,mr4 ,galton made ano!r e/imate by /udy+ an obitu>y li/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,times 9 #ahfh4 ,?is conta9$ #ej m5 ( ! select class4 ,he consid]$ x broad] ?an 8 =m] e/imate because x exclud$ m5 dy+ be=e !y atta9$ _! broade/ reputation1 & m rigor\s because x exclud$ old m5 :o _h previ\sly atta9$ a reputation :i* !y 7 n able to su/a94 ,he consequ5tly l[]$ ! age to #de4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 !re 7 #baj1jjj males :o di$ ye>ly ( t age4 ,?is gave a result ( #ej m5 ( exceptional m]it to #baj1jjj ( ! population1 or #bch to ! million4 ,8 ?ird e/imate 0 made by ! /udy ( obitu>ies ( _m ye>s back4 ,?is l$ to simil> conclusions1 namely1 t ab\t #bej to ! million is an ample e/imate ( ! numb] ( em95t m54 ,he says3 ',:5 ,i speak ( an em95t man1 ,i mean "o :o has a*iev$ a position t is atta9$ by only #bej p]sons 9 ea* million ( m51 or by "o p]son 9 ea* #d1jjj4' ,! o!r e/imate ( ! am\nt ( tal5t 9 exi/5ce has be5 made by "o ( our mo/ em95t ,am]ican sociologi/s1 ! late ,le/] ,f4 ,w>d4 ,! elaborate treatm5t ( ?is matt] is f\nd 9 8 ,appli$ ,sociology1 & (f]s an illu/ration ( a mo/ rigor\s & ?or\gh application ( ! sci5tific me?od to ! subject 9 "q4 ,! ess5tial facts = ! /udy 7 furni%$ by ,od9 9 8 "w on ! g5esis ( ! lit]>y m5 ( ,france1 al?\gh ,c&ole1 ,jacoby & o!rs are laid "u contribution = data4 ,maps1 tables & diagrams are us$ :5ev] !y c be made to secure results4 ,od9's /udy cov]$ ! p]iod ( ov] five hundr$ ye>s ( ,france & ,fr5* regions1 or f #acjj to #ahbe4 ,out ( ov] ?irte5 ?\s& lit]>y names he *ose "s #f1bjj z repres5t+ m5 ( g5ius1 tal5t or m]it1 ! =m] con/itut+ mu* ! small] & ! latt] mu* ! l>g] ( ! total numb]4 ,! object ( ,w>d's inve/igation is to discov] ! factor or factors 9 ! situation :i* are responsible = ! production ( g5ius4 ,9 ! c\rse ( exam9ation x 0 se5 t c]ta9 communities 7 v mu* m prolific ?an o!rs 9 produc+ tal5t4 ,p>is1 = in/ance1 produc$ #abc p] #ajj1jjj2 ,g5eva1 ,switz]l&1 #aif2 c]ta9 *ateaux z _m z #bjj1 & "s communities none at all or v few4 ,aft] consid]+ ! v>i\s factors :i* acc\nt = ! high rate 9 c]ta9 localities & ! l[ rate or abs5ce ( m]it 9 o!rs ! conclusion is rea*$ t we %\ld expect ! pres5ce ( ! m]itori\s class g5]ally 9 ev5 great] numb]s ?an x has exi/$ 9 ! mo/ fruitful regions ( ! ,fr5* p4 ,mr4 ,w>d's /udies h l$ him to conclude t tal5t is lat5t 9 society1 t x exi/s 9 great] abundance ?an we h ev] d>$ to expect1 t all classes possess x equally & w\ld manife/ x equally if ob/acles 7 remov$ or opportunities (f]$ = its developm5t4 ,education is ! key to ! situation 9 8 e/imation4 ,x af=ds ! opportunity :i* lat5t tal5t requires = its promotion1 & if ?is 7 intellig5tly appli$ to all classes & to bo? sexes alike in/ead ( secur+ "o man ( tal5t = ea* #d1jjj p]sons z ,mr4 ,galton held1 we w\ld be able to mature "o = e #ejj ( our population4 ,?is w\ld repres5t an eight-hundr$-p]-c5t4 increase ( ! tal5t$ class1 an eight-fold multiplication4 ,x is an e/imate ( n ! numb] ( ! tal5t$ :o are kn[n to be su*1 b ( society's pot5tial or lat5t tal5t4#b #b ,inve/igations made on s*ool *ildr5 by ! ,b9et te/ indicate ,w>d's e/imate is cons]vative4 ,x has be5 f\nd t f two to ?ree out ( e hundr$ *ildr5 are ( exceptional ability1 ?us belong+ to ! tal5t$1 or at lea/ m]it class4 ,because ^! e/imates are s div]g5t1 x may be wor? :ile to consid] ! reason = ! diff]5ce4 ,& 9 tak+ ?is up we come to ! fundam5tally di/9ct po9t ( view ( ! two inve/igators4 ,mr4 ,galton's "w is an illu/ration ( ! view :i* reg>ds tal5t z a product ( ! h]$it>y factors4 ,mr4 ,galton believ$ t h]$ity acc\nts = tal5t & t x is s dom9ant 9 ! lives ( ! tal5t$ t x is b\nd to express itself z tal5t4 ,9 8 e/imation !re is no su* ?+ z lat5t g5ius1 because x is 9 ! nature ( g5ius t x surm\nts all ob/acles4 ,he says3 ',by natural ability1 ,i mean ^? qualities ( intellect & disposition1 :i* urge & qualify a man to p]=m acts :i* lead to reputation4 ,i d n mean capacity )\t zeal1 nor zeal )\t capacity1 nor ev5 a comb9ation ( bo? ( !m1 )\t an adequate p[] ( do+ a great deal ( v labori\s "w4 ,b ,i mean a nature :i*1 :5 left to itself1 w1 urg$ by an inh]5t /imulus1 climb ! pa? t leads to em95ce1 & has /r5g? to rea* ! summit--"o :i*1 if h9d]$ or ?w>t$1 w fret & /rive until ! h9drance is ov]come1 & x is aga9 free to foll[ its labor-sav+ in/9ct4'#b #c ,h]$it>y ,g5ius1 pp4 #cg-h4 ,?is 9 reality am\nts to say+ t ! g5ius is omnipot5t4 ,no?+ c prev5t ! developm5t ( ! g5ius4 ,he is ma/] ( all difficulties by ! v fact t he is a g5ius4 ,x is also equival5t1 by implication1 to say+ t ob/acles c h no qualify+ effect on ! c\rse ( su* an individual4 ,a great difficulty is no m to him ?an a small "o4 ,h5ce no matt] 9 :at circum/ances he lives he is always b\nd to ga9 ! maximum ( 8 developm5t4 ,he c\ld n be ei!r great] or less ?an he is1 not)/&+ ! =ce ( circum/ances1 :e!r ob/ructive or propiti\s4 ,! en]gy ( a g5ius is ?us diff]5tiat$ f all o!r =ms ( en]gy4 ,o!r =ms ( en]gy are modifi$ 9 _! c\rse & effects by prev5t+ ob/acles4 ,add to or subtract f ! imp$im5ts & ! effect ( ! en]gy is *ang$ by ! am\nt ( ! imp$im5ts4 ,b ?is doctr9e completely emancipates human en]gy1 :5 manife/$ 9 ! =m ( g5ius1 f ! work+ ( ! law ( cause & effect4 ,x is especially notewor?y t x is n :at we %\ld expect 9 view ( ! place & function ( ! environm5t 9 ! c\rse ( evolution4 ,to say ! lea/ environm5t enjoys a v respectable influ5ce 9 select+ & direct+ ! =ces ( developm5t4 ,"s m5 h gone s f> z to make ! ext]nal factors acc\nt = ev]y?+ 9 society4 ,disc\nt+ ?is claim1 ! m9imum biological /atem5t is t ! environm5t ex]cises a selective function relative to organic =ms & v>iations4 ,x opposes itself to ! transmission /ra91 & if unfavorable to x1 may elim9ate x entirely4 ,to be able to accompli% ?is x mu/ be reg>d$ z hav+ an influ5ce on all =ms4 ,& z !re are all grades ( environm5t f ! mo/ unfavorable to ! mo/ propiti\s1 simil>ly con/itut$ organisms liv+ 9 ^? v>i\s environm5ts mu/ p]=ce f>e diff]5tly1 "s be+ h9d]$ o!rs be+ promot$ 9 v>y+ degrees4 ,t is1 %\ld ! mo/ able by bir? appe> 9 ! mo/ unfavorable environm5t !y c\ld n be expect$ to make ! same ga9s 9 life z simil> cong5itally able :o appe> 9 ! mo/ favorable conditions4 ,mr4 ,w>d1 on ! contr>y1 holds t g5ius1 l all o!r =ms ( human ability1 is ! product ( circum/ances4 ,x is det]m9$ 9 its raw =m by h]$ity1 to be sure4 ,9 simil> circum/ances x w affect m ?an ! av]age man4 ,b l all o!r =ms ( en]gy x is subject to ! law ( causality4 ,x is n omnipot5t s t x is able to set at naught ! effects ( oppos+ =ces4 ,nor c x develop 9 ! abs5ce ( n\ri%+ circum/ances4 ,deprive x ( cultural opportunities & x is l ! spr\t ( ! maje/ic tree :i* is depriv$ ( moi/ure1 or ! great riv] cut (f f ! supply ( sn[ & ra94 ,9 o!r words1 x is a product ( all ! factors at "w 9 its be+ & environm5t1 & ! int]nal c n manife/ itself or its p[]s )\t ! pres5ce ( ! ext]nal4 ,modify ! ext]nal factors to a p]ceptible degree & ! individual is modifi$ to ! same degree4 ,9 seek+ to f9d ! factors :i* are acc\ntable = ! developm5t ( tal5t ,mr4 ,w>d takes into consid]ation ^? ( ! physical environm5t1 ! e?nological1 ! religi\s1 ! local1 ! economic1 ! social1 & ! educational4 ,ea* "o ( ^! items is giv5 a se>*+ exam9ation z to its =ce4 ,i %all briefly deal ) ea* ( ^! 9 turn1 giv+ ! import ( ! f9d+s 9 ea* case & z _m ( ! basic facts z possible 9 a small space4 ,by a consid]ation ( ,fr5* regions by dep>tm5ts1 prov9ces1 & pr9cipal sections1 z to _! yield ( tal5t1 ! physical environm5t 0 f\nd to h _h no p]ceptible influ5ce4 ,! m\nta9-situat$ ,g5eva & ! l[l& ,p>is produc$ alike prolifically tal5t$ m54 ,! valley ( ! ,se9e & t ( ! ,loire compet$ = hegemony 9 fecundity4 ,! facts contradict$ ! highl& !ory1 ! l[l& !ory1 ! coa/ !ory1 & e o!r !ory ( ! dom9ance ( physical environm5t4 ,to get at ! influ5ce ( ! e?nological factor ! ,gaulic1 ,cimbrian1 ,ib]ian1 ,ligurian & ,belgic elem5ts ( ! population 7 exam9$ z to _! fecundity 9 tal5t4 ,od9 confesses to be+ unable to discov] ! lea/ connection betwe5 races & fecundity 9 m5 ( lett]s4 ,att5tion 0 paid likewise to races speak+ o!r ?an ,fr5* language4 ,aga9 !re 0 a conflict ( facts4 ,inside ( ,france e?nological elem5ts ex]t$ no appreciable influ5ce ^u lit]>y productivity4 ,9 ,belgium & ,lorra9e1 :]e ! ,g]man language dom9at$1 x 0 f\nd t ,fr5* lit]ature ma/]$ ! situation1 ?us indicat+ t a common language does n necessitate a common lit]ature4 ,! conclusion e?nologically is t races possess an equality 9 yield+ tal5t4 ,! religi\s factor 0 f\nd to h be5 m influ5tial =m]ly 9 br++ to light tal5t ?an at ! close ( ! five-hundr$-ye> p]iod4 ,f #acjj to #agjj ! *ur* furni%$ on ! av]age #cg4h p] c5t4 ( all lit]>y tal5t4 ,its fecundity dropp$ to #bi 9 ! p]iod f #agjj to #agej4 ,betwe5 #agej & #ahbe x produc$ b #f4e ( ! tal5t4 ,z ,galton has %[n1 em95t m5 7 kill$ or driv5 out dur+ ! p]iod ( religi\s p]secution 9 ,spa91 ,france & ,italy4 ,! celibacy ( ! cl]gy :i* gave undi/urb$ leisure may h be5 an elem5t 9 mak+ ! *ur* productive 9 ! e>li] ye>s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! quiet+ effect ( family life ( ! prote/ant m9i/ry seems to h _h a propiti\s influ5ce 9 lat] times1 z !re appe>$ a relative increase among prote/ant cl]gy ( tal5t1 :ile ! output among ! ca?olic cl]gy cont9u$ to decl9e4 ,9 ?is inve/igation ! local environm5t appe>$ to h ! mo/ influ5ce 9 ! production ( tal5t4 ,od9 gave witness to hav+ a suspicion t some:]e !re 0 a neglect$ factor4 ,! facts connect$ tal5t ) ! cities 9 an ov]:elm+ mann]4 ,! /atem5t t g5ius is ! product ( ! rural regions seems to h _h no legs to /& on4 ,! majority ( ! tal5t$ 7 born 9 ! cities & practically all ( !m 7 connect$ ) city life4 ,9 proportion to population ! cities produc$ #ab4gg1 almo/ ?irte5 times z _m m5 ( tal5t z rural regions4 ,! :ole ( ,france produc$ #f1chb1 ! numb] select$ by ,od9 z ! m m]itori\s ( ! m5 ( lett]s4 ,if all ,france _h be5 z productive z ,p>is x w\ld h yield$ #ec1fdj2 if z fecund z ! o!r *ief cities1 x w\ld h produc$ #bb1jfj2 b if only z f]tile z ! c\ntry ! numb] w\ld h fall5 to #a1ebb4 ,x w\ld seem t ! matt] ( population has some?+ to d ) ! production ( tal5t4 ,aggregations ( population (f] frequ5t contact ( p]sons1 division ( labor1 competition betwe5 individuals1 a bett] coord9ation ( society = coop]ative results1 neutralization ( physical qualities1 & ! asc5dancy ( innovation ov] ! cons]vative attitude4 ,x is n ! m]e d5sity ( population :i* is ! effective elem5t4 ,x is r ! dynamic d5sity :i* is productive1 t is1 ! manife/ation ( ! common life & _s4 ,city life is specializ$ 9 /ructure & function1 r5d]+ m5 m int]dep5d5t & coop]ative4 ,specialization means moral coalesc5ce ,! *ateaux ( ,france are v prolific 9 produc+ tal5t4 ,!y yield$ #b p] c5t4 ( all ! tal5t ( ! p]iod1 seem+ly out ( proportion to _! importance4 ,:y are c]ta9 ( ! cities & ! *ateaux m f]tile ?an mo/ cities & ! c\ntry 9 produc+ ! tal5t$8 ,we h a g5]al reply 9 ! /atem5t z to ! dynamic d5sity ( cities4 ,a fur!r analysis f9ds ^? communities are possess$ ( elem5ts :i* ! c\ntry does n h4 ,od9 calls !m prop]ties4 ,!y are ! location ( ! political1 adm9i/rative & judicial ag5cies ( society2 !y are 9 possession ( great weal? & tal5t2 !y are depositories ( le>n+ & ! tools ( in=mation4 ,! av5ues :i* op5 ^u tal5t & ! tools & ag5cies by means ( :i* ! passage to x is to be made segregate !mselves 9 cities & t[ns ,z ! result ( 8 inve/igation into ! di/ribution ( m5 ( sci5ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,pr(essor ,cattell arrives at ne>ly ! same conclusion4 ,he writes3 ',! ma9 factors 9 produc+ sci5tific & o!r =ms ( intellectual p]=mance seem to be d5sity ( population1 in/itutions & social traditions & ideals4 ,all ^! may be ultimately due to race1 b1 giv5 ! exi/+ race1 ! sci5tific productivity ( ! nation c be increas$ 9 quantity1 ?\gh n 9 quality1 almo/ to ! ext5t t we wi% to increase x4'#d #d ,am]ican ,m5 ( ,sci5ce1 ,second edition1 p4 #fed4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ne>ly all ( ! wom5 ( tal5t h be5 born 9 cities & *ateaux4 ,?is means t wom5 _h to be born :]e ! means ( developm5t 7 to be _h1 z !y 7 n free to move ab\t 9 society1 z 7 m54 ,p]iods ,ri* ,poor #acjj-aejj #bd #a #aejj-aeej #ci #d #aeea-afjj #db -- #afja-afej #hd #e #afea-agjj #gc #d #agja-agbe #cf #c #agbf-agej #ec #g #agea-agge #hf #h #aggf-ahjj #eb #ab #ahja-ahbe #gc #aa ---- ---- ,total #efb #eg1 or #i p] c5t4 ,! economic factor has be5 an important "o 9 (f]+ ! leisure :i* is necess>y = ! developm5t ( tal5t4 ,m5 :o h to use _! "t & en]gy :olly 9 ! support ( !mselves & families are depriv$ ( ! leisure :i* productivity & creativ5ess 9 "w dem&s4 ,( ! ,fr5* m5 ( lett]s #ce p] c5t4 belong$ to ! weal?y or noble class1 #db p] c5t4 to ! middle class1 & #bc p] c5t4 to ! work+ class4 ,od9 0 able to discov] ! economic environm5t ( #fai m5 ( tal5t4 ,!y 7 di/ribut$ by p]iods betwe5 ! ri* & poor z %[n 9 ! table on page #afi4 ,( "o hundr$ =eign associates ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ! memb]%ip ( ! weal?y1 middle & work+ classes 7 #da1 #eb & #g4 ,a comb9ation ( two o!r ( ,c&ole's tables yields = ^? classes 9 p] c5ts #ce1 #db & #bc4 ,9 anci5t & m$ieval times practically all ( ! tal5t$ came f ! weal?y class4 ,on ! :ole1 b ab\t "o elev5? ( ! m5 ( tal5t _h to fight ) economic adv]sity4 ,b :5 we rememb] t ! weal?y class =m$ b a small portion ( ! population 9 ea* p]iod1 probably n m ?an "o f\r?1 ?is means t z comp>$ ) memb]s ( ! work+ class individuals ( ! weal?y class _h =ty or fifty times z good a *ance ( ris+ to a position ( em95ce4 ,! contra/ is s %>p t ,od9 is l$ to exclaim1 ,g5ius is 9 ?+s1 n 9 man4 ,! social & ! economic factors are s closely int]tw9$ t ! influ5ce ( ! social environm5t is already se5 9 treat+ ! economic4 ,! social deals ) matt] ( classes & call+s4 ,! upp] classes are ( c\rse ! weal?i] classes s t ! social & economic measures l>gely agree4 ,9 ,mr4 ,galton's inquiry into ! call+s ( ,engli% m5 ( sci5ce :i* he made 9 #ahgc1 x appe>s t out ( #if inve/igat$ #i 7 noblem5 or g5tlem51 #ah gov]nm5t (ficials1 #cd pr(essional m51 #dc bus9ess m51 #b f>m]s & #a o!r4 ,unless ! "o o!r 0 a work+ man ! work]s produc$ none ( ^! #if m5 ( sci5ce4 ,od9's classification ( ! ,fr5* m5 ( lett]s gives to ! nobility #be4e p] c5t41 to gov]nm5t (ficials #bj4j1 lib]al pr(essions #bc4j1 b\rgeoise #aa4f1 manual labor]s #i4h4 ,only a little ov] "o fif? ( ! tal5t$ 7 produc$ by ! two l[] classes4 ,yet 9 num]ical weight ^? classes con/itut$ #ij p] c5t4 ( ! population4 ,data f f\r o!r ,european c\ntries %[ v mu* ! same results1 except t ! work]s & b\rgeoise classes make a bett] %[+4 ,x is unque/ionable1 !re=e1 t ! opportunities = develop+ tal5t or g5ius are l>gely )held f ! work+ class & be/[$ on ! upp] classes4 ,we h yet "o o!r factor to treat 9 ! production ( tal5t1 namely1 ! educational4 ,! facts relative to ! education ( ! tal5t$ contradicts ! assumption usually made t g5ius dep5ds on education & opportunity = none ( its success1 b rises to its heights 9 spite ( or )\t !m4 ,( #hbg m5 ( tal5t 7n m]it class7 ,od9 0 able to inve/igate z to _! education he f\nd t only #a4h p] c5t4 _h no education or a poor education1 :ile #ih4b p] c5t4 _h a good education4 ,?is numb] inve/igat$ 0 #gc p] c5t4 ( all m5 ( t class1 & x is fair to assume t ab\t ! same proportion ( educat$ exi/$ 9 ! o!r #bg p] c5t4 ^: education 0 n kn[n4 ,( ! #af ( poor or no education #ac 7 born 9 ,p>is1 o!r l>ge cities1 or *ateaux1 & ?ree 9 o!r localities4 ,?us !y _h ! opportunities pres5t$ by ! cities4 ,facts z to tal5t$ m5 9 ,spa91 ,italy1 ,engl& & ,g]many indicate t any:]e f #ib to #ih p] c5t4 h be5 highly educat$1 & probably ! latt] p] c5t4 is correct4 ,^! figures c h b "o mean+4 ,!y indicate t tal5t & g5ius are dep5d5t on educational & conv5tional ag5cies ( ! cultural k9d1 z are o!r human be+s = _! evolution4 ,o!rwise we %\ld expect ! figures to be rev]s$4 ,if education & cultural opportunities c\nt = naught1 !n we %\ld expect t1 at a "t :5 education 0 by no means univ]sal1 ! #ij or #ih p] c5t4 ,( g5ius w\ld m\nt on _! eagle w+s & so> to ! summits ( em95ce1 cle>+ completely ! conv5tional educational devices :i* society _h e/abli%$4 ,our conclusion1 !re=e1 is t social & economic opportunities af=d ! leisure z well z cultural advantages = ! improvem5t ( tal5t2 t ! local environm5t is ( vital importance1 (f]+ z x does ! cultural advantages ( cities ( c]ta9 k9ds & ( *ateaux1 & t ( ! local environm5t ! educational facilities are ( ! supreme/ importance4 ,consequ5tly1 x appe>s t ,mr4 ,w>d's e/imate ( "o p]son ( tal5t to ! #ejj in/ead ( ,mr4 ,galton's e/imate ( "o to ! #d1jjj does n seem /ra9$4 ,produce 9 society g5]ally ! opportunities & advantages :i* ,g5eva1 ,p>is & ! *ateaux possess$ & :i* gave !m _! great fecundity 9 tal5t1 & all regions & places w yield up _! pot5tial or lat5t g5ius to developm5t & ! ratio w be obta9$4 ,?is position is likely to be criticiz$1 unless x is rememb]$ t we admit t !re is a h]$it>y diff]5ce at bir?1 & t all we seek to e/abli% is t1 giv5 ^! diff]5ces1 :at conditions are likely to mature & develop ! m5 ( born tal5t4 ,?us aft] ! appe>ance ( my ,vocational ,education ,i receiv$ a lett] f ,pr(essor ,eug5e ,dav5port 9 :i* he makes ?is /atem5t3 ',w>d's argum5ts z "h employ$ seem to %[ t environm5t is a p[]ful factor 9 br++ out tal5t ev5 to ! exclusion ( h]$ity4 ,i d\bt if y w\ld c>e to be und]/ood to ?is limit1 & yet :]e y enum]ate on page #fa ! reasons :y c]ta9 cities are fecund 9 respective tal5ts1 y seem to h ov]look$ ! fact t if ^! cities h be5 = _m g5]ations c5t]s ( tal5t to su* an ext5t z to provide exceptional environm5tal influ5ces1 ! same conditions w\ld also provide exceptional p>5tage1 s t ! bir?rate ( tal5t w\ld be mu* high] 9 su* a region ?an ! normal4 ,9 o!r words1 ! v same conditions :i* w\ld provide exceptional opportunities = developm5t also & at ! same "t provide an exceptional bir? condition4 ,?is is ! rock on :i* v _m argum5ts t5d+ to comp>e h]$ity & environm5t wreck !mselves4'#e #e ,?is is a criticism t ne$s to be met4 ,mr4 ,george ,r4 ,davies ( ?is in/itution has submitt$ facts 9 a pap] :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,m>* numb] ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota1 :i* fills 9 ! gap4 ,he %[s relative to ,am]ican cities t !re has be5 little or no segregation ( tal5t$ p>5tage4 ,we h arriv$ at a po9t :]e we are able to consid] ! "q ( ! cons]vation ( tal5t4 ,a position ( advantage has be5 ga9$ f :i* to view ?is "q4 ,= we h se5 t tal5t has a decid$ly important & indisp5sable social function to p]=m4 ,x is ! creative & contributive ag5cy1 ! cause ( a*ievem5t1 & a vital factor 9 progress4 ,its cons]vation is consequ5tly dev\tly to be desir$4 ,we h also discov]$ ! fact t1 :ile a r>e commodity1 x is pres5t 9 society 9 a l>g] measure ?an we h commonly believ$4 ,if progress is desirable 9 a measure x is likely to be desirable 9 a l>ge measure4 ,if tal5t is able to c>ry u =w>d at a c]ta9 rate ) ! developm5t ( a m9imum ( ! quantity t is 9 exi/5ce we %\ld be able to greatly accel]ate our progress if all t is lat5t c\ld be develop$ & put into active op]ation4 ,fur!r1 we h obta9$ "s insight into ! conditions :i* favor ! developm5t ( tal5t & likewise "s ( ! ob/acles to its manife/ation4 ,if x ab\nds :]e c]ta9 conditions are pres5t 9 ! situation & fails to appe> :]e ^? conditions are abs5t1 we h a f]tile sugge/ion z to ! me?od ( social control & direction :i* w br+ ! lat5t tal5t to f]tility4 ,we mu/ und\bt$ly hold t if a l>g] supply ( tal5t exi/s ?an is discov]$1 develop$ & put to use t1 s9ce1 z we h se51 x is s valuable :5 e/imat$ 9 t]ms ( social progress1 we are deal+ wa/efully ) tal5t4 ,we are all[+ great ability to g to wa/e s9ce we are leav+ x lie 9 its undevelop$ =m4 ,!re=e "o ( ! problems ( ! prop] cons]vation ( tal5t consi/s 9 f9d+ a me?od ( discov]+ & releas+ ?is valuable =m ( social en]gy4 ,:5 we come to inquire h[ ?is may be done1 h[ ?is discov]y is to take place1 we mu/ take = our guide ! facts :i* 7 f\nd to be> on ! matur+ ( tal5t 9 ! above /udies4 ,we discov]$ t ! local environm5t seem$ to conta9 ! influ5tial elem5t 9 br++ =? tal5t4 ,:5 t local environm5t 0 analyz$ x turn$ out t ! items ( opportunity = leisure & ! facilities = education 7 ! mo/ fruitful factors4 ,leisure is absolutely ess5tial to af=d t opportunity = self-developm5t :i* is requir$ ev5 ( ! mo/ tal5t$4 ,?is c only be _h :5 ! income ( ! individual is suffici5t to give him a consid]able "p ( 8 active "t = c>ry+ out 8 intellectual aspirations4 ,we h great numb]s ( p :om we h reason to believe are z able on ! av]age1 h z l>ge a proportion ( tal5t z ! well-to-d1 ^: pov]ty is s cru%+ & ^: days ( toil are s long & s consum+ ( en]gy t ! elem5t ( leisure is lack+4 ,x is only an occasional individual ( ?is class ( p :o is able to secure ! weal? :i* means a measure ( leisure by :i* he is able to m\nt out ( obscurity4 ,an improvem5t 9 ! physical conditions ( life ( ^! p1 toge!r ) an increase 9 _! economic possibilities is a necess>y means to ! prop] cons]vation ( ! tal5t ( ?is gr\p4 ,! cultural factor is "o :i* mu/ be made m omnipres5t ?an x is n[ be=e we %all be able to awake ! lat5t tal5t ( ! masses ( p4 ,!re are c]ta9 sections ( all nations1 & m especially ( su* nations z ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ! population is widely scatt]$ ov] va/ areas ( f>m+ regions 9 :i* ! opportunities = education & /imulative ent]prises & in/itutions are lack+ or meag]4 ,! same is true ( v l>ge sections ( ! populations ( ! cities4 ,9 bo? cases l>ge neighborhoods exi/ 9 :i* ! lives ( ! p move 9 a humdrum rut1 nev] di/urb$ by matt]s :i* ar\se ! creative elem5t 9 human nature4 ,especially is ?is important 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( life :]e ! outlook = ! :ole future ( ! individual is s /rongly /amp$4 ,to come into contact ) no /imulus & ar\s+ ag5t 9 ! home1 or ! neighborhood 9 ! e>lie/ ye>s is to become settl$ into a life-long habit ( in]t dullness4 ,:5 we rev]t to ! s*ools :i* s g5]ally ab\nd1 we fail to f9d ! /imulat+ elem5t 9 !m :i* might be reg>d$ z ! necess>y opportunity to develop tal5t4 ,! va/ majority ( elem5t>y tea*]s are p]sons ^: intellectual natures h nev] be5 ar\s$4 ,_! imag9ative & sympa!tic capacities lie undevelop$4 ,_! "w 9 ! s*ool is conduct$ on ! basis ( memory4 ,x is p>rot "w & ends 9 mak+ p>rots ( ! pupils4 ,! rational & causal z ag5cies 9 education are h>dly ev] appeal$ to4 ,until our tea*+ =ce is itself develop$ 9 ! directions & capacities :i* alone *>act]ize ! intellectual we c n hope = mu* 9 ! way ( recov]+ ! ri* field ( lat5t tal5t f its inf]tility4 ,some?+ rema9s to be said ab\t ! prop] utilization ( tal5t :i* has be5 develop$4 ,did all g5ius dep5d on ! h]$it>y factor & consequ5tly we _h develop$ all individuals possess+ exceptional ability into contributors & creators1 ! "q ( _! complete utilization by society rema9s4 ,t all able m5 & wom5 are work+ at ! exact ?+ & 9 ! exact place & "u ! exact me?ods :i* w yield ! greate/ & mo/ fruitful results = society only ! sup]ficial c\ld believe4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] us$ up a v l>ge "p ( 8 sup]b ability dur+ ! l>g] portion ( 8 life 9 ! drudg]y ( mak+ a liv+4 ,! "w ( ! national eug5ics laboratory ( ,engl& is c>ri$ on by a man ( great tal5t1 ,pr(essor ,c>l ,pe>son1 9 cramp$ qu>t]s & ) insuffici5t equipm5t & support4 ,! ent]prise is z important z any 9 ,engl&1 t ( discov]+ ! conditions & means ( improv+ ! human race4 ,! laboratory 0 built up 9 ! fir/ in/ance by ! sacrifice ( ,sir ,francis ,galton1 & x is ma9ta9$ by means ( ! beque/ ( 8 p]sonal =tune4 ,^! are b in/ances ( ! _m :i* exi/ :]e tal5t$ individuals are work+ "u great h&icaps :i* nei!r promote _! tal5t nor secure fecundity ( results to collective man4 ,9 ne>ly e l9e ( human endeavor gift$ individuals are consum+ 9 an unnecess>ily wa/eful mann]1 f ! po9t ( view ( social improvem5t1 _! spl5did abilities4 ,9 educational in/itutions tra9$ exp]ts & speciali/s are do+ ! "w :i* v ord9>y ability ( a m]ely cl]ical k9d c\ld conduct1 sacrific+ ! high] & m fruitful atta9m5ts !reby4 ,i h kn[n a faculty ( "s =ty memb]s :o 7 compell$ to regi/] ! t]m /&+s by sitt+ 9 a circle & call+ (f ! grades ( sev]al hundr$ /ud5ts /ud5t by /ud5t & class by class = ea* /ud5t z x came _! turn1 :ile a cl]k record$ ! grades4 ,! process consum$ ab\t t5 h\rs p] memb] ea* t]m1 or some?+ ov] a ?\s& h\rs a ye> = ! :ole faculty4 ,bo? economically & socially x 0 exp5sive & wa/eful because a *eap cl]k c\ld h done ! :ole f> bett] & h releas$ ! tal5t = productive purposes4 ,we %all be wise :5 we realize ! wor? ( our workable tal5t & s e/abli% its work+ conditions t x may secure ! full measure ( its productiv5ess4 ,if sci5tific managem5t = ! mass ( labor]s ( a nation is wor? :ile h[ mu* m s]viceable w\ld x be to ext5d its fructify+ influ5ce to ! mo/ able memb]s ( ! community4 ,b h[ to proce$ 9 ord] to make ! discov]y ( ! lat5t tal5t is ! press+ problem4 ,= a long "t our me?ods promise to be z empirical z are ^? we employ = ! advancem5t ( sci5ce4 ,relative to ! latt]1 aft] enum]at+ a l>ge li/ ( conditions = promot+ sci5ce ( :i* we are ignorant1 ,pr(essor ,cattell says3 ',9 ! face ( endless problems ( ?is "* we are z empirical 9 our me?ods z ! doctor ( physic a hundr$ ye>s ago or ! agricultural labor] to-day4 ,x is surely "t = sci5tific m5 to apply sci5tific me?ods to det]m9e ! circum/ances t promote or h9d] ! advancem5t ( sci5ce4'#f #f ,am]ican ,m5 ( ,sci5ce1 p4 #efe4 ,s9ce ! discov]y & utilization ( g5ius & tal5t 9 g5]al are s closely relat$ to ! problem ( ! promotion ( sci5ce1 8 /atem5t may be adopt$ to express ! dem& exi/+ 9 ^? directions4 ,,w>1 ,,bus9ess ,,& ,,insurance#a #a ,*airman's address on ,peace ,day ( ! ,insurance ,congress1 ,panama-,pacific ,int]national ,exposition1 ,san ,francisco1 ,octob] #aa1 #aiae4 ,,by ,,*ancellor ,,david ,,/>r ,,jordan ,,/an=d ,,univ]sity ,,! complications beh9d ! w> 9 ,europe are v _m1 ru?less exploitation1 he>tless & bra9less diplomacy1 futile dreams ( national expansion 7! ,mirage ( ! ,map71 ( national enri*m5t ?r\gh ! use ( =ce 7! ,great ,illusion71 & )al a widespread vulg> belief 9 indemnities or highway robb]ies z a means ( enri*+ a nation4 ,all ^! w\ld repres5t only ! unavoidable collision1 unre/ & ambition ( human nature1 7 x n t e elem5t involv$ 9 x 0 arm$ to ! tee?4 ,:5 blood is _! argum5t 9 matt]s ( bus9ess or politics1 all rational int]e/s are imp]ill$4 ,! gray old /rategi/s to :om ! control ( armam5t 0 assign$ saw ! nations mov+ t[>ds peaceful solution ( _! real & imag9>y difficulties4 ,! "y m5 ( ,europe _h visions ( a broad] _w1 "o cle>$ ( lies & hate & ! poison ( an +r[+ patriotism4 ,aft] a g5]ation ( d\bt & pessimism 9 :i* _w progress seem$ to end 9 a bl9d sack1 !re 0 ris+ a vision ( cont95tal coop]ation1 a glimpse ( ! "t :5 sci5ce1 always int]national1 %\ld also int]nationalize ! art ( liv+4 ,cle>ly ! close season = w> 0 ne> at h&4 ,! old m5 f\nd means to br+ x on & 9 s do+ to exploit ! patriotism1 en?usiasm1 devotion & love ( adv5ture ( ! "y m5 ( ! :ole _w4 ,! use ( fe> & =ce z an argum5t 9 politics or 9 bus9ess--?is is w>4 ,x is a futile argum5t because ( itself x settles no?+4 ,its conclusion be>s no c]ta9 relation to its initial aim4 ,x mu/ end :]e x %\ld beg91 ) an agreem5t among ! p>ties conc]n$4 ,w> is only ! bl9d negation1 ! d5ial ( all law1 & only ! recognition ( ! supremacy ( "s law c br+ w> to an end4 ,9 "t ( w> all laws are sil5t z are all ef=ts = progress1 = ju/ice1 = ! bett]m5t ( human k9d4 ,if hi/ory 7 writt5 tru?fully e page 9 ! /ory ( w> w\ld be left blank1 or pr9t$ black1 ) only f9e :ite lett]s 9 ! d>kness to m>k ! ef=ts = humanity1 :i* w> c nev] :olly suppress4 ,9 ?is pap] ,i propose to consid] only economic effects ( ?is w> & ) special ref]5ce to ! great indu/ry :i* br+s mo/ ( ?is audi5ce toge!r1 ! bus9ess ( insurance4 ,! great w> debts ( ! nations ( ,europe began ) repres5tative gov]nm5t4 ,k+s borr[$ money :5 !y c\ld1 bankrupt+ !mselves at int]vals & sometimes wreck+ _! nations4 ,k+s h always be5 unc]ta9 pay4 ,n _m loan$ money to !m will+ly & only 9 small am\nts & at usuri\s rates ( int]e/4 ,to float a patriotic loan1 x 0 (t5 necess>y to make use ( ! prison or ! rack4 ,) ! adv5t ( p>liam5ts & *amb]s ( deputies1 ! cr$it ( nations improv$ & x became easy to borr[ money4 ,!re 0 develop$ a special class ( f9anci]s1 ! ,ro?s*ilds at _! head1 pawnbrok]s r ?an bank]s1 m5 able & will+ to take a :ole nation into pawn4 ,& ) ! adv5t ( great loans1 z ,goldw9 ,smi? wisely obs]v$1 !re 0 remov$ ! la/ *eck on w>4 ,) bett] social & bus9ess adju/m5ts1 & especially ) ! progress ( railways & /eam navigation ) o!r applications ( sci5ce to p]sonal & national int]e/s1 ! process ( borr[+ became easi]1 z also ! paym5t ( int]e/ on :i* borr[+ dep5ds4 ,h5ce m borr[+1 always ! easie/ solution ( any f9ancial complication or emb>rassm5t4 ,?r\gh ! sub/itution ( regul> me?ods ( taxation = ! collection ( tribute1 ! nations became solidifi$4 ,only a solidifi$ nation c borr[ money4 ,! loose & lawless regions call$ ,k+doms & ,empires "u feudalism 7 n nations at all4 ,a nation is a region 9 :i* ! p are normally at peace among !mselves4 ,9 civil w>1 a nation's exi/5ce may be dissolv$4 ,9 all ! ages w> co/s all t x c4 ,all t c be extort$ or borr[$ is ca/ into ! melt+ pot1 = ! sake ( self-pres]vation or = ! sake ( victory4 ,if ! nations _h any m to give w> w\ld dem& x4 ,! k+ c\ld extort1 b !re are limits to extortion4 ,! nation c\ld borr[1 & to borr[+ !re is b "o limit1 t ( actual exhau/ion4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,bell1 ca%i] ( ,lloyd's ,bank 9 ,london1 said 9 #aiac3 ',! ,london bank]s are n l5d+ on ! cont95t any m4 ,we c see already ! h&writ+ on ! wall & t spells ,,repudiation4 ,! p ( ,europe w say3 ,we "k t we h _h all ?is money & t we ought to pay int]e/ on x4 ,b we mu/ live2 & we c n live & pay4' ,! *ief motive = borr[+ on ! "p ( e nation has be5 w> or prep>ation = w>4 ,if x 7 n = w> no nation on e>? ne$ ev] h borr[$ a doll>4 ,if prov9ces & municipalities c\ld use all ! taxes _! p pay1 = purposes ( peace1 !y c\ld pay (f all _! debts & />t free4 ,9 ,europe1 = ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 9 "t ( s-call$ peace1 nations h paid m = w> ?an = any?+ else4 ,x is n /range !re=e t ?is arm$ peace has f\nd its v]ification 9 w>4 ,x has be5 ! ,dry ,w>1 ! ,race = ! ,abyss1 :i* ! gray old /rategi/s ( ! g5]al /aff h br\ght to f9al culm9ation4 ,! debt ( ,great ,brita9 began ) ! revolution ( #ahfi1 ) ab\t #a1bej1jjj4 ,?is unpopul> move1 kn[n z ,dut* f9ance1 0 ! "w ( ,william ( ,orange4 ,o!r loans foll[$1 bas$ on cu/oms duties ) taxes on ba*elors1 wid[s1 m>riages & fun]als1 & ! pr(its on lott]ies4 ,at ! end ( ! w> ( ! revolution ! debt rea*$ #a1bej1jjj1jjj1 & ) ! gigantic borr[+s ( ,pitt1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ov]?r[ ( ,napoleon1 ! debt rea*$ its highe/ po9t1 #d1dcj1jjj1jjj4 ,! sav+s ( peace duly r$uc$ ?is debt1 b ! ,bo] w>1 = :i* ab\t #hjj1jjj1jjj 0 borr[$1 swept ^! sav+s away4 ,:5 ! pres5t w> began ! national debt _h be5 r$uc$ to a little less ?an #djj1jjj1jjj :i* sum a ye> ( _w w> has br\ght up to #aj1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,! debt ( ,france dates f ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,?r\gh reckless managem5t x soon rose to #gjj1jjj1jjj1 :i* sum 0 cut by pap] money1 confiscation & o!r repudiations to #afj1jjj1jjj4 ,?is process ( eas+ ! gov]nm5t at ! exp5se ( ! p spread con/]nation & bankruptcy f> & wide4 ,a great program ( public exp5diture foll[+ ! co/ly w> & its soon repaid indemnity rais$ ! debt ( ,france to ov] #f1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,! int]e/ alone am\nt$ to ne>ly #a1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,a ye> ( ! pres5t w> has br\ght ?is debt to ! unhe>d ( figure ( ab\t #aa1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,?us ne>ly two million bondhold]s & _! families 9 & out ( ,france h become annual p5sion]s on ! public purse1 9 addition to all ! p5sion]s produc$ by w>4 ,g]many is /ill a v "y nation & z an empire m ?rifty ?an h] l>ge/ /ate4 ,! imp]ial debt 0 9 #aijh a little ov] #a1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,! total debt ( ! empire & ! /ates comb9$ 0 ab\t #d1jjj1jjj1jjj at ! outbreak ( ! w>4 ,x is n[ /at$ at ab\t #i1jjj1jjj1jjj1 a l>ge "p ( ! increase be+ 9 ! =m ( patriotic loans f helpless corporations4 ,! small debt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates rose aft] ! ,civil ,w> to #b1ggc1jjj1jjj4 ,x has be5 r$uc$ to ab\t #iae1jjj1jjj1 proportionately less ?an 9 any o!r civiliz$ nation4 ,! local debts ( /ates & municipalities 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries are1 h[ev]1 v l>ge & are /eadily ris+4 ,z ,mr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,m>t9 obs]ves1 ',we h long s9ce pass$ ! simple /age ( liv+ beyond our incomes4 ,we are engag$ 9 liv+ beyond ! incomes ( g5]ations to come4' ,let me illu/rate by a supposititi\s example4 ,a nation has an exp5diture ( #ajj1jjj1jjj a ye>4 ,x raises ! sum by taxation ( "s sort & ?us lives )9 its means4 ,b #ajj1jjj1jjj is ! int]e/ on a mu* l>g] sum1 let u say #b1ejj1jjj1jjj4 ,if in/ead ( pay+ out a hundr$ million ye> by ye> = exp5ses1 we capitalize x1 we may h imm$iately at h& a sum tw5ty-five times z great4 ,! int]e/ on ?is sum is ! same z ! annual exp5se acc\nt4 ,let u !n borr[ #b1ejj1jjj1jjj on :i* ! int]e/ *>ges are #ajj1jjj1jjj a ye>4 ,b :ile pay+ ^! *>ges ! nation has ! pr9cipal to live on = a g5]ation4 ,half ( x w meet curr5t exp5ses = a doz5 ye>s1 & ! o!r half is at once available = public purposes1 = docky>ds1 = :>ves1 = =tresses1 = public build+s &1 above all1 = ! ev]-gr[+ dem&s ( milit>y conscription & ( naval p[]4 ,mean:ile ! nation is n /&+ /ill4 ,9 ^! twelve ye>s ! progress ( inv5tion & ( comm]ce may h d\bl$ ! national income4 ,!re is !n /ill ano!r #ajj1jjj1jjj ye>ly to be add$ to ! sum available = runn+ exp5ses4 ,?is aga9 c be capitaliz$1 ano!r #b1ejj1jjj1jjj c be borr[$1 n all at once p]haps1 b ) due reg>d to ! exig5cies ( bank+ & ! temp] ( ! p4 ,) repeat$ borr[+s ! rate ( taxation rises4 ,liv+ on ! pr9cipal sets a new fa%ion 9 exp5diture4 ,! same fa%ion ext5ds ?r\gh\t ! body politic4 ,individuals1 corporations1 municipalities all live on _! pr9cipal4 ,! pur*ase ( railways & o!r public utilities by ! gov]nm5t t5ds fur!r to complicate ! problems ( national debt4 ,x is cle> t ?is sy/em ( buy+ )\t pay+ c n g on =ev]4 ,! gr[? ( weal? & population c n keep /ep ) borr[+1 ev5 ?\gh all funds 7 exp5d$ = ! actual ne$s ( society4 ,( late ye>s1 w> prep>ation has come to take ! lion's %>e ( all funds1 h[ev] ga!r$1 consum+ ! fruits ( progress4 ,:at ! end %all be1 & by :at =ces x w be br\ght ab\t1 no "o c n[ say4 ,?is is /ill a v ri* _w1 ev5 ?\gh insolv5t & "u control ( its cr$itors4 ,!re is a gr[+ unre/ among taxpay]s4 ,!re w\ld be a /ill great] unre/ if po/]ity c\ld be he>d f1 = x c only save itself by new inv5tions & new exploitations or by frugality ( adm9i/ration ( :i* no nation gives an example to-day4 ,nev]!less1 ?is burd5 ( pa/ debt1 ) all its _m ramifications & its int]e/ *>ges1 is n ! heavie/ ! nations h plac$ on !mselves4 ,! annual co/ ( army & navy 9 ! _w be=e ! w> 0 ab\t d\ble ! sum ( int]e/ paid on ! bond$ debt4 ,?is annual sum repres5t$ prep>ation = future w>1 because 9 ! intricacies ( mod]n w>f>e ho/ilities mu/ be begun long be=e ! mat]ialization ( any enemy4 ,9 e/imat+ ! annual co/ ( w>1 to ! orig9al int]e/ ( upw>ds ( #a1ejj1jjj1jjj we mu/ add ye>ly ab\t #b1ejj1jjj1jjj ( actual exp5diture = fight]s1 guns & %ips4 ,we mu/ fur!r consid] ! g5]\s all[ance "s nations make = p5sions4 ,a l>ge & une/imat$ sum may also be add$ to ! acc\nt f loss ( milit>y conscription1 aga9 n c\nt+ ! losses to society ?r\gh ^? =ms ( pov]ty :i* h _! primal cause 9 w>4 ,= 9 ! words ( ,ba/iat1 ,w> is an ogre t dev\rs z mu* :5 he sleeps z :5 he is awake4 ,x 0 ,gambetta :o =etold t ! f9al end ( armam5t rivalry mu/ be a begg> cr\*+ by a b>rack door4 ,:5 ! great w> began1 ! nations ( ,europe 7 ?us wai/ deep 9 debt1 ! total am\nt ( national bond$ indebt$ness be+ ab\t #cj1jjj1jjj1jjj1 or ne>ly ?ree times ! total sum ( actual gold & silv]1 co9$ or n 9 all ! _w4 ,a ye> ( w> at ! rate ( #ej1jjj1jjj to #gj1jjj1jjj p] day has increas$ ?is indebt$ness to ne>ly #ej1jjj1jjj1jjj1 ! bonds !mselves rat$ at half or less _! normal value1 :ile ! actual f9ancial loss ?r\gh de/ruction ( life & prop]ty has be5 e/imat$ at upw>ds ( #dj1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,9 ,! ,unse5 ,empire1 ! =ceful & prophetic drama ( ,mr4 ,a!rton ,br[nell1 ! ,am]ican ambassador1 ,/ephan ,*ann+1 tries to %[ ! *ancellor ( ,g]many t w> ) ,great ,brita9 is n a good bus9ess proposition4 ,he says3 ',our ,civil ,w> has co/ u to date1 if y c\nt p5sions = ! wrecks x left--m5tal & physical--ne>ly tw5ty billions ( doll>s4 ,& t doesn't include prop]ty losses1 nor de/ruction ( trade1 nor brok5 he>ts & desolate homes--t's j cold h>d ca% t we h actually paid out4 ,y c't ev5 ?9k x4 ,!re h be5 only ab\t "o billion m9utes s9ce ,*ri/ 0 born4 ,n[ if !re _h be5 f\r million slaves & we _h b\ght e "o ( !m at an av]age ( "o ?\s& doll>s apiece1 set !m free & _h no w>1 we %\ld h be5 9 pocket to day j sixte5 billion doll>s4 ,t "o crime co/ u 9 ca% j ab\t ! equal ( sixte5 doll>s a m9ute f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4' ,! w> z =eca/ 9 ! play is n[ on 9 fact1 & "o c]ta9 tru? 9 reg>d to x is t x is assur$ly n a good bus9ess proposition = anybody 9 any nation1 except+ ( c\rse1 ! mak]s ( ! in/rum5ts ( dea?4 ,,daily ,,co/ ,,( ,,great ,,european ,,w> 7,*>les ,ri*et1 #aiab7 ,fe$ ( m54 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ab1fjj1jjj ,fe$ ( horses 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a1jjj1jjj ,pay 7,european rates7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #d1bej1jjj ,pay ( workm5 9 ! ars5als & ports 7#ajj p] day7#a1jjj1jjj ,transportation 7#fj miles 9 #aj days7 4 4 4 4 4 4 #b1ajj1jjj ,transportation = provisions4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #d1bjj1jjj ,munitions3 ,infantry #aj c>tridges a day4 4 4 4 4 #d1bjj1jjj ,artill]y3 #aj %ots p] day4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a1bjj1jjj ,m>9e3 #b %ots p] day4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #djj1jjj ,equipm5t4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #d1bjj1jjj ,ambulances3 #ejj1jjj w\nd$ or ill 7#a p] day74 4 #ejj1jjj ,w> %ips4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ejj1jjj ,r$uction ( imports 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #e1jjj1jjj ,help to ! poor 7#bj c5ts p] day to #a 9 #aj7 4 #f1hjj1jjj ,de/ruction ( t[ns1 etc4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #b1jjj1jjj ,total p] day 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#di1iej1jjj ,! actual w> began1 9 accord ) ,pr(essor ,ri*et's calculation1 at a co/ ( #ej1jjj1jjj p] day4 ,previ\s to ?is ! dry w> or arm$ peace co/ only #aj1jjj1jjj p] day4 ,?is is ,ri*et's calculation 9 #aiab1 an und]e/imate z to exp5ses on ! sea & 9 ! air4 ,^! ) ! gr[+ sc>city ( bread & %rapnel1 ! equipm5t ( automobiles1 & ! unp>allel$ ru9 ( cities h rais$ ?is co/ to #gj1jjj1jjj p] day4 ,?is aga9 takes no acc\nt ( ! wa/e ( m5 & horses1 less co/ly ?an ! o!r mat]ial ( w> & n necess>ily replac$4 ,all ?is is pil$ on top ( ! endless c>avan ( ciph]s 7#cj1jjj1jjj1jjj71 :i* repres5ts ! accumulat$ & unpaid w> debt ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,w> is inde$ ! sport = k+s1 b x is no sport = ! p :o pay & die1 & 9 ! long run ! work]s ( ! _w mu/ pay ! co/ ( x4 ,z ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 obs]v$3 ',w> is n paid = 9 w> "t7 ! bill comes lat]4' ,& :at a bill6 ,yves ,guyot1 ! ,fr5* economi/1 e/imates t ! fir/ six mon?s ( w> co/ we/]n ,europe 9 ca% #e1djj1jjj1jjj1 to :i* %\ld be add$ fur!r de/ruction e/imat$ at #aa1fjj1jjj1jjj1 mak+ a total ( #ag1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,! entire am\nt ( co9 9 ! _w is less ?an #ab1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,edg> ,crammond1 secret>y ( ! ,liv]pool ,/ock ,ex*ange1 ano!r high au?ority1 e/imates ! ca% co/ ( a ye> ( w>1 to ,augu/ #a1 #aiae1 at #ag1jjj1jjj1jjj1 :ile o!r losses w m\nt up to make a gr& total ( #df1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,mr4 ,crammond e/imates t ! co/ to ,great ,brita9 = a ye> ( w> w rea* #c1ejj1jjj1jjj4 ,?is sum is ab\t equival5t to ! accumulat$ w> debt ( ,great ,brita9 = a hundr$ ye>s be=e ! w>4 ,! w> debt ( ,g]many 7includ+ ,prussia7 is n[ ab\t ! same4 ,no "o c h any conception ( :at #df1jjj1jjj1jjj may be4 ,x is f\r times all ! gold & silv] 9 ! _w4 ,x repres5ts1 x is /at$1 ab\t #ajj1jjj tons ( gold1 & w\ld probably outweigh ! ,wa%+ton monum5t4 ,we h no data z to :at monum5ts weigh1 b we may try a few o!r calculations4 ,if ?is sum 7 measur$ out 9 #bj gold pieces & !y 7 plac$ side by side on ! railway track1 on ea* rail1 !y w\ld l9e ) gold e l9e f ,new ,york to ! ,pacific ,ocean1 & !re w\ld be en\gh left to cov] ea* rail ( ! ,sib]ian railway f ,vladivo/ock to ,petrograd4 ,!re w\ld /ill be en\gh left to rehabilitate ,belgium & to buy ! :ole ( ,turkey1 at h] own valuation1 wip+ h] f9ally f ! map4 ,or we may figure 9 "s o!r fa%ion4 ,! av]age work+ man 9 ,am]ica e>ns #eah p] ye>4 ,x w\ld take n9ety million ye>s' "w to pay ! co/ ( ! w>2 or n9ety million ,am]ican labor]s might pay x (f 9 "o ye>1 if all _! liv+ exp5ses 7 paid4 ,! work+ m5 ( ,europe receive f half to a ?ird ! wages 9 ,am]ica4 ,!y are ! ones :o h ?is bill to pay4 ,! co/ ( a ye> ( ! great w> is a little great] ?an ! e/imat$ value ( all ! prop]ty ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates we/ ( ,*icago4 ,x is ne>ly equal to ! total value ( all ! prop]ty 9 ,g]many 7#dh1jjj1jjj1jjj7 z figur$ 9 #aijf4 ,! :ole ,russian ,empire 7#ce1jjj1jjj1jjj7 c\ld h be5 b\ght = a less sum be=e ! w> began4 ,x c\ld be _h on a ca% sale = half t n[4 ,x w\ld h paid = all ! prop]ty 9 ,italy 7#ac1jjj1jjj1jjj72 ,japan 7#aj1jjj1jjj1jjj72 ,holl& 7#e1jjj1jjj1jjj72 ,belgium 7#g1jjj1jjj1jjj72 ,spa9 7#f1jjj1jjj1jjj7 & ,portugal 7#b1ejj1jjj1jjj74 ,x is ?ree times ! entire ye>ly e>n+s 9 wages & sal>ies ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7#ae1ejj1jjj1jjj74 ,we c\ld g on indef9itely ) ?is1 play+ ) figures :i* nobody c und]/&1 = ! greate/ =tune ev] accumulat$ by man1 9 :atev] fa%ion1 w\ld n pay = ?ree days ( ?is w>4 ,! co/ ( ?is w> w\ld pay ! national debts ( all ! nations 9 ! _w at ! "t ! w> broke out1 & ?is aggregate sum ( #de1jjj1jjj1jjj = ! _w 0 all accumulat$ 9 ! crim9al /upidity ( ! w>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,if all ! f>ms1 f>m+ l&s1 & factories ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 wip$ out ( exi/5ce1 ! co/ ( ?is w> w\ld m ?an replace !m4 ,if all ! p]sonal & real prop]ty ( half our nation 7 de/roy$1 or if an e>?quake ( incr$ible dim5sions %\ld %ake d[n e h\se f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 ! wa/e w\ld be less ?an t involv$ 9 ?is w>4 ,& an elem5tal cata/rophe leaves beh9d x no co/ly legacy ( hate2 ev5 ! f9ancial tr\bles are n end$ ) ! treaty ( peace4 ,! cr$it ( ,europe is gone = "o does n "k h[ long4 ,be=e ! w>1 x is said1 !re 7 #bjj1jjj1jjj1jjj 9 bonds & /ocks 9 circulation 9 ,europe4 ,mu* ( ?is has be5 sold = :atev] x w\ld br+4 ,"s ( ! re/ is wor? its face value ,"s ( x is wor? no?+4 ,9 ! f9al adju/m5t :o c "k :e!r he is a bank] or a begg>8 ,! ,am]ican ,ambassador 0 q )9 b\nds :5 he said3 ,!re isn't s mu* money 9 ! _w2 y c't ev5 ?9k x6 ,or we may calculate 7) ,dr4 ,edw>d ,t4 ,dev9e7 9 a totally diff]5t way4 ,! co/ ( ?is w> w\ld h cov]$ e moral social1 economic & sanit>y re=m ev] ask$ = 9 ! civiliz$ _w1 9 s f> z money prop]ly exp5d$ c compass su* results4 ,x c\ld elim9ate infecti\s disease1 feeble-m9d$ness1 ! slums & ! c5t]s ( vice4 ,x c\ld provide adequate h\s+1 cont9uity ( labor1 insurance aga9/ accid5t2 9 o!r words x c\ld aboli% almo/ e k9d ( suff]+ due to outside influ5ces & n inh]5t 9 ! "* ( ! p]son conc]n$4 ,a ,russian writ]1 quot$ by ,dr4 ,john ,h4 ,f9ley1 puts ?is idea 9 a diff]5t =m3 ',our mo/ awful enemies1 ! elem5ts & g]ms & insect de/roy]s1 attack u e m9ute )\t cease1 yet we murd] "o ano!r z if we 7 out ( our s5ses4 ,dea? is ev] on ! wat* = u1 & we ?9k ( no?+ b to snat* a few pat*es ( l&6 ,ab\t #e1jjj1jjj1jjj days ( "w g e ye> to ! displacem5t ( b\nd>y l9es4 ,?9k ( :at humanity c\ld obta9 if t prodigi\s ef=t 7 devot$ to fight+ our real enemies1 ! noxi\s species & our ho/ile environm5t4 ,we %\ld conqu] !m 9 a few ye>s4 ,! entire globe w\ld turn into a model f>m4 ,e plant w\ld gr[ = our use4 ,! savage animals w\ld disappe>1 & ! inf9itely t9y animals w\ld be r$uc$ to impot5ce by hygi5e & cleanl9ess4 ,! e>? w\ld be conduct$ accord+ to our conv5i5ce4 ,9 %ort1 ! day m5 realize :o _! wor/ enemies are1 !y w =m an alliance aga9/ !m1 !y w cease to murd] "o ano!r l wild bea/s f %e] folly4 ,!n !y w be ! true rul]s ( ! planet1 ! lords ( creation4' ,says ,rob]t ,l4 ,duffus3 ',money sp5t 9 w>f>e is n l sp5d+ money 9 o!r indu/ries4 ,x w br+ f> m bea/l9ess1 f> m inju/ice1 f> m tyranny1 f> m dang] to all t is honorable1 g5]\s & noble 9 ! _w1 f> m grief & rage ?an money sp5t 9 any o!r way4 ,n "o p] c5t4 ( ! am\nt devot$ to ^! purposes1 is1 = ! end aim$ at1 wa/$4' ,x is said t ! ma9 cause ( ! w> lay 9 ! envy ( ,g]man comm]ce by ,briti% rivals4 ,?is is assur$ly n true4 ,b if x 71 let u look at ! bus9ess side ( x4 ,tak+ ! net pr(its ( ov]-seas trade z /at$ two ye>s ago by ! ,hamburg-,am]ican ,company1 ! /ronge/ 9 ! _w1 & e/imat+ ! re/1 we h some?+ l ?is3 ,dur+ ! ,dry ,w> ! net e>n+s ( ! ,g]man ,m]cantile fleet 0 ab\t "o ?ird ! co/ ( ! navy suppos$ to protect x4 ,x w\ld take sev5ty ye>s ( trade1 on ! scale ( ! la/ ye> be=e ! w>1 to repay ,g]many's exp5ses = a ye> ( w>4 ,to make good all ! losses ( ,europe w\ld require m ?an "o hundr$ ye>s ( ! ov]-seas trad+ pr(its ( all ! _w4 ,w> is !re=e dea? to trade1 z x is to e o!r ag5cy ( civilization4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! w> ! value ( /ocks & bonds 9 circulation 9 ,europe am\nt$ to ab\t #bjj1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,:at is ! pres5t value ( all ^! c]tificates ( own]%ip8 ,:at is ! pres5t value ( any p>ticul> indu/rial plant or comm]cial v5ture8 ,a fri5d 9 ,london _h inh]it$ ?r\gh 8 ,g]man wife a l>ge anil9e dye plant on ! ,rh9e4 ,he told me rec5tly t he _h n he>d "o ^w f x = six mon?s4 ,:at w be its value :5 he he>s f x8 ,& :at c]ta9ty has he z to its own]%ip8 ,is x true t ?is w> is ! outcome ( comm]cial jeal\sy8 ,let u look at ?is = a mom5t4 ,! two greate/ %ipp+ companies 9 ! _w be=e ! w> 7 ! ,hamburg-,am]ican ,company & ! ,nord-,deuts*] ,lloyd ( ,brem54 ,^! companies _h gr[n /rong because !y des]v$ to gr[4 ,!y _h att5d$ to _! affairs bo? 9 %ipm5t ( freight & transportation ( pass5g]s ) t m9ute att5tion to details :i* is s l>ge an elem5t 9 ,g]man success4 ,! gr[? ( ^! companies arose ?r\gh ,am]ican trade & especially ?r\gh trade ) ,great ,brita9 & ! ,briti% possessions4 ,did !y clamor = w>--a w>1 :atev] else might result1 sure to cripple _! trade = a g5]ation4 ,x is said t ,ball91 ( ! ,hamburg ,company1 unable to prev5t ,great ,brita9 f ris+ to ! def5se ( ,belgium w5t home brok5-he>t$4 ,did ,ball9 build ! great ,imp]ator1 co/+ n9e million--six million ( x borr[$ money--) a view ( lay+ h] (f aft] a few trips = an indef9ite p]iod 9 ,hamburg8 ,did ! ,nord-,deuts*] ,lloyd contemplate leav+ ! ,vat]l& & ! ,george ,wa%+ton to lie 9 ,hobok5 till !y 7 sold = h>bor dues8 ,nor 0 ! jeal\sy on ! o!r side4 ,! gr[? ( ,g]man comm]ce conc]n$ ma9ly ,great ,brita94 ,presumably x 0 pr(itable on bo? sides1 = all trade is b>t]4 ,9 any ev5t1 ,great ,brita9 has nev] rais$ a t>iff wall aga9/ x1 nev] protect$ h] trad]s by a s+le diff]5tial duty4 ,%e has ris5 above ! idea t by t>iff exactions ! =eign]s c be made to pay ! sages4 ,z = envy ( ,g]man comm]ce1 :o ev] he>d ( an ,engli%man :o envi$ anybody any?+8 ,aga91 did ! ,cun>d ,company build h] ?ree great /eam%ips1 ! ,mauretania1 ! ,lusitania1 ! ,aquitania = ! fate :i* has come to !m8 ,9 #aiad ,i saw ! great ,aquitania1 f9e/ ( all float+ palaces1 ti$ by ! nose to ! :>f at ,liv]pool1 ! mo/ %eepi%-look+ /eam%ip ,i ev] saw any:]e4 ,out ( h] _h be5 tak5 #a1bej1jjj wor? ( plate glass & plu% velvet1 elevators & l\ng+ rooms1 ! requirem5ts ( ! t5d] ri* 9 _! six days ^u ! sea4 ,! :ole %ip 0 pa9t$ black1 fill$ ) coal--to be s5t out to help ! w>%ips at sea4 ,& = ?is humble s]vice ,i am told %e prov$ unfitt$4 ,no1 comm]cial envy is n a reason1 rivalry 9 bus9ess is n a reason1 ne$ ( expansion is n a reason4 ,^! are excuses only1 n causes ( w>4 ,!re is no money 9 w>4 ,!re is no *ance ( highway robb]y 9 ! byways ( hi/ory :i* c repay any?+ tangible ( ! exp5se ( ! exp$ition4 ,! gray old /rategi/s d n c>e = ?is4 ,x is fair to !m to say !y are n sordid4 ,!y c>e no m = ! f9ancial exhau/ion ( a nation ?an = ! slaught] ( its "y m54 ,an old soldi] l me1 said ,napoleon1 does n c>e a t9k]'s damn = ! dea? ( a million m54 ,nei!r does he c>e = ! collapse ( a million indu/rial corporations4 ,( ! _m =ms ( bus9ess & f9ancial relation among m51 none is m important ?an ^? includ$ "u ! "n ( insurance4 ,insurance is a =m ( mutual help4 ,by its influ5ce ! effects ( calamity are spread s widely t !y cease to be felt z calamity4 ,! fact ( dea? c n be set aside1 b ?r\gh insurance x ne$ n appe> z economic disa/]1 only z p]sonal loss4 ,its ess5tial nature is t ( social coop]ation & x furni%es "s ( ! mo/ effective ( bonds :i* knit society toge!r4 ,z insurance has become already an int]national function1 its influ5ce %\ld be felt cont9u\sly on ! side ( peace4 ,t x is s felt is ! ju/ification ( our meet+ toge!r to-day1 z und]writ]s ( insurance & z work]s = peace4 ,! ess5ce ( insurance1 z ,pr(essor ,royce obs]ves1 is t 'x is a pr9ciple at once peace-mak+ 9 its g5]al t5d5cy & bus9ess-l 9 its practicable special application4444 ,z a result ( insurance1 m5 gradually f9d !mselves involv$ 9 a social network ( complicat$ b b5efic5t relations ( :i* individuals are usually v imp]fectly aw>e b by means ( :i* mod]n society has be5 pr(\ndly trans=m$4' ,= life insurance1 9 g5]al1 is n p]sonally selfi% 9 its motive4 ,x is ess5tially altrui/ic1 ! ef=t ( ! b5efit ( "s p]son belov$ :o is designat$ z ! b5efici>y4 ,= ! b5efit ( ?is surviv+ p]son1 ! ef=ts involv$ 9 ! paym5t ( premiums are put =?1 & ! insurance companies & _! und]writ]s con/itute ! ma*9]y by :i* ?is unification is giv5 to society4 ,to all ! int]e/s ( insurance1 ! lawlessness ( w> is :olly adv]se & de/ructive4 ,insurance involves mutual tru/ & tru/ ?rives "u security ( p]son & prop]ty4 ,insurance dem&s /ead9ess ( purpose & cont9uity ( law4 ,9 w>1 all laws are sil5t4 ,w> is ! bruti%1 bl9d1 d5ial ( law1 only admissible :5 all o!r honorable alt]natives h be5 )drawn--! la/ resort ( murd]$1 mangl$ lib]ty4 ,9 its direct relation1 w> de/roys ^? :o to ! und]writ] repres5t ! be/ risks1 ! m5 mo/ valuable to !mselves & ?us mo/ valuable to ! community4 ,^? :om w> leaves beh9d1 to slip along ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance into ! city slums1 are ! p insurance r>ely rea*es4 ,w> confuses adm9i/ration ( insurance4 ,policies1 9 w> "t1 c be writt5 only on a slid+ scale4 ,?is greatly increases ! premium by r$uc+ ! f9al paym5ts4 ,increase ( rate ( premium mu/ decrease bus9ess4 ,w> means f9ancial an>*y1 inflat$ curr5cy & depreciation ( bonds4 ,a curr5cy :i* fluctuates demoralizes all bus9ess & w> leaves no alt]native4 ,! slogan bus9ess z usual 9 w> "t deceives nobody4 ,if x did1 nobody w\ld ga9 by ! deception4 ,en=c$ loans f ! res]ve fund ( insurance companies to ! /ate mean ! depreciation ( res]ves4 ,! sub/itution ( un/able gov]nm5t bonds means robb]y ( ! bond hold]s4 ,! yield+ to ! /ate1 by en=c$ volunt>y action1 ( res]ves ( sav+s banks & insurance companies repres5ts a =m ( /ate robb]y4 ,?is is n[ 9 practice on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,su* funds are probably nev] actually confiscat$ b held 9 abeyance until ! close ( ! w>4 ,?is is ano!r =m ( ! ev]pres5t milit>y necessity1 :i* seizes m5's prop]ty ) little m compunction ?an x %[s 9 seiz+ m5's bodies4 ,w> conditions mean insecurity ( inve/m5t4 ,9 w>1 all bonds are liable to become scraps ( pap]1 & no fund c be made safe4 ,! insurance inve/m5ts 9 ,europe h be5 enorm\sly deplet$ 9 wor?1 a r$uction 9 m>ket value e/imat$ at #ej p] c5t4 ,exp]ts 9 insurance tell me t 9 w> "t c]ta9 policies are writt5 s z to be scal$ d[n automatically :5 ! hold] goes "u ! colors4 ,"s are invalid 9 "t ( w>1 & "s h ! clause ( free travel greatly abridg$4 ,a few are writt5 to apply to all conditions1 b on ^! ! rates ( premiums w\ld naturally increase4 ,companies g5]ally refuse to pay "u conditions n nom9at$ 9 ! bond1 & 9 g5]al all policies are automatically r$uc$ to level ( w> policies :5 w> beg9s4 ,i am told t "s ,am]ican companies issue gr\p policies z = any or all ( a ?\s& m51 ^! n subject to a physical exam9ation4 ,! w> claims 9 ,great ,brita9 h be5 v heavy1 because su* a l>ge proportion ( cl]ks1 artisans1 /ud5ts & o!r insurable or well-paid m5 h be5 fir/ to volunte]4 ,"s insurance companies h be5 mu* emb>rass$ by ! g5]al enli/m5t ( _! employees4 ,9 fire insurance1 conditions are mu* ! same4 ,all contracts 9 =eign nations are held 9 abeyance until ! close ( w>4 ,su* companies do+ bus9ess 9 ,am]ica are n[ mo/ly incorporat$ z ,am]ican4 ,9 e reg>d1 ! bus9ess ( insurance is naturally alli$ ) ! =ces t make = peace4 ,w> br+s ru91 ?r\gh increase ( loans1 ?r\gh ! exhau/ion ( res]ves & ! prec>i\s nature ( inve/m5t4 ,! same rem>k applies 9 "s degree to e honorable or con/ructive bus9ess4 ,if any o!r =m ( dang] ?reat5$ a great indu/ry1 its lead]s w\ld be on ! al]t4 ,!y w\ld sp>e no money & leave no /one unturn$ = _! own protection4 ,t[>ds w>1 bus9ess has always %[n a /upid fatalism4 ,w> has be5 ?\ght inevitable1 com+ ( itself at int]vals ) nobody responsible4 ,!re c\ld n be a great] error4 ,w> does n come ( itself1 nor )\t great & p]si/5t prep>ation4 ,a few hundr$ resolute m51 b5t on w>1 l$ by unscrupul\s lead]s br\ght on ?is w>4 ,! milit>y gr\p ( "o nation plays into ! h&s ( l gr\ps 9 o!r nations4 ,to keep up w> agitation long en\gh1 :e!r ! cause be real or imag9>y1 seems to hypnotize ! public m9d4 ,! horrors ( w> fasc9ate r ?an repel1 & ?\s&s ( m5 9 ?is l& ( peace are ready to fight 9 ,europe to "o :o dream$ ( su* a l9e ( action a ye> or two ago4 ,et]nal vigilance is ! price ( lib]ty4 ,! int]e/s involv$ %\ld put hone/ bus9ess on its gu>d4 ,! insurance m5 c\ld af=d to ma9ta9 a ?\s& obs]v]s1 m5 wise 9 bus9ess z well z 9 ,int]national ,law1 & 9 ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! p ( ! _w4 ,a few doz5 skilful politico-milit>y detectives--m5 l ,w4 ,j4 ,burns = example employ$ 9 ! int]e/ ( f9ance might save f9ance a billion doll>s4 ,^! %\ld wat* ! /&+ inc5tives to w>4 ,su* m5 %\ld /& gu>d aga9/ ! influ5ces t "w t[>d conflict4 ,^? :o "w = peace %\ld be n firem5 to be call$ 9 to put out ! fire already />t$ ?r\gh ! neglig5ce ( bus9ess m5 b ag5ts = firepro( build+ mat]ial 9 our national edifice1 to /& at all times = ! security ( bus9ess1 ! sanctity ( law1 ord] & peace4 ,?is k9d ( prep>$ness = w> w\ld involve no risks ( conflict1 ( victory or defeat4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,/>s ,,& ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,,ii ,,by ,,william ,,wallace ,,campbell ,,director ,,( ,,! ,,lick ,,obs]vatory1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cali=nia ,,evid5ce ,,9 ,,support ,,( ,,sequ5ce ,,propos$ ,,!re are sev]al l9es ( evid5ce 9 support ( ! ord] ( evolution :i* we h outl9$4 #a4 ,! close relation%ip ( ! bright-l9e nebul> spectrum1 ! bright-l9e /ell> spectrum & ! spectra ( ! simple/ helium />s2 ! practically cont9u\s sequ5ce ( spectra f ! helium />s to ! r$ />s4 #b4 ,9 ! long run1 we mu/ expect ! />s to gr[ cold]1 at lea/ z to ! surface /rata4 ,:at ! av]age int]ior temp]atures are is ano!r "q2 ! highe/ int]ior temp]atures are ?\ght to be rea*$ at an int]m$iate or q late /age 9 ! process1 9 accordance ) pr9ciples inve/igat$ by ,lane & o!rs2 b ! temp]atures exi/+ 9 ! deep int]iors seem to h little direct influ5ce 9 def9+ ! spectral *>act]s ( ! />s1 :i* are conc]n$ m directly ) ! surface /rata4#a ,we %\ld !re=e expect ! simpl] types ( spectra1 su* z we f9d 9 ! helium & hydrog5 />s1 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! evolution>y process4 ,! complicat$ spectra ( ! metals1 & p>ticul>ly ! oxides ( ! metals1 %\ld be 9 evid5ce late 9 /ell> life1 :5 ! atmosph]es ( ! />s h become d5s] & cold]4 #a ,?is important po9t seems n to h be5 realiz$ by all !ori/s4 #c4 ,! velocities ( ! ,orion nebula1 ! ,trifid nebula1 ! ,c>9a nebula1 & ( sev]al o!r irregul> nebulae1 h be5 measur$ ) ! spectroscope4 ,^! bodies seem to be ne>ly at re/ ) ref]5ce to ! /ell> sy/em4 ,! helium />s h ! l[e/-kn[n /ell> velocities1 & ! av]age velocities ( ! />s are high] & high] z we pass f ! helium />s1 ?r\gh ! hydrog5 & sol> />s1 up to ! r$ />s4 ,! av]age velocities ( ! bright] />s ( ! diff]5t spectral classes1 z det]m9$ ) ! ,d4 ,o4 ,mills spectrographs at ,m\nt ,hamilton & 9 ,*ile1 are z 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,spectral ,no4 ( ,class ,/>s ,av]age ,velocity 9 ,space ,b #bbe #ab4i km4 p] ,sec4 ,a #agg #ba4i ,f #ahe #bh4g ,g #abh #bi4i ,e #chb #cc4f ,m #gc #cd4c ,we c n place ! irregul> nebulae aft] ! r$ />s3 _! velocities are too small1 & _! spectra h no resemblances to ! r$-/> spectra4 #d4 ,:]ev] we f9d l>ge irregul> gase\s nebulae we f9d />s 9 ! e>ly subdivisions ( ! helium gr\p4 ,!y are closely relat$ 9 position4 ,?is is true ( ! ,orion & o!r simil> regions4 ,! irregul>1 gase\s nebulae are 9 g5]al f\nd 9 & ne> ! ,milky ,way1 & s are ! helium />s4 ,! yell[ & r$ />s1 at lea/ ! bright] ones1 d n clu/] 9 nebul\s regions4 #e4 ,! />s are m & m uni=mly di/ribut$ ov] ! sph]e z "o goes f ! helium />s ?r\gh ! hydrog5 & sol> />s1 to ! r$ />s4 ,! ,class ,m />s %[ little or no pref]5ce = ! ,milky ,way4 ,( c\rse1 ,i am speak+ "h ( ! bright] & ne>] />s :i* we h be5 able to /udy by means ( ! spectroscope1 & n at all ( ! fa9t />s :i* =m ! un/udi$ di/ant p>ts ( ! ,milky ,way /ructure4 ,! helium />s are "y1 _! motions are sl[1 & !y h n w&]$ f> f ! place ( _! bir?4 ,n s ) ! old] />s4 #f4 ,! visual d\ble />s af=d /rong evid5ce t ! ord] ( evolution describ$ is correct4 ,! #cf-;in* refractor has %[n t "o /> 9 #ah1 on ! av]age1 bright] ?an ! n9? visual magnitude1 consi/s ( two or m suns :i* we c n d\bt are 9 sl[ revolution ar\nd ea* o!r4 ,! numb] ( d\ble />s obs]vable w\ld be v mu* great] ?an ?is if !y 7 n s f> away4 ,( ! #bj />s :i* we say are our ne>e/ neighbors1 #h are well kn[n d\ble />s2 "o d\ble 9 ea* two & "o half1 on ! av]age4 ,aitk5 has made a specialty ( obs]v+ ! d\ble />s ^: compon5ts 9 ea* case are v close toge!r & are 9 comp>atively rapid revolution4 ,8 program includes #afd su* sy/ems ^: types ( spectra are kn[n1 z 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,spectrum ,numb] ( ,d\ble ,/>s ,bright-l9e #j ,class ,b #d ,class ,a-,f #aca ,class ,g-,n #bh ,class ,m-,n8 #a ,! message :i* ?is table br+s is cle>4 ,! d\ble />s ^: spectra are ( ! ,bright-,l9e & ,class ,b v>ieties h _! compon5ts s close toge!r t only #d1 ( ,class ,b1 are visible4 ,! great majority fall 9 ,classes ,a to ,k2 #aei out ( #afd4 ,! compon5t />s 9 ^! classes are f> en\gh ap>t to be visible 9 ! telescopes1 & yet are close en\gh to be revolv+ 9 p]iods reasonably %ort4 ,9 ! ,class ,m d\ble />s1 ?is program conta9s n m ?an "o />1 & ,i believe ! explanation is ?is3 d\ble />s ( ,class ,m are 9 g5]al s f> ap>t1 & !re=e _! p]iods ( revolution are s long1 t !y d n get ^u programs ( rapidly revolv+ />s4 ,also1 ! fa9t] compon5ts 9 _m r$ />s mu/ h cool$ (f s f> t !y are invisible4 ,! di/ances betwe5 ! compon5ts ( visual d\ble />s are 9 g5]al ! great] z we proce$ f ! helium />s ?r\gh ! v>i\s spectral classes up to ,class ,m4 ,!re are reasons = believ+ t two />s revolv+ ar\nd _! c5t] ( mass h gradually increas$ _! di/ance ap>t1 & !re=e _! revolution p]iod4 ,if ?is is true1 ! ,classes ,g & ,k2 d\ble />s are effectively old] ?an ,classes ,a & ,f d\ble />s1 & ^! 9 turn are effectively old] ?an ,class ,b d\ble />s4 #g4 ,! spectrograph has great advantages ov] ! telescope 9 discov]+ & obs]v+ d\ble />s ^: compon5ts are v close toge!r1 by virtue ( ! facts t ! spectrograph measures1 velocities ( approa* & recession 9 absolute units--s _m kilomet]s p] second--& t ! spe$s ( rotation 9 b9>y sy/ems are high] ! clos] toge!r ! two compon5ts are4 ,! obs]vations ( ! bright] helium />s1 especially ^? made at ! ,y]kes ,obs]vatory by ,fro/ & ,adams1 h %[n t "o helium /> 9 e two & "o half on ! av]age is a v close d\ble4 ,9 beta ,cephei1 an e>ly ,class ,b />1 ! compon5ts are s close t !y revolve ar\nd ea* o!r 9 #d #a_/b h\rs2 _m sy/ems h p]iods 9 ! neighborhood ( a day1 ( two days1 ( ?ree days1 & s on4 ,simil> obs]vations made ) ! ,d4 ,o4 ,mills spectrographs 9 bo? hemisph]es h %[n t ab\t "o /> 9 e f\r ( ! bright />s1 on ! av]age1 is a d\ble />4 ,9 g5]al1 ! proportion ( spectroscopic d\bles discov]$ to date is greate/ 9 ,class ,b & decreases z we proce$ t[>d ,class ,m4 ,! explanation is simple3 9 ! ,class ,b d\bles ! compon5ts are close toge!r1 _! orbital velocities are v high & *ange rapidly1 & ! spectrograph is able to discov] ! v>iations ) little loss ( "t4 ,z we pass t[>d ! yell[ & r$ spectroscopic b9>ies we f9d ! compon5ts sep>at$ m & m1 ! orbital velocities are small] & ! p]iods long]1 ! v>iations ( velocity are m difficult to discov]1 & 9 ! wid] pairs we mu/ wait _m ye>s be=e ! v>iations become appreciable4 ,!re is a v m>k$ progression ( ! av]age l5g?s ( p]iods ( ! spectrographic d\ble />s z we pass f ! ,class ,b to ! ,class ,m pairs4 ,simil>ly1 ! ecc5tricities ( ! orbits ( ! b9>ies increase z we proce$ 9 ! same direction4 ,accumulat+ evid5ce is to ! effect t ! proportion ( d\ble />s to s+le />s may be z great 9 ! ,classes ,a to ,k z 9 ,class ,b4 #h4 ,kapteyn believes t he is able to divide ! individual />s--^? ^: prop] motions are kn[n--into ! two /> /reams :i* he has describ$2 & he f9ds t ! fir/ /ream is ri* 9 ! e>ly blue />s1 less ri* relatively 9 yell[ />s1 & poor 9 r$ />s1 :]eas ! second /ream is v poor 9 e>ly blue />s1 ri* 9 yell[s1 & relatively v ri* 9 r$s4 ,8 int]pretation is t ! /ream-"o />s are effectively y\ng] ?an ! /ream-two />s1 on ! :ole4 ,/ream "o /ill ab\nds 9 y\?ful />s3 !y gr[ old] & ! yell[ & r$ />s w !n pr$om9ate4 ,/ream two ab\nds 9 />s :i* 7 once "y1 b are n[ middle-ag$ & old4 ,! eight l9es ( argum5t outl9$ are 9 h>mony to ! effect t !re is a sequ5ce ( developm5t f nebulae to r$ />s4 ,! extremely r$ />s are all fa9t1 only a v few be+ visible to ! nak$ eye1 & ^! ne> ! limit ( vision4 ,our k conc]n+ !m is relatively limit$4 ,t ^!1 & all />s1 w become invisible to our telescopes1 & ultimately be d>k un%9+ bodies1 is ! logical conclusion to :i* ! evolution>y processes w lead4 ,z ,i h already /at$1 bo? ,newcomb & ,kelv9 7 incl9$ to believe t ! major "p ( gravitational matt] 9 ! univ]se is already invisible4 ,x %\ld be said t a few a/ronom]s d\bt :e!r ! ord] ( evolution is s cle>ly def9$ z ,i h outl9$ x2 9 fact1 :e!r we "k ev5 ! ma9 tr5d ( ! evolution>y process4 ,we occasionally enc\nt] ! op9ion t ! subject is /ill s unsettl$ z n to let u say :e!r ! helium />s are effectively "y or ! r$ />s are effectively old4 ,locky] & ,russell h propos$ hypo!ses 9 :i* ! ord] ( evolution>y sequ5ce beg9s ) comp>atively cool r$ />s & proce$s ?r\gh ! yell[ />s to ! v hot blue />s1 & !nce back ?r\gh ! yell[ />s to cool r$ />s4 ,i ?9k ! ess5tially unanim\s view ( a/ronom]s is to ! effect t ! great mass ( accumulat$ evid5ce favors ! ord] ( evolution :i* ,i h describ$4 ,we are all ready to admit t !re are app>5t exceptions to ! simple c\rse laid d[n1 b t ^! exceptions are revolution>y 9 effect1 & n hopeless ( removal1 has n yet1 9 my op9ion1 be5 e/abli%$4 ,,physical ,,conditions ,,gov]n ,,appe>ances ,,( ,,spectra ,a "q frequ5tly ask$ is ?is3 if ! yell[ & r$ />s h be5 develop$ f ! blue />s1 :y d n ! ?\s&s ( l9es 9 ! spectra ( ! yell[ & r$ />s %[ 9 ! spectra ( ! blue />s8 ,inde$1 :y d n ! elem5ts s conspicu\sly pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! r$ />s %[ 9 ! spectra ( ! gase\s nebulae8 ,! answ] is t ! conditions 9 ! nebulae & 9 ! y\nge/ />s are su* t only ! ,,simple/ ,,elem5ts1 l hydrog5 & helium1 & 9 ! nebulae nebulium1 :i* we ?9k are ne>e/ to ! elem5tal /ate ( matt]1 seem to be able to =m or exi/ 9 !m2 & ! temp]ature mu/ l[]1 or o!r conditions *ange to ! conditions exi/+ 9 ! old] />s1 be=e :at we may call ! m complicat$ elem5ts c con/ruct !mselves out ( ! m elem5tal =ms ( matt]4 ,! oxides ( titanium & ( c>bon f\nd 9 ! r$ />s1 :]e ! surface temp]atures mu/ be relatively l[1 w\ld dissociate !mselves into m elem5tal compon5ts & lose _! id5tity if ! temp]ature & o!r conditions 7 *ang$ back to ^? ( ! e>ly helium />s4 ,locky]'s "n is closely connect$ ) ?is ph5om5on ( dissociation4 ,!re is no evid5ce1 to ! be/ ( my k1 t ! elem5ts kn[n 9 our ,e>? are n ess5tially univ]sal 9 di/ribution1 ei!r 9 ! =ms :i* ! elem5ts h 9 ! ,e>?1 or dissociat$ into simpl] =ms :]ev] ! temp]atures or o!r conditions make dissociations possible & unavoidable4 ,! meteorites1 :i* h come ?r\gh ! atmosph]e to ! ,e>?'s surface1 conta9 at lea/ #be kn[n t]re/rial elem5ts4 ,t !y h n be5 f\nd ?us f> to conta9 all ( our elem5ts is n surpris+1 = we %\ld h difficulty 9 f9d+ a piece ( our ,e>? weigh+ a few kilograms :i* w\ld conta9 #be ( our elem5ts4 ,we h n f\nd any elem5ts 9 meteorites :i* are unkn[n to our *emi/s4 ,our comets1 :i* ord9>ily %[ ! pres5ce ( n m ?an ?ree elem5ts1 c>bon1 nitrog5 & oxyg51 give c]ta9 evid5ce ( sodium 9 _! composition :5 !y approa* fairly ne> to ! ,sun2 & ! great comet ( #ahhb1 :5 v close to ! ,sun1 develop$ 9 its spectrum _m bright l9es n previ\sly se5 9 comet spectra1 :i* ,copel& said 7 due to iron4 ,t ! comets d n %[ a great] numb] ( elem5ts is n 9 ! lea/ surpris+3 !y are n cond5s$ bodies1 & we ?9k t _! av]age temp]ature is l[1 too l[ g5]ally to develop ! lum9\s vapors ( ! m refractory elem5ts4 ,if _! temp]atures1 approximat$ ^? :i* exi/ 9 ! />s1 _! spectra w\ld probably reveal ! pres5ce ( _m ( ! elem5ts :i* exi/ 9 ! meteorites4 ,( c\rse ! pro( ( ?is is lack+4 ,,de/9y ,,( ,,! ,,/ell> ,,sy/em ,we h said t ! evolution>y processes dep5d prim>ily ^u ! loss ( heat4 ,?is is to ! be/ ( our k a g5u9e loss1 except z "s ( ! heat rays happ5 to /rike o!r cele/ial bodies4 ,! fl[ ( heat en]gy f a /> mu/ be ess5tially cont9u\s1 always 9 "o direction f hott] bodies to cold] bodies1 or into s-call$ un5d+ & heatless space4 ,temp]atures ?r\gh\t ! univ]se are app>5tly mov+ t[>d uni=mity1 at ! level ( absolute z]o4 ,n[1 ?is uni=mity w\ld mean univ]sal /agnation & dea?4 ,x is possible to h life & to d "w only :5 !re are diff]5ces ( temp]ature betwe5 ! bodies conc]n$3 "w is done or accompani$ by a fl[ ( heat1 always f ! hott] to ! cold] body4 ,we are n aw>e t any comp5sat+ pr9ciple exi/s4 ,sev]al /ud5ts ( ! subject1 notably ,arrh5ius1 h se>*$ = su* a pr9ciple1 a f\nta9 ( y\? s to speak1 9 accordance ) :i* ! vigor ( /ell> life %\ld ma9ta9 itself f ! beg9n+ ( "t to ! end ( "t2 b ,i ?9k t no?+ approa*+ a satisfactory !ory has yet be5 =mulat$4 ,! /ell> univ]se seems1 f our pres5t po9t ( view1 to be sl[ly runn+ d[n4 ,! processes w n end1 h[ev]1 :5 all ! heat g5]able ,,)9 ! />s %all h be5 radiat$ into an endless space4 ,e body )9 ! univ]se1 x is conceivable1 c\ld h cool$ d[n to absolute z]o1 b ! sy/em might /ill be 9 its y\?4 ,s long z ! />s1 :e!r int5sely hot or free f all heat1 are rotat+ rapidly on _! axes or are ru%+ ?r\gh space ) high spe$s1 ! sy/em w rema9 ,,v ,,mu* ,,alive4 ,collisions or v close approa*es ( two />s are b\nd to occur soon] or lat]1 :e!r ! />s are hot or cold1 & 9 all su* cases a l>ge %>e ( ! k9etic en]gy--! en]gy ( motion--( ! two bodies w be conv]t$ into heat4 ,a collision1 "u av]age /ell> conditions1 %\ld conv]t ! two />s into a lum9\s gase\s nebula1 or two or m nebulae1 :i* w\ld require hundr$s or ?\s&s ( millions ( ye>s to evolve aga9 into "y />s1 middle-ag$ />s1 old />s1 & />s absolutely cold4 ,s long z any ( ^! bodies reta9 motion ) ref]5ce to o!r bodies1 !y reta9 ! p[] ( rebir? & ano!r life4 ,n to g too f> into speculative detail1 ! g5]al effect ( ^! processes w\ld be ! de/ruction ( relative motions & ! gradual decrease 9 ! numb] ( sep>ate bodies1 ?r\gh coalesc5ce4 ,assume fur!r1 h[ev]1 t all exi/+ bodies1 widely scatt]$ ?r\gh ! /ell> sy/em1 are absolutely cold & absolutely at re/ ) ref]5ce to ea* o!r3 ! sy/em might ev5 !n be only middle-ag$4 ,! mutual gravitations ( ! bodies w\ld /ill be op]ative4 ,!y w\ld pass ea* o!r closely1 or collide1 "u high g5]at$ velocities3 !re w\ld be new nebulae1 & new & vigor\s /ell> life to cont9ue ?r\gh o!r long ages4 ,! sy/em w\ld n run d[n until all ! k9etic en]gy _h be5 conv]t$ into heat1 & all ! heat g5]able _h be5 dissipat$4 ,?is w\ld n occur until all mat]ial 9 ! univ]se _h be5 comb9$ into "o body1 or into two bodies 9 mutual revolution4 ,h[ev]1 if !re are ^? :o say t ! univ]se 9 action is et]nal1 ?r\gh ! op]ation ( comp5sat+ pr9ciples z yet undiscov]$1 no man ( sci5ce is at pres5t equipp$ to prove ! contr>y4 ,,! ,,novae ,! s-call$ new />s1 o!rwise kn[n z tempor>y />s or novae1 pres5t int]e/+ consid]ations4 ,^! are />s :i* sudd5ly fla% out at po9ts :]e previ\sly no /> 0 kn[n to exi/2 or1 9 a few cases1 :]e a fa9t exi/+ /> has 9 a few days become imm5sely bright]4 ,tw5ty-n9e new />s h be5 obs]v$ f ! ye> #aegb to date2 #ai ( !m s9ce #ahhf1 :5 ! photographic dry plate 0 appli$ sy/ematically to ! mapp+ ( ! heav5s1 & #ae ( ! #ai /& to ! cr$it ( ! ,h>v>d obs]v]s4 ,?is is an av]age ( "o new /> 9 two ye>s2 & z "s novae mu/ come & g unse5 x is evid5t t !y are by no means r>e objects4 ,novae pass ?r\gh a s]ies ( evolutions :i* h _m po9ts 9 common2 9 fact1 ! ones :i* h be5 ext5sively /udi$ by photomet] & spectrograph h _h hi/ories ) s _m id5tities t we are com+ to look ^u !m z /&>d products ( evolution>y processes4 ,^! />s usually rise to maximum brilliancy 9 a few days3 "s ( ! mo/ not$ ones increas$ 9 brightness t5-?\s&-fold 9 two or ?ree days4 ,all ( !m fluctuate 9 brightness irregul>ly1 & usually 9 %ort p]iods ( "t4 ,sev]al novae h become invisible to ! nak$ eye at ! end ( a few weeks4 ,) two or ?ree exceptions1 all h become invisible 9 mod]ate-siz$ telescopes1 or h become v fa9t1 )9 a few mon?s4 ,two novae1 f\nd v e>ly 9 _! developm5t1 _h at fir/ d>k l9e spectra1 a night lat] bright l9es appe>$1 & a night or two lat] ! spectra conta9$ ! broad radiation & absorption b&s *>act]i/ic ( all rec5t novae4 ,aft] ! novae become fairly fa9t1 ! bright l9es ( ! gase\s nebula spectrum are se5 = ! fir/ "t4 ,^! l9es increase 9 relative brilliancy until ! spectra are ess5tially ! same z ^? ( well-kn[n nebulae1 except t ! novae l9es are broad :]eas ! l9es ( ! nebulae are n>r[4 ,9 a few mon?s or ye>s ! nebul> l9es dim9i% 9 brightness1 & ! cont9u\s spectrum develops4 ,h>tmann at ,potsdam1 & ,adams & ,pease ) ! #fj-;in* ,m\nt ,wilson reflector1 h %[n t ! spectra ( ! fa9t remnants ( f\r orig9ally brilliant novae n[ conta9 "s ( ! bright l9es :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ,wolf-,rayet />s4#b #b ,aft] ?is lecture 0 deliv]$ ,adams ( ,m\nt ,wilson report$ t 9 ,novemb]1 #aiad1 ! *ief nebul> l9e 7#ejjg;,a7 & ano!r prom95t nebul> l9e 7#dcfc;,a7 _h entirely disappe>$ f ! spectrum ( ,nova ,gem9orum ,no4 #b1 :]eas ! second nebul> l9e 9 ! gre5 7#diei;,a7 rema9$ /rong2 probably a /ep 9 progress f ! nebul> to ! ,wolf-,rayet spectrum4 ,:y ! novae sudd5ly fl>e up1 & :at _! relations to o!r cele/ial bodies may be1 are que/ions :i* c n be reg>d$ z settl$4 ,_! di/ribution on ! cele/ial sph]e is indicat$ 9 ,figure #be by ! op5 circles4 ,9 ?is figure ! d5se/ p>ts ( ! ,milky ,way are drawn 9 outl9e4 ,all ( ! novae h appe>$ 9 ! ,milky ,way1 ) ! exception ( five3 & ^! exceptions are wor?y ( note4 ,"o ( ! five appe>$ 9 ! cond5s$ nucleus ( ! great ,&rom$a nebula1 n f> f its c5t]2 ano!r 7zeta ,c5tauri7 0 locat$ close to ! edge ( a spiral nebula & q possibly 9 a fa9t outly+ "p ( ! nebula2 a ?ird 7tau ,coronae7 0 obs]v$ to h a nebul\s halo ab\t x at ! e>lie/ /age ( its obs]v$ exi/5ce2 a f\r? 7tau ,scorpii7 appe>$ 9 a nebula2 & ! fif? 7,nova ,ophiu*i ,no4 #b7 9 #ahdh 0 n ext5sively obs]v$4 ,! o!r #bd novae appe>$ )9 ! /ructure ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,keep+ ! /ory z %ort z possible1 a nova is seem+ly be/ expla9$ on ! !ory t a d>k or relatively d>k />1 travel+ rapidly ?r\gh space1 has enc\nt]$ resi/ance1 su* z a great nebula or cl\d ( p>ticles w\ld af=d4 ,:ile pass+ ?r\gh ! cl\d ! =w>d face ( ! /> is bomb>d$ at high velocities by ! resi/+ mat]ials4 ,! surface /rata become heat$1 ! lum9osity ( ! /> increases rapidly4 ,! effect ( ! bomb>dm5t by small p>ticles c be only sk9 deep1 & ! brightness ( ! /> %\ld dim9i% rapidly & !re=e ! spectrum *ange spe$ily f "o type to ano!r4 ,! new /> ( ,febru>y1 #aija1 9 ,p]seus1 af=d$ evid5ce ( great /r5g? on ?is "q4 ,wolf at ,heidelb]g photograph$ 9 ,augu/ an irregul> nebul\s object ne> ! nova4 ,rit*ey's photograph ( ,septemb] %[$ ext5sive areas ( nebulosity ar\nd ! />4 ,9 ,octob] ,p]r9e & ,rit*ey discov]$ t ! nebul> /ructure _h app>5tly mov$ outw>d f ! nova1 f ,septemb] to ,octob]4 ,go+ back to a ,m>* #bi? photograph tak5 = a diff]5t purpose1 ,p]r9e f\nd an irregul> r+ ( nebulosity closely surr\nd+ ! />4 ,app>5tly1 ! region 0 full f nebulosity :i* is normally invisible to u4 ,! ru%+ ( ! /> ?r\gh ?is resi/+ m$ium made ! /> ! brighte/ "o 9 ! nor!rn sky = two or ?ree days4 ,! great wave ( light go+ out f ! /> :5 at its brighte/ travel$ 9 five weeks z f> z ! r+ ( nebulosity1 :]e1 fall+ ^u non-lum9\s nebul\s mat]ials1 x made ! r+ visible4 ,cont9u+ its progress1 ! wave ( light illum9at$ ! mat]ial :i* ,wolf photograph$ 9 ,augu/1 ! mat]ials :i* ,rit*ey photograph$ /ill f>!r away 9 ,septemb]1 & ! /ill m di/ant mat]ials :i* ,p]r9e & ,rit*ey photograph$ 9 ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 & lat]4 ,we 7 able to see ?is mat]ial only z ! v /rong wave ( light :i* left ! /> at maximum brightness made ! mat]ial lum9\s 9 pass+4 ,t #bd novae %\ld occur 9 ! ,milky ,way1 :]e ! />s are mo/ num]\s1 & :]e ! resi/+ mat]ials may pref]ably prevail1 is n surpris+2 & x %\ld be repeat$ t at lea/ ?ree ( ! five occurr+ outside ( ! ,milky ,way 7 locat$ 9 nebul\s surr\nd+s4 ,! actual collision ( two />s w\ld necess>ily be too viol5t 9 its effect to let ! r$uction ( brilliancy occur s rapidly z to cause ! disappe>ance ( ! nova 9 a few weeks or mon?s4 ,! close approa* ( two />s might conceivably produce ! obs]v$ facts1 b ev5 ?is process seems too viol5t 9 its probable results4 ,! *ances = ! collision ( a rapidly travel+ /> ) an enorm\sly ext5d$ nebul\s cl\d are va/ly great]1 & ! app>5t mildness ( ! ph5om5on obs]v$ is 9 bett] h>mony ) expectation4 ,,relation ,,( ,,novae1 ,,planet>y ,,nebulae ,,& ,,wolf-,,rayet ,,/>s ,al?\gh all rec5t novae h be5 obs]v$ to become planet>y or /ell> nebulae1 !y seem n to rema9 nebul> = any l5g? ( "t2 !y h gone fur!r & become ,wolf-,rayet />s4 ,:e!r any or all ( ! planet>y nebulae t h be5 kn[n s9ce ,h]s*el's day1 & h rema9$ app>5tly un*ang$ 9 =m1 h develop$ f new />s1 is unc]ta9 & d\btful4 ,if !y h1 ! di/urbances :i* gave !m _! "* mu/ h be5 viol5t1 su* z w\ld result f full or glanc+ collisions ( two />s1 9 ord] to produce deep-seat$ effects :i* *ange sl[ly1 r ?an surface effects :i* *ange rapidly4 ,:e!r ! ,wolf-,rayet />s h 9 g5]al be5 =m$ f planet>y nebulae is a diff]5t "q3 "s ( !m c]ta9ly h4 ,wright has rec5tly %[n t ! /ell> nuclei ( planet>y nebulae are ,wolf-,rayet />s1 & he has =mulat$ sev]al /eps 9 ! process :]eby ! nebulosity 9 a planet>y ev5tually cond5ses into ! c5tral />4 ,! di/ribution ( ! planet>ies & ! ,wolf-,rayet />s on ! sph]e af=ds fur!r evid5ce ( a connection4 ,we saw4 t ! novae are ne>ly all 9 ! ,milky ,way4 ,! irregul>1 r+1 planet>y & /ell> nebulae1 plott$ 9 ,fig4 #bg1 pref] ! ,milky ,way1 b n s m>k$ly4 ,! ,wolf-,rayets1 )\t exception1 are locat$ 9 ! ,milky ,way & 9 ! ,magellanic ,cl\ds1 & ^? 9 ! ,milky ,way are rem>kably ne> to its c5tral plane4 #ajg ( ^! objects are kn[n1 #a is 9 ! ,less] ,magellanic ,cl\d1 & #ba are 9 ! ,great] ,magellanic ,cl\d4 ,! rema9+ #he av]age less ?an #b #c_/d degrees f ! c5tral plane ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,we are oblig$ to say t ! places ( ! novae1 ( ! planet>y & /ell> nebulae1 & ( ! ,wolf-,rayets 9 ! evolution>y process are n c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,if ! ,wolf-,rayet />s h develop$ f ! planet>ies1 ! planet>ies f ! novae1 & ! novae h result$ f ! close approa* or collision ( two />s1 or f ! ru%+ ( a d>k or fa9t /> ?r\gh a resi/+ m$ium1 !n ! novae1 planet>ies & ,wolf-,rayets belong to a new & second g5]ation3 !y 7 born "u exceptional conditions4 ,! velocities ( ! planet>y nebulae seem to be an insup]able difficulty 9 ! way ( plac+ !m betwe5 ! irregul> nebulae & ! helium />s4 ,! av]age radial velocity ( #dg planet>y nebulae is ab\t #de km4 p] second2 &1 if ! motions ( ! planet>ies are some:at at r&om1 _! av]age velocities 9 space are twice z great1 or #ij km4 p] second4 ,?is is fully sev5 times ! av]age velocity ( ! helium />s1 & ! helium />s 9 g5]al1 !re=e1 c\ld n h come f planet>y nebulae4 ,! radial velocities ( only ?ree ,wolf-,rayet />s h be5 obs]v$1 & ?is numb] is too small to h /ati/ical value1 b ! av]age = ! ?ree is sev]al times z high z ! av]age = ! helium />s4 ,we c n say1 ,i ?9k1 t ! velocities ( any novae are c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,if ! planet>ies h be5 =m$ f novae1 especially ! novae :i* enc\nt]$ ! fi]ce/ resi/ance1 ! high velocities are 9 a s5se n surpris+1 = ^? />s :i* travel ) abnormally high spe$s are ! ones ^: *ances = collisions ) resi/+ m$ia are be/2 &1 fur!r1 ! high] ! spe$s ( collision ! m viol5t ! di/urbance4 ,?is l9e ( argum5t also leads to ! conclusion t ! novae1 planet>ies & ,wolf-,rayets belong n 9 g5]al be=e ! helium />s1 b to ano!r g5]ation ( />s4 ,!y may1 & ,i ?9k w1 develop into a small class ( helium />s hav+ special *>act]i/ics2 = example1 high velocities4 ,,kant',s ,,hypo!sis ,immanuel ,kant's writ+s1 publi%$ pr9cipally 9 #agee1 are 9 _m ways ! mo/ rem>kable contributions to ! lit]ature ( /ell> evolution yet made4 ,curi\sly1 ,kant's pap]s h n be5 read by ! text-book mak]s1 except 9 a few cases4 ,we h already ref]r$ to 8 ideas on ! ,milky ,way & on comets4 ,9 8 hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( ! sol> sy/em1 he laid emphasis ^u ! facts t ! six kn[n planets revolve ar\nd ! ,sun f we/ to ea/1 ne>ly 9 ! same plane & ne>ly 9 ! plane ( ! ,sun's equator2 t ! !n f\r kn[n moons ( ,jupit]1 ! five kn[n moons ( ,saturn1 & our moon revolve ar\nd ^! planets f we/ to ea/1 & ne>ly 9 ! same g5]al plane2 & t ! ,sun1 our moon & ! planets1 s f> z kn[n1 rotate 9 ! same direction4 ,^! facts1 he said1 indicate indisputably a common orig9 = all ! memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,he express$ ! belief t ! mat]ials n[ compos+ ! sol> sy/em 7 orig9ally scatt]$ widely ?r\gh\t ! sy/em1 & 9 an elem5tal /ate4 ,?is 0 a half c5tury be=e ,h]s*el's ext5sive obs]vations ( nebuae4 ,kant ?\ght ( ?is elem5tal matt] z cold1 end[$ ) gravitational p[]1 & end[$ necess>ily ) "s repulsive p[]1 su* z exi/s 9 gases4 ,he />t$ 8 sol> sy/em f mat]ials at re/4 ,mo/ ( ! matt]1 he said1 drift$ to ! c5t] to =m ! ,sun4 ,he believ$ t nuclei or c5t]s ( attraction =m$ "h & !re ?r\gh\t ! *aotic /ructure1 & t 9 ! c\rse ( ages ^! c5t]s grew by accretion ( surr\nd+ matt] into ! pres5t planets & _! satellites2 & t 9 "s mann] motion 9 "o direction prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole sy/em4 ,kant's explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! ,,rotation ( ! sol> sy/em is uns\nd & wor?less4 ,we n[ "k t su* a cl\d ( matt]1 free f rotation1 c\ld n ( itself g5]ate rotation2 x mu/ get ! />t f outside =ces4 ,kant's false reason+ 0 due 9 "p to ! fact t "s ( our mo/ important dynamical laws 7 n yet discov]$1 9 "p to 8 faulty compreh5sion ( c]ta9 dynamical pr9ciples already kn[n1 & probably 9 "p to ! unsatisfactory /ate ( *emical k exi/+ at t date4 ,?is 0 half a c5tury be=e ,dalton's atomic !ory ( matt] 0 propos$4 ,kant ass]t$ t ! processes ( comb9ation ( surr\nd+ cold mat]ials w\ld g5]ate heat1 &1 !re=e1 t ! result+ planet>y masses w\ld assume ! liquid =m2 t ,jupit] & ,saturn are n[ 9 ! liquid /ate2 & t all ! planets w ultimately become cold & solid4 ,?is is 9 fair agreem5t ) pres5t-day op9ion z to ! planets1 save t mod]n a/ronom]s g fur!r 9 hold+ t ! out] /rata ( ,jupit] & ,saturn1 likewise ( ,uranus & ,neptune1 d[n to a great dep?1 mu/ /ill be gase\s4 ,9 #aghe1 aft] ! pr9ciple ( heat lib]ation att5d+ ! compression ( a gas _h be5 ann\nc$1 ,kant supplem5t$ 8 /atem5t ( #agee z to ! orig9 ( ! ,sun's heat4 ,he attribut$ ?is to gravitational action ( ! ,sun ^u its own matt]1 caus+ x to contract 9 size3 he said ! quantity ( heat g5]at$ 9 a giv5 "t w\ld be a function ( ! ,sun's volumes at ! beg9n+ & at ! end+ ( t p]iod ( "t4 ,?is is sub/antially ! pr9ciple :i* ,helmholtz r$iscov]$ & ann\nc$ 9 #ahed1 & :i* is n[ univ]sally accept$--) ! res]vation ( ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 t radioactive sub/ances 9 ! ,sun may be an additional factor 9 ! problem4 ,kant's pap] ( #aged enunciat$ ! !ory t ! ,moon always turns ! same face to ! ,e>? because ( tidal ret>dation ( ! ,moon's rotation by ! ,e>?'s gravitational attraction2 & t our ,e>? tides produc$ by ! ,moon w sl[ d[n ! ,e>?'s rotation until ! ,e>? w f9ally turn "o hemisph]e con/antly to ! ,moon4 ,?is pr9ciple 0 9 "p reann\nc$ by ,laplace a half c5tury lat]1 & likewise inve/igat$ by ,helmholtz 9 #ahed1 be=e ,kant's "w 0 recogniz$4 ,kant's speculations on a possible de/ruction & re-bir? ( ! sol> sy/em1 on ! nature ( ,saturn's r+1 & on ! nature ( ! zodiacal light are simil> 9 sev]al reg>ds to pres5t-day beliefs4 ,kant wrote3 ',i seek to evolve ! pres5t /ate ( ! univ]se f ! simple/ condition ( nature by means ( me*anical laws alone4' ,9 #ahfi ,sir ,william ,?omson1 aft]w>ds ,"l ,kelv91 comm5t$ t ,kant's 'attempt to acc\nt = ! con/itution & me*anical orig9 ( ! univ]se on ,newtonian pr9ciples only want$ ! k ( !rmodynamics1 :i* ! subsequ5t exp]im5ts ( ,davy1 ,rum=d & ,j\le suppli$1 to lead to ?or\ghly def9ite explanation ( all t is kn[n reg>d+ ! pres5t actions & temp]atures ( ! ,e>? & ( ! ,sun & all o!r heav5ly bodies4' ,^! are1 app>5tly1 ! en?usia/ic comm5ts result+ f ! re-discov]y ( ,kant's pap]s4 ,a pres5t-day writ] w\ld n speak s decisively ( !m1 b we mu/ all b[ 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( ,kant's rem>kable contributions to our subject1 publi%$ :5 he 0 b #ca ye>s old4 ,,laplace',s ,,hypo!sis ,9 #agif1 #da ye>s foll[+ ,kant's pr9cipal contributions1 ,laplace publi%$ an ext5sive unte*nical volume on g5]al a/ronomy4 ,at ! end ( ! volume he app5d$ sev5 %ort notes4 ,! f9al note1 to :i* he gave ! curi\s title ,note ,,vii & la/1 propos$ a !ory ( ! orig9 & evolution ( ! sol> sy/em :i* soon came to be kn[n z ,laplace's ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4 ,!re are sev]al circum/ances :i* indicate pretty cle>ly t ,laplace 0 n deeply s]i\s 9 propos+ ?is hypo!sis3 #a4 ,its me?od ( publication z ! f9al %ort app5dix to a l>ge volume on g5]al a/ronomy4 #b4 ,he himself said 9 8 note t ! hypo!sis mu/ be receiv$ ) ! di/ru/ ) :i* ev]y?+ %\ld be reg>d$ t is n ! result ( obs]vation or calculation4 #c4 ,s f> z we "k he did n submit ! !ory to ! te/ ( well-kn[n ma!matical pr9ciples involv$1 al?\gh ?is 0 8 habit 9 ess5tially e o!r bran* ( a/ronomy4 #d4 ,laplace1 9 common ) ,kant1 laid great /ress ^u ! fact t ! satellites all revolve ar\nd _! planets f we/ to ea/1 ne>ly 9 ! common plane ( ! sol> sy/em2 yet #f or #g ye>s be=e ,laplace's publication1 ,h]s*el _h %[n & publi%$ t ! two rec5tly discov]$ satellites ( ,uranus 7 revolv+ ab\t ,uranus 9 a plane mak+ an angle ( #ih degrees ) ! common plane ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,:ile ,laplace might n h kn[n ( ,uranus's satellites 9 #agif1 on acc\nt ( exi/+ political conditions1 !re is no evid5ce t he consid]$ or took note ( ! fact :5 mak+ m9or *anges 9 8 publi%$ pap]s up to ! "t ( 8 dea? 9 #ahbg4 ,x is a fur!r int]e/+ comm5t on int]national sci5tific lit]ature t ,laplace di$ )\t le>n+ t ,kant _h work$ 9 ! same field4 ,laplace & 8 contempor>y1 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 _h be5 ! mo/ fruitful contributors to a/ronomical k s9ce ! days ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,h]s*el's obs]vations _h l$ him to speculate z to ! evolution ( ! />s f nebulae1 & z a result int]e/ 9 ! subject 0 widespread4 ,?is fact1 c\pl$ ) ,laplace's comm&+ position1 caus$ ! nebul> hypo!sis to be receiv$ ) great favor4 ,dur+ an entire c5tury x 0 ! c5tral idea ab\t :i* a/ronomical ?\ght revolv$4 ,laplace conceiv$ t ! sol> sy/em has be5 evolv$ f a gase\s & hot nebula2 t ! nebulosity ext5d$ out f>!r ?an ! kn[n planets2 & t ! entire nebul\s mass 0 end[$ ) a sl[ rotation t 0 ,,uni=m ,,9 ,,angul> ,,rate1 z 9 ! case ( a rotat+ solid4 ,?is gase\s mass 0 9 equilibrium "u ! exp&+ =ces ( heat & rotation & ! contract+ =ce ( gravitation4 ,loss ( heat by radiation p]mitt$ correspond+ contraction 9 size1 & increas$ spe$ ( rotation4 ,a "t came1 accord+ to ,laplace1 :5 ! nebula 0 rotat+ s rapidly t an out] r+ ( nebulosity 0 9 equilibrium "u c5trifugal & gravitational =ces & refus$ to be drawn clos] 9 t[>d ! c5t]4 ,?is r+1 ,,rotat+ ,,z ,a ,,solid1 ma9ta9$ its position1 :ile ! inn] mass contract$ f>!r4 ,lat] ano!r r+ 0 ab&on$ 9 ! same mann]2 & s on1 r+ aft] r+1 until only ! c5tral nucleus 0 left4 ,inasmu* z ! nebulosity 9 ! r+s 0 n uni=mly di/ribut$1 ea* r+ broke into pieces1 & ! pieces ( ea* r+1 9 ! progress ( "t1 cond5s$ into a gase\s mass4 ,! sev]al l>ge masses =m$ f ! ab&on$ r+s1 respectively1 became ! planets & satellites ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,^! gase\s masses rotat$ fa/] & fa/] z _! heat radiat$ into space1 !y ab&on$ r+s ( gase\s matt] j z ! orig9al mass _h done1 & ^! second>y r+s cond5s$ to =m ! satellites2 save t1 9 "o case1 ! r+ ( gas ne>e/ to ,saturn = "s reason =m$ a solid 767 r+ ab\t t planet1 in/ead ( cond5s+ into "o or m satellites4 ,?us1 9 outl9e1 accord+ to ,laplace1 ! sol> sy/em 0 =m$4 ,! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury f\nd ! nebul> hypo!sis accept$ almo/ )\t "q1 b a te>+-d[n process began 9 ! second half ( ! c5tury1 & at pres5t n mu* ( ! orig9al /ructure rema9s /&+4 ,?is is due 9 small "p to discov]ies s9ce ,laplace's "t1 b *iefly to a m c>eful consid]ation ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples involv$4 ,we h space to pres5t only a few ( ! m sali5t objections4 #a4 ,if ! mat]ials ( ! sol> sy/em exi/$ z a gas1 uni=mly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t :at we may call ! volume ( ! sy/em1 ! d5sity ( ! gas w\ld be exce$+ly l[3 at ! mo/1 sev]al hundr$ million times less d5se ?an ! air we brea?4 ,conditions ( equilibrium 9 s r>e a m$ium w\ld require t ! ab&onm5t ( ! out] p>ts by ! contract+ & m rapidly rotat+ inn] mass %\ld be a cont9u\s process4 ,ea* ab&on$ elem5t w\ld be ab&on$ individually2 x w\ld n be vitally affect$ by ! elem5ts slightly f>!r out 9 ! /ructure1 nor by ! elem5ts slightly ne>] to ! c5t]4 ,successive ab&onm5t ( n9e gase\s r+s ( matt]1 ,,ea* ,,r+ ,,rotat+ ,,z ,,if ,,x ,,7 ,a ,,solid ,,/ructure1 is un?9kable4 ,! real product ( ! cool+ process 9 su* a nebula w\ld und\bt$ly be some?+ 9 ! nature ( a spiral nebula1 9 :i* ! matt] w\ld revolve ar\nd ! nucleus ! m rapidly ! ne>] x 0 to ! nucleus4 ,if ! matt] 7 orig9ally di/ribut$ uni=mly ?r\gh\t ! rotat+ /ructure1 ! spiral l9es might n be visible4 ,if x 7 di/ribut$ irregul>ly1 ! spiral =m "h & !re c\ld sc>cely fail to be 9 evid5ce to a di/ant obs]v]4 #b4 ,laplace held t ! cond5sation ( ea* r+ w\ld result 9 "o planet1 rotat+ on its axis f we/ to ea/2 ?is app>5tly by virtue ( ! fact t 9 a r+ rotat+ ,,z ,a ,,solid ! out] edge travels m rapidly ?an ! inn] edge does1 & !re=e1 ! we/ to ea/ direction ( rotation mu/ prevail 9 ! planet>y product4 ,if n[1 z we firmly believe1 ea* con/itu5t ( su* an att5uat$ r+ mu/ rotate sub/antially indep5d5tly ( o!r con/itu5ts1 ^? ne>] ! inn] edge ( ! r+ w possess ! high] spe$s ( rotation1 & ! prepond]ance ( k9etic en]gy 9 ! inn] p>ts ( ! r+ %\ld give ! result+ planet>y cond5sation a retrograde direction ( rotation4 #c4 ,accord+ to ,laplace ! satellites %\ld all revolve ar\nd _! prim>ies f we/ to ea/4 ,eight ( ! satellites d n foll[ ?is rule4 #d4 ,if ! mat]ials compos+ ! inn] r+ ( ,saturn 7 ab&on$ by ! p>5t planet1 z ?is planet contract$ 9 size & rotat$ ev] m & m rapidly1 !n ! r+ %\ld revolve ab\t ! planet 9 a p]iod consid]ably long] ?an ! planet p]iod4 ,! rev]se is ! fact4 ,! rotation p]iod ( ! equatorial region ( ! planet itself is #aj h4 #ad m41 :]eas ! inn] edge ( ! r+ sy/em revolves ab\t ! planet once 9 ab\t five h\rs4 #e4 ,! inn] satellite ( ,m>s revolves once 9 #g h4 #ci m41 :]eas ,m>s requires #bd h4 #cg m4 = "o rotation4 ,accord+ to ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 ! p]iod ( ! satellite %\ld be ! long]4 #f4 ,laplace's hypo!sis w\ld seem to require t ! orbits ( ! planets be circul> or v ne>ly s4 ,! orbits ( all except ,v5us & ,neptune are q ecc5tric1 & ,m]cury's orbit1 :i* %\ld h ! ne>e/ approa* to circul>ity1 is by f> ! mo/ ecc5tric4 #g4 ,if ! planet>y r+s 7 ab&on$ by c5trifugal action1 we %\ld expect ! ,sun to be rotat+ 9 ! pr9cipal plane ( ! planet sy/em4 ,! major planets1 f ,v5us out to ,neptune1 are revolv+ 9 ne>ly a common plane4 ,! ,sun1 conta9+ #ii #f_/g p] c5t4 ( all ! mat]ial 9 ! sy/em1 has its equator incl9$ #g degrees to ! planet plane4 ,?is discrepancy is a v s]i\s & ,i ?9k fatal objection to ,laplace's hypo!sis1 z ,*amb]l9 has emphasiz$4 #h4 ,laplace assum$ a nebula ^: =m 0 a function ( its rotational spe$1 its gravitation1 its int]nal heat1 &1 al?\gh he does n s /ate1 ( its int]nal friction4 ,he did n di/ribute ! matt] )9 ! nebula to con=m 9 any way to ! di/ribution z we obs]ve x to-day1 b he let ! entire /ructure contract1 foll[+ ! loss ( heat1 until ! ma9t5ance ( equilibrium requir$ ! successive ab&on+ ( sev5 or eight r+s4 ,he m5tions a c5tral cond5sation1 b gives no fur!r p>ticul>s4 ,?irty ye>s ago ,f\*e e/abli%$ cle>ly t ! cond5s+ ( ,laplace's assum$ nebula into ! pres5t sol> sy/em w\ld involve ! viol5t break+ ( ! law kn[n z ! cons]vation ( mom5t ( mom5tum4 ,f\*e prov$ t a di/ribution ( matt] beyond any conception ( ! subject by ,laplace mu/ be assum$4 ,fully #if p] c5t4 mu/ be cond5s$ 9 ! c5tral nucleus ,,at ,,! ,,outset1 & n m ?an #d p] c5t4 ( ! total mass mu/ lie outside ( ! nucleus & be widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! volume ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,*amb]l9 puts ! case v /rongly 9 ano!r way4 ,if ! planet ,m]cury 0 ab&on$ z a r+ ( nebulosity1 ! equatorial velocity ( ! rema9+ c5tral mass mu/ at t "t h be5 9 ! neighborhood ( #de km4 p] second1 z ?is is ! orbital spe$ ( ,m]cury4 ,if ! c5tral mass cond5s$ to ! pres5t size ( ! ,sun1 ! ,sun's equatorial velocity ( rotation %\ld n[ be fully #djj km4 p] second1 9 accordance ) ! requirem5t ( ! rigid law ( con/ancy ( mom5t ( mom5tum4 ,! ,sun's actual equatorial velocity is only #b km4 p] second6 ,9 sev]al o!r respects ! hypo!sis ( ,laplace1 z he propos$ x1 fails to acc\nt = ! facts z !y are obs]v$ to exi/4 ,po9c>e devot$ 8 unique tal5ts to ! evolution problem %ortly be=e 8 dea?4 ,he recogniz$ t ! ,laplace hypo!sis is n t5able except ^u su* an assum$ di/ribution ( matt] z 0 def9$ by ,f\*e4 ,accept+ ?is modification1 & ext5d+ ! hypo!sis to involve ! application ( tidal int]actions at _m po9ts ?r\gh\t ! sol> sy/em1 ,po9c>e expresses ! op9ion t ! ,laplacian hypo!sis1 ( all ^? propos$1 is /ill ! "o :i* be/ acc\nts = ! facts4#c ,h[ev]1 he does n utilize ! hypo!sis ( r+s rotat+ z solids1 = he f9ds x necess>y to conclude t ! planet>y masses 9 ! beg9n+ mu/ h _h retrograde rotations4 ,9 ! l>ge planet>y masses ( ,jupit] & ,saturn1 = example1 ! mat]ials :i* =m ! out] retrograde satellites 7 ab&on$ :ile ! rotations 7 /ill retrograde1 & :5 ! diamet]s ( ! planet>y masses 7 sev]al scores ( times _! pres5t diamet]s4 ,9 ^! ext5d$ masses ! ,sun w\ld create tidal waves1 & "h1 z always1 su* waves w\ld ex]t a ret>d+ effect ^u ! rotations4 ,a "t w\ld come1 ,po9c>e ?\ght1 :5 ^! planets w\ld rotate once 9 a revolution2 t is1 pres5t ! same face to ! ,sun2 & ?is is 9 fact a we/ to ea/ rotation4 ,fur!r contraction ( ! planet>y masses w\ld give rise to increas+ rotational spe$s 9 ! we/ to ea/ direction4 ,! mat]ials :i* =m ! inn] satellites ( ,jupit] & ,saturn 7 ab&on$ successively aft] ! we/ to ea/ direction ( rotation _h become e/abli%$4 ,accord+ to modifications ( ! same !ory1 tidal ret>dation has sl[$ d[n ,saturn's spe$ s9ce ! ab&onm5t ( ! mat]ials :i* lat] cond5s$ to =m ! inn] r+ ( t planet2 or1 possibly1 ! r+ mat]ials enc\nt]$ resi/ance aft] ! planet ab&on$ !m1 ) ! consequ5ce t ! r+ drew 9 t[>d ! planet & increas$ its spe$2 & simil>ly 9 ! case ( ,m>s & its inn] satellite4 #c ,po9c>e has made ! foll[+ int]e/+ comm5ts on ,laplace's hypo!sis3 ,! olde/ hypo!sis is t ( ,laplace2 b its old age is vigor\s & = its age x has n too _m wr9kles4 ,9 spite ( ! objections :i* h be5 urg$ aga9/ x1 9 spite ( ! discov]ies :i* a/ronom]s h made & :i* w\ld inde$ a/oni% ,laplace himself1 x is always /&+ ! /ra91 & x is ! hypo!sis :i* be/ expla9s ! facts2 x is ! hypo!sis :i* responds be/ to ! "q :i* ,laplace endeavor$ to answ]1 ,:y does ord] rule ?r\gh\t ! sol> sy/em1 provid$ ?is ord] is n due to *ance8 ,f "t to "t a brea* op5$ 9 ! old edifice 7! ,laplace hypo!sis72 b ! brea* 0 promptly repair$ & ! edifice has n fall54 ,to me ?is modification ( ! ,laplacian hypo!sis is unsatisfactory1 = sev]al reasons4 ,to m5tion only "o3 if ,jupit] 0 a l>ge gase\s mass ext5d+ out z f> z ! #h? & #i? satellites1 ! gase\s body 0 v highly att5uat$2 friction 9 ! out] /rata w\ld be ess5tially a negligible quantity1 & tidal ret>dation w\ld n be v effective2 & x w\ld be "u j ^! conditions t loss ( heat f ! planet %\ld be mo/ rapid & ! rate ( increase ( retrograde rotation result+ !refrom be comp>atively high4 ,x w\ld seem t ! rotation ( ! planet 9 ! retrograde direction mu/ h accel]at$ "u ! contractional cause1 r ?an h decreas$ & rev]s$ 9 direction "u an excessively feeble tidal cause4 ,! recogniz$ weaknesses ( ,laplace's hypo!sis h caus$ _m o!r hypo!ses to be propos$ 9 ! pa/ half c5tury4 ,! hypo!ses ( ,faye1 ,locky]1 du ,ligondes1 ,see1 ,arrh5ius1 & ,*amb]l9 & ,m\lton include _m ( ! features ( ,kant's or ,laplace's hypo!ses1 b all ( !m advance & develop o!r ideas4 ,x is un=tunate t space limits d n p]mit u to discuss ! new features ( ea* hypo!sis4 7,to be cont9u$47 ,,progress ,,& ,,peace ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,rob]t ,m4 ,,y]kes ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity ,,la/+ peace among ! nations ( ! e>? we mu/ reg>d z ( supreme mom5t1 ! discov]y ( ! conditions !re(1 z mo/ wor?y ( human ef=t4 ,physical /ruggle is no long] accept$ z ei!r a necess>y or a desirable means ( settl+ diff]5ces betwe5 individuals4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld x be tol]at$ to-day 9 connection ) national disagreem5ts8 ,to admit ! impossibility or ! impracticability ( univ]sal peace is to /igmatize our vaunt$ civilization z a failure4 ,surely we w n1 c n1 humble ourselves by su* an admission until we h exhau/$ our en]gies 9 se>*+ = ! conditions ( national amity4 ,) my :ole life ,i believe 9 ! possibility & value ( worldwide fri5dl9ess & coop]ation4 ,i am writ+ to discuss n ! atta9ability or ! m]its ( peace1 b ways ( a*iev+ x2 n to criticize pres5t activities on its behalf1 b to indicate ! promise ( a neglect$ approa* & to pres5t a program :i* %\ld1 ,i believe1 f9d its place 9 ! great peace movem5t4 ,mu/ peace be a*iev$ & ma9ta9$ by brute /r5g?1 reg>dless ( s5se & s5tim5t1 or may x be ga9$ ?r\gh intellig5ce1 humanely us$8 ,mu/ ! pa?way !reto be pav$ ) human skulls1 build$ ) inf9ite suff]+ & sacrifice1 or may x he *>t$ by sci5tific inquiry & build$ by ! joy\s labor ( mutual s]vice & helpfulness8 ,is x possible1 9 ! light ( ! hi/ory ( ! races ( man1 to d\bt t we mu/ place our dep5d5ce on intellig5ce sympa!tically employ$1 n on physical pr[ess8 ,to me x seems t peace mu/ be a*iev$ peacefully1 n by ! cla% ( arms & blood%$4 ,b ev5 if we grant t sci5ce is our ma9 hope1 !re rema9s a *oice ( me?ods4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re is ! way ( mat]ial progress1 physical discov]y & fev]i% ha/e to apply e new fact to armam5t2 on ! o!r1 t ( biological rese>*1 social enlight5m5t1 & ev]-increas+ human und]/&+ & sympa?y4 ,firm believ]s 9 ea* ( ^! possible approa*es1 ?r\gh sci5ce1 to int]national peace1 are at h&4 ,! "o gr\p argues t nations1 l individuals1 mu/ be controll$ 9 all supreme crises by fe>2 ! o!r cont5ds t civilization has develop$ 9 enlight5$ human sympa?y a high]1 a m wor?y1 & a saf] control ( behavior4 ,z a biologi/ & a believ] 9 ! bro!rhood ( man1 ,i wi% to pres5t ! m]its ( sympa?y1 z contra/$ ) fe>1 & to plead = l>g] att5tion to ! biological approa* to ! control ( int]national relations4 ,= ,i am conv9c$ t ! greate/ lesson ( ! pres5t /up5d\s _w-conflict is ! ne$ ( ?or\gh k ( ! laws ( individual & social human behavior4 ,surely ?is w> cle>ly indicates t ! /udy ( in/9ct1 & ! use ( our k = ! control ( human relations1 is incalculably m important = ! welf>e ( mank9d ?an is ! discov]y ( new & ev] m p[]ful explosives or ! build+ ( increas+ly t]rible eng9es ( de/ruction4 ,dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury ! physical sci5ces1 te*nologies1 arts & indu/ries1 h made m>vel\s advances4 ,at enorm\s co/ ( labor & mat]ial res\rces !re h be5 discov]$ & p]fect$ means ( de/roy+ life & prop]ty at once s effective & s t]rible to contemplate t prep>$ness = w> seem$ a safe gu>antee ( peace4 ,b :o is !re n[ to insi/1 aga9/ ! evid5ce ( blood-dr5*$ ,europe1 t mat]ial progress1 physical discov]y1 & armam5t bas$ !reupon1 assure int]national fri5d%ip8 ,only if "o ( ! nations %\ld discov]1 & gu>d z its secret1 "s diabolically horrible means ( de/roy+ human life & prop]ty by :olesale & ov] mat]ially unbridg$ di/ances1 c armam5ts ev5 tempor>ily put an end to w>4 ,9 su* ev5t--& x is by no means an improbability--! :ole _w might sudd5ly be made to b[ 9 t]ror be=e ! w ( ! all-p[]ful nation4 ,be=e ?is approa*+ crisis1 c we d less ?an e>ne/ly pray t ! translation ( physical progress into armam5t may be halt$ until ! bro!rhood ( man has be5 fur!r advanc$8 ,d>e we /op to contemplate :at w\ld happ5 to-morr[ if ,g]many1 ) half ! civiliz$ _w array$ aga9/ h]1 %\ld come into possession ( "s impond]able1 & to ! untutor$ m9d my/]i\s1 means ( direct+ h] torp$oes1 explod+ magaz9es1 m9es1 %ells f di/ant bases8 ,und\bt$ly we are close ^u ! employm5t ( c]ta9 vibrations = ?is deadly purpose4 ,%all we ve] 9 "t & take a saf] c\rse1 or are we doom$ to ! inevitable8 ,= ! c]ta9 result ( pu%+ =w>d rel5tlessly on ! pa? ( prep>ation = w>--9 ! "n ( peace--is ! dom9ance ( a s+le nation & ! de/ruction or subjugation ( all o!rs4 ,?is is z inevitable z is dea?4 ,if we w\ld pres]ve & fo/] racial & national div]sity ( traits1 promote social individuality z we s eag]ly fo/] ! div]sity ( selves1 we mu/ spe$ily focus att5tion ^u human nature & seek t k ( x :i* %all enable u to control x wisely r ?an to de/roy x ru?lessly4 ,ev5 7 ,i able to d s1 ,i %\ld 9 no degree belittle ! a*ievem5ts ( ! physical sci5ces & _! te*nologies1 = ,i believe :ole-he>t$ly 9 _! value1 & long = ! /eady increase ( our p[] to control our environm5t4 ,b :5 ^! a*ievem5ts are (f]$ z means ( creat+ or ma9ta9+ c]ta9 desir$ conditions ( individual & social life1 ,i mu/ insi/ t o!r k is ess5tial--nay1 m ess5tial--?an t ( ! physici/ or *emi/4 ,k1 namely1 ( life itself4 ,mo/ briefly1 ! situation may ?us be describ$4 ,9 peace & 9 w> !re are two l>ge1 complex & intricate gr\ps ( facts to be dealt ) by ^? :o seek ! welf>e ( man4 ,! "o gr\p comprises ! ph5om5a ( physical nature z ! condition ( life--environm5t2 ! o!r is con/itut$ by ! ph5om5a ( life & ! relations ( lives4 ,^? :o s9c]ely believe 9 prep>$ness = w> z a prev5tive measure1 misconceive & attempt to misuse ! emotion ( fe> & its modes ( expression4 ,x is z ?\gh we %\ld /rive tirelessly to develop ma*9]y & me?ods = educat+ our *ildr51 ! :ile ignorant ( ! laws ( *ild developm5t & br&+ z ( no practical importance ! fundam5tals ( human nature4 ,to nations no m ?an to individuals is x giv5 to live by fe> alone4 ,by x a nation may become dom9ant1 & div]sity ( body1 m9d1 & ideals be eradicat$4 ,to base our civilization ^u fe> entails uni=mity1 monotony ( life2 ! sacrifice ( peoples = ! unduly exalt$ traits & national ideals ( a s+le homog5e\s social gr\p--a s+le all-p[]ful nation4 ,k ( life1 & ! sympa?y = "o's fell[ m5 :i* spr+s f x1 mu/ control ! _w if nations are to live 9 peaceful & mutually helpful relations4 ,if life1 :e!r ( ! individual or ( ! social gr\p1 is to be controll$1 x mu/ be ?r\gh intimate k ( life1 n ?r\gh k ( some?+ else4 ,! _w mu/ be rul$ by sympa?y1 bas$ ^u und]/&+1 insight1 appreciation4 ,?is is my prophecy1 ?is my fai? & my pres5t !sis4 ,mat]ial z contra/$ ) purely intellectual or spiritual progress is ! pride ( our "t4 ,we wor%ip te*nology z re>$ ^u physics & *emi/ry4 ,b :at is our ga91 9 ?is progress1 s long z we cont9ue to use "o ano!r z t>gets8 ,w\ld x n be wis]1 m f>-sight$1 m humane1 m favorable to ! developm5t ( univ]sal peace & bro!rhood1 to give a l>ge %>e ( our "t & sub/ance to ! se>* = ! secrets ( life8 ,z comp>$ ) ! physical sci5ces1 ! biological dep>tm5ts ( inquiry are1 9 g5]al1 backw>d & ill-support$4 ,:y8 ,because _! trem5d\s importance is n g5]ally recogniz$1 &1 /ill m1 because ! control ( inanimate nature z promis$ by physical discov]y & its applications appeals irresi/ibly bo? to our imag9ation & to our gre$4 ,we long = peace--because we are afraid ( w>--we long = ! p]fect+ ( individual & social life1 b mu* m int5sely & effectively we long = weal?1 p[] & pleasure4 ,:at ,i h already said & n[ repeat 9 o!r words is t if we really desir$ above any?+ atta9able on e>? ! la/+ peace ( nations1 we %\ld dilig5tly fo/] & tirelessly pursue ! sci5ces ( life & seek to p]fect & exalt ! v>i$ arts & te*nologies :i* %\ld be bas$ ^u !m4 ,exp]im5tal zoology & g5etics2 physiology & hygi5e2 g5etic psy*ology & education2 an?ropology & e?nology2 sociology & economics1 w\ld be held 9 z high e/eem & z ard5tly fur!r$ z are ! v>i\s physical sci5ces & _! te*nologies4 ,does x n seem reasonable to claim t human behavior may be intellig5tly controll$ or direct$ only 9 ! light ( intimate & exhau/ive k ( ! organism1 its processes1 & its relations to its environm5t8 ,if ?is be true1 h[ pitiably1 h[ %amefully1 inadequate is our k ev5 ( ourselves6 ,h[ few are ^? :o h a s\nd1 al?\gh meag]1 k ( ! laws ( h]$ity1 ( ! prim>y facts ( human physiology1 ( ! pr9ciples ( hygi5e1 ( ! *ief facts & laws ( m5tal life1 includ+ ! fundam5tal emotions & _! correspond+ in/9ctive modes ( action1 ! modifiability or educability ( ! individual & ! important relations ( v>i$ sorts ( exp]i5ce & conduct1 ! laws ( habit1 ! nature & role ( ! s5tim5ts1 ! unnumb]$ v>ieties ( memory & ideation1 ! *ief facts ( social life & _! relations to individual exp]i5ce & behavior4 ,n "o p]son 9 a ?\s& has a k ( life & its conditions equal 9 adequacy = practical dem&s to 8 k ( ^? aspects ( physical nature ) :i* he is conc]n$ 9 e>n+ a livelihood4 ,ev5 ^? ( u :o h d$icat$ our lives to ! /udy ( life are humble be=e our ignorance4 ,b ) a fai? :i* c n be %ak51 because we h se5 visions & dream$ dreams1 we insi/ t ! k :i* we seek & daily f9d is absolutely ess5tial = ! p]fect+ ( educational me?ods2 = ! developm5t ( effective sy/ems ( bodily & m5tal hygi5e2 = ! discov]y1 fo/]+ & ma9t5ance ( increas+ly pr(itable social relations & organizations4 ,9 a ^w1 we believe t biology1 ( all sci5ces1 c & mu/ lead u 9 ! pa? ( social z contra/$ ) m]ely mat]ial progress2 c & ultimately w s alt] ! relations ( nations t w> %all be z impossible z is peace to-day4 ,=tunately ! biologi/ may dep5d1 9 8 ef=ts to fur!r ! /udy ( all aspects ( life1 n ^u fai? & hope alone1 b also ^u works1 = already physiology & psy*ology h trans=m$ our educational practices2 & ! m$ical sci5ces giv5 u a great & /eadily increas+ measure ( control ov] disease4 ,at lea/ two m51 z diff]5t 9 intellectual equipm5t1 habits ( m9d1 & me?ods ( inquiry z well c\ld be1 ! "o an ,am]ican1 ! o!r an ,engli%man1 h h]ald$ ! broadly comp>ative & g5etic /udy ( m9d & behavior--let u call x ,g5etic ,psy*ology--z ! promise ( a new era = civilization1 because ! ess5tial condition ( ! intellig5t & effective regulation ( life4 ,! "o ( ^! prophets among biologi/s1 ,presid5t ,g4 ,/anley ,hall1 has liv$ to see 8 fai? 9 ! practical importance ( ! int5sive /udy ( *ildhood & adolesc5ce ju/ifi$ by radical re=ms 9 s*ool & home4 ,hall %\ld be rev]$ by all lov]s ( y\? z ! apo/le to adolesc5ts4 ,! o!r1 ,pr(essor ,william ,mc,dougall1 has done mu* to conv9ce ! ?9k+ _w t all ( ! social sci5ces & te*nologies mu/ be gr\nd$ ^u an adequate g5etic psy*ology--a g5etic psy*ology :i* %all take z full & intellig5t acc\nt ( behavior z ( exp]i5ce2 ( ! life ( ! ant1 monkey1 ape z ( t ( man2 ( ! savage z ( civiliz$ man2 ( ! infant1 *ild1 adolesc5t z ( ! adult2 ( ! moron1 imbecile1 idiot1 insane1 z ( ! normal individual2 ( social gr\ps z ( isolat$ selves4 ,x is to ,mc,dougall we owe a mo/ effective sket*--9 8 introduction to ,social ,psy*ology ( ! prim>y human emotions 9 _! relations to in/9ctive modes ( behavior4 ,hall1 ,mc,dougall & su* sociologi/s--lam5tably few1 ,i fe>--z ,graham ,wallas w\ld agree t = ! atta9m5t ( peace we mu/ dep5d ^u "s prim>y human in/9ct4 ,i v5ture ! pr$iction t no "o ( !m w\ld select fe> z ! safe basis4 ,in/ead1 !y surely w\ld unite ^u sympa?y4 ,among animals prep>$ness = /ruggles is a conspicu\s cause ( /rife4 ,! monkey :o /alks ab\t among 8 fell[s ) muscles t5se1 tail erect1 tee? b>$1 bespeak+ expectancy ( & long+ = a fight1 usually provokes x4 ,we may n safely argue t l[] animals prove ! value ( prep>$ness = w> z a prev5tive measure6 ,among !m1 z among human gr\ps1 ! only ju/ification ( milit>ism is protection & aggression4 ,prep>$ness = /rife is provocative r ?an prev5tive !re(4 ,z individual diff]5ces1 & result+ /ruggles1 are due to ignorance1 misund]/&+1 lack ( ! basis = intellig5t appreciation ( ideals1 motives & sympa?y1 s among nations k ( bodily & m5tal traits1 ( aims1 aspirations1 & national ideals fo/]s ! feel+ ( k9%ip & favors ! in/9ctive attitude ( sympa!tic coop]ation4 ,e /ud5t ( liv+ ?+s kn[s t to und]/& ! /ructure1 habits1 in/9cts1 ( any creature is to feel = & ) x4 ,ev5 ! l[lie/ type ( organism acquires dignity & wor? :5 "o becomes famili> ) its life4 ,*ildr5 9 _! ignorance & lack ( und]/&+ are incr$ibly cruel4 ,s1 likewise1 are nations4 ,! treatm5t ( inf]ior by sup]ior races ?r\gh\t ! ages has be5 *ildi%ly cruel1 unju/1 /upid1 inimical to ! be/ int]e/s n only ( ! victims1 b also ( mank9d4 ,?is has be5 s1 n s mu* by reason ( bad int5tions1 al?\gh selfi%ness has be5 at ! root ( immeasurable inju/ice1 b prim>ily because ( ! utt] lack ( und]/&+ & sympa?y4 ,to see a savage is to despise or fe> him1 to "k him intimately is to love him4 ,! same law holds ( social gr\ps1 be !y families1 tribes1 nations or races4 ,!y c coop]ate on t]ms ( fri5dly helpfulness j 9 ! measure 9 :i* !y "k "o ano!r's physical1 m5tal & social traits & appreciate _! values1 = 9 precisely ?is measure are !y capable ( und]/&+ & sympa?iz+ ) "o ano!r's ideals4 ,selfi%ness1 ! ess5tial condition ( individualism & nationalism1 mu/ be supplant$ by ! sympa?y ( an all inclusive social consci\sness & consci5ce if la/+ peace is to be atta9$4 ,to fur!r ! end ( ?is trans=mation ( man we %\ld become famili> ) ! inborn spr+s to action1 ^? fundam5tal t5d5cies :i* we call in/9cts1 = we live m l>gely ?an is g5]ally suppos$ by in/9ct & less by reason4 ,all ( ! organic crav+s1 hung]s1 ne$s1 %\ld be ?or\ghly und]/ood s t !y may be effectively us$4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! laws ( intellect mu/ be at our comm& if we are to meet ! endlessly v>y+ & puzzl+ situations ( life pr(itably & ) ! measure ( adequacy our reason w\ld seem to ju/ify4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 ! lea/1 & ! mo/1 we c d 9 ! int]e/ ( peace is to provide = ! /udy ( life1 b especially = ! %amefully neglect$ or imp]fectly describ$ ph5om5a ( behavior & m9d1 9 ! measure :i* our national weal?1 our intellig5ce & our te*nical skill make possible4 ,= "o ?+1 x is op5 to u to e/abli% in/itutes = ! ?or\gh /udy ( e aspect ( behavior & m9d 9 relation to /ructure & environm5t1 comp>able ) su* in/itutions = social progress z ! ,rockefell] ,in/itute = ,m$ical ,rese>*4 ,! prim>y function ( su* c5t]s = ! solution ( vital problems %\ld be ! comp>ative /udy1 f ! g5etic1 developm5tal1 hi/orical1 po9t ( view ( e aspect ( ! functional life ( liv+ ?+s1 to ! end t human life may be bett] und]/ood & m successfully controll$4 ,facts ( h]$ity1 ( behavior1 ( m9d1 ( social relations1 %\ld alike be ga!r$ & relat$1 & ?us by ! obs]vation ( ! mo/ v>i$ types1 developm5tal /ages1 & conditions ( liv+ creatures !re %\ld be develop$ a sci5ce ( behavior & consci\sness :i* %\ld ultimately con/itute a safe basis = ! social sci5ces1 = all =ms ( social endeavor1 & = univ]sal & p]man5t peace4 ,i submit t su* c5t]s ( rese>* z ! psy*o-biological in/itute ,i h s imp]fectly describ$ are sorely ne$$4 ,= x is obvi\s t ! future ( our species dep5ds 9 l>ge measure ^u h[ we develop ! biological sci5ces & :at use we make ( our k4 ,i fur!r submit1 & !re) ,i re/ my case1 t famili>ity ) liv+ ?+s bre$s sympa?y n contempt1 & t sympa?y 9 turn conditions ju/ice4 ,may x be grant$ u to "w intellig5tly1 effectively1 tirelessly = _w-wide peace & s]vice4 n by ! suppression ( racial & national div]sities1 ! level+ ( ! mass to a deadly sam5ess1 b ?r\gh /eadily increas+ appreciation ( racial & national traits4 ,may ! _w1 ev5 soon] ?an we d>e to hope1 be rul$ by sympa?y in/ead ( by fe>4 ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,! ,,miss\ri ,,& ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,botanical ,,g>d5s ,,! ,miss\ri ,botanical ,g>d5 has rec5tly celebrat$ ! tw5ty-fif? anniv]s>y ( its f\ndation & ! ,new ,york ,botanical ,g>d5 its tw5tie? anniv]s>y4 ,)9 ^! %ort p]iods ^! g>d5s h tak5 rank among ! lead+ sci5tific in/itutions ( ! _w4 ,botanical g>d5s 7 among ! fir/ in/itutions to be e/abli%$ = sci5tific rese>*2 inde$ ,p>k9son1 ! botani/ royal ( ,engl&1 on ! title page ( 8 book ( #afbi1 :i* we "h reproduce1 depicts ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 z ! fir/ botanical g>d5 & "o :i* app>5tly engag$ 9 sci5tific exp$itions1 = x includes plants :i* mu/ h be5 collect$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 publicly support$ g>d5s = ! cultivation ( plants ( economic & e/hetic value exi/$ 9 ,egypt1 ,assyria1 ,*9a & ,mexico & beg9n+ 9 ! m$ieval p]iod _h a l>ge developm5t 9 ,europe !re be+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury botanical g>d5s devot$ to rese>* 9 ,bologna1 ,montpelli]1 ,leyd51 ,p>is1 ,upsala & else:]e4 ,an int]e/+ survey ( ! hi/ory ( botanical g>d5s is giv5 9 a pap] by ,dr4 ,a ,w4 ,hill assi/ant director ( ! ,kew ,g>d5s1 prep>$ = ! celebration ( ! ,miss\ri ,g>d51 f :i* we h tak5 ! illu/ration f ,p>k9son & ! pictures ( ,padua & ,kew4 ,! pap]s pres5t$ at ! celebration h be5 publi%$ 9 a h&some volume4 ,x includes addresses by a numb] ( di/+ui%$ botani/s1 ?\gh ow+ to ! w> sev]al ( ! =eign botani/s 7 unable to be pres5t4 ,dr4 ,george ,t4 ,moore1 director ( ! g>d51 made 9 8 address ( welcome a brief /atem5t 9 reg>d to its orig9 9 ! private g>d5 & by ! lat] end[m5t ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,%aw4 ,mr4 ,%aw came to ?is c\ntry f ,engl& 9 #ahah1 & ) a small /ock ( h>dw>e began bus9ess 9 "o room :i* also s]v$ z b$room & kit*54 ,)9 tw5ty ye>s he _h acquir$ a =tune & retir$ f active bus9ess to devote ! rema9+ =ty-n9e ye>s ( 8 life to travel & to ! managem5t ( a g>d5 surr\nd+ 8 c\ntry-home on ! outskirts ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,9 #ahei he erect$ a small museum & libr>y1 & 9 #ahff ,mr4 ,james ,gurney 0 br\ght to ?is c\ntry z head g>d5]4 ,mr4 ,%aw di$ 9 #ahhi1 leav+ 8 e/ate l>gely = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,miss\ri ,botanical ,g>d51 b provid+ also = ! ,h5ry ,%aw ,s*ool ( ,botany ( ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity & a p>k = ! city4 ,) ?is lib]al end[m5t con/antly increas+ z ! real e/ate becomes m productive1 ,dr4 ,william ,trelease1 ! fir/ director1 & ,dr4 ,george ,t4 ,moore1 ! pres5t director1 h conduct$ an in/itution n only ( value to ! city ( ,/4 ,l\is b l>gely contribut+ to ! advance ( botanical sci5ce4 ,! ,new ,york ,botanical ,g>d51 l>gely ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,dr4 ,n4 ,l4 ,britton1 ! pres5t director 0 au?oriz$ by ! ,new ,york legislature 9 #ahia4 ,! act ( incorporation provid$ t :5 ! corporation creat$ %\ld h secur$ by subscription a sum n less ?an #bej1jjj ! city 0 au?oriz$ to set aside = ! g>d5 z mu* z #bej acres f "o ( ! public p>ks & to exp5d "o half million doll>s = ! con/ruction & equipm5t ( ! necess>y build+s4 ,! conditions 7 met 9 #ahie1 & ! in/itution has s9ce gr[n 9 its l&1 & its build+s1 9 its collections & 9 its h]b>ia1 s t1 9 association ) ! dep>tm5t ( botany ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 x n[ rivals 9 its mat]ial equipm5t & 9 ! rese>* "w accompli%$ any botanical in/itution 9 ! _w4 ,,! ,,second ,,pan-,,am]ican ,,sci5tific ,,congress ,,!re w be held at ,wa%+ton f ,monday1 ,decemb] #bg1 to ,saturday1 ,janu>y #i1 ! second ,pan-,am]ican ,sci5tific ,congress1 au?oriz$ by ! fir/ congress held 9 ,santiago1 ,*ili1 six ye>s previ\sly4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! s]ies ( congresses previ\sly conduct$ by ! republics ( ,lat9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,wa%+ton congress1 :i* is "u ! auspices ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) ,mr4 ,william ,phillips1 ?ird assi/ant secret>y ( /ate1 z *airman ( ! executive committee1 w meet 9 n9e sections1 :i*1 ) ! *airm51 are z foll[s3 ,i4 ,an?ropology1 ,wm4 ,h4 ,holmes4 ,,ii4 ,a/ronomy1 ,meteorology1 & ,seismology1 ,rob]t ,s4 ,woodw>d4 ,,iii4 ,cons]vation ( ,natural ,res\rces1 ,agriculture1 ,irrigation & ,=e/ry1 ,george ,m4 ,rommel4 ,,iv4 ,education1 ,p4 ,p4 ,claxton4 ,v4 ,eng9e]+1 ,w4 ,h4 ,bixby4 ,,vi4 ,int]national ,law1 ,public ,law1 & ,jurisprud5ce1 ,james ,br[n ,scott4 ,,vii4 ,m9+ & ,metallurgy1 ,economic ,geology1 & ,appli$ ,*emi/ry1 ,h5n5 ,j5n+s4 ,,viii4 ,public ,heal? & ,m$ical ,sci5ce1 ,wm4 ,c4 ,gorgas4 ,,ix4 ,transportation1 ,comm]ce1 ,f9ance1 & ,taxation1 ,l4 ,s4 ,r[e4 ,ea* section is divid$ fur!r into subsections1 ( :i* !re are =ty-five1 ea* ) a special committee & program4 ,sev]al ( ! lead+ national associations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 conc]n$ ) ! inve/igation ( subjects ( p]t95t int]e/ to "s ( ! sections ( ! congress1 h receiv$ & accept$ invitations f ! executive committee ( congress to meet 9 ,wa%+ton at ! same "t & hold "o or m jo9t sessions ) a section or subsection ( correspond+ int]e/4 ,?us ! n9ete5? ,int]national ,congress ( ,am]icani/s w meet 9 ,wa%+ton dur+ ! same week ) ! ,pan-,am]ican ,sci5tific ,congress1 & jo9t conf]5ces w be held = ! discussion ( subjects ( common int]e/ to memb]s ( ! two organizations ,z an example ( ! wide scope ( ! congress we may quote ! t5 subsections into :i* ! section ( education is divid$4 ,ea* ( ^! subsections is "u a committee ( m5 di/+ui%$ 9 educational "w & m5 ( em95ce h be5 invit$ to take "p 9 ! proce$+s4 ,! subjects propos$ = discussion by ea* ( ^! sections are3 ,elem5t>y ,education3 ,to :at ext5t %\ld elem5t>y education be support$ by local taxation1 & to :at ext5t by /ate taxation8 ,:at %\ld be ! det]m9+ factors 9 ! di/ribution ( support8 ,second>y ,education3 ,:at %\ld be ! prim>y & :at ! second>y purpose ( high s*ool education8 ,to :at ext5t %\ld c\rses ( /udy 9 ! high s*ool be det]m9$ by ! requirem5ts = admission to college1 & to :at ext5t by ! dem&s ( indu/rial & civic life8 ,univ]sity ,education3 ,%\ld univ]sities & colleges support$ by public funds be controll$ by indep5d5t & autonom\s p[]s1 or %\ld !y be controll$ directly by c5tral /ate au?ority8 ,education ( ,wom53 ,to :at ext5t is co$ucation desirable 9 elem5t>y s*ools1 high s*ools1 colleges & univ]sities8 ,ex*ange ( ,pr(essors & ,/ud5ts betwe5 ,c\ntries3 ,to :at ext5t is an ex*ange ( /ud5ts & pr(essors betwe5 ,am]ican republics desirable8 ,:at is ! mo/ effective basis = a sy/em ( ex*ange8 ,:at plans %\ld be adopt$ 9 ord] to secure mutual recognition ( te*nical & pr(essional degrees by ,am]ican ,republics8 ,eng9e]+ ,education3 ,to :at ext5t may college c\rses 9 eng9e]+ be pr(itably supplem5t$ by practical "w 9 ! %op8 ,to :at ext5t may laboratory "w 9 eng9e]+ be replac$ ?r\gh coop]ation ) indu/rial plants8 ,m$ical ,education3 ,:at prep>ation %\ld be requir$ = admission to m$ical s*ools8 ,:at %\ld he ! m9imum requirem5ts = graduation8 ,:at portion ( ! faculty ( a m$ical s*ool %\ld be requir$ to give all _! "t to tea*+ & inve/igation8 ,:at in/ruction may be/ be giv5 by physicians engag$ 9 m$ical practice8 ,agricultural ,education3 ,:at prep>ation %\ld be requir$ = admission to /ate & national colleges ( agriculture8 ,to :at ext5t %\ld ! c\rses ( /udy 9 ! agricultural college be !oretical & g5]al1 & to :at ext5t practical & specific8 ,to :at ext5t %\ld ! curriculum ( any su* college be det]m9$ by local conditions8 ,indu/rial ,education3 ,:at %\ld be ! place ( indu/rial education 9 ! s*ool sy/em ( ! ,am]ican republics8 ,%\ld x be support$ by public taxation8 ,%\ld x be consid]$ z a function ( ! public s*ool sy/em8 ,%\ld x be giv5 9 a sep>ate sy/em "u sep>ate control8 ,h[ & to :at ext5t may indu/rial s*ools coop]ate ) employ]s ( labor1 ,comm]cial ,education3 ,h[ c a nation prep>e 9 ! mo/ effective mann] its "y m5 = a bus9ess c>e] t is to be pursu$ at home or 9 a =eign c\ntry4 ,,sci5tific ,,items ,,we record ) regret ! dea? at ! age ( n9ety-two ( ,h5ri ,fabre1 ! di/+ui%$ ,fr5* entomologi/ & au?or2 ( ,william ,h5ry ,ho> ,hudson1 late pr(essor ( ma!matics at ,k+'s ,college1 ,london2 ( ,dr4 ,ugo ,s*iff1 pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ,flor5ce2 ( ,susanna ,phelps ,gage1 kn[n = h] "w on comp>ative anatomy2 ( ,*>les ,fr$]ick ,hold]1 ! ,cali=nia naturali/1 & ( ,dr4 ,au/9 ,fl9t1 a di/+ui%$ physician & ali5i/ ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,,dr4 ,,ray ,,lyman ,,wilbur1 pr(essor ( m$ic9e1 has be5 elect$ presid5t ( ,lel& ,/an=d ,junior ,univ]sity4 ,he w on ,janu>y #a succe$ ,dr ,john ,casp> ,brann]1 :o und]took to accept ! presid5cy = a limit$ p]iod on ! retirem5t ( ,dr4 ,david ,/>r ,jordan1 n[ *ancellor ( ! univ]sity4 ,dr4 ,wilbur graduat$ f ! academic dep>tm5t ( ,/an=d ,univ]sity 9 #ahif4 ,,at ! ,man*e/] meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,sir ,ar?ur ,j4 ,evans1 ,f4,r ,s41 ! ar*eologi/1 honor>y keep] ( ! ,a%molean ,museum1 ,ox=d1 0 elect$ presid5t = next ye>'s meet+1 to be held at ,newca/le-on-,tyne4 ,! meet+ ( #aiag w be held at ,b\rnem\?4 ,,dr4 ,,max ,,planck1 pr(essor ( physics at ,b]l91 & ,pr(essor ,hugo von ,seelig]1 director ( ! ,muni* ,obs]vatory1 h be5 made knights ( ! ,prussian ord] p\r le m]ite4 ,dr4 ,ramon y ,cajal1 pr(essor ( hi/ology at ,madrid1 & ,dr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,kapteyn1 pr(essor ( a/ronomy at ,gron+51 h be5 appo9t$ =eign knights ( ?is ord]4 ,,mr4 ,,jacob ,h4 ,,s*iff1 a memb] ( ! bo>d ( tru/ees ( ,b>n>d ,college & its fir/ treasur]1 has giv5 #ejj1jjj to ! college = a woman's build+4 ,x w include a libr>y & additional lecture halls z well z a gymnasium1 a lun* room & rooms = /ud5ts' organizations4 ,,by ! w ( ! late ,dr4 ,dudley ,p4 ,all51 =m]ly pr(essor ( surg]y 9 ! ,we/]n ,res]ve ,univ]sity1 #bjj1jjj has be5 set aside z a p]man5t end[m5t fund = ! ,clevel& ,m$ical ,libr>y4 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,mon?ly ,,decemb]1 #aiae ,,! ,,inside ,,hi/ory ,,( ,a ,,great ,,m$ical ,,discov]y ,,by ,,ari/ides ,,agramonte1 ,m4,d41 ,sc4,d4 7,,hon47 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,havana4 ,,! con/ruction ( ! ,panama ,canal 0 made possible because x 0 %[n t yell[ fev]1 l mal>ia1 c\ld be spread only by ! bites ( infect$ mosquitoes4 ,! same discov]y1 :i* has be5 repeat$ly ref]r$ to z ! greate/ m$ical a*ievem5t ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 0 ! means ( /amp+ out ! dread$ sc\rge 9 ,cuba1 z well z 9 ,new ,orleans1 ,rio de ,janeiro1 ,v]a ,cruz1 ,colon1 ,panama & o!r ,cities 9 ,am]ica4 ,?is article is int5d$ to n>rate ! motives t l$ up to ! inve/igation & also ! mann] 9 :i* ! "w 0 plann$1 execut$ & t]m9at$4 ,no names are )held & ! date ( e important ev5t is giv51 s t an int]e/$ read] may be enabl$ to foll[ closely ^u ! ord] ( ?+s z !y occurr$ & ?us =m a correct idea ( ! importance ( ! und]tak+1 ! risk entail$ 9 its accompli%m5t & h[ ev5ly divid$ 0 ! "w among ^? :o1 9 ! fai?ful p]=mance ( _! milit>y duties1 contribut$ s mu* = ! b5efit ( mank9d2 ! magnitude ( _! a*ievem5t is ( su* proportions1 t x loses no?+ ( its greatness :5 we te> away ! halo ( app>5t h]oism t well-mean+ b ignorant hi/orians h ?r[n ab\t "s ( ! inve/igators4 ,! :ole s]ies ( ev5ts1 tragic1 pa!tic1 comical & o!rwise1 took place ^u a /age made p>ticul>ly fit by nature & ! surr\nd+ circum/ances4 ,columbia ,b>racks1 a milit>y res]vation1 g>rison$ by "s f\rte5 hundr$ troops1 di/ant ab\t eight miles f ! city ( ,havana1 ! latt]1 suff]+ at ! "t f an epidemic ( yell[ fev]1 :i* ! application ( all sanit>y measures _h fail$ to *eck or ameliorate & f9ally1 our exp]im5tal camp 7,camp ,laze>71 a few army t5ts1 securely hidd5 f ! road lead+ to ,m>ianao1 & safegu>d$ aga9/ int]c\rse ) ! outside _w2 ! :ole sett+ port5t\sly sil5t & glori\sly bright 9 ! gl[ ( tropical sunlight & ! gre5 ( luxuriant vegetation4 ,two memb]s ( a deta*m5t ( f\r m$ical (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 on ! morn+ ( ,augu/ #ca1 #aijj1 7 busily exam9+ "u microscopes sev]al glass slides conta9+ blood f a fell[ (fic] :o1 s9ce ! day be=e1 _h %[n symptoms ( yell[ fev]2 ^! m5 7 ,drs4 ,jesse ,w4 ,laze> & myself2 our sick colleague 0 ,dr4 ,james ,c>roll1 :o presumably _h be5 infect$ by "o ( our exp]im5t mosquitoes4 ,x is v difficult to describe ! feel+s :i* assail$ u at t mom5t2 a s5se ( exultation at our app>5t success no d\bt animat$ u2 regret1 because ! results _h evid5tly br\ght a dang]\s illness ^u our c[ork] & ) x all associat$ a ?rill ( unc]ta9ty = ! reason ( ! yet insuffici5t te/imony t5d+ to prove ! f>-rea*+ tru? :i* we !n h>dly d>$ to realize4 ,z ! idea t ,c>roll's fev] mu/ h be5 caus$ by ! mosquito t 0 appli$ to him f\r days be=e became fix$ ^u our m9ds1 we decid$ to te/ x ^u ! fir/ non-immune p]son :o %\ld (f] himself to be bitt52 ?is 0 ( common occurr5ce & tak5 mu* z a joke among ! soldi]s ab\t ! milit>y hospital4 ,b>ely fifte5 m9utes may h elaps$ s9ce we _h come to ?is decision :51 z ,laze> /ood at ! door ( ! laboratory try+ to coax a mosquito to pass f "o te/-tube into ano!r1 a soldi] came walk+ by t[>ds ! hospital build+s2 he salut$1 z x is cu/om>y 9 ! army ^u meet+ an (fic]1 b1 z ,laze> _h bo? h&s engag$1 he answ]$ ) a r pleasant ,good morn+4 ,! man /opp$ ^u com+ abrea/1 curi\s no d\bt to see ! p]=mance ) ! tubes1 & aft] gaz+ = a m9ute or two at ! insects he said3 ,y /ill fool+ ) mosquitoes1 ,doctor8 ,yes1 return$ ,laze>1 w y take a bite8 ,sure ,i a9't sc>$ ( 'em1 respond$ ! man4 ,:5 ,i he>d ?is1 ,i left ! microscope & /epp$ to ! door1 :]e ! %ort conv]sation _h tak5 place2 ,laze> look$ at me z ?\gh 9 consultation2 ,i nodd$ ass5t1 !n turn$ to ! soldi] & ask$ him to come inside & b>e 8 =e>m4 ,^u a slip ( pap] ,i wrote 8 "n :ile sev]al mosquitoes took _! fill2 ,william ,e4 ,dean1 ,am]ican by bir?1 belong+ to ,troop ,b1 ,sev5? ,cavalry2 he said t he _h nev] be5 9 ! tropics be=e & _h n left ! milit>y res]vation = ne>ly two mon?s4 ,! conditions = a te/ case 7 q ideal4 ,i mu/ say we 7 9 great trepidation at ! "t2 & well might we h be51 = ,dean's 0 ! fir/ indubitable case ( yell[ fev] ab\t to be produc$ exp]im5tally by ! bite ( purposely infect$ mosquitoes4 ,five days aft]w>ds1 :5 he came d[n ) yell[ fev] & ! diagnosis ( 8 case 0 corroborat$ by ,dr4 ,rog] ,p4 ,ames1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 !n on duty at ! hospital1 we s5t a cablegram to ,major ,walt] ,re$1 *airman ( ! bo>d1 :o a mon? be=e _h be5 call$ to ,wa%+ton ^u ano!r duty1 appris+ him ( ! fact t ! !ory ( ! transmission ( yell[ fev] by mosquitoes1 :i* at fir/ 0 d\bt$ s mu* & ! transc5d5tal importance ( :i* we c\ld !n b>ely appreciate1 _h inde$ be5 confirm$4 ,,/ate ,,( ,,?+s ,,be=e ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,mosquito ,,transmission ,o!r infecti\s diseases1 tub]culosis1 = in/ance1 may cause a great] dea?-rate & br+ ab\t m mis]y & di/ress1 ev5 to-day1 ?an yell[ fev] has produc$ at any "o "t2 b no disease1 except possibly *ol]a or ! plague1 is s tragic 9 its developm5t1 s appall+ 9 its action1 s deva/at+ 9 its results1 nor does any o!r make great] havoc ?an yell[ fev] :5 x invades non-immune or susceptible communities4 ,= two c5turies1 at lea/1 ! disease has be5 kn[n to exi/ endemically1 t is1 m or less cont9u\sly1 9 mo/ ( ! ,mexican ,gulf ports1 ext5d+ its ravages along ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s & ! cities ( ! ,c5tral & ! ,s\? ,am]ican coa/4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x has made its appe>ance 9 epidemic =m z f> nor? z ,portsm\?1 ,n4 ,h4 ,at ,philadelphia 9 #agic1 m ?an t5 p] c5t4 ( ! entire population di$ ( yell[ fev]4 ,o!r cities1 l ,*>le/on1 ,s4 ,c41 suff]$ m ?an tw5ty epidemics 9 z _m summ]s1 dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! city ( ,new ,orleans1 ! epidemic :i* develop$ 9 ! summ] ( #ahec caus$ m ?an #g1jjj dea?s4 ,lat]1 9 #ahgh1 yell[ fev] invad$ #acb t[ns 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 produc+ a loss ( #ae1icb lives out ( a total numb] ( cases :i* rea*$ to m ?an #gd1jjj3 ,new ,orleans alone suff]$ a mortality ( #d1fjj at t "t4 ,rec5tly 7#aije71 ?is city )/ood :at is to be hop$ %all prove its la/ invasion1 :i*1 ?anks to ! mod]n me?ods employ$ 9 its suppression1 bas$ ^u ! new mosquito doctr9e1 only de/roy$ ab\t #c1jjj lives4 ,x is by contemplat+ ?is awful record1 & mu* m !re is :i* = ! sake ( brevity ,i leave un/at$1 t "o realizes ! boon to mank9d :i* ! successful rese>*es ( ! ,army ,bo>d h prov$4 ,! "w ( prev5tion1 ! only "o t may be consid]$ effective :5 deal+ ) ! epidemic diseases1 0 entirely misguid$ ) reg>d to yell[ fev] until #aija3 ! sick 7 surr\nd$ by precautions :i* 7 believ$ mo/ useful 9 o!r infecti\s diseases1 ! att5dants 7 (t5 look$ ^u z pe/il5tial1 & s treat$1 9 spite ( ! fact t evid5ce f ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! disease cle>ly po9t$ to ! app>5t h>mlessness ev5 ( ! pati5ts !mselves4 ,all ?is not)/&+1 cases cont9u$ to develop1 9 ! face ( %otgun qu>ant9e ev51 until ! la/ non-immune inhabitant ( ! locality _h be5 ei!r cur$ or buri$4 ,! my/]y :i* accompani$ ! usual c\rse ( an epidemic1 ! poison creep+ f h\se to h\se1 along "o side ( a /reet1 seldom1 cross+ ! road1 spread+ sometimes ar\nd ! :ole block ( h\ses be=e appe>+ 9 ano!r neighborhood1 unless di/9ctly c>ri$ !re by a visitor to ! infect$ zone :o himself became /rick51 all ?is s]ies ( peculi> circum/ances 0 a nev]-end+ s\rce ( discussion & inve/igation4 ,9 ! ye> #aijj1 ,surgeon ,h4 ,r4 ,c>t]1 ( ! !n ,m>9e ,hospital ,s]vice1 publi%$ a v int]e/+ pap] call+ att5tion to ! int]val ( "t :i* regul>ly occurr$ betwe5 ! fir/ case ( yell[ fev] 9 a giv5 community & ^? t subsequ5tly foll[$2 ?is 0 nev] less ?an two weeks1 a p]iod ( incubation ext5d+ beyond t usually accord$ to o!r acute infecti\s diseases4 ,! accuracy ( ^! obs]vations has lat] be5 confirm$ by ! mosquito exp]im5ts h]e9aft] outl9$4 ,,factors ,,:i* ,,l$ ,,to ,,! ,,appo9tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,bo>d ,"o may well believe t su* a sc\rge z yell[ fev] c\ld n h be5 long neglect$ by m$ical inve/igators1 & s we f9d t f ! e>lie/ days1 :5 ! g]m-!ory ( disease took its prop] place 9 mod]n sci5ce1 a se>* = ! causative ag5t ( ?is infection 0 m or less actively in/itut$4 ,m5 ( ! highe/ atta9m5ts 9 bact]iology engag$ 9 num]\s attempts to isolate ! yell[ fev] microbe3 un=tunately n a few *>latans took advantage ( ! dread & t]ror :i* ! disease inspires1 to proclaim _! discov]ies & _! specific ,,cures2 "o ( ^! obta9$ weal? & honor 9 "o ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican republics = presumably hav+ discov]$ ! g]m & prep>$ a s-call$ vacc9ation :i* 0 expect$ to eradicate ! disease f t c\ntry1 b = _m ye>s aft] ! =eign population cont9u$ to suff] z be=e & ! int5sity & ! spread ( yell[ fev] rema9$ unabat$1 al?\gh ?\s&s ( prev5tive inoculations 7 made e mon?4 ,geo4 ,m4 ,/]nb]g 9 #ahhj1 !n an army surgeon1 0 directly in/rum5tal 9 expos+ ! sw9dle t 0 be+ p]petrat$1 putt+ an end1 aft] ! mo/ pa9/ak+ inve/igation1 to all ! claims to discov]y ( ! g]m ( yell[ fev] t _h be5 made by sev]al m$ical m5 9 ,spani% ,am]ica4 ,! exp]i5ce :i* he obta9$ dur+ a sci5tific excursion ?r\gh ,mexico1 ,cuba & ,s\? ,am]ica gave him a wond]ful insight z to ! difficulties "o has to cont5d ) 9 su* "w & made him realize ! importance ( special laboratory tra9+ = su* und]tak+4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t1 z surgeon g5]al ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 tw5ty ye>s aft]1 ,g5]al ,/]nb]g *ose & appo9t$ ! m5 :o con/itut$ ! yell[ fev] bo>d1 9 ,cuba4 ,! ye> be=e ! ,spani%-,am]ican w>1 an ,italian savant1 :o _h obta9$ a well-des]v$ reputation z bact]iologi/ :ile work+ 9 ! ,in/itute ,pa/eur ( ,p>is1 came out ) ! ann\ncem5t f ,montevideo1 ,uruguay1 t he _h actually discov]$ ! mu*-s\ght-= cause ( yell[ fev]2 8 descriptions ( ! me?ods employ$1 ?\gh n mat]ially diff]5t f ^? foll[$ by ,/]nb]g _m ye>s be=e1 bore ! impr9t ( tru? & 8 exp]im5tal inoculations _h app>5tly be5 successful4 ,san>elli--t is 8 "n--= ab\t two ye>s 0 ! h]o ( ! h\r1 yet 8 claims h be5 prov$ absolutely false4 ,! "q ( ! id5tity ( 8 g]m 0 fir/ tak5 up by ! writ] "u in/ructions f ,g5]al ,/]nb]g3 dur+ ! ,santiago campaign ,i _h opportunity to autopsy a consid]able numb] ( yell[ fev] cases &1 foll[+ closely ^u ,san>elli's directions1 only ?ree times out ( t5 c\ld 8 bacillus be demon/rat$2 at almo/ ! same "t1 ,drs4 ,re$ & ,c>roll1 9 ,wa%+ton1 7 c>ry+ out exp]im5ts :i* %[$ t ,san>elli's bacillus belong$ to ! hog-*ol]a gr\p ( bact]ia & ?us :5 f\nd 9 yell[ fev] cadav]s c\ld play !re only a second>y role z f> z ! infection is conc]n$4 ,un=tunately1 two inve/igators belong+ to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,m>9e ,hospital ,s]vice1 ,drs4 ,wasd9 & ,gl$d+s1 71 accord+ to _! claims1 corroborat+ ,san>elli's f9d+s3 !re 0 no?+ to d b t ! inve/igation %\ld cont9ue1 & s ,i 0 s5t by ,g5]al ,/]nb]g to ,havana 9 ,decemb]1 #ahih1 ) in/ructions & p[] to d all t might be necess>y to cle> up ! matt]4 ,wasd9 & ,g$d+s _h prec$$ me2 ! "w c>ri$ u ?r\gh ! summ] ( #ahii2 we frequ5tly inve/igat$ ! same cases2 ,i (t5 autopsi$ bodies f :i* we took ! same specim5s & made ! same cultures1 9 g5]ally ! same k9d ( m$ia1 & f9ally we r5d]$ our reports to our respective dep>tm5ts1 ,wasd9 & ,g$d+s affirm+ t ,san>elli's bacillus 0 pres5t 9 almo/ all ! cases1 :ile ,i d5i$ t x _h su* specific "* & %[$ its occurr5ce 9 cases n yell[ fev]4 ,a virul5t epidemic :i* rag$ 9 ! city ( ,santiago & vic9ity dur+ #ahii af=d$ me abundant mat]ial = rese>*4 ,9 ! meantime ! city ( ,havana 0 be+ r5d]$ sanit>y 9 a way :i* exp]i5ce _h taught w\ld h ov]come any bact]ial infection1 &1 9 fact1 ! diseases ( fil?1 su* z dys5t]y1 tub]culosis1 *ildr5's compla9ts & o!rs1 decreas$ 9 a surpris+ mann]1 :ile yell[ fev] seem$ to h be5 little affect$ if at all4 ,evid5tly1 a m ?or\gh ov]haul+ ( ! matt] 0 necess>y to arrive at ! tru?1 & :ile ! "q ( ,san>elli & 8 claims 0 practically put aside1 ,surgeon-,g5]al ,/]nb]g1 recogniz+ ! importance ( ! "w be=e u & t its proportions 7 su* z to r5d] ! outcome m satisfactory by ! coop]ation ( sev]al inve/igators 9 ! same direction1 wisely decid$ to create a bo>d = ! purpose & s caus$ ! foll[+ to be issu$3 ,special ,ord]s ,no4 #abb ,,headqu>t]s ,,( ,,! ,,army1 ,,adjutant ,,g5]al',s ,,(fice1 ,,wa%+ton1 ,may #bd1 #aijj ,extract #cd4 ,by direction ( ! ,secret>y ( ,w>1 a bo>d ( m$ical (fic]s is appo9t$ to meet at ,camp ,columbia1 ,quemados1 ,cuba1 = ! purpose ( pursu+ sci5tific inve/igations ) ref]5ce to ! infecti\s diseases preval5t on ! ,isl& ( ,cuba4 ,detail = ! bo>d3 ,major ,walt] ,re$1 surgeon1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army2 ,act+ ,assi/ant ,surgeon ,james ,c>roll1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army2 ,act+ ,assi/ant ,surgeon ,ari/ides ,agramonte1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army2 ,act+ ,assi/ant ,surgeon ,jesse ,w4 ,laze>1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 ,! bo>d w act "u g5]al in/ructions to be communicat$ to ,major ,re$ by ! ,surgeon ,g5]al ( ! ,army4 ,by comm& ( ,,major ,,g5]al ,,miles1 ,h4 ,c4 ,,corb91 ,adjutant ,g5]al ,x may be ( int]e/ to ! read] to le>n :o ^! m5 7 & ! reasons :y !y 7 probably select$ = ! "w4 ,major ,re$1 ! fir/ memb] 9 ! ord] ( appo9tm5t1 0 ! rank+ (fic] & !re=e ! *airman ( ! bo>d4 ,he 0 a regul> army (fic]1 at ! "t curator ( ! ,army ,m$ical ,museum 9 ,wa%+ton & a bact]iologi/ ( "s repute4 ,he des]v$ly enjoy$ ! full confid5ce ( ! surgeon g5]al1 besides 8 p]sonal fri5d%ip & reg>d4 ,re$ 0 a man ( *>m+ p]sonality1 hone/ & above bo>d4 ,e "o :o knew him lov$ him & confid$ 9 him4 ,a poli%$ g5tleman & a sci5ti/ ( ! highe/ ord]1 he 0 peculi>ly fitt$ = ! "w be=e him4 ,dr4 ,james ,c>roll1 ! second memb] ( ! bo>d1 0 a self-made man1 hav+ ris5 f ! ranks ?r\gh 8 own ef=ts3 :ile a memb] ( ! ,army ,hospital ,corps he /udi$ m$ic9e & subsequ5tly took sev]al c\rses at ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity 9 ! laboratory bran*es4 ,at ! "t ( 8 appo9tm5t to ! bo>d he _h be5 = sev]al ye>s an able assi/ant to ,major ,re$4 ,p]sonally1 ,c>roll 0 indu/ri\s & ( a retir+ disposition4 ,dr4 ,jesse ,w4 ,laze> 0 ! f\r? memb] ( ! bo>d4 ,he _h graduat$ f ! ,college ( ,physicians & ,surgeons 7,columbia ,univ]sity7 9 ! same class z ! writ]1 9 #ahib1 & _h aft]w>ds /udi$ abroad & at ,johns ,hopk9s4 ,laze> _h receiv$ special tra9+ 9 ! inve/igation ( mosquitoes ) ref]5ce to mal>ia & o!r diseases4 ,/ation$ at ,columbia ,b>racks1 he _h be5 9 ,cuba sev]al mon?s be=e ! bo>d 0 conv5$1 9 *>ge ( ! hospital laboratory at ! camp4 ,a ?or\gh univ]sity man1 he 0 ! type ( ! old s\!rn g5tleman1 k9d1 affectionate1 dignifi$1 ) a high s5se ( honor1 a /aun* fri5d & a fai?ful soldi]4 ,! writ] 0 ! ?ird memb] ( ! ,army ,bo>d4 ,born 9 ,cuba dur+ ! t5 ye>s' w>1 :ile /ill a *ild1 my fa!r hav+ be5 kill$ 9 battle aga9/ ! ,spani%1 ,i 0 tak5 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & educat$ 9 ! public s*ools & 9 ! ,college ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 graduat+ f ! ,college ( ,physicians & ,surgeons 9 #ahib4 ,at ! break+ out ( ! w> ,i 0 assi/ant bact]iologi/ 9 ! ,new ,york ,heal? ,dep>tm5t4 ,! subject ( yell[ fev] rese>* 0 my *ief object f ! outset1 &1 at ! "t ! bo>d 0 appo9t$1 ,i 0 9 *>ge ( ! laboratory ( ! ,division ( ,cuba1 9 ,havana4 ,x may be readily se5 f ! brief sket* reg>d+ ! sev]al memb]s t ! compon5ts ( ! yell[-fev] bo>d really con/itut$ a p]fectly consi/5t body1 = ! reason1 ma9ly1 t !y 7 all m5 tra9$ 9 ! special field :]e9 _! labors 7 to be s fruitful & t be=e _! appo9tm5t to ! bo>d !y _h be5 m or less associat$ 9 sci5tific "w4 ,,fir/ ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,bo>d ,my fir/ k ( ! exi/5ce ( ! bo>d 0 _h ?r\gh ! foll[+ lett] f my fri5d ,major ,re$3 ,,w> ,,dep>tm5t1 ,,surgeon ,,g5]al',s ,,(fice1 ,,wa%+ton1 ,may #be1 #aijj ,,dr4 ,a4 ,,agramonte1 ,act'g ,as/4 ,surgeon ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 ,milit>y ,hospital ,no4 #a1 ,havana1 ,cuba ,my de> ,doctor3 ,an ord] issu$ ye/]day f ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t calls = a bo>d ( m$ical (fic]s = ! inve/igation ( acute infecti\s diseases occurr+ on ! ,isl& ( ,cuba4 ,! bo>d consi/s ( ,c>roll1 y\rself1 ,laze> & ! writ]4 ,x w be our duty1 "u v]bal in/ructions f ! ,surgeon ,g5]al1 to cont9ue ! inve/igation ( ! causation ( yell[ fev]4 ,! ,surgeon ,g5]al expects u to make use ( y\r laboratory at ,milit>y ,hospital ,no4 #a & ,laze>'s laboratory at ,camp ,columbia4 ,accord+ to ! pres5t plan1 ,c>roll & ,i w be qu>t]$ at ,camp ,columbia4 ,we propose to br+ ) u our microscopes & su* o!r app>atus z may be necess>y = ! bact]iological & pa?ological "w4 ,if1 !re=e1 y w promptly s5d me a li/ ( ! app>atus on h& 9 y\r laboratory1 x w s]ve z a v great help 9 enabl+ u to decide z to :at we %\ld include 9 our equipm5t4 ,any sugge/ions t y may h to make w be mu* appreciat$4 ,c>roll & ,i expect to leave ,new ,york1 on transport1 betwe5 ! #ae? & #bj? ( ,june & are look+ =w>d1 ) mu* pleasure1 to our association ) y & ,laze> 9 ?is int]e/+ "w4 ,z f> z ,i c see we h a ye> or two ( "w be=e u4 ,tru/+ y w let me he> f y promptly1 & ) be/ wi%es1 ,s9c]ely y\rs1 7,sign$7 ,,walt] ,,re$ ,on ! aft]noon ( ,june #be1 #aijj1 ! f\r (fic]s met = ! fir/ "t 9 _! new capacity1 on ! v]&a ( ! (fic]s' qu>t]s at ,columbia ,b>racks ,hospital4 ,we 7 fully appreciative ( ! tru/ & aw>e ( ! responsibility plac$ ^u u & ) a feel+ ak9 to rev]5ce he>d ! in/ructions :i* ,major ,re$ _h br\ght f ! surgeon g5]al2 !y compris$ ! inve/igation also ( mal>ia1 leprosy & unclassifi$ febrile conditions1 & 7 giv5 ) su* detail & precision z only a man ( ,g5]al ,/]nb]g's exp]i5ce & k 9 su* matt]s c\ld h prep>$4 ,aft] decid+ ^u ! fir/ /eps to be tak51 x 0 unanim\sly agre$ t :atev] ! result ( our inve/igation %\ld turn out to be1 x 0 to be consid]$ z ! "w ( ! bo>d z a body1 & nev] z ! outcome ( any individual ef=t2 t ea* "o ( u 0 to "w 9 h>mony ) a g5]al plan1 ?\gh at lib]ty to c>ry out 8 individual me?ods ( rese>*4 ,we 7 to meet :5ev] necess>y1 ,drs4 ,re$1 ,c>roll & ,laze> to rema9 at ! ,b>racks ,hospital & ,i to /ay 9 *>ge ( ! laboratory 9 ,havana1 at ! ,milit>y ,hospital1 :]e ,i also _h a w>d into :i* yell[-fev] cases f ! city 7 (t5 admitt$4 ,"w 0 begun at once4 ,=tunately = our purpose1 an epidemic ( yell[ fev] exi/$ 9 ! t[n ( ,quemados1 9 close proximity to ! milit>y res]vation ( ,camp ,columbia4 ,ev5 be=e ! arrival ( ,re$ & ,c>roll1 ,laze> & ,i _h be5 /udy+ its spread1 foll[+ ! cases v closely2 subsequ5tly a few autopsies 7 made by me1 ,c>roll mak+ cultures f ! v>i\s tissues & ,laze> secur+ fragm5ts = microscopical exam9ation2 a c>eful record 0 kept & ! results not$2 cases gradually became less 9 numb] z ! epidemic sl[ly di$ out1 ab\t ! middle ( ,augu/4 ,9 ! meantime a r sev]e outbreak ( yell[ fev] _h occurr$ 9 ,santa ,cl>a1 a city 9 ! int]ior ( ! isl&1 hav+ invad$ ! g>rison & caus$ ! dea? ( sev]al soldi]s2 z ! orig9 ( ! infection 0 %r\d$ 9 my/]y1 & cases cont9u$ to appe> among ! troops ev5 aft] !y _h mov$ out ( ! t[n1 x 0 agre$ t ,i %\ld endeavor to trace ! s\rce ( ! epidemic & aid ! m$ical au?orities 9 e/abli%+ :atev] prev5tive measures might seem prop]4 ,?is s]vice is "h record$ because 9 ! g5]al discussion ( ! />t & c\rse ( ! epidemic ) ,dr4 ,j4 ,hamilton ,/one1 ! (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! milit>y hospital1 we incid5tally spoke ( ! possible ag5cy ( insects 9 spread+ ! disease1 po9t+ p>ticul>ly 9 ?is direction ! fact ( ! infection ( a troop] :o1 suff]+ f ano!r compla9t1 occupi$ a b$ 9 a w>d across ! y>d f :]e a yell[ fev] case _h develop$ two weeks be=e4 ,! infection ( ! city ( ,santa ,cl>a _h evid5tly tak5 place f ,havana1 di/ant only "o night's j\rney by tra94 ,capta9 ,/one1 a p>ticul>ly able (fic]1 _h already in/itut$ effective qu>ant9e measures be=e my arrival1 s t ,i only rema9$ !re a few days4 ,b z to ! actual cause ( ! disease we 7 /ill entirely at sea2 x help$ u little to "k t a man c\ld be infect$ 9 ,havana1 take ! tra9 = a t[n 9 ! int]ior & />t an outbreak !re 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,^u rejo9+ my colleagues 7,july #b7 we resum$ our r\t9e inve/igations2 n only 9 ,quemados1 :]e ! disease 0 be+ /amp$ out1 b also 9 ,havana1 at ,las ,animas ,hospital & at ,milit>y ,hospital ,no4 #a1 :]e my laboratory 7! division laboratory7 0 locat$4 ,!re 0 no sc>city ( mat]ial & ! two memb]s :o until !n _h nev] se5 a case ( yell[ fev] 7,re$ & ,c>roll7 _h ample opportunity1 & took advantage ( x1 to become acqua9t$ ) ! _m details ( its cl9ical picture :i* escape ! ord9>y practition]1 ! k & ! appreciation ( :i*1 9 _! relative value1 give ! "r to ! title ( exp]t4 ,s9ce ! lat] "p ( ,june1 reports _h be5 com+ to headqu>t]s ( an extraord9>y increase ( sickness among ! soldi]s /ation$ at ,p9> del ,rio1 ! capital ( ! extreme we/]n prov9ce1 & v soon ! great mortality f s-call$ p]nici\s mal>ial fev] attract$ ! att5tion ( ! *ief surgeon1 ,capta9 ,a4 ,n4 ,/>k1 :o1 aft] consult+ ) ,major ,re$1 ord]$ me to g !re & inve/igate4 ,a man _h di$1 suppos$ly f mal>ia1 j be=e my arrival on ! aft]noon ( ,july #ai4 ,! autopsy :i* ,i p]=m$ at once %[$ me t yell[ fev] _h be5 ! cause ( 8 dea?1 & a se>* ?r\gh ! milit>y hospital w>ds reveal$ ! exi/5ce ( sev]al unrecogniz$ cases be+ treat$ z mal>ia2 a consultation held ) ! m$ical (fic] 9 *>ge %[$ me 8 absolute incapacity1 z he 0 "u ! influ5ce ( opium mo/ ( ! "t 7he committ$ suicide sev]al mon?s aft]w>ds71 & s ,i telegraph$ ! condition ( ?+s to headqu>t]s2 9 answ] ,i receiv$ ! foll[+3 ,,*ief ,,surgeon',s ,,(fice1 ,,hdqrs4 ,,dept4 ,,havana ,,& ,,p9> ,,del ,,rio1 ,,quemados1 ,,cuba1 ,july #bj1 #aijj ,,surgeon ,,agramonte1 ,p9> del ,rio ,b>racks1 ,p9> del ,rio1 ,cuba ,report receiv$ la/ night4 ,my ?anks are due = y\r prompt action & confirmation ( my suspicions4 ,,/>k1 ,*ief ,surgeon ,conditions 9 ! hospital 7 su* z to dem& imm$iate action2 ! comm&] ( ! po/ refus$ to believe he _h yell[ fev] among 8 #ijj m5 & 0 loa? to ab&on 8 com=table qu>t]s = ! t5t life 9 ! woods t ,i e>ne/ly recomm5d$4 ,9 answ] to my telegram ask+ = (ficial support1 ,i receiv$ ! foll[+3 ,,*ief ,,surgeon',s ,,(fice1 ,,hdqrs4 ,,dept4 ,,havana ,,& ,,p9> ,,del ,,rio1 ,,quemados1 ,,cuba1 ,july #ba1 #aijj ,,surgeon ,,agramonte1 ,pill> del ,rio ,b>racks1 ,p9> del ,rio1 ,cuba ,take *>ge ( cases4 ,re$ goes on morn+ tra94 ,wire = any?+ want$4 ,nurses w be s5t4 ,in/ructions wir$ comm&+ (fic]4 ,o!r doctors %\ld n att5d cases4 ,e/abli% /rict qu>ant9e at hospital4 ,y w be reliev$ z soon z an immune c be s5t to replace y4 ,report daily by wire4 ,,/>k1 ,*ief ,surgeon ,:5 ,major ,re$ came to ,p9> del ,rio 7,july #ba7 ,i _h1 ! day be=e1 e/abli%$ a sep>ate yell[-fev] hospital1 "u t5ts1 att5d$ by "s ( ! m5 :o _h already pass$ an attack & 7 ?us immune4 ,! ,major & ,i w5t ov] ! gr\nd v c>efully1 we /udi$ ! sick report = two mon?s back1 fruitlessly try+ to place ! blame ^u ! fir/ case4 ,i well rememb] h[1 z we /ood 9 ! m5's sleep+ qu>t]s1 surr\nd$ by a hundr$ b$s1 f sev]al ( :i* fatal cases _h be5 remov$1 we 7 /ruck by ! fact t ! lat] occupants _h n develop$ ! disease4 ,9 connection ) ?is1 & p>ticul>ly int]e/+1 0 ! case ( a soldi] prison] :o _h be5 conf9$ to ! gu>d-h\se s9ce ,june #f2 he %[$ ! fir/ symptoms ( yell[ fev] on ! twelf? & di$ on ! eighte5?2 none ( ! o!r eight prison]s 9 ! same cell caught ! infection1 ?\gh "o ( !m cont9u$ to sleep 9 ! same bunk previ\sly occupi$ by 8 dead comrade4 ,m ?an ?is2 ! ?ree m5 :o h&l$ ! clo?+ & wa%$ ! l95 ( ^? :o _h di$ dur+ ! la/ mon? 7 /ill 9 p]fect heal?4 ,"h we seem$ to be 9 ! pres5ce ( ! same ph5om5on rem>k$ by ,capta9 ,/one 9 ref]5ce to 8 case at ,santa ,cl>a1 & be=e t by sev]al inve/igators ( yell[ fev] epidemics2 ! infection at a di/ance1 ! h>mless condition ( b$d+ & clo?+ ( ! sick2 ! possibility t "s insect might be conc]n$ 9 spread+ ! disease deeply impress$ u & ,major ,re$ m5tions ! circum/ance 9 8 lat] writ+s4 ,?is 0 really ! fir/ "t t ! mosquito transmission !ory 0 s]i\sly consid]$ by memb]s ( ! bo>d1 & x 0 decid$ t1 al?\gh discr$it$ by ! repeat$ failure ( its mo/ ard5t support]1 ,dr4 ,c>los ,j4 ,f9lay1 ( ,havana1 to demon/rate x1 ! matt] %\ld be tak5 up by ! bo>d & ?or\ghly sift$4 ,! removal ( ! troops out ( ,p9> del ,rio 0 ! means ( at once *eck+ ! propagation ( ! disease4 ,on ! fir/ day ( ,augu/ ! bo>d met & aft] due delib]ation det]m9$ to inve/igate mosquitoes 9 connection ) ! spread ( yell[ fev]4 ,z ,dr4 ,laze> 0 ! only "o ( u :o _h _h any exp]i5ce 9 mosquito "w1 ,major ,re$ ?\ght prop] t he %\ld take *>ge ( ?is "p ( ! inve/igation 9 ! beg9n+1 :ile we1 ,c>roll & ,i1 cont9u$ ) ! o!r "w on h&1 at ! same "t gradually becom+ famili> ) ! manipulations necess>y 9 deal+ ) ! insects4 ,a visit 0 n[ made to ,dr4 ,f9lay1 :o1 mu* elat$ at ! news t ! bo>d 0 ab\t to inve/igate 8 pet !ory1 ! transmission ( yell[ fev] f man to man by mosquitoes1 v k9dly expla9$ to u _m po9ts reg>d+ ! life ( ! "o k9d he ?\ght mo/ guilty & end$ by furni%+ u ) a numb] ( eggs :i*1 laid by a female mosquito ne>ly a mon? be=e1 _h rema9$ unhat*$ on ! inside ( a half empty b[l ( wat] 9 8 libr>y4 ,mu* to our disappo9tm5t & regret1 dur+ ! fir/ week ( ,augu/1 ,major ,re$ 0 recall$ to ,wa%+ton t he might1 9 collaboration ) ,drs4 ,vaughan & ,%akespe>e1 complete ! report ^u ,typhoid ,fev] 9 ! ,army4 ,?us we 7 depriv$ ( 8 able c\nsel dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! mosquito rese>*4 ,major ,re$ 0 deta9$ long] ?an he expect$ & c\ld n return to ,cuba until e>ly 9 ,octob]1 sev]al days aft] ,laze>'s dea?4 ,! mosquito eggs obta9$ f ,dr4 ,f9lay hat*$ out 9 due "t2 ! insects s5t to ,wa%+ton = _! exact classification 7 decl>$ by ,dr4 ,l4 ,o4 ,h[>d1 entomologi/ to ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t1 to be ,culex fasciatus4 ,lat]1 !y h be5 call$ ,/egomyia fasciatus & n[ g "u ! "n ( ,/egomyia calopus 7,a$es cal474 ,laze> appli$ "s ( ^! mosquitoes to cases ( yell[ fev] at ,las ,animas ,hospital1 keep+ !m 9 sep>ate glass tubes prop]ly label$1 & e ?+ connect$ ) _! bit+s 0 c>efully record$2 ! orig9al bat* soon di$ & ! "w 0 c>ri$ on ) subsequ5t g5]ations f ! same4 ,! lack ( mat]ial at ,quemados caus$ u to remove our field ( action to ,havana1 :]e cases ( yell[ fev] cont9u$ to appe>4 ,we met almo/ e day at ,las ,animas ,hospital1 :]e ,laze> 0 try+ to infect 8 mosquitoes1 or n[ & !n ,i p]=m$ autopsy ^u a case1 & ,c>roll secur$ suffici5t cultures to la/ him = sev]al days ( bact]iological inve/igation4 ,consid]+ t1 9 case our surmise z to ! insect's action %\ld prove to be correct1 x 0 dang]\s to introduce infect$ mosquitoes among/ a population ( #a1djj non-immunes at ,camp ,columbia1 ,dr4 ,laze> ?\ght be/ to keep 8 presumably infect$ insects 9 my laboratory at ! ,milit>y ,hospital ,no4 #a1 f :]e he c>ri$ !m back & =? to ! pati5ts :o 7 p]iodically bitt54 ,incid5tally1 aft] ! mosquitoes f$ ^u ! yell[ fev] pati5ts1 !y 7 appli$1 at int]vals ( two or ?ree days1 to :oev] w\ld cons5t to run ! risk ( contract+ yell[ fev] 9 ?is way2 ne$less to say1 curr5t op9ion 0 aga9/ ?is probability & z "t pass$ & num]\s individuals :o _h be5 bitt5 by insects :i* _h previ\sly f$ ^u yell[ fev] blood rema9$ unaffect$1 ,i mu/ confess t ev5 ! memb]s ( ! bo>d1 :o 7 r sangu9e 9 _! expectations1 became some:at disc\rag$ & _! fai? 9 success v mu* %ak54 ,no secret 0 made ( our attempts to infect mosquitoes2 9 fact _m local physicians became int5sely int]e/$1 & ,laze> & 8 tubes 7 ! subject ( mu* comm5t on ! "p ( ! ,havana doctors1 :o ne>ly tw5ty ye>s be=e _h wat*$ & laugh$ at ,dr4 ,f9lay1 !n b5t app>5tly ^u ! same que/ 9 :i* we 7 n[ engag$4 ,dr4 ,f9lay himself 0 some:at *agr9$ :5 he le>n$ ( our failure to infect any "o ) mosquitoes1 b1 l a true believ]1 0 incl9$ to attribute ?is negative result m to "s defect 9 our te*nique ?an to any flaw 9 8 favorite !ory4 ,al?\gh ! bo>d _h ?\ght prop] to run ! same risks1 if any1 z ^? :o will+ly & kn[+ly subject$ !mselves to ! bites ( ! suppos$ly infect$ insects1 opportunity did n (f] itself readily1 s9ce ,major ,re$ 0 away 9 ,wa%+ton & ,c>roll1 at ,camp ,columbia1 engross$ 9 8 bact]iological inve/igations came to ,havana only :5 an autopsy 0 on h& or a p>ticul>ly int]e/+ case came up = /udy4 ,i 0 consid]$ an immune1 a fact t ,i w\ld n l to h te/$1 = ?\gh born 9 ! isl& ( ,cuba1 ,i _h practically liv$ all my life away f a yell[ fev] zone2 x 0 !re=e presum$ t ,i ran no risk 9 all[+ mosquitoes to bite me1 z ,i frequ5tly did1 j to fe$ !m blood1 :e!r !y _h previ\sly suck$ f yell[ fev] cases or n4 ,& s1 "t pass$ & sev]al ,am]icans & ,spani>ds _h subject$ !mselves 9 a sport+ mood to be bitt5 by ! infect$ 787 mosquitoes )\t caus+ any unt[>d results1 :5 ,laze> appli$ to himself 7,augu/ #af1 #aijj7 a mosquito :i* t5 days be=e _h f$ ^u a mild case ( yell[ fev] 9 ! fif? day ( 8 disease2 ! fact t no infection result$1 = ,laze> cont9u$ 9 excell5t heal? = a space ( "t f> beyond ! usual p]iod ( incubation1 s]v$ to discr$it ! mosquito !ory 9 ! op9ion ( ! inve/igators to a degree almo/ beyond r$emption1 & ! mo/ en?usia/ic1 ,dr4 ,laze> himself1 0 almo/ ready to ?r[ up ! sponge4 ,i _h z laboratory att5dant a "y ,am]ican1 a private belong+ to ! ,hospital ,corps ( ! ,army1 :o m ?an once _h b>$ 8 arm to all[ a weak mosquito a fair meal ) :i* to rega9 its app>5tly wan+ /r5g?2 ,l\d1 = t 0 8 "n1 d]id$ ! idea t su* a little bea/ c\ld d s mu* h>m z we seem$ ready to accuse x (1 al?\gh he 0 famili> ) ! de/ruction caus$ by bact]ia1 b !n1 he us$ to say1 bact]ial "w 9 armies ( m ?an a million bugs at ! same "t & no "o w\ld be d---- fool en\gh to let m ?an "o or two gnats /+ him at once4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s1 ! gradual loss ( fai? 9 ! dang] :i* mosquitoes seem$ to possess1 l$ ,dr4 ,laze> to relax a little & become less scrupul\s 9 8 c>e ( ! insects1 & (t51 aft] apply+ !m to pati5ts1 if press$ = "t1 he w\ld take !m away ) him to 8 laboratory at ,columbia ,b>racks1 :]e1 ! season be+ !n q w>m1 !y c\ld be kept z com=tably z at ! ,milit>y ,hospital laboratory4 ,?us x happ5$ t on ! tw5ty-sev5? ( ,augu/ he _h sp5t ! :ole morn+ at ,las ,animas ,hospital gett+ 8 mosquitoes to take yell[-fev] blood3 ! proc$ure 0 v simple2 ea* insect 0 conta9$ 9 a glass tube cov]$ by a wad ( cotton1 ! same z is done ) bact]ial cultures4 ,z ! m\? ( ! tube is turn$ d[nw>ds1 ! insect usually flies t[>ds ! bottom ( ! tube 7upw>ds71 !n ! latt] is uncov]$ rapidly & ! op5 m\? plac$ ^u ! =e>m or ! abdom5 ( ! pati5t2 aft] a few mom5ts ! mosquito drops ^u ! sk9 & if hungry w imm$iately />t op]ations2 :5 full1 by g5tly %ak+ ! tube1 ! insect is made to fly upw>ds aga9 & ! cotton plug replac$ )\t difficulty4 ,x s happ5$ t ?is r t$i\s "w1 on ! day above m5tion$1 la/$ until ne>ly ! noon h\r1 s t ,laze>1 in/ead ( leav+ ! tubes at ! ,milit>y ,hospital1 took !m all ) him to ,camp ,columbia3 among !m 0 "o insect t = "s reason or o!r _h fail$ to take blood :5 (f]$ to x at ,las ,animas ,hospital4 ,?is mosquito _h be5 hat*$ 9 ! laboratory & 9 due "t f$ ^u yell[-fev] blood f a sev]e case on ,augu/ #ae1 t is1 twelve days be=e1 ! pati5t !n be+ 9 ! second day ( 8 illness2 also at ?ree o!r times1 six days1 f\r days & two days be=e4 ,( c\rse1 at ! "t1 no p>ticul> att5tion _h be5 drawn to ?is insect1 except t x refus$ to suck blood :5 tempt$ t morn+4 ,aft] lun*eon t day1 z ,c>roll & ,laze> 7 9 ! laboratory att5d+ to _! respective "w1 ! conv]sation turn+ ^u ! mosquitoes & _! app>5t h>mlessness1 ,laze> rem>k$ h[ "o ( !m _h fail$ to take blood1 at :i* ,c>roll ?\ght t he might try to fe$ x1 z o!rwise x 0 liable to die be=e next day 7! insect seem$ weak & tir$72 ! tube 0 c>efully held fir/ by ,laze> & !n by ,c>roll himself1 = a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 ^u 8 =e>m1 be=e ! mosquito decid$ to introduce its proboscis4 ,?is insect 0 aga9 f$ f a yell[ fev] case at ,las ,animas ,hospital on ! tw5ty-n9?1 two days lat]1 ,dr4 ,c>roll be+ pres5t1 ?\gh n feel+ v well1 z x 0 aft]w>ds asc]ta9$4 ,we ?ree left ! yell[-fev] hospital toge!r t aft]noon2 ,i got d[n f ! doh]ty-wagon :]e ! road =ks1 go+ on to ! ,milit>y ,hospital1 :ile ,c>roll & ,laze> cont9u$ on _! way to ,camp ,columbia4 ,on ! foll[+ day1 ,laze> telephon$ to me 9 ! ev5+1 to say t ,c>roll 0 d[n ) a *ill aft] a sea ba? tak5 at ! bea*1 a mile & a half f ,camp1 & t !y suspect$ he _h mal>ia2 we !re=e made an appo9tm5t to exam9e 8 blood toge!r ! foll[+ morn+4 ,:5 ,i rea*$ ,camp ,columbia ,i f\nd t ,c>roll _h be5 exam9+ 8 own blood e>ly t morn+1 n f9d+ any mal>ial p>asites2 he told me he ?\ght he _h caught cold at ! bea*3 8 suffus$ face1 blood-%ot eyes & g5]al appe>ance1 9 spite ( 8 ef=ts at gaiety & unconc]n1 %ock$ me beyond words4 ,! possibility ( 8 hav+ yell[ fev] did n occur to him j !n2 :5 x did1 two days lat]1 he decl>$ he mu/ h caught x at my autopsy room 9 ! ,milit>y ,hospital1 or at ,las ,animas ,hospital1 :]e he _h be5 two days be=e tak+ sick4 ,al?\gh we insi/$ t he %\ld g to b$ 9 8 qu>t]s1 we c\ld only get him to re/ ^u a l\nge1 until ! aft]noon1 :5 he felt too sick & _h to take to 8 b$4 ,laze> & ,i 7 almo/ panic-/rick5 :5 we realiz$ t ,c>roll _h yell[ fev]4 ,we se>*$ = all possibilities t might ?r[ ! blame = 8 infection ^u any o!r s\rce ?an ! mosquito :i* bit him f\r days be=e2 ,laze>1 poor fell[1 9 8 desire to exculpate himself1 z he relat$ to me ! details ( ,c>roll's mosquito exp]im5t1 repeat$ly m5tion$ ! fact t he himself _h be5 bitt5 two weeks be=e )\t any effect !refrom & f9ally1 :at seem$ to relieve 8 m9d to "s ext5t1 0 ! ?\ght t ,c>roll (f]$ himself to fe$ ! mosquito & t he held ! tube ^u 8 own arm until ! "w 0 consummat$4 ,i h m5tion$ be=e t1 z ,laze> & ,i1 vaguely hop+ to f9d mal>ial p>asites 9 ,c>roll's blood1 sat look+ into our microscopes t morn+1 ! idea t ! mosquito 0 :at br\ght him d[n gradually took hold ( our m9ds1 b z our colleague _h be5 expos$ to infection 9 o!r ways1 by visit+ ! yell[ fev] hospital ,las ,animas1 z well z ! infect$ city ( ,havana1 x 0 necess>y to subject t same mosquito to ano!r te/ & h5ce ! inoculation ( ,private ,dean1 :i* is describ$ 9 ! op5+ *apt] ( ?is hi/ory4 ,,t]m9ation ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,s]ies ,,( ,,mosquito ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,dea? ,,( ,,laze>4 ,! mon? ( ,septemb]1 #aijj1 0 fraught ) worry & anxiety3 :at ) ,c>roll's & ,private ,dean's attacks ( yell[ fev] & ,major ,re$'s inability to return1 ,laze> & ,i 7 well-nigh on ! v]ge ( di/raction4 ,private ,dean 0 n m>ri$1 b ,c>roll's wife & *ildr51 a ?\s& miles away1 await$ 9 ! greate/ angui% ! daily cablegram :i* told !m ! condition ( ! husb& & fa!r1 :o 0 fight+ = life1 sometimes ! victim ( ! wilde/ delirium caus$ by consum+ fev]1 at o!rs almo/ ab\t to collapse1 until "o day1 ! wor/ ( ! disease be+ ov]1 ! wires mu/ h ?rill$ at our ann\ncem5t1 ,c>roll out ( dang]4 ,=tunately bo? he & ,dean made an un9t]rupt$ recov]y1 b we 7 /ill to und]go ! sev]e/ trial1 a sorr[ comp>$ to :i* ! fe>ful days ( ,c>roll's sickness lose all importance & dw9dle almo/ into insignificance4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! eighte5? my fri5d & classmate ,laze>1 :om 9 spite ( our %ort int]c\rse ,i _h le>n$ to respect & 9 e way appreciate mo/ highly1 compla9$ t he 0 feel+ out ( sorts4 ,he rema9$ all day ab\t ! (fic]s' qu>t]s & t night suff]$ a mod]ate *ill4 ,i saw him ! next day ) all ! signs ( a sev]e attack ( yell[ fev]4 ,c>roll 0 already walk+ ab\t1 ?\gh enfeebl$ by 8 late sickness1 & we bo? pli$ ,laze> ) que/ions z to ! orig9 ( 8 tr\ble2 ,i believe we affectionately *id$ him = n hav+ tak5 bett] c>e ( himself4 ,laze> assur$ u t he _h n exp]im5t$ ^u himself1 t is1 t he _h n be5 bitt5 by any ( ! purposely infect$ mosquitoes4 ,aft] ! case ( ,dean s pla9ly demon/rat$ ! c]ta9ty ( mosquito infection1 we _h agre$ n to tempt fate by try+ any m ^u ourselves1 & ev5 ,i det]m9$ t no mosquito %\ld bite me if ,i c\ld prev5t x1 s9ce ! subject ( my immunity 0 "o t c\ld n be su/a9$ on sci5tific gr\nds2 at ! same "t1 we felt t we _h be5 call$ ^u to accompli% su* "w z did n ju/ify our tak+ risks :i* !n seem$ really unnecess>y4 ,?is we impress$ ^u ,major ,re$ :5 he jo9$ u 9 ,octob] & = ?is reason he 0 nev] bitt5 by infect$ mosquitoes4 ,laze> told u1 h[ev]1 t :ile at ,las ,animas ,hospital ! previ\s ,?ursday 7five days be=e71 z he 0 hold+ a te/-tube ) a mosquito ^u a man's abdom51 "s o!r insect :i* 0 fly+ ab\t ! room re/$ ^u 8 h&2 at fir/1 he said1 he 0 tempt$ to fright5 x away1 b1 z x _h settl$ be=e he _h "t to notice x1 he decid$ to let x fill & !n capture x2 besides1 he did n want to move 9 fe> ( di/urb+ ! insect conta9$ 9 8 tube1 :i* 0 fe$+ voraci\sly4 ,be=e ,laze> c\ld prev5t x1 ! mosquito t bit him on ! h& _h fl[n away4 ,he told u 9 8 lucid mom5ts1 t1 al?\gh ,c>roll's & ,dean's cases _h conv9c$ him ( ! mosquito's role 9 transmitt+ yell[ fev]1 ! fact t no infection _h result$ f 8 own inoculation ! mon? be=e _h l$ him to believe himself1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 immune4 ,h[ c ,i describe ! agony ( susp5se :i* rack$ our s\ls dur+ ^? six days8 ,x seem$ to u z ?\gh a life 0 be+ (f]$ 9 sacrifice = ! ?\s&s :i* x 0 to contribute 9 sav+4 ,across ! span ( ?irte5 ye>s ! memory ( ! la/ mom5ts comes to me mo/ vividly & ?rill+1 :5 ! light ( reason left 8 bra9 & %ut out ( 8 m9d ! tortur+ ?\ght ( ! lov+ wife & daught] f> away1 & ( ! unborn *ild :o 0 to f9d itself fa!rless on com+ to ! _w4 ,tuesday1 ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,septemb] saw ! end ( a life full ( promise2 "o m "n1 t ( ,jesse ,w4 ,laze>1 0 grav5 ^u ! portals ( immortality4 ,& we may feel ju/ly pr\d = hav+ _h x1 9 any way1 associat$ ) our own4 ,! /ate ( m9d 9 :i* ?is calamity left u may bett] be imag9$ ?an describ$4 ,! arrival ( ,major ,re$ sev]al days aft] 9 a great measure came to relieve ! t5sity ( our n]ves & r5d] u a degree ( moral support ( :i* we 7 sorely 9 ne$4 ,laze>'s dea? naturally s]v$ to damp5 our fruition at ! success ( ! mosquito exp]im5ts1 b1 ?is not)/&+1 :5 ! facts 7 kn[n we 7 ! subjects ( mu* congratulation & ! "q :e!r ! !ory _h be5 def9itely demon/rat$ or n 0 ! !me ( conv]sation ev]y:]e1 ab\t ,havana & ,camp ,columbia p>ticul>ly4 ,we fully realiz$ t ?ree cases1 two exp]im5tal & "o accid5tal1 7 n suffici5t pro(1 & t ! m$ical _w 0 sure to look ) d\bt ^u any op9ion bas$ on su* meag] evid5ce2 besides1 9 ! case ( ,c>roll1 we _h be5 unable to exclude ! possibility ( o!r means ( infection1 s t we really _h b "o case1 ,dean's1 t we c\ld pres5t z cle>ly demon/rative & beyond "q4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 we ?\ght t ! results w>rant$ _! pres5tation 9 ! %ape ( a ,prelim9>y ,note1 & aft] all ! data 7 c>efully collect$ f ,laze>'s records & ^? at ! ,milit>y ,hospital1 a %ort pap] 0 prep>$ :i* ! ,major _h ! privilege to read at ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,public ,heal? ,association1 held on ,octob] #bd1 9 ! city ( ,indianapolis4 ,= ?is purpose ,major ,re$ w5t to ! ,/ates two weeks aft] 8 return to ,cuba1 & ,c>roll also took a %ort leave ( abs5ce s z to fully recup]ate1 9 prep>ation = ! second s]ies ( inoculations :i* we _h arrang$ to und]take1 aft] ! ,indianapolis meet+4 ,^! inoculations1 accord+ to our program1 7 to be made ^u volunte]s :o %\ld cons5t to suff] a p]iod ( previ\s qu>ant9e at "s place to be select$ 9 due "t1 away f any possibility ( yell[ fev]4 ,x s happ5$ !n t ,i 0 left ! only memb] ( ! bo>d 9 ,cuba &1 "u in/ructions f ,major ,re$1 ,i began to bre$ mosquitoes & infect !m1 z ,laze> us$ to d1 :]ev] cases occurr$1 keep+ !m at my laboratory 9 ! ,milit>y ,hospital ,no4 #a4 ,major ,re$ _h also ask$ me to look ab\t = a prop] location :]e9 to cont9ue ! "w ^u 8 return4 ,,orig9 ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,mosquito ,,!ory ,! possible ag5cy ( insects 9 ! propagation ( yell[ fev] 0 ?\ght ( by m ?an "o obs]v]1 f a v e>ly p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is disease4 ,= in/ance1 ,ru%1 ( ,philadelphia1 9 #agig1 notic$ ! excessive abundance ( mosquitoes dur+ t awful epidemic4 ,subsequ5tly1 sev]al o!rs spoke ( ! co9cid5ce ( gnats or mosquitoes & yell[ fev]1 b )\t ascrib+ any direct relation to ! "o reg>d+ ! o!r4 ,( c\rse1 man-to-man infection ?r\gh ! sole int]v5tion ( an insect 0 a ?+ entirely inconceivable & !re=e un?\ght ( until v rec5tly1 & 9 tru? ! discov]y1 z f> z yell[ fev] is conc]n$1 0 ! result ( a sl[ process ( evolution ( ! fundam5tal fact1 tak5 9 connection ) simil> f9d+s1 9 o!r diseases4 ,! e>lie/ direct ref]5ce is f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,dr4 ,nott1 ( ,mobile1 ,ala41 :o 9 #ahdh sugge/$ t ! dissem9ation ( ! yell[ fev] poison 0 evid5tly by means ( "s insect t rema9$ v close to ! gr\nd4 ,b ! fir/ :o positively po9t$ to ! mosquito z ! spread] ( yell[ fev]1 :o %[$ t abs5ce ( mosquitoes preclud$ ! exi/5ce ( ! disease & :o prescrib$ ! ready means to /amp x out1 by fumigation & by prev5t+ ! bites ( ! insects1 0 ,dr4 ,l\is ,d4 ,beaup]?uy1 a ,fr5* physician1 !n locat$ 9 ,v5ezuela4 ,! writ] has an orig9al copy ( 8 pap]1 publi%$ 9 #ahec1 :]e he fa/5s ! guilt ^u ! dome/ic mosquitoes1 believ+1 9 accord ) ! prevail+ tea*+s ( m$ical sci5ce1 t ! mosquitoes infect$ !mselves by contact or fe$+ ^u ! organic matt] f\nd 9 ! /agnant wat]s :]e !y are hat*$1 aft]w>ds inoculat+ ! victims by _! /+4 ,he recogniz$ ! fact t yell[ fev] is n contagi\s & !re=e c\ld n ?9k ( ! possibility ( man-to-man infection1 z we "k x to-day4 ,! ke5e/ obs]v] 0 ?is man ,beaup]?uy1 &1 ev5 at t b5ight$ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( tropical m$ic9e1 made mo/ int]e/+ /udies ( ! blood & tissues1 employ+ ! microscope & ! *emical reactions 9 8 rese>*4 ,no "o believ$ him1 & a commission appo9t$ to report ^u 8 views said t !y 7 inadmissible & all b decl>$ him insane4 ,?is field ( inve/igation rema9$ dormant = a comp>atively long p]iod ( "t4 ,mean:ile ano!r m$ical writ]1 ,dr4 ,gre5ville ,d[ell1 m5tions 9 #ahgf1 t if we comp>e ! effect ( heat & cold on gnats & mosquitoes ) yell[ fev]1 x w be difficult to believe x is ( ! same nature1 z x is controll$ by ! same natural laws4 ,soon aft] ?is1 9 #ahgi1 ! fir/ conclusive pro( ( ! direct transmission ( a disease f man-to-man 0 pres5t$ by ! fa!r ( tropical m$ic9e1 ,sir ,patrick ,manson1 ) reg>d to fil>ia1 a blood infection t (t5 causes ! repulsive condition kn[n z elephantiasis & :i* ! mosquito takes f man & aft] a %ort "t gives ov] to ano!r subject4 ,?is discov]y attract$ _w-wide att5tion & _m look$ aga9 t[>ds ! innum]able species ( bit+ insects t dwell 9 ! ,tropic ,zone1 z possible c>ri]s ( ! obscure diseases :i* also prevail 9 ^? regions4 ,9 #ahha1 ,dr4 ,c>los ,f9lay1 ( ,havana1 9 an exhau/ive pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 gave z 8 op9ion t yell[ fev] 0 spread by ! bites ( mosquitoes directly contam9at$ by /++ a yell[ fev] pati5t 7or p]haps by contact ) or fe$+ f 8 dis*>ge74 ,?is latt] view he held z late z #aijj1 :i*1 al?\gh correct 9 ! ma9 fact ( ! transmission ( ! g]m f a pati5t to a susceptible p]son by ! mosquito1 ! modus op]&i1 z he conceiv$ x1 0 entirely errone\s4 ,dr4 ,f9lay1 un=tunately 0 unable to produce exp]im5tally a s+le case ( fev] t c\ld )/& ! milde/ criticism1 s t at ! "t :5 ! ,army ,bo>d came to inve/igate ! causes ( yell[ fev] 9 ,cuba1 8 !ory1 ?\gh practically ! correct "o1 _h be5 s mu* discr$it$1 9 a great measure by 8 own failures1 t ! be/-kn[n exp]ts consid]$ x z an +5i\s1 b :olly fanciful1 "o & _m ?\ght x a fit subject = humor\s & s>ca/ic rep>tee4 ,f9lay also believ$1 errone\sly1 t repeat$ bites ( contam9at$ insects might protect aga9/ yell[ fev] & t ! mosquitoes 7 capable ( transmitt+ ! g]m to ! next g5]ation4 ,! wond]ful discov]ies ( ,!obald ,smi?1 z to ! ag5cy ( ticks 9 spread+ ,texas fev] ( cattle1 & ^? ( ,ross & ! ,italian inve/igators :o %[$ conclusively t mal>ia 0 transmitt$ by a species ( mosquito1 br\ght ! k ( ^! v>i\s diseases to ! po9t :]e ! ,army ,bo>d took up ! inve/igation ( yell[ fev]4 ,,second ,,& ,,f9al ,,s]ies ,,( ,,mosquito ,,exp]im5ts ,major ,re$ came back to ,havana 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,novemb]1 ,c>roll foll[+ a week aft]4 ,dur+ _! abs5ce1 ,i _h be5 apply+ mosquitoes to yell[ fev] pati5ts at ,las ,animas ,hospital1 keep+ !m 9 my laboratory1 z x 0 done at ! beg9n+ ( ! inve/igation2 ! season be+ m advanc$1 n[ & !n a cold nor!r w\ld bl[ & my insects suff]$ v mu* !reby1 s t ,i _h ! greate/ tr\ble 9 prev5t+ _! untimely dea?3 to ?is may be add$ ! difficulty met 9 fe$+ !m blood1 = n[ t ,i knew _! /+ 0 dang]\s1 unto dea? p]haps1 ,i c\ld n all[ any indiscrim9ate bit+1 b _h to select = ! purpose individuals :o _h suff]$ an attack ( ! disease & 7 !re=e immune4 ,! necessity = an exp]im5tal camp became m imp]ative z "t pass$1 n only :]e prop] qu>ant9e & isolation c\ld be e/abli%$1 b also :]e ! insects int5d$ = ! inoculations might receive bett] c>e4 ,?is entail$ consid]able exp5se4 ,=tunately = u1 ! milit>y gov]nor ( ! isl& at t "t1 ,brigadi] ,g5]al ,leon>d ,wood1 0 a man :o _h receiv$ a ?or\gh m$ical tra9+2 broad & cle>-m9d$1 he fully appreciat$ ! importance ( :at might be ! outcome ( our rese>*es4 ,we f\nd 9 him ! moral support :i* we s mu* ne$$ &1 fur!r1 he promptly plac$ at ! disposal ( ! bo>d suffici5t funds ) :i* to c>ry on ! exp]im5ts to ! end4 ,i firmly believe t _h o!r be5 ! circum/ances1 _h a m milit>y & less sci5tific man be5 at ! head ( ! gov]nm5t1 ! inve/igation w\ld h t]m9at$ !re & !n1 & _m ye>s w\ld h pass$1 ) hundr$s ( lives uselessly sacrific$1 be=e we c\ld h atta9$ our pres5t rem>kable sanit>y triumphs4 ,we imm$iately set ab\t *oos+ a location = our camp4 ,i _h already look$ ov] ! gr\nd1 pref]r+ ! proximity ( ,camp ,columbia1 f :]e supplies c\ld be easily obta9$ & because ! ,milit>y ,hospital !re c\ld be us$ = treat+ ! cases t we int5d$ to produce2 ,i 0 !re=e favorably impress$ ) ! seclusion (f]$ by a spot situat$ a %ort di/ance f ! ma9 road1 9 a f>m1 nam$ ,san ,jose1 belong+ to my fri5d ,dr4 ,ignacio ,rojas1 ( ,havana4 ,major ,re$ decid$ ^u ?is place aft] look+ at _m o!rs 9 ! neighborhood1 s t on ! tw5tie? ( ,novemb] we inaugurat$ our camp1 :i* we nam$ ,camp ,laze>1 9 honor to ! memory ( our dead colleague1 consi/+ !n ( sev5 army t5ts1 gu>d$ by a milit>y g>rison1 compos$ ( m5 :o _h be5 c>efully select$ by virtue ( _! previ\s good record & _! int]e/ 9 ! "w to be und]tak54 ,feel+ t we _h prov$1 to ourselves at lea/1 ! ag5cy ( ! mosquito 9 yell[ fev]1 x became our duty to disprove ! !ory1 until !n held z a c]ta9ty by _m au?orities1 to ! effect t ! soil$ b$d+ & clo?+1 ! secretions & excreta ( pati5ts1 7 infecti\s & 9 "s way c>ri$ ! g]m ( ! disease4 ,we !re=e design$ a small wood5 build+1 to be erect$ a %ort di/ance f ! t5se1 ) a capacity ( #b1hjj cubic feet4 ,! walls & ceil+ 7 absolutely tight1 ! w9d[s & ve/ibul$ door scre5$ & all precautions tak5 to prev5t ! entrance ( insects4 ,into ?is1 call$ ! infect$ clo?+ build+1 ?ree b$s & a /ove1 to ma9ta9 a high tropical temp]ature1 7 introduc$2 also mattresses & pill[s1 und]we>1 pajamas1 t[els1 %eets1 blankets1 etc41 soil$ ) blood & dis*>ges f yell[ fev] cases3 ^! articles 7 put on ! b$s1 hung ab\t ! room & pack$ 9 a trunk & two boxes plac$ !re = ! purpose4 ,! build+ 0 f9i%$ & equipp$ on ,novemb] #cj4 ,t ,friday ev5+1 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,p4 ,cook1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 ) two o!r ,am]ican volunte]s1 ent]$ x & prep>$ to pass ! night3 !y _h in/ructions to unpack ! boxes & trunk1 to h&le & %ake ! clo?+ & 9 e way to attempt to dissem9ate ! yell[ fev] poison1 9 case x 0 conta9$ 9 ! v>i\s pieces4 ,we wat*$ ! proce$+s f ! outside1 ?r\gh "o ( ! w9d[s4 ,! f\l conditions :i* develop$ ^u op5+ ! trunk 7 ( su* a "* t ! ?ree m5 7 se5 to sudd5ly ru% out ( ! build+ into ! fre% air2 "o ( !m 0 s upset t 8 /oma* rebell$2 yet1 aft] a few m9utes1 ) a c\rage & det]m9ation wor?y only ( su* a cause1 !y w5t back into ! build+ & pass$ a m or less sleepless night1 9 ! mid/ ( indescribable fil? & ov]:elm+ /5*4 ,= tw5ty consecutive nights ^! m5 w5t ?r\gh ! same p]=mance2 dur+ ! day !y rema9$ toge!r1 occupy+ a t5t ne> _! sleep+ qu>t]s4 ,dr4 ,cook1 by volunt>ily und]go+ su* a te/1 )\t remun]ation :atsoev]1 prov$ 8 fai? 9 ! mosquito !ory2 8 demon/ration ( ! h>mless "* ( s-call$ infect$ clo?+1 9 yell[ fev]1 has be5 ( ! greate/ importance4 ,! o!r six m5 7two ( !m ) ,dr4 ,cook7 :o 7 subject$ to ?is te/1 receiv$ ea* a donation ( "o hundr$ doll>s = 8 s]vices4 ,_m days ev5 be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( ! exp]im5tal camp1 ! bo>d _h he>d t sev]al m5 :o knew ( our "w 7 will+ to submit to ! inoculations & ?us aid 9 cle>+ up ! my/]y ( yell[ fev]4 ,two ( ^! require special m5tion1 ,john ,r4 ,kiss+]1 a private 9 ! ,hospital ,corps ( ! ,army1 0 ! fir/ to (f] himself mo/ altrui/ically1 =1 z he express$ x1 8 (f] 0 made )\t any desire = pecuni>y or o!r consid]ation & solely 9 ! int]e/ ( humanity & ! cause ( sci5ce1 ! o!r1 ,j4 ,j4 ,moran1 a civilian employee1 also /ipulat$ z a condition t he 0 to receive no pay = 8 s]vices4 ,bo? ^! m51 9 due "t1 suff]$ f yell[ fev] & until v rec5tly _h nev] obta9$ any rew>d = ! great risk :i* !y ran s volunt>ily & praisewor?ily4 ,kiss+]1 :o aft] sev]al ye>s' s]vice 9 ! army became disabl$1 is receiv+ a p5sion f ! gov]nm5t2 ,moran1 ,i hope1 is /ill well & 9 ! employ ( ! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission1 ju/ly enjoy+ ! fri5d%ip & confid5ce ( 8 sup]ior (fic]s4 ,! names ( ,kiss+] & ,moran %\ld figure ^u ! roll ( honor ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 ,on ! day ! camp 0 def9itely organiz$1 ,kiss+]1 :o _h n gone outside ! milit>y res]vation = m ?an a mon?1 mov$ into ,camp ,laze> & receiv$ 8 fir/ bite f a mosquito :i* evid5tly 0 n load$ =1 aga9 on ,novemb] #bc1 he 0 /ung by ! same insect )\t result4 ,on ,decemb] #e1 five mosquitoes 7 appli$1 :i* br\ght ab\t a mod]ate infection 9 ?ree days4 ,moran 0 also bitt5 by mosquitoes :i* 7 suppos$ to be infect$ on ,novemb] #bf & #bi1 bo? times unsuccessfully4 ,z w be se51 he 0 infect$ lat] on4 ,by ?is "t we _h decid$1 ! wea!r hav+ cool$ consid]ably1 t x 0 bett] to keep ! mosquitoes at a high] temp]ature & ne>] to ! m5 :o 7 to be inoculat$2 !re=e x 0 plann$ to put up ano!r small wood5 /ructure1 :i* 0 to be kn[n z ! ,mosquito ,build+ 9 :i* an artificial temp]ature c\ld be ma9ta9$2 at my sugge/ion1 ! build+ 0 s design$ t x might s]ve to infect individuals2 by lib]at+ infect$ mosquitoes on ! inside & expos+ "s p]son to _! /+s1 we c\ld try to reproduce ! infection z we felt x occurr$ 9 nature4 ,ano!r reason = ! mosquito h\se 0 ! ne$ to obviate ! transportation ( ! insects f ! ,milit>y ,hospital1 :]e ,i kept !m1 to our camp1 :i* c\ld n be easily done )\t subject+ !m to sev]e injury4 ,^u "o occasion ,i 0 tak+ f\r infect$ mosquitoes 9 ! pocket inside my bl\se f ! laboratory 9 ,havana to ! exp]im5tal camp1 accompani$ by my att5dant ,private ,l\d2 ! horse :i* pull$ my buggy1 a r spirit$ animal1 becom+ fright5$ at a /eam roll]1 z we w5t ar\nd ! corn] ( ,colon ,cemet]y1 />t$ to race d[n ! hill t[>ds ! ,alm5d>es ,riv]3 ,l\d 0 ?r[n out by ! fir/ cavort+s ( ! horse1 :o /ood on its h9d legs & jump$ sev]al times be=e da%+ away1 :ile ,i held tightly to ! tubes 9 my pocket1 z ! buggy upset & left me /r&$ ^u a s& pile 9 ! middle ( ! road2 ! mosquitoes 7 q safe1 h[ev]1 & ^u my arrival at ,camp ,laze> ,i turn$ !m ov] to ,c>roll = 8 subsequ5t c>e4 ,ano!r difficulty aft]w>ds enc\nt]$ 0 ! sc>city ( mat]ial susceptible to infection1 =1 al?\gh sev]al m5 _h express$ a will+ness to be inoculat$1 :5 ! "t came2 !y all pref]r$ ! infect$ clo?+ exp]im5t to ! /+s ( our mosquitoes4 ,we !n ?\ght be/ to secure lately l&$ ,spani>ds1 to :om ! probable outcome ( ! te/ might be expla9$ & _! cons5t obta9$ = a monet>y consid]ation4 ,our me?od 0 z foll[s2 z soon z a load ( immigrants arriv$1 ,i w\ld g to ,tiscornia1 ! ,immigration ,/ation across ! ,bay ( ,havana1 & hire eight or t5 m51 z day labor]s1 to "w 9 our camp4 ,once br\ght 91 !y 7 b\ntifully f$1 h\s$ "u t5ts1 slept "u mosquito-b>s & _! only "w 0 to pick up loose /ones f ! gr\nds1 dur+ eight h\rs ( ! day1 ) pl5ty ( re/ betwe54 ,9 ! meantime1 z ! days ( obs]vation pass$1 ,i c>efully que/ion$ !m z to _! antec$5ts1 family hi/ory & ! diseases :i* !y might h suff]$2 ^? :o _h liv$ 9 ,cuba or any o!r tropical c\ntry be=e 7 disc>d$ at once & also ^? :o 7 "u age or _h a family dep5d5t ^u !m4 ,:5 ! selection 0 f9ally made1 ! matt] ( ! exp]im5t 0 put to !m4 ,naturally1 !y all felt m or less t !y 7 runn+ ! risk ( gett+ yell[ fev] :5 !y came to ,cuba & s 7 n at all av]se to all[ !mselves to be bitt5 by mosquitoes3 !y 7 paid "o hundr$ doll>s = ?is1 & ano!r equal sum if1 z a result ( ! bit+ exp]im5t1 !y develop$ yell[ fev]4 ,ne$less to say1 no ref]5ce 0 made to any possible fun]al exp5ses4 ,a writt5 cons5t 0 obta9$ f ea* "o1 s t our moral responsibility 0 to a c]ta9 ext5t less5$4 ,( c\rse1 only ! heal?ie/ specim5s 7 exp]im5t$ ^u4 ,x s happ5$ t "s report] discov]$ :at we 7 ab\t1 or p]haps "s invidi\s p]son misrepres5t$ ! facts2 at any rate1 on ! tw5ty-fir/ ( ,novemb] a ,spani% newspap] appe>$ ) fl>+ headl9es d5\nc+ ! ,am]ican doctors :o 7 tak+ advantage ( ! poor immigrants & exp]im5t+ ) !m by inject+ all sorts ( poisons6 ,x call$ ^u ! ,spani% consul to look aft] 8 subjects4 ,9 view ( ?is we felt t if su* campaign cont9u$1 9 a %ort "t x w\ld ei!r make x impossible to secure subjects or cause diplomatic pressure to be ex]t$ aga9/ ! cont9uance ( our exp]im5ts4 ,x 0 ?\ght be/ to be>d ! lion 9 8 d5 s ! ?ree ( u call$ ^u ! consul ! foll[+ day4 ,he 0 surpris$ to he> "o ( u address him 9 8 own language1 hav+ tak5 u all = ,am]icans on fir/ sight1 & :5 ,i expla9$ to him our me?od ( proc$ure & %[$ him ! sign$ contracts ) ! m51 be+ an intellig5t man himself1 he _h no objections to (f] & told u to g ahead & n bo!r ab\t any h[l ! pap]s might make4 ,! fir/ ?ree cases 7two ( !m ,spani>ds7 :i* we produc$ came d[n ) yell[ fev] )9 a v %ort p]iod1 f ,decemb] #h to #ac2 x w !re=e n surprise ! read] to "k t :5 ! f\r? case develop$ on ,decemb] #ae1 & 0 c>ri$ out ( ! camp to ! hospital1 x caus$ a v]itable panic among ! rema9+ ,spani>ds1 :o1 r5\nc+ ! five hundr$ pesetas t ea* _h 9 view1 z ,major ,re$ v aptly put x1 lo/ all int]e/ 9 ! progress ( sci5ce & incont95tally sev]$ _! connection ) ,camp ,laze>4 ,b !re 0 a ri* s\rce to draw f1 & ! unexpect$ /amp$e only ret>d$ our "w = a %ort "t4 ,our artificial epidemic ( yell[ fev] 0 tempor>ily susp5d$ :ile a new bat* ( susceptible mat]ial 0 br\ght 91 obs]v$ & select$4 ,! next case = t reason 0 n produc$ ^u a ,spani>d until ,decemb] #cj4 ,9 ! face ( ! negative exp]im5ts ) suppos$ly contam9at$ articles1 x re/$ ) u to %[ h[ a h\se became infect$ & = ?is purpose ! ma9 "p ( ! mosquito build+ 0 utiliz$4 ,?is *amb] 0 divid$ into two comp>tm5ts by a d\ble wire-scre5 p>tition1 :i* effectually prev5t$ mosquitoes on "o side f pass+ to ! o!r2 ( c\rse !re 7 no mosquitoes !re to beg9 )1 z ! section ( ! build+ us$ = bre$+ & keep+ !m 0 entirely sep>at$ f ! o!r1 & !re c\ld be no communication betwe5 !m4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,decemb] #ba1 a j> conta9+ fifte5 hungry mosquitoes1 t _h previ\sly /ung cases ( yell[ fev]1 0 introduc$ & uncov]$ 9 ! l>g] comp>tm5t1 :]e a b$1 ) all l95 p]fectly /]iliz$1 0 ready = occupancy4 ,a few m9utes aft]1 ,mr4 ,moran1 dress$ z ?\gh ab\t to retire = ! night1 ent]$ ! room & ?rew himself ^u ! b$ = half an h\r2 dur+ ?is "t two o!r m5 & ,major ,re$ rema9$ 9 ! o!r comp>tm5t1 sep>at$ f ,moran only by ! wire-scre5 p>tition4 ,sev5 mosquitoes 7 soon at "w ^u ! "y man's arms & face2 he !n came out1 b return$ 9 ! aft]noon1 :5 five o!r insects bit him 9 less ?an tw5ty m9utes4 ,! next day1 at ! same h\r ( ! aft]noon1 ,moran ent]$ ! mosquito build+ = ! ?ird "t & rema9$ on ! b$ = fifte5 m9utes1 all[+ ?ree mosquitoes to bite 8 h&s4 ,! room 0 !n securely lock$1 b ! two ,am]icans cont9u$ to sleep 9 ! o!r comp>tm5t = ne>ly ?ree weeks1 )\t exp]i5c+ any ill effects4 ,promptly on ,*ri/mas morn+ ,moran1 :o _h n be5 expos$ to infection except = 8 entrance into ! mosquito build+ z describ$1 came d[n ) a well-m>k$ attack ( yell[ fev]4 ,! temp]ature 9 ?is room1 :]e ^! mosquitoes _h be5 releas$1 0 kept r high & a vessel ) wat] 0 provid$1 :]e !y might lay _! eggs if s incl9$1 b not)/&+ all ^! precautions1 x 0 subsequ5tly f\nd t ! insects _h be5 attack$ by ants1 s t by ! end ( ! mon? only "o ( ! fifte5 mosquitoes rema9$ alive4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to detail "h h[ sev5 o!r m5 7 subject$ to ! /+ ( our infect$ mosquitoes1 ( :i* numb] five develop$ ! disease1 b x may be int]e/+ to note t two ( ^! m5 _h be5 previ\sly expos$ 9 ! infect$ clo?+ build+ )\t _! becom+ infect$1 %[+ t !y 7 susceptible to yell[ fev] aft] all4 ,! evid5ce s f> seem$ to %[ t ! mosquito c\ld only be infect$ by suck+ blood ( a yell[-fev] pati5t dur+ ! fir/ ?ree days ( ! disease2 to prove t ! p>asite 0 pres5t 9 ! circulat+ blood at t "t we !re=e inject$ "s ( ?is fluid tak5 f a diff]5t case ea* "t1 "u ! sk9 ( five m53 f\r ( ^! suff]$ an attack ( yell[ fev] z ! result ( ! injection4 ,! o!r "o1 a ,spani>d1 c\ld n be infect$ ei!r by ! injection ( blood or ! application ( mosquitoes :i* 7 kn[n to be infect$1 %[+ t he _h a natural immunity or1 m likely1 t he _h _h yell[ fev] at "s previ\s "t4 ,:ile select+ ! ,spani>ds1 x 0 (t5 asc]ta9$ t !y _h be5 9 ,cuba be=e1 z soldi]s 9 ! ,spani% army usually1 & ! natural conclusion 0 t !y _h und]gone infection2 x 0 v seldom t any escap$ dur+ ! ,spani% control ( ! isl&4 ,?us t]m9at$ our exp]im5ts ) mosquitoes :i*1 ?\gh necess>ily p]=m$ on human be+s1 =tunately did n cause a s+le dea?2 on ! o!r h&1 !y s]v$ to revolutionize all /&>d me?ods ( sanitation ) reg>d to yell[ fev]4 ,!y %[$ ! uselessness ( dis9fection ( clo?+ & h[ easily an epidemic c be /amp$ out 9 a community by simply protect+ ! sick f ! /+ ( ! mosquitoes & by ! ext5sive & :olesale de/ruction ( ^! insects :i*1 add$ to ! suppression ( _! bre$+ places1 if ?or\ghly c>ri$ out1 are ! only measures necess>y to =ev] rid a c\ntry ( ?is sc\rge4 ,besides keep+ a %>p look\t aga9/ ! importation ( yell[ fev] cases1 ^! are ! simple rules t h kept ! ,panama ,canal free & prev5t$ ! slaught] ( hundr$s ( =eign]s1 s g5]ally expect$ e ye>1 9 =m] times4 ,s9ce we made our demon/ration 9 #aija1 our "w has be5 corroborat$ by v>i\s commissions appo9t$ = ! purpose1 9 ,mexico1 ,brazil & ,cuba1 compos$ v>i\sly ( ,am]icans1 ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 ,cuban1 ,brazilian & ,g]man inve/igators4 ,no?+ has be5 add$ to our orig9al f9d+s2 no?+ has be5 contradict$ ( :at we h report$1 & to-day1 aft] ne>ly ?irte5 ye>s1 ! tru?s t we uncov]$ /& incontrov]tible2 besides1 !y h be5 ! means ( driv+ out yell[ fev] f ,cuba1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7,l>$o1 ,texas1 #aijc & ,new ,orleans1 ,la41 #aije71 ,briti% ,honduras & sev]al cities ( ,brazil4 ,( ! ,army ,bo>d only ,i rema94 ,laze>1 z report$1 di$ dur+ ! e>ly "p ( our inve/igations2 ,re$ left u 9 #aijb & ,c>roll only five ye>s lat]4 ,! read] may wond] ( :at b5efit 0 x to u1 ?is pa9/ak+ & rem>kable accompli%m5t :i* has be5 su* a bless+ to humanity6 ,see :at ! late ,surgeon ,g5]al ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,army _h to say 9 8 report 7,s5ate ,docum5t ,no4 #ebj1 ,sixty-fir/ ,congress1 second session73 #a4 ,major ,walt] ,re$1 surgeon1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 di$ 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 f app5dicitis1 ,novemb] #bc1 #aijb1 ag$ #ea4 ,8 wid[1 ,emilie ,lawr5ce ,re$1 is receiv+ a p5sion ( #abe a mon?4 #b ,maj4 ,james ,c>roll 0 promot$ f fir/ lieut5ant to major by special act ( ,congress1 ,m>* #i1 #aijg4 ,he di$ 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d ,c41 ( myoc>ditis1 ,septemb] #af1 #aijg4 ,8 wid[1 ,j5nie ,h4 ,c>roll1 s9ce 8 dea?1 has receiv$ an annuity ( #abe a mon?1 appropriat$ f ye> to ye> 9 ! ,army appropriation bill4 #c4 ,dr4 ,jesse ,w4 ,laze>1 contract surgeon1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 di$ at ,camp ,columbia1 ,cuba1 ( yell[ fev]1 ,septemb] #be1 #aijj4 ,8 wid[1 ,mabel ,m4 ,laze>1 s9ce 8 dea?1 has receiv$ an annuity ( #abe a mon? appropriat$ f ye> to ye> 9 ! ,army appropriation bill4 #d4 ,dr4 ,ari/ides ,agramonte is ! only liv+ memb] ( ! bo>d4 ,he is pr(essor ( bact]iology & exp]im5tal pa?ology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,habana & has nev] receiv$1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 any mat]ial rew>d = 8 %>e 9 ! "w ( ! bo>d4 ,x is n = me to make any comm5ts3 ! above p>agraphs h all ! =ce ( a pla91 tru?ful /atem5t ( facts4 ,p]haps x is ?\ght t en\gh rew>d is to be f\nd 9 ! contemplation ( s mu* good d]iv$ f "o's own ef=ts & ! feel+ x may produce ( inn]mo/ satisfaction & 9 =m+ ! belief t "o _h n liv$ 9 va94 ,9 a v great measure1 ,i "k1 ! ?\ght is true4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,/>s ,,& ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,,iv ,,by ,,william ,,wallace ,,campbell ,,director ,,( ,,! ,,lick ,,obs]vatory1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cali=nia ,,! ,,planetesimal ,,hypo!sis ,,! mo/ elaborate /ructure yet propos$ to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! sol> sy/em is ! planetesimal hypo!sis by ,*amb]l9 & ,m\lton4 ,! en]gy :i* ^! inve/igators h devot$ to =mulat+ & te/+ ?is hypo!sis1 9 ! light ( ! pr9ciples ( me*anics1 has be5 comm5surate ) ! importance ( ! subject4 ,!y po/ulate t ! mat]ials n[ compos+ ! ,sun1 planets1 & satellites1 at "o "t exi/$ z a spiral nebula1 or z a great spiral sw>m ( discrete p>ticles1 ea* p>ticle 9 elliptic motion ab\t ! c5tral nucleus4 ,! au?ors g fur!r back & endeavor to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! spiral nebula1 b ?is phase ( ! subject is n vital to _! hypo!sis4 ,h[ev]1 x conduces to cle>ness 9 pres5t+ _! hypo!sis to beg9 ) ! e>li] process4 ,x may happ51 once 9 a :ile1 t two />s w collide4 ,if ! collision is a graz+ "o1 !y say1 a spiral nebula w be =m$4 ,h[ev]1 a fairly close approa* ( two />s w occur 9 va/ly great] frequ5cy & ! effect ( ?is approa* w also be to =m a spiral nebula or two su* nebulae4 ,! au?ors recall t our ,sun is con/antly eject+ mat]ials to a consid]able height to =m ! prom95ces1 & t ! attractions ( a great /> pass+ fairly close to our sol> sy/em w\ld assi/ ?is process ( expulsion ( matt] f ! ,sun4 ,a great outbreak or ejection ( matt] w\ld occur n only on ! side ( our ,sun turn$ t[>d ! di/urb+ body1 b on ! opposite side z well1 = ! same reason t tides 9 our oceans are rais$ on ! side opposite ! ,moon z well z on ! side t[>d ! ,moon4 ,z ! ,sun & di/urb+ /> proce$$ 9 _! orbits1 ! /ream ( matt] leav+ our ,sun on ! side ( ! di/urb+ body w\ld try to foll[ ! o!r />2 & ! /ream ( matt] leav+ ! o!r side ( ! ,sun w\ld %oot out 9 curves ess5tially symmetrical ) ^? 9 ! fir/ /ream4 ,z ! di/urb+ /> approa*$ & rec$$ ! pa?s tak5 by ! eject$ matt] w\ld be successively along curves su* z are repres5t$ by ! dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,at any giv5 mom5t ! eject$ matt] w\ld lie on ! two heavy l9es4 ,! matt] w\ld n be mov+ along ! heavy l9es1 b ne>ly at "r angles to !m1 9 ! directions t ! light] curves are po9t+4 ,z ! ejections w\ld n be cont9u\s1 b on ! contr>y int]mitt5t1 because ( viol5t pulsations ( ! ,sun's body1 !re w\ld be irregul>ities 9 ! two spiral /ream]s4 ,! mat]ials drawn out ( ! ,sun w\ld revolve ar\nd x 9 elliptic orbits aft] ! di/urb+ body _h pass$ beyond ! di/ance ( effective di/urbance1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,! orbits ( ! diff]5t masses w\ld h diff]5t sizes & diff]5t ecc5tricities4 ,!re w\ld also be a wide di/ribution ( f9ely-divid$ mat]ial betwe5 ! ma9 bran*es ( ! spiral4 ,all ( ! widespread gase\s matt]1 hot :5 x left ! ,sun1 w\ld soon become cold1 by expansion & radiation2 & only ! massive nuclei w\ld rema9 gase\s & hot4 ,i see no reason to "q ! effici5cy ( ?is +5i\s explanation ( ! orig9 ( a spiral nebula3 ! close passage ( two massive />s c\ld1 9 my op9ion1 produce an effect resembl+ a spiral nebula1 q 9 accordance ) ,m\lton's te/ calculations ^u ! subject4 ,"s ( ! spirals h possibly be5 =m$ 9 ?is way 7see ,fig4 #cj72 b t ! t5s ( ?\s&s ( spirals kn[n to exi/ 9 ! sky h actually be5 produc$ 9 ?is mann] is ano!r "q1 & "o :i*1 9 my op9ion1 is op5 to grave d\bt4 ,b to ?is po9t we %all return lat]4 ,!re are m>k$ advantages 9 />t+ ! evolution ( ! sol> sy/em f a spiral nebula1 aside f ! fact t spirals are abundant1 & !re=e repres5t a /&>d product ( developm5t4 ,! mat]ial is ?9ly & v irregul>ly di/ribut$ 9 a plane pass+ ?r\gh ! ,sun1 & ! motions ar\nd ! ,sun are all 9 ! same direction4 ,! great difficulty 9 ! ,laplace hypo!sis1 z to ! con/ancy ( ! mom5t ( mom5tum1 is "h elim9at$4 ,!re are well-def9$ cond5sations ( nuclei at q diff]5t di/ances f ! ,sun4 ,accord+ to ?is hypo!sis ! pr9cipal nuclei are ! beg9n+s ( ! future planets4 ,!y draw into !mselves ! mat]ials ) :i* !y come 9 contact by virtue ( ! cross+s ( ! orbits ( v>i\s sizes & v>i\s ecc5tricities4 ,! gr[? ( ! planets is gradual1 = ! sweep+ up & comb9+ process mu/ be excessively sl[4 ,! satellites are />t$ f ^? small] nuclei :i* happ5 to be mov+ ) j ! "r spe$s n to escape entirely ! attractions ( ! pr9cipal nuclei1 nor to fall into !m4 ,! planes ( ! planet>y orbits &1 9 g5]al1 ! planes ( ! satellite orbits %\ld agree q closely ) ea* o!r1 b !y c\ld diff] & %\ld diff] f t ( ! ,sun's equator4 ,! au?ors call att5tion to ! fact t ! ,sun's equator is incl9$ at a small angle1 #g degrees1 to ! common planes ( ! planet>y sy/em1 & ,*amb]l9 holds ?is to be "o ( ! /rong po9ts 9 favor ( ! planetesimal hypo!sis4 ,he reasons ?us3 ! /> :i* pass$ close to our ,sun & drew out ! planet>y mat]ials 9 ! =m ( spiral /reams mu/ h mov$ 9 ! plane ( ! spiral2 t is1 9 ! plane ( our planet>y sy/em4 ,"s ( ! mat]ials w\ld be drawn out f our ,sun only a v %ort di/ance & !n fall back ^u ! ,sun4 ,great tidal waves w\ld be =m$ on opposite sides ( ! ,sun1 & ^! w\ld try to foll[ ! di/urb+ body4 ,! effect ( ^! waves & ( ! mat]ials :i* fall back w\ld be to *ange ! ,sun's orig9al rotation plane 9 ! direction ( ! di/urb+ body's orbital plane4 ,n[ ! *ance = a di/urb+ />'s pass+ ar\nd our ,sun 9 a plane mak+ a l>ge angle1 say f #de degrees to #ij degrees1 ) ! ,sun's equator1 is mu* great] ?an = a small angle #j degrees to #de degrees4 ,! *ances are greate/ t ! angle w be #ij degrees4 ,only ^? di/urb+ />s :i* approa* our ,sun ,,precisely 9 ! plane ( ! ,sun's equator c\ld move ar\nd ! ,sun 9 ?is plane4 ,all ^? approa*+ along any l9e p>allel to ! ,sun's equatorial plane1 b ly+ outside ( ?is plane1 & all ^? ^: directions ( approa* make any angle :atev] ) ! equatorial plane1 w\ld f9d x impossible to move 9 t plane4 ,t ! angle "u ?is hypo!sis is only #g degrees is surpris+1 ?\gh1 z we are deal+ ) b a s+le case1 we c n say1 ,i ?9k1 t ?is militates ei!r = or aga9/ ! hypo!sis4 ,we are entitl$ to say only t unless ! approa* 0 s close z to cause di/urbances 9 our ,sun to relatively great dep?s1 ! angle ref]r$ to w\ld h only "o *ance 9 t5 or fifte5 or tw5ty to be z small z #g degrees4 ,any di/urbance :i* succe$$ 9 tak+ out ( ! ,sun only #a_/g ( #a p] c5t4 ( its mass c\ld sc>cely succe$ 9 %ift+ ! axis ( rotation ( ! rema9+ #ii #f_/g p] c5t4 v mu*1 ,i ?9k4 ,if ! angle 7 #cj degrees or #ej degrees or #hj degrees1 in/ead ( #g degrees1 ! case = ! planetesimal hypo!sis w\ld be some:at /rong]4 ,a rem>kable fact conc]n+ ! ,sun is t ! equatorial region rotates once ar\nd 9 a %ort] "t ?an ! regions 9 high] latitudes require4 ,! rotation p]iod ( ! ,sun's equator is ab\t #bd days2 ! p]iod at latitude #de degrees is #bh days2 & at #ge degrees1 #cc days4 ,! planetesimal hypo!sis attributes ?is equatorial accel]ation to ! fall+ back into ! ,sun ( ! mat]ials :i* _h be5 lift$ out to a %ort di/ance by ! di/urb+ body1 & to ! =w>d-ru%+ tide rais$ 9 ! equatorial regions by ! di/urb+ body4 ,?is may well h occurr$4 ,h[ev]1 we mu/ rememb] t ! same ph5om5on exi/s c]ta9ly 9 ,jupit] & ,saturn1 & q probably 9 ,uranus & ,neptune2 t is1 9 all ! bodies 9 ! sy/em t are gase\s & free to %[ ! effect4 ,x seems to be ! result ( a pr9ciple :i* has op]at$ ?r\gh\t ! sol> sy/em1 n requir+1 at lea/ n directly requir+1 ! passage ( a di/urb+ />4 ,i ?9k ! mo/ plausible explanation ( ?is curi\s ph5om5on is t great quantities ( mat]ials orig9ally revolv+ ar\nd ! ,sun & ar\nd ea* ( ! planets h gradually be5 drawn into ^! bodies1 by pref]5ce into _! equatorial areas4 ,su* masses ( matt] mov+ 9 orbits v close to ^! bodies mu/ h travel$ ) spe$s va/ly high] ?an ! surface spe$s ( ! bodies4 ,to illu/rate1 ! rotational velocity ( a p>ticle n[ 9 ! ,sun's surface at ! equator is approximately #b km4 p] second4 ,a small body revolv+ ar\nd ! ,sun close to 8 surface1 rapidly en\gh to prev5t its fall+ quickly ^u ! ,sun1 mu/ h a velocity ( m ?an #djj km4 p] second4 ,if1 n[1 ?is small body enc\nt]s "s resi/ance x w fall into ! ,sun1 & z x is travel+ m ?an #bjj times z rapidly z ! sol> mat]ials into :i* x drops1 x w bo? g5]ate heat & accel]ate ! rotational velocity ( ! surr\nd+ mat]ials4 ,9 ! same way ! equatorial accel]ations 9 ,jupit] & ,saturn c receive simple explanation4 ,! po9t is n necess>ily 9 opposition to ! planetesimal hypo!sis2 b :atev] ! explanation1 x ought to apply to ! planet z well z to ! ,sun4 ,if ! spiral nebulae h be5 =m$ 9 accordance ) ,*amb]l9 & ,m\lton's hypo!sis1 ! second>y nuclei 9 !m mu/ revolve 9 a great v>iety ( elliptic orbits4 ,! orbits w\ld int]sect1 & 9 ! c\rse ( long ages ! sep>ate masses w\ld collide & comb9e & ! numb] ( sep>ate masses w\ld con/antly gr[ small]4 ,m\lton has %[n t ,,9 ,,g5]al ! comb9+ ( two masses ^: orbits int]sect causes ! comb9$ mass to move 9 an orbit m ne>ly circul> ?an ! av]age orbit ( ! sep>ate masses1 & 9 g5]al 9 orbit planes m ne>ly co9cid5t ) ! g5]al plane ( ! sy/em4 ,accord+ly1 ! major planets %\ld move 9 orbits m ne>ly circul> & m ne>ly 9 ! plane ( ! sy/em ?an d ! a/]oids2 & s !y d4 ,if ! a/]oids %\ld comb9e to =m "o planet ! orbit ( ?is planet %\ld be mu* less ecc5tric ?an ! av]age ( all ! pres5t a/]oid ecc5tricities1 & ! deviation ( its orbit plane %\ld be less ?an ! av]age deviation ( ! pres5t planes4 ,we c n d\bt t ?is w\ld be ! case4 ,m]cury & ,m>s1 ! smalle/ planets1 %\ld h1 accord+ to ?is pr9ciple1 ! l>ge/ ecc5tricities & orbital incl9ations ( any ( ! major planets4 ,?is is true ( ! ecc5tricities1 b ,m>s's orbit plane1 contr>ily1 has a small incl9ation4 ,v5us & ! ,e>?1 next 9 size1 %\ld h ! next l>ge/ incl9ations & ecc5tricities1 b !y d n2 ,v5us's ecc5tricity is ! smalle/ ( all4 ,! ,e>?'s orbital incl9ation & ecc5tricity are bo? small4 ,jupit] & ,saturn1 ,uranus & ,neptune1 %\ld h ! smalle/ orbital incl9ations2 _! av]age incl9ation is ab\t ! same z = ,v5us & ! ,e>?4 ,!y %\ld likewise h ! smalle/ ecc5tricities4 ,neptune1 ! smalle/ ( ! f\r1 has an orbit ne>ly circul>2 ,jupit]1 ,saturn & ,uranus h ecc5tricities m ?an #d times ^? ( ,v5us & ! ,e>?4 ,consid]+ ! f\r l>ge planets z "o gr\p & ! f\r small planets z ano!r gr\p1 we f9d t ! incl9ations ( ! orbits ( ! two gr\ps1 p] unit mass1 are ab\t equal2 b ! av]age ecc5tricity ( ! orbits ( ! l>ge planets1 p] unit mass1 is #ba times t ( ! orbits ( ! small planets4#a ,! evid5ce1 except z to ! a/]oids & ,m]cury1 is n favorable to ! planetesimal hypo!sis1 unless we make special assumptions z to ! di/ribution ( mat]ials 9 ! spiral nebulae4 #b ,! av]age ecc5tricity ( ! orbits ( ! f\r inn] planets 7p] unit mass7 is #j4jbba1 & ( ! f\r out] planets is #j4jdhi4 ,! fact t ! di/urb+ body drew #bbe times z mu* matt] a great di/ance to =m ! f\r l>ge planets z x drew out a %ort di/ance to =m ! f\r small planets & ! a/]oids seems difficult ( explanation on ! planetesimal hypo!sis4 ,h[ev]1 ?is di/ribution ( matt] is at pres5t a difficulty 9 any ( ! hypo!ses4 ,! planetesimal hypo!sis expla9s well all we/ to ea/ rotations ( ! planets on _! axes1 b to make ,uranus rotate ne>ly at "r angles to ! plane ( ! sy/em1 & ,neptune 9 a plane incl9$ #ace degrees to ! plane ( ! sy/em1 is a difficulty 9 any ( ! hypo!ses1 unless special assumptions are made to fit ea* case4 ,! au?ors succe$ well1 ,i ?9k1 9 %[+ t ! satellites %\ld pref] to revolve ar\nd _! planets 9 ! direction ( ! planet>y revolution & rotation1 especially = close satellites1 &1 on ! basis ( special assumptions1 9 ! rev]se direction = satellites at a great] di/ance4 ,!y %[ t ! *ances favor small ecc5tricities = satellites revolv+ ab\t _! planets 9 ! we/ to ea/1 or direct s5se1 & l>ge ecc5tricities = satellites mov+ 9 retrograde directions4 ,! inn] satellite ( ,m>s & ! r+s ( ,saturn make no special difficulty "u ! planetesimal hypo!sis4 ,! evid5ce ( ! comets1 z bona fide memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em :i* approa* ! ,sun almo/1 & p]haps q1 indiff]5tly f all directions1 is t ! volume ( space occupi$ by ! p>5t /ructure ( ! sy/em 0 ( enorm\s dim5sions1 bo? at "r angles to ! pres5t pr9cipal plane ( ! sy/em & 9 t plane4 ,we are accu/om$ to ?9k ( ! spiral nebulae z ?9 relatively to _! major diamet]s4 ,to ?is ext5t ! planetesimal hypo!sis does n furni% a good explanation ( ! orig9 ( comets1 unless we assume t a small am\nt ( matt] 0 widely scatt]$ 9 all directions ar\nd ! p>5t spiral2 & ?is conception leads to "s app>5t difficulties4 ,! orig9 ( ! comets is difficult to expla9 "u any ( ! hypo!ses4 ,,resume ,,( ,,hypo!ses ,kant's hypo!sis _h ! great defect ( try+ to prove too mu*4 ,x />t$ f matt] ,,at ,,re/1 & came to grief 9 try+ to give a motion ( rotation to ! entire mass ?r\gh ! op]ation ( int]nal =ces alone--an impossibility4 ,kant's idea ( nuclei or c5t]s ( gravitational attraction1 scatt]$ "h & !re ?r\gh\t ! *aotic mass1 :i* grew into ! planets & _! satellites1 is v valuable4 ,laplace's hypo!sis _h ! great advantage ( />t+ ) an ext5d$ mass already 9 rotation1 b x violat$ fatally ! law ( con/ancy ( mom5t ( mom5tum4 ,we %\ld expect ?is hypo!sis to create a sol> sy/em free f irregul>ities1 v mu* z if x 7 ! product ( an in/rum5t-mak]'s precision la!4 ,! sol> sy/em z x exi/s is a comb9ation ( regul>ities & _m surpris+ irregul>ities4 ,*amb]l9 & ,m\lton's hypo!sis has ! advantage ( a p>5t mass 9 rotation1 practically 9 a common plane1 & ) ! mat]ials di/ribut$ at di/ances f ! nucleus z ne>ly 9 h>mony ) ! kn[n di/ribution ( matt] 9 ! sol> sy/em z we c>e to h !m1 except p]haps z to ! comets4 ,9 effect x reta9s all ! advantage\s qualities ( ,kant's proposals4 ,x seems to h ! flexibility requir$ 9 meet+ ! irregul>ities t we see 9 our sy/em4 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,spiral ,,nebulae ,i ?9k x is v d\btful :e!r ! spiral nebulae h 9 g5]al be5 =m$ by ! close approa*es ( pairs ( />s1 z ! au?ors h po/ulat$ = ! assum$ sol> spiral4#b ,! di/ribution ( ! spirals seems to me to negative ! idea4 ,to witness ! close approa* ( two />s we mu/ look 9 ! direction :]e ! />s are4 ,to ! be/ ( pres5t-day k ! />s are 9 a sph]oid ^: long] axes are co9cid5t ) ! plane ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,if ?is is s1 ! close approa* ( pairs ( />s %\ld occur preem95tly 9 ! ,milky ,way1 & we %\ld f9d ! spirals prevail+ly 9 & ne> ! ,milky ,way4 ,?is is precisely :]e we d n f9d !m4 ,9 fact1 !y seem to abhor ! ,milky ,way4 ,! new />s1 :i* are cr$ibly expla9$ z ! products ( collisions ( />s ) nebulae1 are f\nd preem95tly 9 ! ,milky ,way & almo/ negligibly 9 ! regions outside ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,aga91 ! spirals are believ$ to be1 on ! :ole1 ( enorm\s size4 ,!y are too f> away to let u measure _! di/ances by ! usual me?ods1 & !y move too sl[ly on ! surface ( ! sph]e to h let u det]m9e _! prop] motions4 ,sliph]'s rec5t "w ) a spectrograph seems to %[ t ! doz5 spirals obs]v$ by him are mov+ ) high spe$s ( approa* & recession2 f #cjj km4 p] second approa* 9 ! case ( ! ,&rom$a nebula to #a1ajj km4 p] second recession 9 ! case ( sev]al objects4 ,if ! spirals are mov+ at r&om _! spe$s at "r angles to ! l9e ( sight mu/ be ev5 great] ?an _! spe$s ( approa* & recession4 ,unless !y are v di/ant bodies _! prop] motions %\ld be detect$ by obs]vations ext5d+ ov] only a few ye>s4 ,my colleague ,curtis has ?is ye> comp>$ rec5t photographs ( "s #be spirals ) photographs ( ! same object made by ,keel] fifte5 ye>s ago4 ,!y reveal no appreciable prop] motions1 or rotations4 ,9 ?is same int]val ,neptune has revolv$ m ?an #cj degrees4 ,sliph] has rec5tly measur$ ! rotational spe$ ( "o sp9dle nebula1 believ$ to be a spiral4 ,he f9ds x to be enorm\sly rapid2 no motions 9 ! sol> sy/em approa* x 9 magnitude4 ,! evid5ce is to ! effect t ! spirals are 9 g5]al v f> away2#c p]haps on or beyond ! conf9es ( our /ell> sy/em1 b n c]ta9ly s4 ,accord+ly1 we are l$ to believe t ! spirals /udi$ ?us f> h diamet]s #bj times or #ajj times1 or 9 "s cases sev]al ?\s& times1 ! diamet] ( our sol> sy/em4 ,x is difficult to avoid ! conclusion t 9 g5]al !y are imm5sely m massive ?an is our sol> sy/em4 ,! spiral :i* has be5 assum$ z ! =]unn] ( our sy/em mu/ h be5 ( dim9utive size z comp>$ ) ! l>g] & bright] spirals :i* we see to-day4 #b ,x w\ld seem t all rotat+ nebulae %\ld 9 reality possess "s ( ! attributes ( spiral motion4 ,:e!r ! spiral /ructure %\ld be visible or invisible to a t]re/rial obs]v] w\ld dep5d ^u ! sizes & di/ances ( ! nebulae1 ^u ! di/ribution ( mat]ials compos+ !m1 & p]haps ^u o!r factors4 ,see develop$ ! hypo!sis t spiral nebulae owe _! orig9 to ! collision ( two nebulae4 ,collisions ( ?is k9d c\ld readily occur because ( ! enorm\s dim5sions ( ! nebulae1 & motions ( rotation & consequ5tly spiral /ructure might readily result !refrom4 ,! abnormally high spe$s ( ! spiral nebulae are app>5tly a v /rong objection to ! hypo!sis4 #c ,bohl9 f\nd a p>allax ( #jag = ! ,&rom$a ,nebula1 & ,lampl& ?9ks t ,nebula ,n4,g4,g4 #deid has a prop] motion ( approximately #jje p] annum4 ,we are sadly 9 ne$ ( in=mation conc]n+ ! con/itution ( ! spiral nebulae4 ,_! spectra appe> to be prevail+ly ( ! sol> type1 except t a v small proportion conta9 "s bright l9es 9 addition to ! cont9u\s spectrum4 ,s f> z _! spectra are conc]n$1 !y may be great clu/]s ( />s1 or !y may consi/ ea* ( a c5tral /> s5d+ its light out ^u surr\nd+ d>k mat]ials & ?us r5d]+ ^! mat]ials visible to u4 ,! fir/ alt]native is unsatisfactory1 = all p>ts ( spirals h hazy bord]s1 z if ! /ructure is nebul\s or consi/s ( irregul> gr\ps ( small masses2 & ! second alt]native is unsatisfactory1 = 9 _m spirals ! mo/ outly+ masses seem to be z bright z masses ( ! same areas situat$ only "o half z f> f ! c5t]1 :]eas 9 g5]al ! inn] area %\ld be at lea/ f\r times z bright z ! out] area4 ,all a/ronom]s are ready to confess t we d n "k mu* ab\t ! conditions exi/+ 9 spiral nebulae4 ,,! ,,e>?-,,moon ,,sy/em ,our ,e>? & ,moon =m a unique comb9ation 9 t !y are m ne>ly ( ! same size ?an are any o!r planet & its satellites 9 our sy/em4 ,x requir$ a #bf-;in* telescope on ! ,e>? to discov] ! t9y moons ( ,m>s2 b an a/ronom] on ,m>s does n ne$ any telescope to see ! ,e>? & ,moon z a d\ble planet--! only d\ble planet 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,accord+ to ! ,kantian s*ool ( hypo!ses ! ,e>? & ,moon owe _! unique "* to ! accid5t t two c5t]s ( cond5sation--two nuclei--n v unequal 9 mass1 7 =m$ close to ea* o!r & 7 end[$ ) or acquir$ motions su* t !y revolv$ ar\nd ea* o!r4 ,!y drew 9 ! surr\nd+ mat]ials2 "o ( ! two bodies got some:at ! advantage ( ! o!r 9 gravitational attraction2 x succe$$ 9 build+ itself up m ?an ! o!r nucleus did2 & ! ,e>? & ! ,moon 7 ! result4 ,accord+ to ! ,laplacean hypo!sis1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,e>? & ,moon 7 orig9ally "o body1 gase\s & 9 rotation4 ,?is ball ( gas radiat$ heat1 dim9i%$ 9 size1 rotat$ m & m rapidly1 & f9ally ab&on$ a r+ ( nebulosity1 :i* lat] broke up & ev5tually cond5s$ into "o mass call$ ! ,moon4 ,! c5tral mass compos$ ! ,e>?4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ,v5us1 :i* is only a %ade small] ?an ! ,e>?1 %\ld n h divid$ into two bodies comp>able ) ! ,e>? & ,moon4 ,h ! tides on ,v5us produc$ by ! ,sun always be5 /rong en\gh to keep ! rotation & revolution p]iods equal1 z !y are ?\ght to be n[1 & ?us to h giv5 no opportunity = a rapidly rotat+ ,v5us to divide into two masses8 ,a ?ird hypo!sis ( ! ,moon's orig9 is due pr9cipally to ,d>w94 ,he & ,po9c>e h %[n t a great rotat+ mass ( fluid matt]1 su* z ! ,e>?-,moon c\ld be assum$ to h be51 by cool+1 contract+ & increas+ rotation spe$1 w\ld1 "u c]ta9 conditions ?\ght to be reasonable1 become un/able & ev5tually divide into two bodies revolv+ ar\nd _! common c5t] ( mass1 at fir/ ) _! surfaces ne>ly 9 contact4 ,"h w\ld beg9 to act a tide-rais+ =ce :i* mu/ h play$1 accord+ to ,d>w9's d$uctions1 a mo/ important "p 9 ! fur!r hi/ory ( ! ,e>? & ,moon4 ,! ,e>? w\ld produce enorm\s tides 9 ! ,moon1 & ! ,moon mu* small] tides 9 ! ,e>?4 ,bo? bodies w\ld contract 9 size1 ?r\gh loss ( heat1 & w\ld try to rotate m & m rapidly4 ,! two rotat+ bodies w\ld try to c>ry ! matt] 9 ! tidal waves ar\nd ) ! re/ ( ! mat]ials 9 ! bodies1 b ! pull ( ea* body ^u ! wave mat]ials 9 ! o!r w\ld t5d to sl[ d[n ! spe$ ( rotation4 ,! tidal resi/ance to rotation w\ld be slight if ! bodies at any "t 7 att5uat$ gase\s masses1 = ! friction )9 ! surface /rata w\ld be slight4 ,nev]!less1 !re w\ld ev5tually be a gradual sl[+ d[n ( ! ,moon's rotation1 a gradual sl[+ d[n ( ! ,e>?'s rotation1 & a sl[ increase 9 ! di/ance betwe5 ! two bodies4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,moon's day1 ! ,e>?'s day & our mon? w\ld gradually increase 9 l5g?4 ,c>ri$ to its logical conclusion1 ! ,moon w\ld ev5tually turn ! same face to ! ,e>?1 ! ,e>? w\ld ev5tually turn ! same face to ! ,moon1 & ! ,e>?'s day & ! ,moon's day w\ld equal ! mon? 9 l5g?4 ,! c5tral idea 9 ?is logic is z old z ,kant3 9 #aged he publi%$ an important pap] 9 :i* he said t tidal int]actions betwe5 ,e>? & ,moon _h caus$ ! ,moon to keep ! same face turn$ t[>d u1 t ! ,e>?'s day 0 be+ v sl[ly l5g!n$1 & t our planet w\ld ev5tually turn ! same face to ! ,moon4 ,laplace1 a half-c5tury lat]1 propos$ ! action ( su* a =ce 9 connection ) ! explanation ( lun> ph5om5a1 & ,helmholtz1 j #ajj ye>s aft] ,kant's pap] 0 publi%$1 l5t 8 support to ?is pr9ciple2 b ,sir ,george ,d>w9 has be5 ! great contributor to ! subject4 ,8 popul> volume1 ,! ,tides1 devotes sev]al *apt]s to ! effects ( tidal friction ^u ! motions ( two bodies 9 mutual revolution4 ,we mu/ pass ov] ! difficult & complicat$ int]m$iate /eps to ,d>w9's conclusions conc]n+ ! ,e>? & ,moon1 :i* are sub/antially z foll[s3 ! ,e>? & ,moon 7 orig9ally mu* clos] toge!r ?an !y n[ are3 aft] a v long p]iod ( "t1 am\nt+ to hundr$s ( millions ( ye>s1 ! ,moon w revolve ar\nd ! ,e>? 9 #ee days in/ead ( 9 #bg days z at pres5t2 & ! ,moon & ,e>? w !n pres5t ! same faces con/antly to ea* o!r4 ,! e/imat$ p]iod ( "t requir$1 & ! f9al l5g? ( day & mon?1 #ee days1 are ( c\rse n insi/$ ^u z accurate by ,d>w94 ,^! tidal =ces 7 unavoidably active1 x matt]s n if ! ,e>? & ,moon 7 orig9ally "o body1 z ,laplace & ,d>w9 h po/ulat$1 or orig9ally two bodies1 gr[+ up f two nuclei1 9 accordance ) ! ,kantian s*ool4 ,:e!r ^! =ces h be5 suffici5tly /rong to h br\ght ! ,e>? & ,moon to _! pres5t relation1 or w ev5tually equalize ! ,moon's day1 ! ,e>?'s day1 & ! mon?1 is a va/ly m difficult "q4 ,m\lton's rese>*es h ca/ s]i\s d\bt ^u ?is conclusion4 ,all su* inve/igations are enorm\sly difficult1 & _m que/ionable assumptions mu/ be made if we seek to g back to ! ,moon's orig91 or =w>d to its ultimate de/9y4 ,tidal waves1 9 ord] to be effective 9 r$uc+ ! rotational spe$ ( a planet1 mu/ be accompani$ by int]nal friction2 & ?is requires t ! planet be to "s ext5t inela/ic4 ,x 0 ! view ( ,d>w9 & o!rs t ! visc\s /ate ( ! ,e>? & ,moon p]mitt$ wave friction to come into play4 ,mi*elson has rec5tly prov$ t ! ,e>? has a high degree ( ela/icity4 ,x de=ms 9 response to tidal =ces1 b quickly recov]s f ! action ( ^! =ces4 ,x !re=e seems t ! rate ( tidal evolution ( ! ,e>?-,moon sy/em at pres5t & 9 ! future mu/ be extremely sl[1 & possibly almo/ negligible4 ,:at ! conditions )9 ! ,e>? & ,moon 7 9 ! di/ant pa/ is unc]ta91 b ^! bodies probably pass$ ?r\gh visc\s /ages :i* endur$ ?r\gh enorm\sly long p]iods ( "t4 ,no "o s]i\sly d\bts t ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus & ,neptune are n[ l>gely gase\s1 & t !y w evolve1 ?r\gh v>i\s degrees ( viscosity1 into ! solid & comp>atively ela/ic /ate4 ,x is natural to assume t ! ,e>? has already pass$ ?r\gh an analog\s exp]i5ce4 ,! ,moon turns always ! same hemisph]e t[>d ! ,e>?4 ,obs]vations ( ,v5us & ,m]cury are prevail+ly to ! effect t ^? planets always turn ! same hemisph]es t[>d ! ,sun4 ,_m1 & p]haps all1 ( ! satellites ( ,jupit] & ,saturn seem to turn ! same hemisph]es always t[>d _! respective planets4 ,?is widely prevail+ ph5om5on is no d\bt due to a widely prevail+ cause1 :i* a/ronom]s h all b unanim\sly attribut$ to tidal action4 ,,b9>y ,,/> ,,sy/ems ,t an orig9al mass actually divid$ to =m ! ,e>? & ,moon1 accord+ to ! ,laplacian or ! ,d>w9-,po9c>e pr9ciple1 seems to be extremely d\btful1 especially on acc\nt ( _! dim9utive sizes1 & ,i greatly pref] to ?9k t ! ,e>? & ,moon 7 built up f two nuclei2 b t v mu* great] masses1 masses l>g] on ! av]age ?an our ,sun1 compos+ highly att5uat$ />s1 h divid$ ea* into two masses to =m _m or mo/ ( our d\ble />s1 ,i firmly believe4 ,! two compon5t />s w\ld 9 su* a case at fir/ revolve ar\nd ea* o!r ) _! surfaces almo/ or q 9 contact4 ,tidal =ces w\ld v gradually cause ! bodies to move 9 orbits ( l>g] & l>g] size1 ) correspond+ly long] p]iods ( revolutions1 & ! orbits w\ld become con/antly m ecc5tric4 ,:ile ^! processes 7 "u way ! compon5t bodies w\ld be radiat+ heat & gr[+ small]1 & _! spectra w\ld be *ang+ into ! m advanc$ types4 ,we c n hope to wat* su* *anges z !y occur1 b we c1 ,i ?9k1 f9d abundant illu/rations ( ^! processes 9 ! d\ble />s4 ,i h giv5 reasons = believ+ t "o /> 9 e two & "o half1 z a m9imum proportion1 is n ! s+le /> :i* x appe>s to be to ! eye or 9 ! telescope1 b is a sy/em ( two or m suns 9 mutual revolution4 ,! =mation ( d\ble />s1 !re=e1 is n a sporadic process3 x is "o ( ! /raight=w>d results ( ! evolution>y process4 ,"s ( ! v>iable />s (f] /rong evid5ce z to ! e>ly life ( ! d\ble />s4 ,! s-call$ beta ,lyrae v>iables v>y cont9u\sly 9 brightness1 z if !y consi/ 9 ea* case ( two />s s close toge!r t _! surfaces are actually 9 contact 9 "s pairs & ne>ly 9 contact 9 o!rs1 s t f our po9t ( view ! two />s mutually eclipse ea* o!r4 ,:5 ! two />s are 9 l9e ) u we h m9imum brightness4 ,:5 !y h mov$ a qu>t]-revolution f>!r1 & ! l9e jo9+ !m is at "r angles to our l9e ( sight1 s to speak1 we h maximum brightness4 ,9 e kn[n case ! beta ,lyrae pairs ( />s h spectra ( ! v e>ly types4 ,"s ( !m ev5 conta9 bright l9es 9 _! spectra4 ,! d5sities ( ^! great />s are kn[n to be exce$+ly l[1 9 "s cases mu* l[] on ! av]age ?an t ( ! atmosph]e :i* we brea!4 ,ab\t #hj ,algol v>iable />s are kn[n4 ,^! are d\ble />s ^: light is con/ant except dur+ ! %ort "t :5 "o ( ! compon5ts 9 ea* sy/em passes betwe5 u & ! o!r compon5t4 ,all d\ble />s w\ld be ,algol v>iables if we 7 exactly 9 ! planes ( _! orbits4 ,t s few ,algols h be5 obs]v$ among/ ! t5s ( ?\s&s ( d\ble />s1 is easily expla9$4 ,! two compon5t />s 9 ! few kn[n ,algol sy/ems are s great 9 diamet]1 9 proportion to ! size ( _! orbits1 t eclipses are obs]vable ?r\gh\t a wide volume ( space1 & ! eclipses are ( long duration relatively to ! revolution p]iod4 ,_! d5sities are1 s f> z we h be5 able to det]m9e !m1 on an av]age less ?an #a_/aj? ( ! ,sun's d5sity4 ,let u note well t _! spectra1 s f> z we h be5 able to det]m9e !m1 are ( ! e>ly types2 mo/ly helium & hydrog5 />s1 & a v few ( ! ,class ,f1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! hydrog5 & sol> />s4 ,!re are no kn[n ,algols ( ! ,classes ,g1 ,k1 & ,m3 ^! />s are v cond5s$ & !re=e small 9 size1 z comp>$ ) />s ( ,classes ,b & ,a2 & ! compon5ts ( d\ble />s ( ^! classes are on ! av]age mu* d5s] & !re=e small] 9 size ?an ! compon5ts 9 ,classes ,b & ,a d\ble />s2 ! compon5ts are mu* f>!r ap>t 9 ,classes ,g to ,m d\bles ?an 9 ,classes ,b & ,a d\bles2 & = ^! reasons eclipses 9 ,classes ,g to ,m d\bles occur b r>ely = obs]v]s scatt]$ ?r\gh\t space4 ,x is difficult to avoid ! conclusion t ! compon5ts ( d\ble />s sep>ate m & m widely ) ! progress ( "t4 ,! conclusions :i* we h e>li] drawn f visual d\ble />s are 9 full h>mony ) ! argum5t4 ,x is agre$ by all1 ,i ?9k1 t tidal action has be5 responsible = at lea/ a "p ( ! sep>ation ( ! ,e>? & ,moon1 = at lea/ a "p ( ! gradual sep>ation ( ! compon5ts ( d\ble />s1 & = at lea/ a "p ( ! ecc5tricity ( _! orbits4 ,see's inve/igations ( #be ye>s ago l$ him to ! conclusion t ?is =ce is suffici5t to acc\nt = all ! obs]v$ sep>ation ( ! compon5ts ( d\ble />s1 & = ! well-kn[n high ecc5tricities ( _! orbits4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ,m\lton & ,russell h s]i\sly que/ion$ ! suffici5cy ( ?is =ce to acc\nt = ! major "p ( ! sep>ation & ecc5tricity 9 ! d\ble /> sy/ems4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t if ! tidal =ce is n compet5t to acc\nt = ! obs]v$ facts z describ$1 "s o!r sep>at+ =ce or =ces mu/ be f\nd to supply ! defici5cy4 ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,does ! condition ( ! ,e>?'s int]ior give evid5ce on ! "q ( its orig98 ,!re are c]ta9 important facts :i* be> ^u ! problem4 #a4 ,! evid5ce suppli$ by ! volcanoes1 by ! hot spr+s1 & by ! rise 9 temp]ature z we g d[n 9 all deep m9es1 is unmi/akably to ! effect t !re is an imm5se quantity ( heat 9 ! ,e>?'s int]ior4 ,ne> ! surface ! temp]ature increases at ! av]age ( #a degrees ,c5tigrade = e #cj met]s ( dep?4 ,if ?is rate 7 ma9ta9$ we %\ld at #fj km4 9 dep? arrive at a temp]ature high en\gh to melt plat9um1 ! mo/ refractory ( ! kn[n metals4 ,:at ! law ( temp]ature-increase at great dep?s is we d n "k1 b ! temp]ature ( ! ,e>?'s deep int]ior mu/ be v high4 #b4 ,! pressures 9 ! ,e>? increase f z]o at ! surface to ! ord] ( #c1jjj1jjj atmosph]ic pressures at ! c5t]4 ,we "k t rock /ructure1 or iron or o!r metals1 c be slightly compress$ by pressure1 b ! exp]im5ts at v high pressures1 notably ^? conduct$ by ,bridgman1 give no indications t matt] "u su* pressures breaks d[n & obeys diff]5t or unkn[n laws4 ,x %\ld be said1 h[ev]1 t laboratory pressure-effects alone are n a safe guide z to conditions )9 ! ,e>?1 :]e high pressures are accompani$ by high temp]ature4 ,un=tunately x has n be5 f\nd possible to comb9e ! high-temp]ature factor ) ! high-pressure factor 9 ! laboratory exp]im5ts4 ,x is well kn[n t ! melt+ po9ts ( metals1 includ+ rocks1 increase ) increase ( pressure2 & al?\gh ! temp]atures 9 ! ,e>?'s int]ior are v high1 x is easy to conceive t ! mat]ials ( ! ,e>?'s int]ior are nev]!less 9 ! solid /ate1 or t !y act l solids1 because ( ! high pressures to :i* !y are subject$4 #c4 ,! specific gravity ( ! entire ,e>? is #e4e on ! scale ( wat] z "o1 :]eas ! d5sity ( ! /ratifi$ rocks av]ages only #b4ge2 t is1 ! /ratifi$ rocks h b "o half ! d5sity ( ! ,e>? z a :ole4 ,! basaltic rocks und]ly+ ! /ratifi$ atta9 occasionally ! d5sity #c4a1 & p]haps a little high]4 ,x foll[s absolutely t ! d5sity ( ! mat]ials ( ! ,e>?'s int]ior mu/ be consid]ably 9 excess ( #e4e4 ,if ! int]ior is compos$ *iefly ( sub/ances :i* are pl5tiful 9 ! ,e>?'s surface /rata1 our *oice ( mat]ials :i* pr9cipally compose ! int]ior is r$uc$ to a few elem5ts1 notably ! d5s] ones4 #d4 ,! obs]v$ ph5om5a ( t]re/rial precession c n be expla9$ on ! basis ( an ,e>? ) a ?9 solid surface %ell & a liquid int]ior1 = ! attractions ( ! ,moon & ,sun ^u ! ,e>?'s equatorial protub]ance w\ld cause ! surface %ell to %ift ov] ! fluid int]ior1 in/ead ( sw++ ! entire ,e>?4 #e4 ,if ! ,e>? consi/$ ( a ?9 solid %ell ^u a liquid int]ior !re w\ld be tides 9 ! liquid int]ior1 ! cru/ w\ld yield to ^! tides almo/ z if x 7 compos$ ( rubb]1 & ! ocean tides w\ld be only an insignificant am\nt l>g] ?an ! l& tides4 ,z a result we %\ld n see ! ocean tides2 _! visibility dep5ds ^u ! contra/ betwe5 ! ocean tides & ! l& tides4 ,if ! ,e>? 7 absolutely unyield+ f surface to c5t] ! ocean tides w\ld be relatively #ej p] c5t4 high] ?an we n[ see !m4 ,! conclusion f ^! facts is t ! ,e>? yields to ! tidal =ces a little less ?an if x 7 a solid ball ( /eel1 suppos+ t ! well-kn[n rigidity & d5sity exi/$ f surface to c5t] ( ! ball4 ,?is result is e/abli%$ by ,d>w9's & ,s*weyd>'s /udies ( ocean tides1 by /udies ( ! tides 9 ! ,e>?'s surface /rata made by ,heck]1 ,pas*witz & o!rs1 & by ,mi*elson's rec5t extremely accurate comp>ison ( l& & wat] tides4 ,mi*elson's results e/abli% fur!r t ! ,e>? is highly ela/ic3 ?\gh di/ortion is resi/$1 !re is yield+1 b ! orig9al =m is recov]$ quickly1 almo/ z quickly z a p]fectly ela/ic body w\ld recov]4 #f4 ,"s #be ye>s ago x 0 discov]$ by ,ku/n] t ! latitudes ( po9ts on ! ,e>?'s surface are *ang+ sl[ly4 ,*&l] prov$ t ^! v>iations pass ?r\gh _! pr9cipal cycle 9 a p]iod ( #dbg days4 ,! entire ,e>? oscillates slightly 9 ?is p]iod4 ,! e>li] rese>*es ( ,eul] _h %[n t ! ,e>? w\ld h a natural oscillation p]iod ( #cje days provid$ x 7 an absolutely rigid body4 ,newcomb %[$ t ! p]iod ( oscillation w\ld be #dda days if ! ,e>? _h ! rigidity ( /eel4 ,z ! obs]v$ oscillation requires #dbg days1 ,newcomb conclud$ t ! ,e>? is slightly m rigid ?an /eel4 #g4 ,! fir/ waves f a v di/ant e>?quake come to u directly ?r\gh ! ,e>?4 ,! obs]v$ spe$s ( transmission are ! great]1 9 g5]al1 ! m ne>ly ! e>?quake orig9 is exactly on ! opposite side ( ! ,e>? f ! obs]v]2 t is1 ! spe$s ( transmission are great] ! ne>] ! c5t] ( ! ,e>? ! waves pass4 ,n[1 we "k t ! spe$s are functions ( ! rigidity & d5sity ( ! mat]ials trav]s$4 ,! obs]v$ spe$s require = _! explanation1 s f> z we c n[ see1 t ! rigidity ( ! ,e>?'s c5tral volume be mu* great] ?an t ( /eel1 & ! rigidity ( ! ,e>?'s out] /rata consid]ably less ?an t ( /eel4 ,wie*]t has %[n t a core ( radius #d1ijj km4 ^: rigidity is some:at great] ?an t ( /eel & ^: av]age d5sity is #h4c1 ov]laid by an out] /ony %ell ( ?ickness #a1ejj km4 & av]age d5sity #c4b1 w\ld satisfy ! obs]v$ facts z to ! av]age d5sity ( ! ,e>?1 z to ! spe$s ( e>?quake waves1 z to ! flatt5+ ( ! ,e>?1--assum+ ! conc5tric /rata to be homog5e\s 9 !mselves1--& z to ! relative /r5g?s ( gravity at ! ,poles & at ! ,equator4 ,! divid+ l9e1 #a1ejj km4 bel[ ! surface--#a1fjj km4 w\ld be j "o f\r? ( ! way f ! surface to ! c5t]--places a little ov] half ! volume 9 ! out] %ell & a little less ?an half 9 ! core4 ,wie*]t did n mean t !re mu/ be a sudd5 *ange ( d5sity at ! dep? ( #a1ejj km41 ) uni=m d5sity #h4c bel[ t surface & uni=m d5sity #c4b above t surface4 ,! *ange ( d5sity is probably fairly cont9u\s4 ,x 0 necess>y 9 su* a prelim9>y inve/igation to simplify ! assumptions4 ,! obs]vational data are n yet suffici5tly accurate to let u say :at ! law ( increase 9 d5sity & rigidity is z we pass f ! surface to ! c5t]4 #h4 ,! ph5om5a ( t]re/rial magnetism indicate t ! di/ribution ( magnetic mat]ials 9 ! ,e>? is f> f uni=m or symmetrical2 ! magnetic poles are di/ant f ! ,e>?'s poles ( rotation2 ! magnetic poles are n opposite ea* o!r2 ! l9es ( equal int5sity z to all ! magnetic compon5ts involv$ run v irregul>ly ov] ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,!re is reason to believe t iron 9 ! deep int]ior ( ! ,e>?1 9 view ( its high temp]ature1 is devoid ( magnetic prop]ties1 b we mu/ n /ate ?is z a fact4 ,we "k t iron is v widely1 b v irregul>ly spread ?r\gh\t ! ,e>?'s out] /rata4 ,:atev] may be ! ma9 factors 9 mak+ ! ,e>? a great magnet1 to :atev] ext5t ! rotation factor may be important1 ! ,e>?'s magnetic prop]ties po9t /rongly to a v irregul> di/ribution ( magnetic mat]ials 9 ! out] /rata :]e ! temp]atures are bel[ t at :i* magnetic mat]ials commonly lose _! pol>ity4 #i4 ,irregul>ities 9 ! direction ( ! plumb-l9e & 9 ! =ce ( gravity z obs]v$ widely & accurately ov] ! ,e>?'s surface indicate t ! surface /rata are v irregul> z to d5sity4 ,to h>monize ! obs]v$ facts ,hay=d has %[n ! ne$ ( assum+ t ! het]og5e\s conditions ext5d d[n to a dep? ( #abb km4 f ! surface4 ,bel[ t level ! ,e>?'s conc5tric /rata seem to be ( approximately uni=m d5sities4 #aj4 ,! radio active elem5ts h be5 f\nd by ,/rutt & o!rs 9 practically all k9ds ( rock accessible to ! geologi/s1 b !y are n f\nd 9 significant quantities 9 ! s-call$ metals :i* exi/ 9 a pure /ate4 ,^! radioactive elem5ts are lib]at+ heat4 ,/rutt has %[n t if !y exi/$ d[n to ! ,e>?'s c5t] 9 ! same proportion t he f9ds 9 ! surface /rata !y w\ld lib]ate a great deal m heat ?an ! body ( ! ,e>? is n[ radiat+ to out] space4 ,! conclusion is t !y are re/rict$ to ! /rata relatively ne> ! ,e>?'s surface1 & are n 9 comb9ation ) ! mat]ials compos+ ! ,e>?'s core4 ,!y h app>5tly f\nd "s way ( com+ to ! high] levels4 ,*amb]l9 sugge/s t z !y lib]ate heat !y w\ld raise surr\nd+ mat]ials to temp]atures above ! normals = _! /rata1 & t ^! exp&$ mat]ials w\ld embrace e opportunity to approa* ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 c>ry+ ! radioactive sub/ances ) !m4 ,! evid5ce is exce$+ly /rong1 & p]haps irresi/ible1 to ! effect t ! ,e>? is n[ solid1 or acts l a solid1 f surface to c5t]1 ) possibly local1 b on ! :ole negligible1 pockets ( molt5 matt] "h & !re2 & fur!r1 t ! ,e>? exi/$ 9 a molt51 or at ! lea/ a ?ickly pla/ic1 /ate ?r\gh\t a long "p ( its life4 ,! nucleus1 :e!r gase\s or meteoric1 f :i* ,i believe x has gr[n1 may h be5 fairly hot or q cold1 & ! mat]ials :i* 7 successively drawn into ! nucleus may h be5 hot or cold3 heat w\ld be g5]at$ by ! impacts ( ! incom+ mat]ials2 & z ! attraction t[>d ! c5t] ( ! mass became /rong1 additional heat w\ld be g5]at$ 9 ! contraction process4 ,! d5s] mat]ials h be5 able1 on ! :ole1 to gravitate to ! c5t] ( ! /ructure1 & ! light] elem5ts h be5 able1 on ! :ole1 to rise to & float ^u ! surface v mu* z ! light] impurities 9 an iron furnace f9d _! way to ! surface & =m ! slag ^u ! molt5 metal4 ,! light] mat]ials :i* 9 g5]al =m ! surface /rata are solid "u ! conditions ( solids kn[n to u 9 e-day life4 ,! int]ior is solid or at lea/ acts z a solid1 because ! mat]ials1 ?\gh at high temp]atures1 are "u /up5d\s pressures4 ,if ! pressures 7 remov$ ! deep-ly+ mat]ials w\ld quickly liquefy1 & probably ev5 vaporize4 ,if ! ,e>? grew f a small nucleus to its pres5t size by ! extremely gradual draw+-9 ( innum]able small masses 9 its neighborhood1 ! process w\ld always be sl[2 mu* sl[] at fir/ :5 ! small nucleus _h l[ gravitat+ p[]s1 m rapid :5 ! body 0 ( good size & ! /ore ( mat]ials to draw ^u pl5tiful1& gradually sl[] & sl[] z ! supply ( build+ mat]ials 0 deplet$4 ,meteoric matt] /ill falls ^u & builds up ! ,e>?1 b at s sl[ a rate z to increase ! ,e>?'s diamet] an in* only aft] ! passage ( hundr$s ( millions ( ye>s4 ,if ! ,e>? grew 9 ?is mann]1 ! gr[? may n[ be said to be ess5tially complete1 ?r\gh ! sub/antial exhau/ion ( ! supply ( mat]ials4 ,:e!r ! ,e>? ( its pres5t size 0 ev] completely liquefi$1 t is1 f c5t] to surface1 at "o & ! same "t1 is d\btful4 ,! lack ( homog5eity1 z indicat$ by ! plumb-l9e1 gravity1 t]re/rial magnetism & radiaoctive matt]1 ext5d+ 9 a p]ceptible degree d[n to #abb km41 & q probably 9 less] & imp]ceptible degree to a mu* great] dep?1 is oppos$ to ! idea4 ,solidification w\ld respond to ! fall ( temp]ature d[n to ! po9t requir$ "u ! exi/+ high pressures1 & x is probable t ! solidification began at ! c5t] & proce$$ outw>ds4 ,x is natural t ! pla/ic /ate %\ld h develop$ & exi/$ especially dur+ ! age ( mo/ rapid gr[?1 = ?is w\ld be ! age ( mo/ rapid g5]ation ( heat4 ,lat]1 :ile ! rate ( gr[? 0 decl9+1 ! body c\ld probably h solidifi$ sl[ly & successively f c5t] out to surface4 ,9 lat] sl[ depositions ( mat]ials1 ! d5s] sub/ance w\ld n be able to s9k d[n to ! deepe/ /rata3 !y mu/ lie )9 a limit$ dep? & horizontal di/ance f :]e !y fell1 & ! out] /ratum ( ! ,e>? w\ld be het]og5e\s 9 d5sity4 ,! simple/ hypo!sis we c make conc]n+ ! ,e>?'s deep int]ior is t ! *ief +r$i5t is iron2 p]haps a full half ( ! volume is iron4 ,! normal d5sity ( iron is #g4h1 & ( rock =mations ab\t #b4h4 ,if ^! are mix$1 half & half1 ! av]age d5sity is #e4c4 ,pressures 9 ! ,e>? %\ld increase ! d5sity & ! heat 9 ! ,e>? %\ld decrease ! d5sity4 ,! kn[n d5sity ( ! ,e>? is #e4e4 ,we "k t iron is pl5tiful 9 ! ,e>?'s cru/1 & t iron is /ill fall+ ^u ! ,e>? 9 ! =m ( meteorites4 ,! composition ( ! ,e>? z a :ole1 on ?is assumption1 is v simil> to ! composition ( ! meteorites 9 g5]al4 ,!y include _m ( ! metals1 b especially iron1 & !y include a l>ge proportion ( /ony matt]4 ,iron is pl5tiful 9 ! ,sun & ?r\gh\t ! /ell> univ]se4 ,:y %\ld x n be equally pl5tiful 9 ! mat]ials :i* h coalesc$ to =m ! ,e>?8 ,x is difficult to expla9 ! ,e>?'s con/itution on any o!r hypo!sis4 ,! ,e>?'s =m is t :i* its rotation p]iod dem&s4 ,und\bt$ly if ! p]iod has *ang$1 ! =m has *ang$4 ,giv5 a little "t1 solids "u great pressure fl[ q readily into new =ms4 ,n[ any great sl[+-d[n ( ! ,e>?'s rotation p]iod )9 geological times w\ld be expect$ to %[ 9 ! surface features4 ,! /rata %\ld h wr9kl$1 s to speak1 9 ! equatorial regions & /ret*$ 9 ! pol> regions1 if ! ,e>? *ang$ f a sph]oid t 0 consid]ably flatt] ?an x n[ is1 to its pres5t =m4 ,m\nta9s1 z evid5ce ( ! fold+ ( ! rock /rata1 %\ld exi/ 9 pr(usion 9 ! torrid zone1 & be sc>ce 9 or abs5t f ! high] latitudes ( ! ,e>?4 ,su* diff]5tial effects d n exi/1 & x seems to foll[ t *anges 9 ! ,e>?'s rotation p]iod & 9 its =m c\ld h be5 only slight :ile ! /ratification ( our rocks 0 9 progress4 ,geologi/s e/imate f ! deposition ( salt 9 ! oceans1 & f ! rates ( d5udation & s$im5tation1 t ! =mation ( ! rock /rata has consum$ f #fj1jjj1jjj to #ajj1jjj1jjj ye>s4 ,if ! ,e>? _h sub/antially its pres5t =m #hj1jjj1jjj ye>s ago we are safe 9 say+ t ! p]iod ( "t repres5t$ 9 ! build+ up ( ! ,e>? f a small nucleus to its pres5t dim5sions has be5 va/ly long]1 probably reckon$ 9 ! ?\s&s ( millions ( ye>s4 ,= m ?an a c5tury pa/ ! problem ( ! evolution ( ! />s1 includ+ ! sol> sy/em & ! ,e>?1 has occupi$ ! c5tral place 9 a/ronomical ?\ght4 ,no "o is bold en\gh to say t ! problem has be5 solv$4 ,! *ief difficulty proce$s f ! fact t we h only "o ,e>?1 "o sol> sy/em & "o /ell> sy/em available = te/s ( ! hypo!ses propos$2 we %\ld l to te/ !m on _m sy/ems1 b ?is privilege is d5i$ u4 ,h[ev]1 ! se>* = ! tru? w und\bt$ly proce$ at an ev] increas+ pace1 p>tly because ( man's desire to "k ! tru?1 b *iefly1 z ,less+ sugge/$1 because ! inve/igator f9ds an irresi/ible satisfaction 9 ! process4 ,!re is always ) him ! c]ta9ty t ! tru? is go+ to be incomp>ably /rang] & m int]e/+ ?an fiction4 ,a ,,metrical ,,trag$y ,,by ,,dr4 ,,jos4 ,v4 ,,coll9s ,,/ev5s ,,po9t1 ,,wis4 ,,! w> 9 ,europe has op5$ up a l>ge field ( trade 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,?ree ?+s especially /& 9 ! way ( its developm5t1 viz41 ! abs5ce ( a prop] cr$it sy/em1 ! failure to make goods ( ! k9d dem&$ & ?ird1 ! use ( our antiquat$ sy/em ( weights & measures1 all ! ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries employ+ ! metric sy/em4 ,( ^! ?ree ob/ruct+ influ5ces1 ! fir/ two are 9 a fair way to be obviat$ soon2 n s ! la/4 ,x is ! use by our mod]n progressive c\ntry ( an anci5t sy/em ( weights & measures :i* x is "h propos$ to discuss & %[ up z an absurdity4 ,our pres5t sy/em is organiz$ & set =? 9 ari?metics "u "s fifte5 s-call$ tables4 ,^! tables are all diff]5t & !re is no uni=mity 9 any "o table4 ,only "o unit sugge/s conv5i5ce 9 r$uctions1 viz41 hundr$weight4 ,x is easy to r$uce f p\nds to hundr$weight & vice v]sa4 ,"s fifty ratio numb]s h to be memoriz$ or calculat$ f o!r memoriz$ numb]s to make ! common ne$$ r$uctions4 ,hi/ory %[s t anci5t ,babylonia _h tables sup]ior to ^? n[ 9 use1 & anci5t ,brita9 a decimal scale :i* 0 cr[d$ out by our pres5t sy/em4 ,! metric sy/em ( weights & measures 0 develop$ 9 ,france ab\t #ahjj & has come to be employ$ ov] all ! civiliz$ _w except 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,great ,brita9 & ,russia4 ,! sy/em 0 legaliz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahff b n made m&atory & "h we are fifty ye>s lat] us+ ! old sy/em1 ) mo/ ( ! civiliz$ _w look+ on u ) m or less scorn because ( our belat$ness4 ,9 ?is age ev]y:]e ! cry is effici5cy1 always m effici5cy4 ,t5 ?\s& improvem5ts & labor-sav+ devices are introduc$ e day4 ,b "h is an improvem5t & labor-sav+ device :i* w\ld affect ! life ( e p]son 9 ! l& & 9 _m in/ances greatly affect su* p]sons' lives1 & yet almo/ no "o really kn[s any?+ ab\t ! matt]4 ,s let u n[ consid] ! good po9ts 9 ! metric sy/em 7ea* imply+ correspond+ elem5ts ( great weakness 9 ! common sy/em71 & !n /udy briefly :at /&s 9 ! way ( its adoption 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,^! good po9ts are3 ,fir/1 ! metric units h uni=m self-def9+ names 7c5t1 mill1 met] & five m out ( ! elev5 t]ms us$ already famili> to u 9 ,engli% words71 are always ! same 9 all l&s1 kn[n ev]y:]e1 & fix$ ) sci5tific accuracy4 ,second1 e ,,r$uction is made almo/ in/antane\sly by m]ely mov+ ! decimal po9t4 ,!re are no r$uctions p]=m$ by multiply+ by #a1gbh or #e1bhj1 etc41 or divid+ by #e #a_/b1 #cj #a_/d or #ca #a_/b1 etc41 & h5ce !re is ,a ,,great ,,sav+ 9 ! labor & "t ( mak+ necess>y calculations4 ,?ird1 !re are b ,,five tables 9 ! metric sy/em prop]1 ^! tak+ ! place ( f twelve to fifte5 9 our sy/em 7or lack ( x74 ,^! are l9e>1 squ>e1 cubic1 capacity & weight4 ,f\r?1 any "o table is ab\t z easy to le>n z our ,unit$ ,/ates money table1 & aft] "o is le>n$1 x is mu* easi] to le>n ! o!rs1 s9ce ! same prefixes ) ! same mean+s are us$ 9 all4 ,fif?1 ! weights ( all objects are ei!r kn[n directly f _! size1 or c be v quickly f\nd f _! specific gravities4 ,six?1 ! subject is made s mu* easi] = *ildr5 9 s*ool t a cons]vative exp]t e/imate ( ! sav+ is two ?irds ( a ye> 9 a *ild's s*ool life4 ,! rule 9 ?is c\ntry is eight ye>s ( ari?metic1 ! ari?metic occupy+ ab\t "o f\r? ( ! *ild's activity4 ,) metric ari?metic sub/itut$ = ours1 :at x n[ takes two ye>s to prep>e =1 c\ld be easily done 9 #a #a_/c ye>s4 ,?is involves an enorm\s wa/e ( money & en]gy e twelvemon?4 ,sev5?1 only ,,"o set ( measures & ,,"o set ( weights are ne$$ to measure & weigh ev]y?+1 & ,,"o set ( ma*9es to make ?+s = ! _w's use4 ,!re w\ld be no duplication ( co/ly ma*9]y to ent] ! =eign trade field1 ?us secur+ enorm\s sav+4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita9 h lo/ a va/ am\nt ( =eign comm]ce 9 competition ) ,g]many & ,france1 because ( _! non-use ( ! metric units4 ,brita9 realizes ?is & is greatly conc]n$ ov] ! situation4 ,eigh?1 e ord9>y practical problem c be solv$ conv5i5tly on an add+ ma*9e4 ,our add+ ma*9es are us$ almo/ solely = ,unit$ ,/ates money problems4 ,n9?1 no valuable "t is lo/ 9 mak+ r$uctions f common to metric units1 or vice v]sa1 ei!r by ourselves or =eign]s4 ,to make our sizes 9 manufactur$ goods concrete to !m =eign cu/om]s h to r$uce our measures to !irs & ?is is a we>9ess to ! fle%4 ,t5?1 ! metric sy/em is wond]fully simple4 ,all ! tables ) a rule to make all possible r$uctions c be put on a po/al c>d4#a #a ,see article by ! writ] 9 ,education 7,bo/on71 ,dec41 #ahid4 ,! metric weights & measures con/itute a ,,sci5tific ,,sy/em2 our weights & measures are a ,,disorganization4 ,naturally "o c expect a ,,great ,,sav+ ,,( ,,"t1 ,,?\ght ,,& ,,labor f ! use ( a sy/em1 & ?is is ! fact4 ,if "o d>$ introduce ord9>y ari?metical problems into an article l ?is1 x w\ld be easy to %[ by examples h[ a p]son has to be some?+ ( a ma/] ( common fractions 9 ord] to solve 9 our sy/em common e-day problems1 :]eas 9 ! metric sy/em ne>ly ev]y?+ is done v simply ) decimals4 ,9 our sy/em a me*anic aft] mak+ a complicat$ calculation ) common fractions is z likely z n to get 8 result 9 six?s1 or n9?s1 etc41 ( an in*1 :]eas 8 rule reads to eigh?s1 or sixte5?s1 & he mu/ r$uce 8 six?s1 or n9?s1 to eigh?s1 or sixte5?s1 be=e he c measure (f 8 result4 ,9 ! metric sy/em results always come out 9 units ( ! scale us$4 ,! metric sy/em measures to millimet]s or to a unit a trifle l>g] ?an a ?irty-second ( an in*4 ,9 our sy/em "o is likely to avoid sixte5?s or ?irty-seconds on acc\nt ( ! labor ( calculation4 ,!n1 besides1 ! am\nt ( figur+ is s mu* less 9 ! metric sy/em4 ,take ! case ( a c]ta9 problem to f9d ! cubical cont5ts ( a box4 ,our solution calls = #hj figures & ! metric = #ce1 & ?is is a typical case1 n "o specially select$4 ,?us1 metric calculations1 :ile only f "o ?ird to two ?irds z long1 are likely to be two or ?ree times z accurate1 are f> easi] to und]/&1 & ! results c be imm$iately measur$ (f4 ,h5ce1 we wa/e "t 9 ^! f\r ways4 ,%akespe>e 9 ,hamlet says3 ,?us consci5ce does make c[>ds ( u all4 ,9 l ve9 x might be said3 ,?us cu/om 79 weights & measures7 do? make ,april fools ( u all4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t c\nt+ gr[n-ups solv+ actual problems & *ildr5 solv+ problems 9 s*ool we are s5t on mu* m ?an a billion su* ,april fool err&s r\nd ,rob9 ,hood's b>n e ye>4 ,not+ h[ mu* "t is sav$ 9 mak+ simple e-day calculations by us+ ! metric sy/em1 suppose t we assume ( ! #fj or m millions ( adults 9 active life 9 ?is c\ntry1 on ! av]age only "o 9 #fj makes su* calculations daily & t only tw5ty m9utes' "t is sav$ ea* day4 ,let u suppose t ! value ( ! "t ( ! us]s is put at #b4dj p] day or #aj c5ts = #bj m9utes4 ,!n #a1jjj1jjj us]s w\ld save #ajj1jjj p] day or #cj1jjj1jjj p] ye>4 ,b p]haps "s "o is say+ t mu* ( ?is "t is n really sav$1 s9ce _m p]sons are paid = _! "t & c j z well d ?is "w z n4 ,! answ] to ?is is t 9 _m in/ances su* calculations take ! "t ( ,,o!rs z well z ! p]son mak+ ! calculation4 ,occasionally a contractor might hold back1 or "w to a disadvantage a gang ( a score ( workm5 :ile try+ to solve a problem t came up unexpect$ly4 ,an e/imate ( ! value ( all weigh+ & measur+ in/rum5ts places ! sum at #aej1jjj1jjj4 ,?us1 we see t 9 five ye>s1 m]ely by a sav+ 9 ,,"t--= "t is money--all metric measur+ & weigh+ in/rum5ts c\ld be got ,,new at no extra exp5se4 ,?is e/imate ( ! co/ ( replac+ our weigh+ & measur+ in/rum5ts by new metric ones & ( sav+ "t has be5 made by o!rs ) a simil> result4 ,a matt] ( v mu* m importance ?an t j discuss$ is ! extra unnecess>y exp5se put ^u education1 viz41 two ?irds ( a ye> = e *ild 9 ! l&4 ,presumably if ! metric sy/em 7 9 use ) u1 all our *ildr5 w\ld /ay 9 s*ool z long z !y n[ d1 ?us gett+ two ?irds ( a ye> f>!r along 9 ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,actually1 if ari?metic 7 made m simple1 va/ numb]s w\ld2 /ay long]1 s9ce !y w\ld n be driv5 out ( s*ool by ! t]rible inroads on _! int]e/ 9 s*ool "w by dull & to !m impossible ari?metic4 ,if metric ari?metic texts 7 sub/itut$ = our pres5t texts1 x is safe to say *ildr5 w\ld av]age "o full ye> m ( education4 ,:at ! increas$ e>n+ p[] w\ld be f ?is x w\ld be h>d to e/imate1 b cle>ly x w\ld be a huge sum4 ,consid] also h[ mu* m life w\ld be wor? liv+ = *ildr51 tea*]s & p>5ts if a v l>ge portion ( ari?metical puzzles ins]t$ to qualify ! *ildr5 to und]/& our crazy weights & measures 7 cut out ( our text-books4 ,if we 7 to adopt ! metric sy/em1 lit]ally millions ( p>5ts w\ld be sp>$ worry1 & %ame1 & fe> le/ ,johnny fail & drop out ( s*ool1 or ,m>y %[ unexpect$ weakness & h to take a grade ov] aga92 unc\nt$ ?\s&s ( tea*]s w\ld be sav$ mu* gna%+ ( tee? & utt]+ ( mild fem99e imprecations "u _! brea?2 &1 be/ ( all1 ! *ildr5 !mselves w\ld be sav$ f p5cil-bit+1 te>s1 worries1 he>tburns1 arre/$ developm5t1 %ame & loss ( education6 ,a committee ( ! ,national ,educational ,association has rec5tly report$ t ,g]many & ,france are ea* two full ye>s ahead ( u 9 educational a*ievem5t1 t is1 *ildr5 9 ^? c\ntries ( a c]ta9 age h z good an education z our *ildr5 :i* are two ye>s ! =eign *ildr5s' s5iors4 ,surely "o ( ^! ye>s is fully acc\nt$ = by ! inf]iority ( our ,am]ican ,,ari?metic & ,,spell+4 ,?is mu*1 at lea/1 ( ! diff]5ce is nei!r 9 ! *ildr5 !mselves1 nor 9 ! lack ( prep>ation ( our tea*]s1 nor 9 educational me?ods4 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,w4 ,a4 ,"y1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 9 8 "w on ,ma!matics 9 ,prussia1 says3 ,9 ! "w 9 ma!matics done 9 ! n9e ye>s f ! age ( n9e on1 we ,am]icans accompli% no m ?an ! ,prussians1 :ile we give to ! "w sev5 f\r?s ( ! "t ! ,g]mans give4 ,pr(essor ,james ,pi]pont1 ( ,yale1 writ+ 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,am]ican ,ma!matical ,society 7,april1 #aijj71 %[s a l comp>ison c be made ) ,fr5* in/ruction4 ,pi]pont's table exhibits only "o h\r a week ne$$ = ari?metic = pupils ag$ #aa & #ab6 ,z ! adv]tisem5ts sometimes say1 !re mu/ be a reason4 ,b if ! *ildr5 are kept 9 s*ool two ?irds ( a ye> long] somebody pays = ?is extra exp5se4 ,n[ *ildr5 d n drop out ( s*ool until !y are ab\t #ab ye>s ( age & h bo? appetites & e>n+ p[]4 ,! numb] ( ^! *ildr5 t drop out ea* ye> is probably ab\t #b #a_/b millions4 ,( ?is numb] let u say #a #a_/b millions w\ld become wage e>n]s1 ?us pass+ f ! class t are support$ to ! class t support !mselves & e>n a small wage besides4 ,we h !n ?ree items 9 ?is c\nt3 7#a7 ,! co/ to ! /ate 9 taxes = ! education ( #b #a_/b million = two ?irds ( a ye>1 or #ej1jjj1jjj2 7#b7 ,! co/ to ! p>5ts = support ( #a #a_/b millions = two ?irds ( a ye> at #fg ea*1 or #ajj1jjj1jjj2 7#c7 ,! wages ( #a #a_/b millions ov] & above ! co/ ( _! support1 say #ej ea*1 or #ge1jjj1jjj4 ,! above figures are put l[ purposely s t !y c n be criticiz$4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t #df p] c5t4 ( our population is agricultural1 & t on ! f>m1 y\?s ( f #ac to #ae v (t5 d m5's & wom5's "w3 also t 9 _m manufactur+ c5t]s great numb]s ( *ildr5 get "w at relatively good wages1 & t ! numb] ( completely idle *ildr5 out ( s*ool is n l>ge4 ,) ^! figures 9 h& let u consid] n[ a k9d ( debit & cr$it %eet aga9/ & = our pres5t sy/em ( weights & measures4 ,,pres5t ,,sy/em ,,( ,,weights ,,& ,,measures ,9 ,,annual acc\nt ) ,,uncle ,,sam ,cr4 ,by culture 787 acquir$ by ! *ildr5 ?r\gh le>n+ m common fractions & our crazy tables ( weights & measures4444444444 8 ,dr4 ,to co/ 9 s*ool taxes ( keep+ #b #a_/b millions ( *ildr5 9 s*ool #b_/c ye>4 #ej1jjj1jjj ,to co/ to p>5ts = support+ #a #a_/b millions *ildr5 #b_/c ye>4444444444444 #ajj1jjj1jjj ,to loss ( productive p[] ( #a #a_/b millions y\? = #b_/c ye> 4444444444444 #ge1jjj1jjj ,to loss ( e>n+ p[] by hav+ *ildr5 driv5 out ( s*ool by difficulties ( ari?metic z n[ taught 444444444444444444444444444444444444 #be1jjj1jjj ,to loss ( "t 9 mak+ ari?metical calculations by m5 9 trade1 indu/ries & manufactures44444444444444444444444444 #cj1jjj1jjj ,to extra weigh+ & measur+ in/rum5ts ne$$ = sundry tables4444444 #aj1jjj1jjj ,to loss ( "t 9 mak+ cross r$uctions to & f our sy/em & metric sy/em 444444444444444444444444444444 #e1jjj1jjj ,to loss ( pr(it f =eign trade because our goods are n 9 metric units 4444444444444444444444444444444444444 #bj1jjj1jjj ------------ ,total annual loss 44444444444444444 #cae1jjj1jjj ,comm5t+ = a mom5t on ! cr$it side ( ! above l$g] acc\nt1 x c be said t rec5t psy*ology %[s conclusively t tra9+ 9 common fractions & weights & measures c n be ( mu* practical help z s-call$ culture1 or tra9+ = le>n+ o!r ?+s1 unless ^? o!r ?+s are closely relat$ to !m1 & !re are n _m ?+s 9 life s relat$ to !m once we _h dropp$ our pres5t weights & measures4 ,x may be compla9$ t ! exp5se ( *ang+ to ! new sy/em is n tak5 acc\nt ( 9 ! above table4 ,! reason is t t exp5se w\ld occur once = all4 ,! above table deals ) ! ,,annual co/ ( our pres5t m$ieval sy/em4 ,"o p[]ful reason = ! adoption ( ! metric sy/em diff]5t 9 "* f ! o!rs is ! ease ( *eat+ by ! old sy/em4 ,9 ! pa/ ! p h be5 unm]cifully abus$ ?r\gh %ort weights & measures4 ,_m ( ! /ates h tak5 ?is matt] up latt]ly & prosecut$ m]*ants "r & left4 ,n9e t5?s ( ?is tr\ble w\ld disappe> ) ! new sy/em 9 use4 ,let u consid] n[ = a little "t ! reasons :y ! metric sy/em has n be5 accept$ & adopt$ = use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,evid5tly ! great ma9 reason has be5 t ! masses ( ! p1 9 fact all ( !m except a v small educat$ class 9 sci5ce are almo/ totally un9=m$ on ?is :ole "q4 ,su* articles z h be5 publi%$ h almo/ inv>iably appe>$ 9 ei!r sci5tific1 te*nical or educational magaz9es1 mo/ly ! fir/1 s t !re has be5 no means ( rea*+ ! masses1 or ev5 ! s*ool tea*]s ) ! facts4 ,= ano!r reason ! ,unit$ ,/ates occupies an isolat$ position geographically1 & our p d n come into p]sonal contact ) ^? 9 o!r c\ntries us+ ! metric sy/em4 ,b !re is /ill ano!r pot5t reason4 ,aft] ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t legaliz$ ! metric sy/em 9 #ahff1 all ! s*ool books on ari?metic began pres5t+ ! topic ( ! metric sy/em1 &1 q naturally1 !y did x by comp>+ its units ) ^? ( our sy/em & call+ = cross r$uctions f "o sy/em to ! o!r4 ,no bett] means ( sick5+ ! ,am]ican *ildr5 ) ! metric sy/em c\ld h be5 devis$4 ,multitudes ( ! "y =m$ a /rong dislike = ! =eign sy/em ) its =eign names1 & c\ld n n[ be easily conv9c$ t x is n difficult to le>n4 ,e s*ool boy kn[s h[ easy x is to le>n ,unit$ ,/ates money4 ,! boy j naturally le>ns x betwe5 two nights4 ,! :ole metric sy/em ,,"u ,,favorable ,,conditions is le>n$ ne>ly z easily4 ,by favorable conditions is meant ! con/ant use ( ! sy/em 9 homes1 s*ools1 /ores1 etc4 ,^! favorable conditions1 ( c\rse1 we h nev] _h4 ,9 #aijd an e>ne/ ef=t 0 made aga9 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & ,great ,brita9 to h ! metric sy/em adopt$ = g5]al use4 ,! export+ manufactur]s 9 bo? c\ntries grew mu* conc]n$ ov] ! :ole situation4 ,a petition to h ! metric sy/em adopt$ 9 ,great ,brita9 0 sign$ by ov] #b1jjj1jjj p]sons4 ,a bill to make ! sy/em m&atory 0 pass$ by ! ,h\se ( ,lords & its fir/ read+ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,! =ces ( cons]vatism !n be/irr$ !mselves & ! bill 0 held up4 ,=see+ a movem5t ( ! same k9d 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! ,am]ican ,manufactures' ,association got busy1 laid plans to defeat su* movem5t :i* !y lat] did4 ,/rictly speak+ ?is action 0 n tak5 by ! association z su* b only by a "p ( x4 ,"o f\r? ( ! memb]%ip & probably mu* m ?an a f\r? ( ! capital ( ! association 0 on ! side = ! adoption ( ! sy/em4 ,politically1 h[ev]1 ! side oppos$ to ! new sy/em _h altoge!r ! mo/ influ5ce4 ,c>eful /udy ( ! :ole matt] %[$ t ! ma9 co/ to make ! *ange to ! new sy/em w\ld be 9 dies1 patt]ns1 gauges1 jigs1 etc4 ,a c>eful e/imate put ?is co/ at #fjj = ea* workman & assum+ a million workm51 we h a total co/ ( #fjj1jjj1jjj4 ,b we h j se5 t ! annual exp5se ( reta9+ ! old sy/em ( weights & measures is ov] #cjj1jjj1jjj4 ,?us we see t two %ort ye>s w\ld suffice to pay = :at seems to ! great manufactur]s association an insup]able exp5se4 ,f all ?is we see t ! "q is n "o = ,n4 ,m4 ,a4 bookkeep+1 b = national bookkeep+4 ,_m well-in=m$ p /udy+ ! matt] sup]ficially1 ?9k ! difficulties 9 ! way ( a *ange to ! new sy/em insurm\ntable4 ,?us1 !y ?9k ( ! co/ to ! manufactur]--:i* we h j se5 to be r l>ge b n insurm\ntable2 !y ?9k ( ! *anges ne$$ 9 books1 records1 su* z de$s1 & ! sub/itution ( new measur+ & weigh+ in/rum5ts4 ,g]many & all ! o!r c\ntries ( cont95tal ,europe made ! *ange4 ,are we to assume t ! ,unit$ ,/ates c n8 ,t w\ld be ridicul\s4 ,grant+ t comm]ce has gr[n greatly1 s also has intellig5ce & capability ( ! p = do+ great ?+s4 ,sci5ti/s are univ]sally agre$ z to ! wisdom ( ! adoption ( ! metric sy/em4 ,! c\ntry1 z a :ole1 mu/ be educat$ up to ! notion t soon] or lat] x is sure to be univ]sally adopt$1 t x is only a "q ( "t :5 ?is w be done4 ,already electrical1 *emical & optical manufactur+ conc]ns use ! metric units & sy/em exclusively4 ,! sy/em is also us$ widely 9 m$ic9e & /ill o!r arts4 ,!n all in/itutions ( le>n+ use ! metric sy/em exclusively :5ev] ?is is possible4 ,all t is ne$$ is to complete a good "w well begun4 ,!re is "o rational objection to ! metric sy/em & b "o4 ,x is t #aj is inf]ior to #ab z a base = a notation = numb]s1 b ! _w is n ready to make ?is *ange nor is x likely to be = g5]ations to come4 ,moreov]1 ?is improvem5t is f> less important ?an uni=mity 9 weights & measures4 ,= ^! reasons ?is objection c be pass$ ov]4 ,m5 said ! metric sy/em w\ld nev] be us$ outside ( ,france2 b x has come to be us$ all ov] ! _w4 ,! prophets said we %\ld nev] h uni=mity z reg>ds a ref]5ce m]idian ( longitude4 ,b we h4 ,& s x w be ) ! adoption ( ! metric sy/em 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita94 ,x is only a "q ( :e!r x comes soon] or lat]4 ,:5 t day comes1 ! met]1 a long y>d1 w replace ! y>d1 ! lit]1 ! qu>t 7be+ small] ?an a dry & l>g] ?an a liquid qu>t71 ! kilogram w replace ! p\nd1 be+ equal to #b4b p\nds1 & ! kilomet] 74#f mi47 w replace ! mile4 ,)9 a week or s aft] ! *ange has be5 made to ! new sy/em1 all m5 9 bus9ess w be reasonably famili> ) ! new units & h[ !y are us$1 & )9 a few mon?s e man1 woman & *ild w be z famili> ) ! new sy/em z !y ev] 7 ) ! simple/ p>ts ( ! old4 ,s easy x w be to make ! *ange z f> z ord9>y bus9ess affairs are conc]n$4 ,h[ev]1 = exact metal manufactures ye>s w be ne$$ to fully *ange ov] to ! new4 ,"h ! plan is to beg9 ) new unit con/ructions & new models1 z automobiles us+ new ma*9]y con/ruct$ 9 ! integral units ( ! metric sy/em4 ,all old con/ructions are left z !y are & repair$ z !y are4 ,?is 0 ! plan us$ 9 ,g]many & ( c\rse x works4 ,9 conclusion x c be said t we />t$ ) ! idea t ! *ange to ! metric sy/em 0 ne$$ = ! sake ( =eign comm]ce4 ,we n[ see t we ne$ x also = our own comm]cial & manufactur+ transactions4 ,if we are to h ! effici5cy s insi/5tly dem&$ by ! age 9 :i* we live1 !n we mu/ h ! metric sy/em 9 use = ! ord9>y affairs ( daily life ( ! masses ( ! p1 we mu/ h x 9 comm]cial & manufactur+ indu/ries1 & we mu/ h x 9 education4 ,if effici5cy is to be ! slogan1 !n ! metric sy/em mu/ come no matt] :at ob/acles /& 9 its way4 ,,adaptation ,,z ,a ,,process ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,h>ry ,,beal ,,torrey ,,re$ ,,college ,,= ! physici/ & *emi/ ! t]m adaptation awak5s b ! b>r5 e*o ( an idea4 ,9 biology x /ill reta9s a c]ta9 /&+1 ?\gh its significance has1 9 rec5t ye>s1 be5 rapidly contract+1 z ! influ5ce ( ! conception = :i* x /&s has wan$4 ,_m biologi/s are n[ ( ! op9ion t _! sci5ce w\ld be bett] (f entirely )\t x4 ,!y believe x has n only outliv$ its usefulness1 b has become a s\rce ( confusion1 if n1 inde$1 reaction4 ,d>w9's fir/ task1 9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 0 to demon/rate t species _h n be5 indep5d5tly creat$1 b _h desc5d$1 l v>ieties1 f o!r species4 ,b he 0 well aw>e t su* a conclusion1 ev5 if well f\nd$1 w\ld be unsatisfactory until x c\ld be %[n h[ ! innum]able species inhabit+ ! _w h be5 modifi$1 s z to acquire t p]fection ( /ructure & coadaptation :i* ju/ly excites our admiration4 ,to e/abli% conv9c+ly ! doctr9e ( desc5t ) modification z a !ory ( species1 x 0 necess>y = him to develop ! !ory ( adaptation :i* we n[ "k z natural selection4 ,! orig9 ( adaptive v>iations gave him1 at t "t1 little conc]n4 ,?\gh ke5ly appreciative ( ! problem ( v>iation :i* 8 /udies 9 evolution pres5t$1 he dismiss$ x 9 ! ,orig9 ) less ?an tw5ty-five pages ( discussion4 ,su* brevity is n surpris+1 s9ce a m ext5d$ treatm5t w\ld only h emb>rass$ ! progress ( ! argum5t4 ,9 fact1 8 re/ra9t 9 ?is direction enabl$ him1 fir/1 to avoid ! difficulties into :i* ,lam>ck1 ) 8 bold attack on ! problem ( v>iation1 _h fall52 & second1 by do+ s1 to deal ! doctr9e ( ,design a bl[ f :i* x has nev] recov]$4 ,! latt] 0 a s]vice ( well-nigh incalculable value to ! "y sci5ce ( biology--&1 z x appe>$1 to mod]n civilization z well4 ,b x has n be5 uncommon1 f ,ari/otle's day to ?is1 = ! "w ( great m5 to suff] at ! h&s ( less imag9ative foll[]s4 ,sweep+ applications ( ,d>w9's doctr9e h be5 repeat$ly made )\t due reg>d ei!r = its orig9al object or = ! success ) :i* t object 0 a*iev$4 ,s ,i believe x to be no fault ( ,d>w9 t ! gr[+ indiff]5ce ( ,european laboratories t[>d natural selection %\ld f9d occasional expression 9 su* a phrase z ! ,engli% disease4 ,disease1 inde$1 ,i believe we mu/ 9 c&or admit t devotion to x to be :i* bl9ds its devotees to ^? problems ( m elem5t>y importance ?an ! problem ( adaptation1 :i* ,d>w9 cle>ly saw b 0 born too soon to solve4 ,! problem ( species has pr(\ndly *ang$ s9ce #ahei4 ,= ,d>w9 x 0 p]=ce a problem ( adaptation4 ,= ! inve/igator ( to-day x has become a "p ( ! m inclusive problem ( v>iation4 ,along ) ! logical results ( natural selection he contemplates ! biological processes ( organic diff]5tiation4 ,he is no long] satisfi$ to assume ! exi/5ce ( ^? modifications t make selection possible4 ,9 8 ef=ts to control !m1 ! conception ( adaptation z a result has be5 cr[d$ f ! c5t] ( 8 int]e/ by ! conception ( adaptation z a process4 ,! survival ( specially end[$ organisms1 ! elim9ation ( compet+ individuals n ?us end[$1 are facts t possess1 9 !mselves1 no imm$iate biological significance4 ,selection z su* is n a biological process1 :e!r x is accompli%$ automatically on ! basis ( protective coloration1 or self-consci\sly by man4 ,sep>at+ %eep f goats may h a purely comm]cial int]e/1 z :5 prunes & apples1 gravel & bullets1 are grad$ = ! m>ket4 ,su* selection is1 at bottom1 a me?od ( classification1 s]v+ ! same g5]al purpose z boxes 9 a po/-(fice4 ,simil>ly1 natural selection is b a "n = ! segregation & classification t take place automatically 9 ! great /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 nature4 ,! fact t x is a result r ?an a process acc\nts1 probably m ?an any?+ else1 = its rem>kable effect ^u mod]n ?\ght4 ,x is non-en]getic4 ,x ex]ts no creative =ce4 ,z a conception ( passive me*anical segregation & survival1 x 0 a mo/ timely & pot5t sub/itute = ! naive teleology involv$ 9 ! idea ( special creation4 ,z a !ory ( adaptation1 !n1 natural selection is satisfactory only 9 s f> z x acc\nts = ! pres]vation ( favor$ races4 ,x ?r[s no light ^u ! orig9 ( ! v>iations ) :i* races are favor$4 ,s9ce x is only z v>iations possess a c]ta9 utility = ! organism t !y become kn[n z adaptations1 ! conception ( adaptation is inevitably associat$ ) ! welf>e ( individuals or ! survival ( races4 ,to disreg>d ?is association is to rob ! conception ( all mean+4 ,l heal?1 x has no elem5t>y physiological significance4 ,our pr(\nd int]e/ 9 ! problem ( survival is natural & practical & inevitable4 ,b 9 spite ( ,d>w9's great contribution t[>d a sci5tific analysis ( ! me*anism ( organic evolution1 & 9 spite ( ! m>vel\s rec5t progress ( m$ic9e along its _m bran*es1 ! fact rema9s t s f> z ?is int]e/ 9 ! problem ( survival is dom9ant x mu/ cont9ue to h9d] adequate analysis ( ! problem ( adaptation4 ,inde$1 x is 9 l>ge measure due to su* dom9ation 9 ! pa/ t biology n[ lags s f> beh9d ! less p]sonal sci5ces ( physics & *emi/ry4 ,= survival means ! survival ( an individual4 ,& !re is no d\bt t ! individual organism is ! mo/ conspicu\s datum 9 ! liv+ _w4 ,! few :o1 neglectful ( individuals & survivals1 f9d _! *ief int]e/ 9 liv+ sub/ance1 its prop]ties & processes1 are promptly *all5g$ by ! _m to f9d liv+ sub/ance save 9 ! body ( an organism4 ,?us1 9 a peculi>ly significant s5se1 organisms are vital units4 ,& s9ce ! individual organism %[s a rem>kable capacity to reta9 its id5tity "u a wide range ( conditions1 adaptability or adju/ability comes to be reckon$ z ! prime *>act]i/ic ( life by all to :om ! integrity ( ! individual organism is ! fact ( *ief importance4 ,) ! use ( ! words adaptability & adju/ability1 our discussion assumes a some:at diff]5t aspect4 ,in/ead ( contemplat+ fur!r ! me*anical selection ( individuals on ! basis ( *>act]s t1 l ! /ructure ( ! woodpeck]1 ) its feet1 tail1 beak & tongue1 s admirably adapt$ to cat* insects "u ! b>k ( trees1 c n be attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( ! ext]nal conditions t r5d] !m useful1 we are invit$ to consid] imm$iate & pla/ic adju/m5ts ( ! organism to ! v conditions t call =? ! response4 ,= ! =tuit\s adju/m5ts t t5d to pres]ve ^? individuals or races t *ance to possess !m1 are sub/itut$1 accord+ly1 ! direct prim>y adju/m5ts t t5d to pres]ve ! id5tity ( ! react+ organism4 ,we turn ?us f ! ,,results ( ! selection ( favorable v>iations to ! biological ,,processes by :i* organisms become accommodat$ to _! conditions ( life4 ,at once ! old que/ions arise4 ,are ^! processes fundam5tally peculi> to ! life ( organisms8 ,does ! capacity ( ! organism ?us to adju/ itself to its environm5t involve factors n f\nd 9 ! op]ations ( inorganic nature8 ,our answ]s w be det]m9$ ess5tially by ! nature ( our int]e/ 9 ! organism--:e!r we reg>d its exi/5ce z ! ,,end or m]ely an incid5tal ,,effect ( its activities4 ,! fir/ alt]native is compatible ) ?or\ghgo+ vitalism4 ,! second1 emphasiz+ ! nature ( ! processes r ?an _! usefulness to ! organism1 relieves biology ( ! emb>rassm5ts ( vitali/ic speculation1 & allies x at ! same "t m intimately ?an ev] ) physics & *emi/ry4 ,?is alliance promises s well = ! analysis ( adaptations1 z to dem& our s]i\s att5tion4 ,physiologically1 ! liv+ organism may be ?\ght ( z a physico-*emical sy/em ( great complexity & peculi> composition :i* v>ies f organism to organism & f "p to "p4 ,life itself may be def9$ z a gr\p ( *>act]i/ic activities dep5d5t ^u ! trans=mations 9 ?is sy/em "u appropriate conditions4 ,accord+ to ?is def9ition1 life is det]m9$ n only by ! physical & *emical attributes ( ! sy/em1 b by ! fitness ( its environm5t1 :i* ,h5d]son has rec5tly done ! important s]vice ( emphasiz+4#a ,relatively trifl+ *anges 9 ! environm5t suffice to r5d] x unfit1 h[ev]1 t is1 to modify x beyond ! limits ( an organism's adaptability4 ,! environm5tal limits are n>r[1 !n1 )9 :i* ! trans=mations ( ! organic sy/em c take place t are associat$ ) adaptive reactions4 ,! conditions )9 ^! limits are1 fur!r1 peculi>ly favorable = j su* trans=mations 9 j su* physico-*emical sy/ems4 #a ,! ,fitness ( ! ,environm5t4 ,! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! adaptive reaction appe>s to be t ! organism conc]n$ responds to *ang+ conditions )\t los+ c]ta9 attributes ( behavior by :i* we recognize organisms 9 g5]al & by :i* t organism is recogniz$ 9 p>ticul>4 ,x exhibits /ability 9 ! mid/ ( *ange2 x reta9s its id5tity4 ,b ?is /ability1 let u repeat1 is ! /ability ( a c]ta9 type ( physico-*emical sy/em1 ) respect to c]ta9 *>act]s only1 & exhibit$ "u c]ta9 circumscrib$ conditions4 ,9 s f> z ! problem ( adaptation is ?us re/rict$ 9 its application1 x rema9s a "q ( /&>ds1 a taxonomic conv5i5ce1 a problem ( ! organism by def9ition only1 empty ( fundam5tal significance4 ,x is to be expect$ t sy/ems diff]+ widely 9 composition & /ructure w diff] 9 _! responses to giv5 conditions4 ,?is w be true :e!r ! sy/ems comp>$ ?us are organic1 or inorganic1 or repres5tative ( bo? gr\ps4 ,! comp\nds ( c>bon1 ( :i* liv+ sub/ance is s *>act]i/ically compos$1 exhibit prop]ties & reactions t di/+ui% !m at once 9 _m respects f ! comp\nds ( lead or sulphur4 ,!y also diff] widely among !mselves2 comp>e1 9 ?is connection1 s]um album51 acetic acid1 cane sug>1 urea4 ,no vitali/ic factor is ne$$ = ! int]pretation ( div]g5cies ( ?is k9d4 ,b !re are _m significant simil>ities betwe5 organisms & inorganic sy/ems z well4 ,^! are s frequ5tly ov]look$ t x w n[ be desirable to consid] a few illu/rative cases4 ,= ! sake ( brevity1 !y h be5 select$ z repres5tative ( b two types ( adaptation commonly kn[n "u ! names ( ,,acclimatization & ,,regulation4 ,let u fir/ consid] ! case ( organisms :i* become acclimatiz$ by sl[ degrees to new conditions t1 sudd5ly impos$1 w\ld produce fatal results4 ,hydra is an organism :i* becomes ?us acclimatiz$ f9ally to solutions ( /ry*n9e too /rong to be endur$ at fir/4 ,outw>dly x appe>s to suff] 9 ! process no obvi\s modifications4 ,yet modifications ( a physiological ord] take place1 z is %[n1 fir/1 by ! necess>y delib]ation ( ! acclimatization1 second1 by ! dea? ( ! organism if transf]r$ abruptly back to its orig9al environm5t4 ,9 o!r =ms ! /ructural *anges accompany+ acclimatization may be f> m conspicu\s4 ,= example1 ! a]ial leaves ( ,limnophila het]ophylla are d5tate1 :ile ^? gr[n "u wat] are excessively divid$4 ,aga91 ! helmets & caudal sp9es ( ,hyalodaphnia v>y greatly 9 l5g? ) ! seasonal temp]ature4 ,9 ^! & ! l>ge numb] ( simil> cases t might be cit$1 /ability ( ! physiological sy/em "u *ang$ conditions is only obta9$ by *anges 9 ! sy/em itself :i* are (t5 exhibit$ by /rik+ /ructural modifications4 ,comp>e ) su* ph5om5a ( acclimatization ! responses ( sulphur1 t91 liquid cry/als & iron alloys to *anges ( temp]ature4 ,! rhombic cry/als t *>act]ize sulphur at ord9>y temp]atures & pressures1 give place to monocl9ic cry/als at #ie4e degrees ,c4 ,sulphur ?us exi/s ) two cry/all9e =ms ^: /ability dep5ds directly ^u ! temp]ature4 ,simil>ly1 t9 exi/s "u two /able =ms1 :ite & gray1 ! "o above1 ! o!r bel[ ! transitional po9t1 :i* is1 9 ?is case1 #ah degrees ,c4 ,at ?is temp]ature :ite t9 is 9 a meta/able condition1 & trans=ms into ! gray v>iety4 ,! trans=mation goes on1 !n1 at ord9>y temp]atures1 b1 =tunately = u z us]s ( t9 implem5ts1 v sl[ly4 ,its velocity c be increas$1 h[ev]1 by l[]+ ! temp]ature1 on :i*1 !n1 n only ! trans=mation itself1 b its rate dep5ds4 ,9 ?is connection may be m5tion$ *ole/]yl acetate & b5zoate & o!r sub/ances :i* possess two cry/all9e phases1 "o ( :i* is liquid1 unlike o!r liquids1 h[ev]1 9 be+ anisotropic4 ,z 9 ! prec$+ cases1 ^! phases are expressions ( equilibrium at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,especially in/ructive facts are af=d$ by ! alloys ( iron & c>bon4 ,iron1 or f]rite1 exi/s "u ?ree =ms3 z alpha f]rite bel[ #gfj degrees1 z beta f]rite betwe5 #gfj degrees & #ijj degrees1 & z gamma f]rite above #ijj degrees4 ,only ! la/ is able to hold c>bon 9 solid solution4 ,! alloys ( iron & c>bon exi/ "u sev]al =ms4 ,pe>lite is a het]og5e\s mixture conta9+ #j4h p] c5t4 c>bon4 ,:5 heat$ to #fgj degrees1 x becomes homog5e\s1 an am\nt ( c>bon up to two p] c5t4 dissolves 9 ! iron1 & h>d /eel or m>t5site is =m$4 ,9 appe>ance1 h[ev]1 ! two =ms are s ne>ly id5tical z to be discrim9at$ only by c>eful microscopical exam9ation4 ,cem5tite is a def9ite comp\nd ( iron & c>bon repres5t$ by ! =mula ,fe#c subscript,c4 ,:5 cool$ sl[ly bel[ #fgj degrees1 m>t5site yields a het]og5e\s mixture ( pe>lite & f]rite 7or cem5tite1 if ! orig9al mixture conta9$ betwe5 #j4h p] c5t4 & two p] c5t4 ( c>bon74 ,s(t /eels & wr\ght iron are ?us obta9$4 ,:5 cool$ rapidly1 h[ev]1 z 9 ! temp]+ ( /eel1 m>t5site rema9s a homog5e\s solid solution1 or h>d /eel4 ,"o c n fail to notice ! rem>kable p>allel betwe5 ^! facts & ! behavior ( ,hydra 9 ! pres5ce ( /ry*n9e4 ,9 bo? cases new positions ( /ability are rea*$ by modify+ ! orig9al conditions ( /ability2 & 9 bo?1 ! old positions ( /ability are rega9$ only by returns to ! orig9al conditions ( /ability s gradual z to af=d "t suffici5t = ! necess>y trans=mations 9 ! sy/ems !mselves4 ,! =ms :i* bo? organic & inorganic sy/ems assume ?us appe> to be functions ( ! conditions 9 :i* !y exi/4 ,! fact t ,hydra is able to rega9 a position ( /ability f :i* x _h be5 displac$ connects ! behavior ( ?is organism n only ) ! physical ph5om5a already cit$1 b /ill m intimately ) ! l>ge class ( *emical reactions :i* are simil>ly *>act]iz$ by equilibrium & rev]sibility4 ,su* reactions d n proce$ to completion1 :i* is probably always ! case :]ev] ! mixture ( ! sy/ems "u trans=mation is homog5e\s1 z 9 ! case ( solutions4 ,!y occur widely among c>bon comp\nds4 ,! foll[+ typical case w suffice to indicate _! ess5tial *>act]i/ics4 ,:5 e?yl alcohol & acetic acid are mix$1 a reaction ensues :i* yields e?yl acetate & wat]4 ,b e?yl acetate & wat] react toge!r also1 yield+ e?yl alcohol & acetic acid4 ,?is second reaction1 9 a direction opposite to ! fir/1 proce$s 9 ! beg9n+ m sl[ly also4 ,!re comes a "t1 h[ev]1 :5 ! spe$s ( ! two reactions are equal4 ,a position ( equilibrium or app>5t re/ is ?us rea*$1 :i* p]si/s z long z ! relative proportions ( ! compon5t sub/ances rema9 un*ang$4 ,a great _m rev]sible reactions are made possible by enzymes4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( dia/ase1 glucose yields glycog5 & wat]1 :i*1 react+ toge!r 9 ! opposite direction1 yield glucose aga94 ,9 ! pres5ce ( emuls91 amygdal9 is decompos$ into glucose1 hydrocyanic acid & b5zoic aldehyde1 & re=m$ f !m4 ,simil>ly 9 ! pres5ce ( lipase1 e/]s are re=m$ f alcohols & fatty acids1 _! decomposition products4 ,) ! introduction ( enzymes1 c]ta9 complications ensue4 ,?\gh x has be5 %[n t lipase acts z a true catalys]1 ?is may n hold = all1 especially = proteolytic1 enzymes4 ,t rev]sible reactions actually occur 9 proteids1 h[ev]1 accompani$ z !y are 9 "s cases at lea/ by c]ta9 displacem5ts ( ! position ( equilibrium1 !re appe>s to be no "q4#b #b ,rob]tson1 ,univ4 ,calif4 ,publ4 ,physiol41 #c1 #aiji1 p4 #aae4 ,^! examples are b sugge/ions ( ! _m rev]sible reactions t h n[ be5 obs]v$ among ! comp\nds ( c>bon4 ,t !y h peculi> significance = ! pres5t discussion resides 9 ! fact t liv+ sub/ance is compos$ ( c>bon comp\nds1 s _m & 9 su* exce$+ly complex relations z to pres5t endless possibilities = %ift+ equilibria & ! physical & *emical adju/m5ts result+ !refrom4 ,) ^! facts 9 m9d we may n[ turn f ! consid]ation ( acclimatization to a brief discussion ( c]ta9 ph5om5a ( regulation--adaptive reactions t are especially conspicu\s 9 ! gr[? & developm5t ( organisms1 b sep>at$ by no %>p divid+ l9e f adaptive reactions ( ! o!r type4 ,:5 a fragm5t ( an organism trans=ms1 "u appropriate conditions1 into a typical individual1 ! process includes deg5]ative aa well z reg5]ative phases4 ,!re is always "s simplification ( ! /ructures pres5t1 ^: "* & am\nt is det]m9$ by ! degree ( specialization :i* has be5 atta9$4 ,! small] ! piece1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 & ! y\ng] physiologically1 ! m ne>ly does x return to embryonic conditions1 a fact :i* c be /udi$ admirably 9 ! hydroid ,corymorpha4 ,9 "s cases ! simplification is accompli%$ by abrupt sacrifice ( highly specializ$ p>ts1 z 9 ,corymorpha1 :5 9 a process ( simplification connect$ ) acclimatization to aqu>ium conditions1 ! l>ge t5tacles ( well-gr[n specim5s fall away completely f _! bases4 ,9 o!r hydroids 7e4 g41 ,campanul>ia7 ! t5tacles may be completely absorb$ into ! body ( ! hydran? f :i* !y orig9ally sprang4 ,among tissue cells deg5]ative *anges may be abrupt1 z 9 ! sacrifice ( ! highly specializ$ fibrillae 9 muscle cells2 or !y may be v gradual1 z 9 ! trans=mation ( cells ( "o sort into ano!r t occurs 9 ! reg5]ation ( t5tacles 9 ,tubul>ia4 ,an int]e/+ case ( absorption ( p>ts came to my notice :ile /udy+ ! l>vae ( ! p5natulid coral ,r5illa "s fifte5 ye>s ago4 ,z w be rememb]$1 ,r5illa possesses eight t5tacles ) num]\s processes p9nately arrang$4 ,dur+ a p]iod ( en=c$ />vation1 ^! p9nae 7 gradually absorb$1 & ! t5tacles %ort5$1 f tip to base4 ,) ! adv5t ( food--9 ! =m ( annelid eggs--! rev]se ( ^! ev5ts took place4 ,! t5tacles l5g!n$ & ! p9nae reappe>$1 ! l>vae assum+ _! normal aspect4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t 9 "s circum/ances at lea/1 ! process ( simplification may resemble v ne>ly1 ev5 9 details1 a rev]sal ( ! process ( diff]5tiation4 ,t "o is actually 9 e respect ! rev]se ( ! o!r is und\bt$ly n true4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n to be wond]$ at4 ,me*anical inhibitions t are s conspicu\s 9 "s cases 7e4 g41 ,corymorpha7 are to be expect$ to a c]ta9 degree 9 all4 ,! reg5]ative process itself dep5ds ^u ! coop]ation ( _m physical & *emical factors1 9 _m & complex physico*emical sy/ems 9 v>y+ conditions ( equilibrium4 ,& x is important to note t ev5 ! equilibrium reactions by :i* a s+le proteid 9 ! pres5ce ( an enzyme1 is made & unmade1 d n appe> always to foll[ id5tically ! same pa? 9 opposite directions4#c #c ,rob]tson1 vid4 sup41 p4 #bfi4 ,:atev] _! c\rse 9 ! in/ances cit$ & 9 _m o!rs1 rev]sals 9 ! processes ( developm5t d take place4 ,9 p]haps _! simple/ =m ^! c be se5 9 egg cells4 ,! developm5t ( a fragm5t ( an egg z a complete :ole involves rev]sals 9 ! processes ( diff]5tiation ( a v subtle ord]4 ,! fusion ( two eggs to "o involves simil> readju/m5ts4 ,su* ph5om5a h be5 held to be peculi> to liv+ ma*9es only4 ,yet x may be po9t$ out t !re are c\nt]p>ts ( bo? 9 ! behavior ( s-call$ liquid cry/als4 ,:5 liquid cry/als ( p>aazoxyzimtsaure-,a?yle/] are divid$1 ! p>ts are small] 9 size1 b o!rwise id5tical ) ! p>5t cry/al 9 =m1 /ructure & optical prop]ties4 ,! fusion ( two cry/als ( ammonium oleate =m+ a s+le cry/al ( l>g] size has also be5 obs]v$4 ,?\gh *anges 9 equilibrium t accompany su* behavior ( liquid cry/als are und\bt$ly v mu* simpl] ?an ! *anges t accompany ! regulatory processes exhibit$ by ! liv+ egg1 ! /rik+ resemblance betwe5 ! ph5om5a !mselves tempts u n to magnify ! diff]5ce4 ,fur!r temptation 9 ! same direction is (f]$ by ! rec5t discov]y#d t ! processes ( developm5t /imulat$ 9 ! eggs ( ! sea ur*9 ,arbacia by butyric acid or weak bases1 & evid5c$ by ! =mation ( ! f]tilization membrane1 is rev]sible4 ,:5 su* eggs are treat$ ) a weak solution ( sodium cyanide or *loral hydrate1 !y return to ! re/+ condition4 ,^u f]tilization ) sp]matozoa1 9 normal sea wat]1 !y proce$ aga9 to develop4 #d ,loeb1 ,ar*4 f4 ,entw41 #bh1 #aiad1 p4 #bgg4 ,! facts t h n[ be5 briefly summ>iz$ h be5 select$ to emphasize ! gr[+ intimacy betwe5 ! biological & ! inorganic sci5ces4 ,no h>m c conceivably come f x4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is e reason to be hopeful t ! inve/igation ( biological problems 9 ! imp]sonal _s t has long di/+ui%$ ! matur] sci5ces ( physics & *emi/ry w cont9ue to develop a bett] control & full] und]/&+ ( ! processes 9 liv+ organisms1 ( :i* ! ph5om5a ( v>iation 9 g5]al1 & ( adaptation 9 p>ticul>1 are b incid5tal effects4 ,,:y ,,c]ta9 ,,plants ,,are ,,acrid ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,william ,b4 ,,laz5by ,,ohio ,,/ate ,,univ]sity ,,ev] s9ce my fir/ lessons 9 botany1 ! *>act]i/ic qualities & prop]ties ( plants h giv5 me mu* ?\ght4 ,:y c]ta9 plants produc$ aromatic oils & e!rs1 :ile o!rs gr[+ "u ! same conditions produc$ special acids or alkaloids1 0 a subject ( endless speculation4 ,! pleas+ aroma ( ! b>k ( v>i\s trees & %rubs1 ! spicy qualities ( ! foliage & se$s ( o!r plants2 ! int5se acridity2 ! bitt]ness2 ! n>cotic1 ! poison\s pr9ciple 9 woody & h]bace\s species2 all 7 int5sely int]e/+4 ,?is int]e/ 0 biological r ?an *emical4 ,i c>$ less = ! ultimate composition ( ! oils1 acids1 alkalis1 etc41 ?an ,i did = _! use or (fice 9 ! plant economy1 & _! effect ^u ^? :o might use !m4 ,p]haps no "o plant int]e/$ me m f ?is po9t ( view1 ?an ! well-kn[n ,indian turnip 7,arisoema triphyllum74 ,z a boy ,i 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! signally acrid quality ( ?is plant2 ,i 0 well aw>e ( its effect :5 *ew$1 yet ,i 0 irresi/ibly drawn to ta/e x aga9 & aga94 ,x 0 ev] a pa9ful exp]i5ce1 & ,i suff]$ ! full p5alty ( my ra%ness4 ,z an awn f a be>d$ head ( b>ley w w9 its disput$ way up "o's sleeve1 & ga9 a po9t 9 advance despite all ef=t to /op or expel x1 s did e resolution1 e reflection1 c\nt]act ! v purpose x 0 summon$ to oppose1 & to my sorr[ ,i w\ld ta/e ! dra/ic1 turnip-%ap$ corm :]ev] opportunity occurr$4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! liquid cont5t ( ! cells ( plants conta9 num]\s inorganic sub/ances 9 solution4 ,among ^!1 n consid]+ oxyg51 hydrog51 nitrog5 & c>bon dioxide1 !re are ! salts ( calcium1 magnesium1 potassium1 iron1 sulphur & phosphorus4 ,! above sub/ances are f\nd 9 ! cells ( e liv+ plant4 ,o!r sub/ances l salts ( sodium & silica are also f\nd1 b ^! are n reg>d$ z ess5tial to ! life & gr[? ( plants4 ,!y appe> to be pres5t because ! plant has n ! p[] to reject !m4 ,_m ( ! sub/ances nam$ above1 are f\nd deposit$ ei!r 9 an amorph\s or cry/all9e =m 9 ! sub/ance ( ! cell wall4 ,9 addition to ?is1 cry/als ( m9]al matt]1 hav+ v>i\s %apes & sizes1 are (t5 f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( cells4 ,! mo/ common ( ^! int]ior cell cry/als are ^? compos$ ( calcium oxalate & calcium c>bonate4 ,o!rs compos$ ( calcium phosphate1 calcium sulphate & silica are sometimes f\nd4 ,^! cry/als may occur s+ly or 9 clu/]s ( great] or less size4 ,9 %ape !y are prismatic or ne$le-l4 ,x is n ! object ( ?is pap] to treat ( plant cry/als 9 g5]al1 b to consid] ! peculi> effect produc$ by c]ta9 =ms :5 f\nd 9 "s well-kn[n plants4 ,! extreme acridity or int5se pung5cy ( ! bulbs1 /ems1 leaves & fruit ( v>i\s species ( ! ,araceae or ,arum family1 0 recogniz$ c5turies ago4 ,! cause ( ?is *>act]i/ic prop]ty or quality 01 until a comp>atively rec5t date1 n def9itely det]m9$4 ,z f> z ,i am aw>e ! fir/ sci5tific inve/igation ( ?is subject 0 made by ! writ]4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce held at ,indianapolis 9 #ahij1 "s /udies & exp]im5ts 7 report$ 9 a %ort pap] entitl$ ,notes ^u ! ,cry/als 9 c]ta9 species ( ! ,arum ,family4 ,?is pap] express$ ! belief t ! acridity ( ! ,indian turnip & o!r plants belong+ to ! same family1 0 due to ! pres5ce ( ne$le-%ap$ cry/als or raphides f\nd 9 ! cells ( ^! plants4 ,?is conclusion 0 n accept$ by ,pr(essor ,t4 ,j4 ,burrill1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 nor by o!r em95t botani/s :o 7 pres5t & took "p 9 ! discussion t foll[$ ! read+ ( ! pap]4 ,! opposition 0 bas$ ma9ly on ! well-kn[n fact t _m o!r plants l ! grape1 rhub>b1 fu*sia1 spid]wort1 etc41 are n at all1 or b slightly acrid1 al?\gh ! raphides are z abundant 9 !m z 9 ! ,indian turnip & its allies4 ,up to ?is "t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,disp5satory & o!r works on ph>macy1 ascrib$ ! foll[+ r indef9ite cause = ! acridity ( ! ,indian turnip4 ,x 0 said to be due to an acrid1 extremely volatile pr9ciple4 ,?is pr9ciple 0 insoluble 9 wat] & alcohol1 b soluble 9 e!r4 ,x 0 dissipat$ bo? by heat+ & dry+1 & by ?is means ! acridity is de/roy$4 ,!re 0 no op9ion giv5 z to ! real nature ( ?is s-call$ pr9ciple4 ,m rec5tly x has be5 intimat$ t ! acridity may be due to "s f]m5t or enzyme1 :i* has be5 d]iv$ 9 "p f ! self-decomposition ( protoplasm & 9 "p by ! process ( oxidation & r$uction4 ,"h ! "q appe>$ to re/4 ,at all ev5ts ,i 0 unable to glean any fur!r k f ! s\rces at my comm&4 ,"s "t lat] ! subject 0 tak5 up 9 a m compreh5sive mann] & ! foll[+ report is ! fir/ detail$ description ( an inve/igation t has occupi$ m or less ( my leisure = "s ye>s4 ,a doz5 or m species ( plants h be5 us$ = exam9ation & /udy4 ,among ^! 73 ,indian turnip 7,arisoema triphyllum74 ,gre5 dragon 7,arisoema dracontium74 ,sweet-flag 7,acorus74 ,skunk cabbage 7,spa?yema74 ,calla 7,ri*>dia74 ,caladium 7,caladium74 ,calocasia 7,calocasia74 ,phyllod5dron 7,phyllod5dron74 ,fu*sia 7,fu*sia74 ,w&]+ ,jew 7,tradescantia74 ,rhub>b 7,rheum74 ,grape 7,vitis74 ,onion 7,allium74 ,horse-radi% 7,armoracia74 ,mo/ ( ! plants select$ 7 kn[n to h cry/als 9 c]ta9 p>ts4 ,"s ( !m 7 kn[n to be int5sely acrid4 ,9 ^! ! acridity 0 9 e in/ance proportional to ! numb] ( cry/als4 ,! foll[+ ord] ( /udy 0 pursu$ & ! results ( ea* /ep not$4 ,only ! m sali5t po9ts ( ! me?ods employ$ & ! conclusions rea*$ are pres5t$4 #a4 ,! ,"* ( ! ,ta/e ,itself4--,x 0 readily not$ t ! s5sation produc$ by *ew+ ! v>i\s acrid plants 0 q diff]5t4 ,= example1 ! ,indian turnip & its close allies d n give ! imm$iate ta/e or effect t foll[s a simil> te/+ ( ! onion or horse-radi%4 ,:5 ! acridity ( ! =m] is p]ceiv$ ! s5sation is m prickl+ ?an acrid4 ,! effect produc$ is m l ! prick+ ( num]\s ne$les4 ,x is felt n only ^u ! tongue & palate1 b :]ev] ! "p ta/$ comes into contact ) ! lips1 ro( ( m\? or any delicate membrane4 ,x is n p]ceiv$ :]e ?is contact does n occur4 ,! acridity ( ! onion & horse-radi% is p]ceiv$ at once & (t5 affects o!r p>ts ?an ^? ) :i* x comes into direct contact4 #b4 ,! ,acrid ,pr9ciple ,is ,n ,always ,volatile4--,?is is %[n by ! fact t l>ge quantities ( ! ma%$ or f9ely grat$ corms ( ! ,indian turnip & alli$ species1 produc$ no irritation ( ! eyes or nose ev5 :5 ^! organs 7 br\ght into close contact ) ! fre%ly pulv]iz$ mat]ial4 ,?is c]ta9ly is 9 m>k$ contra/ ) ! effect produc$ by fre%ly grat$ horse-radi%1 peel$ onions1 cru%$ mu/>d se$ :5 ! same te/ is appli$4 ,x seems fair to assume t 9 ! latt] case "s pr9ciple t is volatile at ord9>y air temp]atures is pres5t4 ,! assumption t su* pr9ciple is pres5t 9 ! =m] has no room4 ,9 ord] to te/ ?is matt] fur!r a consid]able quantity ( ! juice ( ! ,indian turnip 0 subject$ to c>eful di/illation1 ) ! result t no volatile pr9ciple or sub/ance ( any k9d 0 f\nd4 ,v>i\s extractive processes 7 tri$ by us+ hot & cold wat]2 alcohol1 *lor(orm1 b5z5e1 etc4 ,^! fail$ 9 e in/ance to remove any sub/ance t _h a ta/e or effect any?+ l t f\nd 9 ! fre% ,indian turnip4 #c4 ,! ,acrid ,pr9ciple ,is ,n ,soluble 9 ,e!r4--,inasmu* z v>i\s works on ph>macy made ! claim t ! active or acrid pr9ciple ( ! plants 9 "q 0 soluble 9 e!r1 ?is 0 ! next subject = inve/igation4 ,! juice 0 express$ f a consid]able quantity ( ! ma%$ ,indian turnip4 ,?is juice 0 cle> & by te/ 0 f\nd to possess ! same acrid prop]ty z ! unma%$ corms4 ,"s ( ! juice & an equal quantity ( e!r 7 plac$ into a cyl9d] & well %ak54 ,aft] wait+ until ! e!r _h sep>at$ a few drops ( ! liquid 7 put into ! m\?4 ,= a little "t no result 0 p]ceiv$1 b z soon z ! effect ( ! e!r _h pass$ away ! same pa9ful acridity 0 manife/ z 0 exp]i5c$ be=e ! treatm5t ) ! e!r4 ,a natural conclusion f ?is te/ 0 t ! acridity might come f "s pr9ciple soluble 9 e!r4 ,obs]v+ t ! e!r 0 q turbid & wi%+ to le>n ! cause1 a drop or two 0 all[$ to evaporate on a glass slide4 ,exam9+ ! residue ) a microscope x 0 f\nd to consi/ ( innum]able raphides or ne$le-l cry/als4 ,"s ( ! e!r 0 !n run ?r\gh a filt]4 ,! filtrate 0 cle>4 ,an exam9ation %[$ x to be entirely free f raphides1 & x _h lo/ e trace ( its acridity4 ,! untreat$ acrid juice ( ! ,indian turnip1 calla1 & o!r plants ( ! same family 0 !n filt]$ & 9 e in/ance ! filt]$ juice 0 bl& & _h lo/ e trace ( its acridity4 ,^! te/s & o!rs t ne$ n be m5tion$1 prov$ conclusively t ! acridity ( v>i\s species ( ! ,arum family 0 n due to a volatile pr9ciple1 b 0 due to ! ne$le-%ap$ cry/als f\nd s abundantly 9 ^! plants4 ,sev]al que/ions yet rema9$ to be answ]$4 7#a7 ,if ^! ne$le-l cry/als or raphides are ! cause ( ! acridity ( ! plants j m5tion$1 :y d !y n produce ! same effect 9 ! fu*sia1 tradescantia & o!r plants :]e !y are kn[n to be j z abundant8 7#b7 ,:y does ! ,indian turnip lose its acridity on be+ heat$8 7#c7 ,:y does ! dri$ ,indian turnip lose its acridity8 ,x 0 fir/ ?\ght t ! raphides f\nd 9 plants hav+ no acridity1 might be ( diff]5t *emical composition ?an ^? :i* produce ?is effect4 ,a *emical exam9ation prov$ beyond "q t ! raphides 7 ( ! same composition4 ,! ne$le-%ap$ cry/als 9 all ! plants select$ = /udy 7 compos$ ( calcium oxalate4 ,! cry/als1 f\nd 9 grape1 rhub>b1 fu*sia & tradescantia 7 id5tical 9 =m1 f95ess & *emical composition ) ^? f\nd 9 ! plants ( ! ,arum family4 ,h[ !n acc\nt = ! pa9fully /rik+ effect 9 "o case & ! non-effect 9 ! o!r8 ,?is 0 ! p]plex+ "q4 ,9 express+ "s juice f ! /ems & leaves ( ! fu*sia & tradescantia x 0 f\nd to be q unlike t ( ! ,indian turnip & calla4 ,! juice ( ! latt] 0 cle> & limpid2 t ( ! =m] q ?ick & mucilag9\s4 ,!re 0 no diff]5ce z to ! abundance ( cry/als reveal$ by ! microscope4 ,aft] dilut+ ! ropy1 mucilag9\s juice ) wat]1 & %ak+ x ?or\ghly ) an equal volume ( e!r1 !re 0 no turbidity se5 9 ! sup]nat5t e!r4 ,all[+ a few drops ( ! e!r to evaporate sc>cely any cry/als c\ld be f\nd4 ,practically none ( !m _h be5 remov$ f ! insoluble mucilag9\s cov]+4 ,"h & !re an isolat$ specim5 0 all t c\ld be se54 ,s closely 7 ^! small cry/als envelop$ ) ! mucilag9\s matt] t x 0 almo/ impossible to sep>ate or dissect !m f x4 ,x 0 n[ easy to expla9 :y c]ta9 plants ^: cells 7 cr[d$ ) raphides 7 bl& to ! ta/e1 :ile o!r plants ) ! same cry/als 7 extremely acrid4 ,9 "o case ! cry/als 7 nei!r cov]$ nor emb$d$ 9 an insoluble mucilage1 b 7 free to move4 ,?us :5 ! plant 0 *ew$ or ta/$ ! %>p po9ts ( ^! ne$le-l cry/als came into contact ) ! tongue1 lips & membran\s surface ( ! m\?4 ,9 ! o!r case ! insoluble mucilage :i* surr\nd$ ! cry/als prev5t$ all free movem5t & !y produc$ no irritation4 ,:y d ^! int5sely acrid1 aroid plants lose _! acridity on be+ heat$8 ,x is well kn[n t ! corms ( ! ,indian turnip & its allies conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( />*4 ,9 subject+ ?is />* to heat x becomes pa/e-l 9 "*4 ,?is />* pa/e acts 9 ! same mann] z ! insoluble mucilage4 ,x prev5ts ! free movem5t ( ! cry/als & 9 ?is way all irritant action is preclud$4 ,9 heat+ ! ,indian turnip & o!r corms1 x 0 f\nd t ! heat appli$ mu/ be suffici5t to *ange ! "* ( ! />* or ! s-call$ acridity 0 n de/roy$4 ,"o o!r "q rema9s to be answ]$4 ,x has long be5 not$ t ! old or ?or\ghly dri$ corms ( ! ,indian turnip are n acrid l ^? t are fre%4 ,! explanation is simple4 ,z ! plant dries or loses its moi/ure1 ! walls ( ! cells collapse & ! cry/als are closely encas$ 9 ! h>d1 rigid matt] t surr\nds !m4 ,?is prev5ts free movem5t & ! cry/als c n ex]t any irritant action4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ by biologi/s t ! milky juice1 aromatic comp\nds1 alkaloids1 etc41 f\nd 9 plants h no direct use 9 ! economy ( ! plant4 ,!y are n connect$ ) ! nutritive processes4 ,!y are excretions or wa/e products t ! plant has little or no p[] to ?r[ (f4 ,!re c be little d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ^! excretory sub/ances (t5 s]ve z a means ( protection4 ,entomologi/s h frequ5tly /at$ t ! milky juice & res9s f\nd 9 ! /ems ( v>i\s plants act z a protection aga9/ /em bor+ insects4 ,9 l mann] ! bulbs1 /ems & leaves ( plants t are cr[d$ ) cry/als h a great] immunity f injuri\s bit+ insects ?an plants t are free f cry/als4 ,x is q g5]ally believ$ t ! =mation ( cry/als is a means ( elim9at+ injuri\s sub/ances f ! liv+ "p ( ! plant4 ,^! sub/ances may be reg>d$ z remotely analog\s to ^? organic products made by man 9 ! *emical laboratory4 ,"s progress has be5 made 9 ?is direction1 b s f> ! ma9 results are c]ta9 degradation-products su* z anil9e dyes d]iv$ f coal t>2 salicylic acid2 ess5ces ( fruits2 etc4 ,/ill ^! & _m o!r discov]ies ( ! same nature d n prove t ! laboratory ( man c compete ) ! laboratory ( ! liv+ plant cell4 ,man has ! p[] to break d[n & simplify complex sub/ances & by s do+ produce useful products t w s]ve 8 purposes4 ,we may comb9e & re-comb9e b s f> we only replace m complex by simpl] comb9ations4 ,! plant alone ?r\gh its individual cells1 & by its liv+ protoplasm has fundam5tally creative p[]4 ,x c build up & re/ore bett] ?an x c elim9ate wa/e products4 ,,h[ ,,our ,,ance/ors ,,7 ,,cur$ ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,c>l ,,holliday ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,montana ,,suppose y _h a bad case ( rheumatism1 & y\r physician came to y\r b$side & exclaim$ l\dly1 ,hocus pocus1 t\tus talonteus1 vade cel]it] jubeo6 ,y are cur$4 ,:at w\ld y ?9k1 :at w\ld y d1 & :at fee w\ld y pay him8 ,probably1 9 spite ( y\r a*es & pangs1 y w\ld make a/oni%+ spe$--= a rheumatic p]son--9 pr(f]+ him ! entire room to himself4 ,b !re 0 a "t--& t z late z ,%akespe>e's day--:5 s-call$ doctors 9 rural ,engl& us$ j su* words n only = rheumatism1 b = _m ano!r disease4 ,& to ?is h\r ! fakir on ! /reet corn] uses t op5+ expression1 ,hocus pocus4 ,^? words simply prove h[ sl[ly ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 absorb$ by anci5t ,anglo-,saxon paganism2 = ,hocus pocus is b ! ha/ily mumbl$ syllables ( ! ,ca?olic prie/ to 8 e>ly ,engli% congregation--,hoc e/ corpus1 ?is is ! body2 & ! :ole expression us$ by ! old-"t doctor meant m]ely t 9 ! "n ( ! body ( ,*ri/ he comm&$ ! disease to dep>t quickly4 ,h[ sup]/itions & anci5t rites d p]si/4 ,to ?is h\r ! m\nta9e]s ( s\?we/]n ,virg9ia & ea/]n ,t5nessee believe t an iron r+ on ! ?ird f+] ( ! left h& w drive away rheumatism1 & to my p]sonal k "o fairly intellig5t ,virg9ian believ$ ?is s dev\tly t he actually nev] suff]$ ) rheumatic pa9s unless he took (f ! iron r+ he _h worn = fifte5 ye>s4 ,x is an old1 old idea--?is fai? 9 ! r+-f+]4 ,! ,egyptians believ$ t a n]ve l$ /raight f x to ! he>t2 ! ,greeks & ,romans held t a blood-vessel call$ ! ve9 ( love connect$ x closely ) t organ2 & ! m$ieval al*emi/s always /irr$ _! dang]\s mixtures ) t f+] because1 9 _! belief1 x w\ld mo/ quickly indicate ! pres5ce ( poison4 ,s1 too1 _m an anci5t decl>$ t :5ev] ! r+-f+] ( a suff]] became numb1 dea? 0 ne> at h&4 ,?us 9 tw5tie? c5tury civilization we he> e*oes ( ! life t ,rameses knew :5 ! ,pyramids 7 build+4 ,our ,anglo-,saxon =efa!rs _h great fai? 9 my/]i\s words4 ,! less !y und]/ood ^! ! m !y believ$ 9 ! curative p[]4 ,?us ! "n ( =eign idols & gods br\ght t]ror to ! local demons t ent] "o's body1 & :5 ,*ri/ianity fir/ ent]$ ,engl&1 & its mean+s 7 b dimly und]/ood1 ! names ( sa9ts1 apo/les & ev5 ! ,lat9 & ,greek =ms ( ,god & ,jesus 7 enemies to all g]ms4 ,!n1 too1 :at com=t a jumbl+ ( _m languages br\ght to ! pati5t1 especially if ! polyglot cure 7 express$ 9 rhy?mic l9es4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 9 at lea/ five languages1 is a twelf? c5tury cure = g\t3 ,meu1 treu1 mor1 phor1 ,teux1 za1 zor1 ,phe1 l\1 *ri ,ge1 ze1 on4 ,p]haps to our =efa!rs suff]+ f ov]-indulg5ce 9 ! good ?+s ( ?is _w1 ?is wondr\s gr\p ( s\nds br\ght m com=t ?an ! nause\s drugs ( ! mod]n practition]4 ,any my/]i\s figure or lett] 0 exce$+ly helpful 9 ! sick room ( a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! ,greek lett]s ,alpha & ,omega _h rea*$ ,engl& almo/ z soon z ,*ri/ianity _h1 & ! old-"t doctor triumphantly us$ !m 9 8 p[-w[s4 ,geometric figures 9 a h&ful ( s& or se$s w\ld prophesy ! fate ( ! ills--& d we n to ?is day tell our =tune 9 ! geometric figures made by ! dregs 9 our tea-cups8 ,pat]no/]s1 snat*es ( ,lat9 hymns1 bits ( e>ly ,*ur* ritual 7 us$ by quacks ( ! old5 days = mu* ! same reason z ! geometric figures--because !y 7 unusual & little und]/ood4 ,x w\ld h be5 well _h our ,anglo-,saxon =efa!rs conf9$ _! heal+ practices to su* g5tle homeopa?ic me?ods z ^? m5tion$ above2 b in/ead desp]ate rem$ies 7 sometimes adm9i/]$ by ! det]m9$ m$ic9e-man4 ,diseases 7 suppos$ to be caus$ ma9ly by demons--probably ! ance/ors ( our pres5t g]ms--& ! physician ( ,saxon days us$ all ! p[] ( flatt]y & ?reat to induce ! little mon/]s to come =?4 ,:5 ! cattle became ill1 = in/ance1 ! old-"t vet]9>ian %riek$1 ,fev]1 dep>t2 #iag1jjj angels w pursue y6 ,if ! ob/9ate c[ refus$ to be cur$ by su* a mild ?reat1 ! demons 7 sometimes :ipp$ out ( h]1 &1 if ?is fail$ to re/ore h] heal?1 a hole 0 pi]c$ 9 h] left e>1 & h] back 0 /ruck ) a heavy /ick until ! evil "o 0 compell$ to flee ?r\gh ! hole 9 h] e>4 ,nor 0 su* treatm5t conf9$ to cattle4 ,! muscul> doctors ( a ?\s& ye>s ago claim$ !y c\ld cure insanity by lay+ x on lu/ily ) a porpoise-sk9 :ip1 or by putt+ ! maniac 9 a clos$ room & smok+ out ! pe/]+ fi5ds4 ,"o did well to reta9 "o's sanity 9 ^? good old days4 ,?is use ( viol5t words or de$s 9 ! cure ( disease is z anci5t almo/ z ! race ( man4 ,! e>ly ,g]mans attempt$ to relieve spra9s by recit+ confid5tly h[ ,baldur's horse _h be5 cur$ by ,wod5 aft] all ! o!r mighty inhabitants ( ,valhalla _h giv5 up ! task1 & ev5 e>li] tribes ( ,europe & ,asia _h us$ = illness su* a =mula z3 ,! great mill /one t is ,india's is ! bruis] ( e worm4 ,) t ,i ma% toge!r ! worms z gra9 ) a mill /one4 ,long aft] ,*ri/ianity _h rea*$ ! ,anglo- ,saxons ( ,engl&1 ! sick (t5 hung ar\nd _! necks an image ( ,?or's hamm] to fright5 away ! demon g]ms t s\ght to de/roy ! body4 ,?is appeal to a sup]ior be+ 0 common to all ,indo-,european races1 & ! e>ly ,*ri/ian mission>ies wisely did n attempt to /amp out a belief ( su* antiquity1 b m]ely sub/itut$ ! names ( ,*ri/1 ! ,virg9 ,m>y & ! sa9ts = ^? ( ! hea!n deities4 ,& ev5 into ! n9ete5? c5tury ?is anci5t =m ( fai? cure p]si/$2 = !re are liv+ yet 9 ,cornwall p :o he>d1 z *ildr51 ?is *>m = too?-a*e3 ,*ri/ pass$ by 8 bro!r's door1 ,saw 8 bro!r ly+ on ! floor2 ,:at aile? !e1 bro!r6 ,pa9 9 ! tee?4 ,?y tee? %all pa9 !e no m1 ,9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 ,son & ,holy ,gho/1 ,i comm& ! pa9 to be gone4 ,let u no long] boa/ ( ! c>efulness ( ! mod]n physician2 ! c]emonies & directions ( ! ,anglo-,saxon doctor 7 j z pa9/ak+ 9 m9ut5ess & accuracy4 ,:5 y feel ! evil spirits ent]+ y1 imm$iately seek %elt] "u a l9d5 tree2 = out ( l9d5 wood 7 n battle-%ields made8 ,long be=e ,*ri/ianity _h br\ght its g5tl] t\*es to ,engli% life ! tribal m$ic9e man wildly br&i%$ su* a %ield1 & sang defiantly to ! wit* maid5s or disease demons3 ,l\d 7 !y1 lo6 l\d1 z ov] ! l& !y rode2 ,fi]ce ( he>t 7 !y1 z ov] ! hill !y rode2 ,%ield !e n[ ?yself1 f _! spite ?\ may'/ escape !e4 ,out1 little spe>1 if h]e9 ?\ be6 ,und]nea? ! l9d5 /& ,i1 und]nea? ! %9+ %ield1 ,= ! might maid5s h mu/]$ up _! /r5g?1 ,& h s5t _! spe> scream+ ?r\gh ! air6 ,back aga9 to !m w ,i s5d ano!r1 ,arr[ =? a-fly+ f ! front aga9/ !m6 ,out1 little spe>1 if h]e9 ?\ be6 ,?is bus9ess ( s++ 0 v necess>y 9 ! old "t doctor's practice4 ,sometimes he *ant$ into ! pati5t's left e>1 sometimes into 8 m\?1 & sometimes on "s p>ticul> f+]1 & ! pati5t evid5tly _h to get well or die to escape ! p]si/5t conc]ts ( 8 physician4 ,n infrequ5tly1 too1 ! doctor plac$ a cross ^u ! "p ( "o's anatomy to :i* he 0 giv+ ! conc]t1 & (t5 ! effect 0 increas$ by putt+ o!r crosses ^u ! f\r sides ( ! h\se1 ! fett]s & bridles ( ! pati5t's horse1 & ev5 on ! foot pr9ts ( ! man1 or ! ho( pr9ts ( ! bea/4 ,fai? 9 ! cross z a *>m 0 unwav]+2 ! cross ( ,*ri/ has be5 hidd5 & is f\nd1 decl>$ ! ,saxon soo?say]1 & by ! same tok5 ! lo/ cattle w soon be discov]$4 ,_m & m>vel\s 7 ! me?ods to be foll[$ scrupul\sly by ! sick4 ,cure ! /oma*a*e by cat*+ a beetle 9 bo? h&s & ?r[+ x ov] ! left %\ld] ) bo? h&s )\t look+ backw>d4 ,h y inte/9al tr\ble8 ,eat mulb]ries pick$ ) ! ?umb & r+ f+] ( y\r left h&4 ,d y gr[ old be=e y\r "t8 ,dr9k wat] drawn sil5tly ,,d[n ,,/ream f a brook be=e daylight4 ,bew>e ( draw+ x up/ream2 y\r days w be brief4 ,x rem9ds "o ( ! practice ( ! mod]n h]b doctor 9 peel+ ! b>k ( slipp]y elm ,,d[n1 if y desire y\r cold to come d[n out ( y\r head1 or peel+ x up if y desire ! cold to come up out ( y\r *e/4 ,"o n desir+ to place 8 tru/ 9 roots & b>ks & h]bs might turn = aid to ! odd numb]s1 & by recit+ an incantation ?ree or sev5 or n9e times might n only rega9 heal?1 b recov] 8 lo/ possessions4 ,or ! suff]] might transf] 8 disease by press+ a bird or small animal to ! diseas$ "p & ha/ily driv+ ! creature away4 ,! ev]-will+ & conv5i5t family dog might be br\ght into s]vice on su* an occasion by be+ f$ a cake made ( b>ley meal & ! sick man's saliva1 or by be+ fa/5$ ) a /r+ to a m&rake root1 :i*1 :5 ?us pull$ f ! gr\nd1 tore ! demon out ( ! pati5t4 ,! cure ( *ildr5 0 a comp>atively easy task = ! ,anglo-,saxon doctor2 = ! only ?+ to be done 0 to h ! y\ng/] crawl ?r\gh a hole 9 a tree1 ! rim ( ! hole ?us k9dly tak+ to itself all ! g]ms or demons4 ,s1 too1 m9or sores1 w>ts & o!r blemi%es might easily be effac$ by /eal+ "s meat1 rubb+ ! spot ) x1 & bury+ ! meat2 z ! meat decay$ ! blemi% disappe>$4 ,s to ?is day "s ,indians1 & n a few ,mexicans make a wax5 image ( ! diseas$ "p1 & place x be=e ! fire to melt z a symbol ( ! gradual wan+ ( ! illness4 ,s1 too1 ! anci5t ,celts are said to h de/roy$ ! life ( an enemy by all[+ 8 wax5 image to melt be=e ! fire4 ,to cure a dang]\s disease or ! illness ( a full-gr[n man 01 h[ev]1 a mu* m difficult matt]4 ,inflammation1 = in/ance1 0 ! "w ( a /ubborn demon1 & /ubborn1 !re=e1 mu/ be ! /rife ) him4 ,h5ce1 dig ar\nd a sorrel plant1 s+ ?ree pat]no/]s1 pull up ! plant1 s+ ,s$ lib]a nos a malo1 p\nd five slices ( ! plant ) sev5 pepp] corns1 *ant ! psalm ,mis]e mei1 ,deus twelve times1 s+ ,gloria 9 excelsis1 ,deo1 recite ano!r pat]no/]1 at daybreak add w9e to ! plant & pepp] corns1 face ! ea/ at mid-morn+1 make ! sign ( ! cross1 turn f ! ea/ to ! s\? to ! we/1 & !n dr9k ! mixture4 ,d\btless by ?is "t ! pati5t _h =gott5 t he ev] possess$ inflammation4 ,long did ! sup]/itions 9 m$ic9e p]si/4 ,9 ,*auc]'s day1 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 viol5t & poison\s drugs 7 us$1 b luckily !y 7 (t5 adm9i/]$ to a little dummy :i* ! doctor c>ri$ ab\t ) him4 ,z we read ea* day 9 our newspap]s ( ! v>i\s no/rums adv]tis$ z cur+ e mortal ill1 we may well wond] if ! av]age cr$ulity has really greatly less5$ aft] twelve c5turies ( fakes & fai? cures1 & we almo/ long = ! return ( ! day :5 ! m$ic9e man practic$ on a dummy in/ead ( ! human body4 ,,em95t ,,am]ican ,,names ,,by ,,laur5 ,,hewitt ,,a%e ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,pittsburgh ,,! article entitl$ ,! ,racial ,orig9 ( ,successful ,am]icans1 by ,dr4 ,fr$]ick ,adams ,woods1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,april 7#aiad7 issue ( ,! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 set =? "s v int]e/+ & in/ructive results4 ,! me?ods us$ to arrive at ^! results1 h[ev]1 d n seem to be su* z to e/abli% !m z f9al & conclusive4 ,x is n suffici5t to consid] m]ely ! numb] ( p]sons be>+ c]ta9 names 9 ,:o's ,:o 9 ,am]ica1 = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ ! relative capability ( v>i\s nationalities4 ,! p]c5tage ( ! numb] be>+ t "n 9 ! city 9 "q is ! significant figure4 ,! writ] has1 !re=e1 tak5 ! directories#a ( ! f\r ,am]ican cities1 :i* 7 ! subjects ( /udy 9 ! orig9al article1 & has e/imat$ ! numb] ( p]sons ( a c]ta9 "n liv+ 9 ea* city by fir/ c\nt+ ! numb] ( names pr9t$ 9 a :ole column ( ! directory & !n multiply+ ?is figure by ! numb] ( columns occupi$ by t "n4 ,! numb] ( p]sons be>+ ! same "n 9 ,:o's ,:o 9 ,am]ica 7#aiab-aiac7 is !n tak5 = ea* city4 ,! p]c5tage is f9ally calculat$ ( ! numb] ( ! ,:o's ,:o 9 ,am]ica names 9 ! numb] ( ^? be>+ t "n 9 ! directories4 #a 7#a7 ,tr['s ,g5]al ,directory--,bor\ghs ( ,manhattan & ,bronx1 ,city ( ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,tr[ ,directory1 ,pr9t+ ,bookb9d+ ,company1 ,pub4 7#b7 ,boyd's ,philadelphia ,city ,directory1 #aiac4 ,c4 ,e4 ,h[e ,company1 ,pub4 7#c7 ,! ,lakeside ,annual ,directory ( ! ,city ( ,*icago1 #aiac4 ,*icago ,directory ,company1 ,pub4 7#d7 ,! ,bo/on ,directory1 #aiac4 ,simpson & ,murdock ,co41 ,publi%]s4 ,x seems be/1 fur!rmore1 to n>r[ d[n ! consid]ation f ! fifty mo/ common names 9 ea* city to only ^? ( ?is numb] :i* are common to all f\r cities 9 ord] t any "o family may n h too great a weight4 ,! names 9 ea* city are !n arrang$ accord+ to ! e/abli%$ p]c5tages4 ,! gr\p+ ( names z an indication ( race or nationality is tak5 f ,rob]t ,e4 ,ma!son's ,surnames 9 ,irel&4 ,x is f\nd to agree exactly ) ! gr\p+ 9 ! article by ,dr4 ,woods1 :o classifi$ !m f ! table giv5 9 ! ,new ,york ,_w ,almanac & ,encyclop$ia = #aiad1 :i* table 01 no d\bt1 compil$ f ,ma!son4 ,,names ,,common ,,to ,,all ,,f\r ,,cities1 ,,nationality1 ,,attbibut$ ,,to ,,!m1 ,,& ,,! ,,proportion ,,= ,,ea* ,,"n ,,( ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,times ,,x ,,occurs ,,= ,,ea* ,,city ,,9 ,,:o',s ,,:o ,,9 ,,am]ica 7#aiab-aiac7 ,,& ,,! ,,total ,,numb] ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,"n ,,9 ,,! ,,same ,,city ,new ,york 7,exclusive ( ,brooklyn7 ,e ,:ite #a4ci ,e ,williams #a4ah ,e ,cl>k #a4je ,e ,taylor #a4jb ,e ,jones #j4hi ,e ,m>t9 #j4hg ,e ,smi? #j4gh ,e ,?ompson #j4gd ,e-,sc-,g ,mill] #j4gc ,e ,wilson #j4ga ,e ,br[n #j4gj ,e-,sc ,moore #j4fj ,e ,davis #j4ei ,e-,sn ,johnson #j4ef ,sc-,sn ,&]son #j4ee ,i ,murphy #j4df ,i ,kelly #j4cg ,e ,kli5 #j4bd ,e ,hall #j4bc ,sc ,campbell #j4ag ,i ,o',bri5 #j4ad ,e ,lewis #j4ab ,e-,sc ,"y #j4aj ,nationality ,av]ages ,g ,g]man #j4gc ,e ,engli% #j4fi ,sn ,sc&9avian #j4ee ,sc ,scot* #j4dc ,i ,iri% #j4cb ,*icago ,e ,hall #j4gb ,e-,s ,moore #j4da ,e ,wilson #j4ce ,e ,davis #j4bg ,e-,sc ,"y #j4bg ,e ,?ompson #j4bf ,e ,br[n #j4bb ,e ,lewis #j4bj ,e ,taylor #j4ag ,e-,sc-,g ,mill] #j4ag ,e ,m>t9 #j4af ,i ,kelly #j4af ,e ,williams #j4ae ,e ,:ite #j4ad ,e ,cl>k #j4ad ,e ,smi? #j4ad ,e ,all5 #j4ac ,sc ,campbell #j4aa ,e ,jones #j4aj ,e-,sn ,johnson #j4jf ,i ,murphy #j4jf ,sn-,sc,anderson #j4je ,i ,o',bri5 #j4jj ,nationality ,av]ages ,e ,engli% #j4bb ,sc ,scot* #j4bj ,g ,g]man #j4ag ,i ,iri% #j4aa ,sn ,sc&9avian #j4je ,philadelphia ,e ,:ite #j4df ,e ,lewis #j4cb ,e ,taylor #j4ca ,e ,wilson #j4cj ,e ,jones #j4bg ,e-,sn ,johnson #j4bc ,e ,williams #j4bb ,e-,sc ,moore #j4bj ,e ,davis #j4ah ,e-,sc ,"y #j4ah ,e ,cl>k #j4ad ,e ,smi? #j4ac ,e ,br[n #j4ac ,e-,sc-,g ,mill] #j4ab ,e ,m>t9 #j4jh ,e ,?ompson #j4jh ,i ,murphy #j4jh ,sc ,campbell #j4jh ,sn-,sc ,&]son #j4jj ,i ,kelly #j4jj ,e ,all5 #j4jj ,e ,hall #j4jj ,i ,o',bri5 #j4jj ,nationality ,av]ages ,e ,engli% #j4ah ,sn ,sc&9avian #j4af ,g ,g]man #j4ab ,sc ,scot* #j4aa ,i ,iri% #j4jb ,bo/on ,e ,all5 #j4gb ,e ,williams #j4fg ,e ,br[n #j4fa ,e ,hall #j4dc ,e ,campbell #j4cc ,e ,cl>k #j4cj ,e ,smi? #j4bi ,e ,?ompson #j4bh ,e ,taylor #j4be ,sn-,sc ,&]son #j4bb ,e ,lewis #j4bj ,e-,sn ,johnson #j4ai ,e ,:ite #j4ah ,e-,sc ,moore #j4ag ,e ,wilson #j4ac ,e ,jones #j4aa ,i ,o',bri5 #j4jh ,i ,murphy #j4je ,e ,m>t9 #j4jj ,e-,sc-,g ,mill] #j4jj ,e ,davis #j4jj ,i ,kelly #j4jj ,e-,sc ,"y #j4jj ,nationality ,av]ages ,e ,engli% #j4be ,sn ,sc&9avian #j4bj ,sc ,scot* #j4ad ,i ,iri% #j4jf ,g ,g]man #j4j8 ,"n ,av]ages ,e ,williams #j4ee ,e ,:ite #j4ed ,e ,taylor #j4dd ,e ,br[n #j4da ,e ,cl>k #j4dj ,e ,wilson #j4cg ,e ,jones #j4cd ,e ,?ompson #j4cd ,e-,sc ,moore #j4cd ,e ,hall #j4cd ,e ,smi? #j4cc ,e ,m>t9 #j4bg ,e ,all5 #j4bg ,e ,davis #j4bf ,e-,sn ,johnson #j4bf ,e-,sc-,g ,mill] #j4be ,e ,lewis #j4ba ,sn-,sc ,&]son #j4bj ,sc ,campbell #j4ag ,i ,murphy #j4af ,e-,sc ,"y #j4ad ,i ,kelly #j4ac ,i ,o',bri5 #j4je ,nationality ,av]ages ,e ,engli% #j4cd ,g ,g]man #j4be ,sn ,sc&9avian #j4bd ,sc ,scot* #j4bb ,i ,iri% #j4ab ,! nationality attribut$ to ea* "n is indicat$ 9 ! tables bel[ by capital lett]s 9 ! p>allel columns4 ,9 "s cases a "n is %>$ by two or ev5 ?ree nationalities4 ,! p]c5tages belong+ to su* names are attribut$ to ea* ( ! %>+ nationalities 9 mak+ ! f9al av]ages4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is a s]i\s s\rce ( error1 s9ce ! division ( su* names among ! nationalities is n kn[n4 ,no /ress c be laid on our figures = ! ,g]man1 ,scot* & ,sc&9avian nationalities1 because !y conta9 s _m ( ^! indecisive names4 ,! names 9 ea* city are !n arrang$ 9 gr\ps accord+ to _! nationality & av]ages comput$ f ! p]c5tages e/abli%$ = ea* "n4 ,^! av]ages1 :i* appe> at ! bottom ( ea* column1 give a fair e/imation ( ! capability ( ! diff]5t nationalities1 b are1 nev]!less1 op5 to a few m9or errors4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,g]mans head ! li/ 9 ,new ,york ) #j4gc p] c5t4 = only "o ?ird ( a s+le "n1 :ile ! ,engli% rank second ) a total ( #ae #e_/f names4 ,! f9al av]ages = nationality1 h[ev]1 :i* appe> at ! bottom ( ! fif? column & :i* are made f ! av]ages comput$ = ea* city1 p>tly elim9ate ?is error & place ! gr\ps 9 _! prop] rank4 ,9 ord] to make ! results m conclusive1 g5]al av]ages are drawn = ea* "n f ! p]c5tages e/abli%$ = t "n 9 all f\r cities & are plac$ 9 ! fif? column accord+ to _! rank4 ,f9al av]ages ( p]c5tages = nationalities are !n made f ?is column1 j z !y 7 = ea* city4 ,! results obta9$ agree exactly ) ! f9al av]ages made be=e &1 !re=e1 are plac$ co9cid5t ) !m at ! bottom ( ! fif? column4 ,! results f9ally arriv$ at seem to corroborate ! conclusions ( ,dr4 ,wood2 namely1 t 9 ! f\r lead+ ,am]ican cities1 ,new ,york1 ,*icago1 ,philadelphia & ,bo/on1 ^? ( ! ,engli% 7& ,scot*7 ance/ry are di/9ctly 9 possession ( ! lead+ positions1 at lea/ f ! /&po9t ( be+ widely kn[n4 ,yet x does n seem safe to disreg>d entirely ^? o!r nationalities :i* rank s closely ) ! ,engli% m]ely because ( ! small numb] ( !m includ$ 9 our consid]ation2 =1 z has be5 /at$ above1 we d n "k :at proportion ( a c]ta9 "n to attribute to v>i\s nationalities4 ,!re is "o s]i\s1 b unavoidable1 s\rce ( error1 moreov]1 :i* has app>5tly be5 ov]look$4 ,! conclusions z to ! relative intellig5ce ( v>i\s races are drawn f ! numb] ( names1 belong+ to ^! races1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,:o's ,:o 9 ,am]ica4 ,accord+ to ! /&>ds ( ?is compilation1 em95ce is v l>gely dep5d5t ^u education1 :i* does n give ! emigrants1 :o are too poor to get prop] education1 an equal opportunity to display _! intellectual p[] &1 !re=e1 to be consid]$ 9 ! above calculations4 ,races t immigrat$ pr$om9antly 9 ! la/ c5tury w be less h&icapp$ ?an ^? :i* h only rec5tly immigrat$ 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,x is v difficult1 h[ev] to "k h[ mu* weight to place ^u ?is modify+ influ5ce4 ,ano!r s\rce ( error is ! fact t c]ta9 nationalities or races seem to h natural incl9ations & desires to foll[ 9 disproportionate numb]s "o k9d ( activity or occupation & are cont5t to let o!r p rise to ^? positions :i* make !m ! be/-kn[n m5 & wom5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z ,dr4 ,woods /ates1 ! ,jews c\ld n be expect$ to %[ z l>ge a p]c5tage1 s9ce !y l>gely turn _! att5tion to ! bank+1 :olesale & retail trades1 9 :i* !y h be5 v successful1 b 9 :i* em95ce is n correspond+ly recogniz$ 9 ,:o's ,:o 9 ,am]ica4 ,no comm5t is made on ,jewi% a*ievem5t1 h[ev]1 because no ,jewi% "n is among ! fifty mo/ common 9 all f\r cities1 & h5ce !re are n en\gh numb]s = /udy4 ,b ! ,iri%1 by _! traditional devotion to politics & _! success 9 atta9+ ! l[] ranks ( political lead]%ip1 w\ld seem to be 9 l9e = recognition 9 l>ge numb]s1 :i* !y nev]!less d n atta94 ,9 spite ( ^! qualifications1 h[ev]1 x becomes app>5t t ! /ati/ics above e/abli%$ c n be reject$4 ,al?\gh !y d n exactly ju/ify ,dr4 ,woods's conclusions1 !y at lea/ %[ t ! intellectual a*ievem5ts ( diff]5t races v>y4 ,!y also %[ t a mu* m ext5sive /udy ( ! subject mu/ be made be=e any conclusions c be e/abli%$ z f9al4 ,we believe1 !re=e1 t ,dr4 ,woods's conclusion--t !re h be5 a few notable exceptions1 b broadly speak+ all our v capable m5 ( ! pres5t day h be5 eng5d]$ f ! ,anglo-,saxon elem5t already "h be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury--%\ld be modifi$4 ,a s\nd] conclusion &1 9 fact1 ! only "o t c\ld be rea*$ ?r\gh ! results e/abli%$ above1 w\ld be ?is3 ,a*ievem5t 9 ^? activities repres5t$ 9 ,:o's ,:o 9 ,am]ica is acquir$ disproportionately by /ocks pr$om9antly ,teutonic 9 comp>ison ) ! ,iri%4 ,a ,,visit ,,to ,,o5+5 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,t4 ,d4 ,a4 ,,cock]ell ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,colorado ,,z ! ,rh9e broad5s on its approa* to ! ,lake ( ,con/ance or ,bod5 ,sea x fl[s ?r\gh a region made classic by ! rese>*es ( sci5tific m54 ,"h at l[ tide x is sometimes possible to see wood5 piles :i* 9 prehi/oric times support$ ! h\ses ( ! lake-dwell+ folk1 ^: "w is s well repres5t$ 9 v>i\s museums1 especially at ,zuri*4 ,f ! riv]1 on ea* side1 ! l& rises rapidly1 & ! r\nd$ summits ( ! hills are well wood$4 ,x is on ! left side ( ! ,rh9e1 ab\t two & a half miles bel[ ! t[n ( ,/e91 t we come to ! fam\s locality = ,mioc5e fossils1 ! ,european repres5tative ( our ,florissant 9 ,colorado4 ,9 all ! books ! fossil b$s are said to be at ,o5+51 :i* is ! "n ( a once celebrat$ ,augu/9ian mona/]y ab\t two miles away4 ,actually1 h[ev]1 ! locality is above ! village ( ,wang51 :i* is situat$ on ! nor? bank ( ! riv]4 ,9 "s q rec5t writ+s ,o5+5 7,wang57 is ref]r$ to z be+ 9 ,switz]l&2 x is 9 ,bad51 ?\gh ! opposite bank ( ! ,rh9e is ,swiss4 ,! error is natural1 s9ce ! fossils h *iefly be5 made kn[n by ! great ,swiss paleontologi/ ,he]1 ( ,zuri*1 & ! be/ g5]al acc\nt ( !m is to be f\nd 9 8 book ,! ,primaeval ,_w ( ,switz]l&1 ( :i* an excell5t ,engli% translation appe>$ 9 #ahgf4 ,x 0 at ! ,o5+5 qu>ries1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 t a wond]ful v]tebrate fossil1 "s f\r feet long1 0 discov]$4 ,a writ] ( t p]iod1 ,s*eu*z]1 ann\nc$ x z ,homo diluvii te/is1 a man witness ( ! deluge6 ,cuvi] knew bett]1 & 0 able to demon/rate its relation%ip to ! giant salam&]s ( ,ea/]n ,asia & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x =ms1 9 fact1 a di/9ct g5us ( ,cryptobran*idae1 :i* ,ts*udi1 app>5tly m9dful ( ! e>ly error1 nam$ ,&rias2 ?\gh ! prop] "n ( ! animal appe>s to be ,proteocordylus s*eu*z]i 7,holl474 ,! /one at ,wang5 0 us$ = build+ purposes1 & at "o "t !re 7 ?ree or f\r qu>ries actively work$4 ,9 e>li] times ! l>g] fossils naturally attract$ mo/ att5tion1 fi%es1 snakes1 turtles1 fre%-wat] clams & a v>iety ( leaves & fruits4 ,su* specim5s 7 sav$1 & 7 sold & di/ribut$ to _m museums4 ,! supply 0 good1 yet at times n suffici5t = ! m>ket2 s ! monks at ,o5+51 & o!rs1 w\ld c>ve artificial fossils out ( ! s(t rock1 coat+ !m ) a br[n /a9 prep>$ f unripe walnut %ells4 ,9 lat] ye>s1 dur+ ! middle "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! p]iod ( ,d>w91 ! great importance & int]e/ ( ! fossil b$s came to be bett] appreciat$4 ,dr4 ,oswald ,he]1 pr(essor at ,zuri*1 an accompli%$ botani/ & entomologi/1 did p]haps n9e t5?s ( ! "w1 describ+ plants1 insects1 ara*nids & "p ( ! ,cru/acea4 ,! fi%es 7 describ$ by ,agassiz1 & lat] by ,w9kl]4 ,! rema9+ v]tebrates 7 pr9cipally made kn[n by ,e4 von ,mey]4 ,f #ahdg to #ahec ,he] publi%$ 9 ?ree p>ts a great "w on fossil insects1 l>gely conc]n$ ) ^? f ,o5+54#a ,9 ?is & lat] writ+s he made kn[n #dfd species f ?is locality2 b 9 ! late/ edition ( ,! ,primaeval ,_w ( ,switz]l& x is /at$ t !re are #hdd species1 #chd ( ^! be+ suppos$ly new1 & nam$1 if at all1 only 9 manuscript4 #a ,die ,insekt5fauna d] ,t]ti>gebilde von ,o5+5 und von ,radoboj 9 ,croati5 7,leipzig3 ,engelmann74 ,my wife & ,i1 hav+ work$ a numb] ( ye>s at ,florissant1 7 v anxi\s to see ! correspond+ ,european locality = fossil insects4 ,! opportunity came 9 #aiji1 :5 we 7 able to make a %ort visit to ,switz]l& aft] att5d+ ! ,d>w9 celebration at ,cambridge4 ,we w5t fir/ to ,zuri*1 :]e 9 a l>ge hall 9 ! ,univ]sity or ,polyte*nicum we saw ,he]'s collections4 ,a bu/ ( ,he] /&s 9 "o corn]1 :ile "o end ( ! room is cov]$ by a l>ge pa9t+ by ,pr(essor ,holzhalb1 repres5t+ a sc5e at ,o5+5 z x may h appe>$ 9 ,mioc5e times1 %[+ a lake ) abundant vegetation on its %ores1 & appropriate animals 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,num]\s glass-cov]$ cases conta9 ! magnific5t s]ies ( fossils1 bo? plants & animals4 ,dr4 ,alb]t ,heim1 pr(essor ( geology & director ( ! ,geological ,museum1 0 mo/ k9d 9 %[+ u all we want$ to see1 & giv+ advice conc]n+ ! precise locality ( ! fossil b$s4 ,pr(essor ,heim is an exce$+ly active & able geologi/1 b nei!r he nor any "o else has cont9u$ ! "w ( ,he]1 ^: collections rema9 app>5tly z he left !m4 ,! #chd suppos$ly new insects are /ill undescrib$1 ) a few possible exceptions4 ,i _h "t only to critically exam9e ! bees1 ( :i* ,i f\nd ?ree o/5sibly new =ms4 ,( ^!1 "o turn$ out to be a wasp1#b "o 0 unrecognizable1 b ! ?ird 0 a valid new species1 & 0 publi%$ lat] 9 ,! ,entomologi/4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,he] 0 too ready to di/+ui% species ( insects 9 fossils :i* 7 s poorly pres]v$ z to be practically wor?less1 consequ5tly "p ( ^? he publi%$ & _m ( ^? he left unpubli%$ w h to be reject$4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,o5+5 mat]ials are extremely valuable1 bo? = ! numb] ( species & ! good pres]vation ( "s ( !m4 ,all %\ld be c>efully reexam9$1 & ! entomologi/ :o w give 8 "t to ?is "w w c]ta9ly be rew>d$ by _m int]e/+ discov]ies4 #b ,poli/es1 or v closely relat$ to t g5us4 ,provid$ ) in/ructions f ,pr(essor ,heim1 we />t$ on ,augu/ #d = ,wang51 go+ by way ( ,con/ance4 ,?anks to ! map furni%$ by ! ,swiss railroad1 we _h no difficulty 9 f9d+ ! ,roseg>t5 ,museum 9 ,con/ance1 :i* conta9s s _m int]e/+ fossils & ar*eological specim5s f ! surr\nd+ region4 ,at ! mom5t we arriv$1 ! old man 9 *>ge 0 ab\t to g to lun*1 & we 7 assur$ t x 0 impossible to get into ! museum4 ,x 0 !n or nev] = u1 h[ev]2 & :5 ! necess>y argum5t _h be5 pres5t$1 ! curator n only let u 91 b rema9$ ) u to po9t out all ! objects ( int]e/1 %[+ a great deal ( pride 9 ! collection4 ,! s]ies ( ,o5+5 fossils c\ld n1 ( c\rse1 rival t at ,zuri*2 b x conta9$ a great _m rem>kable ?+s1 includ+ "s excell5t insects4 ,we !n bo>d$ ! riv] /eam]1 &1 pass+ ?r\gh ! ,unt] ,sea1 rea*$ ! small village ( ,wang5 9 ! c\rse ( ! aft]noon4 ,?is is n a t\ri/ resort ( any consequ5ce2 ! local guide book ref]s to x z foll[s3 ,wang5 7) synagogue74 ,half an h\r to ! ea/ is ! ,ca/le ( ,m>ba*1 n[ a well-appo9t$ sanatorium = disord]s ( ! n]ves & he>t4 ,to ! we/ ! romantic citadel ,katt5horn1 =m]ly us$ z a r5dezv\s by notori\s highwaym5 7at pres5t 9 ! possession ( a p5sion$ (f ,g]man (fic]74 ,! guide cont9ues1 call+ our att5tion to ,ob]/aad4 ,=m]ly a ca/le1 n[ a weav+ mill = hose4 ,above x 7#ddh met]s7 ! =m] celebrat$ ,augu/9e mona/]y ,oehn+54 ,ne> by int]e/+ & curi\s ,,/one ,,fossils are f\nd4 ,?us ! visitor is likely to be misl$ z to ! :]eab\ts ( ! fossils1 ! tradition t !y are at ,o5+5 hav+ misl$ ! au?or ( ! guide4 ,at ,wang5 we f\nd a small b mo/ excell5t hotel conduct$ by ,george ,brau]1 :]e we ha/ily secur$ a room1 & w5t out to hunt ! fossil b$s4 ,we 7 to walk ov] half an h\r nor?w>d1 up ! hill1 & look = ! qu>ries ne> ! top ( ! high t]race above ! village4 ,?is we did1 b at fir/ )\t result4 ,we pass$ a small grassy pit1 :]e "s ( ! rock 0 visible1 b x did n look at all promis+4 ,we w5t back & =?1 & up ! hill1 until we 7 practically on ! top4 ,! c\ntry 0 beautiful1 & by ! roadside we f\nd magnific5t r$ slugs 7,arion at] v>4 lam>ckii#c7 & _m f9e snails1 includ+ ! s-call$ ,roman snail1 ,helix pomatia4 ,we acco/$ ! peasants1 & enquir$ ab\t ! fossil54 ,! ^w seem$ to h no mean+ = !m1 s we tri$ to elucidate x 9 ! mann] ( ! guide3 :]e 7 ! /e9 fossil58 ,imm$iately1 ) animation1 we 7 %[n a road go+ we/w>d to ! t[n ( ,/e91 :]e1 x 0 naturally assum$1 ! object ( our enquiry w\ld be f\nd4 ,q disc\rag$1 we w&]$ d[n ! hill until we came to ! pit we _h notic$ :5 go+ up4 ,close by 0 a neat little cottage1 & x occurr$ to u to try our luck !re z a la/ resort4 ,we 7 glad inde$ :5 !re appe>$ at ! door an educat$ man1 :o 9 excell5t ,%akespe>ian ,engli% volunte]$ at once to %[ u ! fossil b$s4 ,x 0 ,dr4 ,ern/ ,bacmei/]1 a man ( consid]able note 9 8 own c\ntry1 ^: life & de$s are duly record$ 9 ,w] i/'s8 ,he came1 ) 8 wife & *ild1 to ,wang5 9 ! summ] "t1 to enjoy ^! exquisite surr\nd+s1 :]e he c\ld write happily on philosophical subjects1 )\t mu* dang] ( int]ruption4 ,dr4 ,bacmei/] in=m$ u t ! poor little pit close by 0 9 fact "o ( ! not$ qu>ries1 ) ! sides fall5 9 & ! debris ov]gr[n ) h]bage4 ,a %ort di/ance away we 7 %[n ! o!rs1 9 ! same disc\rag+ condition4 #c ,! e>lie/ "n = ?is ri*ly color$ v>iety is ,limax cocc9eus ,gi/el1 b x is n ,limax cocc9eus ,m>tyn1 #aghd2 s ! next "n1 lam>ckii1 prevails4 ,"o c\ld see t !re _h once be5 consid]able excavations1 b ! good lay]s 7 n[ deeply cov]$ by talus1 & c\ld only be expos$ aft] mu* digg+4 ,x 0 ab\t ?irty ye>s s9ce ! pits _h be5 work$4 ,dr4 ,bacmei/] f\nd = u a /rong c\ntry y\?1 ,max ,des*le1 :o dug "u our direction all next day 9 ! qu>ry ne> ! h\se4 ,! rock is n s easy to "w z t at ,florissant1 & x does n split s well into slabs1 b we readily f\nd a numb] ( fossils4 ,mo/ num]\s 7 ! plants2 leaves ( c9namon 7,c9namomurn polymorphum71 soapb]ry 7,sap9dus falcifolius71 maple 7,ac] trilobatum71 grass 7,poacites loevis7 & re$s 7,phragmites o5+5sis71 ) twigs ( ! conif] ,glypto/robus europoeus4 ,we obta9$ a s+le se$ ( ! v *>act]i/ic ,podogonium knorrii4 ,c]ta9 molluscs 7 abundant2 ,planorbis declivis1 ,lymnoea pa*yga/]1 ,pisidium priscum1 ) occasional fragm5ts ( ! mussel ,anodonta lavat]i4 ,o/racods1 ,cypris faba1 7 also f\nd4 ,! be/ f9d1 h[ev]1 0 a well-pres]v$ fi%1 ! lepidocottus brevis 7,agassiz71 %[+ 9 ! region ( ! /oma* its la/ meal1 ( ,planorbis declivis4 ,?is greatly int]e/$ ,max1 :o dur+ ! re/ ( ! day *ant$1 z he swung ! pick1 ,fis*le91 ,fis*le91 komme6--b no o!r ,fis*le9 0 app>5tly )9 he>+ di/ance4 ,n a s+le insect 0 obta9$1 except t on ! talus at "o ( ! o!r qu>ries ,i pick$ up a poorly pres]v$ beetle1 app>5tly ! ,nitidula melan>ia ( ,he]4 ,we left ,wang5 on ! morn+ ( ,augu/ #f1 & proce$$ up ! ,rh9e to ,s*affhaus5 & ,basle4 ,at ,basle we f\nd a c]ta9 numb] ( ,o5+5 7,wang57 fossils 9 ! museum4 ,comp>+ ,wang5 ) ,florissant1 x appe>s t ! ,colorado locality is m ext5sive1 m easily work$1 & provides _m m well-pres]v$ fossils4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,wang5 has prov$ f> ri*] 9 v]tebrates & cru/acea1 & on ! :ole gives u a bett] idea ( ! fauna z x mu/ h exi/$4 ,florissant f> exce$s ,wang5 9 ! numb] ( describ$ species1 b ?is is only because x has s _m m insects4 ,ea* locality furni%es u ) extraord9>ily ri* mat]ials1 enabl+ u to picture ! life ( ,mioc5e times4 ,ea*1 by comp>ison1 ?r[s light on ! o!r1 & :ile ! p]iod repres5t$ is n suffici5tly remote to %[ mu* evid5ce ( progressive evolution1 x is h>d to exagg]ate ! value ( ! facts = /ud5ts ( geographical di/ribution4 ,mu* light may also be ?r[n on ! relative /ability ( specific *>act]s4 ,"w on ! ,florissant fauna is go+ =w>d1 ?\gh n s fa/ z "o c\ld wi%4 ,x is v mu* to be hop$ t ! ,wang5 qu>ries w receive att5tion be=e _m ye>s h pass$4 ,labor is comp>atively *eap 9 ,g]many1 & ) a =ce ( a doz5 m5 x w\ld n take long to op5 up ! qu>ries & get at ! be/ b$s4 ,x is really extraord9>y t no "o has se5 & tak5 advantage ( ! opportunities pres5t$4 ,probably no ob/acles ( any consequ5ce w\ld be put 9 ! way2 at lea/ ! own] ( ! qu>ries came by :5 we 7 digg+1 & express$ only 8 good w4 ,) new rese>*es 9 ! field1 comb9$ ) /udies ( ! ri* mat]ials await+ exam9ation at ,zuri* & else:]e1 no d\bt ! k we possess ( ! ,european ,mioc5e fauna c\ld be v greatly increas$1 to ! advantage ( all /ud5ts ( ,t]ti>y life4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,& ,,practise ,,( ,,fro/ ,,fight+#a #a ,"s ( ! in/rum5ts us$ 7 obta9$ ?r\gh a grant f ! ,elizabe? ,?ompson ,sci5ce ,fund4 ,,by ,,alex&] ,mc,a,d,i,e ,,bot* ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,meteorology1 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity ,,only 9 rec5t ye>s h a]ologi/s giv5 mu* att5tion to ! sl[-mov+ curr5ts ( ! l[] /rata ( ! atmosph]e4 ,^! diff] greatly f ! :irls & cat>acts ( bo? l[ & high levels :i* we famili>ly "k z ! w9ds4 ,! upp] & l>g] air /reams play a "p 9 ! =mation ( fro/1 & we d n und]e/imate _! function2 b prim>ily x is a sl[ surface fl[1 almo/ a creep+ ( ! air ne> ! gr\nd1 :i* controls ! temp]ature & is all-important 9 fro/ =mation4 ,s important is x t ! fir/ law ( fro/ fight+ may be express$ z foll[s3 ,:]e air is 9 motion & :]e !re is good circulation1 fro/ is n s likely to occur z :]e ! air is /agnant4 ,9 o!r words fro/ 9 ! ord9>y mean+ ( ! ^w is a problem ,,9 ,,local ,,air ,,dra9age4 ,x is true t !re are times :5 ) ?or\gh v5tilation & mix+ ( ! air /rata ! temp]ature w fall rapidly & damage f fro/ result2 b su* conditions are p]haps m fitt+ly describ$ z cold waves or freezes1 z di/+ui%$ f fro/s4 ,?us1 9 ,cali=nia dur+ ! fir/ week ( ,janu>y1 #aiac1 :5 !re 0 mu* air movem5t1 ! citrus fruit crop 0 damag$ to ! ext5t ( #bj1jjj1jjj4 ,! condition is g5]ally ref]r$ to z a fro/1 b x 0 q diff]5t f ! usual fro/ conditions 9 t section4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 int]e/+ to note t improv$ fro/-fight+ devices 7 us$ ) mu* success & ! total sav+s aggregat$ ab\t #be1jjj1jjj4 ,! orange gr[]s also _h ! b5efit ( accurate =eca/s & exp]t advice & 7 ?us able to provide fuel & labor 9 advance4 ,pass+ ov] at pres5t ! l>g] di/urbances1 we %all consid] only ! fro/s ( /ill nights4 ,& x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! accumulat$ losses ( ^! fro/s may equal ! losses ( ! individual freezes1 = ! latt] occur at long int]vals1 :ile ! quiet fro/s ( ! e>ly fall & ! late spr+ are recurr5t1 de/roy+ fl[]s1 fruits & t5d] vegetation 9 _m sections1 ye> aft] ye>4 ,air may fl[ 9 any direction1 b att5tion has be5 c5t]$ m ^u ! fl[ 9 a horizontal ?an 9 a v]tical direction4 ,?us none ( ! w9d in/rum5ts us$ at ,wea!r ,bureau /ations gives any record ( ! up & d[n movem5t ( ! air4 ,9 fro/s ( ! usual type ?is v]tical displacem5t is all-important4 ,true1 !re may be br\ght into ! di/rict1 by horizontal displacem5t1 l>ge masses ( cold air & ! temp]ature ?us mat]ially l[]$2 b ! m>k$ ,,inv]sion ( temp]ature occurs only :5 ^! horizontal curr5ts or w9ds are lull$4 ,on w9dy nights1 z is well kn[n1 !re is less likelihood ( fro/ ?an on quiet nights1 because ( ! ?or\gh mix+ ( ! air v]tically4 ,!re is !n no t5d5cy = /ratification & ! =mation ( levels ( diff]5t temp]ature1 foll[$ by l[ surface temp]ature4 ,9 g5]al1 ! temp]ature falls z "o rises 9 ! air2 b1 at times ( fro/1 x is f\nd t ! high] levels are w>m] ?an ! l[] ones4 ,! colde/ /ratum is f\nd ab\t t5 c5timet]s 7f\r in*es7 above ! gr\nd2 :ile at a di/ance ( t5 met]s temp]atures are z mu* z five degrees high] ?an at ! gr\nd4 ,x may be well to ref] = a mom5t to ! v>iations 9 temp]ature kn[n z inv]sions4 ,9 ! accompany+ diagram x w be se5 t ! temp]ature falls ) elevation1 & />t+ f ! gr\nd on a day :5 ! temp]ature is ne> ! freez+ po9t1 #bgc degrees ,a41 "o f9ds at a height ( sev5 ?\s& met]s a fall ( ab\t =ty degrees4 ,x is n easy to repres5t on a s+le diagram ! v>iation 9 detail & !re=e we h divid$ ! air column into ?ree p>ts1 ! scales be+ z "o to a hundr$4 ,! "r-h& diagram %[s ! gradual rise 9 temp]ature = a height ( "o met] & ! peculi> inv]sion t occurs a few c5timet]s above ! gr\nd4 ,un=tunately x is 9 ?is lay] :]e detail$ temp]ature obs]vations are mo/ ne$$ t our in/rum5ts are lea/ satisfactory4 ,ord9>y !rmomet]s c n be reli$ on = su* small diff]5ces & ! exploration ( ?is /ratum by self-record+ in/rum5ts is difficult4 ,9 ! middle diagram is %[n ! temp]ature gradi5t at times ( fro/1 f ! gr\nd to a height ( "o hundr$ met]s4 ,x w be se5 t at a height ( fifty met]s ! temp]ature may be t5 degrees high]2 & 9 g5]al ! rise cont9ues ) elevation4 ,a good illu/ration ( a valley inv]sion is giv5 by ! *>t ( ,may #bj1 9 :i* cont9u\s records = ?ree levels1 #ah1 #fd & #aif met]s above sea level1 are giv54 ,at su* times fruit or fl[]s on hillsides escape damage f fro/ :ile 9 all ! depressions & l[ level places ! injury may be m>k$4 ,^! diff]5ces 9 temp]ature are n at all unusual & may be anticipat$ on cle>1 /ill nights dur+ spr+1 fall & w9t]4 ,cl\ds or a mod]ate w9d w prev5t su* an inv]sion4 ,we %all ref] aga9 to ?is 9 speak+ ( ! cranb]ry bogs ( ! ,cape ,cod di/rict & ! fro/ w>n+s issu$ f ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory4 ,! great inv]sion 9 ! atmosph]e1 h[ev]1 is t :i* we h indicat$ z occurr+ at ! height ( n9e ?\s& met]s4 ,above ?is1 ! temp]ature ceases to fall & we ent] :at has be5 call$ ! /ratosph]e or iso!rmal region4 ,= conv5i5ce we w call ?is upp] *ange ! ,,major inv]sion & ! l[] "o ne> ! gr\nd ! ,,m9or inv]sion4 ,9 "s ways we "k m ab\t ! =m] ?an ! latt]4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! m9or inv]sion is ! *ief factor 9 det]m9+ local climate s9ce x controls night & e>ly morn+ temp]atures & 9 l>ge measure ! e>ly or late bloom+ ( fl[]s & rip5+ ( fruits4 ,ord9>ily cold air falls to ! gr\nd2 b n always1 = "u c]ta9 conditions cold1 heavy air may actually rise1 displac+ w>m1 light] air4 ,b su* conditions c be expla9$ & !re is no contradiction ( ! fundam5tal law t if act$ on only by gravity1 cold air1 be+ d5s]1 w settle to ! gr\nd & w>m air1 be+ light]1 w rise4 ,& !re mu/ be a c]ta9 relation betwe5 ! height ( ! level f :i* ! cold air falls & ! level to :i* ! w>m air rises4 ,9 o!r words1 we h to apply ! laws ( fall+ bodies s9ce a giv5 mass ( air1 al?\gh invisible1 is matt] & z subject to gravity z a cannon ball4 ,"o ( ,galileo's mo/ +5i\s exp]im5ts consi/$ 9 sw++ a p5dulum & !n by means ( a nail driv5 9 v>i\s positions int]cept+ ! sw+4 ,he f\nd t ! bob always rose to ! same level :atev] circuit x 0 =c$ to take4 ,b ,galileo did n "k :at e s*oolboy to-day kn[s1 t air ex]ts pressure & is subject to physical processes l o!r matt]1 else he w\ld c]ta9ly h giv5 to ! _w a delicate air p5dulum2 & devis$ exp]im5ts on ! movem5t ( air t w\ld h op5$ m5's eyes to ! fasc9at+ fl[ & c\nt]-fl[ ( ! air1 ev5 on a seem+ly /ill night1 "o favorable = ! =mation ( fro/4 ,! problem ( ! mov+ air mass1 h[ev]1 is m complicat$ ?an x looks4 ,= ) ! air is mix$ a quantity ( wat] vapor4 ,9 a /rict s5se !y are indep5d5t v>iables1 & ! view set =? 9 mo/ text-books t air has a c]ta9 capacity = wat] vapor is mislead+4 ,we seldom meet ) pure1 dry air4 ,a cubic met] ( su* a gas mixture w\ld weigh #a1bdg grams1 at a temp]ature ( #bhc degrees ,a4 7#ej degrees ,f474 ,if *ill$ t5 degrees1 t is1 to ! freez+ po9t ( wat]1 x w\ld weigh #df grams m4 ,s t by cool+1 air becomes d5s] & heavi]4 ,a cubic met] ( a mixture ( air & wat] vapor at saturation1 at ! fir/ temp]ature above m5tion$ weighs only #a1bdb grams1 or five grams less1 & if ?is 7 cool$ t5 degrees ! mixture w\ld weigh ?ree grams less ?an ! same volume ( pure dry air4 ,we see t 9 ea* case ! mixture ( air & wat] vapor weighs less ?an ! air by itself4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t by add+ wat] vapor :i*1 :ile light1 /ill has weight1 ! total weight w\ld be ! sum ( bo?4 ,x really is s1 not)/&+ ! above figures1 & ! explanation ( ! puzzle is t !re 0 an increase 9 pressure ) expansion1 s t ! volume ( ! air & saturat$ vapor 0 great] ?an "o cubic met]4 ,s9ce !n a cubic met] ( air & saturat$ vapor weighs less ?an a cubic met] ( dry air at freez+ temp]ature1 speak+ g5]ally1 we may expect moi/ air to rise & dry air to fall4 ,consequ5tly1 if 9 addition to fall+ temp]ature !re is also a dry+ ( ! air1 we %all h an accel]at$ settl+ or fall+ ( cold dry air to ! gr\nd1 :i* ( c\rse favors ! =mation ( fro/4 ,! wat] vapor plays also ano!r role besides t ( v>y+ ! weight p] unit volume4 ,! heat receiv$ by ! gr\nd consi/s ( waves ( a c]ta9 wavel5g?2 b ! heat re-radiat$ by ! gr\nd consi/s ( waves ( long] wave-l5g?1 & ^! s-call$ long waves 7#ab ?\s&?s ( a millimet]7 are readily absorb$ by wat] vapor4 ,?us wat] vapor acts l a blanket & holds ! heat1 prev5t+ loss ( heat by radiation to space4 ,fur!r on we %all speak ( ! high specific heat ( bo? wat] & wat] vapor z comp>$ ) air & %[ ! be>+ ( ?is 9 fro/ fight+2 b at pres5t we may f :at prec$es =mulate ! second law ( fro/ fight+ z foll[s3 ,fro/ is m likely to occur :]e ! air is dry ?an :]e x is moi/4 ,x is also true t a du/y atmosph]e is less favorable = fro/ ?an a du/-free atmosph]e4 ,?us we may g5]alize & say t :atev] favors cle>1 /ill1 dry air favors fro/4 ,! !ory ( successful fro/ fight+ !n is to int]f]e ) or prev5t ^! processes :i* z we h se5 facilitate cool+ close to ! gr\nd4 ,9 :at way c ?is be/ be done8 ,! mo/ natural way w\ld be by cons]v+ ! e>?'s heat1 :i* c\ld be accompli%$ by cov]+ plants ) clo?1 /raw1 newspap]1 or p]haps bett] /ill1 mod]n wea!r-pro( %eet+1 or 9 /ill ano!r way by a cov] ( moi/5$ d5se smoke1 g5]ally call$ a smudge4 ,a second me?od w\ld be by means ( direct application ( heat2 & ?is is accompli%$ 9 orange groves by means ( improv$ or*>d heat]s4 ,l>ge fires wa/e heat & are nei!r economical nor effective4 ,a ?ird me?od w\ld be bas$ ^u a mix+ ( ! air /rata1 ?us gett+ ! b5efit ( ! w>m] high] levels4 ,f\r?1 advantage might be tak5 ( "s ag5cy su* z wat] or wat] vapor1 hav+ a high specific heat4 ,f9ally1 if ! crop is ( a c]ta9 "* su* z ! cranb]ry1 x w be f\nd advisable to use s&1 to dra9 & clean1 "h aga9 mak+ use ( ! specific heat ( "s int]m$i>y4 ,&1 fur!rmore1 any "o ( ^! me?ods may be comb9$ ) "s o!r me?od4 ,reg>d+ ! fir/ me?od1 t ( cov]s1 x may be said t ! practice goes back to ! e>ly husb&m52 b only 9 ! la/ few ye>s has ! true function ( ! cov] be5 prop]ly int]pret$ & we are /ill f> f obta9+ maximum effici5cy4 ,nor is !re yet a suitable1 sci5tific cov] available4 ,any m$ium t int]f]es ) loss ( heat ?r\gh free radiation be=e & aft] sunset is a cov]4 ,! be/ type ( cov] is a cl\d2 & cl\ds1 :e!r high or l[1 are good fro/ protectors4 ,on cl\dy nights !re is little likelihood ( fro/2 & :5 we c br+ ab\t ! =mation ( a lay] ( cond5s$ wat] vapor we c practically elim9ate fro/4 ,we h m5tion$ above ! fact t ! e>? radiates ! heat x has receiv$ n 9 ! same b 9 long] wave-l5g?s p]haps ?ree times z long4 ,^! are easily trapp$ & held by ! vapor ( wat]4 ,fur!rmore1 ! rate ( radiation is a function ( ! absolute temp]ature & s ! rapidity ( loss dep5ds some:at ^u ! heat receiv$4 ,!re=e ! cov] %\ld be us$ z e>ly 9 ! aft]noon z possible1 t is j be=e sunset4 ,aside f ! wat] cov] or vapor cov] !re are *eap clo? scre5s1 fib] scre5s & 9 "s places la? scre5s4 ,! second me?od1 t ( direct heat+1 has met ) mu* success 9 ! orange groves ( ,cali=nia & else:]e4 ,mod]n heat+ & cov]+ me?ods date f exp]im5ts begun 9 #ahie4 ,a numb] ( basic pat5ts grant$ to ! writ] 9 ?is connection h be5 d$icat$ to ! public4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re are on ! m>ket "s tw5ty =ms ( heat]s1 :i* h be5 describ$ ) m or less detail 9 f>m j\rnals & (ficial publications4 ,x is n necess>y to ref] to !m fur!r "h4 ,! fuel orig9ally us$ 0 wood1 /raw & coal1 b ^! are n[ supplant$ by crude oil or di/illate4 ,x has also be5 s]i\sly propos$ to use electric heat]s2 also to use gas 9 ! groves4 ,) mod]n or*>d heat]s prop]ly in/all$ & h&l$1 !re is no difficulty 9 rais+ ! temp]ature ( ev5 comp>atively l>ge tracts five degrees & ma9ta9+ a temp]ature above freez+1 ?us prev5t+ refrig]ation ( plant tissue4 ,! ?ird me?od1 t ( utiliz+ ! heat ( high] levels by mix+1 has n yet be5 comm]cially develop$2 b ! me?ods ( apply+ wat]1 ei!r 9 ! spray+ ( trees or ! runn+ ( dit*es or ! flood+ ( bogs1 toge!r ) me?ods ( s&+1 clean+2 & dra9+1 h all be5 prov$ helpful4 ,me?ods available & mo/ effective 9 "o section may n necess>ily be effective 9 ano!r section or ) diff]5t crop requirem5ts4 ,c]ta9 devices mo/ effective 9 ! groves ( ,cali=nia may n answ] 9 ,florida or ,l\isiana because ( entirely diff]5t wea!r conditions4 ,9 ! ,gulf coa/ /ates :]e wat] is available x may be advantage\sly us$ to hold back rip5+ & ret>d developm5t until aft] ! cold waves ( middle & late ,febru>y h pass$1 :]eas 9 ! we/ coa/ sections conditions are v diff]5t1 wat] hav+ a def9ite value & ! critical p]iods com+ 9 late ,decemb] or e>ly ,janu>y4 ,9 :at prec$es /ress has be5 laid *iefly ^u ! fall ( temp]ature & ! congelation ( ! wat] vapor4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r important matt] connect$ ) injury to plant tissue1 & t is ! rise 9 temp]ature ,,aft] ! fro/4 ,a too rapid defro/+ may d consid]able damage :]e no damage 0 orig9ally done by ! l[ temp]ature4 ,x is 9 ?is connection t wat] may be us$ to great advantage4 ,wat]1 wat]-vapor & ice h1 comp>$ ) o!r sub/ances1 rem>kably high specific heats4 ,if ! specific heat "u con/ant pressure ( wat] be tak5 z unity1 t ( ice is #j4di2 ( wat]-vapor #j4de & ( air #j4bd4 ,or 9 a g5]al way we may say t wat] has f\r times ! capacity = heat t air has4 ,!re=e x is app>5t t wat] w s]ve excell5tly to prev5t rapid *ange 9 temp]ature4 ,?is is important at sunrise & %ortly aft] :5 "s portion ( ! *ill$ plant tissue may be expos$ to a w>m+ suffici5t to raise ! temp]ature ( ! expos$ portion t5 degrees 9 an h\r4 ,! lat5t heat ( fusion ( ice is #gi4f calories & ! lat5t heat ( vaporization ( wat] is ne>ly #fjj calories 7a gram calorie is ! am\nt ( heat t w raise ! temp]ature ( a gram ( pure wat] "o degree7 or 9 exact t]ms f #bgc degrees ,a4 to #bgd degrees ,a4 ,!re=e 9 ! process ( *ang+ f solid to liquid to vapor1 z f ice to wat] to vapor1 !re is a l>ge am\nt ( heat requir$4 ,! lat5t heat s]ves to prev5t fall 9 temp]ature & also s]ves to ret>d a too rapid rise4 ,?is does n mean1 z is g5]ally assum$1 t ! air w be w>m$1 b x does mean a ret>dation ( temp]ature *ange4 ,& x is ess5tial t ! re/oration ( ! tissues & juices to _! normal /ate be accompli%$ gradually1 nei!r too rapidly nor yet too sl[ly4 ,!re is probably an optimum temp]ature = ?aw+ or defro/+ froz5 fruits & fl[]s4 ,f9ally ! temp]ature records z ord9>ily obta9$ ne$ c>eful int]pretation4 ,x may be t ! freez+ po9t ( liquids "u pressure 9 ! plant cells or expos$ to ! air ?r\gh ! /omata is n ! same z 9 ! free air4 ,x is un=tunate too t 9 mo/ places data %[+ temp]atures ( soil1 plant & air are ( d\btful "*4 ,a ^w ( w>n+ may be giv5 aga9/ ! too ready acceptance ( ,wea!r ,bureau records made 9 cities & on ! ro(s ( build+s4 ,g>d5 & field conditions v>y greatly f ^!4 ,x is fur!r advisable to obta9 a cont9u\s record ( ! temp]ature ( evaporation su* z is %[n by ! records h]e)4 ,! two temp]ature curves made simultane\sly & easily read at any mom5t enable ! g>d5] or or*>di/ to =eca/ ! probable m9imum temp]ature ( ! ensu+ t5 or twelve h\rs4 ,b n always1 & "s /udy is necess>y4 ,a slight increase 9 cl\d9ess or a slight %ift 9 w9d direction w prev5t ! fall 9 temp]ature :i* o!rwise seem$ probable4 ,) a p]si/5t inv]sion ( temp]ature !re is sometimes an increas+ absolute humidity4 ,,summ>y ,! problem is _m sid$ & we mu/ consid] ! motion ( ! air v]tically z well z horizontally4 ,air ga9s & loses heat *iefly by convection1 & any ga9 or loss by conduction may be neglect$4 ,! plant ga9s heat by convection1 radiation & p]haps by conduction ( an int]nal r ?an surface "*4 ,! gr\nd ga9s & loses heat *iefly by radiation4 ,b ! :ole process is complicat$ & may n ev5 be uni=m4 ,fro/s g5]ally are prec$$ by a loss ( heat f ! l[] air /rata1 due to convection & a horizontal translation ( ! air4 ,!n foll[s an equally rapid & great loss ( heat by free radiation4 ,!re are m9or *anges su* z ! sett+ free ( heat 9 cond5sation & ! utilization 9 evaporation1 b ^! lat5t heats are ( less importance ?an ! actual transf]5ce ( ! air & vapor & ! removal ( ! latt] z an absorb] & reta9] ( heat4 ,fro/s are recurr5t ph5om5a reasonably c]ta9 to occur )9 giv5 dates1 &1 z po9t$ out above1 ! cumulative losses are consid]able4 ,me?ods ( protection to be s]viceable mu/ be available = m ?an "o occasion1 = !re is no pr(it 9 sav+ a crop on "o night & los+ x on ! succe$+ night4 ,b ! ef=t is wor? :ile4 ,consid] t ! horticulturi/ regul>ly risks ! labor ( _m mon?s on ! temp]atures ( a few h\rs4 ,an effici5t fro/ fight+ device is 9 a way ! ent]+ w$ge = solv+ problems ( climate control4 ,"o may n take a crop indoors1 x is true1 b !re is no valid reason1 9 ! light ( :at has be5 already accompli%$1 :y at critical p]iods :i* may be anticipat$1 ! ne$$ volume ( surface air may n be suffici5tly w>m$2 & ! losses :i* h h]et(ore be5 consid]$ inevitable be prev5t$4 ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,meet+ ,,( ,,! ,,national ,,academy ,,( ,,sci5ces ,,! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces held its annual autumn meet+ dur+ ! ?ird week ( ,novemb] 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,! c5tral situation ( ,new ,york ,city & its sci5tific attractions l$ to a l>ge meet+ & an excell5t program ,!re 7 pres5t ov] sixty memb]s1 ne>ly "o half ( a memb]%ip widely scatt]$ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,:5 ! academy 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahfc z ! advis] ( ! gov]nm5t 9 sci5tific que/ions1 ! memb]%ip 0 limit$ to fifty :i* 0 subsequ5tly increas$ to #ajj1 "u :i* x 0 kept until rec5tly4 ,! pres5t di/ribution ( ! #ada memb]s among diff]5t in/itutions 9 :i* !re are m ?an two is3 ,h>v>d1 #ai2 ,yale1 #ae2 ,*icago1 #ac2 ,johns ,hopk9s1 #ab2 ,columbia1 #aa2 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 #h2 ,c>negie ,in/itution1 #e2 ,cali=nia1 ,rockefell] ,in/itute1 ,smi?sonian1 #d2 ,cl>k1 ,wiscons91 ,cornell1 ,/an=d1 #c4 ,! sci5tific program ( ! meet+ began ) a lecture by ,pr(essor ,mi*ael ,i4 ,pup91 ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 :o describ$ ! "w on a]ial transmission ( spee* ( :i* no au!ntic acc\nt has hi!rto be5 made public4 ,to ,pr(essor ,pup9 we owe ! discov]y ?r\gh ma!matical analysis & exp]im5tal "w ( ! telephone relays :i* rec5tly made spee* by wire betwe5 ,new ,york ,city & ,san ,francisco possible1 & we n[ h an au?oritative acc\nt ( speak+ across ! l& & sea a qu>t] way r\nd ! e>?4 ,"o session ( ! academy 0 devot$ to f\r pap]s ( g5]al int]e/4 ,pr(essor ,h]b]t ,s4 ,j5n+s1 ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 describ$ exp]im5ts %[+ evolution 9 progress1 & ,pr(essor ,john ,m4 ,c\lt]1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 discuss$ ! causes ( evolution 9 plants ,pr(essor ,b4 ,b4 ,boltwood made a report on ! life ( radium :i* may he reg>d$ z a /udy ( inorganic evolution4 ,pr(essor ,!odore ,ri*>ds1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 spoke ( ! inve/igations rec5tly conduct$ 9 ! ,wolcott ,gibbs ,memorial ,laboratory4 ,^! are 9 cont9uation ( ! "w accompli%$ by ,pr(essor ,ri*>ds 9 ! det]m9ation ( atomic weights1 :i* l$ to ! aw>d to him ( a ,nobel prize1 ! ?ird to be giv5 = sci5tific "w done 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! two previ\s aw>ds hav+ be5 to ,pr(essor ,mi*elson1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 9 physics1 & ,dr4 ,c>rel1 ( ! ,rockefell] ,in/itute1 9 physiology4 ,( m special pap]s1 "s ( :i*1 h[ev]1 7 ( g5]al & ev5 popul> int]e/1 !re 7 on ! program #cf1 di/ribut$ some:at unequally among ! sections into :i* ! academy is divid$ z foll[s3 ,ma!matics1 #j2 ,a/ronomy1 #c2 ,physics & ,eng9e]+1 #g2 ,*emi/ry1 #a2 ,geology & ,paleontology1 #f2 ,botany1 #g2 ,zoology & ,animal ,morphology1 #h2 ,physiology & ,pa?ology1 #d2 ,an?ropology & ,psy*ology1 #j4 ,a program cov]+ all ! sci5ces belongs 9 a s5se to ! eighte5? r ?an to ! tw5tie? c5tury2 /ill !re is human z well z sci5tific int]e/ 9 li/5+ to ^? :o are lead]s 9 ! conduct ( sci5tific "w4 ,! academy 0 =tunate 9 meet+ 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 :]e 9 addition to ! sci5tific sessions lun*eon & an ev5+ reception 7 provid$4 ,! museum has assum$ lead]%ip bo? 9 exhibits = ! public & 9 ! sci5tific rese>* :i* x is accompli%+4 ,! plann+ ( museum exhibits is itself a k9d ( rese>* & 9 ?is direction ! ,am]ican ,museum1 toge!r ) ! ,national ,museum 9 ,wa%+ton & ! ,field ,museum 9 ,*icago1 n[ surpasses any ( ! museums ( ! old _w & 9 ! c\rse ( ! next t5 ye>s w h no rivals !re4 ,x is int]e/+ t ! city & an incorporat$ bo>d ( tru/ees are able to coop]ate 9 ! support ( ! museum1 z is also ! case ) ! ,zoological ,p>k & ! ,botanical ,g>d5s :i* ! memb]s ( ! academy visit$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! meet+4 ,,fr$]ic ,,w>d ,,putnam ,,p[ell 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,br9ton 9 ,philadelphia & ,putnam 9 ,cambridge may be reg>d$ z ! f\nd]s ( mod]n an?ropology 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ! dea? ( ,putnam1 at ! age ( sev5ty-six ye>s1 we h lo/ ! la/ ( ^! lead]s4 ,putnam is (t5 spok5 ( z ! fa!r ( an?ropological museums because he1 m ?an any o!r "o p]son1 contribut$ to _! developm5t4 ,he seems to h be5 a museum man by bir?1 = at an e>ly age we f9d him li/$ z curator ( orni?ology 9 ! ,essex ,in/itute ( ,salem1 ,mass4 ,! ,peabody ,museum ( ,ar*eology at ,cambridge is l>gely 8 "w1 he hav+ ent]$ ! in/itution 9 #ahge & cont9u$ z its head until 8 dea?4 ,?is in/itution is 9 _m respects "o ( ! mo/ typical an?ropological museums 9 ,am]ica4 ,dur+ 8 college c>e] ,pr(essor ,putnam came "u ! influ5ce ( ,pr(essor ,l\is ,agassiz & 0 = sev]al ye>s an assi/ant 9 ! laboratory ( t di/+ui%$ sci5ti/4 ,x seems likely t ?is 0 ! s\rce ( ,pr(essor ,putnam's fai? & en?usiasm = ! accumulation & pres]vation ( concrete data4 ,z 8 int]e/ 9 an?ropology grew1 he seems to h s\ght to br+ toge!r 9 ! ,peabody ,museum a collection ( sci5tific mat]ial t %\ld h ! same relation to ! new & develop+ sci5ce ( an?ropology z ! collections ( ,pr(essor ,agassiz's laboratory _h to ! sci5ce ( biology4 ,pr(essor ,putnam's great skill 9 develop+ ! ,peabody ,museum br\ght him into public notice & l$ to 8 appo9tm5t z director ( ! an?ropological section ( ! ,_w ,columbian ,exposition 9 ,*icago ,! exhibit he prep>$ made an unusual impression & x is said t l>gely to 8 p]sonal influ5ce is due ! int]e/ ( ! late ,m>%all ,field 9 develop+ & provid+ = ! museum :i* n[ be>s 8 "n4 ,aft] ?is a*ievem5t ,pr(essor ,putnam 0 invit$ by ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory to organize ! dep>tm5t ( an?ropology :i* he proce$$ to d ^u broad l9es1 giv+ x a /atus & impetus :i* is /ill manife/4 ,lat] on he 0 invit$ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia to organize a dep>tm5t & a museum simil> to ! "o at ,h>v>d & ?is also is n[ "o ( our lead+ in/itutions4 ,?us x is cle> t ! hi/ory ( ,am]ican an?ropological museums is to a l>ge ext5t ! life hi/ory ( ,pr(essor ,putnam4 ,! "o new & important idea :i* ,pr(essor ,putnam br\ght into 8 museum "w 0 t !y %\ld be 9 reality in/itutions ( rese>*4 ,until t "t !y 7 *iefly collections ( curios br\ght toge!r by pur*ase ( miscellane\s collections )\t reg>d to ! sci5tific problems involv$4 ,pr(essor ,putnam's idea 0 t ! museum %\ld g into ! field & by sy/ematic rese>* & inve/igation develop a def9ite problem1 br++ to ! museum su* illu/rative & concrete data z %\ld come to h& 9 ! prosecution ( rese>*4 ,pr(essor ,putnam also play$ a l>ge "p 9 secur+ ! recognition ( an?ropology by univ]sities & by 8 position at ,h>v>d po9t$ ! way to mutual coop]ation betwe5 museums & univ]sities4 ,he possess$ an unusual p]sonality :i* enabl$ him to approa* & int]e/ m5 ( affairs s z to secure _! f9ancial support = an?ropological rese>* & z a tea*] he 0 int5sely int]e/$ 9 "y m51 (f]+ !m e possible opportunity = advancem5t & nev] really los+ p]sonal int]e/ 9 !m z long z he liv$4 ,,sci5tific ,,items ,,we record ) regret ! dea?s ( ,brigadi]-g5]al ,george ,m4 ,/]nb]g1 retir$1 surgeon-g5]al ( ! army1 f #ahic to #aijb1 di/+ui%$ = 8 inve/igations ( yell[ fev] & o!r diseases2 ( ,edw>d ,lee ,gre5e1 associate 9 botany at ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution2 ( ,wirt ,tass91 =m]ly *ief *emi/ & assi/ant curator ( ! division ( m9]alogy1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum2 ( ,augu/us ,jay ,du ,bois1 = ?irty ye>s pr(essor ( civil eng9e]+ 9 ! ,%effield ,sci5tific ,s*ool1 ,yale ,univ]sity2 ( ,sir ,&rew ,noble1 ,f4,r4,s41 di/+ui%$ = 8 sci5tific "w on artill]y & explosives2 ( ,edw>d ,a4 ,m9*91 ,f4,r4,s41 pr(essor ( protozoology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 & ( ,r4 ,as%eton1 ,f4,r4,s41 univ]sity lectur] 9 animal embryology at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,,! ,nobel prize = *emi/ry = #aiad has be5 aw>d$ to ,pr(essor ,!odore ,william ,ri*>ds1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 = 8 "w on atomic weights4 ,! prize = physics has be5 aw>d$ to ,pr(essor ,max von ,laue ( ,frank=t-on-,ma91 = 8 "w on ! diffraction ( rays 9 cry/als4 ,,pr(essor ,,adolf ,,von ,,baey] celebrat$ 8 eightie? bir?day on ,octob] #ca4 ,) ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t seme/] he retir$ f ! *air ( *emi/ry at ,muni* 9 :i* he succe$$ von ,liebig 9 #ahge4--,! ,romanes lecture be=e ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d w be deliv]$ ?is ye> by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,b4 ,p\lton1 ,hope pr(essor ( zoology 9 ! univ]sity1 on ,decemb] #g4 ,! subject w be ,sci5ce & ! ,great ,w>4 ,,at ! rec5t meet+ 9 ,man*e/]1 z we le>n f ,nature1 ! g5]al committee ( ! ,briti% ,association unanim\sly adopt$ ! foll[+ resolution1 :i* has be5 =w>d$ to ! ,prime ,m9i/]1 ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ] & ! ,presid5ts ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education & ( ,agriculture & ,fi%]ies3 ,t ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 believ+ t ! high] education ( ! nation is ( supreme importance 9 ! pres5t crisis ( our hi/ory1 tru/s t 8 ,maje/y's gov]nm5t w1 by cont9u+ its f9ancial support1 ma9ta9 ! effici5cy ( tea*+ & rese>* 9 ! univ]sities & univ]sity colleges ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,,columbia ,,univ]sity receiv$ by ! w ( ,amos ,f4 ,eno ! residu>y e/ate :i* may am\nt to sev]al million doll>s4 ,9 addition1 ! ,g5]al ,society ( ,me*anics & ,tradesm5 receives #a1hjj1jjj1 & beque/s ( #bej1jjj ea* are made to ,new ,york ,univ]sity1 ,! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art & ! ,new ,york ,association = improv+ ! ,condition ( ! ,poor--,mr4 ,james ,j4 ,hill has pres5t$ #abe1jjj to ,h>v>d ,univ]sity to be add$ to ! pr9cipal ( ! pr(essor%ip 9 ! ,h>v>d graduate s*ool ( bus9ess adm9i/ration1 :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,! ,james ,j4 ,hill pr(essor%ip ( transportation 0 f\nd$ by a gift ( #abe1jjj1 ann\nc$ la/ comm5cem5t day1 ! donors includ+ ,john ,pi]pont ,morgan1 ,?omas ,w4 ,lamont1 ,rob]t ,bacon & ,h[>d ,elliott4--,! sum ( ab\t #djj1jjj has be5 subscrib$ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan alumni campaign = #a1jjj1jjj ) :i* to build & end[ a home = ! ,mi*igan ,union1 z a memorial to ,dr4 ,james ,b4 ,angell1 presid5t em]itus4